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New Pic Shirtless James Dean
February 11, 2013 December 19, 2012 by admin
Click Here To See James Dean Nude!
Although he became a cultural icon James Dean made only three films during his tragically short career. First was Rebel Without a Cause, the movie which made him a star. Next came East of Eden which won Dean an Oscar for Best Actor in a Leading Role. It was the first posthumous award in the history of the Academy Awards. His last film was Giant and he received the second consecutive Best Actor nomination for Best Actor.
Categories Actors, James Dean, Nude Male Celebs, Shirtless Celebs, Shirtless Male Celebs, Vintage Male CelebsTags hunks, James Dean, nude, Sexy Male Celebs, Shirtless Celebs, Shirtless Male Celebs, Vintage Male Celebs
Bruce Willis Shirtless Vintage Celeb
January 7, 2013 May 8, 2018 by admin
Click Here To See Bruce Willis Nude
Bruce Willis' four season run as David Addison on the TV series Moonlighting established his acting career. Some of his better known films are The Sixth Sense, Armageddon, The Whole Nine Yards, followed by The Whole Ten Yards, and Hostage. He is probably best known as John McClane in the Die Hard series of films. The first Die Hard came out in 1988, followed by Die Hard 2 (1990), Die Hard With A Vengeance (1995), and Live Free or Die Hard (2007). The latest one, A Good Day to Die Hard, is due to be released February 14, 2013. Willis also makes a cameo appearance in the latest Sylvester Stallone film The Expendables 2.
Categories Actors, Bruce Willis, Nude Male Celebs, Shirtless Celebs, Shirtless Male Celebs, Vintage Male CelebsTags Bruce Willis, hunks, nude, Sexy Male Celebs, Shirtless Male Celebs, Vintage Male Celebs
Vintage Actor Yul Brynner Shirtless and Hot
December 15, 2012 January 20, 2016 by admin
Click Here To See Yul Brynner Nude
Yul Brynner won the Best Actor Award for his portrayal of "King Mongcut of Siam" in the film version of The King and I. He also played the role more than 4,500 time on stage. In addition to playing "King Mongcut he starred in The Brothers Karamazov, co-starred with Ingrid Bergman in Anastasia, and with Joanne Woodward in The Sound and the Fury. He appeared in epic films such as Solomon and Sheba, and The Ten Commandments and the epic westerns The Magnificent Seven and Return of the Seven.
Categories Actors, Nude Male Celebs, Shirtless Celebs, Shirtless Male Celebs, Vintage Male Celebs, Yul BrynnerTags hunks, Sexy Male Celebs, Shirtless Male Celebs, Vintage Male Celebs, Yul Brynner
Chuck Norris – Vintage Male Celeb
October 1, 2012 August 9, 2016 by admin
Click Here To See Male Celebrities Naked
Chuck Norris is a well known martial arts actor and founder of his own martial arts school Chun Kuk Do. He appeared alongside Bruce Lee in Way of the Dragon and starred in other films such as Breaker, Breaker, Good Guys Wear Black, The Octagon, An Eye For An Eye, and Lone Wolf McCade. He played prominent roles in Code of Silence, Delta Force, and Firewalker. Norris is also well known for his role as Cordell Walker in the TV series Walker, Texas Ranger which ran from 1993-2001. His most recent role is as Booker in the 2012 film The Expendables 2.
Categories Actors, Chuck Norris, Nude Male Celebs, Shirtless Celebs, Shirtless Male Celebs, Vintage Male CelebsTags An Eye For An Eye, Breaker Breaker, Chuck Norris, Code of Silence, Delta Force, Firewalker, Good Guys Wear Black, hude, hunks, Lone Wolf McCade, Sexy Male Celebs, Shirtless Celebs, Shirtless Male Celebs, The Expendables 2, The Octagon, Vintage Male Celebs, Walker Texas Ranger, Way of the Dragon
Vintage Male Celeb Jean Claude Van Damme
September 15, 2012 August 5, 2012 by admin
Jean Claude Van Damme is best known for his martial arts actions films including Bloodsport, Kickboxer, Universal Soldier, Hard Target, Timecop, Sudden Death,, JCVD, The Expendables, and The Expendables 2. Van Damme recently completed filming Universal Soldier: Day of Reckoning with co-star Dolph Lundgren.
Categories Actors, Jean-Calude Van Damme, Nude Male Celebs, Shirtless Celebs, Shirtless Male Celebs, Vintage Male CelebsTags Bloodsport, Hard Target, hunks, JCVD, Jean-Claude Van Damme, Kickboxer, Sexy, Sexy Male Celebs, Shirtless Celebs, Shirtless Male Celebs, Sudden Death, The Expendagles, Timecop, Universal Soldier, Universal Soldier:Day of Reckoning, Vintage Male Celebs
Shirtless Vintage Male Celeb Dolph Lundgren
August 15, 2012 August 9, 2016 by admin
Click Here To See Naked Male Celebrities
Dolph Lundgren is the epitome of the a generation of Hollywood's action heroes. His breakthrough role was as Ivan Drago in the 1985 film Rocky IV. Other films include Masters of the Universe, The Punisher, Showdown in Little Tokyo, Universal Solider, The Mechanik, and Icarus. His latest role is as Gunner Jensen in The Expendables and The Expendables 2 which will be released August 17, 2012.
Categories Actors, Dolph Lundgren, Nude Male Celebs, Shirtless Celebs, Shirtless Male Celebs, Vintage Male CelebsTags Dolph Lundgren, hunks, Icarus, Masters of the Universe, nude, Rocky IV, Sexy Male Celebs, Shirtless Celebs, Shirtless Male Celebs, Showdown in Little Tokyo, The Expendables, The Mechanki, The Punisher, Universal Solider, Vintage Male Celebs
Shirtless Vintage Celeb Sylvester Stallone
July 31, 2012 August 9, 2016 by admin
From Rocky 1 through 5 and Rambo 1 through 3 Sylvester Stallone has moved on to Barney Ross aka The Schizo and leader of The Expendables. The first Expendable film was released in 2010. The Expendables 2 comes out in August 2012. The films bring together some of film's aging tough-guy, action heroes like Dolph Lundgren, Randy Couture, Steve Austin, and cameo appearances by Arnold Schwarzenegger and Bruce Willis.
Categories Actors, Nude Male Celebs, Shirtless Celebs, Shirtless Male Celebs, Sylvester Stallone, Vintage Male CelebsTags Arnold Schwarzenegger, Bruce Willis, Dolph Lundgren, hunks, nude, Rambo, Randy Couture, Rocky, Sexy Male Celebs, Shirtless Celebs, Shirtless Male Celebs, Steve Austin, Sylvester Stallone, The Expendables, Vintage Male Celebs
Shirtless Vintage Celeb Ed Harris
Some of Ed Harris' best known work was in the films The Abyss, A Beautiful Mind, The Right Stuff, Gone, Baby Gone, Empire Falls, and Game Change. He was an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performances in Apollo 13 (1995), The Truman Show (1998), and The Hours (2002). In 2000, he was nominated for a Best Actor Academy Award for his role as American painter Jackson Pollock in the 2000 film Pollock.. Harris had one of the leading role in the 2012 film Game Change and the starring role in the thriller Phantom which will be released later in 2012.
Categories Actors, Ed Harris, Nude Male Celebs, Shirtless Celebs, Shirtless Male Celebs, Vintage Male CelebsTags A Beautiful Mind, Apollo 13, Bone Baby Gone, Ed Harris, Empire Falls, Game Change, hunks, nude, Phantom, Pollock, Sexy Male Celebs, Shirtless Celebs, Shirtless Male Celebs, The Abyss, The Hours, The Right Stuff, The Truman Show, Vintage Male Celebs
Shirtless Vintage Celeb Aron Kincaid
June 12, 2012 August 9, 2016 by admin
Aron Kincaid, tall, handsome, blond, and tan, was a natural for the 1960's "beach" movies. He had roles in The Girls on the Beach, Beach Ball, Beach Party, and The Ghost in the Invisible Bikini. He co-starred with Chuck Connors in the 1972 western The Proud and Damned, and appeared in the films Cannonball, Gable & Lombard, Planet Earth and Brave New World. Kincaid also lent his voice to several animated productions including The Smurfs, Hulk Hogan's Rock 'n' Wrestling, Duck Tales, Batman: The Animated Series, and Freakazoid.
Categories Actors, Aron Kincaid, Nude Male Celebs, Shirtless Celebs, Shirtless Male Celebs, Vintage Male CelebsTags Aron Kincaid, Batman: The Animated Series, Beach Ball, Beach Party, Brave New World, Cannonball, Duck Tales, Freakazoid, Gable & Lombard, Hulk Hogan's Rock 'n' Wrestling, hunks, nude, Planet Earth, Sexy Male Celebs, Shirtless Celebs, Shirtless Male Celebs, The Ghost in the Invisible Bikini, The Girls on the Beach, The Proud and Damned, The Smurfs, Vintage Male Celebs
Shirtless Vintage Celeb Patrick Swayze
Handsome, sexy, talented actor Patrick Swayze had a career that spanned 30 years and was named one of People magazine's "sexiest man alive". Dirty Dancing, Road House, Ghost and Point Break of some of his best known films. He also appeared in the TV mini-series North and South and North and South II. When Swayze died of pancreatic cancer in 2008 one of filmdom's most popular actors was lost.
Categories Actors, Nude Male Celebs, Patrick Swayze, Shirtless Celebs, Shirtless Male Celebs, Vintage Male CelebsTags Dirty Dancing, Ghost, hunks, nude, Patrick Swayze, Point Break, Road House, Sexy Male Celebs, Shirtless Celebs, Shirtless Male Celebs, Vintage Male Celebs


Dreyson Blase, 6, tries to climb the Jacobs Ladder while his brother Jaxson, 8, at left, waits his turn at Rhythm on the River last year. This year's event gets rolling in Longmont tonight and it includes a slate of live music, entertainment and family fun.
Art Night Out & Art Market — Art Night Out is a free, family-friendly community event. Enjoy surprising flash mobs, live demonstrations by artists, crafters, dancers, and street performers, beer and wine garden, children's activities and food trucks, featuring Hindsight Classic Rock; 5 p.m., Old Town Lafayette, Public Road, Lafayette; free; 303-661-1261, cityoflafayette.com.
Rhythm on the River — Rhythm on the River is Longmont's signature zero-waste event, as it celebrates the environment, the community, art and music. Hours are Friday and Saturday from 6-10 p.m. Black lights throughout the venue will fluoresce white clothing. Free admission, free parking and a shuttle service is available at the Boulder County Fairgrounds; 6 p.m., Boulder County Fairgrounds, 9595 Nelson Road, Longmont; free; 303-651-8404, longmontcolorado.gov.
"The Producers" — Jesters Dinner Theatre presents Mel Brooks' "The Producers"; 7:30 p.m., Jesters Dinner Theatre, 224 Main St., Longmont; $17-$42; 303-682-9980.
10th Annual Spirit of Flight Day — 10th Annual Spirit of Flight Day at the Spirit of Flight museum will feature a car show, fly-in, pancake breakfast, live music, beer garden, BBQ and more; 9 a.m. Saturday, Spirit of Flight Museum, 2650 S. Main St., Bldg. A, Erie; $5-$10; 303-517-5078, spiritofflight.com.
Old's Cool Rock — Old's Cool Rock plays rock and Motown from the '60s and '70s. The band plays a great song list that listeners love to dance to, sing along, and enjoy the positive ambiance while shopping at the Farmers' Market; 10 a.m. Saturday, Longmont Farmers Market, Boulder County Fairgrounds, 9595 Nelson Road, Longmont; free.
Movie in the Park, "Star Wars: The Last Jedi" — Gather at the Erie Community Park for the second of three relaxing evenings of free family entertainment. The movie will begin at dusk (around 8:30 p.m.) and end by 10:30 p.m. Fun "movie themed" activities or craft will be provided prior to the movie start time. Frozen sweet treats and limited concessions will be available for purchase at both movies; current vendors include Kona Ice; 8 p.m. Saturday, Erie Community Park, 450 Powers St., Erie; facebook.com.
Boulder County Record Show — The Boulder County Record Sale, with vinyl record dealers selling vinyl records, cassettes, reel-to-reels, and related music merchandise, is planned; 10 a.m. Sunday, Boulder County Fairgrounds, Barn A, 9595 Nelson Road, Longmont; $3; 303-503-5531.
Share the Table outdoor luncheon — Enjoy a delicious outdoor luncheon hosted at Oxford Gardens in Niwot. Your ticket includes a donation to Slow Food USA, Slow Food Boulder County and a donation to the Oxford Garden's Hail Relief Fund; 11 a.m. Sunday, Oxford Gardens, 10145 Oxford Road, Longmont; $45; 720-979-2938, eventbrite.com/e/share-the-table-an-outdoor-luncheon-at-oxford-gardens-tickets-47525218207?aff=ebdssbdestsearch.
Open Mic — Local musician, soundman, and music encyclopedia Mark Arroyo hosts open mic night at Dannik's every Sunday. Musicians, comedians, poets, and generally talented people of all levels are welcome to join; 6 p.m. Sunday, Dannik's Gunbarrel Corner Bar, 6525 Gunpark Drive, Boulder; free.


Do you need hot water repairs in Eastern Suburbs?
Captain Cook Electrical have been servicing Eastern Suburbs and surrounding suburbs for over 10 years. Our team of industry professionals continually undergo regular training so they can fully utilise the latest technology as well as implement any new procedures.


NTR - Ramayya Vastavayya - Very Busy with Shooting | GSV Films :: Film news, video songs, movies news telugu, tamil hot actress.
Junior NTR is now busy with the shooting of his new film 'Ramayya Vastavayya' and this is being directed by Harish Shankar. till sometime back, the film was being projected as a complete youthful entertainer and the young tiger will be seen in the role of a college student. This was appealing to the youth audience.
But if one has to hear the latest reports the chances are that 'Ramayya Vastavayya' might bring some controversy along. The last few months have been somewhat disturbing for Junior NTR in real life due to the TDP controversy and some differences with the Nandamuri family. Some elements of this are expected to be covered.


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All attendees will have the opportunity to obtain an overview of the Recycling and Paper making side of the Orora business. The Orora Recycling business provides services including the collection, sorting and recycling of waste from industry, supermarkets and households. Visitors will see a state-of-the-art high speed paper machine that manufactures 100% recycled packaging paper and better understand the Orora Botany Paper Mill.
Safety glasses, hi visibility vest, long pants and enclosed shoes are minimum for entry into the site. All attendees must wear steel-capped safety shoes for the tour. AIP to provide safety vests.
For those who have not yet been to site you will enter the car park via the boom gate, which should be in the uplifted position during daylight hours. Orora Staff will meet you at the visitor car park turnstile, marked on the map with a star in the Visitor Information PDF (click here to download).
As a site entry requirement you will need flat and fully enclosed footwear, safety glasses and high visibility vest/clothing. Please advise if you will need to borrow safety glasses and/or a vest and also if you wear prescription glasses so we can ensure we have safety over glasses.


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Pereiros é uma povoação anexa da freguesia de Rebordainhos, concelho de Bragança e Distrito de Bragança.

É uma aldeia de pequenas dimensões. Não tendo mais de 20 habitantes, dedica-se a sua população em especial à agricultura e à criação de gado.
Realiza-se no dia 15 de Janeiro a festa em honra de Santo Amaro.

Tem no centro da sua povoação a Igreja Paroquial dos Pereiros.

Tinha, de acordo com as "Memórias Paroquiais de 1758", 96 habitantes.

Aldeias do Distrito de Bragança
Rebordainhos

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This series of articles explores the basics of "bunkai" (kata application). Over the last six parts we've been discussing the fundamentals of this vitally important aspect of karate. We've seen how the most common kata movements can be applied at close-range. We've also examined the key concepts of bunkai which, when understood, will allow you to understand kata.
In this series of articles we've been looking at the basics of "bunkai" (kata application). The purpose of these articles is to introduce the fundamentals of this vitally important aspect of karate to those relatively new to the martial arts or bunkai study.
In this series of articles we've been looking at the basics of "bunkai" (kata application). The purpose of these articles is to introduce the basics of this important aspect of karate to those relatively new to the martial arts or bunkai study.
Welcome to the fourth part of the basic bunkai series. "Bunkai" refers to the analysis and the practical application of the techniques of traditional kata. In previous articles we've looked at some of the basic applications for common kata movements such as age-uke, shuto-uke and gedan-juji-uke. We've also looked at some of the fundamental concepts of bunkai which are the keys to this area of martial study.
Kata (formal forms) were regarded as the cornerstone of martial arts training by the past masters. However, many modern karate practitioners question the value of kata. Some have even stopped the practise of kata altogether. So what is the point of kata and why did the past masters place so much store in them? The answers to these questions are revealed by "bunkai" (the analysis and practical application of the movements of kata).


Star sprinter Battaash may head straight to the King's Stand Stakes at Royal Ascot this summer.
For the second season running, the Charlie Hills-trained five-year-old was a brilliant winner of the King George Stakes at Goodwood last August – but disappointed when odds-on for the Nunthorpe three weeks later.
He also failed to run up to his best when defending his crown in the Prix de l'Abbaye on his final start of 2018, but Hills believes his charge is in rude health as he approaches his return to action.
Hills said: "Battaash is in really good form, and I think he's done much better from four to five than he did from three to four.
Battaash found only Blue Point too strong in last year's King's Stand, and a mouth-watering rematch looks to be on the cards.
"Whether he'll run before Royal Ascot, I'm not sure. We're all gearing him up for the King's Stand," Hills added.


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Jan 17th - Jan 23rd 2022
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The woman who gave Apple its voice
By Sonoo Singh - June 22, 2018
Voice actress Susan Bennett was the original voice of Siri.
Since its first release, we've come to ask Siri everything. The Drum decided to talk to it a bit more, interviewing the human 'original voice', Susan Bennett.
"Cow hoist in the tub today. Fasa ask fasa ask fuzzy." In 2005, Susan Bennett, a voice-over actor and musician based in Atlanta, Georgia, recorded thousands of such phrases for four hours a day, five days a week, for what she thought was "a sort of phone messaging system". Six years later this became the first voice of Siri.
Among several other voice actors, Bennett's brief was to read thousands of phrases and sentences at the same pitch, the same pace and in the same tone for a Texan company. AI then helped extract sounds from these recordings and turn them into Siri 'answers'.
"It was very, very, very tedious work, and I didn't know how it was going to be used or that Apple wanted to create all of the possible sound combinations in the English language."
Bennett's voice was chosen as the first original Siri voice for English worldwide — a fact that came to light only when a colleague who recognized the voice called her up to inform her. "I could tell it was my voice but it had definitely been manipulated. It doesn't really sound like my regular talking voice."
In 2013 Bennett revealed in an interview with CNN that she was indeed the Siri voice. But why the two year delay, after the launch of Siri in 2011? "I was really upset about it, at first thinking that it would limit my career, and that really bothered me.
"Most people don't really pay attention to recorded or automated voices because they are listening only for information. However, when you become this persona that people are talking to on their devices several times a day, that voice becomes recognizable and suddenly the voice actor becomes typecast."
What was the Siri persona? Bennett says Apple tried to give Siri a personality, which was very edgy and not afraid to tell you what she thought. "I think my voice has an edge to it anyway, but that sass in the voice was provided by Apple. Also, the distinctive thing about Siri was that it was a voice of authority, with its low-pitched voice."
When Apple launched iOS 11, Bennett's voice was replaced by several other voice actors, which means that your Siri can now be either male or female. Bennett, however, claims she is ambivalent about the fact that her voice has since been dropped in favor of others.
"She speaks in a much higher pitch, sounds much younger and very off-hand. She speaks like all the others [virtual assistants], which I think is disappointing because the Siri voice was distinctive. But it's now of the past."
Bennett, meanwhile, has a new career as a public speaker, out of the recording studios and on to the stage. For someone who has also been the voice of GPS devices and addressed travelers in Delta airport terminals, she promises that the 'original' Siri voice will endure in this digital age.
For more on voice technology, pick up a copy of The Drum's July issue where we find out how AI assistants are being utilised in sectors such as retail, charity, healthcare and education; discover how it is opening up the internet to older generations and the visually impaired; and ask what it means to be 'voice native'.
This article is about: World, Voice Assistant, Siri, Digital Transformation, Creativity, Brand
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Writer/Director/Producer Kay Cannon
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Boom Chicago Comedy Festival
Kay Cannon just finished writing and directing the upcoming musical comedy Cinderella for Disney, which will be in movie theaters during the festival. Arriving with high expectations, the film could crack the top 10 of highest grossing movies ever with a female director. Get a chance to ask those burning questions! She received rave reviews for her debut screenplay, the 2012 acapella comedy Pitch Perfect starring Anna Kendrick, Brittany Snow and Rebel Wilson. Kay then wrote and co-produced the follow-up hits Pitch Perfect 2 and Pitch Perfect 3. Kay directed the groundbreaking Blockers in 2018 starring Boom alums Ike Barinholtz and Colton Dunn. Blockers updated the teenage sex genre for a modern era, paving the way for films like Booksmart. On TV, she was writer and producer for NBC's 30 Rock (2007–2012), the FOX comedy series New Girl (2012–2014) and Girlboss (2017) for Netflix. Kay performed in Boom Chicago from 1999-2001 in the era with Brendan Hunt, Liz Cackowski, Ike Barinholtz, and Jason Sudeikis. She helped create Live at the Leidseplein: Your Privacy is our Business, the first major live comedy show anywhere with (secret) cameras, screens and a video director. She also worked with Saskia Maas in Boom's corporate show department during its infancy.
More from Boom Chicago Comedy Festival:
Lisa Jolley and a Night about Autism
Mon Jul 26 2021 15:50:00 GMT+0000 (Coordinated Universal Time)
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Wed Jul 28 2021 15:50:00 GMT+0000 (Coordinated Universal Time)
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Q: Why does the text flow one on top of the other when outputting the text in the assembly language? Task: Write a com-program that first asks for your first name, after entering the name, asks for the last name, and then outputs: Hello, LAST NAME ENTERED FIRST NAME ENTERED.
But when I output the name, it appears at the beginning of the message (Hello). What could be the reason? If you display only the last name, everything is fine
[enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/T94zr.png)
org 100h
jmp start

first_name db 255,255,255 dup("$")
last_name db 255,255,255 dup("$")
msg db "Enter first name: $"
msg2 db 10,13,"Enter last name: $"
hello db 10,13, "Hello, $"

start:
; display "Enter first name" message
mov ah, 09h
mov dx, offset msg
int 21h

    ; read first name from user
    mov ah, 0Ah
    lea dx, first_name
    int 21h

    ; display "Enter last name" message
    mov ah, 09h
    mov dx, offset msg2
    int 21h

    ; read last name from user
    mov ah, 0Ah
    lea dx, last_name
    int 21h

    ; display "Hello" message
    mov ah, 09h
    mov dx, offset hello
    int 21h

    ; display last name
    mov ah, 09h
    lea dx, last_name
    add dx, 2h
    int 21h

    ; display first name
    mov ah, 09h
    lea dx, first_name
    add dx, 2h
    int 21h

    ; exit program
    mov ax, 4C00h
    int 21h

I'm new to assembler, so I watched videos on YouTube and read articles, but I didn't understand anything

A:
first_name db 255,255,255 dup("$")

It is always a bad sign to see a buffer getting preloaded with $ characters! It is tell-tale to someone wanting to cut corners in their program.
When using the DOS.BufferedInput function 0Ah, after entering the name you have to push the Enter key. The ASCII code for this key gets added to the buffer. eg After inputting your name, the buffer would look like:
255, 5, A, p, t, e, m, 13, $, $, $, $, ...
        ====================

So what you then later print with the DOS.PrintString function 09h is the part that I underlined for you. It contains a carriage return (13) that brings the cursor back to the left side of the screen. Logically it follows that the next output will overwrite this.
Read about the DOS.BufferedInput function 0Ah in How buffered input works.
Solution
Because you have 2 names that follow each other on the screen, it will make sense to replace the 13 that ends the last name with a space character, so there's some separation between the last name and the first name (in that order):
; display last name
lea  si, last_name
inc  si
mov  bl, [si]            ; This is 5 if you inputted last name "Aptem"
mov  bh, 0
inc  si
mov  byte [si+bx], " "   ; Replace 13 by 32
mov  dx, si
mov  ah, 09h
int  21h

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Yes, Einstein saw the inherent superior logic of a planned economy, and he went public.
Found at Monthly Review, http://www.monthlyreview.org/598einst.htm. It appeared in their first issue, May 1949. It also appears in Introduction to Socialism, by Profs. Leo Huberman and Paul M. Sweezy, Monthly Review Press, 1968 p 11-20. I copied it from the latter in 2003 for this site. The last paragraph does not appear in the book. The book is a classic, which also contains The ABC of Socialism which I have at scanned and pasted.
Let us first consider the question from the point of view of scientific knowledge. It might appear that there are no essential methodological differences between astronomy and economics: scientists in both fields attempt to discover laws of general acceptability for a circumscribed group of phenomena in order to make the interconnection of these phenomena as clearly understandable as possible. But in reality such methodological differences do exist. The discovery of general laws in the fields of economics is made difficult by the circumstance that observed economic phenomena are often affected by many factors which are very hard to evaluate separately. In addition, the experience which has accumulated since the beginning of the so-called civilized period of human history has—as is well known—been largely influenced and limited by causes which are by no means exclusively economic in nature. For example, most of the major states of history owed their existence to conquest. The conquering peoples established themselves, legally find economically, as the privileged class of the conquered country. They seized for themselves a monopoly of the land ownership and appointed priesthood from among their own ranks. The priests, in control of education, made the class division of society into a permanent institution and created a System of values by which the people were thenceforth, to a large extent unconsciously, guided in their social behavior.
But historic tradition is, so to speak, of yesterday; nowhere have we really overcome what Thorstein Veblen called "the Predatory phase" of human development. The observable economic facts belong to that phase and even such laws as we can derive from them are not applicable to other phases. Since the real purpose of socialism is precisely to overcome and advance beyond the Predatory phase of human development, economic science in its present state can throw little light on the socialist society of the future. Second, socialism is directed towards a Social-ethical end. Science, however, cannot create ends and, even less, instill them in human beings; science, at most, can supply the means by which to attain certain ends. But the ends themselves are conceived by personalities with lofty ethical ideals and—if these ends are not stillborn but vital and vigorous adopted and carried forward by those many human beings who, half unconsciously, determine the slow evolution of society.
For these reasons, we should be on our guard not to overestimate science and scientific methods when there is a question of human problems; and we should not assume that experts are the only ones who have a right to express themselves on questions affecting the organization of society.
I am sure that as little as a century ago no one would have so lightly made a statement of this kind. It is the statement of a man who has striven in vain to attain equilibrium within himself and has more or less lost hope of succeeding. It is the expression of a painful solitude and isolation from which so many people are suffering these days. What is the cause? Is there a way out?
It is easy to raise such questions, but difficult to answer them with any degree of assurance. I must try, however, as best I can, although I am very conscious of the fact that our feelings and strivings are often contradictory and obscure and that they cannot be expressed in easy and simple formulas.
It is evident, therefore, that the dependence of the individual upon society is a fact of nature which cannot be abolished just as in the case of ants and bees, however, while the whole life process of ants and bees is fixed down to the smallest detail by rigid, hereditary instincts, the social pattern and interrelationships of human beings are very variable and susceptible to change. Memory, the capacity to make new combinations, the gift of oral communication has made possible developments among human beings which are not dictated by biological necessities. Such developments manifest themselves in traditions, institutions, and organizations; in literature; in scientific and engineering accomplishments; in works of art. This explains how it hap~ pens that, in a certain sense, man can influence his life through his own conduct and that in this process conscious thinking and wanting can play a part.
Man acquires at birth, through heredity, a biological constitution which we must consider fixed and unalterable, including the natural urges which are characteristic of the human species. In addition, during his lifetime, he acquires a cultural constitution which he adopts from society through communication and through many other types of influences. It is this cultural constitution which, with the passage of time, is subject to change and which determines to a very large extent the relationship between the individual and society. Modern anthropology has taught us, through comparative investigation of so-called primitive cultures, that the social behavior of human beings may differ greatly, depending upon prevailing cultural patterns and the types of organization which predominate in society. It is on this that those who are striving to improve the lot of man may ground their hopes; human beings are not condemned, because of their biological constitution, to annihilate each other or to be at the mercy of a cruel, self-inflicted fate.
If we ask ourselves how the structure of society and the cultural attitude of man should be changed in order to make human life as satisfying as possible, we should constantly be conscious of the fact that there are certain conditions which we are unable to modify. As mentioned before, the biological nature of man is, for all practical purposes, not subject to change. Furthermore, technological and demographic developments of the last few centuries have created conditions which are here to stay. In relatively densely settled populations with the goods which are indispensable to their continued existence, an extreme division of labor and a highly-centralized productive apparatus are absolutely necessary. The time—which, looking back, seems so idyllic—is gone forever when individuals or relatively small groups could be completely self-sufficient. It is only a slight exaggeration to say that mankind constitutes even now a planetary community of production and consumption.
I have now reached the point where I may indicate briefly what to me constitutes the essence of the crisis of our time. It concerns the relationship of the individual to society. The individual has become more conscious than ever of his dependence upon society. But he does not experience this dependence as a positive asset, as an organic tie, as a protective force, but rather as a threat to his natural rights, or even to his economic existence. Moreover, his position in society is such that the egotistical drives of his make-up are constantly being accentuated, while his social drives, which are by nature weaker, progressively deteriorate. All human beings, whatever their position in society, are suffering from this process of deterioration. Unknowingly prisoners of their own egotism, they feel insecure, lonely, and deprived of the naive, simple, and unsophisticated enjoyment of life. Man can find meaning in life, short and as it is, only through devoting himself to society.
The economic anarchy of capitalist society as it exists today is, in my opinion, the real source of the evil. We see before us a 'huge community of producers the members of are unceasingly striving to deprive each other of the fruits of their collective labor—not by force, but on the whole in faithful compliance with legally established rules respect, it is important to realize that the means of production that is to say, the entire productive capacity that is needed for producing consumer goods as well as additional capital goods—may legally be, and for the most part are, the private property of individuals.
For the sake of simplicity, in the discussion that follows I shall call "workers" all those who do not share in the ownership of the means of Production although this does not quite Correspond to the customary use of the term. The owner of the means of production is in a position to purchase the labor power of the worker. By using the means of production, the worker produces new goods which become the property of the capitalist. The essential point about this process is the relation between what the worker produces and what he is paid, both measured in terms of real value. Insofar as the labor contract is "free," what the worker receives is determined not by the real value of the goods he produces, but by his minimum needs and by the capitalists' requirements for labor power in relation to the number of workers competing for jobs. It is important to understand that even in theory the payment of the worker is not determined by the value of his product.
Private capital tends to become concentrated in few hands, partly because of competition among the capitalists, and partly because technological development and the increasing division of labor encourage the formation of larger units of production at the expense of the smaller ones. The result of these developments is an oligarchy of private capital the enormous power of which cannot be effectively checked even by a democratically organized political society. This is true since the members of legislative bodies are selected by political parties, largely financed or otherwise influenced by private capitalists who, for all practical purposes, separate the electorate from the legislature. The consequence is that the representatives of the people do not in fact sufficiently protect the interests of the underprivileged sections of the population. Moreover, under existing conditions, private capitalists inevitably control, directly or indirectly, the main sources of information (press, radio, education). It is thus extremely difficult, and indeed in most cases quite impossible, for the individual citizen to come to objective conclusions and to make intelligent use of his political rights.
The situation prevailing in an economy based on the private ownership of capital is thus characterized by two main principles: first, means of production (capital) are privately owned and the owners dispose of them as they see fit; second, the labor contract is free. Of course, there is no such thing as a pure capitalist society in this sense. In particular, it should be noted that the workers, through long and bitter political struggles, have succeeded in securing a somewhat improved form of the "free labor contract" for certain categories of workers. But taken as a whole, the present day economy does not differ much from "pure" capitalism.
Production is carried on for profit, not for use. There is no provision that all those able and willing to work will always be in a position to find employment; an "army of unemployed" almost always exists. The worker is constantly in fear of losing his job. Since unemployed and poorly paid workers do not provide a profitable market, the production of consumers' goods is restricted, and great hardship is the consequence. Technological progress frequently results in more unemployment rather than in an easing of the burden of work for all. The profit motive, in conjunction with competition among capitalists, is responsible for instability in the accumulation and utilization of capital which leads to increasingly severe depressions. Unlimited competition leads to a huge waste of labor, and to that crippling of the social consciousness of individuals which I mentioned before.
This crippling of individuals I consider the worst evil of capitalism. Our whole educational system suffers from this evil. An exaggerated competitive attitude is inculcated into the student, who is trained to worship acquisitive success as a preparation for his future career.
I am convinced there is only one way to eliminate these grave evils, namely through the establishment of a socialist economy, accompanied by an educational system which would be oriented toward social goals. In such an economy, the means of production are owned by society itself and are utilized in a planned fashion. A planned economy, which adjusts production to the needs of the community, would distribute the work to be done among all those able to work and would guarantee a livelihood to every man, woman, and child. The education of the individual, in addition to promoting his own innate abilities, would attempt to develop in him a sense of responsibility for his fellow men in place of the glorification of power and success in our present society.
Nevertheless, it is necessary to remember that a planned economy is not yet socialism. A planned economy as such may be accompanied by the complete enslavement of the individual. The achievement of socialism requires the solution of some extremely difficult socio-political problems: how is it possible, in view of the far-reaching centralization of political and economic power, to prevent bureaucracy from becoming all-powerful and overweening? How can the rights of the individual be protected and therewith a democratic counterweight to the power of bureaucracy be assured?
Clarity about the aims and problems of socialism is of greatest significance in our age of transition. Since, under present circumstances, free and unhindered discussion of these problems has come under a powerful taboo, I consider the foundation of this magazine to be an important public service.
Philosophy teaches the skills to see how the world ought to be. Mathematics is the Queen for science, and logical analysis the Queen for skepticism.


It's time to start planning your financial future, and a part of that is determining how you're going to cover potential medical expenses. If you're employed, you should first check with your company to see if there are health insurance choices available to you. If so, you may find HSA and FSA options available.
Since the Affordable Care Act rolled out, people have been trying to figure out what changes they will see to their health care, both in terms of benefits and costs. If you're not familiar with HSAs and FSAs, then join the millions of others in the same boat. These are two options you can use to maximize your tax savings while putting money aside for future out of pocket medical expenses. Both are accounts you add money to and can be used to exclusively pay for medical expenses. The money in your health savings account and flexible spending account are tax-free. This is one of the reasons why people find them to be attractive.
A big problem with FSA and HSA is that they can be a bit complex. The most commonly used option is the FSA, which can be found in a lot of workplace benefit plans. With an FSA, you set aside up to $2,550 of pretax dollars for health care expenses through automatic payroll deductions. You can also have separate FSAs for child care and some transportation costs.
Health savings accounts came about after the rise in medical plans with high deductibles. HSAs offered people an alternative to these health plans. With an HSA, you're able to contribute up to $3,350 annually for an individual and $6,750 for a family to be used for medical expenses. If you're 55 or over, it's up to $4,350. If the money isn't used by the end of the year, it will roll over to the next. Your money continuously rolls over, accumulating more and more each year you don't use it. This allows you the option to use the savings for health care expenses you incur during retirement.
There's no other option that allows you a triple tax advantage. The contributions you make to your accounts are used from your pretax income, the earnings you incur aren't taxed and you don't have to pay any taxes whenever you withdraw money from the account (as long as it's used to pay for health care expenses). In other words, the money is your money. If you wanted to, you could keep it forever.
Now, note that you can't have both an FSA and an HSA at the same time. The only way this can occur is if your employer offers a limited-purpose FSA. This is specifically used for dental and vision expenses. Those who are self-employed aren't able to get an FSA. The only way you can get one is if your employer offers it.
There are some employers who offer employees health reimbursement accounts. This is when the employer contributes money for workers to use to cover copays and deductibles. In most cases, these are connected to high-deductible insurance plans, but not all the time. Unlike an HSA or FSA, you don't own the funds and if you don't use them, then they're forfeited.
An HSA can only be obtained if you have a health insurance plan that has a deductible that's $1,300 or more. If you have a family, then it's $2,600. There are some HSA plans that have even higher deductibles, some reaching as high as $6,850 for individuals and $13,700 for families. You don't get benefits from the plan until you've paid the full deductible.
Determining the best plan for you will take some deep consideration. Both plans come with their pros and cons. Then you have to determine if you want to opt for higher deductibles in exchange for lower premiums. Just keep in mind you must also factor in coinsurance, copayments and other out-of-pocket costs when considering total costs for health insurance coverage.
Flexible spending accounts come with a number of features that you may or may not like. When it comes to contributions, you'll need to be savvy. You need to try and plan your future medical expenses to make the most of this plan. You can use the FSA to take advantage of pretax dollars to pay for LASIK eye surgery, eyeglasses, contact lenses and copays for typical medications. This year, you can use an FSA to save up to $2,550.
The only way you can get an FSA is if your employer offers it to you. If so, make sure to carefully consider your contribution amount (how much you will be setting aside from each pay check) because you won't be able to modify it unless your circumstances have changed. One mistake is opting for a high contribution, thinking you're going to have an expensive medical procedure done, then it doesn't happen. In this case, you still have to pay the contribution amount, plus you risk losing the money if you don't use it for other medical expenses.
You're able to withdraw money from your FSA tax-free, but no more than the amount of your contribution for that year. You don't have to worry about fees with most FSAs, but make sure to double check the specifics of your plan. No interest is earned on the funds you contribute.
FSAs require you to spend all of the money in the account by the end of the year or it's forfeited. Some employers allow you to carry over no more than $500 to be used for the following year.
There's no need to pre-determine how much you plan to spend on medical expenses with an HSA account. All the money invested into your HSA is yours, and yours to keep. You can even use the money during your retirement if you choose to. Both you and your employer can contribute to your HSA. The money can be used for medical care or other expenses, but it's only tax-free if you use the funds for medical expenses.
You can obtain an HSA through your employer or if you're self-employed, but you must be enrolled in an insurance plan with a high deductible. Private insurers and the health insurance exchange both have plans that are eligible for HSAs.
You're also allowed to change your contribution amount anytime you want to. Or if you don't want to contribute anything at all, you don't have to. You're only able to withdraw the amount you've contributed to the account. There are usually small monthly fees associated with HSAs, which is sometimes paid by your employer. Any unused funds inside of your HSA can be invested into a 401K. If not, it will just carry over year after year until you use the funds.


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California State University World Languages Council
World Languages Council Constitution
CONSTITUTION of the WORLD LANGUAGES COUNCIL
of the CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY
Article I: Name
The name of this organization shall be "The World Languages Council of the California State University."
Article II: Purpose
The purpose of this organization is to encourage the advancement and effective teaching of World Languages in the CSU and the State of California.
Article III: Nature of Organization
The World Languages Council is an independent professional organization of professors of world languages in the CSU. To insure participation in world languages matters in California and the nation, the Council is affiliated with the California Language Teachers Association (CLTA) and the Association of Departments of Foreign Languages (ADFL).
Article IV: Voting Membership
1. Voting membership on the World Languages Council shall be made up of no more than two (2) full-time faculty members from each campus, one of whom shall be a Department Chair or Coordinator or his/her designated replacement. If a representative cannot attend a meeting, the campus may send an alternate.
2. Membership of the second departmental representative to the Council shall be for two (2) academic years.
3. On campuses where languages are taught in only one department all Council representatives shall be elected from that department.
4. On campuses where languages are taught in more than one department, the departments involved, through consultation, shall decide how the two campus representatives are to be distributed among the departments.
Article V: Officers of the World Languages Council
1. The officers of the World Languages Council shall be:
Representative-at-large (North)
Representative-at-large (South)
2. The officers shall be elected by the membership of the Council. The President and Vice-President shall be elected in odd-numbered years and the two Representatives-at-large in even-numbered years. The term of office shall be three (3) years for the Secretary/Treasurer and two (2) for all other officers. The term of office for each officer shall normally begin with the close of the spring meeting. In the event of special elections to fill vacated offices, the officer shall assume his/her duties immediately upon election. At least one of the Representatives-at-large shall be faculty member from a language other than French, German, and Spanish.
3. Nominations will be solicited at the fall meeting. An announcement will be made via mail before the meeting when voting will occur.
4. If no nominations are received in the fall, officers may be nominated and elected from the floor at the spring meeting.
5. The President shall preside over all meetings of the Council and Executive Committee, and direct the affairs of the organization.
6. The Vice-President shall carry out duties assigned to him/her by the President, and shall preside in the absence of the President.
7. The Secretary/Treasurer shall keep accurate records of the membership and proceedings of the organization, and shall have custody of these records. The Secretary/Treasurer shall be responsible for the receipt and disbursement of all Council funds, shall keep an accurate record of these funds, and shall prepare an annual financial report. The fiscal year shall be the academic year.
8. The Representatives-at large shall serve as a liaison between the Executive Committee and campuses, and shall facilitate the planning of the agenda for Council meetings.
9. In the event of a vacancy in the office of President, the Vice-President shall assume that office through the current academic year. Any other vacancy among the officers shall be filled by appointment by the Executive Committee until the next regular election.
Article VI: Recall of Officers
1. If an officer does not carry out his/her duties, and by such neglect places the work of the Council in jeopardy, he/she shall be notified by the Executive Committee about the initiation of the recall process.
2. At least 25% of the voting membership shall be required to initiate the recall process. A signed written petition shall be sent to the Executive Committee.
3. Two-thirds (2/3) of the total membership of the Council shall be required to vote in favor of the removal of an officer to complete the recall.
Article VII: Operation of the Council
1. The Executive Committee of the Council shall be composed of the five elected officers, plus the (non-voting) immediate past president. The Executive Committee shall set the agenda for meetings, manage the budget and conduct the affairs of the organization.
2. The President in consultation with the Executive Committee, shall appoint such additional committees and their chairs as needed to conduct the affairs of the organization.
3. The Council shall hold two (2) meetings annually one in the fall and one in the spring.
4. Additional meetings may be called by the Executive Committee, or by written petition from the majority of the membership to the Executive Committee.
5. A quorum shall exist when a majority of the campuses are represented at a meeting.
Article VIII Fiscal Affairs
1. Changes in the amount of the annual dues shall be proposed by the Executive Committee and voted on by the Council at the fall or spring meeting. The annual dues for the Council shall be by campus. Dues shall be collected by the Secretary/Treasurer.
2. A registration fee for each meeting may be required of each Council member attending the meeting.
Article IX: Amendments to the Constitution
1. Amendments to this Constitution may be proposed at any meeting or by written petition to the Executive Committee by at least 25% of the membership.
2. An amendment to the Constitution shall be adopted when two thirds (2/3) of the membership of the Council vote in favor of it.
3. Voting will be by mail, the schedule and procedures of which shall be determined by the Executive Committee.
Article X: Representation from the Chancellor's Office and the Academic Senate of the CSU
The World Languages Council may invite to Council meetings, the Chancellor of the CSU and the Chairman of the Academic Senate of the CSU, or their designated representatives, to serve as ex-officio, non-voting members.
This Constitution was ratified by the voting membership of the World Languages Council at its April 24, 1987 meeting in Los Angeles, California
It was amended on October 23, 1998.
clarkemi@sonoma.edu
California State University World Languages Council, Blog at WordPress.com.


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Archive for the 'triorthocresyl phosphate' Category
Liver Functioning & Chemical Synergies – An Excerpt – Silent Spring by Rachel Carson
Posted in Benzene Hexachloride, Chlorinated Hydrocarbons, DDT, Malathion, Methoxychlor, Organic Phosphates, Parathion, Silent Spring, triorthocresyl phosphate on June 28, 2010| 8 Comments »
Liver Functioning & Chemical Synergies
An Excerpt from Silent Spring by Rachel Carson
One of the most significant facts about the chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides is their effect on the liver. Of all the organs in the body the liver is most extraordinary. In its versatility and in the indispensable nature of its functions it has no equal. It presides over so many vital activities that even the slightest damage is fraught with serious consequences. Not only does it provide bile for the digestion of fats, but because of its location and the special circulatory pathways that converge upon it the liver receives blood directly from the digestive tract and is deeply involved in the metabolism of all the principal foodstuffs. It stores sugar in the form of glycogen and releases it as glucose in carefully measured quantities to keep the blood sugar at a normal level. It builds body proteins, including some essential elements of blood plasma concerned with blood-clotting. It maintains cholesterol at its proper level in the blood plasma, and inactivates the male and female hormones when they reach excessive levels. It is a storehouse of many vitamins, some of which in turn contribute to its own proper functioning.
Without a normally functioning liver the body would be disarmed–defenseless against the great variety of poisons that continually invade it. Some of these are normal by-products of metabolism, which the liver swiftly and efficiently makes harmless by withdrawing their nitrogen. But poisons that have no normal place in the body may also be detoxified. The "harmless" insecticides malathion and methoxychlor are less poisonous than their relatives only because a liver enzyme deals with them, altering their molecules in such a way that their capacity for harm is lessened. In similar ways the liver deals with the majority of the toxic materials to which we are exposed.
Our line of defense against invading poisons or poisons from within is now weakened and crumbling. A liver damaged by pesticides is not only incapable of protecting us from poisons, the whole range of its activities may be interfered with. Not only are the consequences far-reaching, but because of their variety and the fact that they may not immediately appear they may not be attributed to their true cause.
In connection with the nearly universal use of insecticides that are liver poisons, it is interesting to note the sharp rise in hepatitis that began during the 1950's and is continuing a fluctuating climb. Cirrhosis also is said to be increasing. While it is admittedly difficult, in dealing with human beings rather than laboratory animals, to "prove" that cause A produces effect B, plain common sense suggests that the relation between a soaring rate of liver disease and the prevalence of liver poisons in the environment is no coincidence. Whether or not the chlorinated hydrocarbons are the primary cause, it seems hardly sensible under the circumstances to expose ourselves to poisons that have a proven ability to damage the liver and so presumably to make it less resistant to disease.
Both major types of insecticides, the chlorinated hydrocarbons and the organic phosphates, directly affect the nervous system, although in somewhat different ways. This has been made clear by an infinite number of experiments on animals and by observations on human subjects as well. As for DDT, the first of the new organic insecticides to be widely used, its action is primarily on the central nervous system of man; the cerebellum and the higher motor cortex are thought to be the areas chiefly affected. Abnormal sensations as of prickling, burning, or itching, as well as tremors or even convulsions may follow exposure to appreciable amounts, according to a standard textbook of toxicology.
There is interaction even between the two major groups of insecticides usually thought to be completely distinct in their action. The power of the organic phosphates, those poisoners of the nerve-protective enzyme cholinesterase, may become greater if the body has first been exposed to a chlorinated hydrocarbon which injures the liver. This is because, when liver function is disturbed, the cholinesterase level drops below normal. The added depressive effect of the organic phosphate may then be enough to precipitate acute symptoms. And as we have seen, pairs of the organic phosphates themselves may interact in such a way as to increase their toxicity a hundredfold. Or the organic phosphates may interact with various drugs, or with synthetic materials, food additives–who can say what else of the infinite number of man-made substances that now pervade our world.
The effect of a chemical of supposedly innocuous nature can be drastically changed by the action of another; one of the best examples is a close relative of DDT called methoxychlor (Actually, methoxychlor may not be as free from dangerous qualities as it is generally said to be, for recent work on experimental animals shows a direct action on the uterus and a blocking effect on some of the powerful pituitary hormones–reminding us again that these are chemicals with enormous biological effect. Other work shows that methoxychlor has a potential ability to damage the kidneys.) Because it is not stored to any great extent when given alone, we are told that methoxychlor is a safe chemical. But this is not necessarily true. If the liver has been damaged by another agent, methoxychlor is stored in the body at 100 times its normal rate, and will then imitate the effects of DDT with long-lasting effects on the nervous system. Yet the liver damage that brings this about might be so slight as to pass unnoticed. It might have been the result of any number of commonplace situations–using another insecticide, using a cleaning fluid containing carbon tetrachloride, or taking one of the so-called tranquilizing drugs, a number (but not all) of which are chlorinated hydrocarbons and possess power to damage the liver.
Damage to the central nervous system is not confined to acute poisoning; there may also be delayed effects from exposure. Long-lasting damage to brain or nerves has been reported for methoxychlor and others. Dieldrin, besides its immediate consequences, can have long delayed effects ranging from "loss of memory, insomnia, and nightmares to mania." Lindane, according to medical findings is stored in significant amounts in the brain and functioning liver tissue may induce "profound and long lasting effects on the central nervous system." Yet this chemical, a form of benzene hexachloride, is much used in vaporizers, devices that pour a stream of volatilized insecticide into homes, offices, restaurants.
The organic phosphates, usually considered only in relation to their more violent manifestations in acute poisoning, also have the power to produce lasting physical damage to nerve tissues and, according to recent findings, to induce mental disorders. Various cases of delayed paralysis have followed use of one or another of these insecticides. A bizarre happening in the United States during the prohibition era about 1930 was an omen of things to come. It was caused not by an insecticide but by a substance belonging chemically to the same group as the organic phosphate insecticides. During that period some medicinal substances were being pressed into service as substitutes for liquor, being exempt from the prohibition law. One of these was Jamaica ginger. But the United States Pharmacopia product was expensive, and bootleggers conceived the idea of making a substitute Jamaica ginger. They succeeded so well that their spurious product responded to the appropriate chemical tests and deceived the government chemists. To give their false ginger the necessary tang they introduced a chemical known as triorthocresyl phosphate. This chemical, like parathion and its relatives, destroys the protective enzyme cholinesterase. As a consequence of drinking the bootleggers' product some 15,000 people developed a permanently crippling type of paralysis of the leg muscles, a condition now called "ginger paralysis." The paralysis was accompanied by destruction of nerve sheaths and by degeneration of the cells of the anterior horns of the spinal chord.
About two decades later various other organic phosphates came into use as insecticides, as we have seen, and soon cases reminiscent of the ginger paralysis episode began to occur. One was a greenhouse worker in Germany who became paralyzed several months after experiencing mild symptoms of poisoning on a few occasions after using parathion. Then a group of three chemical plant workers developed acute poisoning from exposure to other insecticides in this group. They recovered under treatment, but ten days later two of them developed muscular weakness in the legs. This persisted for 10 months in one; the other, a young woman chemist, was more severely affected, with paralysis in both legs and some involvement of the hands and arms. Two years later when her case was reported in a medical journal she was still unable to walk.
The insecticide responsible for these cases has been withdrawn from the market, but some of those now in use may be capable of harm. Malathion (beloved by gardeners) has induced severe muscular weakness in experiments on chickens. This was attended (as in ginger paralysis) by destruction of the sheaths of the sciatic and spinal nerves.
All these consequences of organic phosphate poisoning, if survived, may be a prelude to worse. In view of the severe damage they inflict upon the nervous system, it was perhaps inevitable that these insecticides would eventually be linked with mental disease. That link has recently been supplied by investigators at the University of Melbourne and Prince Henry's Hospital in Melbourne, who reported on 16 cases of mental disease. All had a history of prolonged exposure to organic phosphorus insecticides. Three were scientists checking the efficacy of sprays; 8 worked in greenhouses; 5 were farm workers. Their symptoms ranged from impairment of memory to schizophrenic and depressive reactions. All had normal medical histories before the chemicals they were using boomeranged and struck them down.
Echoes of this sort of thing are to be found, as we have seen, widely scattered throughout medical literature, sometimes involving chlorinated hydrocarbons, sometimes the organic phosphates. Confusion, delusions, loss of memory, mania–a heavy price to pay for the temporary destruction of a few insects, but a price that will continue to be exacted as long as we insist upon using chemicals that strike directly at the nervous system.
Portions taken from pages 191 – 198


text:
Q: Adapting a code for removing outliers- Function not running in loop Essentially I am trying to adapt the code from R loop remove outliers and https://www.statology.org/remove-outliers-r/.
The first code removes outliers that are above the third quartile. I want to use the interquartile method instead. I also need to get it to work with my data set i.e. it needs to nest into a loop that subsets rows of my data frame by the column named Group. I adapted the above code to work for me but I cant seem to get it to function with the inter quartile method to run. Please help.
Groups A-F each has 12 rows, these are replicates, the columns are different time points (minutes):
# A tibble: 72 x 15
   Group    `0`   `14`     `27`  `42`  `60`  `80`  `95` `110` `125` `139` `169` `200` `229` `311`
   <chr>  <dbl>  <dbl>    <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
 1 A     -0.921 -0.717 -0.310   0.608  2.35  4.22  6.04  7.63  10.5  12.1  15.2  20.1  23.6  34.8
 2 A     -0.926 -0.728 -0.367   0.392  1.92  3.66  5.80  8.17  13.8  12.4  15.5  19.6  23.7  35.0
 3 A     -0.928 -0.699 -0.212   0.864  2.73  4.37  7.13  9.60  14.7  15.2  18.9  25.0  29.7  44.4
 4 A     -0.919 -0.590  0.0813  1.47   4.07  6.47  9.43 12.5   26.3  18.7  24.6  30.8  36.9  55.4
 5 A     -0.925 -0.672 -0.199   0.701  2.37  4.06  5.94  7.97  15.2  12.4  16.1  20.1  24.8  37.9
 6 A     -0.911 -0.563  0.185   1.76   4.99  7.98 11.8  15.2   31.8  25.7  32.2  41.3  48.4  73.4
 7 A     -0.918 -0.675 -0.0975  1.21   3.09  5.43  7.83 10.8   18.3  15.0  20.8  26.7  31.9  48.8
 8 A     -0.923 -0.646 -0.0773  1.24   3.51  5.57  7.48 10.1   15.5  16.3  21.2  25.2  30.4  46.7
 9 A     -0.926 -0.634 -0.00355 1.32   3.80  6.37  8.36 11.8   13.9  16.7  23.3  27.6  32.1  49.8
10 A     -0.920 -0.653 -0.0496  1.17   3.22  5.18  6.98  9.34  11.0  13.3  19.1  22.6  27.2  40.9
# … with 62 more rows

Adpating the code from R loop remove outliers I produced this:
(The if numeric is to deal with the group column, I also originally had made all negative values NA. Ive recently changed this but I want to retain that function incase we revert.)
Outlies = function(x, probs){
  if(class(x) == "numeric"){
    x[x > quantile(x, probs)] = NA
    return(x)
  }else{
    return(x)
  }

}

Group<- c('A', 'B', 'C', 'D','E','F')
Cleandata = NULL

for (char in Group){
  subset <- my_data[which(my_data$Group == char),]
  df <- do.call(bind_cols, lapply(subset, Outlies, 3/4))
  Cleandata <- bind_rows(Cleandata, df)
}

Output:
# A tibble: 72 x 15
   Group    `0`   `14`    `27`   `42`  `60`  `80`  `95` `110` `125` `139` `169` `200` `229` `311`
   <chr>  <dbl>  <dbl>   <dbl>  <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
 1 A     -0.921 -0.717 -0.310   0.608  2.35  4.22  6.04  7.63  10.5  12.1  15.2  20.1  23.6  34.8
 2 A     -0.926 -0.728 -0.367   0.392  1.92  3.66  5.80  8.17  13.8  12.4  15.5  19.6  23.7  35.0
 3 A     -0.928 -0.699 -0.212   0.864  2.73  4.37  7.13  9.60  14.7  15.2  18.9  25.0  29.7  44.4
 4 A     -0.919 NA     NA      NA     NA    NA    NA    NA     NA    NA    NA    NA    NA    NA
 5 A     -0.925 -0.672 -0.199   0.701  2.37  4.06  5.94  7.97  15.2  12.4  16.1  20.1  24.8  37.9
 6 A     NA     NA     NA      NA     NA    NA    NA    NA     NA    NA    NA    NA    NA    NA
 7 A     NA     -0.675 -0.0975  1.21   3.09  5.43  7.83 10.8   NA    15.0  20.8  26.7  31.9  48.8
 8 A     -0.923 -0.646 -0.0773  1.24   3.51  5.57  7.48 10.1   15.5  16.3  21.2  25.2  30.4  46.7
 9 A     -0.926 NA     NA      NA     NA    NA    NA    NA     13.9  NA    NA    NA    NA    NA
10 A     -0.920 -0.653 -0.0496  1.17   3.22  5.18  6.98  9.34  11.0  13.3  19.1  22.6  27.2  40.9
# … with 62 more rows

This ran exactly as I wanted, but I realized I didn't like this method for removing outliers and I wanted to use the interquartile method where outliers are "below Q1 − 1.5 IQR or above Q3 + 1.5 IQR" I tried to adapt some code from here as well https://www.statology.org/remove-outliers-r/.
New Code and output:
Outliesplease = function(x){
  Q1 <- quantile(x, probs=.25)
  Q3 <- quantile(x, probs=.75)
  iqr = Q3-Q1

  upper_limit = Q3 + (iqr*1.5)
  lower_limit = Q1 - (iqr*1.5)
  if(class(x) == "numeric"){
    x[x> upper_limit | x < lower_limit] = NA
    return(x)
  }else{
    return(x)
  }
}

> Outliesplease(D$`42`)
 [1]       NA 2.428675 2.428384 2.714187 2.457054 2.464337 2.686667 2.166072 2.690987 2.632692
[11]       NA 2.849850

But this code does not work in the for loop that I used at the top. I think becuase it cant handle arrays only single columns.
Error:
 Error in (1 - h) * qs[i] : non-numeric argument to binary operator
5.
quantile.default(x, probs = 0.25)
4.
quantile(x, probs = 0.25)
3.
FUN(X[[i]], ...)
2.
lapply(subset, Outliesplease)
1.
do.call(bind_cols, lapply(subset, Outliesplease))

Ive tried to make new nested loops but they have not worked so far and are becoming very long. Any and all help would be very appreciated.
This one returns a tibble but does not produce and NAs, x[[i]] is giving the error subscript out of bounds when I try and work through the lines.
Outliesplease = function(x){
  for(i in 1:ncol(x)){
    if(class(x[[i]]) == "numeric"){
      Q1 <- quantile(x, probs=.25)
      Q3 <- quantile(x, probs=.75)
      iqr = Q3-Q1

      upper_limit = Q3 + (iqr*1.5)
      lower_limit = Q1 - (iqr*1.5)
      x[x> upper_limit | x < lower_limit] = NA
      return(x)
    }else{
      return(x)
    }
  }
}

Data (dput( my_data[1:24,1:10]):
structure(list(Group = c("A", "A", "A", "A", "A", "A", "A", "A",
"A", "A", "A", "A", "B", "B", "B", "B", "B", "B", "B", "B", "B",
"B", "B", "B"), `0` = c(-0.920718681650864, -0.926284584901359,
-0.928389338231378, -0.919206377406332, -0.925489455865574, -0.910748387172736,
-0.917616119334762, -0.923166431819849, -0.925629772754242, -0.920438047873528,
-0.92294036572144, -0.915745227485856, -1.69199983248014, -1.70459419320581,
-1.70676758766494, -1.69535549688934, -1.70584725776368, -1.70666847521404,
-1.70083499953221, -1.71102942305384, -1.70695165364519, -1.70062969516963,
-1.7134930754049, -1.70824719496773), `14` = c(-0.717087694662867,
-0.727938867386521, -0.699111542147963, -0.590022956591343, -0.671788725771233,
-0.563409520040657, -0.674930265000854, -0.646204279737445, -0.634129231929299,
-0.652767991974024, -0.700865503256312, -0.674283248236441, -1.38233713854987,
-1.4058905045613, -1.331003968442, -1.32096529305751, -1.34241605921761,
-1.30258701287546, -1.36194121204584, -1.38785911795742, -1.32276347609535,
-1.41574511396555, -1.43304023664842, -1.43429330120629), `27` = c(-0.310028400637171,
-0.367347849658025, -0.212126189260467, 0.0813387880058272, -0.198866243281347,
0.184635404213543, -0.0975496542803897, -0.0773362269295024,
-0.00354513425557315, -0.0496080506521766, -0.212157370791282,
-0.145584802501048, -0.532695653169101, -0.741999911097547, -0.470785768657541,
-0.64911738567826, -0.543272367572791, -0.522904758911869, -0.552964149379117,
-0.612636924284542, -0.477362587721147, -0.634356709954235, -0.777630837197797,
-0.788073041846688), `42` = c(0.607589483572235, 0.391672973443089,
0.864400571365382, 1.47484919551526, 0.700635171524487, 1.76405009844259,
1.2081067901575, 1.23822814892489, 1.32286261893977, 1.17345631403922,
0.885775510739131, 1.23909343640501, 0.891691855547406, 0.549640628553635,
1.24951612115659, 0.674047992821404, 0.89237856324296, 0.887670721824986,
0.951194723394137, 0.768459681768936, 0.920901710721185, 0.816104452810994,
0.6222900550668, 0.528862411167537), `60` = c(2.35269503717001,
1.91507004756281, 2.7283623250476, 4.06823270417236, 2.37029701131513,
4.99217264375453, 3.09496358284071, 3.51067575166759, 3.79890223175695,
3.22287801762694, 2.83296856554955, 2.80565354455553, 3.05406359423973,
2.59544904552122, 3.6861957266493, 2.78357863625995, 2.84691149238807,
2.9002410704356, 3.33699424426883, 2.78563875934661, 3.24748154218031,
3.03239336479549, 2.89073335460952, 2.42163412447745), `80` = c(4.22194985570809,
3.66147743007211, 4.37329721090187, 6.4729211791019, 4.06143513045467,
7.97675963801785, 5.43250263115993, 5.5739108734064, 6.37457463091108,
5.1765490354642, 4.88228113377942, 4.80671269384903, 5.47211005896236,
5.16329690032557, 6.82715424934945, 4.78752620164185, 5.19603940642802,
5.0833981059748, 5.50798876618987, 5.42161934468718, 5.42710592679083,
5.27515238063233, 5.28819274738708, 4.39058083576842), `95` = c(6.03690983371438,
5.7998522456926, 7.12957303653705, 9.43214199804714, 5.94493990857525,
11.8180436006606, 7.82973872022466, 7.47695867596535, 8.35890488892228,
6.98265345871901, 6.67122012432051, 6.08213864416168, 6.50883337488658,
7.03303204826091, 9.19775416793183, 6.64392364546973, 7.52055911480048,
7.31507776569264, 8.43660594228742, 7.0626383532383, 7.77525687524329,
7.60673031140136, 7.58134336504819, 5.40544277680737), `110` = c(7.63013794609452,
8.16696697598995, 9.59730277139201, 12.4602350231802, 7.96996206430016,
15.2471700889893, 10.8204762714413, 10.1465498459346, 11.785006768762,
9.33682005834538, 9.48028628162565, 9.04492195300255, 8.75188972807613,
9.4568624324399, 12.0358816763534, 8.95913386291792, 9.57352486661554,
9.18373683558959, 11.3559065479999, 9.10912639844067, 9.55695184893212,
9.52058465891086, 9.83057300803695, 7.86015376890397), `125` = c(10.5039681429026,
13.8202876481251, 14.6520393918524, 26.3212361902925, 15.1860698793572,
31.8006028973928, 18.2751539787646, 15.4837911355797, 13.9013596282443,
10.9885525179173, 12.881450732196, 13.1384800907048, 8.97031233148782,
10.4978971399785, 15.050280678709, 7.78937332003644, 9.42176246589807,
10.7493595868453, 12.8327174637843, 10.1658562705261, 12.13019425285,
11.1022919450563, 12.4059675680316, 10.0799753318171)), row.names = c(NA,
-24L), class = c("tbl_df", "tbl", "data.frame"))

I tried to ask a question around this earlier today, but I did not properly frame it. I was going to delete it but Stack suggested against that. Sorry if you tried to help me earlier

A: You can write a function which removes outliers and pass only numeric values to it by group. Using dplyr you can do this as follows -
Outliesplease = function(x){
  Q1 <- quantile(x, probs=.25)
  Q3 <- quantile(x, probs=.75)
  iqr = Q3-Q1
  upper_limit = Q3 + (iqr*1.5)
  lower_limit = Q1 - (iqr*1.5)
  x[x> upper_limit | x < lower_limit] = NA
  return(x)
}

library(dplyr)

my_data <- my_data %>%
            group_by(Group) %>%
            mutate(across(where(is.numeric), Outliesplease))


text:
Dell unveils first handheld device
Dell yesterday unveiled the device that will spearhead its push into the handheld device sector, but quite what part of that sector remains to be seen.
The Streak is larger than a regular smartphone, smaller than a tablet PC, sports a five-inch touchscreen capable of playing movies and rendering Web sites in their original format, and runs Google's Android 1.6 operating system.
It will launch in the UK in early June via O2 and The Carphone Warehouse, with online sales from Dell's UK site later in the month. However, customers in the US won't get their hands on it until later in the year.
Pricing will be announced by O2 closer to the launch.
Features include Google Maps, one-touch access to social networking sites, a five megapixel camera, and 2GB of internal user memory that can be expanded with a 32GB Micro SD card. It runs a 1GHz ARM-based Qualcomm Snapdragon processor.
Ron Garriques, president of Dell's Communication Solutions group, says the device "hits the sweet spot between traditional smartphones and larger-screen tablets," and will provide consumers with "new ways to enjoy, connect, and navigate their lives."
However, the device's unusual size has prompted a mixed reaction in the press.
Business Insider's Dan Frommer said the Streak won't even come close to competing with Apple's iPad because it is "simply too small to compare," while Kaufman Brothers analyst Shaw Wu called the decision an "interesting move," WSJ.com reports.


You can expect a lot from the 2016 BMW 428i This 2 door, 4 passenger convertible has just over 25,000 miles! BMW made sure to keep road-handling and sportiness at the top of it's priority list. Under the hood you'll find a 4 cylinder engine with more than 200 horsepower, and for added security, dynamic Stability Control supplements the drivetrain. Turbocharger technology provides forced air induction, enhancing performance while preserving fuel economy. BMW prioritized handling and performance with features such as: leather upholstery, power front seats, speed sensitive wipers, automatic dimming door mirrors, front and rear air conditioning, a power convertible roof, and remote keyless entry. With high intensity discharge headlights illuminating your path, you'll always appreciate maximum visibility. Audio features include a CD player with MP3 capability, steering wheel mounted audio controls, A 20 gigabyte hard drive, and 16 speakers, providing excellent sound throughout the cabin. BMW ensures the safety and security of its passengers with equipment such as: dual front impact airbags, knee airbags, integrated roll-over protection, traction control, brake assist, anti-whiplash front head restraints, a security system, an emergency communication system, and 4 wheel disc brakes with ABS. This vehicle has achieved Certified Pre-Owned status, by passing BMW's rigorous certification process. We pride ourselves in consistently exceeding our customer's expectations. Stop by our dealership or give us a call for more information.


text:
Q: Allow non-privileged user to do systemd-inhibit I have script running from non-privileged user. It is important, so systemd-inhibit is a good idea. But I get error when trying to inhibit from that user
systemd-inhibit sleep 10
Failed to inhibit: Access denied

This user not so trusted to put him in "wheel" group. How can I grant permission to that user to run systemd-inhibit? (PolicyKit?)

A: If you're trying to inhibit suspension, you can use systemd-inhibit --what=idle as a normal user to prevent the machine from suspending due to system idleness. Other locks require elevated privileges (credits to Aeyoun's answer).


Chairman Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA), Muhammad Yaseen, has said that the mobile banking regulatory framework would be introduced soon to facilitate the un-traditional banking in the country.
Speaking as chief guest at the inaugural session of the third international mobile conference, "MCB Mobile Commerce 2010", which was organized jointly by PTA and TOTAL Communications in collaboration with State Bank of Pakistan (SBP), he said PTA and SBP are jointly working to introduce a single framework for mobile banking sector in next quarter.
He pointed out that the global mobile money industry has shown a phenomenal growth in size and scope with several modes of credit transactions, which can be made through bank branches, call centers, ATMs etc. Expressing astonishment over the lowest cost of money transaction through mobile banking, he said that a single transaction through such a mode costs only $0.08.
He added that it provides convenience to the customers at a cheap transaction cost. According to World Bank, Pakistan was amongst the top 20 countries, which had received remittances of $6.1 billion in 2007, he said. Yaseen said that there is consensus that the mobile banking regulation should be introduced gradually.
He added that PTA also wants to protect consumers and retain their trust in the regulators system. Later talking to reporters, Chairman PTA said that the 668 initiative was successful as the authority received some 7,48,290 complaints.
The number of irregular SIMs was 1.4 million and 847,389 SIMs were regularized through the 668 inquiry service. PTA blocked 4,26,473 SIMs, while 1.02 million SIMs are yet to be regularized. He said that PTA plans to undertake another four phases of the 668 inquiry service to completely weed out the irregular SIMs from the cellular companies list. He added that PTA has canceled no SIMs during the process.
About the revenue growth in the telecom sector, Yaseen said that it has been 15 percent, while investment remained $1.6 million in 2008-09. He said that this sector attracted about $815 million of foreign direct investment, which is 22percent of the total FDI that the country received.
He said that during the second phase of 668 inquiry service, PTA would change the status of SIMs issued for NIC in the past with CNIC to streamline the whole data. He said that with spread of a new cable, the broadband tariff would further decline, while use of wireless broadband has increased.
Deputy Governor SBP, Yaseen Anwar, while speaking on the occasion as guest of honour, urged the commercial banks to focus on improving access to finance and promote financial inclusion without compromising on the safety of the overall banking system.
SBP Deputy Governor said that the central bank has issued guidelines for branchless banking as part of a broader strategy to create an enabling regulatory environment with the objectives of promoting financial inclusion. Anwar said that branchless banking is a significantly cheaper alternative to conventional branch-based banking, as it allows banks to offer financial services outside traditional bank premises.
One inherent power of branchless banking is that it can be used to substantially increase the financial services outreach to the un-banked communities and in a broader perspective provides ways and means for promotion of financial inclusion in the country," he added.
He pointed out that the transactional volume and value of e-payments during a single quarter of October- December 2009 reached 46.4 million and Rs 4.1 trillion, respectively. Anwar said that branchless banking is no exception and its associated risks should be carefully identified and addressed.
"Our guidelines address the agent related risks, wireless and technology risks, wireless network risks, user awareness risks, data & network security risks etc. We are confident our guidelines cover the ways and means to manage these risks," he added.
He said the SBP believes in encouraging innovative products and services in the financial sector. Giving the welcome address, President MCB Bank, Atif Aslam Bajwa urged that the longstanding social needs should be addressed for paving way for branchless banking system and its growth.
He said that there should be an enabling regulatory framework. He observed that banks in Pakistan and in the developing world have failed to fulfil the social needs of the society, saying that only 15 percent people are connected to the banks in the country and one billion globally. He hoped that the mobile banking sector would grow.


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