Baton Rouge-based sulfuric acid plant maintenance company designs one-of-a-kind scrubber that captures NOx emissions Nitrous oxide. Niter. NOx Those familiar with the day-to-day operations and maintenance of the sulfuric acid industry know all too well how these dangerous and heavily regulated emissions can equal to downtime and decreased productivity. In California for example, several sulfuric acid plants have been rendered useless for fear, in part, of releasing NOx into the atmosphere. However, downtime is not the only issue of concern in larger doses, NOx emissions can lead to air pollution, illness and possible death. But as a byproduct of any sulfuric acid plant operation, NOx is in the truest sense of the word a necessary evil. Settling in sulfuric acid plant mist eliminators (as well as sludges throughout the wet side of an acid plant), NOx emissions in years past have primarily been the result of "dipping" the mist eliminator candles in a scrubbing solution for cleaning. Easily identifiable, a NOx gas release appears in the form of a large, orange/yellow plume of vapor. But VIP International Vice President Hoss Maddry explained watching that orange plume rise into the atmosphere is now an image of the past and not only because of regulation.
Even those not entirely familiar with the sulfuric acid industry can see the advantages of a scrubber system that captures NOx emissions. These range from simple economics to having the peace of mind that comes with knowing potentially harmful emissions are being contained. However, sulfuric acid plant operators in particular will find the VIP scrubber system most attractive by providing a cost-effective alternative to the cleaning and disposing of contaminated sulfates. "We've eliminated a lot of worries associated with cleaning mist eliminators and sludges that have built up over time," VIP International President and CEO Jack Harris offered. "In the past, it was easy to side-step the issue because there was no simple solution to the problem. But now there is an economical solution that is an integral part of the day-to-day services VIP performs." Harris explained costs are also curtailed by cleaning the mist eliminator elements to maximize the true life potential of the candles or pads.
"By capturing the NOx, plants can legally clean and reuse their elements rather than spending thousands of dollars on new ones every time they find sulfate buildup," he explained. "This alone will reduce their maintenance costs significantly." In addition, the scrubber eliminates the need for washing the plant's towers with a chemical solution (which reduces NOx emissions but also wears down the overall life of the plant) and eliminates the necessary work stoppage due to those working near the cleaning of the candles.
Maddry agrees the addition of the no-NOx scrubber was a natural evolution of VIP's existing line of services, having established itself for years as a leader in sulfuric-acid-plant maintenance. "As a whole, I think it definitely takes our commitment to industry one step further," he said. "If we're already inside a facility cleaning elements, for example, we can just as easily neutralize these contaminated sulfates by adding the scrubber to the tail-end of equipment that has already been set up." But perhaps the most attractive aspects of VIP's scrubber are the environmental and regulatory ramifications.
Darwin Passman, former Dow Chemical supervisor whose experience includes research and development of co-gasification processes (including NOx and sulfur species emissions), explained the consequences of unbridled NOx emissions.
According to Passman, NOx is regulated by the DEQ and EPA, which in some cases permits a set number of pounds of NOx to be released per day. Any releases over the permitted allowance must be reported to the appropriate agency according to its set guidelines.
Experts in the sulfuric acid industry agree that this is an idea whose time has definitely arrived. Sulfuric acid Consultant Bob Jones, for example, foresees immediate impact on heavily regulated regions such as the West Coast.
"In California, there's a lot of acid work that can't be done because of strict emissions laws," Jones explained. "I think when the word gets out, these plants will find a scrubber system like this will solve a lot of their troubles.
Jones also predicts that where the West Coast goes, the rest of the country eventually follows.
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text:
\section{Introduction}
The neutrino magnetic moments (NMM) expected in the Standard Model
are very small and proportional to the neutrino masses~\cite{fs}:
$\mu_\nu \approx 3 \times 10^{-19}\, \mu_B \, (m_\nu/1 \, eV)$
with $\mu_B = e/2m$ being the electron Bohr magneton, and $m$ is
the electron mass. Thus any larger value of $\mu_\nu$ can arise
only from physics beyond the Standard Model (a recent review of
this subject can be found in Ref.~\cite{gs}). Current direct
experimental searches~\cite{tx,ge1,ge2} for a magnetic moment of
the electron (anti)neutrinos from reactors have lowered the upper
limit on $\mu_\nu$ down to $\mu_\nu < 3.2 \times 10^{-11} \,
\mu_B$~\cite{ge2}. These ultra low background experiments use
germanium crystal detectors exposed to the neutrino flux from a
reactor and search for scattering events by measuring the energy
$T$ deposited by the neutrino scattering in the detector. The
sensitivity of such a search to NMM crucially depends on lowering
the threshold for the energy transfer $T$, due to the enhancement
of the magnetic scattering relative to the standard electroweak
one at low $T$. Namely, the differential cross section $d
\sigma/dT$ is given by the incoherent sum of the magnetic and the
standard cross section, and for the scattering on free electrons
the NMM contribution is given by the formula~\cite{dn,ve}
\be {d
\sigma_{(\mu)} \over dT }= 4 \pi \, \alpha \,  \mu_\nu^2 \, \left
( {1 \over T} - {1 \over E_\nu } \right ) = \pi \, {\alpha^2 \over
m^2}  \, \left ( {\mu_\nu \over \mu_B} \right )^2 \, \left ( {1
\over T} - {1 \over E_\nu } \right )~ \label{fe} \ee
where $E_\nu$ is the energy of the incident neutrino, and displays
a $1/T$ enhancement at low energy transfer. The standard
electroweak contribution is constant in $T$ at $E_\nu \gg T$:
\be {d
\sigma_{EW} \over dT }= {G_F^2 \, m \over 2 \pi} \left ( 1+ 4 \,
\sin^2 \theta_W + 8 \, \sin^4 \theta_W \right ) \, \left [ 1 + O
\left ( {T \over E_\nu} \right) \right ] \approx 5 \times 10^{-48}
\, {\rm cm^2 / keV}. \label{sew} \ee
In what follows we refer to these two types of contribution to the
scattering as, respectively, the magnetic and the weak.

The current experiments have reached threshold values of $T$ as
low as few keV and are likely to further improve the sensitivity
to low energy deposition in the detector. At low energies however
one can expect a modification of the free-electron formulas
(\ref{fe}) and (\ref{sew}) due to the binding of electrons in the
germanium atoms, where e.g. the energy of the $K_\alpha$ line,
9.89\,keV, indicates that at least some of the atomic binding
energies are comparable to the already relevant to the experiment
values of $T$. Thus a proper treatment of the atomic effects in
neutrino scattering is necessary and important for the analysis of
the current and even more of the future data with a still lower
threshold. Furthermore, there is no known means of independently
calibrating experimentally the response of atomic systems, such as
the germanium, to the scattering due to the interactions relevant
for the neutrino experiments. Therefore one has to rely on a pure
theoretical analysis in interpreting the neutrino data. This problem
had been addressed numerically in the past~\cite{kmsf,fms} and the
interest to the problem was renewed in several recent papers,
which however are ridden by a `trial and error' approach. The
early claim~\cite{wll} of a significant enhancement of the NMM
contribution by the atomic effects has been later
disproved~\cite{mv,wll2} and it was argued~\cite{mv} that the
modification of the formulas (\ref{fe}) and (\ref{sew}) by the
atomic binding effects is insignificant down to very low values of
$T$. It has been subsequently pointed out~\cite{ks} that the
analysis of Ref.~\cite{mv} is generally invalidated in
multi-electron systems, including atoms with $Z > 1$. Furthermore,
the analysis of Ref.~\cite{mv} is also generally invalidated by
singularities of the relevant correlation function in the complex
plane of momentum transfer, so that the claimed behavior of the
cross section at low $T$ applies only in the semiclassical limit,
although, as will be shown here, it gives a very good
approximation to the actual behavior for an electron bound by a
Coulomb potential.

In this paper we revisit the subject of neutrino scattering on
atoms at low energy transfer. We aim at describing this process at
$T$ in the range of few keV and lower, so that the motion of the
electrons is considered as strictly nonrelativistic. Also in this
range the energy of the dominant part of the incident neutrinos
from the reactor is much larger than $T$ and we thus neglect any
terms whose relative value is proportional to $T/E_\nu$ (in
particular, in this range one can neglect the $1/E_\nu$ term in
Eq.(\ref{fe}) in comparison with $1/T$). Furthermore  any recoil
of the germanium atom as a whole results in an energy transfer
less than $2E_\nu^2/M_{Ge}$, which at the typical reactor neutrino
energy is well below the considered here keV range of the energy
transfer. Thus we formally set the mass of the atomic nucleus to
infinity and  neglect any recoil by the atom as a whole.  In
particular, under these conditions the interaction of the neutrino
with the nucleus can be entirely neglected, and only the
scattering on the atomic electrons is to be considered.

We find that in the scattering on realistic atoms, such as
germanium, the so-called stepping approximation works with a very
good accuracy. The stepping approach, introduced in
Ref.~\cite{kmsf} from an interpretation of numerical data, treats
the process as scattering on individual independent electrons
occupying atomic orbitals and suggests that the cross section
follows the free-electron behavior in Eqs.(\ref{fe}) and
(\ref{sew}) down to $T$ equal to the ionization threshold for the
orbital, and that below that energy the electron on the
corresponding orbital is `deactivated' thus producing a sharp
`step' in the dependence of the cross section on $T$. In the
present paper, we consider general relations for the discussed
scattering on atomic systems in Sec.~\ref{genform} and present in
Appendix~\ref{A} sum rules for the theoretical objects involved in
the calculations~\footnote{The sum rules of Appendix~\ref{A}
correct the omissions made in Ref.~\cite{mv}}. In Sec.~\ref{1e} we
prove that for the scattering on individual electrons the stepping
approximation becomes exact in the semiclassical limit, so that
its applicability is improved with the principal number $n$ of the
atomic orbital. We also find by an explicit calculation
(Appendix~\ref{B}) for a hydrogen-like ground state, i.e. at
$n=1$, that the deviation from the stepping behavior is less than
5\% at the worst point, where the energy transfer $T$ is exactly
at the threshold. The accuracy of the approach based on
considering the scattering on individual electrons is limited by
the existence of the electron-electron correlations in the
process. We consider the correction introduced by these
correlations in Sec.~\ref{elcorr} and, in Sec.~\ref{TF}, apply the
derived formula to an estimate of the effect for germanium, using
the Thomas-Fermi model. We find that the correlation correction
grows at smaller $T$ but is still small, of order of a few
percent, for $T$ in the range of a few hundred eV. We thus argue
that the stepping approach describes the scattering cross section
with a sufficient for practical purposes accuracy, and that it can
be applied to the analysis of the present and future data of
searches for NMM with germanium detectors down to the values of
the energy deposition $T \sim 0.3$\,keV.

\section{General formulas for neutrino scattering on atomic electrons}
\label{genform}
In this section we briefly recapitulate the general expressions
and introduce the relevant atomic objects for the neutrino
scattering on atomic electrons. We start with the magnetic process
and then also apply a similar treatment to the standard weak part
of the cross section.

The kinematics of the scattering of a neutrino on atomic electrons
is generally characterized by the components of the four-momentum
transfer, the energy transfer $T$ and the spatial momentum
transfer $\vec q$, from the neutrino to the electrons with two
rotationally invariant variables being $T$ and $q^2= {\vec
q}\,^2$. At small $T$ the electrons can be treated
nonrelativistically both in the initial and the final state, so
that the process is that of scattering of an NMM in the
electromagnetic field $A=(A_0,\vec{A})$ of the electrons:
$A_0(\vec q)=\sqrt{4 \pi \alpha} \, \rho( \vec q)/ {\vec
q}^{\,2}$, $\vec{A}(\vec q)=\sqrt{4 \pi \alpha} \, \vec{j}( \vec
q)/ {\vec q}^{\,2}$, where $\rho(\vec q)$ and $\vec{j}( \vec q)$
are the Fourier transforms of the electron number density and
current density operators, respectively,
\be \rho(\vec q)= \sum_{a=1}^Z \exp(i \vec q
\cdot \vec r_a)~, \label{ne}
\ee
\be \vec{j}(\vec q)= -\frac{i}{2m}\sum_{a=1}^Z \left[\exp(i \vec q
\cdot \vec
r_a)\frac{\partial}{\partial\vec{r}_a}+\frac{\partial}{\partial\vec{r}_a}\exp(i
\vec q \cdot \vec r_a)\right], \label{ce} \ee
and the sums run over the positions $\vec r_a$ of all the $Z$
electrons in the atom.

In this limit the expression for the double differential cross
section is given by~\cite{ks}
\be {d^2 \sigma_{(\mu)} \over dT \, d q^2} = 4 \pi \, \alpha \, {
\mu_\nu^2 \over q^2} \,
\left[\left(1-\frac{T^2}{q^2}\right)S(T,q^2)+\left(1-\frac{q^2}{4E_\nu^2}\right)R(T,q^2)\right]~,
\label{d2s} \ee
where $S(T,q^2)$, also known as the dynamical structure
factor~\cite{vh}, and $R(T,q^2)$ are
\be S(T,q^2)=\sum_n \, \delta (T - E_n+E_0) \, \left | \langle n |
\rho(\vec q) | 0 \rangle \right |^2, \label{dsf} \ee
\be R(T,q^2)=\sum_n \, \delta (T - E_n+E_0) \, \left | \langle n |
j_\perp(\vec q) | 0 \rangle \right |^2, \label{dsfc} \ee
with $j_\perp$ being the $\vec{j}$ component perpendicular to
$\vec{q}$ and parallel to the scattering plane, which is formed by
the incident and final neutrino momenta. The sums in
Eqs.~(\ref{dsf}) and~(\ref{dsfc}) run over all the states $| n
\rangle$ with energies $E_n$ of the electron system, with $|0
\rangle$ being the initial state.

Clearly, the factors $S(T,q^2)$ and $R(T,q^2)$ are related to
respectively the density-density and current-current Green's
functions
\be F(T,q^2)=\sum_n {\left | \langle n | \rho(\vec q) | 0 \rangle
\right |^2 \over T - E_n+E_0 - i \, \epsilon} \,  = \left \langle
0 \left |\rho(- \vec q) \, {1 \over T-H+E_0- i \, \epsilon}\,
\rho(\vec q) \right | 0 \right \rangle~, \label{fdef} \ee
\be L(T,q^2)=\sum_n {\left | \langle n | j_\perp(\vec q) | 0
\rangle \right |^2 \over T - E_n+E_0 - i \, \epsilon} \,  = \left
\langle 0 \left |j_\perp(- \vec q) \, {1 \over T-H+E_0- i \,
\epsilon}\, j_\perp(\vec q) \right | 0 \right \rangle~,
\label{fdefc} \ee
as
\be
S(T,q^2)={1 \over \pi} \, {\rm Im}F(T,q^2)~,
\label{sfrel}
\ee
\be R(T,q^2)={1 \over \pi} \, {\rm Im}L(T,q^2)~, \label{sfrelc}
\ee
with $H$ being the Hamiltonian for the system of electrons. For
small values of $q$, in particular, such that $q\sim T$, only the
lowest-order non-zero terms of the expansion of Eqs.~(\ref{sfrel})
and~(\ref{sfrelc}) in powers of $q^2$ are of relevance (the
so-called dipole approximation). In this case, one has~\cite{ks}
\be R(T,q^2)=\frac{T^2}{q^2}S(T,q^2). \label{da} \ee

Taking into account Eq.~(\ref{da}), the experimentally measured
singe-differential inclusive cross section is, to a good
approximation, given by (see e.g. in Refs.~\cite{mv,ks})
\be
{d \sigma_{(\mu)} \over dT } = 4 \pi \, \alpha \, \mu_\nu^2  \, \int_{T^2}^{4E_\nu^2} \, S(T,q^2)\, {dq^2 \over q^2}~.
\label{d1s}
\ee

The standard electroweak contribution to the cross section can be similarly expressed in terms of the same factor $S(T,q^2)$~\cite{mv} as
\be
{d \sigma_{EW} \over dT } = {G_F^2 \over 4 \pi} \left ( 1+ 4 \, \sin^2 \theta_W + 8 \, \sin^4 \theta_W \right ) \, \int_{T^2}^{4E_\nu^2} \, S(T,q^2) \, dq^2 ~,
\label{d1sw}~,
\ee
where the factor $S(T,q^2)$ is integrated over $q^2$ with a unit weight, rather than $q^{-2}$ as in Eq.(\ref{d1s}).

The kinematical limits for $q^2$ in an actual neutrino scattering
are explicitly indicated in Eqs.(\ref{d1s}) and (\ref{d1sw}). At
large $E_\nu$, typical for the reactor neutrinos, the upper limit
can in fact be extended to infinity, since in the discussed here
nonrelativistic limit the range of momenta $\sim E_\nu$ is
indistinguishable from infinity.  The lower limit can be  shifted
to $q^2=0$, since the contribution of the region of $q^2 < T^2$
can be expressed in terms of the photoelectric cross
section~\cite{mv} and is negligibly small (at the level of below
one percent in the considered range of $T$). For this reason we
henceforth discuss the momentum-transfer integrals in
Eqs.~(\ref{d1s}) and~(\ref{d1sw}) running from $q^2=0$ to
$q^2=\infty$:
\be I_1(T)=\int_0^{\infty} \, S(T,q^2)\, {dq^2 \over q^2}~, \qquad
{\rm and} \qquad I_2(T)=\int_0^{\infty} \, S(T,q^2)\, dq^2~.
\label{defi} \ee

For a free electron, which is initially at rest, the
density-density correlator is the free particle Green's function
\be F_{(FE)}(T,q^2)= \left ( T-{q^2 \over 2m} - i \, \epsilon
\right  )^{-1}~ \label{ff} \ee
so that the dynamical structure factor is given by
$S_{(FE)}(T,q^2)=\delta(T-q^2/2m)$, and the discussed here
integrals are in the free-electron limit as follows:
\be I_1^{(FE)}=\int_0^{\infty} \, S_{(FE)}(T,q^2)\, {dq^2 \over
q^2} = {1 \over T}~, \qquad I_2^{(FE)}=\int_0^{\infty} \,
S_{(FE)}(T,q^2)\, dq^2 = 2 \, m~. \label{intf} \ee
Clearly, these expressions, when used in the formulas (\ref{d1s})
and (\ref{d1sw}), result in the free-electron cross section in
Eqs.~(\ref{fe}) and~(\ref{sew}).

\section{Scattering on one bound electron}
\label{1e}
The binding effects generally deform the density-density Green's
function, so that both the integrals (\ref{defi}) are somewhat
modified. Namely, the binding effects spread the free-electron
$\delta$-peak in the dynamical structure function at $q^2=2 m T$
and also shift it by the scale of characteristic electron momenta
in the bound state. However it turns out that the free electron
expressions are quite robust in the sense that in realistic
systems the modification of the integrals relative to their
free-electron limit, are quite small. As a formal statement, we
will show in the Appendix~\ref{A} that when the function
$F(T,q^2)$ is analytically continued in complex plane of $q^2$ the
free-electron expressions are valid for the integrals over $q^2$
extending from $-\infty$ to $+\infty$, and in the case of the
integral, similar to $I_2$ i.e. with the weight $q^0$, this
property also holds for scattering on multi-electron atomic
systems, while for that with the weight $q^{-2}$ it generally
holds only for the scattering on one electron, or on independent
electrons. Clearly the latter integrals over the full axis of
$q^2$ differ from those of physical interest in Eq.(\ref{defi}) by
the contribution of negative $q^2$, which although numerically
small even at low $T$, still makes the scattering on bound
electrons different from that on free electrons.

In this section we consider the scattering on just one electron.
The Hamiltonian for the electron has the form $H=p^2/2m + V(r)$, and
the density-density Green's function from Eq.(\ref{fdef}) can be written as
\begin{eqnarray}
F(T,q^2)&=& \left \langle 0 \left |\, e^{-i \vec q \cdot \vec r} \, \left [ T -H(\vec p, \vec r) + E_0 \right ]^{-1} \,  e^{i \vec q  \cdot \vec r}\, \right | 0 \right \rangle \nonumber \\
&=&\left \langle 0 \left | \, \left [ T -H(\vec p + \vec q, \vec
r) + E_0  \right ]^{-1} \,  \right | 0 \right \rangle \nonumber\\
&=&
 \left \langle 0 \left | \, \left [ T -{\vec q^{\,2} \over 2 m}- {\vec p \cdot \vec q \over m}  - H(\vec p, \vec r) + E_0  \right ]^{-1} \,  \right | 0 \right \rangle \, ,
\label{f1}
\end{eqnarray}
where the infinitesimal shift $T \to T - i \epsilon$ is implied.

Clearly, a nontrivial behavior of the latter expression in
Eq.(\ref{f1}) is generated by the presence of the operator $(\vec
p \cdot \vec q)$ in the denominator, and the fact that it does not
commute with the Hamiltonian $H$. Thus an analytical calculation
of the Green's function as well as the dynamical structure factor
is feasible in only few specific problems. In Appendix~\ref{B} we
present such a calculation for ionization from the $1s$, $2s$ and
$2p$ hydrogen-like states. In particular, we find that the deviation
of the discussed integrals (\ref{defi}) from their free values are
very small: the largest deviation is exactly at the ionization
threshold, where, for instance, each of the $1s$ integrals is
equal to the free-electron value multiplied by the factor $(1-7 \,
e^{-4}/3) \approx 0.957$~\footnote{It can be also noted that both
integrals are modified in exactly the same proportion, so that
their ratio is not affected at any $T$: $I_2(T)/I_1(T)= 2 m \, T$.
We find however that this exact proportionality is specific for
the ionization from the ground state in the Coulomb potential.}.

The problem of calculating the integrals (\ref{defi}) however can
be solved in the semiclassical limit, where one can neglect the
noncommutativity of the momentum ${\vec p}$ with the Hamiltonian,
and rather treat this operator as a number vector. Taking also
into account that $(H-E_0) \, |0 \rangle =0$, one can then readily
average the latter expression in Eq.(\ref{f1}) over the directions
of ${\vec q}$ and find the formula for the dynamical structure
factor:
\be S(T,q^2)={m \over 2 \, p \, q} \, \left [ \theta \left
( T- {q^2 \over 2m}+{p \,q \over m} \right) - \theta \left ( T-
{q^2 \over 2m}- {p \, q \over m} \right) \right ]~,
\label{scls}
\ee
where $p= |{\vec p}|$ and $\theta$ is the standard Heaviside
step function. The expression in Eq.(\ref{scls}) is nonzero only
in the range of $q$ satisfying the condition $-p\, q/m < T -
q^2/2m < p \,q/m$, i.e. between the (positive) roots of the
binomials in the arguments of the step functions:
$q_{min}=\sqrt{2m \, T + p^2} - p$ and $q_{max}=\sqrt{2m \, T +
p^2} + p$. One can notice that the previously mentioned `spread
and shift' of the peak in the dynamical structure function in this
limit corresponds to a flat pedestal between $q_{min}$ and
$q_{max}$. The calculation of the integrals (\ref{defi}) with the
expression (\ref{scls}) is straightforward, and yields the
free-electron expressions (\ref{intf}) for the discussed here
integrals in the semiclassical (WKB) limit~\footnote{The
appearance of the free-electron expressions here is not
surprising, since the equation (\ref{scls}) can be also viewed as
the one for scattering on an electron boosted to the momentum
$p$}:
\be I_1^{(WKB)}={1 \over T}~,\qquad I_2^{(WKB)}=2 \, m~.
\label{wkbi} \ee
The difference from the pure free-electron case
however is in the range of the energy transfer $T$. Namely, the
expressions (\ref{wkbi}) are applicable in this case only above
the ionization threshold, i.e. at $T \ge |E_0|$. Below the threshold
the electron becomes `inactive'.

It is instructive to point out that the validity of the  result in
Eq.(\ref{wkbi}) is based on the semiclassical approximation and is not directly
related to the value of the energy $T$. In particular, for a Coulomb interaction
the WKB approximation is applicable at energy near the threshold~\cite{ll}. For
$T$ exactly at the threshold, $T=-E_0$, the criterion for applicability of the
semiclassical approach in terms of the force $F=|\vec F| = |[\vec p, H]|$ acting
on the electron and the momentum $p$ of the electron is that~\cite{ll} the ratio
of the characteristic values $m F/p^3$ is small. For the excitation of a state
with the principal number $n$  this ratio behaves parametrically as $1/n$~\footnote{Indeed one has $|F|=\alpha/r^2 \sim m^2 \, \alpha^3 \, n^4$ and $p \sim m \, \alpha/n$, so that $m |F|/p^3 \sim 1/n$.}. Thus
the applicability of a semiclassical treatment of the ionization near the
threshold improves for initial states with large $n$. As previously mentioned,
the modification of the integrals (\ref{defi}) by the binding is already less
than 5\% for $n=1$, so that we fully expect this deviation to be  smaller for
the higher states, and even smaller at larger values of $T$ above the threshold
due to the approach to the free-electron behavior at $T \gg E_0$.

We believe that the latter conclusion explains the so-called
stepping behavior observed empirically~\cite{kmsf} in the results
of numerical calculations. Namely the calculated cross section $d
\sigma/dT$ for ionization of an electron from an atomic orbital
follows the free-electron dependence on $T$ all the way down to
the threshold for the corresponding orbital with a very small, at
most a few percent, deviation. This observation lead the authors
of Ref.~\cite{kmsf} to suggest the stepping approximation for the
ratio of the atomic cross section (per target electron) to the
free-electron one:
\be f(T) \equiv { d \sigma / dT \over (d \sigma/dT)_{FE}} = {1
\over Z} \, \sum_i \, n_i \, \theta(T - |E_i|)~, \label{step} \ee
where the sum runs over the atomic orbitals with the binding
energies $E_i$ and the filling numbers $n_i$. Clearly, the factor
$f(T)$ simply counts the fraction of `active' electrons at the
energy $T$, i.e. those for which the ionization is kinematically
possible. For this reason we refer to $f(t)$ as an {\it activation
factor}. We conclude here that the stepping approximation is
indeed justified with a high accuracy in the approximation of the
scattering on independent electrons, i.e. if one neglects the
two-electron correlations induced by the interference of terms in
the operator $\rho(\vec q)$ in Eq.(\ref{ne}) corresponding to
different electrons. In the next section we estimate the effect of
such an interference and find that the resulting corrections are
small, at least in atoms with large $Z$, such as the germanium.

\section{Two-electron correlation}
\label{elcorr}
In this section we discuss the correction arising from a correlation between two electrons. We consider the energy $T$ and hence the relevant momentum transfer $q$ as large in comparison with the atomic scale. In this way we estimate the relevant parameter for the significance of the correlation effect.

We start with consider an isolated system of two electrons interacting among themselves through the Coulomb potential $V(r)$. The Hamiltonian for this system thus has the form
\be
H={P^2 \over 4m} + {p^2 \over m} + V(r)~,
\label{h2}
\ee
where $\vec P=-i \partial / \partial \vec R$ and $\vec p=-i \partial / \partial \vec r$ are, as usual, the momenta conjugate to respectively the center of mass coordinate $\vec R$ and the relative coordinate $\vec r$.

The spatial part of the wave function of the system factorizes into the product $\phi(\vec R) \, \psi(\vec r)$ with $\phi(\vec R)$ while the spin part will be considered later. We consider here the system at rest, i.e. $\phi(R) = {\rm const}$, since a boost to a momentum $P$ does not change the cross section.

The density-density Green's function then takes the form
\be
F(T,q^2)= \sum_n {\left \langle 0 \left | e^{i \vec q \vec r /2} +  e^{- i \vec q \vec r /2} \right | n \right \rangle \, \left \langle n \left | e^{i \vec q \vec r /2} +  e^{- i \vec q \vec r /2} \right | 0 \right \rangle \over T-{q^2 \over 4 m} - E_n + E_0}~,
\label{f2}
\ee
where the states $|0 \rangle,~|n \rangle$ and the energies $E_0,~E_n$ refer to the relative motion in the system with $|0 \rangle$ standing for the initial state. Clearly, it is implied in Eq.(\ref{f2}) that the corresponding matrix elements for the (trivial) dynamics of the system as a whole are already taken, which results in replacing in the energy denominator the excitation energy $T$ by its value corrected for the recoil of the system as a whole: $T \to T - q^2/4m$.

The cross terms between $\exp(i \vec q \cdot \vec r/2)$ and $\exp(-i \vec q \cdot \vec r/2)$ in the expression (\ref{f2}) result in the previously discussed one-particle Green's function
\be
F_1(T,q^2)=2 \, \left \langle 0 \left | \left ( T - {q^2 \over 2m} - {\vec p \cdot \vec q \over m} - H + E_0 \right )^{-1} \right | 0 \right \rangle~,
\label{f21}
\ee
where the overall factor of 2 arises from the two identical (after averaging over the direction of $\vec q$) cross terms,  and physically is corresponding to the presence of two particles in the system.

The discussed here contribution of the two-electron correlation arises from the diagonal terms, whose contribution is given by
\be
F_c(T,q^2)= 2 \, \eta \, \sum_n {\left \langle 0 \left | e^{i \vec q \vec r /2}  \right | n \right \rangle \, \left \langle n \left | e^{i \vec q \vec r /2}  \right | 0 \right \rangle \over T-{q^2 \over 4 m} - E_n + E_0}~,
\label{fc}
\ee
where, again, the two terms give the same contribution after the averaging over the direction of $\vec q$, which is accounted for by the factor of 2 in the latter expression. The factor $\eta$ is the symmetry factor for the spin part of the two-electron system: $\eta=-1$ for the spin-singlet state of the pair and $\eta=+1$ for the spin-triplet. The appearance of this factor can be explained as follows.  The discussed correlation arises from the situation where an excitation of one electron by the operator $\rho$ produces the same spatial wave function as an excitation of another one. In order for the wave functions to be identical the spin variables of the two electrons should also be switched, which operation results in the factor $\eta$. Clearly, no such factor arises in the one-particle term (\ref{f21}) since the spin of both electrons simply `goes through'. It can be also mentioned that, naturally, the symmetry of the spatial wave function $\psi(\vec r)$ is opposite to $\eta$.

One can notice that unlike in the one-particle contribution (Eq.(\ref{f21})) where the momentum $\vec q$ flows in and out of the system, the correlation contribution in Eq.(\ref{fc}) corresponds to the net momentum $\vec q$ flowing into the system. Clearly, for non-interacting particles such contribution would vanish and the whole correlation effect arises only due to the interaction between the electrons, which interaction absorbs the momentum transfer. The term (\ref{fc}) can be graphically represented as shown in Fig.1, where the system lines correspond to the propagation of the system in the potential $V$ with the outer legs corresponding to the wave functions of the initial state in the momentum space $ \langle \psi(\vec p\,')|$ and $|\psi(\vec p) \rangle$ and the line between the action of the operators $\exp(i \vec q \cdot \vec r/2)$ corresponding to the Green's function. One can write in terms of these objects the expression for $F_c(T,q^2)$ as
\be
F_c(T,q^2)= 2 \int \, {d^3 p' \over (2 \pi)^3} \, \int \, {d^3 p \over (2\pi)^3 } \, \psi^*(\vec p\,') \, G(E; \vec p\,'- {\vec q \over 2}, \vec p + {\vec q  \over 2}) \, \psi(\vec p)~,
\label{fcp}
\ee
where $G(E, \vec k\,', \vec k)$ is the Green's function $(E-H)^{-1}$ in the momentum representation at the energy $E=T+E_0-q^2/4m$.
\\
\begin{figure}[ht]
\begin{center}
 \leavevmode
    \epsfxsize=6cm
    \epsfbox{corr1.eps}
    \caption{Graphical representation of the two-electron correlation. The external legs correspond to the momentum-space wave function and the propagator is the Green's function in the potential $V$.}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
We shall consider separately the effect of the interaction in the wave functions and in the Green's function. For the zeroth order Green's function
\be
G_0(E, \vec k\,', \vec k)={(2 \pi)^3 \, \delta^{(3)}(\vec k\,' - \vec k) \over E-k^2/m}
\label{g0}
\ee
and the exact wave functions one finds
\be
F_c^{(0)}(T,q^2)=2 \, \eta \, \int \, {d^3 p \over (2\pi)^3 } \, {\psi^*(\vec p +\vec q) \, \psi(\vec p) \over T-{q^2 \over 2 m} - {( \vec p \cdot \vec q) \over m } - {p^2 \over m} +E_0}~.
\label{fc0}
\ee

Let us consider now $q$ as a large parameter in comparison with the characteristic momenta $p_0$ in $\psi(\vec p)$, beyond which the wave function falls off. At such values of $q$ the product
$\psi^*(\vec p + \vec q) \, \psi(\vec p)$ carries a suppression in only one of the factors in two regions of $\vec p$: one where $p \sim p_0$ and the other where $|\vec p + \vec q| \sim p_0$. Clearly, by shifting the integration variable $\vec p + \vec q \to \vec p$ one can readily see that both integration regions the contribution of the latter region is the same as of the first one, so that one evaluates the integral in Eq.(\ref{fc0}) by considering only the  contribution of the region $p \ll q$ and taking it with a factor of two. Then the leading at large $q$ expression for the function in Eq.(\ref{fc0}) takes the form
\be
F_c^{(0)}(T,q^2) =  4 \, \eta \, { \psi^*(\vec q) \over T-{q^2 \over 2 m} } \, \int \, {d^3 p \over (2\pi)^3 }  \, \psi(\vec p)= 4 \, \eta \, { \psi^*(\vec q) \, \psi(0) \over T-{q^2 \over 2 m} }~,
\label{fc0q}
\ee
The appearance of the wave function at the origin $\vec r=0$, $\psi(0)$, in this expression implies that at large $q$ the considered contribution to the correlation arises only for an $S$-wave relative motion within the electron pair, which thus have to be a spin-singlet, and therefore $\eta=-1$.

In fact for an for an $S$-wave motion the momentum-space wave function $\psi(\vec q)$ can be also  expressed  at large $q$ in terms of the position-space wave function at the origin $\psi(0)$. Indeed, in the $S$-wave the wave function is a function of $r$: $\psi(r)$. At small $r$ the Coulomb repulsion between the electrons dominates over all other interactions and the Schr\"odinger equation for $\psi(r)$ reads
\be
-{1 \over m}\, \psi'' -{2 \over m \ r} \, \psi'(r) + {\alpha \over r} \, \psi(r) = E \, \psi(r)~.
\ee
By requiring the two singular at $r \to 0$ as $1/r$ terms to match in this expression, one finds that the derivative of $\psi(r)$ over $r$ at the origin is expressed in terms of $\psi(0)$:
\be
\psi'(0)= {m \, \alpha \over 2} \, \psi(0)~.
\label{der0}
\ee
A finite derivative over $r$ implies that the gradient $\vec \nabla \psi(r)= \vec r \, \psi'(r) /r$ is singular at $r=0$, so that the asymptotic at large $|\vec q|$ behavior of the momentum space wave function is proportional to $1/|\vec q|^4$ with the coefficient determined by $\psi'(0)$, which in turn is determined, according to Eq.(\ref{der0}), by $\psi(0)$:
\be
\left . \psi(\vec q) \right |_{|\vec q| \to \infty} = - {4 \pi \, m \, \alpha \, \psi(0) \over |\vec q|^4}~.
\label{asq}
\ee
Using this relation in Eq.(\ref{fc0q}) one finds in the large $q^2$ limit
\be
F_c^{(0)}(T,q^2) = 16 \, \pi \, \alpha  \,  { m \, |\psi(0)|^2 \over q^4} \, {1 \over T-{q^2 \over 2 m} }~.
\label{fc0f}
\ee

The latter expression is manifestly proportional to first power of the interaction between the electrons. Therefore a similar contribution can arise  from the
first order in the expansion of the Green's function in the interaction potential $V$. In this order one finds for the discussed correlation part of $F(T,q^2)$:
\be
F_c^{(1)}(T,q^2) =  2 \eta \, \int \, {d^3 p' \over (2 \pi)^3} \, \int \, {d^3 p \over (2\pi)^3 } \,{ \psi^*(\vec p\,') \, V(-\vec q+\vec p\,'-\vec p)  \, \psi(\vec p) \over \left [ T-{q^2 \over 2 m} + {( \vec p\,' \cdot \vec q) \over m } - {p'^2 \over m} +E_0 \right ] \, \left [ T-{q^2 \over 2 m} - {( \vec p \cdot \vec q) \over m } - {p^2 \over m} +E_0 \right ]}~,
\label{fc1}
\ee
where $V(\vec k)$ is the Fourier transform of the potential, so that for the Coulomb repulsion between the electrons
\be
V(\vec k)= {4 \pi \alpha \over k^2}.
\label{vk}
\ee

Considering as before the limit of large $q$ and thus neglecting $p$ and $p'$ in comparison with $q$, one readily finds that the result is again proportional to $|\psi(0)|^2$, so that the effect remains only in the $S$-wave (and hence $\eta=-1$):
\be
\left. F_c^{(1)}(T,q^2) \right |_{mT,q^2 \gg p^2, p'^2} = -8 \pi \, \alpha { |\psi(0)|^2 \over q^2 \, \left ( T-{q^2 \over 2 m} \right )^2 }
\label{fc11}
\ee

Collecting the formulas (\ref{fc0f}) and (\ref{fc11}) together one finds the estimate of the two-electron correlation part of $F(T,q^2)$ in the limit of large $T$ and $q^2$:
\be
F_c(T,q^2) = 8 \pi \, \alpha \, |\psi(0)|^2 \,  \left [ {2 \, m \over q^4 \, \left ( T-{q^2 \over 2 m} \right )} - {1 \over q^2 \, \left ( T-{q^2 \over 2 m} \right )^2 } \right ] ~.
\label{fcff}
\ee
The corresponding two-electron correlation correction to the integrals for the neutrino scattering cross section, is then calculated by shifting $T \to T- i \epsilon$ and considering only the contribution of the singularity at $q^2 = 2m \, T$:
\be
{1 \over \pi} \, \int \, {\rm Im} F_c(T,q^2) \, {d q^2 \over q^2}= - 4 \pi \, \alpha \, {|\psi(0)|^2 \over m \, T^3}~, ~~~~~ {1 \over \pi} \, \int \, {\rm Im}F_c(T,q^2) \, d q^2 = 0~.
\label{dic}
\ee
Notice, that the two-electron contribution to the integral relevant for the standard electroweak scattering vanishes in the discussed approximation due to a cancellation of the two terms in Eq.(\ref{fcff}).

The discussed here calculation shows, as expected, that at large $q$ the two-electron correlation arises only when the electrons are separated by a short distance. For this reason one can relax the assumption, we made in the beginning of this section, that the system of two electrons is in a free motion. Indeed the same result would apply in the situation, where the pair as a whole moves in a potential that is sufficiently smooth so that the `tidal force' interaction with the rest of the atomic system does not overcome the Coulomb singularity of the repulsion between the electrons at distances of order $1/q$.

\section{Scattering on atomic electrons in germanium}
\label{TF}
In considering the neutrino scattering on actual atoms one needs
to evaluate the dependence of the number of active electrons on
$T$ and generally also evaluate the effect of the two-electron
correlations. The energies of the inner $K,~L$ and $M$ orbitals in
the germanium atom are well known (see e.g. Ref.~\cite{fms} and
references therein) and provide the necessary data for a
description of the neutrino scattering by the stepping formula
(\ref{step}) down to the values of the energy transfer $T$ in the
range of the binding of the $M$ electrons, i.e. at $T > |E_M|
\approx 0.18$\,keV. The corresponding steps in the activation
factor are shown in Fig.~2. It can be mentioned that if one
applies formulas of the Appendix~\ref{B} to the onset of the $K$
shell step, i.e. just above 10.9\,keV, the difference from the
shown in the plot step function would be practically invisible in
the scale of Fig.~2.

Our goal in this section is to estimate the effect of the two-electron correlations in the scattering on germanium. We shall estimate this effect by considering the atomic number $Z$ as a large parameter and using the Thomas-Fermi model, which, in spite of its known shortcomings, appears to be appropriate for evaluating average bulk properties of atomic electrons at large $Z$, such as in the problem at hand.

In the Thomas-Fermi model (see e.g. Ref.~\cite{ll}) the atomic electrons are described as a degenerate free electron gas in a master potential $\phi(r)$ filling the momentum space up to the zero Fermi energy, i.e. up to the momentum $p_0(r)$ such that $p_0^2/2 m - e \phi=0$. The electron density $n(r)=p_0^3/(3 \pi^2)$ then determines the potential $\phi(r)$ from the usual Gauss equation. In the discussed picture at an energy transfer $T$ the ionization is possible only for the electrons whose energies in the potential are above $-T$, i.e. with momenta above $p_T(r)$ with $p_T^2/2m - e \phi = -T$. The electrons with lower energy are inactive. Calculating the density of the inactive electrons as $p_T^3/(3 \pi^2)$ and subtracting their total number from Z, one readily arrives at the formula for the activation factor, i.e. the effective fraction of the active electrons $Z_{\rm eff}/Z$ as a function of $T$:
\be
f(T)={Z_{\rm eff}(T) \over Z}= 1 - \int_0^{x(T)} \, \left [ {\chi(x) \over x} - {T \over T_0} \right ]^{3/2} \, x^2 \, dx~,
\label{zeff}
\ee
where $\chi(x)$ is the Thomas-Fermi function, well known and tabulated, of the scaling variable $x = 2 (4/3\pi)^{2/3} m \alpha Z^{1/3}$,  the energy scale $T_0$ is given by
\be
T_0=2 \, \left ( {4 \over 3 \pi} \right )^{2/3} \, m \, \alpha^2 \, Z^{4/3} \approx  30.8 \, Z^{4/3}\, {\rm eV}~,
\label{t0}
\ee
and, finally, $x_0(T)$ is the point where the integrand becomes zero, i.e. corresponding to the radius beyond which all the electrons are active at the given energy $T$. The energy scale $T_0$ in germanium (Z=32) evaluates to  $T_0 \approx 3.1$\,keV. The Thomas-Fermi activation factor for germanium calculated from the formula (\ref{zeff}) is shown by the dashed line in the plot of Fig.~2. One can see that in the shown energy range it reasonably approximates the stepping behavior of the atomic orbitals. The discussed statistical model is known to approximate the average bulk properties of the atomic electrons with a relative accuracy $O(Z^{-2/3})$ and as long as the essential distances $r$ satisfy the condition $Z^{-1} \ll m \alpha r \ll 1$, which condition in terms of the scaling variable $x$ reads as $Z^{-2/3} \ll x \ll Z^{1/3}$. In terms of the formula (\ref{zeff}) for the number of active electrons, the lower bound on the applicability of the model is formally broken at $T \sim Z^{2/3} T_0$, i.e. at the energy scale of the inner atomic shells. However the effect of the deactivation of the inner electrons is small, of order $Z^{-1}$ in comparison with the total number $Z$ of the electrons. On the other hand, at low $T$, including the most interesting region of $T \sim T_0$, the integral in Eq.(\ref{zeff}) is determined by the range of $x$ of order one, where the model treatment is reasonably justified.\\
\begin{figure}[ht]
\begin{center}
 \leavevmode
    \epsfxsize=12cm
    \epsfbox{ftbw.eps}
   \caption{The activation factor $f$ for germanium in the stepping approximation with the actual energies of the orbitals (solid line) and its interpolation in the Thomas-Fermi model (dashed). }
\end{center}
\end{figure}

In order to apply the same model for an estimate of the correlation effect we replace in the estimated correlation contribution to the magnetic neutrino scattering in Eq.(\ref{dic}) the factor $|\psi(0)|^2$ by the total density of the electrons that an active electron `sees' at its location in the atom. Then the resulting correction to the integral $I_1$ for an atom can be written in terms of the density $n_a(r)$ of the active electrons and the total density $n(r)$ of the electrons in the atom:
\be
I_{1c} = -{\pi \, \alpha \over 2 \, m \, T^3} \, \int \, n_a(r) \, n(r) \, d^3r.
\label{ica}
\ee
It should be pointed out that the numerical coefficient in this expression contains a factor of 1/8 as compared to Eq.(\ref{dic}). This is because of a factor of 1/4 corresponding to the statistical weight of the spin-singlet state and an extra 1/2 compensating for the double counting of electrons in the pairs.

One can write the correction described by Eq.(\ref{ica}) in terms of a correction to the activation factor in the Thomas-Fermi model as
\begin{eqnarray}
&&f_c(T) \equiv T \, {I_{1c} \over Z}= \nonumber \\
&&- \left ( {T_1 \over T} \right )^2 \, \left \{ \int_{x(T)}^\infty \,  \chi^3(x) \, {d x \over x} + \int_0^{x(T)} \, \chi^{3/2}(x) \, \left [ \chi^{3/2}(x) - \left ( \chi(x) - { T \over T_0} \, x \right )^{3/2} \right ] \, { dx \over x} \, \right \}~,
\label{dfc}
\end{eqnarray}
where the correlation energy scale $T_1$ is given by
\be
T_1= {\sqrt{2} \over 3 \pi} \, m \, \alpha^2 \, Z \approx 4.1 \, Z \, {\rm eV}
\label{t1}
\ee
and evaluates to about 131\,eV in germanium. The plot of the estimated correlation correction in germanium is shown in Fig.~3. One can readily see that this correction is below 1.5\% at $T \approx 0.3$\,keV and rapidly decreases at higher energy transfer. Clearly, this estimate refers only to the magnetic part of the scattering, while for the weak part we find no correlation effect in the considered order due to the cancellation found in Eq.(\ref{dic}). We thus conclude that in the range of values of $T$ above a few hundred eV the correlation effect can be safely neglected for both contributions to the neutrino scattering on germanium.\\
\begin{figure}[ht]
\begin{center}
 \leavevmode
    \epsfxsize=12cm
    \epsfbox{fcbw.eps}
   \caption{The correlation correction $f_c$ to the activation factor $f$ for germanium in the  Thomas-Fermi model. }
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\section{Summary}
We have considered the scattering of neutrinos on electrons bound
in atoms. Our main finding is that the differential over the
energy transfer cross section given by the free-electron formulas
(\ref{fe}) and (\ref{sew}) and the stepping behavior of the
activation factor given by Eq.(\ref{step}) provides a very
accurate description of the neutrino-impact ionization of a
complex atom, such as germanium, down to quite low energy
transfer. The deviation from this approximation due to the onset
of the ionization near the threshold is less than 5\% (of the
height of the step) for the $K$ electrons, if one applies the
analytical behavior of this onset that we find for the ground
state of a hydrogen-like ion. We also find that the free-electron
expressions for the cross section are not affected by the atomic
binding effects in the semiclassical limit and for independent
electrons. For this reason we expect that the deviation of the
actual onset from a step function at the threshold for ionization
of higher atomic orbitals is even smaller than for the ground
state, since the motion in the higher states is closer to the
semiclassical limit.  The approximation of independent electrons
lacks an account for the two-electron correlations arising from
the Coulomb interaction between the electrons in the atom. We
estimate this effect in the large $Z$ limit using the Thomas-Fermi
model and argue that the effect of the correlations is small in
germanium for the values of the energy transfer above $0.2 \div
0.3$\,keV. We thus argue that for practical applications, i.e. for
the analysis of data of the searches for NMM one can safely apply
the free-electron formulas and the stepping approximation at the
energy transfer down to this range.

\begin{acknowledgments}
We thank A.S. Starostin and Yu.V. Popov for useful and stimulating
discussions. The work of MBV is supported in part by the DOE grant
DE-FG02-94ER40823.
\end{acknowledgments}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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FOR OLD AND YOUNG. MORTIMER98 COUGH MIXTURE FOR COUGHS, COLDS. WHOOPING COUGH, ETC., ETC. — OVER — 70 YE&RS REPUTATION IN THIS DISTRICT. THIS CELEBRATED WELSH REMEDY la now put up in cartons securely packed for transmission to all parts of the world and contains a Pamphlet, written by an eminent Medical Authority, dealing with the various beneficial uses of this specific Price Is l £ d and 2s 9d per bottle Tht larger bottle is by jar the cheapest.
Carmarthen Students Must Join
Carmarthen Students Must Join. DECISION OF COUNTY APPEAL TRIBUNAL. The Carmarthenshire Intermediate Appeal Tribunal has at length given its decision in the matter of students preparing for the Congre- gational ministry. The decision exempts students in their third year (the final year). Students in the first and second years are regarded as subject to the Act.
No Dealings in Wool
No Dealings in Wool 4 SURPRISE FOR CARMARTHEN FARMERS A large quantity of wool was brought into the Carmarthen Market on Saturday. The farmers who for the most. part were unaware of the recent Order in Council were astonished to find that they were not allowed to sell. Some took the wool home again and others had it weighed and left in the Wool-room pending the arrangements which will be made shortly. County Girls Scool, Carmarten.
County Girls School Carmarthen
========= County Girls' School, | Carmarthen An interesting entertainment in aid of the prisoners of war in Germany was given at the Bounty Girls' School on Wednesday afternoon nhen Miss B. A. Holme, M.A., presided. The entertainment was entirely got up by a few of the girls of the II. and 1A. forms, and they are to be complimented on the pleasing enter- tainment they afforded. The programme was' as follows :-Song. Meirion Owen: pianoforte solo, Nesta Griffiths; song, Cora Jones; recita- tion, Maria Davies dance, Cora Jones sketch, "Back to Nursery Land," in which the follow- ing characters appeal ed Goldie Locks, Hilda Jones; Pied Piper, Nesta Griffiths; Jack Horner, Elsie Jones; Jack the Gian Killer. Marcia Davies; Simple Simon, Daisy Woosnam Polly Flinders, May Hardaker Red Riding Hood, Cora Jones; Old Woman who live in a shoe, Meirion Owen; dance, Cora Jones. Elsie J onesdleirion Owen, and May Hardaker. The Nigger Troupe which consisted of the same girls sang several coon songs; God sa-ve the King. The accompanist was Miss Annie Lewis.
The Churches
The Churches. The anniversary meetings will be held at Priordy, Carmarthen, on Sunday and Monday next. The Rev W. James, of Swansea, will preach. Mr James is one of the best known preachers of the denomination, and was chair- man of the Welsh Congregational Union in 1914. The Rev John Owen, of Anfield road, Liver- pool, will preach at the anniversary meetings in conneotionwith Water st C.M. Church on Sunday and Monday next. • The Rev Joseph Harry, pastor of Salem Con- gregational Church, has been appointed a manager of the Llandovery County School in place of Alderman C. P. Lewis, who on account of ill-health did not seek re-election.
Lord Kitchener MEMORIAL SERVICE AT ST. PAUL'S. The King and Queen and Queen Alexandra attended the memorial service to Lord Kitchener at St. Paul's Cathedral on Tuesday. It was the third occasion, within two years, or a. little over, that Royalty had visited the City to share the national sorrow for the lose of a great military leader. Church and State and every aspect of the nat'on's life were rq., presented in the huge congregation. Unlike the funeral of Lord Roberts, there was no public military ceremonial. Although none of the general public had the privilege of attending the service, crowds began to gather shortly after nine o'clock, and long before the Cathedral doors were opened at 10.15 the thoroughfares in the neigh bourhood were almost impassable. The King and Queen arrived at the cathe- dral promptly at noon, driving from Bucking- ham Palace in an open carriage, with an escort of 1st Lifeguards in service dress. The King wore the service dress of a Field Marshall Their Majesties wor-preoeived at the wesdoor of the cathedral by the Dean and clergy. Queen Alexandra, with Princess Victoria, arrived shortly before their Majesties and other members of the Royal Family. Attend- ing the service were Princess Henry ot Battenberg, Captain Plrince Alexander of Batteniberg, Princess Arthur of Connaught, and Princess Maude. The Lord Mayor and sheriffs attended. The Cblonies and Dominions were repre- sented by Agents-General, and the Ambassa- dors and Ministers of the allied nations also attended. The Grand Duke Michael, accom- panied by two staff officers, represented the Czar, and neutral countries represented in- cluded the United States, Spain, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Holland. The Prime Minister and Mrs Asquith arrived just before 11.30 and Sir Edward Grey, Mr Lloyd George, and Mr Balfour followed shortly afterwards, all Government representatives being accommodated with seats under the dome close to those occupied by their Majesties Lord Haldane sat among the Ministers, as did allso Mr Winston Churchill, Mr Masterman, the Speaker and Lord Rosebery. There were a few moments of silence after the Royal personages had been conducted to their seats, and then softly the organist played the opening bars of one of Lord Kitchener's favourite hymns "Abide with me." From the mournful cadences of the psalm "Out of the deep have I called unto Thee. 0 Lord," the choir seemed to pass without a pause into the vigour of life of "The Lord is my Shepherd. Thy loving kindness and mercy shall follow me nil the days of my lif. No one, too, could fail to be stirred by the emphasis and clarity of Croft's antiphon, "1 am the resurrection and the life," sung with remarkable beauty by the choir, unaccom- panied. The lesson, from Corinthians, was read by Dean Inge, and afterwards the muffled note of the drums, gradually increasing until it soun- ded like a salvo of artillery, gave place to the opening mournful notes of the Doad March, played, so it seemed, with particular pathos by the hand of the Royal Engineers. But again came the note of triumph in the liturgy of St. Chiysostom, sung appropriately to the beautiful Kieff chant. "And weeping o'er the grave," sang the choir '"We make our song, Alleluia." Responses and prayers followed, and then another of Lord Kitchener's favourite hymns, "For all the Saints." The Benediction was pronounced by the Archbishop of Canterbury. While the congregation was still standing in complete silence from far away down the Cathedral sounded the haunting notes of the "Last Post," sending a thrill through even the most unimpressionable. "The Call" was played with singular beauty by the buglers of the Royal Engineers, and many people were affected to tears. The crashing chords of the National Anthem signalled the end of the service. It was sung with a depth of feeling and emotion which must have touched the Kiaig himself. The Royal party left shortly before one o'clock, a muffled peal of bells being rung at the Cathedral whilst the Royal visitor de- parted.
LOOAL WAR ITEMSI
LOOAL WAR ITEMS. A unique spectacle was witnessed at (Jrym- mych Eisteddfod on Monday night. A large number of soldiers and sailors on leave were in the audience. The Chairman called them up on to the platform and they stood at attention whilst the audience, led by Mr Dunn Williams, sang "God save the King" and "Hen Wlad fy Nliadau." The effect was inspiring. *•» Leading seaman J. J. Williams, son of Mrs Williams, 10, John street, arrived home on leave on Friday. He was one of the crew of a battle cruiser which took a prominent part in the battle of the Ska.ger Rack. *«• An album which is treasured in a Carmar- J then household contains a. page written by ] [jieut. Gwilym Williams, of the 12th Royal I Welsh Fusiliers, when home recently on leave. Lieut. Williams, who is an old Grammar School Boy, was recently killed in France. The page which he wrote was as follows:— "Si vis pacem, para bellum." "Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori." Roi, la loi, et la liberte." "Gwell angeu na. chwilydd." Lieut. Gwilym Williams, 12thR. W.F., April 16 The two wcHi known Latin lines may be ren- dered "If you want peace, be ready for war." 'It is sweet and glorious to die for one's country." The French line "The King, the Law and Freedom" is the refrain of the Bel- gian National Anthem." The Welsh line which is the motto of the 41st, may be rendered, "Better death than dishonour." Private John M. Davies, of the Welsh Regiment, is home on leave. He is a son of Mr D. Spiller Davies, Parcmain-street, Car- marthen, and raw much fighting at Gallipoli where he was wounded in the left shoulder, and also contracted dysentery and fever. He is now engaged at the regiment's headquarters at Pontypridd. 0*0 Despatch motor cyclist Courtney Snow, son of Mr and Mrs J. Snow, Penllwyn Park, Car- marthen, is home on leave this week. He hae been in France since the early stages of the war, and has had many thrilling experiences. Torpedo-gunner Ben Phillips, of H.M.S. Cumberland, is home on leave this week. He has been for many months in German East Africa (Cameroons) and has also taken part in the clearing of German Commerce Raiders from the high seas, including the destruction of the German warship "KonisbeTg." Gunner Phillips is a son of Mr and Mrs George Phillips, Red Lion Yard, Carmarthen, and is a brother of Signaller James F. Phillips, of H.M.S. Warspite, who is also home on leave after the recent great sea battle. Both were formerly employees of the Reporter Office. The Rev D. Glyndwr Richards, B.A., B.D., leaves Carmarthen shortly for France where he intends to take up work with the Y.M.C.A. ##* In spite of the difficulties which arise through censoring letters in Welsh, a letter from Dyfnallt written in "yr hen iaith" has been received at Carmarthen. «*« Mr W. J. Davies, elder son of Mrs Davies, 17, Bridge street, was one of the recipients of a silver coronation medal conferred upon the staff of the British Embassy at Tokio by His Majesty the Emperor of Japan on the occasion of his eornatiotn last Autumn. *«« Lieut. Ryle Morris, Royal Welsh Fusiliers, son of Mr E. H. Morris, Brynmyrddin, Aber- gwili, has been wounded. «** Carmarthen weaivers have been to London to ask that weavers engaged on military work sliall be regarded as being in reserved occupa- tions. H* Capt. F. W. Kennedy, whose promotion to the rank of read-admiral is announced, is the son in-law of Colonel H. H. Goodeve, J.P., D.L., of Tenby. He has commanded the battle cruiser Indomitable. • Pte. T. V. Morgan, Welsh Guards, died from wounds. He was the son of the late ex-P.C. J. Morgan (Llanstephan), of the Carmarthen- shire Constabulary. Prior to enlisting he was a police officer stationed at Dowlais and Trocd- yrhiw. Charles Ormond, E.R.A., who was lost in the Defence, was the eldest son of Mr and Mrs John Ormond, Cambrian Hotel, Saundersfoot. He was 27 years of a.ge. Sergt. Leslie F. Carter, of the 42nd Royal Highlanders (Black Watch) of Canada, a St. Peter's Boy, who has been at the front for the last eight months, in a. letter dated the 10th inst., writes :—"We have been having a rather exciting time lately. We were in the centre of the fight last week end. We had only left the front line two days when we were called back to re-inforce it. We were at it for 72 hours on end, without a minute's rest. The bombardment was torriihle-the worst ever ex- perienced on the British front. Our brigade held two German divisions and re-took quite a. large part of the ground that was lost in the first attack. We had rather heavy losses, but the enemy lost nearly three times as many. 1 was rather lucky and came through it quite safely except for a. few minor scratches. We are now back in France agiain for a rest and to reorganize."
Old Coats for New Ones
Old Coats for New Ones. THEFT FROM CWNIN FARM. -F A special Borough Police Court was held at Cbrmarthen on Monday before the Mayor (Mr John Lewis), Mr J. B. Arthur, Mr Hy. Howell. and Mr Rees Davies. William Jones, a fanh servant at Clyncoch, Oonwil, wos charged with the theft of a. coat and jacket from Cwnin Farm, Carmarthen. R. W. Webster, a servant at Cwnin Farm, said that he recognised the overcoat and the jacket produced. He recognised them when lie saw them with P.C. Morgan, of Conwil. Ho had previously seen them on the 3rd June (F",jr Dav) in thp stable Ha lninlrpd frvr ilmm I ,& next morning, but found they were gone. lie valued them at 10s. P.C. Morgan, of Conwil, said that at 6 p.m. on the 12th he proceeded to Clyncoch farm, in the company of the last witness. Inside an outhouse where the defendant usually sleeps, lie found the coat and jacket which Webster identified as his property. Witness took possession of the clothing. He failed to trace the defendant, who had gone to Newcastle EmLyn. Next morning the witness went to Clyncoch. Witness told the defendant that he was making enquiries respecting an over- coat and jacket stolen from Cwnin Farm. The defendant said "Yes, I bought them from a man on the road. I don't know who he was." Witness apprehended the man and took him to the County Police Station, and charged him with stealing an overcoat and jacket from Cwnin Farm. Defendant said "I bought them from a man on the road near Carmarthen on the night of the fair." In answer to the Bench, P.C. Morgan said that defendant had been working at Clyncoch for two months. Head Constable Mayall said that this was the evidence in the first case. The next case was a charge of stealing an overcoat belonging to Mr D. Hindis. Mr D. Hinds identified the overcoat pro- duced. He last saw it five or six weeks ago. He missed it the following morning. It was gone, and an old ragged one in its place. In answer to the Mayor, the witness said that he did not know the defendant. P.C. Morgan said that at Clyncoch defen- dant fetched this coat and said that he had bought it from the same man from whom he had bought the other two. P.S. Lodwick, of the Borough Police Force, said that lie received the prisoner into custody from P.C. Morgan on Tuesday. When charged defendant said "I bought that coat also from the same man for 3s." Defendant elected to be dealt with sum- matily; but pleaded "Not guilty." He said that he bought them in Carmarthen. The defendant was then sworn. He said, "I bought the clothes for little money. I have no more to say. I bought them from the same man. He was a small man. He was middle- aged. He had a moustache,but np whiskers." Head Constable Mayall: Did you ask the man where lie got them ? Defendant: No. I bought a jersey from the same man three or four months ago. I have seen him several times. He told me he had plenty of clothes. Where did you see the man?—On the main street. He had a pair of boots that he wished + coll J7"la.. Where did you see him?—Near the Swan. Is there anybody living at the farm besides 1 you?—Yes, master and mistress. Did you tell them you had bought these?— 1 No. | '1 Did they ever see them?—Yes; they could see them on the beam. The Head Constable handed the defendant the defendant the ragged coat found at Cwnin f and asked him to don it. Mr Mayall: Is is rather a good fit? Defendant: No; it is too tight. Did you ever see it before —Never. In answer to a question, the defendant said that he was "guilty of buying." Mr Hy. Howell: Why did you want to buy two overcoats. Defendant: I don't know. The Head Constable said thà 'the defendant had been imprisoned for drunkenness and for not maintaining his wife: The Mayor said that the cases had been j proved. Defendant would be nfied 92 or go to prison for a month. j
Water Supply Difficulties at Carmarthen
Water Supply Difficulties at Carmarthen. COMPLAINTS ATTOWN COUNCIL. A meeting of the Carmarthen Town Council was held at the Guildhall on Tuesday. There were present: The Mayor (Mr John Lewis), Aldermen L. D. Thomas, W. Spurrell, and J. B. Arthur, Councillors H. S. Holmes, J. Jen- kins, David Williams, Dunn Williams, Oliver Jones, J. Crossman, D. King Morgan, A. F. Mills, W. Gibbon, D. J. Davies, W. J. Martin and Wm. Evans. Mr Oliver Jones asked whether instructions had been given to the Corporation employees not to take water from the mains for watering the streets. He had seen them taking water from the main in Lammas street. The Surveyor said that the pipe at the Factory happened to be out of order at the time. No streets could be watered from the Factory supply except those in the immediate vicinity of St. Catheaiue street. Rev A. F. Mills called attention to the in- convenience arising from the fact that there was no water at the Cottage Home. There were 16 or 18 children there and all the water had to be carried. The Surveyor said that this was due to the fact that a private service pipe was leaking. It was a matter entirely for the owner of the property. Rev A. F. Mills said that he would like to call the attention of the Medical Officer to the matter. Mr Spurrell said that if those who own the property did not have it attended to the Coun- cil would have to give instructions to have it, cut 'off. AN ANCIENT CHEST. Mr E. Collier asked the Corporation to hand over a chest in the Town Clerk's Office to the care of the Carmarthenshire Antiquarian Society. The chest was presented to ïthe Car- marthen Corporation by John Newsham, who was mayor in 1738. It was of no use now as the locks are all gone; but it was very inte- resting from an archaeological point of view. It was decided to hand the chest over to the Antiquarian Society subject to the property remaining vested in the Corporation. JAWS. (Mr H. S. Holmes raised a question as to a i bill for £6 16s for jaws for the stone crusher. He said that it ought to have been brought before the Council before the jaws were ordered. The Surveyor said that it was not easy to foresee everything; it was much easier to find fault with people in season and out of season. Mr Dunn Williams said that the Clerk read out a list of requisitions on May 16th. The jaws were included in that. Had they been already ordered. Mr Spurrell: They had been ordered; they might not have come. The Surveyor said that according to the strict letter of the resolution, it was not com- plied with. His point was that it was a matter of no importance; as a matter of rou- tine it was approved of afterwards. Mr Holmes said that the street which used to foreseen at Christmas that these jaws were re- quired. ANOTHER WAR BONUS REQUIRED. A letter was read from the Corporation labourers applying for another war bonus. It was stated that the men were paid 25s and 26s a week now. It was decided to refer the matter to the Public Works Committee. llHiE ALLEGED MORTUARY NUISANCE. A letter was read from Mr Lewis who had complained of the state of the mortuary. He said that Mr Isaac, of the Cambrian Forge, had complained of the nuisance. He said that ift was not true that he had refused to supply the coffin until Monday. On Saturday lie had no definite order. If disinfection were useless as Dr Bowen Jones said, why were such pre- cautions required to be ta'ken and why so many bye-laws. The Head Constable said that he had nothing to add or withdraw. 0 TAR SPRAYING. Mr Holmes: Is it not possible to have some of the streets in the town tar-sprayed? The Surveyor: It its, quite possible; but I thought you wished to save expense. Mr Holmes suggested that if the streets were tar-sprayed, it would save a good deal of watering. The Surveyor said that many of the roads required a good deal of repair now and it would be inadvisable to tar-spray them and then to repair them afterwards. Mr Holmes said that the stret which used to be called Goose street was a real pestilence place for dust. COUNTY PENSIONS COMMITTEE. Mr Holmes called1 attention to the matter of the representattion of Carmarthen Borough on the County Naval and Military Pensions Com- mittee. It had been decided to give Carmar- then one representative. That representative was to be a County Councillor. In answer to questions, Mr Holmes said ihe representative proposed was a member of the County Council for the Borough but he was not a member of the Town Council. He moved tht they ask that the Mayor of Carmarthen
LLANDOVERY
LLANDOVERY. The Llandovery Town Council at their meet- ing on Saturday decided not to appoint a re- presentative on the Court of Governors of the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth. for the time being be elected a member. A member of the County Council selected by the County Council could not possibly represent the Borough. Mr E. Collier seconded, Mr L. D. Thomas supported, and the Rev A. Fuller Mills en- dorsed the proposal which was carried unani- mously.
Welsh Congregational Union
Welsh Congregational Union 'TOWYN'' AS VICE-CHAIRMAN. The annual session of the Welsh Congre- gational Union wa.s continued at Brynamman on Wednesday under the presidency of the Rev James Charles, of Denbigh. Not the least interesting item of the pro- ceedings was the election of Mr Towyn Jones, M.P., to the vice-chair of the Union. 'Towyn' as lie is popularly known, has been a leading figure in Welsh Congregationalism for many years, and, before, his election to Parliament, was pastor of the great church at Cwmamman, not far distant from the scene of yesterday's gatherings. At nine o'clock on Wednesday morning there was a meeting of members under the chairmanship of the Rev D. Williams, the speakers being the Rev E. Jones, Colwyn, and the Rev T. W. Morgan, Philadelphia, Car- marthen. There was at the same hour deacons' meeting. Mr W. J. Parry, J.P., being i chairman, and the speaker Mr E. Morgan, f Liverpool. MINISTERS' SALARIES. At the morning meeting there was a discus- sion on the Sustentation Fund. Mr T. G. Williams, of Cardiff, who presided, said that five years had passed since the excellent move- ment was started for the purpose of raising £ 50.000 in order to provide ministers of small churches with a living wage, or at any rate, a minimum satary of £ 80. This. he said, was easily earned in the collieries by lads of 15, and it was a disgrace that some of their pastors had to exist on such n. paltry sum. Unfor- tunately, very little had been done during the past four years, and this fact lie attributed mainly to the apathy of the deacons in the various churches. The ministers were dis- charging their part of the work very creditably but the movement was started by laymen, and the laymen were neglecting it because they had lost their interest in the history and the traditions of the denomination. The great danger of Cbngregationalists was that they they were becoming too independent. lie attributed the prevailing apathy to the fact that they never read denominational liters ture. At present ministers were carrying by far the heaviest burdens of the churches, ,,d self-sacrifice among the laymen was a thing of the past. The future of the Welsh pulpit rested with the churches, and it was the duty of the officials to see that men of character and brilliant talents entered their pulpits Could they expect this at the miserable fialari6 offered? It was no use of blaming the pulpit that it did not lead. It was the fault of the churches themselves, because they did not take sufficient interest in their work to make the pulpit attractive. ELECTION OF OFFICERS. The President occupied the chair at the Union meeting held at 2.30. Gibea Chapel waS crowded with delegates. The voting on the election of officers for the ensuing vear re- suited as follows: -President, Rev Jacob Jones, Merthyr; vice-president, Rev TOWYO Jones', M.P. In response, "Towyn" said Oll he had received from the Union before hard work. The Rev D. Afan Griffiths. Troedrhiwdalar, was re elected financal &eor" tary, and the iRev H. Eynon Lewis, Cardiff, auditor. Mr George Davies, Llantrisant. elected junior secretary for three years, 'lbe secretaries of the Union are Mr J. WiHijft;JJ1S, Waunwen, Swansea, Rev D. H. WiliiaiB* M.A., Barry, and the Rev D. M. Davi-' Waunarlwyd. The treasurer's report, pre- sented by Mr S. Sandbrook, J.P., showed substantial credit balance. The Congregational Publications Committ4O report was presented by the Rev D. M. David Sw ansea, and it was considered satisfactory. Mr D. W. Lewis, Brynamman. reported oø the scholarship of the Eleazer Roberts Endo*' ment J!'und:. and a proposal that it should b8 transferred to the Tonic Sbl-fa College, LoI1Jol1 was agreed to. The Sunday School report showed a satJ6' factory progress. Mr H. Howells, Treorchy. submitted a prO" posal that the teaching of the Welsh language should be adopted in the day schools, and We Welsh Board should be pressed to make it 1* compulsory subject in every school and collet Prof. D. Mia 11 Edwards seconded, and tbe motion was carried with enthusiasm. A resolution was carried rejoicing that tdJØ Central Control Board had included all WalO and Monmouthshire under tho Restriction Mr Isaac Edwards, Cairniarvan, who moved tJ* resolution, urged the advisability of an to the Government to entirely stop the brow ing and selling of intoxicants during the W-4 and six months afterwards. Dr Peter price urged that there should be total prohibition*^ a suggestion that was very warmly received- Mr J. Evan Jones, Skewen, proposed resolution in fa-votir of stricter censorship oyer films exhibited at cinemas for the proteotioØ of children. Rev D. M. Davies, Waunar' lwydd, seconded, and it was agreed to. Captain Chaplain Edward Jones, M.,A" made an appeal for a non-sectarian hut Kinmel Park for the soldiers. This was Ir ceived with enthusiasm. In the evening at Gibea sermons were de' livered by the Rev J. H. Parry, Llansamled" and the Rev D. R. Davios, Gibeon. St. cleso, also at Carmel, Gwiauncaegurwen, by the RelS H. T. Jacob, Fishguard, and J. G.Jones. Ca.J141, Mon. THE NEW PRESIDENT. The Rev Jacob Jones, the new president. J a son of Mr and Mrs D. Jonesi, of Glancenne^1 near Llandilo. He was born on October 29W, 1853, and was educated at the National Soho" Llandebie, whence he went to the Granim1^ School at Llandiiio. He preached his sermon at a weeknight meeting at LlandiJo Tabernacle in 1875, and in January. 1876, be went for preparatory training to the GramiuOf School at Llangadock. a.nd suhse-uqently e-tl' tered Brecon College, where he had a BU ful career.
Control Board Action
Control Board Action DECREASED HOUIts OF SALE, YET MOO DRINKING. There is a possibility of "closing time" i-O licensed houses being extended to 10 p.m., aoj an extra thirty minutes being alowed in clttbsl Also, the "Evening Standard" understand no spirits, not at least 25 per cent. u»<^ proof, must be sold after July 1st. This apphØf to all proprietary brands. Thirty million people are affected by t,1"6 early closinglioui s at present in force. yeti compared with the year preceding outbreak 0 war. when public houss were open from ellrl! morn until midnight, the present consumiptioo of spirits shows an increase of over 3.000,000 gallons. Tihe Liquor Control Board originally 6U,gg ted to the trade that in certain areas spiritb should be sold 50 per cent, under proof. left the decision an optional one to the lice"8^ and only in a few cases was the adopted. Xow the Board has taken more rigid actiOØ, and all Rpirtis must be sold 25 per cent, nndøt proof.
Cylchdroi 0 o
Cylchdroi 90 o
Cylchdroi 180 o
Llawrlwytho
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


VR-00 Variable tone of the Haydel "REDLEG"
"REDLEG"Tuning hole allows caller to sound like 2 different ducks.
The W-81 (squealer) is used primarily to get their attention while the WW-90 (whine) is a locating sound wood ducks make to finish them off. A great combo pack at a price less than most get for one call!


text:
Japanese Distribution Structure
August 25, 2010 Sree Rama Rao Sales/Marketing Management
Distribution in Japan has long been considered the most effective non tariff barrier to the Japanese market. Even though the market is becoming more open as many traditional modes of operation are eroding in the face of competition from foreign marketers, it still serves as an excellent case study for the pervasive impact culture plays on economic institutions such as national distribution systems. The Japanese distribution structure is different enough from its US or European counterparts that it should be carefully studied by anyone contemplating entry. The Japanese system has four distinguishing features: (1) a structure dominated by many small middleman dealing with many small retailers, (2) channel control by manufacturers (3) a business philosophy shaped by a unique culture, and (4) laws that protect the foundation of the system – the small retailer.
High density of middlemen
The density of middlemen retailers and wholesalers in the Japanese market is unparalleled in any western industrialized country. The traditional Japanese structure serves consumers who make small, frequent purchases at small, conveniently located stores. An equal density of wholesaler supports the high density of small stores with small inventories. It is not unusual for consumer goods to go through three or four intermediaries before reaching the consumer – producer to primary, secondary, regional and local wholesaler and finally to retailer to consumer.
While other countries have large numbers of small retail stores, the major difference between small stores (nine or fewer employees) in Japan and the US is the percentage of total retail sales accounted for by small retailers. In Japan, small stores (95.1 per cent of all retail food stores) account for 57.7 percent of retail food sales; in the United States small stores (69.8 percent of all retail food stores) generate 19.2 per cent of food sales. A disproportionate percentage of nonfood sales are made in small stores in Japan as well. In the US, small stores (81.6 per cent of all stores) sell 32.9 percent of nonfood items. In Japan small stores (94.1 percent of all stores) sell 50.4 percent. Such differences are also reflected in Exhibit. Notice the American emphasis on supermarkets, discount food stores and department stores versus the Japanese prevalence of independent groceries and bakers.
As we shall see in a later section profound changes in retailing are occurring in Japan. Although it is still accurate to describe the Japanese market as having a high density of middlemen, the number of small stores is declining as they are being replaced by larger discount and specialty stores. The number of retail stores is down more than 10 percent since 2000, and the number of retail stores with a staff of four or fewer dropped more than 15 percent. These small stores serve an important role for Japanese consumers. High population density, the tradition of frequent trips to the store, an emphasis on service freshness d quality and wholesalers who provide financial assistance, frequent deliveries of small lots, and other benefits combine to support the high number of small stores .
Channel Control
Manufacturers depend on wholesalers for a multitude of services to other members of the distribution network. Financing physical distribution warehousing inventory promotion and payment collection are provided to other channel members by wholesalers. The system works because wholesalers and all other middlemen downstream are tied to manufacturers by a set of practices and incentives designed to ensure strong marketing support for their products and to exclude rival competitors from the channel. Wholesalers typically act as agent middlemen and extend the manufacturer's control through the channel to the retail level.
Control is maintained through the following elements:
Inventory financing: sales are made on consignment with credits extending for several months.
Cumulative rebates: rebates are given annually for any number of reasons including quantity purchases, early payments achieving sales targets, performing services maintaining specific inventory levels, participating in sales promotions remaining loyal to suppliers maintaining manufacturer's price policies cooperating and contributing to overall success.
Merchandise returns: All unsold merchandise may be returned to the manufacturer.
Promotional support: Intermediaries receive a host of displays advertising layouts, management education programs, in store demonstrations and other dealer aids that strengthen the relationship between the middlemen and the manufacturer.
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Yesterday was the first time in this cold season that I had to paint in the safety of my car. I was a bit pressed for time, and so I settled on a nature subject which I thought might work: a tree next to a field with dead branches and some twigs zigzagging across the foreground. This gave me plenty of opportunity to test my new palette. Yellow ochre is clearly the dominant colour in this one, burnt sienna and cobalt taking the supporting roles. It was an overcast day, and I am quite glad that this mood at least is in the sketch somehow.
Gestern habe ich zum ersten Mal in dieser Wintersaison aus dem Auto heraus malen müssen, weil es geregnet hat. Ich hatte auch nur wenig Zeit und habe mich deswegen für eine nahegelegenes Naturmotiv entschieden: ein Baum am Feldrand mit Ästen, die interessante Zickzacklinien im Vordergrund bildeten. Das wichtigste war mir, dass ich die reduzierte Palette der Woche einsetze. Lichter Ocker ist eindeutig die dominante Farbe in diesem Bild, wohingegen Kobaltblau und Terra di Siena in geringeren Anteilen verwendet worden sind. Es war wirklich diesiges Wetter und ich muss sagen, um so eine Stimmung einzufangen eignet sich diese Farbzusammenstellung durchaus.


text:
Anglo Irish Bank
Ex-Anglo Irish Bank chief David Drumm sentenced to six years in jail
Drumm guilty of fraud in case related to banking transactions during the financial crisis
Lisa O'Carroll and Nick Fletcher
Wed 20 Jun 2018 11.23 EDT Last modified on Thu 21 Jun 2018 10.36 EDT
David Drumm arrives at Dublin's central criminal court for a sentence hearing on two charges of fraud. Photograph: Brian Lawless/PA
The former chief executive of a bank that played a pivotal role in Ireland's financial crash almost a decade ago has been jailed for six years.
David Drumm, 51, the former chief of Anglo Irish Bank, was sentenced to six years in prison after the judge took into account mitigating factors, including five months he spent in a US jail awaiting extradition.
Drumm was found guilty earlier this month of conspiracy to defraud and false accounting for his part in a €7.2bn (£6.3bn) fraud conspiracy.
He was convicted of working with two other senior executives at Anglo and the chief executive of a rival bank to give the misleading impression to shareholders that deposits in 2008 were €7.2bn larger than they were as the worldwide financial crisis began to bite.
Judge Karen O'Connor said the intention was to create a false and misleading impression, and Drumm was the driving force.
Sitting at Dublin circuit criminal court, O'Connor stressed that Drumm was not being jailed for "the financial crisis" or the economic crisis that followed but instead "only for the two specific offences for which he has been convicted".
But, she said: "This offending was premeditated and planned, and in fact the evidence was that significant planning went into this fraud."
The bank collapsed in 2009 after a run on its deposits and it was eventually bailed out by the state, leaving the taxpayer on the hook for €29bn.
Denis Case, the former chief executive of rival bank Irish Life &Permanent, Anglo's former finance director Willie McAteer and Anglo's former head of treasury John Bowe were convicted two years ago. They received sentences ranging from two to three-and-a-half years.
Anglo Irish was the poster boy of the reckless lending that brought Ireland to its knees. It was known as the "builders' bank" providing loans that fuelled the Celtic Tiger property boom.
Drumm claimed during his trial that although what he did was a "huge error in judgment" he had done it in plain sight of other senior banking executives and civil servants worried about contagion.
His imprisonment came almost a decade after Ireland's ignominious bail out by the International Monetary Fund.
The prosecution told the court ahead of sentencing that Drumm was "the driving force behind the initiatives" to bloat deposits with temporary transfers from a friendly rival.
His defence lawyer urged the judge to remember how "chaotic" the world was in 2008 following the collapse of Lehman Brothers in the US. "Those transactions did not cause Anglo's collapse, it was a futile attempt to save the bank," said Brendan Grehan.
He told the court that Drumm, who relocated to the US in 2009 but was extradited two years ago, was not entering any character references.
His life had become "an open book" since he was charged and he did not want any of his family or friends to become "collateral damage".
The judge rejected his argument during the trial that Drumm was part of the "green jersey agenda" – a phrase used to suggest acting in the national interest – or had acted with the "green jersey" authorisation of the Central Bank and Financial Regulator, which encouraged the Irish banks to support each other during the crisis.
She said there was "no evidence in this case that the Central Bank or the Financial Regulator directed criminality".
Grehan told the judge that his client was not acting for selfish gain, but insisted he was trying to save the bank, which at the time was "facing annihilation".
He detailed Drumm's rise from "humble beginnings" as the fourth of eight children born to his truck-driver father and hairdresser mother. He left school at 16, joined Anglo aged 26 and by the age of 37 was chief executive.The bank ballooned in size during the Celtic Tiger years.
He filed for bankruptcy after moving to Boston. In an excoriating ruling, the bankruptcy judge said Drumm was "not remotely credible", and his sworn statements to the court were "replete with knowingly false statements, failures to disclose, efforts to misdirect and outright lies".
A US bankruptcy trustee has since recovered £6m from the sale of assets he owned or co-owned including a lakeside mansion in Cape Cod, a house in Massachusetts and a house in the exclusive Abington estate in Malahide, Co Dublin, where Boyzone's Ronan Keating was once a neighbour.


As the directory doesn't contain every single organization, hackers with a reputation of at least 1000 are able to create directory profiles for external organizations.
Search the directory to see whether the organization already has an existing directory page.
Click Submit a program if no matching entry exists.
Note: Only hackers with a reputation of at least 1000 will be able to see this button and create a page.
Enter information about the organization on the Add a Security Page.
Programs will be visible on the directory as soon as the directory is created. When an employee of the organization chooses to own and manage the profile, they can submit a claim.


text:
Ontario School Board Bans Fantasy Book
AP, November 22, 2007
Burlington, Canada - A Roman Catholic school board in Ontario ordered the popular fantasy book "The Golden Compass" taken off library shelves at dozens of schools Thursday after receiving a complaint about the author referring to himself as an atheist.
Similar concerns prompted a Catholic organization in the U.S. to urge parents to boycott a movie version of the book starring Nicole Kidman.
The board for Catholic schools in Ontario's Halton region said a complaint was lodged after British author Philip Pullman stated in an interview that he is an atheist.
"We have a policy and procedure whereby individual parents, staff, students or community members can apply to have material reviewed. That's what happened in this case," said Rick MacDonald, the board's superintendent of curriculum services.
The board, which oversees 43 Catholic elementary and secondary schools, has not released the identity of the complainant. It also removed two other books in Pullman's "Dark Materials" trilogy as a precaution.
While "The Golden Compass" was first published in 1995, attention was drawn to the book by the film, which opens next month, MacDonald said.
Pullman has made provocative statements in the past, telling the Washington Post in 2001 that he was "trying to undermine the basis of Christian belief."
In 2003, he said that compared to the Harry Potter series, his books had been "flying under the radar, saying things that are far more subversive than anything poor old Harry has said. My books are about killing God."
In the U.S., the Catholic League has criticized Pullman's trilogy for bashing Christianity and promoting atheism. The organization urged parents to boycott the movie. The league also boycotted the movie adaptation of "The Da Vinci Code," which went on to become one of biggest movies of 2006.


text:
Bernard Cabanis (born 23 June 1950) is a French ice hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1968 Winter Olympics.

References

1950 births
Living people
Olympic ice hockey players of France
Ice hockey players at the 1968 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Saint-Germain-en-Laye

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia