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Life without phosphorus, that is unthinkable! Plants solubilize phosphate-containing rocks and soils with the help of their acids and then resorb the phosphoric acid contained therein. Humans ingest the element via food chain.
From a chemical viewpoint, phosphorus (P) is related to nitrogen (N). In contrast to the gaseous and inert nitrogen, the solid phosphorus is very reactive and only occurs naturally in the form of its oxygen compounds (phosphoric acid salts).
Phosphoric acid is an inorganic acid and used as acidifying agent (E 338) in food such as cola beverages. In combination with metals, the acid forms three different types of salts: phosphates, hydrogen phosphates and dihydrogen phosphates. Mixtures of these salts often are used as buffers in aqueous media. Buffers are brine solutions with a pH level that remains stable after addition of acids or bases (pH level: measuring unit for acidic or alkaline character). Buffers are important components in cosmetic products particularly in cases where acids or bases form during storage - for instance through saponification or urea hydrolysis. Such acids or bases - in the case of urea, ammonia forms - are balanced by buffers, in other words, they stabilize the preparations.
No radical chain reactions
Another important feature of phosphoric acid is the indirect anti-oxidant effect. It is called indirect effect because it is not caused by direct reaction with atmospheric oxygen or free radicals as in the case of vitamin C or vitamin E. On the contrary, phosphoric acid forms insoluble salts or inactive complexes with heavy metals such as iron. Traces of iron ions are ubiquitous and also find their way into the cream jar, at the latest, when the cream has been taken out with the fingers. They are the main triggers for the formation of highly reactive hydroxyl radicals that are responsible for the rancidification of unsaturated fatty acids. The underlying radical chain reaction is initiated by reaction of iron with oxygen in the presence of high-energy radiation as e.g. sun light. The same type of radicals form in the skin after iron ions get in contact with hydrogen peroxide (Fenton reaction). This is why physiological phosphoric acid salts also are beneficial for skin care purposes. In the INCI they are listed with the terms disodium phosphate (sodium salt) and potassium phosphate (potassium salt).
Phosphoric acid and phosphates occur in human body cells in dissolved form. An insoluble salt is the calcium-rich hydroxylapatite which forms our bone substance and also is contained in our dental enamel. Manganese ammonium diphosphate, a violet pigment (CI 77 742) and manganese phosphate, a red pigment (CI 77 745) also are insoluble salts.
The salts of fluorophosphoric acid are used for the oral care and particularly for tooth pastes for caries prevention. Examples are ammonium-, sodium-, potassium-, and calcium monofluorophosphate. The fluorine content in the preparation should not exceed 0.15%. Additional restrictions apply for children younger than 6 years.
Acidic phosphoric acid esters form by linkage of long-chain fatty alcohols with phosphoric acid. Cetyl phosphate can be mentioned as an example here. Cetyl alcohol alias hexadecanol is a natural co-emulsifier. The phosphate group makes it a strong anionic emulsifier that is neutralized and activated with sodium or potassium hydroxide solutions. The emulsifier is listed in the INCI with the terms Sodium Cetyl Phosphate or Potassium Cetyl Phosphate.
Components of cell membranes
Natural phospholipids also belong to the phosphoric acid esters; they are physiologically significant substances that, among others, build up cell membranes and intracellular membrane structures. Phosphatidylcholine is gained from soya lecithin or egg lecithin and used to produce liposomes that, regarding their external shape and size, are similar to living cells. Water-soluble (hydrophilic) substances can be encapsulated into liposomes. Phosphatidylcholine-based liposome membranes fuse with the barrier membranes of the skin which they fluidize; in this way they boost the penetration of the encapsulated material. Phosphatidylcholine also is a base material for biodegradable lipid-containing nanoparticles. Phosphatidylcholine gained from soya lecithin with its high content of essential fatty acids is an appropriate remedy for the prevention and treatment of acne. Egg-lecithin based phosphatidylcholine only has minor significance for cosmetic products.
Phosphatidylglycerol-derived cardiolipin (CL) has two phosphatidyl groups and is a component of the intracellular membranes of mitochondria. CL abnormalities lead to disorders of the metabolism and serious diseases.
Related to the phospholipids are sphingolipids that perform various functions in living cells. Among them are sphingomyelins which, in common with phosphatidylcholine, also have a phosphocholine group. Enzymes (phosphatases) cleave phosphoric acid esters into their base components. To some extent, the enzymes work in a substrate-specific way; thus, during apoptosis of the skin cells, the sphingomyelinase ("SMase") transfers the membrane active intracellular sphingomyelins into the barrier-active ceramides of the horny layer with elimination of a phosphocholine residue. Concerning the phospholipids, the phospholipases C and D cleave off the phosphocholine group or other phosphate residues while leaving behind the diglycerides (esters of glycerin with two long-chain fatty acids).
Phosphoric acid can form chains by linkage of two phosphoric acid molecules and elimination of water. In this way, diphosphoric acid will form with its specific salts (diphosphates). Diphosphates and triphosphates (formed of 3 phosphoric acid molecules) are high-energy compounds due to their P-O-P-linkages. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of an ester of triphosphoric acid with ribose (monosaccharide) and a glycoside bond with the purine base adenine.
This creates energy
ATP is the main energy supplier in cells. Energy is released when phosphate groups one by one are gradually enzymatically cleaved or in other words, when adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) are formed from ATP. The released energy then initiates energy-consuming processes. ATP is formed in the power plants of cells, the mitochondria, among others, with collaboration of coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone-10) which is used as a cosmetic active agent; in its reduced form it is a strong antioxidant.
Similar to ATP, also the other nucleotides such as guanosine triphosphate (GTP), uridine triphosphate (UTP) and cytidine triphosphate (CTP) participate in the energy supplying processes in cells. Nucleotides also serve as signal transducers in biochemical processes. Also cyclic phosphates such as cAMP and cGMP participate in the process. Nucleotides also are components of ribonucleic acids (RNA) in which they are bonded together via phosphate groups. Ribose in desoxyribonucleic acids is replaced by desoxyribose and uracil by thymine.
Diphosphoric acid is doubly esterified with ribose and a significant structural element of the coenzymes that participate in redox reactions of the body. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, abbreviated NAD, occurs in reduced form (NADH) and in oxidized form (NAD+). The situation is similar with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) in which an additional phosphate group is bonded to the ribose group.
Since phosphor compounds are essential for biological processes, non-physiological phosphor-containing chemicals can have inhibiting and destructive effects on biological regulatory circuits. Various pesticides, above all herbicides and insecticides belong to this group. They can occur as residues in herbal and animal extracts. But they can also occur in recycled plastics (jar and dispenser materials). Phosphorous substances can also be found in combat agents, cytostatics and fireproofing agents. Predominant are aromatic phosphoric acid esters, thiophosphoric acid esters (sulphur-containing), thio- and flourophosphonates as well as phosphoric acid amides.
Phosphorus also is contained in...
Phosphonic acids are components of herbal and animal organisms as well as of bacteria and fungi. Characteristic is their direct carbon-phosphorus bond (C-P). The synthetic representatives are strong complexing agents; etidronic acid alias 1-hydroxyethane 1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP) is used in hair care products and soaps (maximum content of 0.2%) and serves as a water softening agent. Phosphonic acids have antioxidative effects as they scavenge heavy metals similar to phosphoric acid. Simple phosphonic acids are degraded by bacteria while more complex structures are very inert. Diphosphonates are used in the treatment of osteoporosis patients.
Kosmetik International


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Blowmolder in the spotlight on FBN October 8
The Fox Business Network will provide a nationwide TV audience with an inside look at one of Ohio's most successful and innovative small manufacturing operations. Blow mold maker Century Die Company, which manufactures molds primarily used for molding plastic bottles for the automotive and household products industries, will be featured on FBN, October 8 at approximately 8:30-8:44 pm CST.
Clare Goldsberry | Oct 04, 2013
"The bottles formed in these molds are used in the majority of households across America," commented Tim Myers, general manager of Century Die (www.CenturyDie.com). "Often consumers do not realize that the cleaning supply, laundry detergent or automotive care products they are using come in bottles created in a manufacturing chain that reaches back to Century Die Company in Fremont, Ohio."
The segment was filmed by Dallas, TX-based Marvel Production Group LLC (MPG), which produced a segment called "Manufacturing Marvels" that regularly airs on the network. Century Die Company and other manufacturing innovators across the country are featured in a two-minute "spotlight" of capability and manufacturing prowess.
MPG visited the Century Die plant on September 24, where they were immersed in the company's engineering, production, QC and manufacturing methods. While on site, MPG captured the diversity of operations, the depth of engineering, the importance of quality, and the efficiency of the plant itself.
Over its 70-year history, Century Die has produced molds for almost every major blowmolder in America and therefore thousands of consumer product lines have been touched by the team at Century. The company currently employs over 70 people at the facility.
Myers added, "This broadcast will give us more national exposure and a visual representation of a manufacturing facility that has grown over seven decades to successfully produce the most innovative molds and tooling in the industry."
If you miss the FBN's presentation, you can view the segment on Century Die's web site after its air date at www.CenturyDie.com.
TAGS: Business Blow Molding

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Erik Gatenholm
Gatenholm is the cofounder and CEO of CellInk, which makes the Bio-X 3D printer. Unlike most 3D printers, this one doesn't create things out of plastic or metal, but instead out of living tissue. The company's eventual goal is to build 3D printers capable of creating organs for transplant, and they've already made baby-steps towards that goal. In 2017, a group of scientists used the Bio-X printer to create a gel containing human cartilage cells and implanted them in mice, providing a proof of concept for a future where knee and other joint replacements might be made out of living tissue rather... MORE
Gatenholm is the cofounder and CEO of CellInk, which makes the Bio-X 3D printer. Unlike most 3D printers, this one doesn't create things out of plastic or metal, but instead out of living tissue. The company's eventual goal is to build 3D printers capable of creating organs for transplant, and they've already made baby-steps towards that goal. In 2017, a group of scientists used the Bio-X printer to create a gel containing human cartilage cells and implanted them in mice, providing a proof of concept for a future where knee and other joint replacements might be made out of living tissue rather than metal or plastic. The company has so far raised $11 million in venture funding and its 2017 revenues were about $4 million. LESS
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MELBOURNE, Australia — Frances Tiafoe (USA) celebrated his 21st birthday with a memory to last a lifetime. The American had already collected numerous career-first's - recording his highest-ranked win in the second round, capturing his first-ever five-set victory, and advancing to the second week of a major for the first time - before stepping onto the court against Grigor Dimitrov in the round of 16.
Nicknamed "Big Foe," the young American, who has made international headlines for his post-match celebrations influenced by NBA superstar LeBron James, was in emotional disbelief after his 4-set, 3.5 hour victory over Dimitrov. Tiafoe, who was introduced to tennis at a club where his dad was a janitor, was on the verge of tears as he reflected on his unorthodox path to the quarterfinals of a major.
Tiafoe will play Rafael Nadal, who has yet to drop a set all tournament, for a spot in the semifinals.
On the women's side, two Team Yonex stars met in the fourth round on Rod Laver Arena during the day session on Monday. Naomi Osaka (JPN) and Anastasija Sevastova (LAT), who had split their previous four meetings, faced off on Rod Laver for a spot in the quarterfinals.
Sevastova, who reached the fourth round for the first time since 2011, was able to break Osaka early in the opening set and never faced a break point to take a one-set lead. However, like she did in the previous round, Osaka fought back to force the match to a decider.
The pair traded service breaks halfway through the third set, but it was Osaka, who converted on three of four break points opportunities, that was able to take the lead for good with a break at 4-3 to advance to her first quarterfinal at the Australian Open.
One of her inspirations for her match today? Frances Tiafoe, who watched the match as a fan from the stands.
Osaka will play sixth-seeded Elina Svitolina for a spot in the semifinals on Wednesday.


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Home	ACTIVISTS & HEROES	ARCHIVES: How soldiers in Ukraine sent to repress the people joined them
ARCHIVES: How soldiers in Ukraine sent to repress the people joined them
by shorty May 25, 2014
Although this event happened about a month ago, we repost here due to its significance and the fact it was barely reported on the mainstream media.—Eds
Ukrainian Military Joins Revolt, Troops Vow to Defend Protesters
••••by Steven Argue 16 Apr 2014
In Slovyansk, a column of armored personnel carriers has rolled into the city announcing their allegiance to the uprising. These are soldiers of Ukraine's 25th Brigade of Airborne Forces. They were greeted by chants of "Good Job! Good Job!". A soldier was quoted in Euronews as saying "All the soldiers and the officers are here. We are all boys who won't shoot our own people."
Soldiers in Slovyansk today wearing St. George ribbons. These are ribbons that celebrate the joint victory of the east and west against Nazi Germany and are widely regarded as an opposition symbol against the coup government. These military units, sent to crush protests, have joined the side of the uprising in eastern Ukraine.
Up until today, the bravado of the coup government in Ukraine was terrifying as they declared the protests in eastern Ukraine "terrorist" actions and sent in the tanks, helicopters, fighter jets, and soldiers to carry out their promise of crushing the uprising. Now it is the coup government in Kiev has reason to shake in their boots, for the soldiers sent in to crush the uprising have instead joined it. On the ground the soldiers are both refusing to carry out orders to attack the protesters and they vowing to defend the protesters from any further military actions.In Slovyansk, a column of armored personnel carriers has rolled into the city announcing their allegiance to the uprising. These are soldiers of Ukraine's 25th Brigade of Airborne Forces. They were greeted by chants of "Good Job! Good Job!". A soldier was quoted in Euronews as saying "All the soldiers and the officers are here. We are all boys who won't shoot our own people."Troops were also welcomed into the city of Kramatorsk as heroes as they also refused orders to fight the civilian population. These soldiers refused to continue fighting after a battle for the Kramatorsk airport brought deaths on both sides. Soldiers declared they would rather defend the people of Kramatorsk than carry out the illegal orders of the coup government. Here is video of soldiers joining the uprising in Kramatorsk:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WRMnItGhhi8#t=376
Troop movements were also advancing yesterday on other Ukrainian cities seized by anti-fascist protests, but the spirits and bravery of the protesters were high. Watch the following video to see a tank stopped with human bodies at one check-point. Protesters keep asking who they are going to shoot with that thing.
Tank Blocked With Human Bodies
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hbss7IV01sM
Similarly, trucks with howitzers and six APCs were stopped by protesters. The troops were going to Lugansk from Dnepropetrovsk. Residents of the village of Raygorodok blocked the convoy with cars and stopped its passage.
In the following video, residents in the village of Ivanoka captured tanks and forced soldiers them to leave without weapons:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c1AM6uuj6IA
Last week and over the weekend, anti-fascist protesters in eastern Ukraine seized government buildings in ten cities, including security agencies, police stations, and administrative buildings, in a regional anti-coup uprising. Barricades have been erected in the cities and anti-fascist checkpoints have been erected across the countryside. Those holding the barricades and checkpoints are largely the mine workers and industrial workers of the heavily industrial region. The uprising is calling for equality between nationalities. This is in opposition to the U.S. backed ultra-nationalist government in Kiev. Protesters are also demanding a referendum on some form of self-determination, allowing them to determine their own affairs independently of the illegitimate government in Kiev that overthrew Ukraine's elected president in February.
On April 13, cops and fascist paramilitaries from western Ukraine mobilized against the anti-fascist uprising. In a joint operation of Ukrainian police and fascists of Right Sector in Sloviansk, the Kiev government killed two protesters. A cop fighting for the coup government was killed as well when the police opened fire on an anti-fascist checkpoint using machine gun. Sloviansk, however, remains under working class and not fascist control. Besides the leadership of the neo-Nazi group Right Sector has calling for a full mobilization of its forces to go to war in eastern Ukraine, Russian intelligence report that the private U.S. mercenaries of Greystone are on the ground and involved in repressive activities. These private mercenaries have also committed many crimes against the Iraqi people.
Showing typical U.S. imperialist hypocrisy, U.S. spokesmen are backing this ultra-nationalist crackdown on protesters. Yet, during the Maiden protests the U.S. continually threatened sanctions to protect the ultra-nationalists who eventually came to power with U.S. aid in the February 22 coup. In that case, the U.S. repeatedly claimed that the ultra-nationalists were peaceful protesters, despite the fact that they were shooting and killing cops, lighting them on fire with Molotov cocktails, and beating them with clubs. Ultimately, all evidence shows, the U.S. backed ultra-nationalists opened fire on their own men with snipers in order to blame the police of the elected government and create the crisis needed to overthrow that government. Today, the new U.S. backed coup government has a number of open neo-Nazis in key posts. Now that the working class of eastern Ukraine is rising up against this same ultra-nationalist government, the United States is somehow blaming Russia for a revolt that is, in fact, a result of the U.S. imperialist coup.
On Monday, the New York Times echoed the official lies of the Kiev government with a headline saying," Ukraine Forces Storm a Town, Defying Russia". They were referring to the town of Slovyansk. Yet later in the article they admit:
"By Sunday afternoon, the government's push to reassert its authority in a vitally important industrial and coal-mining region appeared to have made little headway. Pro-Russian protesters appeared to control not only the police station but also the entire town of Slovyansk, having set up checkpoints at major streets leading into town."
Fact is, reports from anti-fascist activists appear to be truthful when they say pro-coup forces (cops and/or fascists of the Right Sector) opened up with machine gun fire on a roadblock outside of Slovyansk, killing two people. One cop was killed in return fire and the pro-coup forces never made their way into Slovyansk. Now the Kiev government is lying again, trying to claim that reports of troops switching sides are false.
The Cause of Uprising in Kiev and Washington, Not Moscow
On February 23, one day after taking power, the coup government in Kiev voted to take away the language rights of Hungarian, Romanian, Tatar, and Russian speaking minorities. Eventually the bill was not signed, due in part to large uprisings against it, but the chauvinistic intentions and priorities of the anti-democratic government were made clear. That coup government is made up of a closely knit coalition of three capitalist parties, one of which is the neo-Nazi party Svoboda. For neo-Nazi Svoboda leader, Oleg Tyagnibok, taking away the language rights of the Russian minority will be just the beginning. He recently spoke before supporters in Kiev calling for criminal penalties for speaking in the Russian language. In addition, he called for stripping all ethnic Russians of their Ukrainian citizenship, forcing them to become non-citizens in their own land. In 2010 the official Svoboda internet website included in its program their desire to "physically liquidate all Russian-speaking intellectuals and all Ukrainophobes (Fast, without a trial, shot. Registering Ukrainophobes can be done here by any member of Svoboda)."
Political leaders and people in the media who defend the oppressed Russian nationality have been violently attacked by these neo-Nazi fascists. This includes a neo-Nazi attack by the Svoboda Party that forced the acting CEO of the National Television Company of Ukraine, Aleksandr Panteleymonov, to resign. One of the neo-Nazi thugs participating in the attack is ironically the head of the government's Freedom of Speech and Information Committee.
Also attacked by fascists in the Ukrainian parliament was Communist MP Petro Symonenko who declared of the fascists who carried out the coup in February, "You are today doing everything to intimidate people. You arrest people, start fighting people who have a different point of view…" As if to prove him right, he was then interrupted by fascists of the Svoboda Party who physically attacked him. Likewise, on February 25th, fascist paramilitaries of Svoboda searched Petro Simonenko's house, looking for evidence of anything, and upon finding nothing, burned down his house using Molotov cocktails.
"Give the scum promises, guarantees and then hang them."
The Obama administration used these chauvinistic neo-Nazis to overthrow the elected government of Ukraine and they now occupy many key posts in the coup government. In eastern Ukrainian regions where the Russian minority constitutes the majority, there have naturally been uprisings against the chauvinistic central government and its appointed governments in the east such as the deputy head of South Eastern Ukraine as appointed by the illegitimate government in Kiev. He is a wealthy capitalist and criminal named Boris Filatov. Of Nazi collaborator and Nazi mass murderer Stepan Bandera, Filatov states, "I am proud of Bandera. He is my Hero. Particularly, as I see that people are ready to die under red-and-black flags." Filatov has also stated his recipe for the solution in the region saying, "Give the scum promises, guarantees and then hang them." When questioned on this later he explained it was just something he said on social media and not an official statement.
In addition to fascist hatred, the Obama installed coup government in Kiev is agreeing to IMF austerity and other dictates, including a 50% increase in the price of heating fuel. This IMF austerity comes on top of mass unemployment and much lower wages that have happened since the overthrow of the socialist economy in Ukraine with the destruction of the USSR. Higher fuel prices will cause the poor to freeze to death. To impose this austerity, the United States and EU supported the fascists and other ultra-nationalists who took power in Kiev in February.
Naturally, the oppressed Russian nationality of eastern Ukraine has risen up against the new imperialist imposed fascist infested government in Kiev. In Crimea the people voted to get out of Ukraine while the getting was good, with 96.5% of the people voting for Crimea to leave Ukraine and rejoin Russia.
Likewise, the oppressed Czech nationality is looking to get out of Ukraine as well. An estimated 20,000 Czechs live in the Volyn region of Ukraine. During the week of March 20th, Emma Snidevicova, leader of Czechs in Ukraine's Volyn region, spoke before the Czech parliament appealing for repatriation of Ukrainian Czechs:
"The situation in Ukraine is that we are afraid for our lives, families and children. The situation is getting worse every day and pushes us to ask the Czech people to take us back home."
Czech MP, Radim Fiala, said of the situation:
"Crime and banditry is on the rise in western Ukraine, and the local radical groups abiding by the legacy of Stepan Bandera are to blame. Apprehensions of our compatriots who have an experience of clashing with nationalists during the Second World War cannot be ignored."
Besides Crimea which has now rejoined Russia, and Czechs who are looking to immigrate, there are now strong anti-fascist uprisings across eastern Ukraine, including in Donetsk, Luhansk, and Kharkiv. Buildings have been seized including facilities where weapons are stored. In Donetsk the rebellion has now organized a 12 member ruling panel, declared its independence, and renamed itself the Donetsk People's Republic. They are asking for a Russian peace keeping contingent to defend them from the illegitimate government in Kiev.
Regarding the potential for an anti-capitalist program in Donetsk, People's Republic Commissar Nikolai Solntsev has declared the economic policy of the new government would focus on supporting "the working class, not the bourgeoisie." Unlike the United States, which continues to carry out measures like an economic blockade against Cuba, the Russian Federation already has close relationships with countries with socialist economies, including Russia's close ties to Belarus. This flows in part from the fact that Russia is only a weak capitalist country with little direct foreign investment, even in neighboring capitalist countries like Ukraine. Russia's interests in the region have more to do with maintaining good mutual regional trading relationships while the imperialist U.S. and EU are seeking to maximize foreign exploitation while they also seek to isolate Russia.
In response to the uprisings in eastern Ukraine, the Obama administration, EU, and Kiev government are blaming Russia. The reality, however, is that it is the imperialist imposed coup in Kiev and the chauvinism of that government are the cause the anti-fascist uprisings in eastern Ukraine, not Russian intervention.
Leninist-Trotskyists support the anti-fascist uprisings in eastern Ukraine and call for the continued building of non-sectarian self-defense militias to protect oppressed nationalities, Jews, women, unions, and opposition political parties from fascist attacks. In addition, we call for the building of Leninist-Trotskyist parties that fights to overthrow the capitalist system itself, ending IMF austerity, massive unemployment, national oppression, and other devastation capitalism has brought to Ukraine.
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In an effort that Food and Drug Administration (FDA) officials say was motivated by the (Big Brother?) desire "to correct a misperception by consumers that tobacco products not regulated by FDA are safe alternatives to currently regulated tobacco products," the FDA released proposed regulations this morning that would regulate the rapidly growing e-cigarette market. (The regulations would also regulate cigars, pipe tobacco, nicotine gels, and hookahs.) The long-awaited proposal would subject the $2 billion industry to federal regulation for the first time. The full text of the proposed regulations are available here. A 75-day public comment period follows.
Last September, 40 state attorneys general wrote to the FDA asking the agency to take all available measures to issue regulations on the advertising, ingredients, and sale to minors of e-cigs. There has been very little regulation of the industry since its inception– partially because the extent of the FDA's authority to regulate e-cigarettes is not clearly defined. In 2010, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit issued an opinion in Sottera, Inc. v. Food & Drug Administration, affirming the district court's decision that the FDA could not regulate e-cigarettes as a medical device under the Food, Drug & Cosmetic Act and finding that the FDA's authority is limited to traditional tobacco products.. Specifically, the Tobacco Control Act authorizes the FDA to regulate "tobacco products," giving the agency authority to impose restrictions on their sale, advertising and promotions, and establish other standards for their distribution and production. The term "tobacco product" means any product made or derived from tobacco that is intended for human consumption, including any component, part, or accessory of a tobacco product (except for raw materials other than tobacco used in manufacturing a component, part, or accessory of a tobacco product).
The FDA claims that e-cigarettes contain nicotine and thus derive from tobacco. However, the agency acknowledges in its proposed rules that "the health consequences of e-cigarettes are not well understood because of their relatively new entrance into the market." Despite its questionable authority and a lack of evidence showing a need for regulation, the FDA nevertheless proposes to subject e-cigarettes to regulation similar to cigarettes and other regulated tobacco products. We expect commenters will urge the FDA to support its jurisdiction over the e-cigarette industry with a sufficient statutory basis. However laudable the FDA's actions to protect the public may be, agencies may obviously only act pursuant to the specific statutory authority granted by Congress.
Under the proposed rules, companies offering e-cigarettes and the other products deemed tobacco products will now be required to register all their products and ingredients with the FDA, though they would not be required to adhere immediately to specific product or quality control standards. Companies would also be required to submit new and existing products to the FDA for approval. They would have two years from the time the rule goes into effect to submit an application to enable their products to continue to stay on the market or to submit a new product application.
The new regulations would require e-cigs to have health warnings on packaging, though initially the only health warning that will be required is a warning regarding the potential for addiction to nicotine. Manufacturers would be able to market new products only after a FDA review, and scientific evidence would need to be provided before any direct or indirect claim can be made of risk reduction associated with their product. Manufacturers would also be prohibited from selling their products at vending machines unless they are in adult-only venues. The proposed rules would prohibit the offering of free samples. The regulations would also require that the minimum age to buy the products be set at 18 years old.
Although the FDA proposal is not as broad as the regulations sought by tobacco-control advocates, FDA officials noted that further restrictions may come in the future. At this point the regulations do not seek to ban the use of flavored e-cigs or restrict online sales or advertising. However, the Federal Trade Commission ("FTC") is closely monitoring marketing and advertisements from the industry and has the ability to take action against companies that it believes are engaging in deceptive advertising. The proposed rules note that the FDA would consult with the FTC to harmonize their requirements for health warnings.
The FDA proposal also leaves many unanswered questions regarding how new products would be regulated in the long term. Under current law, new tobacco products can be approved if they are "substantially equivalent" to a product that was sold prior to February 15, 2007. It is unclear whether any e-cigarettes were on sale prior to that date that can be used as a benchmark. An FDA official said that it would seek more information during the public comment period to determine whether the substantial equivalence test is valid for e-cigarettes.
The recommendations from the FDA that were released today will be followed by a 75-day public comment period after which the regulations will be finalized. The exact time frame for the regulations to be finalized is unclear and the final rulemaking process could alter the regulations that were proposed today. It may be more than a year before the final regulations take effect. Of course, parties are expected to challenge the FDA's rules in court, which could further delay any new regulations.
We expect numerous, diverse parties will submit comments, including the scientific/medical community, public interest groups, and industry. The e-cigarette industry, representing a new product, would appear to have the most power to influence the outcome of the rules, because even the FDA acknowledges the product has yet to be studied in depth.


Boats tend to link to moments of emotional momentum and movement. They symbolise moments when you are excited or feel a sense of journey. Yet sailing ships tend to drift and are vulnerable to the elements. They can find their way onto dangerous rocks or maybe simply blown off course. They can therefore refer to a sense of emotional drift.
- Have you let yourself be blown off course in some way?
- Are you just drifting into trouble?
- Just how in control of things are you?
- "I just drifted into it - I was not truely in control"
- "I let myself get blown off course"
Example dream : A picture of a sailing ship sinking dream linked to the dreamer realising that he tended to drift along. He needed to stick to things - he tended to get blown off course.
Example dream : A sail boats dream linked to the dreamer allowing himself to get pushed into causing trouble the previous day. He did not want to do it but allowed himself to drift into it.


text:
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Etan Sugarman MD
Biologic Treatments
Fractures & Trauma
Joint Replacement Surgery
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Home / Patient Info / Conditions & Procedures / Fractures & Trauma / Shoulder, Arm, Elbow / Olecranon (Elbow) Fractures
Olecranon (Elbow) Fractures
Three bones, humerus, radius and ulna make up the elbow joint. The bones are held together by ligaments thus providing stability to the joint. Muscles and tendons around the bones coordinate the movements and help in performing various activities. Elbow fractures may occur from trauma resulting from a variety of reasons, some of them being a fall on an outstretched arm, a direct blow to the elbow, or an abnormal twist to the joint beyond its functional limit.
Olecranon fractures: These are fractures occurring at bony prominence of the ulna. The fractures, if stable, are treated using an immobilizing splint followed by a regimen of motion exercises. However severe fractures require surgical repair.
Symptoms of an olecranon fracture include pain, swelling, bruising, stiffness in and around the elbow, a popping or cracking sound, and deformity of the elbow bones.
To diagnose olecranon fractures X-rays of the joint are taken. In some cases, a CT scan may be needed to get to know the details of the joint surface.
The aim of the treatment is to maximize early motion to reduce the risk of stiffness. Nonsurgical treatment options include use of a splint or a sling to immobilize the elbow during the healing process. Surgery is indicated in displaced and open fractures to realign the bones and stabilize the joint as well as to avoid deep infections. Strengthening exercises, scar massage, therapy with ultrasound, heat, and ice are recommended to improve the range of motion. Splints are also used to facilitate stretching of the joint.
Etan Sugarman, MD
© Etan Sugarman, MD, Orthopaedic Surgery & Sports Medicine, New York NY


text:
Breeding Rules
Cattery Registration
Pedigree Transfer
A GUIDE FOR ISSUING WCF PEDIGREES
1. Pedigree definition
A pedigree is a diagram that depicts biological relations between an organism and its ancestors. It comes from French, "pied de grue" (crane's foot) because the branches and lines of a pedigree resemble a crane's thin leg and its branching toes.
2. Functions of a pedigree
The purpose of a pedigree is to have an easy-to-read chart depicting the characteristics of an individual. A pedigree is important for animals being selectively bred for a certain characteristic. It makes it easier to understand whether that animal will pass on certain characteristics to its' offspring.
3. Cattery names
The cattery names must be issued by the WCF office. Breeders with a proven registered cattery name in another organization wishing to join the WCF are allowed to retain their cattery names if possible. If necessary, by adding the country code. The cattery name must have a suffix or a prefix (a prefix is ideal for working with databases). The cattery name must be used together with the given name by the breeder. Often there is confusion where some breeders co-own queens. In these cases both breeders should be registered owning the cattery name. Pedigrees cannot be issued for a queen not registered in a breeder's cattery.
4. What should an issued pedigree look like?
A pedigree must carry all the information that can be found on that individual. The issuing club logo should be clearly visible, along with the WCF logo. 3 Generation pedigrees are acceptable, but many organizations demand 5 generations. By WCF rules, all pedigrees must be issued in one of the three WCF languages (German, English or French) , no national letters like Cyrillic can be used. (Appendix 2 for download)
The details of the individual to be on the pedigree:
The cat's full name
Breed and colour in words
WCF EMS code for breed and colour
Pedigree number
Microchip/tattoo (no duty and not possible for a kitten younger than 8 weeks!)
The breeder's name
The club name and WCF club code, date of Issue (and signature of the responsible)
If required, the additional certification by hologram sticker
A note about no use for breeding can be added
The size of the litter can be added
Genetic test results of parents or the kitten itself can be added if proven
And for the parents:
Full name and all awarded titles
The ORIGINAL pedigree number
EMS code for breed and colour
Microchip, if available
Data of the Grandparents (and possibly Great Grandparents, Great Great Grandparents):
EMS code-breed and colour
5. What should not be on a pedigree
Full details of the breeder including address and phone number. It is up to the breeder when homing his kittens to give his full details to the new owners as he wishes.
6. Detailed explanation of each item required on a pedigree
This must have the approved WCF cattery name either before or after the name given by the breeder.
b) Date of birth
This should be written in the European way, dd/mm/yy
c) Sex
This should be written as Male or Female, M or F. – 1.0 or 0.1 is not understood in some other organizations.
d) Breed and colour in words
e) WCF EMS code for breed and color
The EMS code is sequential, starting with the breed, color, amount of white, tabby pattern, eye color, and on to the different characteristics of the breed.
Individual EMS codes will always be separated from each other by a space, unless specifically indicated otherwise.
Individual numerical EMS codes are always to use in ascending order.
Examples: – SFS ns 03 21 71, MCO w 64, SIA n.
f) Pedigree number (registration number)
May indicate the issuing club, must indicate LO or Riex and some sequential number and if desired, a date.
(less mistakes are made if this is kept short when the cat moves to other clubs or organizations).
g) Microchip/tattoo
It has happened a couple of times that a kitten's microchip migrates and has to be re-microchipped. Both microchips may be on the pedigree in case the migrated one shows again. Tattoos are used less frequently today.
It is not ideal to put addresses or phone numbers on pedigrees as these details change. WCF can easily identify the breeder through the cattery register if ever needed.
The club name, WCF club code, date of issue (and signature of the responsible) Always in latin characters
7. How to cancel and re-issue a pedigree due to a mistake?
Only one original pedigree can ever be issued for a cat. If the breeder already has the pedigree for the kitten and there is a mistake on it, it must be returned to the registrar to destroy before re-issuing a correct pedigree. If a pedigree ever gets lost or mislaid a copy can be requested, but must state it is a copy.
8. When is it LO and when RIEX?
LO stands for 'Livre de Origine'. RIEX stands for the 'Registre Initial et Experimental'.
It is an LO when there are four consecutive generations of the same breed. RIEX is used when the cat does not have this, or if it is a breed or color that is not (yet) recognized by the WCF.
The non-recognized breed/color must be written in words. For the WCF EMS Code may only be used XLH, XSH or XHL instead of any breed code, the color code must begin with an "X" too.
In creating a new breed RIEX is used for the first outcross. The next 3 consecutive generations remain RIEX, even if it is the same breed without further outcrossings (see example below).
Only after breed recognition by WCF can it become LO afterwards.
RIEX is also used when introducing new colors to a recognized breed, but must also first be recognized by WCF to become LO.
If breeders with more than one breed in the house have a mistake breeding, the kittens will be RX, taking into account the WCF rule, ALL kittens are to be registered.
9. Awards and titles
The registrar is also responsible for ensure validity and updating records of cat titles. Breeders are required to scan the title certificates and forward to the registrar to update the records. A form can be used which helps both the breeder and the owner keep track of the titles.
10. Mating agreements
A certificate of agreement between the breeder of the female and the owner of the male must be signed and forwarded to the registrar, along with the male's pedigree and litter registration document. This ensures that no disagreement in the future could occur between the breeders.
11. Entering a pedigree from another organization
This can cause a lot of confusion but is actually very simple. The original pedigree is issued to the cat, and the original must always stay with the cat. A scanned copy given by the breeder to the registrar is sufficient, registrars do not want the responsibility of the original pedigree being misplaced. When entering the data into the database all the information must be entered, along with the original pedigree number. The original pedigree must never be changed or taken away from any issued pedigree.
A registrar may assign a club pedigree number and put in brackets after the original pedigree number. This makes it very easy to find in databases. If the cat has been registered several times by several clubs it is permitted to drop those numbers as it can get too long, but never the original number.
12. Transfers
Transfers are required when cats are transferred to other organizations, but not necessary between WCF clubs. Registrars are permitted to communicate with each other if there is any question on a pedigree.
Be Our Member Today
ABOUT WCF MALAYSIA
The WCF Malaysia by SCBA (MY-H-0167) is an official club member with World Cat Federation (WCF) under the patron of Association of Registered Cats (ARC – TH0315) WCF Full Member.
WCF MALAYSIA – SCBA P.O.BOX 10933, 88810 KOTA KINABALU, SABAH, MALAYSIA
official@wcfmalaysia.com
Copyright © 2023 WCF Malaysia


text:
Behind the façade of T.O.'s castle
Written by Brian Baker on June 1, 2010
I'm on the inside looking out.
Two years ago when I started this column I toured the surrounding area of my favourite nook in the city: Casa Loma.
Every article thereafter I would discover a landmark and continue to wear my MP3 as the soundtrack of my wanderlust.
Now after two years of On the Beat, it's being ushered off the Town Crier stage. Not that it's too pedestrian, but it's run its course — that and I'm running out of midtown landmarks.
So I decided to hang this beat up on Casa Loma, but this time from behind the stone façade.
Let me be candid, I'm not a city person. I could go into all the details but that'd be a hefty tome. Let's just say I was born in a small town and spent most of my life being raised in the suburbs. Most people who venture to the city do so fleeing the burbs, but I miss my hometown Whitby and its quiet, mind-your-business demeanour.
Much to my surprise, while touring pockets of Toronto I learned there are slivers of wilderness and serene bubbles of residential areas cut off from the madding crowds.
Ironic though that for my last On the Beat, I bring myself indoors to a Toronto tourist mecca: bawling kids, madcap shutterbugs and guides with helpful smiles affixed to their faces.
I enter the Great Hall of Casa Loma to "Carry on Wayward Son". Of course, the MP3 player remains on.
To my left, a bride and her groom gaze out a bay window situated in the wood-clad library. A photographer snaps shots of the bride, her train billowing out behind her as falls into her groom's eyes. Eddie Vedder sings, "Alive", and I am reminded of my own wedding nearing as fast as an Antarctic whiteout this September.
Down Peacock Alley I strut making my way to the conservatory. Marble floors, a stunning fountain, I stick out here remembering a scene from the movie X-Men, which was filmed in this very room.
I saunter back through the library via the dining room and then across to the study once occupied by Sir Henry Pellatt, Casa Loma's builder.
One of the reasons why I love Casa Loma so much is it returns me to my youth. Two class trips brought me here.
Beside the fireplace I amble up the hidden passageway to the second floor.
Adhering Modest Mouse's suggestion, I "Float On" through the Pellatt's suites, snapping shots as I go.
Above a fireplace cherubs survey the lay of the room and in Sir Henry's chamber, a lion is locked in mid-roar on the mantle.
I stride along the floor to the staircase that tour guide Rick Jarden once told me is haunted by a resident spectre.
Up I go, sans Scooby Doo gulp, and enter the modest servant quarters. Kept out of the rest of the room I swivel around and make my way to only the best part of the tour: the tower.
Scrambling up the steps many characters are etched, marked and written on the timbers.
As Carly Simon muses about being so vain, I keep plugging along, hitting the top of one set of stairs and noticing a ladder-less catwalk with a metal door.
Watch that first step, it's a loo-loo.
Low beams signs warn venturers as they continue towards a cast-iron spiral staircase.
Up the rickety steps I ascend. Waiting briefly for the parade of height-seekers to part ways with another set of wooden steps.
As quickly as I targeted the tower, I descend like a cold pressure front to the bowels of Pellatt's abode: the causeway to the potting shed and stables.
A dimly lit corridor winds its way beneath the roads above. Moisture slickens the path and fills the air. Cool dampness dances on my cheeks as pass more graffiti on concrete walls, signs and I-beams holding up the ceiling.
Skipping the gardener's home, I climb the steps into the horse paddock.
Apt to hanging up the reins, I end my sojourn and column in the stable. Tile with the webwork of age splintering the ceramic adorns the walls. The stalls vacant, but not without evidence of their past denizens.
It's time to hoof it back home.
Casa Loma On the Beat
Leaside's impressive season stops short
Branksome's dynamic duo


text:
SANTA BARBARA (SOLANAS)
Constantine Mirai
Massimiliano Piras
Solanas (OR),
The Association, from the beginning, carries out mainly musical (choral) activities, with a weekly lesson of 180 minutes, aimed at the study of unpublished choral pieces (primarily), but also of the vast and important traditional Sardinian repertoire. The texts, not necessarily in sardinian language, and the harmonizations are created specifically for the choir, but immediately looking for a different and more modern way than most Sardinian choirs. In fact, a different choral address was immediately chosen, based on popular chorality, not necessarily of a traditional Sardinian type. The debut of the choir, formed in 2016, takes place on January 5, 2017, with the organization of a choral and instrumental event.
The concert, entitled "Waiting for the Epiphany", sees the participation of some polyphonic choirs from the province of Oristano and Nuoro, and, of course, the Santa Barbara choir. The concert was held at the parish of St. Peter the Apostle in the village. In October of the same year, on the occasion of the event "Autunno Solanese", the Association organizes a choral review with the presence of choirs from Cagliari, Nuoro and Oristano, with the emblematic title "Happy Birthday Choir Santa Barbara". Also this last evening was realized at the parish church of San Pietro in Solanas. In December, then, the choir makes its real debut outside its walls, just one year after the formation was a guest of the "Corale" in Siurgus Donigala, for an evening held at the local theater and with the presence of various choirs of the region. From then on, the choir actively participates both in the activities carried out on site and in various decentralizations.
The Association also avails itself of the services of some professional musicians (Piano and Violin in particular). Currently, an entirely new mass and new profane repertoire is being studied.
The Conductor The President COSTANTINO MIRAI MASSIMILIANO PIRAS
RES NOVA
Terralba (OR)- Italy
ARS ANTIQUA
Seneghe (OR)-Italy


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text:
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Photos, prices & detailed descriptions for each of our hammered dulcimer models
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Beginner's guide to hammered dulcimers, general dulcimer info, & specifics about how we build them
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Uber Survived the Spying Scandal. Their Careers Didn't.
By Amelia Podder On Nov 28, 2021
The relationship was tense, Mr. Gicinto recalled, and both men seemed uneasy about sharing leadership.
Still, their work ramped up quickly. The group, which grew to include dozens of employees, wanted to keep track of Uber's competitors overseas, whether they were taxi drivers or executives at the Chinese ride-hailing firm Didi. But they also needed to protect their own executives from surveillance, and fend off web-scraping operations, which used automated systems to collect information about Uber's pricing and driver supply.
It was an overwhelming task. To keep up, the team outsourced some of the projects to intelligence firms, which sent contractors to infiltrate driver protests. Other work was done in house, as Uber built its own scraping system to gather large amounts of competitor data. Scraping public data is legal, but the law limits the use of such data for commercial purposes.
The team rushed to hire more staff, and Mr. Gicinto recruited people he knew from his time at the C.I.A.: a fellow agent, Ed Russo, and Jake Nocon, a former agent for the Naval Criminal Investigative Service, who met Mr. Gicinto when they worked at the Joint Terrorism Task Force in San Diego.
When Jean Liu, Didi's chief executive, visited the Bay Area, Uber had her tailed. And when Travis Kalanick, Uber's chief executive at the time, traveled to Beijing, employees tried to throw off Didi's surveillance teams, shuttling Mr. Kalanick's phones to other hotels so his location would ping in a place he wasn't.
"To us, every bit of this was this game of helping our executives carry out their meetings without divulging who they were meeting," Mr. Henley, who led Uber's global threat operations, said. "And it was super fun, right? It was a cat-and-mouse game going back and forth."
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Love is many things but sometimes this world can twist what it is.
is patient and kind; It does not envy or boast; It is not arrogant or rude. It does not insist on its own way; it is not irritable or resentful. It does not rejoice at wrongdoing, but rejoices with the truth. It bears all things, believes all things, hopes all things, endures all things.
Shirt specs- 52% combed and ring-spun cotton 48% poly, 30 single 4.2 oz.


text:
Europa: Europe & Europe's Orbit History eJournal
40,697 Total downloads | Link to this page | Subscribe to this eJournal (requires login)
https://www.ssrn.com/link/Europa-Europe-Europes-Orbit-History.html
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A Short History of Victimology
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Jo-Anne Wemmers
University of Montreal
John Calvin on Marriage and Family Life
"Marriage and Family Life," in Herman J. Selderhuis, ed., The Calvin Handbook (Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2009), 455-465, Emory Legal Studies Research Paper
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American Balancing and German Proportionality: The Historical Origins
8(2) I-Con: International Journal of Constitutional Law 263 (2010)
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University of Missouri at Kansas City - School of Law
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Tradition and Innovatioin of Private International Law at the Beginning of the Third Millennium - Liber in Menmoriam of Professor Friedrich K. Juenger, Leonel Pereznieto Castro, Tullio Treves, Francesco Seatzu, eds. (Huntington, N.Y.: Juris Publishing, 2006), 81-124
Nikitas Hatzimihail
University of Cyprus, Department of Law
The Transition to Modernity
Oxford Handbook of Criminal Law (M. Dubber and T. Hörnle, eds.), Forthcoming
Did Purchasing Power Parity Hold in Medieval Europe?
Number of pages: 28 Posted: 12 Dec 2013 Last Revised: 17 Jun 2016
Adrian R. Bell, Chris Brooks and Tony K. Moore
University of Reading - ICMA Centre, University of Reading - ICMA Centre and University of Reading - ICMA Centre
There are 2 versions of this paper
The Manchester School, Vol. 85, Issue 6, pp. 682-709, 2017
Government Debts and Credit Markets in Renaissance Italy
University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Dept. of Economics Research Paper Series No. 05-07
Luciano Pezzolo
Ca Foscari University of Venice
German Indology and Hinduism
Adluri, Vishwa, and Joydeep Bagchee. "German Indology and Hinduism." In Handbook of Hinduism in Europe, edited by Knut A. Jacobsen and Ferdinando Sardella, 90–102. Leiden: Brill, 2020.
Vishwa P. Adluri
Law, Revolution and Religion: Harold Berman's Interpretation of the English Revolution
Journal of Markets & Morality, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 355-385, Fall 2005
Nicholas Aroney
The University of Queensland - T.C. Beirne School of Law
Catholic Emancipation: 1760-1829
Mark Frassetto
O istorie socială a spaţiului românesc: De la începuturile statalităţii dacice până la întrezărirea modernităţii (A Social History of Romanian Space: From the Beginning of Dacian State Until the Rise of Modernity)
Editura Universităţii din Oradea, Oradea, 2005, 292 p
Number of pages: 293 Posted: 24 Feb 2013
Mircea Brie
University of Oradea
Rights, Resistance, and Revolution in the Western Tradition: Early Protestant Foundations
"Rights, Resistance, and Revolution in the Western Tradition: Early Protestant Foundations," Law and History Review 26 (2008): 545-570 , Emory Legal Studies Research Paper
The Parthenon Marbles in the British Museum
Number of pages: 27 Posted: 05 Feb 2020
James A. Leitzel
Coining Neoliberalism: Interwar Germany and the Neglected Origins of a Pejorative Moniker
Phillip Magness
American Institute for Economic Research
The Puritan Revolution and the Law of Contracts
Texas Wesleyan Law Review, Vol. 11, p. 291
C. Scott Pryor and Glenn M. Hoshauer
Campbell University - Norman Adrian Wiggins School of Law and Berean Academy
A Story of Privileges and Immunities: From Medieval Concept to the Colonies and United States Constitution
Campbell Law Review, Vol. 34, Fall 2011
Number of pages: 118 Posted: 03 Oct 2011 Last Revised: 19 Jan 2012
Thomas Burrell
Stating Boundaries: The Law, Disciplined
Stateless Law: Evolving Boundaries of a Discipline, Helge Dedek & Shauna Van Praagh eds. (Aldershot: Ashgate, Forthcoming)
Helge Dedek
A Nazi-Looted Art Tribunal
World Arbitration and Mediation Review, Vol. 1, No. 5, pp. 693-700, December 2007
Jennifer Anglim Kreder
Northern Kentucky University - Salmon P. Chase College of Law
A Brief History of Constitutional Theory in Britain
The Cambridge Constitutional History of the United Kingdom (Cambridge UP, Forthcoming)
Jeffrey Denys Goldsworthy
Monash University - Faculty of Law
Light and Shadows in Bernini's Oval of Saint Peter's Square
PHILICA Article number 540
Number of pages: 5 Posted: 05 Feb 2020
Violent Crimes and Retaliation in the European Criminal Justice System between the Seventeenth and Nineteenth Century
Max Planck Institute for European Legal History Research Paper Series No. 2013-01
Karl Härter
Max Planck Society for the Advancement of the Sciences - Max Planck Institute for European Legal History
Beyond Sumptuary: Constitutionalism, Clothes, and Bodies in Anglo-American Law, 1215-1789
British Journal of American Legal Studies, Vol. 2, No. 2, Fall 2013
Ruthann Robson
CUNY School of Law
Confessions of Guilt: From Torture to Miranda and Beyond
George C. Thomas III & Richard A. Leo, Confessions of Guilt: From Torture to Miranda and Beyond (Oxford University Press 2012), Univ. of San Francisco Law Research Paper No. 2013-21
Number of pages: 146 Posted: 28 Mar 2013 Last Revised: 20 May 2013
George C. Thomas and Richard A. Leo
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey - Rutgers Law School and University of San Francisco
Evolution Vs. Revolution: Dueling Models of Dualism
American Journal of Comparative Law, Vol. 54, p. 429, 2006
Rivka Weill
Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) Herzliyah - Radzyner School of Law
The First World War, Wilhelm II, and Article 227: The Origin of the Idea of 'Aggression' in International Criminal Law
Kirsten Sellars, 'The First World War, Wilhelm II, and Article 227: The Origin of the Idea of "Aggression" in International Criminal Law' in Claus Kress and Stefan Barriga (eds), The Crime of Aggression – A Commentary (Cambridge University Press, 2016), pp. 21-48.
Number of pages: 28 Posted: 01 Nov 2013 Last Revised: 28 May 2019
Kirsten Sellars
Australian National University (ANU) - Coral Bell School of Asia-Pacific Affairs
The Solar Orientation of the Gothic Cathedrals of France
International Journal of Sciences Volume 3, April 2014 (4)
Number of pages: 6 Posted: 20 Jan 2020
The Waning of the Little Ice Age
Morgan Kelly and Cormac O'Grada
University College Dublin (UCD) - Department of Economics and University College Dublin (UCD)


text:
Tag: New York Governor Kathy Hochul
Home>News>New York Governor Kathy Hochul
N.Y. Governor Kathy Hochul
The two-person crew bills introduced in New York state, Assembly Bill 1287B and Senate Bill 3953B, have passed both chambers of the state Legislature as of Tuesday, May 31. Both bills have been combined into Senate Bill 3953 and are now headed to the desk of Gov. Kathy Hochul (D) for signing.
The SMART-TD New York State Legislative Board urges all SMART members in the state to contact Governor Hochul and tell her to sign the two-person crew bill – Senate Bill 3953 — into law.
"We need our members to contact the governor's office, urging her to sign the bill so we can wrap this effort up," TD N.Y. State Legislative Director Sam Nasca said. "This is a big accomplishment, and a lot of effort went into this by a lot of members and others, which I want to offer my deepest thanks."
Follow this link to contact Gov. Hochul, call her at 1-518-474-8390 or write to:
The Honorable Kathy Hochul
Governor of New York State
NYS State Capitol Building
Tags New York, New York Governor Kathy Hochul, NY SLD Sam Nasca, Sam Nasca, Senate Bill 3953, two-person crew bill, two-person crews, two-person crews legislation


We recently built an interactive training application to teach people how to use Atlassian products using open source technologies. The application is composed of a unique architecture that highlights the strengths of Google App Engine for it's database, Magnolia CMS for content creation, and jQuery UI for it's presentation.
This talk will cover what each piece does, how the application's architecture evolved over time, and what we think it will be in the future.
Mark Halvorson is the Chief Imagineer and OpenSocial Evangelist at Atlassian Software – the makers of JIRA and Confluence – as well as a member of the OpenSocial Foundation Board of Directors. He has a long history working with portals and social enterprise software having worked in various capacities from software developer to technical marketer for Firepond, Plumtree, BEA and Oracle.


Repousse copper covered oval wooden center bowl. Scrolling Art Nouveau and beaded elements cover the surface. Multi-colored jewelled cabochons are mounted within each of six panels. Very fine and minute attention to detail with rolled copper top edge fastened to wooden bowl with tiny nail rivets. France circa 1905. Dimensions: 2 3/4" H, 7 3/8" W, 10 1/2" L.
Unusual form. Lower portion is covered in leather while the removable drinking cup completely covers the top opening with its screw off cap. Quite nice heavy quality flask. Made in Sheffield by James Dixon & Sons circa 1910. 3 1/2"w, 6 1/2"h.
Cut crystal wine or claret jug with a Bacchus mask pouring spout. The handle and hinged top mounted with Griffin and bird forms. The crystal vessel elegantly cut in a series of diamonds and stars above interlacing festooning elements. A magnificent Victorian interpretation. England circa 1880. Dimensions: 5 3/4" W, 11" H.
Georges Van Der Straeten born in Belgium 1850. An Art Nouveau Bronze of a woman with hair upswept into a ribbon. Lush brown patina. lovely features capture the remarkable expression and detail this sculptor is known for. Societe Des Bronzes De Paris Foundry Seal, France circa 1890. Onyx base. Dimensions: 7 3/8" H.
A lovely bust of an elegant woman in hat with a ribbon about her neck. An example typical of the finest works associated with this highly regarded artist born in Belgium in 1856. Bears Societe Des Bronzes De Paris Foundry Seal. Onyx base. France circa 1890. Titled "Theresa", an example pictured in 'Bronzes Sculptors Founders' by Berman; page 340. Dimensions: 7 3/4" H.
A diamond shape top incorporates Secession florals above vertical relief lozenge ornamentation. Influenced by Josef Hoffmann foliate designs. Stamped Alpacca; silvered pewter. Made in Germany circa 1905. 2 7/8" H.
Three bottle finely cut crystal tantalus for wine or whiskey. Holder supported by scroll and acanthus ornamented feet. Adorned with loop handle for transport. British registry marks beneath. January 20, 1870. 12 1/4" H Each Bottle, 15 3/4" H Stand.


text:
Padmanava Behara is  an Indian politician. Member of Legislative assembly Odisha from Birmaharajpur Constituency and the Minister of Commerce and Transport  in Odisha Government.

References

External links
Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website

1956 births
Living people
Lok Sabha members from Odisha
Biju Janata Dal politicians

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Oxtail and Black Garlic Pizza, and Angel Hair with Chile and Crab.
3328 N. Miami Ave., Miami; 786-536-9562.
Stracciatella Custard and Cauliflower Steak. Michelle Bernstein is still one of the best in Miami.
6927 Biscayne Blvd., Miami; 305-759-2001.
Angel Hair Pasta with Uni and Ikura, and Tempura Shrimp with Spicy Mayo.
3881 NE 163rd St., North Miami Beach; 305-947-0064.
Spicy Beef and Green Papaya Salad. Order everything mild; it still brings the heat.
520 NE 167th St., Miami; 305-945-8566.
Amazing Brunch. Black Truffle Omelet, and Butter-Poached Lobster on Sourdough.
4441 Collins Ave., Miami Beach; 877-326-7412.
One of the best wine lists in Miami. Perfect to pair with any of the thin-crust pizzas and seasonal dishes.
17624 Collins Ave., Sunny Isles Beach; 305-936-1008.
Kobe Fried Rice is a must, and Tuna Air Bread.
9700 Collins Ave., Bal Harbour; 305-864-8600.
Short Rib "Lasagna" with Truffles. Any of the pasta dishes fulfill my Italian- and comfort-food cravings.
19999 W. Country Club Dr., Aventura; 786-279-6800.
Crispy Hominy with Lime, and Pork Belly with Kimchi.
130 NE 40th St., Miami; 305-573-5550.
Carne Asada, and Tacos al Pastor.
15400 Biscayne Blvd., North Miami Beach; 305-956-2808.


text:
namespace SE3D
{
	SpotLightComponent::SpotLightComponent(const Vector3D & position, const Vector3D & direction, float radius, float cutOff, float cutOffOut)
		: BaseLight(Material("spot.vs", "spot.fs")), m_Position(position), m_Direction(direction), m_CutOff(ToRadians(cutOff)),m_CutOffOut(ToRadians(cutOffOut)), m_Radius(radius)
	{
		m_PositionNameID = String("u_position").GetStringID();
		m_DirectionNameID = String("u_direction").GetStringID();
		m_CutOffNameID = String("u_cutOff").GetStringID();
		m_CutOffOutNameID = String("u_cutOffOut").GetStringID();
		m_RadiusNameID = String("u_radius").GetStringID();
		SetParams();
	}

	void SpotLightComponent::Init() {}
	void SpotLightComponent::Input(float DeltaTime) {}
	void SpotLightComponent::Update(float DeltaTime) {}

	void SpotLightComponent::Render(DeferredRenderer * renderer)
	{
		renderer->AddLight(*this);
		m_Material.SetParamVector3D(m_PositionNameID, m_Position + m_Owner->GetPosition());
		m_Material.SetParamVector3D(m_DirectionNameID, m_Direction);
		m_Material.SetParamFloat(m_CutOffNameID, static_cast<float>(Cos(m_CutOff)));
		m_Material.SetParamFloat(m_CutOffOutNameID, static_cast<float>(Cos(m_CutOffOut)));
	}

	void SpotLightComponent::RenderShadowMap(DeferredRenderer* renderer) {}

	void SpotLightComponent::SetParams()
	{
		m_Material.SetParamVector3D(m_ColorNameID, m_Color);
		m_Material.SetParamFloat(m_IntensityNameID, m_Intensity);
		m_Material.SetParamFloat(m_RadiusNameID, m_Radius);
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
I 13 Table of Contents 15 118
The Foreign Service Journal, December 2006
were sown in 1974 when, convinced of the entrepreneurial spirit of the poor, Yunus began lending small amounts of money to men and women in rural Bangladesh without requiring collater- al. Since then, the bank has grown to serve over 70,000 villages and three million clients who use the loans to set-up small businesses. Grameen Bank uses innovative methods to make microloans effec- tive. To ensure high recovery rates — currently at 95 percent — members are assigned to groups of five that are collectively responsible for loan repayment, a measure that applies social pressure and incentives. Having discovered early on that men are less productive and more likely to default on loans, the Bank caters pri- marily to women, who comprise 97 percent of Grameen clients. Because borrowers are the principal owners — clients own 94 percent of the bank and the government the rest — Grameen Bank is a predominantly female-owned institution, highly un- usual in a traditionally male-dominat- ed society ( www.grameen-info. org/bank/index.html ). But Grameen Bank is not just a financial institution. It has given birth to several spin-off organizations dedi- cated to promoting development in rural areas, such as an energy pro- gram, a phone company and an Inter- net service, among many other enter- prises ( www.grameen-info.org/ gfamily.html ). Last month, in col- laboration with French dairy giant Danone, Grameen opened a food plant aimed at providing nutritious products for the poor. In recent years, hundreds of microcredit institutions have been established to engage poor popula- tions all over the world. The United Nations' Economic and Social Coun- cil named 2005 the Internation- al Year of Microcredit ( www.yearof microcredit.org/ ). In November, 2,000 delegates from 100 countries attended the Global Microcredit Sum- mit in Halifax, Canada. They endor- sed two main goals: to ensure that 175 million of the world's poorest families, especially the women of those fami- lies, are receiving credit for self- employment and other financial and business services; and that 100 million of the world's poorest families move from below $1 a day to above $1 a day by the end of 2015 ( www.globalmi crocreditsummit2006.org ) . However, as many experts hasten to point out, microcredit is no panacea. These development practi- tioners fear that the hope of microcre- dit is turning to hype as proponents embrace unrealistic expectations of its developmental effects. "It helps with cash flow smoothing, and can also boost the confidence of women," states Thomas Dichter in a critical look at the microcredit movement. "These are good things, but they are considerably less than the serious long-term economic changes that are claimed for the movement. They are not the same as credit used for pro- ductivity, job creation and enterprise growth in an increasingly competitive and global economy" ( http://micro financgateway.org/content/arti cle/detail/31747 ). Bangladesh is a case in point: the birthplace of the model microcredit institution remains a Least Developed Country. Microfinance has a vital role to play, but not as a substitute for much-needed political and economic reforms. — Lamiya Rahman, Editorial Intern Afghanistan at A Turning Point? A sharply rising tide of violence in Afghanistan, as the southern insur- gency gathers momentum, and the 14 F O R E I G N S E R V I C E J O U R N A L / D E C E M B E R 2 0 0 6 C Y B E R N O T E S


text:
Florian è un LP del complesso musicale italiano Le Orme registrato nel 1979. Il complesso aveva dietro di sé una pausa biennale iniziata a partire dall'anno dell'ultimo album. Questo lasso di tempo fu usato dai componenti per approfondire le proprie conoscenze nel campo degli strumenti acustici.

Il disco
Con grande sorpresa degli ammiratori, le Orme proposero un disco in cui esibivano le loro capacità grazie a strumenti quali il violino, il violoncello, il clavicembalo o il vibrafono. In pratica, non si trattava più di musica pop nel senso proprio della parola, ma di una via di mezzo tra il folk e la musica da camera. Diversi fans rimasero scioccati dalla scelta, mentre molti altri invece la trovarono semplicemente geniale. Nella copertina interna del disco, le Orme vengono ritratte nel nuovissimo ruolo di orchestrina davanti al Caffè Florian in Piazza San Marco.

L'idea di un cambiamento talmente radicale venne da Tony Pagliuca. Alla base della scelta c'era il calo di gradimento, da parte del mercato, del progressive rock. Fu questo un fenomeno vissuto con sofferenza dalle Orme, secondo le quali si sarebbe trattato di un triste fenomeno di commercializzazione, destinato a fare annegare il paesaggio musicale italiano in un mare di marcette da pochi soldi. Questa amarezza di fondo si tradusse quindi in protesta musicale: gli strumenti elettrici ed elettronici vennero semplicemente messi da parte. Il testo del singolo estratto, Fine di un viaggio, descrive questa presa di posizione: la figura di Mr. Tambourine Man, protagonista della famosa canzone di Bob Dylan, diventa qui il simbolo di una musica pop in procinto di perdersi alla deriva.

Il tono di protesta e critica sociale emerge anche nelle tematiche di altri brani: la prima canzone dell'album, Jaffa, lamenta la distruzione (dovuta a scopi economici) di frutta mediterranea come ad esempio le arance. Non di rado si ritrovano nei testi dei riferimenti alla mitologia ed alla Bibbia.

Benché abbia avuto un successo inferiore a quello dei due album precedenti, Florian ha anticipato con gran precisione alcuni aspetti del paesaggio discografico italiano dell'epoca: di lì a poco, anche Franco Battiato avrebbe fatto un discorso riferito al Mister Tambourine Man nel pezzo Bandiera bianca, parlando di immondizie musicali (vedi album La voce del padrone, 1981).
Anche la scelta di Gian Piero Reverberi di formare, proprio in quell'anno, un ensemble di musica classicheggiante (Rondò Veneziano) segue la scelta stilistica del gruppo. A distanza di decenni, la decisione di un cambiamento stilistico tutto sommato brusco viene tuttora ricordata con un certo orgoglio da parte di Pagliuca, mentre Michi Dei Rossi ne prende decisamente le distanze.

Per la prima volta dall'inizio della loro carriera, il nome del gruppo compare in copertina senza articolo: Orme.

Brani
  Florian - 6:48
  Jaffa  - 3:08
  Il mago - 3:06
  Pietro il pescatore - 3:29
  Calipso - 3:50
  Fine di un viaggio  - 4:56
  El gran senser - 7:03

Testi e musiche di Pagliuca e Tagliapietra.

Formazione
 Aldo Tagliapietra – voce, violoncello, chitarra
 Tony Pagliuca – pianoforte, clavicembalo, harmonium
 Michi Dei Rossi – vibrafono, percussioni, glockenspiel, marimba
 Germano Serafin - violino, chitarra acustica, bouzouki, mandola

Singoli
 Fine di un viaggio/Il mago, Philips

Note

Collegamenti esterni


text:
Q: apply bootstrap grid to RadioButtonList's ListItem I want to apply bootstrap grid to the RadioButtonList's ListItem:
 Col-md-12
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
|  Col-md-2      Col-md-2      Col-md-2      Col-md-2     Col-md-2  |
| +--------+    +--------+    +--------+    +--------+   +--------+ |
| | O rb1  |    | O rb2  |    | O rb3  |    | O rb4  |   | O rb5  | |
| +--------+    +--------+    +--------+    +--------+   +--------+ |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+

My RadioButtonList is:

    <asp:RadioButtonList ID="rblCleanliness" RepeatDirection="Horizontal" runat="server">
        <asp:ListItem Value="1">rb1</asp:ListItem>
        <asp:ListItem Value="2">rb2</asp:ListItem>
        <asp:ListItem Value="3">rb3</asp:ListItem>
        <asp:ListItem Value="4">rb4</asp:ListItem>
        <asp:ListItem Value="5">rb5</asp:ListItem>
    </asp:RadioButtonList>

How I can apply col-md-2 to the each ListItem of RadioButtonList?

    <asp:ListItem Value="1">rb1</asp:ListItem>

Updated:
The results that I'm looking for:

A: use CSS to display them flex:
#rblCleanliness{
    background-color:green;
    border:  solid 2px black;
    height: 400px;
    width:400px;
    display: flex;
}
.col-md-12{
    width: 1000px;
    height: 400px;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: row;
    justify-content: center;
}

.box{
    border:dashed 2px black;
    display: flex;
    flex-grow: 1;
}

and your html should have class like

    <asp:RadioButtonList ID="rblCleanliness" RepeatDirection="Horizontal" runat="server">
        <asp:ListItem Value="1" class="box 1">rb1</asp:ListItem>
        <asp:ListItem Value="2" class="box 2">rb2</asp:ListItem>
        <asp:ListItem Value="3" class="box 3">rb3</asp:ListItem>
        <asp:ListItem Value="4" class="box 4">rb4</asp:ListItem>
        <asp:ListItem Value="5" class="box 5">rb5</asp:ListItem>
    </asp:RadioButtonList>

and for bootstrap version will
#rblCleanliness{
    background-color:white;
    border:  solid 2px black;
    height: 400px;
    width:400px;
    display:flex;
    justify-content: space-around;

}

.col-md-12{
    width: 1000px;
    height: 400px;

}

.box{
    border:dashed 2px black;
}

And Bootstrap html will be :
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap.min.css" integrity="sha384-BVYiiSIFeK1dGmJRAkycuHAHRg32OmUcww7on3RYdg4Va+PmSTsz/K68vbdEjh4u" crossorigin="anonymous">

    <asp:RadioButtonList ID="rblCleanliness" RepeatDirection="Horizontal" runat="server">
        <asp:ListItem Value="1" class="box col-md-2 1">rb1</asp:ListItem>
        <asp:ListItem Value="2" class="box col-md-2 2">rb2</asp:ListItem>
        <asp:ListItem Value="3" class="box col-md-2 3">rb3</asp:ListItem>
        <asp:ListItem Value="4" class="box col-md-2 4">rb4</asp:ListItem>
        <asp:ListItem Value="5" class="box col-md-2 5">rb5</asp:ListItem>
    </asp:RadioButtonList>

A: I have used Col-md-12 and Col-md-2 as like this:
<asp:RadioButtonList ID="rblCleanliness" CssClass="col-md-12"
    RepeatDirection="Horizontal" runat="server">
    <asp:ListItem class="col-md-2 text-center" Value=""> </asp:ListItem>
    <asp:ListItem class="col-md-2 text-center" Value=""> </asp:ListItem>
    <asp:ListItem class="col-md-2 text-center" Value=""> </asp:ListItem>
    <asp:ListItem class="col-md-2 text-center" Value=""> </asp:ListItem>
    <asp:ListItem class="col-md-2 text-center" Value=""> </asp:ListItem>
</asp:RadioButtonList>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Redoing my blogpost about Hudson's party... in case you were wondering the status on that. 🙄 technology is against me.
Went to the waterpark with Lolli and these little boys today. Worked at this waterpark for six years of my young adult life. Had some amazing times here, worked SO MANY HOURS every summer serving others and putting my heart into it. Missing out on summers with my family, summer holidays, & vacations. On days I felt burnt out and tired and weary of serving I would visualize my "one day" and I would think about "one day" when I'm a mom staying home with my babies I'll come here and be on the other side of it all. Some days that thought kept me going....and here we are today. My first time taking my two boys to swim during the hours of operation at the waterpark, with all the other moms. I would say living my "one day" is something so special and kinda surreal. As silly as it sounds, today was a big one. Trying to appreciate the fact that today, I literally lived a dream I once had. So blessed, so thankful.
Ready for some Friday adventures with this stud.
Today started off rough...nothing a little afternoon pool party can't fix.
Lately I've really struggled with feeling inadequate. Feeling like I tirelessly serve my family but for some reason that isn't enough. Feeling like I need to be pursuing more, doing more, having a super successful business from home, doing more activities with the kids, the list goes on. Most days I really struggle with the burden of those thoughts. Wishing I could do more, but feeling maxed out, focusing on our children and trying hard to make them (and house upkeep) the priority. The world of comparison has a much larger scope than it did in our mother's day. Seeing all the things all the other mothers are accomplishing all over the world through our little phone screens. It's hard, it's hard not to compare yourself to what everyone else is accomplishing and feeling like you don't measure up. I think it's easy to miss out on seeing your most important purpose, when you are looking through the lens of comparison. God gifted us each with special and specific abilities. My abilities aren't the same as anyone else's, and yours aren't the same as mine, but that doesn't mean we aren't fully equipped to serve and complete our purpose. It doesn't mean we aren't worthy, or enough. I feel like I'm called to stay home and raise children right now. For me, that's focusing most my energy on them day to day. It doesn't leave much room to pursue other things right now, and that's okay. It's taken me quite some time to realize THAT'S OKAY. I'm trying to learn to rest and settle into this season of life with gladness of heart. Some days it's really hard, some days it's joyful, some days it's mundane. Just know, you are enough, mama. If you struggle with feeling inadequate, God sees and you are ENOUGH. Taking a breath today, and trusting the Lord that I'm where I need to be.
Been playing hard all morning. Currently sunny and hot but we see a texas thunderstorm rolling in⛈getting everyone down for a nap while we listen to the thunder roll. My favorite kinda afternoon. Iced coffee for a mama nap time reward, next.
Take me back to the 50's. Fun fact about me, "I Love Lucy" is my all time favorite show. I own every season and have watched them all from start to finish at least 8 times each. Everything about those days makes me happy. So here I am pretending, in a much shorter skirt. Happy start of the week & I hope your Monday isn't very, "Monday" at all.


Discussion in 'Miscellaneous' started by rhubarbodendron, Nov 26, 2013.
From now until the 14th the highs are going to be close to 80 degrees here on the West coast of Florida.
Mild, dusky and humid but mild!
I was woken up during the early hours by the sound of rain. It seems that we received 25mm in the last few hours which is at least 5 x the amount we have had between Christmas and yesterday. I hope that this rain fell far enough south to help put out the fires. Nearly 200,000 hectares have burned in the last few weeks.
We have the opposite problem--it's a giant farm/marshland area that's flat as a pancake and has been covered in concrete. It's incredibly humid. We get about 50 inches (127 cm) of rain a year, on average. Flooding is a constant concern. BUT, Texas being what it is, if you drive 3 hours west, they've been in drought for about 10 years and worry about fires all the time.
It's about 80 F today--very cloudy but very warm.
Clear and sunny but really cold.
We got flooding in May last year when three months worth of rain fell in one night. However this sort of flooding in Hobart comes from flooding rivulets not from the river Derwent so it is localised flash flooding.
Texas weather: yesterday was 80 F; tonight should get down to 39 F.
I'd rather have tonight's weather than yesterday's.
Better batten down the hatches.
Here it is cold, wet and windy. My thumbs went numb in the brief exposure while dropping the kids at school. Nothing a hot coffee by the heater can't fix.
It's 41 F with strong winds, making it feel like 35 F. I can't say I approve of this development.
We had freezing rain yesterday, coupled with strong wind at night. Today everything was so slippery. We've had trouble getting up our own driveway.
ETA: lots of fence panels, bins, and bits of tree strewn across the roads.


regular feature of your summer table.
1. Peel and halve the red onion and cut into very fine half-moons and put in a small bowl to steep with the lime juice, to bring out the transparent pickness in the onions and diminish their rasp. Two limes' worth should do it, but you can find the fruits disappointingly dried up and barren when you cut them in half, in which case add more.
2. Remove the rind and pips from the watermelon, and cut into approximately 4cm triangular chunks, if that makes sense (maths are not my strong point).
3. Cut the feta into similar sized pieces and put them both into a large, wide shallow bowl.
4. Tear off sprigs of parsley so that it is used like a salad leaf, rather than a garnish, and add to the bowl along with the chopped mint.
5. Tip the now glowingly puce onions, along with their pink juices over the salad in the bowl, add the oil and olives, then using your hands toss the salad very gently so that the feta and melon don't lose their shape. Add a good grinding of black pepper and taste to see whether the dressing needs more lime. Hava Negila! The taste of Tel Aviv Sunshine!