text:
We Can Help! Call Us Today
Chicago 312-702-1745
Skokie & Libertyville 847-616-2425
Child And Spousal Support
Family Law With A Personal Touch In The Chicago Area Since 1978
» FAQ About Illinois Family Law Changes
Changes To Illinois Family Law May Affect Your Case
Since January 2016, the landscape of family law in Illinois has looked much different. Senate Bill 57, which was passed in early 2015, overhauled the state's longstanding Illinois Marriage and Dissolution of Marriage Act (IMDMA), which governs divorce, child custody, child support, alimony and property valuations.
The IMDMA had been in effect since 1977 and has remained substantially untouched for the past 40 years. Everything changed last year when professionals in the field convinced legislators that the act was not doing enough to help it achieve its overall goal of minimizing discord between divorcing individuals and protecting their children from harm.
The family law attorneys at The Law Offices of Van A. Schwab in Chicago are ready to review the facts of your case and answer any questions you have. Call or email us to schedule a consultation.
The following should answer your questions about the major changes to family law in Illinois.
Fault-Based Divorce Eliminated In Illinois
Qualifying for divorce used to involve providing the court with adequate grounds for dissolving the union. Divorce grounds formerly included bigamy, adultery, impotence, conviction of a felony, attempted murder, abandonment, extreme emotional or physical cruelty.
Changes In How Marital Property Is Determined In Property Division
The first step in property division is a determination of which assets are a part of the marital estate and which are nonmarital. Proceeds of an inheritance, for example, are considered nonmarital as long as they have not been commingled with marital funds.
The change in the law concerns the point at which property is no longer marital. Previously, unless a couple was legally separated, their income and other acquisitions remained marital property until the divorce was complete. Under the new law, the marital estate is cut off at the date that the petition for divorce is filed.
Changes In How Property Is Valued
Property valuation can significantly impact each party in a divorce. Fluctuating values of real estates and other assets can make a determination of what is really equitable difficult. With the changing law, the value of the properties and other assets in a divorce will utilize the fair market value standard. The value of assets will be determined either on the date of trial or when the parties agree. Experts may be employed with the court's approval, and costs will be shared between the parties.
Goodbye To Child Custody And Visitation
The terms joint custody and visitation will be a thing of the past in 2016. In an effort to make sure neither parent feels like they are losing control, legal custody will now reference decision-making responsibilities, such as education, health, religion and extracurricular activities. These can be broken up and distributed to one or both parents as the courts see fit.
Physical custody and visitation will now be referred to as parenting time. This will be determined by weighing 15 best-interest standards.
A Changing Relocation Landscape
Parents used to be able to move freely within the state without court approval, even if that meant moving from Chicago to the southern tip of the state, whereas moving across state lines to a city like Gary, Indiana, would have been out of the question without court approval.
The law changes in 2016 will enable parents who live outside of Cook County to move 50 miles without court permission. Those who live in Cook County will only be able to move 25 miles without obtaining prior court approval.
Low-Cost Joint Divorce Income Caps Raised
More individuals who need a low-cost joint divorce will be able to get one in 2016. The income caps for parties eligible for low-cost income divorce were raised from $35,000 to $60,000.
What Has Not Changed?
While Senate Bill 57 brought about many changes to Illinois' family laws, some aspects of divorce did not change. Child support is still calculated based on a percentage of the income of the obligor parent. Several years ago, the Child Support Advisory Committee in Illinois recommended the state change the support model to an income shares model. The income shares model is a more equitable approach to child support. Both parents share the cost of raising the child with room for adjustment based on large disparities in income and other factors.
Do You Have More Questions About Changes To Illinois Family Laws?
If you have additional questions about how the changes to the Illinois Marriage and Dissolution of Marriage Act will affect you, talk to a lawyer at The Law Offices of Van A. Schwab in Chicago. Call directly at 312-702-1745 or reach the firm using our online form.
Contested Divorce Vs Uncontested Divorce
Divorce Estate Planning
FAQ About Illinois Family Law Changes
FAQs About Illinois Divorce
Child Spousal Support
High Income Child Support And Spousal Support
Child Custody Modifications
Child Representative Guardian Ad Litem
Pets And Divorce
Paternity Bringing Defending
We're Ready To Resolve
Your Family Law Matter
The Law Offices of Van A. Schwab
134 N. LaSalle St., Suite 1820
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1641 North Milwaukee Avenue, Building 12
© 2021 The Law Offices of Van A. Schwab. All Rights Reserved.


when i hit the keys to stretch a clip a dialogbox appears am i doing something wrong?
Too little info! Which keys? What does the dialogbox say?
Do you think we're all standing behind your back and know what & how you're doing???
Jeez Antic, the guy has 32 posts. Give him time to scout the lay of the land.
yeesh, take a xanax, bro.
for your information i'm 61. my mouse was defective and the problem became moot. that is why i didn't post. and no, i don't think this is a private help line. it does seem to be a forum of helpful like minded people who love making music.
hey, no worries! that's not how people usually are treated on here. it's a discussion forum first—where people help out when needed, if they can. it is *not* strictly a help forum. there are no strict rules for what to post (aside from the usual "don't be rude/offensive" kind of thing).
don't let whatever that little outburst was about sour you on the site. there's a lot of good discussion to be had.
thank you. it takes a lot more than that to offend, or stop me from asking questions. you are very kind again, thank you!
No, it's me. I'm acting inappropriately.
It's a bit of a snitfit, isn't it?
'57/'58 is a good vintage, so trust there's nothing wrong with having a defective pointer when you get to our age.
This post has had the bejesus edited out of it. WTF?
Just shut it down. I'm embarrassed as a ReasonTalker.
I'm betting thread. The embarrassment of hacking out parts of the thread is usually caused by posts being responded to no longer being in any context.
If you were found apparently talking to yourself in a public place it may cause you to be embarrased, no?
A warning or the banhammer directed at the poster dicking about would have likely been more effective, or at least an edit to say this garbage post has been blanked out by the mods.
Not speaking on Motu's behalf, just my view on this issue.
hey all, I was the one moderating this thread in a rush.
I agree that context is sometimes lost when offending posts get removed, and posts that had the offending posts quoted.
Imo the thread is better now than before though.
again, guys thank you for your help and kind attitudes!
Hey, jappe it's a thankless job moderating a forum, you made a judgement call, and you ain't the villain here.
No sweat, you did what you thought was right.
Last edited by Ostermilk on 17 Mar 2019, edited 1 time in total.
I did come down pretty hard. Sometimes it's better to just remove yourself from the whole discussion.
And thank you all concerned for defusing the thread.


If you need a visa to attend ACL 2017, fill out this form to request an invitation letter required for your visa interview.
IMPORTANT: If your letter request requires additional information not included on the request form (e.g., if you are the organizer of a workshop, or an invited speaker, or if you need the visa for your spouse, etc.), please email Priscilla Rasmussen (acl@aclweb.org) this additional information AFTER filling out the form.
Your visa letter will be e-mailed to this address.
If you selected "Workshop" or "Tutorial" in the previous question, enter the name of the specific workshop or tutorial here.


text:
May 03 2018 May 3, 2018 May 3, 2018 1Comment	by Administrator
Sri Lanka's China-backed Port City sees up to $4 billion investment interest
A Chinese-backed real estate project near Sri Lanka's main port is in discussion with investors for up to $4 billion in investments in its first phase, the developer said on Wednesday.
Work on the $1.4 billion Port City project by China Communication Construction Company (CCCC) (601800.SS) started in 2016 as part of Beijing's ambitious plans to create a modern-day "Silk Road" linking Asia to the Middle East and Europe.
The project is expected to attract $13 billion in investment over next 20 years.
Liang Thow Ming, chief sales and marketing officer of CHEC Port City Colombo (Pvt) Ltd, the local company that handles the project for CCCC, said 80 percent of the 269-hectare (665-acre) site had been reclaimed from the sea.
"We are on schedule to complete the reclamation and marine works by the second half of next year," he told Reuters in an interview, adding that roads, parks, and other infrastructure will be completed by 2020.
"There is a healthy level of interest. We are talking about for hospitality, commercial offices, retail space, and residential. We have seen investors from Southeast Asia, India, the Middle East, China and Japan."
He declined to identify specific investors, but said the Port City would see $3-4 billion investment "if everything comes true".
"We are looking for partners with international image on the project. There is a healthy demand at the moment."
The Sri Lankan government has said a consortium led by state-run China Harbour Engineering Company Ltd will invest $1 billion to build three, 60-storey office towers on reclaimed land at Port City, while CCCC is expected to invest $800 million to build an underground road network.,
Sri Lanka has been preparing legislation with tax incentives to lure investment to the Port City, which includes housing, marinas, health facilities and schools.
CHEC Port City Colombo (Pvt) Ltd aims to deliver the first site for construction by the end of 2018.
1 Response to Sri Lanka's China-backed Port City sees up to $4 billion investment interest
Ranjith says:
China will take much more than it gives.
Home » Sri Lanka's China-backed Port City sees up to $4 billion investment interest

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Hayes, Florence. "Albert David Jordan". The Canadian Encyclopedia, 16 December 2013, Historica Canada. https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/albert-david-jordan-emc. Accessed 18 January 2020.
Hayes, F., Albert David Jordan (2013). In The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/albert-david-jordan-emc
Hayes, Florence, "Albert David Jordan". In The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Article published July 04, 2007; Last Edited December 16, 2013. https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/albert-david-jordan-emc
Hayes, Florence. The Canadian Encyclopedia, s.v. "Albert David Jordan", Last Edited December 16, 2013, https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/albert-david-jordan-emc
Albert David Jordan
Article by Florence Hayes
Published Online July 4, 2007
Albert David Jordan. Organist, conductor, administrator, b Seaforth, near Stratford, Ont, 28 Jul 1877, d Magnetawan, northeast of Parry Sound, Ont, 7 Sep 1932. He was the brother of Henri Kew Jordan and a pupil of F.H. Torrington at the Toronto College of Music.
Jordan, Albert David
Albert David Jordan. Organist, conductor, administrator, b Seaforth, near Stratford, Ont, 28 Jul 1877, d Magnetawan, northeast of Parry Sound, Ont, 7 Sep 1932. He was the brother of Henri Kew Jordan and a pupil of F.H. Torrington at the Toronto College of Music. He was organist in the 1890s at St Clement's Anglican Church and a guest performer at several other Toronto churches and then moved to Brantford, where he served 1897-1902 as organist-choirmaster at Brant Ave Methodist Church. He founded (1902) and directed the Brantford Male Choir. He went to London, Ont, and was organist-choirmaster 1903-24 at the First Methodist Church and a teacher 1903-19 at the London Conservatory. He also conducted various choirs, including the London Oratorio Society ca 1905, and gave organ recitals at his church and throughout southern Ontario. He represented Canada at the Pan-American Exposition (1901) in Buffalo and the Pacific Panama Exposition (1915) in San Francisco and gave solo recitals in Pittsburgh and New York. In 1916 Jordan initiated the London Musical Art Society, which engaged and presented well-known artists and orchestras. He founded in 1919, and until his death directed, the London Institute of Musical Art. Commuting to Toronto, he was organist-choirmaster 1925-32 at Timothy Eaton Memorial Church and in 1931 founded the Toronto Chamber Music Society.
Adélard-Joseph Boucher
Albert Ham
Bernard Naylor


After uproar from his latest comedy special, Cannon announces he's leaving the talent series after eight seasons.
After hosting eight seasons of "America's Got Talent," a disheartened Nick Cannon has announced he is leaving the popular NBC series, due to recent backlash to another one of his entertainment endeavors. Cannon's comedy special "Stand Up, Don't Shoot" aired on Showtime this past Friday, and it features Cannon commenting on racial disparities through his comedy. Per Cannon, NBC didn't find much to laugh about, to the point that Cannon began to hear rumors that he was going to be fired from his "Talent" post.
Interested in hearing what was exactly said? Check out the trailer for "Stand Up, Don't Shoot" which is currently available on Showtime.


Agriturismo San Lorenzo in Campo - Farmhouse and agritourism in San Lorenzo in Campo!
With spa, whirlpool, colour therapy, pool and Conero views, 18 hectare estate with a farmhouse from the 1600s once a convent, producing organic Mignola oil with typical cuisine.
Spending your vacation in an Agriturismo in San Lorenzo in Campo means visiting an infinite landscaped, historical and artistic legacy with vast tourist resources.
Agriturismo.it has chosen 1 agritourisms in San Lorenzo in Campo that guarantee a vacation close to nature with the utmost satisfaction and comfort.
San Lorenzo in Campo: a vacation in contact with nature that does not give up any comforts, in accommodations made even more welcoming due to the possibility of relaxing in the pool or wellness centre, the numerous sports and cultural activities and the gastronomic specialities to taste at festivals and in restaurants. All elements are in place for an unforgettable vacation.


We're From the Government…and We're Here to Help.
Those have GOT to be the nine scariest words in the English language. I don't know about you, but the less the government helps me, the happier I am. Why? because all that "free help" is never free. There's a huge difference between "freedom" and "free." With "Freedom," I'm free to succeed – or fail. I'm free to decide what's best for me. And I'm free to make smart choices or dumb ones. But the government is about to change all that. Welcome to the world Aldous Huxley envisioned in 1984 – only just shy of 30 years late. [Read more…] about We're From the Government…and We're Here to Help.
Is motherhood a "real job"?
After the dust-up from the Sunday, talking-heads news shows about Ann Romney, where Obamanista Hillary Rosen declared that Ann Romney was unfit to comment as a spokesperson for American women because "she never had a real job," it would seem that the Right and the Left are falling into two camps: those that think that Motherhood IS a real job, and worthy of the same "real" status as any other, and those that feel as though you can't be "fulfilled" or a "real woman" unless you have a day job in addition to raising kids. And Rosen's statement seems to have lit a fuse on a powder keg. So that leaves the question hanging out there – is motherhood a real job? [Read more…] about Is motherhood a "real job"?
The 'Coz' Lets Me Down, Once Again.
I've long been a fan of Bill Cosby. I don't know if you've noticed, but he's black, and I'm white. Funny, that – when someone is talented and funny, race makes no difference. I grew up in a household where our mindset was Talent Über Alles. And make no mistake, Bill Cosby is a talented guy. He's also someone who's 'made it,' in a time where there was a glass ceiling on TV and in the movies for black men. No matter. He's so good that glass ceilings proved no match for him. (Even a mega-turkey like Leonard Number 6 couldn't sink his career.) But Cosby the Comic, Cosby the Actor, Cosby the Pitchman – they are all to be admired. But what of Cosby the man himself? Like most of the rest of us, he has feet of clay. But for the most part, I've really admired him. But this week, he put a rather large ding in his coat of shining armor, at least as far as I'm concerned. He seems to think the Trayvon Martin incident happened because of our "gun culture." Sorry Coz. You're wrong. [Read more…] about The 'Coz' Lets Me Down, Once Again.
At left is a 2005 booking photo of George Zimmerman. provided by the Orange County Jail via The Miami Herald, and at right is an undated but recent photo of Zimmerman taken from the Orlando Sentinel's website.
If you thought things were getting ugly in Florida over the Trayvon Martin shooting already, think again. CNN reports that special prosecutor Angela Corey has decided NOT to send the Zimmerman case to a Grand Jury. For those of you who fell asleep in civics class, a quick review: When someone is suspected of a crime, the police turn the evidence over to the District Attorney's office. In cases where there's a preponderance of evidence, they can file charges, or they can send the case to a Grand Jury for them to decide. The Grand Jury then reviews the evidence to see if they believe there's enough to charge the suspect with a crime and bind them over for trial. In high-profile cases, or in situations where the local authorities are suspected of favoring one side over another, the case may get kicked upstairs to a special prosecutor, who takes a presumably unbiased look at the evidence to determine if the case merits prosecution. If the prosecutor decides that the evidence would not lead to a conviction, they drop it. And that's usually the end of the story, unless new witnesses, evidence, or other details emerge. Only in this case, I really doubt this will be the end of it. Technically, a special prosecutor can file charges without a Grand Jury. And Corey says "the investigation is continuing." This can mean but two things: either she already knows if they should/will prosecute, and she's willing to take responsibility for that decision on her own, without empaneling a Grand Jury. Good for her. [Read more…] about Now, It Gets Ugly.


text:
Q: SPD Workflow. Skip step if item already exists I have a workflow which, when a document is uploaded into a library called "Drop box", an Item is created in another list (called Jobs Directory) using the field "Job Name" which is specified on the initial upload of the document. This works fine.
However, there may be more than one document uploaded for each job. We only want one list entry per job, so the idea is that the workflow only creates a list item on the first upload, then ignores this step if an item with the same Job name already exists.
Is there a way to manage this in Sharepoint Designer 2010?
FYI, the Job Name field in the Jobs Directory list requires unique values so currently the workflow fails at this stage and does not continue...
Thanks in advance

A: I think this article might be of help for you:
http://markeev.com/Articles/item-expiration-reminders-in-sharepoint-using-workflow.aspx
Try to set a (hidden) column "previous Job Name" and set it as in the given link.
Then try running in parallels:
Step 1: If current_item:Job Name != previous Job Name: do this
Step 2: If current_item:Job Name == previous Job Name: skip
I hope this is somewhat clear for I have little Time at the moment.
Best regards,
Dom

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The extremely detailed 3D model of the Watanabe RS wheel. The wheel was modeled with extreme attention to detail and the desire to make it as close as possible to the actual wheel without making compromises.
Contact me at any time with any questions or concerns that may arise.
Thank you for choosing my model!


text:
Due to the specific terrain of Divicbare area, with mild slopes leading to its peaks, it has a favorable, temperate climate.
The research of the climate of Divcibare plateau began in 1929. On the basis of observations conducted over a longer period of time it was established that it has a favorable average year temperature, with autumn average above the spring average temperature which confirms its favorable climatic conditions.
The average precipitation is around 924mm. February and September are the driest months with the level of precipitation of only 41mm to 51mm. The average number of precipitation days is 126.3.
There are 289 days/year without wind, and the average wind speed is 4.4m/sec. The annual average of 55% of cloudiness also indicates a lot of sunshine. Due to its favorable climate and following the conclusion of The Serbian Climate Institute-Balneo from 1953, Divicibare locality can be used in therapeutic purposes.
According to the conclusion of this Institute Divcibare can be used for treatments of the following conditions:
Lung disorders
Conditions with neurovegetative disorders (neurocirculatory asthenia, hyperthyroidism)
General disorders: asthenia, low body weight, Hypo chromic anemia
Dermatoses treated with heliotherapy


Doors will open to Timmons no earlier than 5:45PM on Friday September 21, 2018.
The movie, Ferdinand, will take place in the gymnasium with full use of our bleachers as well as limited space on the floor to lay a blanket. The movie will begin at 6:45PM. We ask that all students remain with their families.
Food Trucks will still be available on our bus loop for families wishing to grab a bite to eat. We will make tables available in our multi purpose room. Food will be available beginning at 6:00.
The Bomber Hangar will be present in our school lobby for the purchase of spirit wear.
Though the magic of experiencing a movie under the stars may not be possible Friday evening, the real magic is within the time spent with family!


text:
/* ###
 * IP: GHIDRA
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
package ghidra.app.util.xml;

import ghidra.program.model.data.*;
import ghidra.util.data.DataTypeParser;
import ghidra.util.data.DataTypeParser.AllowedDataTypes;
import ghidra.util.exception.CancelledException;

/**
 * DtParser
 */
class DtParser {

	private DataTypeManager dtManager;
	private DataTypeParser parser;

	DtParser(DataTypeManager dtManager) {
		this.dtManager = dtManager;
		this.parser = new DataTypeParser(dtManager, dtManager, null, AllowedDataTypes.DYNAMIC);
	}

	/**
	 * Parse the specified dtName within the specified category.
	 * @param dtName
	 * @param category
	 * @param size optional data-type size, or -1 for unspecified
	 * @return data-type if found, or null if not found
	 */
	DataType parseDataType(String dtName, CategoryPath category, int size) {
		DataType dt;
		try {
			dt = parser.parse(dtName, category);
		}
		catch (InvalidDataTypeException | CancelledException e) {
			return null;
		}
		if (size > 0 && size != dt.getLength()) {
			dt = adjustPointerDataTypes(size, dt);
		}
		return dt;
	}

	/**
	 * Adjust pointer data-types based upon specified size which may not be
	 * factored into pointer specification (e.g., void *32).
	 * @param size
	 * @param dt
	 * @return adjusted data-type
	 */
	private DataType adjustPointerDataTypes(int size, DataType dt) {
		if (dt instanceof Pointer) {
			Pointer p = (Pointer) dt;
			dt = new PointerDataType(p.getDataType(), size, dtManager);
		}
		else if (dt instanceof Array && ((Array) dt).getDataType() instanceof Pointer) {
// TODO: does not handle multi-dimensional pointer arrays
			Array array = (Array) dt;
			DataType pointerDt = ((Pointer) array.getDataType()).getDataType();
			int pointerSize = size / array.getNumElements();
			DataType pointer = new PointerDataType(pointerDt, pointerSize, dtManager);
			dt = new ArrayDataType(pointer, array.getNumElements(), pointerSize, dtManager);
		}
		return dt;
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Commentary: Leveling the transmission playing field
Written By guest contributor September 18, 2013
Allison Clements is a senior attorney for the Natural Resources Defense Council.
As the Senate considers confirming Ron Binz as the next chair of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), rhetoric is heating up and putting the independent regulatory agency in a place it is uncharacteristically but increasingly finding itself these days – the spotlight.
In recent weeks, a few special interests have attempted to paint Binz, and FERC itself, as ploys in furthering the president's "anti-coal" agenda. But the anti-coal charge doesn't work when you think through the (still relatively unknown) role that FERC actually plays in energy regulation.
What is it FERC does, exactly?
FERC has several different jobs, none of which allow for favoring particular types of power generation over others. In addition to its authority over gas pipeline permitting and hydroelectric facility licensing, the Commission is charged with ensuring transmission grid reliability, protecting consumers from unreasonable costs, and creating a level playing field for all types of resources that provide transmission or generation services. Richard Caperton at Center for American Progress recently described some of these roles in a great blog post.
Ensuring the reliability of the nation's electric grid, while protecting consumers and competition, is no small task. The states and other entities contribute, but it's FERC that is ultimately responsible for making sure our backbone transmission system keeps working, through hurricanes and floods and other disasters, so that your lights turn on when you flip the switch. The sheer magnitude of this obligation, along with its technical subject matter, helps explain why FERC operates in a strong bipartisan tradition of practical problem-solving (the agency is led by five commissioners – three from the president's party and two from the other party).
Consumer preferences, state renewable energy and energy efficiency policies, and straight economics are driving a rapidly evolving generation mix, including more wind and solar power and other renewable energy, together with energy savings opportunities – energy efficiency (permanent reductions in electricity demand through more efficient appliances, windows, insulation, etc.), demand response (voluntary customer reductions in electricity use during peak, or other, periods). Newer technologies, such as flywheel and advanced battery storage and high-tech transmission lines, also are becoming commercially available solutions to meet grid reliability needs.
FERC's obligation with regard to all of these resources is to make sure that no unfair barriers to entry exist. What FERC cannot do, what it is prohibited by law from doing, is to design rules that discriminate in favor any of these resources over conventional fossil fuel generation, or vice versa.
Can't choose winners or losers
FERC is prohibited by law from picking winners and losers. But in light of our quickly changing generation mix, the problem ends up being that FERC's rules, developed over the last 75 years, by default are designed to facilitate fossil fuel generation. When FERC acts to provide grid access for renewable and other clean energy resources, FERC is simply giving them the same access to markets that their fossil fuel competitors receive. The story is not new – FERC had to make significant modifications to its rules to allow the grid to accommodate a large influx of nuclear power in the 1970s, and then again (albeit to a lesser extent) in response to a surge of natural gas generation in the late 1990s.
President Obama has appointed Ron Binz to lead the agency at a critical juncture in our electric history. Public policies supporting renewable power and energy efficiency, increasingly severe weather events that cause blackouts, and customer demand for clean resources like rooftop solar and electric vehicles are transforming the grid. So, this week's rhetoric is correct in the sense that the president is making an important appointment to an important if obscure federal agency.
However, it's wrong in its prediction that Ron Binz will prove anti-coal or even anti-gas at FERC. As a public utility commissioner in Colorado, it was Ron Binz's job to help shape the state's resource mix. But at FERC, his very different job will be to accommodate whatever resource mix that reliability needs, state polices, and customer demand entail.
Allison Clements, based in New York, is a senior attorney for the Natural Resources Defense Council.
The NRDC is a member of RE-AMP, which also publishes Midwest Energy News.
New England energy storage advocates say FERC ruling is a setback for industry
The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission ordered New England's grid operator to end a rule that let new resources lock in prices for up to seven years.
Lawsuit says western Massachusetts pipeline approval ignored climate risk
Environmental groups behind the lawsuit say federal regulators violated a 2017 court ruling when they approved the project.
Commentary: Illinois clean energy bill would prevent unprecedented rate hikes
Illinois has the ability to prevent the biggest electric increase in state history, writes David Kolata of the Citizens Utility Board.
More on Opinion
Subscribe to Opinion


text:
Law Centres Federation
Fundamental Legal Aid Review
there is a shortage of social welfare lawyers (page 4).
Journal of legal education
Legal Education and Training in England and Wales: Back to the Future?
covers bar report, highlighting bar concerns over lack of career prospects for would-be BME barristers (page 99).
Department for Constitutional Affairs
A market analysis of legal aided services provided by barristers
In relation to legal aid, 37% of solicitors surveys said they had been unable to secure the services of a barrister with appropriate expertise and experience on at least one occasion in the past year (page 6). However, as a percentage of total legal aid cases, this was quite small (page 7). Overall, little evidence of over-supply by barristers for this type of work (page 9). Shortages mainly occurred in family law matters (page 54). Mainly shortages of barristers at senior-junior level (page 56).
Europe Economics
Report for Bar Council – A critique of the evidence used by the LSC for its BVT proposals
LSC tender process indicated that around 20 per cent of duty solicitor schemes had vacant slots for work (page 23). Report there ISNT insufficient suppliers (overall) – but maybe there is at local level (page 23).
BMG Research / Skills for Justice
Skills in the justice sector: a survey of third sector employers 2009
One in five of organisations surveyed had vacancies for paid staff (page 3). 42% reported vacancies for volunteers (page 3). More on recruitment, especially recruitment shortfalls (page 38 – 45).
Intellectual Property Regulation Board
Percentages of trade marks and patents applied for by unrepresented applicants
Provides table of figures for unrepresented trade mark applicants dating from 2000 to 2010
Geography of advice: An overview of the challenges facing the Community Legal Service
Regional summary of gaps in service provision by specific CAB office (page 28 onwards)
The independent review of the Community Legal Service
Report suggests coverage gaps for CLS work across the country – perhaps because of firms withdrawing from contracts (page 38). Various ideas how to address coverage issues (page 45).
Second survey of solicitors on their use of barristers Frontier Economics
Survey summarises situations where solicitor had found it difficult to locate a barrister (page 5).
What will be the impact of ABS on geographic access to justice? Phase 1 Final report July 2010 Prepared for the Law Society by Oxera
Research report looking at the potential impact of ABS on geographical access -
Interviews with 15 stakeholders (existing providers and potential new entrants).
In attempting to identify areas that might be 'thinly served' report compares number of solicitors offices with other service outlets – bank branches, post offices, pharmacies, and GP practices. Research also looked at survey evidence including the MoJ Baseline survey and the CSJS, finding no evidence to support a hypothesis that rural areas are less well served than urban areas.
The research conducted an analysis of two specific areas finding that a small minority of consumers in these areas who were outside a five mile radius of solicitors offices, ABS impacts on more specialist areas might be more significant. Pages 16-19
The market for "BTE" legal expenses insurance
Summarises what kinds of legal issues are covered by various kinds of BTE insurance (page 17).


2015-06-01 by Ana Čižauskienė Severija Inčirauskaitė Kriaunevičienė An interview with one of the most prominent Lithuanian textile artists, curator and director of gallery "Artifex" Severija Inčirauskaitė Kriaunevičienė.
2015-05-04 by Ana Čižauskienė Monika Žaltauskaitė One of the most prominent Lithuanian contemporary textile artists Monika Žaltauskaitė Grašienė says that each of us have a close relationship with textile medium and that its possibilities have not been fully revealed yet. Art-Cart interviewed Monika to find out what is textile's connection to science and what motivates her interest in this particular field.
2014-12-17 by Ana Čižauskienė Ignas Maldžiūnas On latest show by Ignas Maldžiūnas "USA: Untitled Spaces of America"
2014-11-14 by Ana Čižauskienė Živilė Minkutė Živilė Minkutė is an emerging artist, who is studying for a Masters in Graphic art at Vilnius Academy of Art, and has already held several solo exhibitions in Vilnius and Šiauliai. November 14th - December 31st, 2014 her exhibition "Connections" will be shown at the Kaunas Picture Gallery. As her exhibition was getting closer, we interviewed the artist to get to know her a little better.
2014-06-13 by Art-Cart Legal (Art) Lovers A project dedicated to the city and its characters.
2014-02-20 by Art-cart TADAM! Design At a first glance TADAM! Design pieces can easily be mistaken for real sweets - baked and glazed dream treats. Just hearing what's on the menu - vanilla doughnut with white chocolate sprinkles, chocolate doughnut dipped in chocolate and gold or coconut confection - makes your mouth water. However, this is where a sign should appear: Warning - not edible! 0 calories. Ordinary sweets in TADAM! Design's collection "Sweet Course for Your Eyes" have taken on a new meaning - they have become conceptual jewellery pieces to adorn a woman's neck. Handmade ceramic jewellery mirrors the everyday real or imaginary deserts. The shape and lightness of texture as well as gold and platinum decoration elements give the pieces a touch of elegance. In the near future, TADAM! Design team are planning to experiment with new materials, ingredients and "flavours".


text:
Sharing Thoughts and Ideas - 2019 and newer
A Stark Warning about Our National Debt and Future Budget Deficits
Raise taxes on the middle class before it's too late
Reprint from the Minneapolis Star Tribune, similar opinions published at https://finance.yahoo.com/news/raise-taxes-middle-class-too-110026024.html and https://feedimo.com/story/72393025/Raise-Taxes-on-the-Middle-Class-Before-Its-Too-Late/
This is going to be necessary even without the big ideas of the campaign.
By Michael R. Strain Bloomberg Opinion
OCTOBER 28, 2019 — 5:56PM
JIM WATSON • AFP
Sen. Elizabeth Warren, D-Mass., speaking about Medicare for All legislation in 2017.
Elizabeth Warren "has a plan for that." Except, that is, for financing Medicare for All.
The Democratic presidential candidate has been taking heat for refusing to say whether she would raise taxes on the middle class to pay for her health-care ambitions. But we don't have to wait to know the bottom line: Overall, the middle class will have to pay more.
Indeed, even without any of the new programs Warren or her Democratic rivals would put in place, the broad middle class — households that aren't in poverty but that also aren't in, say, the top 1 or 2 percent — will likely be on the hook for a higher tax bill.
To see why, let's look at some budget projections. As currently configured, spending on Social Security and major health programs — Medicare, Medicaid, the Children's Health Insurance Program and Obamacare insurance subsidies — will total $2.3 trillion in 2019, or 10.2% of gross domestic product. The nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office projects that in 2049, this combined spending will grow to 15.5% of U.S. GDP.
Interest payments on the national debt are also expected to increase over the next 30 years. Meanwhile, all other federal spending — on the military and national defense, education, transportation, research, international affairs, the federal statistical system, the FBI, space exploration, safety net programs and more — is projected to decrease as a share of national output.
Overall, federal spending is expected to increase substantially, from 20.8% of GDP this year to 28.2% in 2049. Under the current tax code, revenue will grow much more slowly, rising by 3.2% of national output. The 2019 deficit is $984 billion, or about 4.7% of GDP. The deficit will double over the next three decades, growing to 8.7% of annual output.
To address this situation, federal revenue could be kept constant, and spending could be cut. Yet spending on all programs other than Social Security and health (and on interest payments) is already set to decline. And to keep the deficit where it is today, spending on these entitlements would have to be cut by one-third from the level projected under current law.
Americans will likely not tolerate such vast reductions in their old-age retirement and medical benefits.
To keep the deficit stable without cutting either program, the U.S. could try to reduce the social safety net. The problem is Medicaid and the Children's Health Insurance Program are expected to grow by less than 1% of GDP over this period, and the remaining safety-net spending is projected to shrink.
There isn't enough money here to solve the problem. And it would be a moral outrage to try to balance the budget on the backs of the poor. Any solution to the fiscal challenge should make the safety net's role in providing economic security and opportunity to those who need it most a top priority.
Another possibility would be to keep taxes where they are for the broad middle class and attempt to get the needed revenue from the very rich. But there isn't enough money here, either. Revenue would have to increase by around $2.7 trillion in 2049 to keep the deficit at its 2019 share of GDP. To see the scale of what is needed, consider that Warren's economic advisers estimated that her wealth tax would have brought in less than one-tenth that amount in 2019. Even a full repeal of the Trump tax cuts — which I wouldn't support — would increase revenue by less than $300 billion per year.
The final option would be to allow the deficit to continue to grow. While this idea is popular in some circles — for example, so-called modern monetary theory — it is not a real solution. Over the next several decades, the national debt cannot grow at its projected rate without risking slowing economic output, decreasing national income relative to what the U.S. produces, increasing borrowing costs, potentially heightening inflation expectations, and risking at least a marginal loss of confidence in international markets.
So all this leaves raising taxes on the broad middle class to fill the gap.
This would not be outside historical experience. Since 1965, federal revenue as a share of annual economic output has fluctuated between 14.6% and 20%, and has averaged 17.4%. In 2018, revenue was 16.5% of GDP. Federal revenue has room to grow.
To be clear, I am not arguing against spending cuts. The best way to deal with U.S. budget problems is to rely heavily on slimming down Social Security and Medicare. These reductions should be designed to cut benefits the most for well-off seniors, and to increase competition and quality while bringing down health care prices. It's hard to see how even significant cuts could avoid the need to collect more revenue from the broad middle class.
Which brings us back to Warren. Add in her plans, and the burden would grow considerably.
Michael R. Strain is a Bloomberg Opinion columnist. He is director of economic policy studies and resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute. He is the editor of "The U.S. Labor Market: Questions and Challenges for Public Policy."
Paid for by (even if free) Rick Olson for Congress Committee, P.O. Box 1079, Prior Lake, MN 55372
Our Changing Climate: Options to Consider
·Have you noticed that the past few "normal" Minnesota winters have not been as cold as 20 or 30 years ago? According to University of Minnesota scientists testifying to the Minnesota House of Representatives earlier this year, between 1895 and 2015, average daily low temperatures in winter have increased. In the northern part of the state, they're up 4.8 degrees over that period and 3.4 degrees in the south. One study pointed out that between 1959 and 1978 Duluth averaged 45 days a year in which the average daily temperature did not top 10 degrees Fahrenheit. Between 1999 and 2018, there were no such days.
·Have you noticed that the emerald ash borer territory has moved north with the borers not killed in the winter as the winters have gotten warmer, such that our state's ash trees have been disappearing?
·Have you noticed that the world is experiencing more frequent and more devastating storms, droughts, and wildfires caused by droughts?
·Did yo…
Skeptical about Climate Science? It is smart to be skeptical.
The paper below establishes (1) who accepts the scientific evidence that climate change is real, primarily caused by humans burning fossil fuels and that it is urgent that we do something about it and (2) who does not.
If after reading this, and you are still skeptical, I would love to hear from you about how you evaluate sources of information, i.e., how you determine who you should believe and who not - not only on this issue but on other issues.
"Skeptical about Climate Science?It is smart to be skeptical.
By Alan Anderson, Northfield.
But please consider: The scientists and leadership of these organizations . . . agree that human-caused climate change is happening, mainly due to greenhouse gas emissions, and that the consequences of not significantly reducing CO2 emissions are negative, irreversible and will imperil all future generations.
1.The American Petroleum Institute: "Few things threaten America's future prosperity more than climate change".Institute report 2016 2.Exxon-Mob…
Putting Human Faces to Climate Change and the Rotary "4 Way Test"
Submitted for publication in the Prior Lake American and the Rotary Magazine
The term "climate change" is an impersonal, ambiguous term, with negative impacts to "humanity" around the world. But on a recent trip to Tanzania in Africa I met some of the innocents who will be most affected by the increased droughts caused by the changes in climate resulting from increased human caused emissions of carbon dioxide.
On a 10 day biking safari to visit Ngorongoro Crater and the Serengeti, we camped in a school yard in a Maasai village west of Arusha, Tanzania. Three boys came to visit, and after giving them some treats, I took their photo with my phone. I showed them the photo, and a boy about 8 or 9 years old gestured to me he would like to hold the phone. So, I showed him how to take a photo with it and handed it to him. I also taught him how to take selfies and videos. Before long a group of about 15 kids were gathered around …
Rick Olson
I have taken on a new challenge. Join me in accomplishing a major goal.


I've purchased these Vivid Pop Stick from Etude House some time back when they were having 40% store wide. These are actually in matte formula and I got the four darker brighter shades out of the colors available. I skipped the nudes and light pink and corals as I'm currently in a bright lip phase. Plus I think those colors will be a little chalky looking in matte formula.
These looks more crayon like due to the matte formula and I must say, what you see is what you get. And I love how easily I can draw my lips with these crayons lip sticks.
Here's a swatch to show how pigmented and vivid these colors are.
And here's a lip swatch. One thing I've noticed about these is that they can be a little drying and get into the lines of your lips after sometime. So it's best to prep the lips with a balm first. And I must say they look a lot brighter in real life.
I also must say that the staying power of the vivid pop sticks are mediocre. They stay if you don't eat or drink for up to 3-4 hours but if you do, they will be gone in no time. But if you don't mind touching up since these are easier to bring along and apply, it should not be an issue.
Overall, I rate this a 3.5/5. But I must say I love the color payoff!
The vivid pop sticks are retailing at $14.90 if I'm not wrong.


text:
Q: Increasing the width of a 960px css grid After sampling plenty css grids, i found love in the inuit.css grid (especially the negative margin gutter technique), i only wish it was wider.
Due to my lack of in-depth knowledge in grids and responsive/adaptive web design i was wondering:

*

*Where should i start?

*What are the things i should take into consideration?

If i wanted to widen the grid (or create another grid?). I have a feeling its a little bit more than just changing the width value of the columns

A: Several online grid system generators let you specify a new width and column number to regenerate the base style sheets. e.g. http://www.gridsystemgenerator.com/gs01.php


With the introduction of WhatsApp for home windows, you could now revel in the use of your favored messenger app to your desktop laptop. It's now to be had for Mac and windows laptop. The loose desktop app is well matched with windows XP, home windows 7, home windows eight and later windows 10 operating structures. in recent times, maintaining in touch along with yourbuddies and family may be attained in a huge sort of ways, given the ever-growing hobby in conversation answers. WhatsApp For windows is a lightweight utility that permit you to connect to your contacts in a quick, efficient manner by way of providing you with a huge choice of relevantcapabilities.
WhatsApp Messanger For home windows will let you live in touch along with your pals and familycellular contacts by using offering you with more than one methods of doing so. you could selectamong sending text messages, audio or video recordings, pictures and additionally various otherdocuments. it's miles viable to snap pics together with your webcam and ship them right away or select files out of your laptop. you can create group chats by means of deciding on the brand neworganization option from the context menu, choosing a collection icon by taking or importing a photo and placing a collection subject. once you alter the essential settings, you can addcontributors through deciding on them and clicking the tick symbol.
dependable on the spot messaging utility with numerous handy features. Such as it comes with a fashionable layout that encompasses diverse intuitive features, for that reason proving itself to be noticeably accessible even for novices. if you now not need to display a certain communique inside the primary window, you may speedy get rid of it through either deleting it totally or archiving it. Doing so is feasible by way of both right-clicking the desired object and deciding on the corresponding options or with the aid of using the capabilities below the dedicated Chat menu. additionally, check out comparable software program which includes Skype Messanger app for windows.
The chat window offers you an top notch amount of emoticons that you could consist of to your messages by clicking the committed button and deciding on your selected one from the lists. This application comes with a minimalistic, stylish user interface that incorporates a vast spectrum of truthful functions. consequently, severa users can perform its controls with out substantial efforts, no matter their pc abilities or previous enjoy with similar apps. while you first release the program, you need to test a QR code along with your smartphone, so as to your gadgets to synchronize and provide you get entry to in your account. furthermore, you may choose to be saved signed in or robotically logged off after a certain idle length. So, if you need this utility then, follow under link and down load it.
smooth to use and elegant layout user interface.
allow to ship text messages, recordings or snap shots.
permit institution chats with your favorite Contacts.
allow to live video and audio call.
how to down load and install Whatsapp Messanger For home windows.
first of all, follow under link and download it.
Used WinRAR to extract the zip document.
Now deploy setup into windows and whole the set up technique.
Run app experiment with QRC scanner with the assist of your cell and start chatting on yourhome windows.


Your voicemail includes a cool new feature…Unified Messaging!
1. A voicemail message is left on your landline.
2. An email notification is sent to you.
3. Simply click on the email attachment.
4. Listen to the message.
To activate your Unified Messaging or sign up for Voicemail, complete the form below.
No, please add it to my account for $5/month.
This email address will be the email that receives the wav file of your voicemails.


text:
import wmi
import os
import sys
import platform
import time

def sys_version():
    c = wmi.WMI ()
    #获取操作系统版本
    for sys in c.Win32_OperatingSystem():
        print "Version:%s" % sys.Caption.encode("UTF8"),"Vernum:%s" % sys.BuildNumber
        print  sys.OSArchitecture.encode("UTF8")#系统是32位还是64位的
        print sys.NumberOfProcesses #当前系统运行的进程总数

def cpu_mem():
    c = wmi.WMI ()
    #CPU类型和内存
    for processor in c.Win32_Processor():
        #print "Processor ID: %s" % processor.DeviceID
        print "Process Name: %s" % processor.Name.strip()
    for Memory in c.Win32_PhysicalMemory():
        print "Memory Capacity: %.fMB" %(int(Memory.Capacity)/1048576)

def cpu_use():
    #5s取一次CPU的使用率
    c = wmi.WMI()
    while True:
        for cpu in c.Win32_Processor():
             timestamp = time.strftime('%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S', time.localtime())
             print '%s | Utilization: %s: %d %%' % (timestamp, cpu.DeviceID, cpu.LoadPercentage)
             time.sleep(5)

def disk():
    c = wmi.WMI ()
    #获取硬盘分区
    for physical_disk in c.Win32_DiskDrive ():
        for partition in physical_disk.associators ("Win32_DiskDriveToDiskPartition"):
            for logical_disk in partition.associators ("Win32_LogicalDiskToPartition"):
                print physical_disk.Caption.encode("UTF8"), partition.Caption.encode("UTF8"), logical_disk.Caption

    #获取硬盘使用百分情况
    for disk in c.Win32_LogicalDisk (DriveType=3):
        print disk.Caption, "%0.2f%% free" % (100.0 * long (disk.FreeSpace) / long (disk.Size))

def network():
    c = wmi.WMI ()
    #获取MAC和IP地址
    for interface in c.Win32_NetworkAdapterConfiguration (IPEnabled=1):
        print "MAC: %s" % interface.MACAddress
    for ip_address in interface.IPAddress:
        print "ip_add: %s" % ip_address
    print

    #获取自启动程序的位置
    for s in c.Win32_StartupCommand ():
        print "[%s] %s <%s>" % (s.Location.encode("UTF8"), s.Caption.encode("UTF8"), s.Command.encode("UTF8"))

    #获取当前运行的进程
    for process in c.Win32_Process ():
        print process.ProcessId, process.Name

def main():
    sys_version()
    #cpu_mem()
    #disk()
    #network()
    #cpu_use()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()
    print platform.system()
    print platform.release()
    print platform.version()
    print platform.platform()
    print platform.machine()


text:
2020 Voting Accessibility Legislation
Categories: Legislation, Your World
Tags: 2020, accessibility, legislation, Senate, Vote
Accessible Voting Act of 2020 introduced in the Senate
By PVA National Staff
On January 16, U.S. Senators Bob Casey (D-PA), and Amy Klobuchar (D-MN), introduced S.3206, the Accessible Voting Act, which would support state and local efforts to improve voter accessibility and remove barriers to voting. In the 2016 general election, 16 million votes, representing 11.5 percent of the total votes, were cast by people with disabilities. Despite federal laws requiring fully accessible voting places, barriers to vote for people with disabilities still exist. In 2016, only 40 percent of polling places were architecturally accessible and only 45 percent of voting booths were accessible. Combining these deficiencies of physical and voting booth access a GAO study found that only 17 percent of the polling places it examined during the 2016 election were fully accessible.
PVA has had a long-standing commitment to ensuring that voting is accessible. The integrity of our democracy is based on the right to vote of all eligible voters who are registered. Over the years PVA helped expand access to voting with the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). The ADA requires polling places to be accessible to people with disabilities (ADA Checklist for Polling Places). Furthermore, the National Voter Registration Act (NVRA) made it easier to register at your local Division of Motor Vehicles (DMV) and the Help America Vote Act (HAVA) ensured the ballot was accessible entering the age of electronic voting and established the Election Assistance Commission (EAC).
The Accessible Voting Act would:
Establish the Office of Accessibility within the EAC to support and oversee state efforts to expand voter accessibility and serve as a resource for advocates and voters;
Provide up-to-date voting information and resources, through accessible websites, to ensure voters know how to register to vote, cast an absentee ballot and find help if their right to vote is challenged;
Expand the number of options to cast a ballot in federal elections so voters with disabilities can utilize the voting option most accessible for them;
Create a national resource center on accessible voting to conduct cultural competency trainings for election officials and poll workers to create truly accessible voting systems; and
Increase grants to states to improve accessibility when registering to vote, voting by absentee ballot, and casting a ballot in person.
U.S. Senator Kirsten Gillibrand (D-NY), is also an original cosponsor of the Accessible Voting Act. The bill has been referred to the Senate Committee on Rules.


a second matrix component consisting of high molecular weight organic molecules, said second matrix component forming a sticky membrane of the prepreg with an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) bonding to the first matrix component. Preferably, the prepreg further comprises a third matrix component consisting of high molecular weight organic molecules, said third component being distributed between the fibers.
This application is a continuation of PCT/FI99/00120 Feb. 15, 1999.
The present invention relates to a novel prepreg, a method for the preparation of the prepreg and a method for packing the prepreg. The invention relates further to a fibre-reinforced composite based on the use of said prepreg, and the use of said fibre-reinforced composite.
The publications and other materials used herein to illuminate the background of the invention, and in particular, cases to provide additional details respecting the practice, are incorporated by reference. Many daily goods and special goods resemble dental and medical devices, made from polymers, in the fact that they are prone to fracture due to mechanical conditions of human body or use. In dentistry, it is well documented that removable dentures can fracture after the denture has been worn for some years, (1-3). In orthopedics, bone cements have been proved to be a weak link between e.g. joint implant and bone (4,5). During last few decades, fibre-reinforced composite (FRC) materials instead of unreinforced polymers have been tested as materials more suitable to the dental and medical applications. Attempts have been made to develop a polymer fibre composite material which fullfills the biological requirements and requirements of clinical dentistry and orthopedic surgery for such fibre-reinforced composite material. Recently, an invention of polymer preimpregnated fibre material (prepreg) was introduced for dental and some medical applications (6). Said prepreg made it possible to use fibre composite materials together with multiphase acrylic resins which have relatively high viscosity prior polymerization. The multiphase acrylic polymer are made from prepolymerized powder particles, such as polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and monomer liquid, such as methyl methacrylate (MMA) and ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) (7). Multiphase acrylic resins were used in dental devices and in orthopedic bone cements (7,5). The use of said prepreg resulted in a well impregnated fibre composite with good mechanical properties. Since then, clinical studies have shown that the use of such polymer preimpregnated prepreg eliminates recurrent fractures of acrylic resin removable dentures (8).
Although the above prepreg has resolved the problem to reinforce multiphase acrylic resins of removable dentures with fibres, said prepreg has not resolved certain other problems relating to the use of fibre-reinforced composite materials in dentistry. In many dental applications polymers are made from monomer liquid systems only, instead of powder-liquid mixtures as described earlier. These systems are typically made from dimethacrylate resins, such as BISGMA and triethyleneglycoldimethacrylate (TEGDMA) and polymerized by activation of an initiator by visible light radiation (9). The viscosity of such monomer systems were regulated by changing the ratio of monomers and this resulted in such monomer system which could be used in preimpregnation of fibres with monomers. Such products (Vectris, Vivadent/Ivoclar, Liechtenstein; FibreKor, Jeneric/Pentron, USA) are on the marked. Due to quite difficult handling of dimethacrylate monomer preimpregnated fibres, extensive number of equipment was needed to use these products in dental laboratory. The main problem in this respect with the aforementioned monomer preimpregnation method was that fibres frayed to undesired regions in dentition when the prepregs were placed on teeth. In addition, the processing of the monomer preimpregnated fibres with hand laminating technique sensitize the dental personel to allergy by monomers.
Another great disadvantage of using such monomer preimpregnated fibre systems in dental bridges was that conventional type of tooth preparation was needed. This means that a great amount of dental enamel and dentine was ground in order to get space for the restorative material. This kind of restorative dentistry could be called as "invasive prosthetic dentistry" and one complication of this kind of treatment was hypersensitivity of tooth or necrosis of the pulp tissue. Need for the tooth preparation was minor with so called "resin-bonded-bridges" or "Maryland bridges", which were made from cast metal alloy and luted to tooth with resin cements (10, 11). A disadvantage of this kind of restoration was recurrent debonding of the restoration and relatively high price of the restoration because of complicated laboratory technique (10, 11).
Carbon/graphite and glass fibre-epoxy composites have been developed for use in root canal posts (12, 13). Root canal posts posts were used to restore tooth for an artificial crown. Traditionally, root canal posts were made from individually cast metal alloys or from metal screws. Fibre-epoxy root canal posts might have potential to replace traditionally used materials. However, one shortcoming of the fibre-epoxy composite posts in dental application have been reported. This is inadequate adhesion between resin luting cement and the fibre-epoxy composite post which lead to loosening of the post after some period of time (14). This was due to the highly cross-linked thermosetting polymer structure of the epoxy which did not allow formation of the interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) bonding or radical polymerization bonding (15).
1) Prepregs made from monomer systems were difficult to handle by dentists and dental technicians because preimpregnation monomer did not sufficiently bind the fibres together.
2) Handling of monomer preimpregnated prepregs sensitize dental personel to monomers by skin contact to the prepreg.
3) The treatment with conventional dental bridges required tooth preparation and can be defined as "invasive prosthetic dentistry".
4) By using less invasive prosthodontic techniques, such as resin-bonded-bridges, recurrent debonding of the luting cement from the metal frame of the bridge was a problem.
5) By using currently available fibre-epoxy composite endodontic posts, loosening of the post from the root canal was a problem.
In addition, an unsolved problem with all polymers used in dentistry was the polymerization contraction of the resin (9). This lead to poorly fitting restoration and dentures and caused marginal leakage of restoration.
The use of a semisolid encapsulated fibre roving prepreg was described in the U.S. Pat. No. 4,264,655 (16). In that prepreg, the fibres were preimpregnated with heat-curing thermosetting resin and thereafter covered with a membrane of thermoplastic resin. It was emphasized that the thermoplastic membrane remained distinct part from the thermosetting resin and no bonding was obtained, or desired, between the polymer phases. In addition, thermoplastic membrane was such that it eliminated interstrand adhesion of prepregs.
Another U.S. Patent (U.S. Pat. No. 5,597,631) (17) described a prepreg which had a thermoplastic film coverage. The purpose of the film coverage was to increase the strength of the fibre-reinforced composite made from the prepreg by means of high strength and high modulus of the polymer used in the film coverage. However, this film, although it was bonded to the fibre-rich part of the thermoplastic prepreg, the film was not able to cause interstrand adhesion of the prepregs because the prepreg was thermoplastic in type, which is a desired property for the prepreg used in dentistry.
8) the package of the prepreg should enable the shaping and polymerization of the prepreg and avoid skin contact of monomers to the hands of dental personel.
One object of the invention is a prepreg fulfilling the aforementioned requirements 1) to 8).
Another object of the invention is the use of said prepreg in the manufacture of fibre-reinforced composites. Said composites are suitable for use in any technical field, paticularly in dental or medical field.
a second matrix component consisting of high molecular weight organic molecules, said second matrix component forming a sticky membrane of the prepreg with an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) bonding to the first matrix component.
According to another aspect, the invention concerns a prepreg comprising fibers and a polymer distributed between the fibres. According to the invention, the polymer is epsilon-caprolactone/PLA, epsilon-caprolactone, D- and L-lactide, PLA-, PGA-molecules, polyorthoesters, or an other bioactive, biocompatible polymers having molecular weight in the range 5,000 to 400,000.
According to a third aspect, the invention concerns a prepreg comprising fibers and a polymer distributed between fibres, wherein between the fibres are further distributed additives such as Si, Ca, P, Ba, Mg, K, Na, Ti, F, oxides or other coumpounds of said elements, colour pigments, inert ceramics; hydroxyapatite (HA) or other Ca phosphates, Al2O3, ZrO2, xerogels, bioactive glasses or functionally bioactive or therapeutically active molecules, antigens, antibiotics, desinfectants, radio opaque materials, organic acids such as maleic acid, polyacrylic acid, or the like.
According to a fourth aspect, the invention concerns a process for the preparation of the prepreg wherein fibres are wetted in a monomer or a dendrimer, and that the product so obtained optionally is further wetted in a solution of high molecular weight organic molecules.
According to a fifth aspect, the invention concerns a package of the prepreg, characterized in that it comprises the prepreg surrounded by a metal foil bottom and one or two layers of plastic sheet coverage, the closest sheet to the prepreg being a clear translucent sheet and the outermost sheet being a translucent sheet, treated so as to not essentially pass the light for curing.
According to the further aspects, the invention concerns a composite based on said prepreg as well as the uses of said composite.
FIG. 4 shows a precision attachment based on the use of the prepreg.
FIG. 1A shows a prepreg according to the invention, where the prepreg consists of fibres, a first matrix component and a second matrix component. According to a preferred embodiment, the prepreg further comprises a third matrix component (see FIG. 1B) consisting of high molecular weight organic molecules, e.g. of thermoplastics, said third matrix component being distributed between the fibres.
The first matrix component and the third matrix component form a gel. The prepreg preferably contains ingredients necessary to initiate the polymerization at a desired point of time. All the necessary ingredients can be included, except for the case where the curing process is based on autopolymerization. In this case, the addition of at least one of the necessary ingredients should be postponed until the polymerization (curing) is desired.
According to another preferable embodiment, the prepreg contains additives such as bioactive or inert filler materials, colour pigments or therapeutical materials.
Altough the membrane covering the fibers can be made just by polymerization of the monomer on the surface layer of the prepreg, it is preferable to create the membrane by dipping the preform in a separate solution of a polymer.
f) optionally packing the prepreg in a package containing metal foil bottom and optionally two layers of polymer sheet coverage; the closest to the prepreg being clear translucent sheet and the outermost sheet being a translucent sheet capable of avoiding initiation of light-polymerization by visible light in the case of light-polymerizable prepreg.
The prepreg thus obtained contains a polymer-monomer gel which binds the fibres sufficiently strongly together, and a thin polymeric high molecular weight thermoplastic membrane, which covers and protects the fibres of the prepreg. The high molecular weight molecules behave as fillers in the monomeric matrix, thus decreasing the required quantity of polymerizable monomers. The decreased quantity of monomers decreases in turn the polymerization contraction of the resin. The slightly sticky thermoplastic membrane also allows prepregs to have interstrand adhesion before polymerization.
The prepreg can be manufacturerd into desired form from continuous unidirectional fibres, a fibre weave, a fibre mat, fibre whiskers or any other form of fibres or filler particles. Mixtures of the various fibre forms can also be used.
Suitable fibres for the use in this invention are either inorganic or organic fibres. The choice of fibre depends highly on the technical field in which the fibre reinforced composite shall be used. Fibres already tested in dentistry include E-glass, S-glass, carbon/graphite, aramid and ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene fibres. It seems that glass fibres best fullfill the cosmetic and adhesive requirements for dental use. As other examples of suitable fibres can be mentioned fibres of bioactive glass and sol-gel derived silica fibres.
The monomers used in the first matrix component of the prepreg can be any kind of monomer or combination of monomers. Among preferable monomers can be mentioned e.g. 2,2-bis[4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacroyloxy)phenyl]propane (BISGMA), triethyleneglycoldimethacrylate (TEGDMA) or hydroxyethyldimethacrylate (HEMA).
The polymer used in the second matrix component of the prepreg is preferably a thermoplastic polymer in its dissolved form, such as PMMA. Thermoplactic polymers are preferred because they can dissolve into resins applied around the prepreg.
The polymer used in the third matrix component of the prepreg can be any thermoplastic polymer. The polymer most often used in dentistry and orthopedic surgery is polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). Other suitable polymers are epsilon-caprolactone (PLA), epsilon-caprolactone, D- and L-lactide, PLA-, PGA-molecules, polyorthoesters, or other bioactive, biocompatible polymers.
During the fabrication process of the pregreg, the polymer chains of the preimpregnation polymer (third matrix component) (e.g. PMMA) are dissolved by the monomers (e.g. BISGMA-TEGDMA) or dendrimers of the first matrix component and they form a highly viscous gel containing high-molecular-weight molecules (PMMA) in monomeric phase (BISGMA-TEGDMA). The gel and the thin high-molecular-weight membrane (second matrix component) bind the fibres together and eliminate fraying of the fibres during handling. Either the monomeric phase or the high-molecular-weight molecule phase, or both, can contain chemical compounds required to initiate the polymerization reaction.
The prepreg is preferably packaged into a package with metal foil bottom and optionally one or two layers plastic sheet coverage: the closest to the prepreg being clear translucent sheet and the second sheet being a translucent membrane capable of eliminating polymerization of the prepreg in the case of light-polymerizable prepreg by visible light. Preferably, the second sheet is orange coloured. The metal foil makes it possible to shape the prepreg into desired shape e.g on dental cast and the metal foil remains the shape until the the polymerization of the prepreg is completed. The plastic sheeths elimates skin contact of the prepreg during shaping. Reference is made to FIG. 2.
The regions of enriched high-molecular-weight molecules between the fibres are in fact chains of the thermoplastic polymer (PMMA) (third matrix component) which are at least partly soluble in monomers or dendrimers. These PMMA chains in the cross-linked polymer matrix of the finally polymerized fibre composite and the thermoplastic membrane make it possible to obtain good bonding of any kind of resinuous materials, such as those used in dental luting cements to the fibre composite. Good bonding is based on the formation of the IPN-layer between the thermoplastic chains in the polymer matrix or the thermoplastic membrane. Such bonding cannot be obtained with the highly cross-linked part of the polymer matrix (15).
1) In the orthopedic field can be mentioned plaster bandages replacing the traditional gypsum plasters. Plaster bandages made of the prepreg according to this invention are thin, light and durable. Appropriate colour pigments fillers, other fillers, therapeutical compounds or desinfectants improves the esthetical and medical qualities.
2) In case of bioactive ceramics or bioactive glasses or bioactive polymers are used, various supports enabling tissue contact with the support and tissue wound healing, can be constructed.
3) The prepreg can also be used to construct wound plasters, orthopedic support socks for the use around limbs, or for healing constructions for use in done or for dental surgery, periodontological or prosthetic use.
Furthermore, the prepreg according to this invention can also be used for many non-medical and non-dental purposes. It can be used for general technical purposes, e.g. as parts of instruments, as tools, devices, and materials and equipment which can be shaped freely for custom-made products, e.g. by hand or which can be shaped in molds with the influence of pressure or in a jig for mass production. Moreover, the prepreg can be used to repair voids, fails and fractures of various products.
The invention is illustrated by the following examples. In the examples the invention is explained in terms of its preferred embodiments and implications in dentistry even though the invention also has other medical and technical implications.
The fibres were E-glass fibres (Ahlstrom, Karhula, Finland) with silane containing sizing. Fibre roving or woven roving, respectively, was pultruded through a liquid of monomers BISGMA and TEGDMA (first matrix component). The BISGMA-TEGDMA contained all chemicals required for photoinitiation of polymerization. Therefore, this and the following stages were carried out in a dark room or chamber. The subsequent pultrusion stage was made through liquid of solvent THF and dissolved PMMA molecules. This stage formed gel membrane of the prepreg (second matrix component) which bound the fibres together. The prepreg was then dried and cut to the desired pieces and packed into packages with aluminum foil bottom and two layers of polymer sheet coverage: the closest to the prepreg being clear translucent and the outermost being orange translucent sheet.
A polymer preimpregnated (third matrix component) prepreg prepared according to Example 1 in WO 96/25911 was pultruded through a liquid of monomers of BISGMA-TEGDMA (first matrix component) which contained all of the chemicals required for photoinitiation of polymerization. The subsequent pultrusion stage was made through liquid of solvent THF and dissolved PMMA molecules (second matrix component) which formed the gel membrane. The packing was made as described in the Example 1.
The fibre prepreg fabricated as described in Example 1 or 2 was pultruded through liquid of solvent THF and dissolved PMMA molecules to form the gel membrane for the prepreg. Before drying the gel, the prepreg was powder-coated with small particles of bioactive glass (particle size of 10-50 microns) which adhered to the surface of the prepreg during drying.
The following Examples describing the use of the prepreg refer to any of the prepregs described in the foregoing Examples 1 to 3.
The desired length of the prepreg was cut with scissors, the tooth enamel was etched with phosphoric acid and the normal dental bonding agents were used. The prepreg was then pressed againts to the tooth by hand instruments with or without the aluminum foil package, and the prepreg was light-cured with a normal dental light-curing unit. The polymerized prepreg was bonded to the dental bonding agents which are dimethacrylate resins via IPN-layer formation of the thermoplastic phases of the prepreg and by radical polymerization of unreacted carbon—carbon bonds of the prepreg and dental bonding agent monomers. In the same way the prepreg could be used as periodontal splints which were placed into the cavities of teeth.
The crown units of the bridge were made from the weave prepreg by pressing the prepreg over the abutment teeth of dental cast by transparent mould or with the help of the aluminum foil based package. The prepregs were light-cured through the transparent mould with a light-curing unit. The pontics of the bridge were made from continous unidirectional prepregs which were placed over the abutments and polymerized to the surface of weave prepregs on abutment teeth. The layer of prepregs bonded together by means of sticky nature of the prepregs and after polymerization the bond was based on radical polymerization and IPN layer formation. The fianally light-cured framework for the composite bridge was covered with normal tooth coloured composite resin which give the tooth appearance for the abutment and pontic teeth. The bridge was luted to the abutment teeth with normal resinuous luting cements and the bonding the cement to the composite frame of the bridge was based on the formation of IPN layer between the thermoplastic phase of the composite and the thermosetting luting cement as well as on the radical polymerization of the thermosetting luting cement monomers and unreacted double bonds of the polymerized prepreg.
The fabrication of a fibre composite resin-bonded-bridge (RBB) did not necessarily require any tooth preparation by grinding as a conventional bridge. The RBB was made on a primary dental cast by pressing an unidirectional prepreg against the abutment teeth surfaces and the prepreg was light-cured. The optional possibility to twist the prepreg around distal or mesial abutment increased the strength of the bridge considerably. The polymerized unidirectional prepreg was then rebased with a layer of weave prepreg and light-cured. Optionally, the frame of the prepreg was covered with another layer of weave prepreg. The pontic teeth of the RBB were made from tooth coloured dental composite resin. The RBB was luted to the etched enamel surface with normal dental luting cements. The bonding was based on the formation of IPN-layer and on radical polymerization. Reference is made to FIG. 3.
The continuous unidirectional fibre prepreg was pressed into the mould of the shape of the desired root canal post. The shape of the post could be either standardized or individual, i.e. the post could be finally cured to the predetermined form by the manufacturer of the post, or the post could be made from the prepreg direct to the prepared root canal in situ. The uncured prepreg was polymerized in the mould and removed from the mould. The composite post made from unidirectional fibre prepreg was luted into the tooth with resinuous dental luting cements. Good bonding between the post and cement was obtained by formation of a IPN layer between the thermoplastic phases of the post and luting cement.
Optionally the unidirectional fibre prepreg could be incorporated into the root canal of the tooth in prior to polymerization. The prepreg was cured with light and/or autopolymerization in situ.
The prepreg "bricks" made from randomly oriented fibres were packed into the cavity of tooth which had been treated with dental bonding agents. The high-molecular-weight molecule fractions of the prepreg made the material condensable and decreased the polymerization contraction of the filling material.
The prepreg in thin woven form could be used as matrice for dental filling composite material. The prepreg matrice was such which was bonded permanently to the composite resin simultaneously with polymerization of the filling material, and thus, it formed a outer part of the filling. This kind of prepreg matrice eliminated the problem of formation of a gap between the restored tooth and the tooth beside it.
The prepreg made from unidirectional or weave type of prepreg were used as resin bonded precision attachment for removable dentures. The unidirectional prepreg was twisted to cover the labial/buccal and palatal/lingual sides of the tooth. The loop part of the prepregs were covered with a gold plate or ceramic material in order to get a wear resistance surface. Alternatively, any kind of patrice or matrice part of the precision attachment could be used to replace the gold plate. The prepreg was polymerized and luted to the tooth surface with normal dental luting cements. The bonding was based on formation of an IPN layer. The removable denture was made over the dentition and patrice part of the precision attachment, i.e. made from the prepreg. The matrice part of the precision attachment was placed normally into the denture. Reference is made to FIG. 4.
The prepreg made from unidirectional fibres or from woven fibres was luted to the etched enamel surface of the teeth after orthodontic treatment. Bonding to the enamel was made with normal dental adhesives and the prepreg was light-cured to the desired region of the dentition.
The prepreg, either made from continuous unidirectional fibres or fibre weave was placed onto the repair region of the dental construction in the mouth after the surface had been treated with any of the known techniques (e.g. acid etching, sandblasting, using dental adhesives) in order to get good bonding between the the prepreg and the repaired dental construction. Dental constructions which could be repaired with the prepreg were: tooth fillings, porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns and bridges, other type of bridges, ceramic crowns, precision attachments of removable dentures, and the like. After curing the prepreg, by light-polymerization, the surface of the prepreg was covered with tooth coloured polymeric material in order to improve the cosmetic qualities of the repaired region.
Some dental constructions made in dental laboratory may have poor fit in situ. E.g. a crown, ceramic inlay or onlay filling or ceramic or polymeric veneer might be loose when their fitting on a tooth was tested. The weave prepreg was used to improve the fit of such constructions by placing a piece of the noncured prepreg between the construction and tooth when the construction was cemented onto the tooth. After curing of the luting cement and the prepreg, the luting cement was reinforced with the fibres of the prepreg. This also reduced the wear of the luting cement between the filling and the tooth.
The prepreg was preshaped approximately into the form of e.g. a core of the crown, pontic of a bridge, occlusal surface of a bridge, clasp of a denture by manufacturer of the prepreg. The dentist or dental technician used these gel-like noncured preshaped parts of the prepregs and positioned them on the dental cast or on the teeth, adjusted them into right shape and contour and allowed them to polymerize. The cured parts were then used in a conventional way to make final restoration or prosthetic construction. In the case of clasps of removable dentures or occlusal surfaces of teeth, some regions were prone to wear in the final product. This was eliminated by covering that particular surface of the preshaped prepreg with wear resistance particles like small tooth coloured ceramic brickets or some other type of layer of fillers.
The prepreg insert with the desired fibre direction considering the direction of occlusal forces in dentition was incorporated into the tooth cavity partly or totally filled with conventional dental filling material. After polymerization of the filling material and the prepreg, the fibres reinforced the polymeric filling. Optionally, the prepreg was polymerized into desired form in the tooth cavity, removed after which it was placed it into the cavity, which was filled with the filling material.
The old restorative composite or other material was removed from the surface of the fibre-rich region, i.e. prepreg part of the construction. The removal exposed the structure of the prepreg which consisted of fibres and polymer phases of thermoplastic and thermosetting nature. The newly applied restorative composite on the surface of exposed fibre-rich surface was bonded by IPN mechanism to the thermoplastic phases of the fibre rich region and by radical polymerization mechanism to the remaining unreacted C—C double bonds of the other parts of the polymer matrix. These bonding mechanisms resulted in durable bond between restorative material and old fibre-reinforced composite.
It will be appreciated that the methods of the present invention can be incorporated in the form of a variety of embodiments, only a few of which are disclosed herein. It will be apparent for the specialist in the field that other embodiments exist and do not depart from the spirit of the invention. Thus, the described embodiments are illustrative and should not be construed as restrictive.
1. Watson R M, David D M. Follow up and maintainance of implant supported prostheses: a comparison of 20 complete mandibular overdentures and 20 complete mandibular fixed cantilever prostheses. Br Dent J 1996; 181: 321-327.
2. Darbar U R, Huggett R, Harrison A. Denture fracture—a survey. Br Dent J 1994; 176: 342-345.
3. Vallittu P K, Lassila V P, Lappalainen R. Evaluation of damage to removable dentures in two cities in Finland. Acta Odontol Scand 1993: 51: 363-369.
4. Pourdehimi B, Robinson H H, Schwartz P, Wagner H D. Fracture toughness of kevlar 29/polymethyl methacrylate composite materials for surgical implantations. Ann Biomed Eng 1986; 14: 277-294.
5. Pilliar R M, Blackwell R, Macnab I, Cameron H U. Carbon fiber-reinforced bone cement in orthopedic surgery. J Biomed Mater Res 1976; 10: 893-906.
6. Vallittu P, A polymer—fibre prepreg, a method for the preparation thereof as well as the use of said prepreg. International Patent Appl. Publ. No. WO 96/25911.
7. Ruyter I E, Svendsen S A. Flexural properties of denture base polymers. J Prosthet Dent 1980: 43; 95-104.
8. Vallittu P K, Glass fiber reinforcement in repaired acrylic resin removable dnetures: preliminary results of a clinical study. Quintessence Int 1997; 28: 39-44.
9. Ruyter I E, Types of resin-based inlay materials and their properties. Int Dent J 1992; 42: 139-144.
10. Altieri J V, Burstone C J, Goldberg A J, Patel A P. Longitudinal clinical evaluation of fiber-reinforced composite fixed partial dentures: A pilot study. J Prosthet Dent 1994; 71: 16-22.
11. Pröbster B, Henrich G M. 11-year follow-up study of resin-bonded fixed partial dentures. Int J Prosthodont 1997; 10: 259-268.
12. King P A, Setchell D J. An invirto evaluation of a prototype CFRC prefabricated post developed for the restoration of pulpless teeth. J Oral Rehabil 1990; 17: 599-609.
13. Purton D G, Payne J A. Comparison of carbon fiber and stainless steel root canal posts. Quintessence Int 1996; 27: 93-97.
15. Sperling L H. Interpenetrating polymer networks and related properties. Plenum Press, New York 1981.
16. U.S. Pat. No. 4,264,655: Encapsulated impregnated rovings, 1981.
17. U.S. Pat. No. 5,597,631: Prepreg, composite molding body, and method of manufacture of the composite molded body. 1997.
2. The prepreg according to claim 1, characterized in that it further comprises a third matrix component consisting of high molecular weight organic molecules, said third matrix component being distributed between the fibres.
3. The prepreg according to claim 1, characterized in that the prepreg is able to bond to surrounding resin materials with an IPN mechanism and radical polymerization.
4. The prepreg according to claim 2, characterized in that the first matrix component, which is a monomer or a dendrimer, and the third matrix components form a gel, and that the prepreg contains ingredients necessary to initiate the polymerization at a desired point of time.
5. The prepreg according to claim 1, characterized in that the second matrix component and the third matrix component both consists of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA).
6. The prepreg according to claim 4, characterized in that the monomer is 2,2-bis[4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacroyloxy)phenyl]propane (BISGMA), triethyleneglycoldimethacryalate (TEGDMA) or a dendrimer.
7. The prepreg according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains further additives.
8. The prepreg according to claim 7, characterized in that the additives are different inert or bioactive fillers containing elements such as Si, Ca, P, Ba, Mg, K, Na, Ti, F, oxides or other coumpounds of said elements, colour pigments, inert ceramics; hydroxyapatite (HA) or other Ca phosphates, Al2O3, ZrO2, xerogels, bioactive glasses or functionally bioactive or therapeutically active molecules, antigens, antibiotics, desinfectants, radio opaque materials, organic acids such as maleic acid, polyacrylic acid, or the like.
9. The prepreg according to claim 1, characterized in that the thermoplastic components of the prepreg allow formation of an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) layer for bonding any kind of resinous materials to the surface of the finally cured composite made from the prepreg and the resinous material.
10. The prepreg according to the claim 1, characterized in that the fibres are in the form of yarn, roving, woven roving, continuous fibre mat, shopped strand mat, short fibres, a whisker or particle formed, or a mixture of the aforementioned.
11. The prepreg according to claim 1, characterized in that the fibres are inorganic fibres, such as glass or carbon/graphite fibres, or organic fibres such as aramid or ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene fibres, or any kind or reinforcing fibres of fillers or their combinations.
12. A prepreg comprising fibers and a polymer distributed between the fibres, characterized in that the polymer is epsilon-caprolactone/PLA, epsilon-caprolactone, D- and L-lactide, PLA-, PGA-molecules, polyorthoesters, or an other bioactive, biocompatible polymers having molecular weight in the range 5,000 to 400,000.
13. A prepreg comprising fibers and a polymer distributed between fibres, characterized in that the between the fibres are further distributed additives such as Si, Ca, P, Ba, Mg, K, Na, Ti, F, oxides or other coumpounds of said elements, colour pigments, inert ceramics; hydroxyapatite (HA) or other Ca phosphates, Al2O3, ZrO2, xerogels, bioactive glasses or functionally bioactive or therapeutically active molecules, antigens, antibiotics, desinfectants, radio opaque materials, organic acids such as maleic acid, polyacrylic acid, or the like.
14. A process for the preparation of the prepreg claimed in claim 1, characterized in that fibres are wetted in a monomer or a dendrimer, and that the product so obtained optionally is further wetted in a solution of high molecular weight organic molecules.
15. A process according to claim 14, characterized that the the membrane is a thermoplastic material, optionally covered with one or more additives such as Si, Ca, P, Ba, Mg, K, Na, Ti, F, oxides or other coumpounds of said elements, colour pigments, inert ceramics; hydroxyapatite (HA) or other Ca phosphates, Al2O3, ZrO2, xerogels, bioactive glasses or functionally bioactive or therapeutically active molecules, antigens, antibiotics, desinfectants, radio opaque materials, organic acids such as maleic acid, polyacrylic acid, or the like.
16. The process according to claim 14, characterized in that a third matrix component consisting of high molecular weight organic molecules has been distributed between the fibres before the fibres are wetted with the monomer or dendrimer.
17. A package of the prepreg according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises the prepreg surrounded by a metal foil bottom and one or two layers of plastic sheet coverage, the closest sheet to the prepreg being a clear translucent sheet and the outermost sheet being a translucent sheet, treated so as to not essentially pass the light for curing.
18. A fibre-reinforced composite incorporating the prepreg according to the claim 1.
19. The composite according to the claim 18 machined into one or more desired blocks or into a desired form.
20. The composite according to claim 18 for use in medical or dental constructions such as prosthodontics, restorative dentistry, orthodontics, orthopedic appliances and cements; removable denture frameworks or precision attachments, clasps, dental bridges, resin-bonded-bridges, root canal posts, cores, periodontal splints, orthodontic retainers, crowns, fillings, mouth guards, matrices and inserts for dental filling material and the like.
21. The composite according to claim 18 for technical use as parts of instruments, as tools, devices, and materials and equipments which can be shaped freely for custom-made purposes or used in mass production.
Grandini et al. 2003 Use of anatomic post and core for reconstructing an endodontically treated tooth: a case report.


My friend Sarah C. sent me this link for Bacon Jam, a Foodista recipe which sounded just ridiculous enough for our group.
I got home and cooked the second pound of bacon (thanks to Dorrie for keeping me company) and added it to the mix. Before going to bed, I shut off the slowcooker and put it in the fridge.
Tomorrow before work, Dorrie is going to bring over her immersion blender to make the whole thing a bit more jam-y. And we've decided we should make beer bread next week to go with our new bacon confection.
So if you're looking for something to serve to make people say "Wha?", this is it.
Aren't you crafty, and serving people some crazy stuff the next time they come over!
Every Tuesday, it's friends, a craft, and a cocktail right here on the Breaking Even blog. To see our archives visit, www.toocutetuesday.com or like us on Facebook at www.facebook.com/toocutetuesday.
Just when you think you've got your crafting planned out, suddenly you see something on Twitter.
Our bars, with the exception of Andrew's really perfect one in the middle there, were a bit less than perfect. But delicious. Sprinkle sea salt on top for artisnal touch.
In my case, 'homemade Twix bars' with a link to beautiful snacks made of four delicious ingredients created by a fellow blogger and crafter I follow on Twitter. We had to try them. Full disclosure, her pictures are way better than ours. Here's a link to the original post.
1. Cut caramels in half. Squish so you make a little caramel sheet that's thin.
2. Line up two pretzels one next to the other, wrapping the caramel on the sides a bit. If your caramel sheet is too big, cut it down.
3. Using Nutella in a plastic bag with a hole cut in the corner, pipe Nutella in the crack created by where the two pretzels meet. Smear.
4. Melt some chocolate (use a microwave if you got it, doing this on the stove is a bit of a pain). Dip using the fondue forks if you are using a deep pan.
5. Place on parchment paper to dry. If you are Jen and impatient, put them in the freezer.
We ate our 'mistakes' and found that too much caramel wrapped around the pretzel combined with the warm chocolate made things slightly gooey-er than we meant for them to be.
But all taste testers agreed 'These are so good!' The pretzel, has a bit of sweet in it and the salt with the caramel, yum. "I think these are even better than regular Twix bars!" Andrew said. And they are, also it helps they are really easy! Thanks for the hookup, Twitter.
Aren't you crafty, and now slightly covered in chocolate?