The Institute of Public Accountants has hit back at comments by Bill Shorten last week labelling deductions for managing tax affairs as a "rort" and a "sweet deal" for the wealthy, highlighting the important role these deductions play.
Last week, opposition leader Bill Shorten made it clear that Labor would be pushing ahead with its plans to limit the deductions for the cost of managing tax affairs to $3,000. The measure is also expected to apply to SMSFs in much the same way it will to individual taxpayers.
"One of the rorts we want to shut down – did you know that if you want to deduct millions off your tax, you get your accountant to do it," said Mr Shorten.
"Did you know you can also claim as a tax deduction the hundreds of thousands dollars you give to your accountant to deduct millions out of the tax system.
"Why on earth is this government defending the ability of the super wealthy to pay their accountants, to minimise their tax and then even claim the cost to pay their accountants," he added.
Both the Institute of Public Accountants and the Chartered Accountants Australia New Zealand (CA ANZ) have since hit back at the attack, with CA ANZ tax leader Michael Croker stating the attack was bottom of the political barrel", and demanding an apology on behalf of the industry.
"Accountants are one of Australia's most trusted professions, and for a politician to kick off a campaign by attacking our integrity is, to say the least, a bit rich.
Mr Croker said that, because managing tax affairs covered such a variety of circumstances, it was unlikely that millionaires would be the only taxpayers hit by the proposed $3,000 cap.
"Let's be clear that it's not just millionaires who claim more than $3,000 in tax compliance costs – it is also mums and dad's going through one-off life events," said Mr Croker.
"It's the people who invest and need to assess taxation, depreciation, capital gains and other implications. It's the migrant or expat Australian with foreign income. It is the people who are thinking about a separation or going through a divorce. It is the people making decisions in the lead up to retirement.
IPA chief executive officer Andrew Conway said the proposed cap assumes that a one-size fits all approach works which is simply not the case.
"Labor's views on this matter shows a lack of understanding about, and respect for, what it takes for an accountant to appropriately manage an individual's tax affairs. It is not always a matter of a simple tax return; there may be many other factors associated with our highly complex tax system.
"For some, there can be considerable time spent in areas of tax audit, litigation, disputes and other interactions with the ATO.
Mr Conway also noted that further complexities exist with the formation of partnerships, trusts, property acquisitions and disposals.
"These are all factors of a change in someone's life circumstances which may also include ordinary taxpayers involved in situations like restructuring, divorce and sale of a business, to name a few," he said.
SMSF Adviser understands that Prime Minister Scott Morrison and Treasurer Josh Frydenberg have issued a letter to CEOs of the Institute of Public Accountants (IPA), CPA and Chartered Accountants Australia and New Zealand outlining their concerns about the policy.
Mr Conway said the IPA will be disseminating the letter to its members.
"If the opposition provides a response to these concerns, we will also distribute the correspondence to members," he said.
Commissioner Chris Jordan also previously questioned the basis of the proposal, noting that the millions that Labor were pointing to were probably down to general interest charges in large settlements.
"When people see a quick headline, 'millionaires paying millions not to pay tax', there might well be some other reason entirely, like GIC, and I think we're trying to break that box down now," Mr Jordan said previously.
"For this one, it is the label on the tax return and in that label, it is not just tax agent fees but penalties and deductible interest. If you've got all that GIC and you've paid an enormous settlement, you can claim the GIC as a tax deduction, so yes, you might have millions of dollars of income, but I can't see any rational or even irrational person spending over a million to not pay tax on a million.


A fantastic opportunity has arisen for a part-time Internal Auditor to join our Internal Audit team in Spinningfields, Manchester. It's an exciting time to join Brown Shipley as this year we are working towards developing technology and streamlining the way we do things to make us excellent at what we do.
Please ensure you read the details of what we need from you when you submit your CV.
We will be in touch within 5 working days of receiving your application.
To carry out audit assignments in accordance with methodology to agreed quality, professional and ethical standards. Report findings and work with management to develop solutions to address weaknesses. Make sound recommendations to enhance controls and risk management.
Follow up findings and agreed actions and encourage their prompt implementation. Maintain records of progress and assist management in the production of MI.
Involvement in transformation and change projects that require an Audit perspective. If necessary represent Internal Audit in various formal and informal forums as required, providing appropriate information on audit activity.
To develop own professional expertise through on the job training, formal training and, where appropriate, professional qualifications.
Develop strong relationships with stakeholders, promoting a culture of control awareness and continual improvement.
We also have a flexible benefits package where you can purchase benefits such as season ticket loans, cycle to work and critical illness cover.


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


So we had some good beer, good ground Angus, Smoked Gouda and Mushrooms. Let's make a burger! Shelby actually asked me to make the beef patties the way I used to years ago before we got all fancy pants. Basically sprinkled the beef with garlic powder, salt, and pepper—that's it. I did season the pan with some chopped onion and garlic but it was just like how I used to make a ground steak. We used to cook everything in a pan—no grill, no Dutch ovens or Crock pots.
I sauteed some mushrooms for her and a little onion. Covered the pan with a little beer to melt the smoked Gouda and done. I guess that part was kinda fancy.


text:
L'hôpital universitaire des Canaries est un hôpital universitaire situé à Tenerife, en Espagne. Il a été inauguré en 1971 et est situé à San Cristóbal de La Laguna. L'hôpital dessert les résidents des municipalités du nord et de l'ouest de Tenerife et est également un hôpital de référence pour l'île de La Palma.

L'hôpital a une superficie de 71 000 m2. Il est considéré avec l'hôpital universitaire Nuestra Señora de Candelaria comme un hôpital de référence pour certaines spécialités dans les îles Canaries et aussi en Espagne. L'hôpital universitaire des îles Canaries a également été le premier hôpital universitaire des îles Canaries.

Notes et références

Liens externes

San Cristóbal de La Laguna
San Cristóbal de La Laguna
Centre hospitalier universitaire

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Sehwag does it again!!! Dances down the wicket and gets stumped on 99!!! He is undoubtedly the most destroying batsman in the cricketing world today but even his rash shots have no end. And just after he departs India losses another 2 wickets.
Hopefully India doesn't repeat the performance of 1st test match. India has already lost 3 wickets with Sachin and Laxman batting in.


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text:
Q: TypeError: Can't convert 'int' object to str implicitly i am trying to learn python language (v3 above) for myself, and im stuck at the early stages!
This exercise was taken from a python exercise website and their solutions go through the same conclusion that i reached still no good. I have this very basic code:
numero = input("introduza um numero:")

print ("O numero é:", numero)

print ("O resultado é:")

print (((numero + 3) * 2) - 4 - (2 * numero) + 3)**

Thing is i did search in stackoverflow for this matter, but it happens that i only find extensive code lines of this error and i get lost.
The program runs until i input the number then i get this:

TypeError: Can't convert 'int' object to str implicitly

It happens everytime i have a input command before any declaring variable or print command.
Thanks for the atention!

A: In Python 3, input returns a string containing the user's input.
So, a possible value for numero would be "3". Python is telling you that you can't do math on strings and ints together.
You could change your first line to something like this:
numero = int(input("introduza um numero:"))

This converts the user's input into an int, throwing an error if their input cannot be converted.

A: input taking data as string, you have to convert it to integer if you want to do some math calculates.
numero = int(input("introduza um numero:"))

This will convert your numero to an integer, then you can do calculates. Remember;
"4" != 4

First one is a string, second one is an integer. An example;
numero = int(input("introduza um numero:"))
print (((numero + 3) * 2) - 4 - (2 * numero) + 3)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
<?php

namespace App\Console\Commands;

use App\Campaign;
use App\CampaignBannerPurchaseStats;
use App\CampaignBannerStats;
use App\Contracts\StatsHelper;
use Illuminate\Console\Command;
use Illuminate\Support\Carbon;

class AggregateCampaignStats extends Command
{
    const COMMAND = 'campaigns:aggregate-stats';

    protected $signature = self::COMMAND . ' {--now=} {--include-inactive}';

    protected $description = 'Reads campaign stats from journal and stores aggregated data';

    private $statsHelper;

    public function __construct(StatsHelper $statsHelper)
    {
        parent::__construct();
        $this->statsHelper = $statsHelper;
    }

    public function handle()
    {
        $now = $this->option('now') ? Carbon::parse($this->option('now')) : Carbon::now();
        $timeFrom = $now->minute(0)->second(0);
        $timeTo = (clone $timeFrom)->addHour();

        $this->line(sprintf("Fetching stats data for campaigns between <info>%s</info> to <info>%s</info>.", $timeFrom, $timeTo));

        $campaigns = Campaign::all();
        if (!$this->option('include-inactive')) {
            $campaigns = $campaigns->filter(function ($item) {
                return $item->active;
            });
        }

        foreach ($campaigns as $campaign) {
            foreach ($campaign->campaignBanners as $campaignBanner) {
                $stats = $this->statsHelper->variantStats($campaignBanner, $timeFrom, $timeTo);

                /** @var CampaignBannerStats $cbs */
                $cbs = CampaignBannerStats::firstOrNew([
                    'campaign_banner_id' => $campaignBanner->id,
                    'time_from' => $timeFrom,
                    'time_to' => $timeTo,
                ]);

                $cbs->click_count = $stats['click_count']->count ?? 0;
                $cbs->show_count = $stats['show_count']->count ?? 0;
                $cbs->payment_count = $stats['payment_count']->count ?? 0;
                $cbs->purchase_count = $stats['purchase_count']->count ?? 0;
                $cbs->save();

                $sums = [];
                foreach ($stats['purchase_sum'] as $sumItem) {
                    $currency = $sumItem->tags->currency ?? null;
                    if ($currency) {
                        if (!array_key_exists($currency, $sums)) {
                            $sums[$currency] = 0.0;
                        }
                        $sums[$currency] += (double) $sumItem->sum;
                    }
                }

                foreach ($sums as $currency => $sum) {
                    $purchaseStat = CampaignBannerPurchaseStats::firstOrNew([
                        'campaign_banner_id' => $campaignBanner->id,
                        'time_from' => $timeFrom,
                        'time_to' => $timeTo,
                        'currency' => $currency
                    ]);

                    /** @var CampaignBannerPurchaseStats $purchaseStat */
                    $purchaseStat->sum = $sum;
                    $purchaseStat->save();
                }
            }
        }

        $this->line(' <info>OK!</info>');
        return 0;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: CheckBoxRenderer I Have developed an application in which i take data from the database and populate in jtable.But the problem is in rendering checkbox.i have coded for select all checkbox but it is giving error in UIManager.Tried a lot but of no use.
the code is:-
 public jtable1_1() throws Exception {

    DBEngine dbengine = new DBEngine();
    data = dbengine.getcandidatereport();

    //create header for the table
    header = new Vector<String>();

    header.add("check");
    header.add("Name");
    header.add("UserID"); //Empid
    header.add("EName"); // employee position
    header.add("LeadName");

    initComponents();
    TableColumn tc = jTable1.getColumnModel().getColumn(0);
    tc.setHeaderRenderer(new CheckBoxHeader(new MyItemListener()));
    tc.setCellEditor(jTable1.getDefaultEditor(Boolean.class));
    tc.setCellRenderer(jTable1.getDefaultRenderer(Boolean.class));}

    private void jTable1MouseClicked(java.awt.event.MouseEvent evt)
    {
       // TODO add your handling code here:
       int row = jTable1.getSelectedRow();
       jTextField1.setText(jTable1.getModel().getValueAt(row,1).toString());
       jTextField2.setText(jTable1.getModel().getValueAt(row,2).toString());
       jTextField3.setText(jTable1.getModel().getValueAt(row,3).toString());
    }

    public static void main(String args[]) {
        /* Create and display the form */
       java.awt.EventQueue.invokeLater(new Runnable() {
        public void run() {
           try
            {
                new jtable1_1().setVisible(true);
            }catch(Exception e){e.printStackTrace();}
        }
      });
    }

     public class MyItemListener implements ItemListener {

      public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent e) {
        Object source = e.getSource();
        if (source instanceof AbstractButton == false) {
            return;
        }
        boolean checked = e.getStateChange() == ItemEvent.SELECTED;
        for (int x = 0, y = jTable1.getRowCount(); x < y; x++) {
            jTable1.setValueAt(new Boolean(checked), x, 0);
        }
     }
    }

     public class CheckBoxHeader extends JCheckBox implements TableCellRenderer, MouseListener {

    protected CheckBoxHeader rendererComponent;
    protected int column;
    protected boolean mousePressed = false;

    public CheckBoxHeader(ItemListener itemListener) {
        rendererComponent = this;
        rendererComponent.addItemListener(itemListener);
    }

    public Component getTableCellRendererComponent(JTable jTable1,
              Object value, boolean isSelected, boolean hasFocus,
                                          int row, int column)
    {
        if (jTable1 != null) {
            JTableHeader header = jTable1.getTableHeader();
            if (header != null) {
                rendererComponent.setForeground(header.getForeground());
                rendererComponent.setBackground(header.getBackground());
                rendererComponent.setFont(header.getFont());
                header.addMouseListener(rendererComponent);
            }
        }
        setColumn(column);
        rendererComponent.setText("Check All");
        setBorder(UIManager.getBorder("TableHeader.cellBorder"));
        return rendererComponent;
    }

    protected void setColumn(int column) {
        this.column = column;
    }

    public int getColumn() {
        return column;
    }

    protected void handleClickEvent(MouseEvent e) {
        if (mousePressed) {
            mousePressed = false;
            JTableHeader header = (JTableHeader) (e.getSource());
            JTable tableView = header.getTable();
            TableColumnModel columnModel = tableView.getColumnModel();
            int viewColumn = columnModel.getColumnIndexAtX(e.getX());
            int column = tableView.convertColumnIndexToModel(viewColumn);

            if (viewColumn == this.column && e.getClickCount() == 1 && column != -1) {
                doClick();
            }
        }
    }

    public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e) {
        handleClickEvent(e);
        ((JTableHeader) e.getSource()).repaint();
    }

    public void mousePressed(MouseEvent e) {
        mousePressed = true;
    }

    public void mouseReleased(MouseEvent e) {
    }

    public void mouseEntered(MouseEvent e) {
    }

    public void mouseExited(MouseEvent e) {
    }
    }

A:
public class CheckBoxHeader extends JCheckBox implements
  TableCellRenderer, MouseListener {

*

*this code, whole class is uselles for todays Java, Swing and JTable (its renderer & editor), please read Oracles JTable tutorial

*put only Boolean value to the model, not JComponents

*have to override ColumnClass in XxxTableModel

A: These two lines are not required. JTable by default does that for you.
tc.setCellEditor(jTable1.getDefaultEditor(Boolean.class));
tc.setCellRenderer(jTable1.getDefaultRenderer(Boolean.class));

Only thing you have to do is to override getColumnClass(..) in the table model.
private Class<?> getColumnClass(int columnIndex) {
     switch(columnIndex) {
          // This is for your case.
          case 0:
                 return Boolean.class;
          default:
                 return String.class;
     }
}


text:
Soderstrom in Blaze return
DEFENCEMAN of the Year Mathias Soderstrom is returning to Coventry Blaze next season....
Coventry Live
DEFENCEMAN of the Year Mathias Soderstrom is returning to Coventry Blaze next season.
The 24-year-old Swede has been with the Blaze for two years and has become a fans favourite with his no-nonsense approach.
Soderstrom picked up 13 goals and 28 assists from his 66 games last season which indicates the significant contribution that he made to the team.
Blaze coach Paul Thompson said: "I am very pleased that Matty will be back with us. He is the type of player that turns up every night and has a never-say-die attitude. With each season Matty has improved as a player and has become a popular member on and off the ice with his teammates and the fans alike."
The Blaze are also delighted to announce that The Village Hotel and Leisure Club have confirmed an improved sponsor-ship contract for the forthcoming season. As well as providing top class off-ice training facilities to the Blaze, the Village will be hosting a number of Blaze functions during the year.
Another improved package has also been agreed with local company, D H Jones Master Locksmiths.
Blaze commercial director Mike Cowley said: "It's tremendous news that even more of last season's sponsors are signing up to be part of our second season in Coventry. The support from the local business community has been outstanding."
Coventry City FC'Take him back' - Coventry City fans debate deal for former defender ahead of Championship moveThe defender has impressed with MK Dons after leaving Derby County in controversial circumstances
'Cut above' - How Coventry City loanee Marcel Hilssner got on in his Oldham debut
Marcel HilssnerThe summer signing joined the League Two side on loan until the end of the season as he looks to build up his match fitness.
Wasps transfer rumours and news: Ben Vellacott talks, ex-Saracens prop to join, Paolo Odogwu's 'conversations'
Wasps RFCLatest Wasps Rugby news rounded up as Gallagher Premiership clubs finish first of two game-free weekends
'Revenge month' - Coventry City sent a warning ahead of Championship clash
Coventry City FCCoventry travel to Reading for the midweek Championship match as they look to do the double over Veljko Paunović's side.
A year on: Wasps' beating by Bordeaux Begles that sparked revival in fortunes
RugbyThey've come a long way in the 365 days that have passed since 27-0 Ricoh Arena defeat to Bordeaux Begles
Six people who 'came back from the dead' reveal what really happens when you die
Science and NatureIt is the last mystery of life and largely remains unknowable until your time comes
CoventryCoventry's Covid-19 rate falls again in a sign lockdown taking effectIt is the lowest it has been since the start of the year


text:
Justia Regulation Tracker Office Of The Secretary Senior Executive Service Performance Review Boards Membership, 39850 [05-13540]
Senior Executive Service Performance Review Boards Membership, 39850 [05-13540]
Download as PDF 39850 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 131 / Monday, July 11, 2005 / Notices DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Office of the Secretary [Docket No. OST–2005–21710] Senior Executive Service Performance Review Boards Membership Office of the Secretary, Department of Transportation (DOT). ACTION: Notice of Performance Review Board (PRB) appointments. AGENCY: SUMMARY: DOT publication of the names of the persons selected to serve on the various Departmental PRBs as required by 5 U.S.C. 4314(c)(4). FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Patricia A. Prosperi, Departmental Director, Office of Human Resource Management, (202) 366–4088. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The persons named below have been selected to serve on one or more Departmental PRBs. Issued in Washington, DC, on June 30, 2005. Linda J. Washington, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Administration. Federal Railroad Administration Jane H. Bachner, Deputy Associate Administrator for Industry and Intermodal Policy, Federal Railroad Administration. Delmas Johnson, Associate Administrator for Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Judy Kaleta, Senior Counsel for Dispute Resolution, Office of the Secretary. Margaret Reid, Associate Administrator for Administration and Finance, Federal Railroad Administration. Joel Szabat, Program Manager, Federal Railroad Administration. Mark Yachmetz, Associate Administrator for Railroad Development, Federal Railroad Administration. Federal Transit Administration Richard H. Doyle, Regional Administrator, Cambridge, MA, Federal Transit Administration. Thomas Herlihy, Assistant General Counsel for Legislation, Office of the Secretary. John W. Irvin, Associate Administrator for Communications and Congressional Affairs, Federal Transit Administration. Patricia G. Smith, Associate Administrator for Commercial Space Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration. Linda J. Washington, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Administration, Office of the Secretary. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Jacquelyn Glassman, Chief Counsel, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Arthur Hamilton, Associate Administrator for Federal Lands Highway Program, Federal Highway Administration. VerDate jul<14>2003 16:03 Jul 08, 2005 Jkt 205001 Linda Lawson, Director, Office of Safety, Energy and Environment, Office of the Secretary. Susan Gorcowski McLaughlin, Associate Administrator for Communications and Consumer Information, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Ronald Medford, Senior Associate Administrator for Vehicle Safety, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Federal Highway Administration Frederick Isler, Associate Administrator for Civil Rights, Federal Highway Administration. Brian Keeter, Associate Administrator for Public Affairs, Federal Highway Administration. Jeffrey Paniati, Associate Administrator for Operations, Federal Highway Administration. D. Marlene Thomas, Associate Administrator for Administration, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration. Michael J. Vecchietti, Associate Administrator for Administration, Federal Highway Administration. Maritime Administration James E. Caponiti, Associate Administrator for National Security, Maritime Administration. Bruce Carlton, Associate Administrator for Policy and International Trade, Maritime Administration. Jean E. McKeever, Associate Administrator for Shipbuilding, Maritime Administration. Margaret Reid, Associate Administrator for Administration and Finance, Federal Railroad Administration. Eileen Roberson, Associate Administrator for Administration, Maritime Administration. Office of the Secretary, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, and Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation Dorrie Aldrich, Associate Director, Office of Strategic Initiatives, Office of the Secretary. Roberta D. Gabel, Assistant General Counsel for Environmental, Civil Rights, and General Law, Office of the Secretary. Stacey Gerard, Associate Administrator, Office of Pipeline Safety, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration. Daniel Matthews, Chief Information Officer, Office of the Secretary. Craig Middlebrook, Deputy Administrator, Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation. Eric Peterson, Deputy Administrator, Research and Innovative Technology Administration. Michael Trujillo, Departmental Director, Office of Civil Rights, Office of the Secretary. Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration Edward Brigham, Associate Administrator for Administration, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration. Paula Ewen, Director, Office of Information and Management Services, Federal Highway Administration. David Lev, Deputy Associate Administrator, Volpe Center, Research and Information Technology Administration. Eric Peterson, Deputy Administrator, Research and Information Technology Administration. Greg Walter, Senior Associate Administrator for Policy and Operations, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration Brian Dettelbach, Assistant Inspector General for Legal Legislative and External Affairs, Office of Inspector General. Chip Nottingham, Associate Administrator for Policy, Federal Highway Administration. Terry Shelton, Associate Administrator for Research Technology and Information Management, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration. D. Marlene Thomas, Associate Administrator for Administration, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration. Linda J. Washington, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Administration, Office of the Secretary. Office of Inspector General Michael Delgado, Assistant Inspector General for Investigations, Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration, Department of the Treasury. Melissa Heist, Assistant Inspector General for Audit, Environmental Protection Agency. Samuel Holland, Assistant Inspector General for Investigations, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Evelyn Klemstine, Assistant Inspector General for Auditing, National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Helen Lew, Assistant Inspector General for Auditing, Department of Education. David Montoya, Assistant Inspector General for Investigations, Department of the Interior. Michael Stephens, Deputy Inspector General, Department of Housing and Urban Development. Eugene Wesley, Assistant Inspector General for Auditing, General Services Administration. Joseph Willever, Deputy Inspector General, Office of Personnel Management. Mark Woods, Assistant Inspector General for Investigations, Department of Agriculture. [FR Doc. 05–13540 Filed 7–8–05; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 4910–62–P Dorrie Aldrich, Associate Director for Strategic Initiatives, Office of the Secretary. Jane Bachner, Deputy Associate Administrator for Policy, Federal Railroad Administration. PO 00000 Frm 00136 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 E:\FR\FM\11JYN1.SGM 11JYN1
[Federal Register Volume 70, Number 131 (Monday, July 11, 2005)]
[FR Doc No: 05-13540]
[Docket No. OST-2005-21710]
Senior Executive Service Performance Review Boards Membership
AGENCY: Office of the Secretary, Department of Transportation (DOT).
ACTION: Notice of Performance Review Board (PRB) appointments.
SUMMARY: DOT publication of the names of the persons selected to serve
on the various Departmental PRBs as required by 5 U.S.C. 4314(c)(4).
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Patricia A. Prosperi, Departmental
Director, Office of Human Resource Management, (202) 366-4088.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The persons named below have been selected
to serve on one or more Departmental PRBs.
Issued in Washington, DC, on June 30, 2005.
Linda J. Washington,
Deputy Assistant Secretary for Administration.
Jane H. Bachner, Deputy Associate Administrator for Industry and
Intermodal Policy, Federal Railroad Administration.
Delmas Johnson, Associate Administrator for Administration, National
Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
Judy Kaleta, Senior Counsel for Dispute Resolution, Office of the
Secretary.
Margaret Reid, Associate Administrator for Administration and
Finance, Federal Railroad Administration.
Joel Szabat, Program Manager, Federal Railroad Administration.
Mark Yachmetz, Associate Administrator for Railroad Development,
Federal Railroad Administration.
Richard H. Doyle, Regional Administrator, Cambridge, MA, Federal
Transit Administration.
Thomas Herlihy, Assistant General Counsel for Legislation, Office of
the Secretary.
John W. Irvin, Associate Administrator for Communications and
Congressional Affairs, Federal Transit Administration.
Patricia G. Smith, Associate Administrator for Commercial Space
Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration.
Linda J. Washington, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Administration,
Office of the Secretary.
Jacquelyn Glassman, Chief Counsel, National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration.
Arthur Hamilton, Associate Administrator for Federal Lands Highway
Program, Federal Highway Administration.
Linda Lawson, Director, Office of Safety, Energy and Environment,
Susan Gorcowski McLaughlin, Associate Administrator for
Communications and Consumer Information, National Highway Traffic
Safety Administration.
Ronald Medford, Senior Associate Administrator for Vehicle Safety,
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
Frederick Isler, Associate Administrator for Civil Rights, Federal
Highway Administration.
Brian Keeter, Associate Administrator for Public Affairs, Federal
Jeffrey Paniati, Associate Administrator for Operations, Federal
D. Marlene Thomas, Associate Administrator for Administration,
Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration.
Michael J. Vecchietti, Associate Administrator for Administration,
Federal Highway Administration.
James E. Caponiti, Associate Administrator for National Security,
Maritime Administration.
Bruce Carlton, Associate Administrator for Policy and International
Trade, Maritime Administration.
Jean E. McKeever, Associate Administrator for Shipbuilding, Maritime
Eileen Roberson, Associate Administrator for Administration,
Office of the Secretary, Research and Innovative Technology
Administration, and Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation
Dorrie Aldrich, Associate Director, Office of Strategic Initiatives,
Roberta D. Gabel, Assistant General Counsel for Environmental, Civil
Rights, and General Law, Office of the Secretary.
Stacey Gerard, Associate Administrator, Office of Pipeline Safety,
Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration.
Daniel Matthews, Chief Information Officer, Office of the Secretary.
Craig Middlebrook, Deputy Administrator, Saint Lawrence Seaway
Development Corporation.
Eric Peterson, Deputy Administrator, Research and Innovative
Technology Administration.
Michael Trujillo, Departmental Director, Office of Civil Rights,
Dorrie Aldrich, Associate Director for Strategic Initiatives, Office
of the Secretary.
Jane Bachner, Deputy Associate Administrator for Policy, Federal
Railroad Administration.
Edward Brigham, Associate Administrator for Administration, Pipeline
and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration.
Paula Ewen, Director, Office of Information and Management Services,
David Lev, Deputy Associate Administrator, Volpe Center, Research
and Information Technology Administration.
Eric Peterson, Deputy Administrator, Research and Information
Greg Walter, Senior Associate Administrator for Policy and
Operations, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
Brian Dettelbach, Assistant Inspector General for Legal Legislative
and External Affairs, Office of Inspector General.
Chip Nottingham, Associate Administrator for Policy, Federal Highway
Terry Shelton, Associate Administrator for Research Technology and
Information Management, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration.
Michael Delgado, Assistant Inspector General for Investigations,
Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration, Department of the
Treasury.
Melissa Heist, Assistant Inspector General for Audit, Environmental
Protection Agency.
Samuel Holland, Assistant Inspector General for Investigations,
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.
Evelyn Klemstine, Assistant Inspector General for Auditing, National
Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Helen Lew, Assistant Inspector General for Auditing, Department of
David Montoya, Assistant Inspector General for Investigations,
Department of the Interior.
Michael Stephens, Deputy Inspector General, Department of Housing
and Urban Development.
Eugene Wesley, Assistant Inspector General for Auditing, General
Services Administration.
Joseph Willever, Deputy Inspector General, Office of Personnel
Mark Woods, Assistant Inspector General for Investigations,
Department of Agriculture.
[FR Doc. 05-13540 Filed 7-8-05; 8:45 am]


text:
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Home Knowledge Base Is JibJab Free? Here's How to Login and Create Celebrity Videos, eCards...
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Is JibJab Free? Here's How to Login and Create Celebrity Videos, eCards and Promo Codes
JibJab is free to some extent. The digital entertainment studio allows free memberships to its users, however, those members only have access to a limited collection of free content which they can customize, view, and share.
JibJab is a Los Angeles, a California-based digital media company that was founded by two brothers; Evan and Gregg Spiridellis. The company was known for creating political and social satire before it transitioned to become a personalized eCard and messaging service. In recent time, JibJab has expanded into the children educational market through its line of apps called StoryBots which creates educational books, videos, and games, as well as television series and classroom activities that are designed to encourage intellectual curiosity and make learning at the foundational level a fun experience for kids. StoryBots most successful content to date is its Emmy Award-winning Netflix series Ask the StoryBots.
JibJab attained huge prominence in 2004 when it made an animated caricature video of the U.S. Presidential candidates George W. Bush and John F. Kerry singing American folk musician Woodie Guthrie's 1940 hit song "This Land Is Your Land". The video was one of the first viral hits of the broadband age as it was seen by millions of people across all the continents, including Antarctica and the International Space Station. The video's success forced JibJab's servers to shut down even as it earned a number one position on the Movers and Shakers list of web data and analytics company, Alexa.
After making its rounds on the internet and getting linked to thousands of websites, the video made its way to traditional print and mass media, appearing on NBC Nightly News, Fox News and ABC World News Tonight where anchor Peter Jennings named the Spiridellis brothers the People of the Year.
Following the successes they enjoyed, JibJab released another original animation in late 2004 titled "Good to be in DC" which featured animated versions of George W. Bush, Dick Cheney, John Kerry, and John Edwards. The company then began releasing comical Year in Review videos at the end of every year which reflected on different significant events of the year. JibJab did so until 2015 when YouTube was now in full force and the company was no longer getting licensing deals.
By 2007, however, Gregg Spiridellis had come up with the idea of letting customers personalize eCards and videos by inserting their photographs into the message and sending them to other people. He was encouraged to do so after reading how much money card making companies like American Greetings was grossing in a year.
In addition to the normal greeting, birthday, holiday, and congratulatory greeting cards, JibJab took it a step further by offering its customers a chance to personalize popular music videos such as Britney Spear's "Baby One More Time", Psy's "Gangnam Style", LMFAO's "Sexy and I Know It", Pharrell Williams' "Happy", and Meghan Trainor's "All About That Bass" among others. JibJab's eCard service has since its launch become a huge hit as it attracts more than 100 million people to its website annually.
Is JibJab Free?
JibJab offers its members free membership through which they can use to gain access to a limited collection of eCards and content that are marked "free". Such content can thereby be customized, viewed and shared by these members. But to enjoy unlimited access to all of JibJab's content, and also enjoy the option of tracking your sent cards and schedule when they are sent, customers will be required to get a year-long JibJab Premium Membership subscription which costs $24.00 USD. Customers who use the JibJab app, which is available on both iOS and Android platforms, have the option of paying a monthly subscription of $2.99.
To get a free JibJab account, visit the jibjab.com website where you would come across a green "Become a Member" button. Click the button to reveal the create an account option where you will be required to fill in your name, email address, and a password. After doing so, click "sign up with email" to complete the process.
You also have the option of creating an account via Facebook.
Visit the JibJab website to log in to your account via the web. Click the "Log In" button and then put in your email and password. Login details are case sensitive so you would have to make sure that there are no spaces before, after, or in your email address and password.
How To Create Celebrity Videos and eCards
To create an eCard or video you would like to send to someone, go through the available options and then click on the particular card or video that interests you to preview it.
The next step would be to click the "Make Card" button to go ahead to customize it. On the casting/creating page, upload a picture of your head by clicking the plus button located at the bottom left of the page. If the eCard being created has more than one head, click each head as it corresponds to the space it would appear in. After doing so, you will be taken to the sharing page where you would be able to add a personal message and then share it on social media or email.
Read Also: What is Badoo? Login, Review, How To Get Free Credits or Delete Account
Get Promo Codes
JibJab offers its customers the chance to get promo codes and coupons that can cut the price of whatever purchase they are making from the website by up to 50% and in some cases, more. These promo codes can be gotten from the company's website or from other third party sites that deal in coupons.
Further Questions
Can you cancel JibJab membership?
Yes. To do so, you would have to log in to your paid account and click "My Info". The next step would be to click on "Membership" and then "Edit Auto-Renewal Subscription" to affect your changes.
How do I save JibJab videos on my phone?
Open the app and click on the image of the video you would like to download then click the "Share your video!" menu. Select the save option from the menu and then save the video to your device.
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"NSA" redirects here. For other uses, see NSA (disambiguation).
Originating as a unit to decipher coded communications in World War II, it was officially formed as the NSA by Harry S. Truman in 1952. Since then, it has become one of the largest of U.S. intelligence organizations in terms of personnel and budget, operating as part of the Department of Defense and simultaneously reporting to the Director of National Intelligence.
NSA surveillance has been a matter of political controversy on several occasions, such as its spying on anti-Vietnam war leaders or economic espionage. In 2013, the extent of the NSA's secret surveillance programs was revealed to the public by Edward Snowden. According to the leaked documents, the NSA intercepts the communications of over a billion people worldwide, many of whom are American citizens, and tracks the movement of hundreds of millions of people using cellphones. Most such interceptions did not meet the legal requirements underpinning the agency's work. Internationally, research has pointed to the NSA's ability to surveil the domestic internet traffic of foreign countries through "boomerang routing".
The origins of the National Security Agency can be traced back to April 28, 1917, three weeks after the U.S. Congress declared war on Germany in World War I. A code and cipher decryption unit was established as the Cable and Telegraph Section which was also known as the Cipher Bureau and Military Intelligence Branch, Section 8 (MI-8). It was headquartered in Washington, D.C. and was part of the war effort under the executive branch without direct Congressional authorization. During the course of the war it was relocated in the army's organizational chart several times. On July 5, 1917, Herbert O. Yardley was assigned to head the unit. At that point, the unit consisted of Yardley and two civilian clerks. It absorbed the navy's cryptoanalysis functions in July 1918. World War I ended on November 11, 1918, and MI-8 moved to New York City on May 20, 1919, where it continued intelligence activities as the Code Compilation Company under the direction of Yardley.
Western Union allowed MI-8 to monitor telegraphic communications passing through the company's wires until 1929.
MI-8 also operated the so-called "Black Chamber". The Black Chamber was located on East 37th Street in Manhattan. Its purpose was to crack the communications codes of foreign governments. Jointly supported by the State Department and the War Department, the chamber persuaded Western Union, the largest U.S. telegram company, to allow government officials to monitor private communications passing through the company's wires.
Other "Black Chambers" were also found in Europe. They were established by the French and British governments to read the letters of targeted individuals, employing a variety of techniques to surreptitiously open, copy, and reseal correspondence before forwarding it to unsuspecting recipients.
Despite the American Black Chamber's initial successes, it was shut down in 1929 by U.S. Secretary of State Henry L. Stimson, who defended his decision by stating: "Gentlemen do not read each other's mail".
During World War II, the Signal Security Agency (SSA) was created to intercept and decipher the communications of the Axis powers. When the war ended, the SSA was reorganized as the Army Security Agency (ASA), and it was placed under the leadership of the Director of Military Intelligence.
In the 1960s, the NSA played a key role in expanding America's commitment to the Vietnam War by providing evidence of a North Vietnamese attack on the American destroyer USS Maddox during the Gulf of Tonkin incident.
A secret operation code-named "MINARET" was set up by the NSA to monitor the phone communications of Senators Frank Church and Howard Baker, as well as major civil rights leaders including Dr. Martin Luther King, and prominent U.S. journalists and athletes who criticized the Vietnam War. However the project turned out to be controversial, and an internal review by the NSA concluded that its Minaret program was "disreputable if not outright illegal."
In the aftermath of the Watergate Scandal, a congressional hearing in 1975 led by Sen. Frank Church revealed that the NSA, in collaboration with Britain's SIGINT intelligence agency Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), had routinely intercepted the international communications of prominent anti-Vietnam war leaders such as Jane Fonda and Dr. Benjamin Spock. Following the resignation of President Richard Nixon, there were several investigations of suspected misuse of FBI, CIA and NSA facilities. Senator Frank Church uncovered previously unknown activity, such as a CIA plot (ordered by the administration of President John F. Kennedy) to assassinate Fidel Castro. The investigation also uncovered NSA's wiretaps on targeted American citizens.
In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, the NSA created new IT systems to deal with the flood of information from new technologies like the internet and cellphones. ThinThread contained advanced data mining capabilities. It also had a 'privacy mechanism'; surveillance was stored encrypted; decryption required a warrant. The research done under this program may have contributed to the technology used in later systems. ThinThread was cancelled when Michael Hayden chose Trailblazer, which did not include ThinThread's privacy system.
Trailblazer Project ramped up in 2002. SAIC, Boeing, CSC, IBM, and Litton worked on it. Some NSA whistleblowers complained internally about major problems surrounding Trailblazer. This led to investigations by Congress and the NSA and DoD Inspectors General. The project was cancelled in early 2004; it was late, over budget, and didn't do what it was supposed to do. The Baltimore Sun ran articles about this in 2006–07. The government then raided the whistleblowers' houses. One of them, Thomas Drake, was charged with violating 18 U.S.C. § 793(e) in 2010 in an unusual use of espionage law. He and his defenders claim that he was actually being persecuted for challenging the Trailblazer Project. In 2011, all 10 original charges against Drake were dropped.
Turbulence started in 2005. It was developed in small, inexpensive 'test' pieces rather than one grand plan like Trailblazer. It also included offensive cyber-warfare capabilities, like injecting malware into remote computers. Congress criticized Turbulence in 2007 for having similar bureaucratic problems as Trailblazer. It was to be a realization of information processing at higher speeds in cyberspace.
It was revealed that the NSA intercepts telephone and internet communications of over a billion people worldwide, seeking information on terrorism as well as foreign politics, economics and "commercial secrets". In a declassified document it was revealed that 17,835 phone lines were on an improperly permitted "alert list" from 2006 to 2009 in breach of compliance, which tagged these phone lines for daily monitoring. Eleven percent of these monitored phone lines met the agency's legal standard for "reasonably articulable suspicion" (RAS).
The NSA tracks the locations of hundreds of millions of cellphones per day, allowing them to map people's movements and relationships in detail. It reportedly has access to all communications made via Google, Microsoft, Facebook, Yahoo, YouTube, AOL, Skype, Apple and Paltalk, and collects hundreds of millions of contact lists from personal email and instant messaging accounts each year. It has also managed to weaken much of the encryption used on the Internet (by collaborating with, coercing or otherwise infiltrating numerous technology companies), so that the majority of Internet privacy is now vulnerable to the NSA and other attackers.
Domestically, the NSA collects and stores metadata records of phone calls, including over 120 million US Verizon subscribers, as well as internet communications, relying on a secret interpretation of the Patriot Act whereby the entirety of US communications may be considered "relevant" to a terrorism investigation if it is expected that even a tiny minority may relate to terrorism. The NSA supplies foreign intercepts to the DEA, IRS and other law enforcement agencies, who use these to initiate criminal investigations. Federal agents are then instructed to "recreate" the investigative trail via parallel construction.
Despite President Obama's claims that these programs have congressional oversight, members of Congress were unaware of the existence of these NSA programs or the secret interpretation of the Patriot Act, and have consistently been denied access to basic information about them. Obama has also claimed that there are legal checks in place to prevent inappropriate access of data and that there have been no examples of abuse; however, the secret FISC court charged with regulating the NSA's activities is, according to its chief judge, incapable of investigating or verifying how often the NSA breaks even its own secret rules. It has since been reported that the NSA violated its own rules on data access thousands of times a year, many of these violations involving large-scale data interceptions; and that NSA officers have even used data intercepts to spy on love interests. The NSA has "generally disregarded the special rules for disseminating United States person information" by illegally sharing its intercepts with other law enforcement agencies. A March 2009 opinion of the FISC court, released by court order, states that protocols restricting data queries had been "so frequently and systemically violated that it can be fairly said that this critical element of the overall ... regime has never functioned effectively." In 2011 the same court noted that the "volume and nature" of the NSA's bulk foreign internet intercepts was "fundamentally different from what the court had been led to believe". Email contact lists (including those of US citizens) are collected at numerous foreign locations to work around the illegality of doing so on US soil.
Legal opinions on the NSA's bulk collection program have differed. In mid-December 2013, U.S. District Court Judge Richard Leon ruled that the "almost-Orwellian" program likely violates the Constitution, and wrote, "I cannot imagine a more 'indiscriminate' and 'arbitrary invasion' than this systematic and high-tech collection and retention of personal data on virtually every single citizen for purposes of querying and analyzing it without prior judicial approval. Surely, such a program infringes on 'that degree of privacy' that the Founders enshrined in the Fourth Amendment. Indeed, I have little doubt that the author of our Constitution, James Madison, who cautioned us to beware 'the abridgement of freedom of the people by gradual and silent encroachments by those in power,' would be aghast."
On March 20, 2013 the Director of National Intelligence, Lieutenant General James Clapper, testified before Congress that the NSA does not wittingly collect any kind of data on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans, but he retracted this in June after details of the PRISM program were published, and stated instead that meta-data of phone and internet traffic are collected, but no actual message contents. This was corroborated by the NSA Director, General Keith Alexander, before it was revealed that the XKeyscore program collects the contents of millions of emails from US citizens without warrant, as well as "nearly everything a user does on the Internet". Alexander later admitted that "content" is collected, but stated that it is simply stored and never analyzed or searched unless there is "a nexus to al-Qaida or other terrorist groups".
In 2012, the NSA said more than 30,000 employees worked at Ft. Meade and other facilities. In 2012, John C. Inglis, the deputy director, said that the total number of NSA employees is "somewhere between 37,000 and one billion" as a joke, and stated that the agency is "probably the biggest employer of introverts." In 2013 Der Spiegel stated that the NSA had 40,000 employees. More widely, it has been described as the world's largest single employer of mathematicians. Some NSA employees form part of the workforce of the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO), the agency that provides the NSA with satellite signals intelligence.
The NSA received criticism early on in 1960 after two agents had defected to the Soviet Union. Investigations by the House Un-American Activities Committee and a special subcommittee of the House Armed Services Committee revealed severe cases of ignorance in personnel security regulations, prompting the former personnel director and the director of security to step down and leading to the adoption of stricter security practices. Nonetheless, security breaches reoccurred only a year later when in an issue of Izvestia of July 23, 1963, a former NSA employee published several cryptologic secrets.
The very same day, an NSA clerk-messenger committed suicide as ongoing investigations disclosed that he had sold secret information to the Soviets on a regular basis. The reluctance of Congressional houses to look into these affairs had prompted a journalist to write "If a similar series of tragic blunders occurred in any ordinary agency of Government an aroused public would insist that those responsible be officially censured, demoted, or fired." David Kahn criticized the NSA's tactics of concealing its doings as smug and the Congress' blind faith in the agency's right-doing as shortsighted, and pointed out the necessity of surveillance by the Congress to prevent abuse of power.
Edward Snowden's leaking of PRISM in 2013 caused the NSA to institute a "two-man rule" where two system administrators are required to be present when one accesses certain sensitive information. Snowden claims he suggested such a rule in 2009.
The NSA conducts polygraph tests of employees. For new employees, the tests are meant to discover enemy spies who are applying to the NSA and to uncover any information that could make an applicant pliant to coercion. As part of the latter, historically EPQs or "embarrassing personal questions" about sexual behavior had been included in the NSA polygraph. The NSA also conducts five-year periodic reinvestigation polygraphs of employees, focusing on counterintelligence programs. In addition the NSA conducts aperiodic polygraph investigations in order to find spies and leakers; those who refuse to take them may receive "termination of employment", according to a 1982 memorandum from the director of the NSA.
In 2010 the NSA produced a video explaining its polygraph process. The video, ten minutes long, is titled "The Truth About the Polygraph" and was posted to the website of the Defense Security Service. Jeff Stein of The Washington Post said that the video portrays "various applicants, or actors playing them – it's not clear – describing everything bad they had heard about the test, the implication being that none of it is true." AntiPolygraph.org argues that the NSA-produced video omits some information about the polygraph process; it produced a video responding to the NSA video. George Maschke, the founder of the website, accused the NSA polygraph video of being "Orwellian".
The number of exemptions from legal requirements has been criticized. When in 1964 the Congress was hearing a bill giving the director of the NSA the power to fire at will any employee, the Washington Post wrote: "This is the very definition of arbitrariness. It means that an employee could be discharged and disgraced on the basis of anonymous allegations without the slightest opportunity to defend himself." Yet, the bill was accepted by an overwhelming majority.
The National Security Agency/Central Security Service Cryptologic Memorial honors and remembers the fallen personnel, both military and civilian, of these intelligence missions. It is made of black granite, and has 171 names carved into it, as of 2013[update] . It is located at NSA headquarters. A tradition of declassifying the stories of the fallen was begun in 2001.
The thousands of Top Secret internal NSA documents that were taken by Edward Snowden in 2013 were stored in "a file-sharing location on the NSA's intranet site" so they could easily be read online by NSA personnel. Everyone with a TS/SCI-clearance had access to these documents and as a system administrator, Snowden was responsible for moving accidentally misplaced highly sensitive documents to more secure storage locations.
On July 18, 2013, Greenwald said that Snowden held "detailed blueprints of how the NSA does what they do", thereby sparking fresh controversy.
Headquarters for the National Security Agency is located at Lua error in Module:Coordinates at line 668: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. in Fort George G. Meade, Maryland, although it is separate from other compounds and agencies that are based within this same military installation. Ft. Meade is about 20 mi (32 km) southwest of Baltimore, and 25 mi (40 km) northeast of Washington, DC. The NSA has its own exit off Maryland Route 295 South labeled "NSA Employees Only". The exit may only be used by people with the proper clearances, and security vehicles parked along the road guard the entrance.
NSA is the largest employer in the U.S. state of Maryland, and two-thirds of its personnel work at Ft. Meade. Built on 350 acres (140 ha; 0.55 sq mi) of Ft. Meade's 5,000 acres (2,000 ha; 7.8 sq mi), the site has 1,300 buildings and an estimated 18,000 parking spaces.
The employees at the NSA headquarters reside in various places in the Baltimore-Washington area, including Annapolis, Baltimore, and Columbia in Maryland and the District of Columbia, including the Georgetown community.
Baltimore Gas & Electric (BGE, now Constellation Energy) provided NSA with 65 to 75 megawatts at Ft. Meade in 2007, and expected that an increase of 10 to 15 megawatts would be needed later that year. In 2011, NSA at Ft. Meade was Maryland's largest consumer of power. In 2007, as BGE's largest customer, NSA bought as much electricity as Annapolis, the capital city of Maryland.
One estimate put the potential for power consumption by the new Utah Data Center at $40 million per year.
When the agency was established, its headquarters and cryptographic center were in the Naval Security Station in Washington, D.C.. The COMINT functions were located in Arlington Hall in Northern Virginia, which served as the headquarters of the U.S. Army's cryptographic operations. Because the Soviet Union had detonated a nuclear bomb and because the facilities were crowded, the federal government wanted to move several agencies, including the AFSA/NSA. A planning committee considered Fort Knox, but Fort Meade, Maryland, was ultimately chosen as NSA headquarters because it was far enough away from Washington, D.C. in case of a nuclear strike and was close enough so its employees would not have to move their families.
On March 30, 2015, shortly before 9 am, a stolen sports utility vehicle approached an NSA police vehicle blocking the road near the gate of Fort Meade, after it was told to leave the area. NSA officers fired on the SUV, killing the 27-year-old driver, Ricky Hall (a transgender person also known as Mya), and seriously injuring his friend, 20-year-old Kevin Fleming. An NSA officer's arm was injured when Hall subsequently crashed into his vehicle.
The two, dressed in women's clothing after a night of partying at a motel with the man they'd stolen the SUV from that morning, "attempted to drive a vehicle into the National Security Agency portion of the installation without authorization", according to an NSA statement. The NSA is investigating the incident, with help from the FBI. FBI spokeswoman Amy Thoreson said the incident is not believed to be related to terrorism.
An anonymous police official told The Washington Post, "This was not a deliberate attempt to breach the security of NSA. This was not a planned attack." The two are believed to have made a wrong turn off the highway, while fleeing from the motel after stealing the vehicle. A small amount of cocaine was found in the SUV. A local CBS reporter initially said a gun was found, but her later revision does not. Dozens of journalists were corralled into a parking lot blocks away from the scene, and were barred from photographing the area.
On January 6, 2011 a groundbreaking ceremony was held to begin construction on NSA's first Comprehensive National Cyber-security Initiative (CNCI) Data Center, known as the "Utah Data Center" for short. The $1.5B data center is being built at Camp Williams, Utah, located 25 miles (40 km) south of Salt Lake City, and will help support the agency's National Cyber-security Initiative. It is expected to be operational by September 2013.
In 2009, to protect its assets and to access more electricity, NSA sought to decentralize and expand its existing facilities in Ft. Meade and Menwith Hill, the latter expansion expected to be completed by 2015.
Following the signing in 1946–1956 of the UKUSA Agreement between the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, who then cooperated on signals intelligence and ECHELON, NSA stations were built at GCHQ Bude in Morwenstow, United Kingdom; Geraldton, Pine Gap and Shoal Bay, Australia; Leitrim and Ottawa, Canada; Misawa, Japan; and Waihopai and Tangimoana, New Zealand.
The agency's European Cryptologic Center (ECC), with 240 employees in 2011, is headquartered at a US military compound in Griesheim, near Frankfurt in Germany. A 2011 NSA report indicates that the ECC is responsible for the "largest analysis and productivity in Europe" and focusses on various priorities, including Africa, Europe, the Middle East and counterterrorism operations.
NSA activated Khon Kaen in October 1979. Its mission was to eavesdrop on the radio traffic of Chinese army and air force units in southern China, especially in and around the city of Kunming in Yunnan Province. Back in the late 1970s the base consisted only of a small CDAA antenna array that was remote-controlled via satellite from the NSA listening post at Kunia, Hawaii, and a small force of civilian contractors from Bendix Field Engineering Corp. who job it was to keep the antenna array and satellite relay facilities up and running 24/7.
According to the Washington Post, "[e]very day, collection systems at the National Security Agency intercept and store 1.7 billion e-mails, phone calls and other types of communications. The NSA sorts a fraction of those into 70 separate databases."
As part of the National Security Presidential Directive 54/Homeland Security Presidential Directive 23 (NSPD 54), signed on January 8, 2008 by President Bush, the NSA became the lead agency to monitor and protect all of the federal government's computer networks from cyber-terrorism.
Echelon was created in the incubator of the Cold War. Today it is a legacy system, and several NSA stations are closing.
During the early 1970s, the first of what became more than eight large satellite communications dishes were installed at Menwith Hill. Investigative journalist Duncan Campbell reported in 1988 on the ECHELON surveillance program, an extension of the UKUSA Agreement on global signals intelligence SIGINT, and detailed how the eavesdropping operations worked. In November 3, 1999 the BBC reported that they had confirmation from the Australian Government of the existence of a powerful "global spying network" code-named Echelon, that could "eavesdrop on every single phone call, fax or e-mail, anywhere on the planet" with Britain and the United States as the chief protagonists. They confirmed that Menwith Hill was "linked directly to the headquarters of the US National Security Agency (NSA) at Fort Meade in Maryland".
Protesters against NSA data mining in Berlin wearing Chelsea Manning and Edward Snowden masks.
The NSA is also involved in planning to blackmail people with "SEXINT", intelligence gained about a potential target's sexual activity and preferences. Those targeted had not committed any apparent crime nor were charged with one.
The Real Time Regional Gateway is a data collection program introduced in 2005 in Iraq by NSA during the Iraq War that consisted of gathering all electronic communication, storing it, then searching and otherwise analyzing it. It was effective in providing information about Iraqi insurgents who had eluded less comprehensive techniques. This "collect it all" strategy introduced by NSA director, Keith B. Alexander, is believed by Glenn Greenwald of The Guardian to be the model for the comprehensive world-wide mass archiving of communications which NSA is engaged in as of 2013.
Edward Snowden revealed in June 2013 that between February 8 and March 8, 2013, the NSA collected about 124.8 billion telephone data items and 97.1 billion computer data items throughout the world, as was displayed in charts from an internal NSA tool codenamed Boundless Informant. It was reported that some of these data reflected eavesdropping on citizens in countries like Germany, Spain and France.
BoundlessInformant employs big data databases, cloud computing technology, and Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) to analyze data collected worldwide by the NSA.
In 2013, reporters uncovered a secret memo that claims the NSA created and pushed for the adoption of the Dual_EC_DRBG encryption standard that contained built-in vulnerabilities in 2006 to the United States National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and the International Organization for Standardization (aka ISO). This memo appears to give credence to previous speculation by cryptographers at Microsoft Research. Edward Snowden claims that the NSA often bypasses encryption altogether by lifting information before it is encrypted or after it is decrypted.
XKeyscore rules (as specified in a file xkeyscorerules100.txt, sourced by German TV stations NDR and WDR, who claim to have excerpts from its source code) reveal that the NSA tracks users of privacy-enhancing software tools, including Tor, the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and readers of the Linux Journal.
Proponents of the surveillance program claim that the President has executive authority to order such action, arguing that laws such as FISA are overridden by the President's Constitutional powers. In addition, some argued that FISA was implicitly overridden by a subsequent statute, the Authorization for Use of Military Force, although the Supreme Court's ruling in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld deprecates this view. In the August 2006 case ACLU v. NSA, U.S. District Court Judge Anna Diggs Taylor concluded that NSA's warrantless surveillance program was both illegal and unconstitutional. On July 6, 2007 the 6th Circuit Court of Appeals vacated the decision on the grounds that the ACLU lacked standing to bring the suit.
In May 2006, Mark Klein, a former AT&T employee, alleged that his company had cooperated with NSA in installing Narus hardware to replace the FBI Carnivore program, to monitor network communications including traffic between American citizens.
In the months leading to April 2009, the NSA intercepted the communications of American citizens, including a Congressman, although the Justice Department believed that the interception was unintentional. The Justice Department then took action to correct the issues and bring the program into compliance with existing laws. United States Attorney General Eric Holder resumed the program according to his understanding of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act amendment of 2008, without explaining what had occurred.
Defenders of the program say that while metadata alone can't provide all the information necessary to prevent an attack, it assures the ability to "connect the dots" between suspect foreign numbers and domestic numbers with a speed only the NSA's software is capable of. One benefit of this is quickly being able to determine the difference between suspicious activity and real threats. As an example, NSA director General Keith Alexander mentioned at the annual Cybersecurity Summit in 2013, that metadata analysis of domestic phone call records after the Boston Marathon Bombing helped determine that[clarification needed] another attack in New York was baseless.
In June 2015, Wikileaks published documents, which showed that NSA spied on French companies.
In July 2015, WikiLeaks published documents, which showed that NSA spied on federal German ministries since 1990s.
According to former NSA director General Keith Alexander, in September 2009 the NSA prevented Najibullah Zazi and his friends from carrying out a terrorist attack. The NSA tagged Zazi as a possible threat because he was contacting people affiliated with terrorist activity through emails, which the NSA was able to obtain through one of PRISM's dragnets. The NSA tipped off the FBI, which began a program called Operation High-Rise. Operation High-Rise discovered that Zazi was planning to suicide bomb the New York City Subway. Zazi called off the attacks after receiving a tip about law-enforcement inquiries and was later arrested.
Besides the more traditional ways of eavesdropping in order to collect signals intelligence, NSA is also engaged in hacking computers, smartphones and their networks. These operations are conducted by the Tailored Access Operations (TAO) division.
Linus Torvalds, the founder of Linux kernel, joked during a LinuxCon keynote on September 18, 2013 that the NSA, who are the founder of SELinux, wanted a backdoor in the kernel. However, later, Linus' father, a Member of the European Parliament (MEP), revealed that the NSA actually did this.
When my oldest son [Linus Torvalds] was asked the same question: "Has he been approached by the NSA about backdoors?" he said "No", but at the same time he nodded. Then he was sort of in the legal free. He had given the right answer, [but] everybody understood that the NSA had approached him.
_NSAKEY was a variable name discovered in Microsoft's Windows NT 4 Service Pack 5 (which had been released unstripped of its symbolic debugging data) in August 1999 by Andrew D. Fernandes of Cryptonym Corporation. That variable contained a 1024-bit public key.
Computers seized by the NSA due to interdiction are often modified with a physical device known as Cottonmouth Cottonmouth is a device that can be inserted in the USB port of a computer in order to establish remote access to the targeted machine. According to NSA's Tailored Access Operations (TAO) group implant catalog, after implanting Cottonmouth, the NSA can establish Bridging (networking) "that allows the NSA to load exploit software onto modified computers as well as allowing the NSA to relay commands and data between hardware and software implants."
NSA was embroiled in some minor controversy concerning its involvement in the creation of the Data Encryption Standard (DES), a standard and public block cipher algorithm used by the U.S. government and banking community. During the development of DES by IBM in the 1970s, NSA recommended changes to some details of the design. There was suspicion that these changes had weakened the algorithm sufficiently to enable the agency to eavesdrop if required, including speculation that a critical component—the so-called S-boxes—had been altered to insert a "backdoor" and that the reduction in key length might have made it feasible for NSA to discover DES keys using massive computing power. It has since been observed that the S-boxes in DES are particularly resilient against differential cryptanalysis, a technique which was not publicly discovered until the late 1980s, but which was known to the IBM DES team.
The United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence reviewed NSA's involvement, and concluded that while the agency had provided some assistance, it had not tampered with the design. In late 2009 NSA declassified information stating that "NSA worked closely with IBM to strengthen the algorithm against all except brute force attacks and to strengthen substitution tables, called S-boxes. Conversely, NSA tried to convince IBM to reduce the length of the key from 64 to 48 bits. Ultimately they compromised on a 56-bit key."
The involvement of NSA in the selection of a successor to Data Encryption Standard (DES), the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), was limited to hardware performance testing (see AES competition). NSA has subsequently certified AES for protection of classified information (for at most two levels, e.g. SECRET information in an unclassified environment[clarification needed]) when used in NSA-approved systems.
NSA promoted the inclusion of a random number generator called Dual_EC_DRBG in the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology's 2007 guidelines. This led to speculation of a backdoor which would allow NSA access to data encrypted by systems using that pseudo random number generator.
This is now deemed to be plausible based on the fact that the output of the next iterations of the PRNG can provably be determined if the relation between two internal elliptic curve points is known. Both NIST and RSA are now officially recommending against the use of this PRNG.
NSA has invested many millions of dollars in academic research under grant code prefix MDA904, resulting in over 3,000 papers (as of 2007-10-11). NSA/CSS has, at times, attempted to restrict the publication of academic research into cryptography; for example, the Khufu and Khafre block ciphers were voluntarily withheld in response to an NSA request to do so. In response to a FOIA lawsuit, in 2013 the NSA released the 643-page research paper titled, "Untangling the Web: A Guide to Internet Research, " written and compiled by NSA employees to assist other NSA workers in searching for information of interest to the agency on the public Internet.
In the United States, at least since 2001, there has been legal controversy over what signal intelligence can be used for and how much freedom the National Security Agency has to use signal intelligence. The government has made, in 2015, slight changes in how it uses and collects certain types of data, specifically phone records. President Barack Obama has asked lawyers and his national security team to look at the tactics that are being used by the NSA. President Obama made a speech on January 17, 2014 where he defended the national security measures, including the NSA, and their intentions for keeping the country safe through surveillance. He said that it is difficult to determine where the line should be drawn between what is too much surveillance and how much is needed for national security because technology is ever changing and evolving. Therefore, the laws cannot keep up with the rapid advancements.
President Obama did make some changes to national security regulations and how much data can be collected and surveyed. The first thing he added, was more presidential directive and oversight so that privacy and basic rights are not violated. The president would look over requests on behalf of American citizens to make sure that their personal privacy is not violated by the data that is being requested. Secondly, surveillance tactics and procedures are becoming more public, including over 40 rulings of the FISC that have been declassified. Thirdly, further protections are being placed on activities that are justified under Section 702, such as the ability to retain, search and use data collected in investigations, which allows the NSA to monitor and intercept interaction of targets overseas. Finally, national security letters, which are secret requests for information that the FBI uses in their investigations, are becoming less secretive. The secrecy of the information requested will not be indefinite and will terminate after a set time if future secrecy is not required. Concerning the bulk surveillance of American's phone records, President Obama also ordered a transition from bulk surveillance under Section 215 to a new policy that will eliminate unnecessary bulk collection of metadata.
As of May 7, 2015, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit ruled that the interpretation of Section 215 of the Patriot Act was wrong and that the NSA program that has been collecting Americans' phone records in bulk is illegal. It stated that Section 215 cannot be clearly interpreted to allow government to collect national phone data and, as a result, expired on June 1, 2015. This ruling "is the first time a higher-level court in the regular judicial system has reviewed the N.S.A. phone records program."  The new bill getting passed later in May taking its place is known as the U.S.A. Freedom Act, which will enable the NSA to continue hunting for terrorists by analyzing telephone links between callers but "keep the bulk phone records in the hands of phone companies."  This would give phone companies the freedom to dispose the records in an 18-month period. The White House argued that this new ruling validated President Obama's support of the government being extracted from bulk data collection and giving power to the telecommunications companies.
Previously, the NSA paid billions of dollars to telecommunications companies in order to collect data from them. While companies such as Google and Yahoo! claim that they do not provide "direct access" from their servers to the NSA unless under a court order, the NSA had access to emails, phone calls and cellular data users. With this new ruling, telecommunications companies would not provide the NSA with bulk information. The companies would allow the disposal of data in every 18 months, which is arguably putting the telecommunications companies at a higher advantage.
This ruling made the collecting of phone records illegal, but it did not rule on Section 215's constitutionality. Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell has already put forth a new bill to re-authorize the Patriot Act. Defenders of this surveillance program are claiming that judges who sit on the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC) had ruled 37 times that this kind of collection of data is, in fact, lawful. The FISC is the court specifically mandated to grant surveillance orders in the name of foreign intelligence. The new ruling made by the Second District Court of Appeals now retroactively dismisses the findings of the FISC on this program.
↑ 2.0 2.1 "60 Years of Defending Our Nation" (PDF). National Security Agency. 2012. p. 3. Retrieved July 6, 2013. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> "On November 4, 2012, the National Security Agency (NSA) celebrates its 60th anniversary of providing critical information to U.S. decision makers and Armed Forces personnel in defense of our Nation. NSA has evolved from a staff of approximately 7,600 military and civilian employees housed in 1952 in a vacated school in Arlington, VA, into a workforce of more than 30,000 demographically diverse men and women located at NSA headquarters in Ft. Meade, MD, in four national Cryptologic Centers, and at sites throughout the world."
↑ Priest, Dana (July 21, 2013). "NSA growth fueled by need to target terrorists". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 22, 2013. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> "Since the attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, its civilian and military workforce has grown by one-third, to about 33,000, according to the NSA. Its budget has roughly doubled."
↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 "Introverted? Then NSA wants you." FCW. April 2012. Retrieved July 1, 2013.
↑ 5.0 5.1 "Prism Exposed: Data Surveillance with Global Implications". Spiegel Online International. June 10, 2013. p. 2. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> "How can an intelligence agency, even one as large and well-staffed as the NSA with its 40,000 employees, work meaningfully with such a flood of information?"
↑ 44.0 44.1 Bamford, Shadow Factory, pp. 325–340.
↑ 56.0 56.1 Greenwald, Glenn; MacAskill, Ewen (June 6, 2013). "NSA Prism program taps in to user data of Apple, Google and others". The Guardian. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
↑ 57.0 57.1 Gellman and Soltani, October 15, 2013 "NSA collects millions of e-mail address books globally", The Washington Post. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
↑ 67.0 67.1 Eddlem, T. The NSA Domestic Surveillance Lie, September 22, 2013. Retrieved September 23, 2013.
↑ Loennig, C., "Court: Ability to police U.S. spying program limited", Washington Post, August 16, 2013. Retrieved September 23, 2013.
↑ Gellman, B. NSA broke privacy rules thousands of times per year, audit finds, Washington Post, August 15, 2013. Retrieved September 23, 2013.
↑ 71.0 71.1 Spencer Ackerman, November 19, 2013, "Fisa court documents reveal extent of NSA disregard for privacy restrictions", The Guardian. Retrieved November 21, 2013.
↑ John D Bates (October 3, 2011). "[redacted] ". p. 16.
↑ Kessler, Glen, James Clapper's 'least untruthful' statement to the Senate, June 12, 2013. Retrieved September 23, 2013.
↑ Ackerman, Spencer; Roberts, Dan (June 28, 2013). "US Army Blocks Access to Guardian Website to Preserve 'Network Hygiene' – Military Admits to Filtering Reports and Content Relating to Government Surveillance Programs for Thousands of Personnel". The Guardian. Retrieved June 30, 2013.
↑ 106.0 106.1 106.2 David Kahn, The Codebreakers, Scribner Press, 1967, chapter 19, pp. 672–733.
↑ 113.0 113.1 Stein, Jeff. "NSA lie detectors no sweat, video says." Washington Post. June 14, 2010. Retrieved July 5, 2013.
↑ LACKLAND SECURITY HILL ENTERPRISE INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT, October 1, 2010, p. 2.
↑ Grier, Peter and Harry Bruinius. "In the end, NSA might not need to snoop so secretly." Christian Science Monitor. June 18, 2013. Retrieved July 1, 2013.
↑ 142.0 142.1 142.2 142.3 Bamford, Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency, p. 488. "At the heart of the invisible city is NSA's massive Headquarters/Operations Building. With more than sixty-eight acres of floor space,[...]" and "Entrance is first made through the two-story Visitor Control Center, one[...]"
↑ 144.0 144.1 144.2 Bamford, Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency, p. 490. "And then there is the red badge—[...]and is normally worn by people working in the "Red Corridor"—the drugstore and other concession areas[...]Those with a red badge are forbidden to go anywhere near classified information and are restricted to a few corridors and administrative areas—the bank, the barbershop, the cafeteria, the credit union, the airline and entertainment ticket counters." and "Once inside the white, pentagonal Visitor Control Center, employees are greeted by a six-foot painting of the NSA seal[...]"
↑ 150.0 150.1 "Explore NSA." (Archive) National Security Agency. Retrieved June 12, 2013. "Other Locations" and "Our employees live along the Colonial-era streets of Annapolis and Georgetown; in the suburban surroundings of Columbia; near the excitement of Baltimore's Inner Harbor; along rolling hills adjacent to working farms; near the shores of the Chesapeake Bay; and amid the monumental history of Washington, DC."
↑ Charlie Savage and Edward Wyatt, "U.S. Is Secretly Collecting Records of Verizon Calls", New York Times, June 5, 2013. Accessed June 6, 2013.
Bamford, James. Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency, Random House Digital, Inc., December 18, 2007. ISBN 0307425053. Previously published as: Doubleday, 2001, ISBN 0-385-49907-8.
Bauer, Craig P. Secret History: The Story of Cryptology (Volume 76 of Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications). CRC Press, 2013. ISBN 1466561866.
Weiland, Matt and Sean Wilsey. State by State. HarperCollins, October 19, 2010. ISBN 0062043579.
Shaker, Richard J. "The Agency That Came in from the Cold." (Archive, Archive #2) Notices. American Mathematical Society. May/June 1992 pp. 408–411.


A Baseball Cap such as this one of Austria is a one size fit all cotton cap.
We only have a limited quantity of International Hats for sale. These cotton baseball cap are standard size hats that will fit most people with the adjustable plastic clasp. Also, the outline of the country is printed under the bill of the cap.


text:
Gafrarium ("wafelijzer") is een geslacht van tweekleppigen uit de familie van de venusschelpen (Veneridae). De naam van het geslacht werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1798 door Peter Friedrich Röding, die de nagelaten schelpenverzameling van de overleden Joachim Friedrich Bolten catalogeerde en van Latijnse benamingen volgens het systeem van Linnaeus voorzag.<ref>[http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54895#page/192/mode/1up  Museum Boltenianum sive Catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat Joa. Fried. Bolten (...), Pars Secunda. Hamburg, 1798, blz. 176]</ref>

SoortenGafrarium aequivocum (Holten, 1802)Gafrarium alfredense (Bartsch, 1915)Gafrarium australe (G.B. Sowerby II, 1851)Gafrarium barandae (Hidalgo, 1885)Gafrarium catillum Hedley, 1909Gafrarium discors (Gmelin, 1791)Gafrarium dispar (Holten, 1802)Gafrarium divaricatum (Gmelin, 1791)Gafrarium harteae M. Huber, 2010Gafrarium numulinum (Lamarck, 1818)Gafrarium pectinatum (Linnaeus, 1758)Gafrarium savignyi (Jonas, 1846)Gafrarium speciosum'' (Römer, 1869)

Veneridae