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Home filipino culture A Clay Pot in Exchange for Rice, Anyone? [Pottery Traditions Ilocos Norte Philippines]
A Clay Pot in Exchange for Rice, Anyone? [Pottery Traditions Ilocos Norte Philippines]
Prior to its use as serving pots in fine dining and as décor, we have known the clay pot for its original function, which is as a cooking pot. Bigger earthen pots have also been used as vessels for drinking water.
In this photo taken in 2016, potter Lucrecia Gonzales of Vigan is seen applying red earth dye on her products' surfaces while these are being dried under the sun.
But for the earthenware "damili" potters such as those of the town of San Nicolas in Ilocos Norte and in several western barangays in Vigan, Ilocos Sur, their products – from the cooking pots to the charcoal or firewood-fed stoves – are trade items that could be used to obtain other products with no money involved.
Milled or unhusked rice grains are the more common items that are acquired in this cashless exchange that is locally called "panagimarú" or "panagsinnukat" (with "pannakisinnukat" as the term for the act of making the exchange). For instance, in the early 2000s, a medium-sized "banga" or "tayab" (cooking pot) complete with cover was traded with a half ganta (a little over a kilo) of milled rice. On the other hand, the much heavier earthenware "dalikan" (firewood-fed stove) was equivalent to two cans of unhusked rice grains, which when milled could produce about 10 kilos of rice.
In this November 2010 photo, a potter from San Nicolas, Ilocos Norte (on the foreground) and two potters from Vigan, Ilocos Sur sit with their products in the Sinait Public Market during the town's market day, Friday.
A form of exchange called "panagsinnubor" (also "sinnubor", "pannakisinnubor") is also practiced more specifically in the rice-for-pot trade. A tradition that appears to be more favorable to the potters and now very rarely done even in remote communities, a cooking or water vessel and its cover is exchanged with the amount of milled rice that the pot and cover could contain.
Apart from rice, clay pots and other kinds of earthenware could also be traded with a host of different items, most of which are agricultural products that the farmer-producers themselves exchange with potters. Salt, fermented or fresh fish, and wild yams are common food items that are swapped with earthen pots. Through their products, potters could also obtain dried corn husks, sawdust, and other farm refuse that could be used for firing the earthenware.
Until a vehicular mishap several years ago, potter Lucrecia Gonzales and two of her kins religiously brought their families' products to Sinait and Badoc for selling and some cashless trading. They are some of the now very few potters who continue this trading tradition that was passed on through the generations in their pottery communities.
This photo was taken at the Sinait Public Market in November 2010.
A continuity of the old cattle-drawn trading caravans that lasted until the early 1980s in the Ilocos region, some earthenware potters in San Nicolas and Vigan maintain this intangible cultural heritage of bringing their products to town markets during designated market days, such as in Badoc, Ilocos Norte on Mondays, and in Sinait, Ilocos Sur on Fridays. Potters in jeepneys loaded with earthenware also make regular trading visits to remote agricultural communities. Cashless trade is now rarely practiced, and present exchange is already mostly based on the monetary value of products. Still, this indigenous tradition remains as a viable alternative for many cash-strapped potters and agricultural producers.
Is your pot an earthenware, or a stoneware?
After our features on the earthenware, we now focus on the "burnay", a stoneware whose regional cultural importance can be linked with the Ilocos' traditional production of sugarcane vinegar and wine, as well as fermented fish paste and salt.
Burnay is produced through one of the two pottery traditions found in the Ilocos region, particularly in the City of Vigan where its technology was introduced by Chinese migrants around the late 18th to the 19th century.
Its production uses the same type of locally-sourced clay quarried for Vigan's earthenware "damili" pottery, but the river sand utilized as tempering material may be the coarser kind. Under a roofed production site, clay and sand are combined with water. A carabao is guided by a worker to do the mixing within a round pit until the needed consistency of the sand-infused clay is achieved. On another part of the workshop, the potter forms the mixture into a lump, ready for molding.
Normally performed by a male artisan, molding is done over a large stone potter's wheel, which the potter himself or his assistant spins through the vigorous force of the hands or using one foot as he holds onto a rope that hangs from above to keep his balance. The potter then puts some water onto the spinning lump and begins to mold it by pressing his thumb on the top's center to create a hole. From that part, the potter pushes it down with the fingers of one hand, and then upward, to mold the clay into the desired shape and height. Meanwhile, the other hand is used mainly to support the molding from the outside.
For tall vessels, molding is done in two separate parts – one for the bottom half, and another for the upper portion. After the needed air-drying, the two parts are fused with the aid of a stone anvil inside and a wooden paddle gently beating from outside.
The shape of the vessel and accents are made depending on the intended function. A burnay, whose main body is round and wide while the flat bottom as well as the mouth are narrow, is perfect as a fermenting jar or storage for grains that has to be covered for protection against moisture and other contaminants. The wide-rimmed vessel called wanggi is for holding water intended for bathing or washing.
Utilitarian jars are plain and undecorated, except for a few "ears" and some cord design impressed around the rim or shoulder. Until about two decades ago, the task of decorating the burnay and wanggi with ears and cords, was sometimes done by women. On the other hand, various decorative incisions around jars intended as ornaments are made by male artisans.
After a week or more of drying in the workshop, the molded jars are fired inside a sloping dragon kiln constructed of mud and brick, which more recently had been reinforced from the outside with cement. A significant amount of wood is used as fuel for the kiln, to reach high temperatures of about 1100–1400°C needed for the firing of such stoneware, as pointed out by Dr. Jenny Ruth Cano, ethnoarchaeologist, in her doctoral dissertation in 2012.
When the kiln has sufficiently cooled – at least two days after the day of firing – the burnay products are brought out and stacked in the workshop or the surrounding yard.
While burnay factories were originally built and owned by Chinese migrants, locals have always been hired for various chores in the production process. They have also been trained in the molding itself, that some have become as skilled artisans as their Chinese potter-employers.
Today, the only remaining active artisans among the descendants of the earlier Chinese potters are 80-year-old, Filipino-Chinese Fidel Go and his sons, who own one of the only two surviving burnay factories in Vigan. In 1990, Fidel Go was conferred the National Folk Artist award (the forerunner of the Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan) by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts, for keeping his craftsmanship alive along with his family's burnay tradition, which has become an integral part of Vigan, Iloko, and Filipino heritage.
Damili Earthenware Pottery
In 2010 and 2011, the NMP Ethnology Division documented damili or earthenware pottery in the Municipality of San Nicolas in Ilocos Norte through the help of local potters, particularly mother and daughter pair, Clara and Dina Agonoy.
Four families in Barangay 6 are actively making banga or tayab (cooking pot), malabi (water container), dalikan (firewood-fed stove), labba (rice cake containers), masitera (flower pots), chicken feed containers, and deep-well sidings. They supply the stores along Sarrat-Dingras Road, as well as the farms and restaurants in different towns of Ilocos Norte. Earthenware products are also sold during market days in the different municipalities.
The clay used by the potters in four barangays is from Barabar (now Barangay Santa Cecilia) and Nagrebcan (now Barangay Santa Monica) in the Municipality of San Nicolas. The farmers dig up the clay deposit accumulated in their farm fields during the rainy season to supply the potters with clay in the dry season. Clay is priced per karison or carabao- or cow-drawn cart, which is also the farmer's mode of transport.
The clay is soaked in water overnight, and mixed with sand the following morning. The mixture is then formed into pots through the lupisak or potter's wheel. This initial process is called agbibir. The pots are then air-dried and enlarged by employing various types of wooden paddles and stone anvil. Banar, a large wooden paddle is used to enlarge the body of the pot and rigay, a square-shaped wooden paddle with ridges is used when arranging the shoulder and neck against the tuknu or stone anvil. When the desired size and shape are attained, the pots are again air-dried before smoothened with idiid or shell.
The different households gather materials for the open firing prior to the panaggebba or cooking of pots near the Padsan River. The pots for firing are coated with hematite slip to give its red color. This process, called ipula, is done on the same day of the firing or cooking.
The potters gather and arrange the pots in the communal area after lunch. The items are positioned sideways and covered with layers of dried wood, bamboo splits, twigs, hay, grass, and rice chaff. Cooking lasts for three hours until the fire reaches the top of the mound. Each household collects the cooked pots and some would further blacken them by the embers of rice chaff.
The damili in Ilocos Norte is at its peak during the summer season when air- and sun-drying of pots and open firing is possible.
To our plantitos and plantitas, please support our local potters by buying earthenware flower pots.
Related Article - A Bit of History:
The Local Clay Stove, or "kalan"
Earthenware stoves are part of the enduring traditional cooking vessels used by past and present local communities. These are portable wood-burning stoves that can accommodate one palayok or earthenware pot at a time. It is an indispensable object for cooking, a process and technique of food preparation learned by prehistoric humans and developed from pits since the discovery of fire. The kalan often features three cleats on its rim that support the cooking vessel, a flooring for holding the wood that serves as fire kindler or fuel, and a footring that supports the vessel. Stoves are usually thick, heavy, and are mostly undecorated.
Three types of stove forms were found in the Philippine archaeological context: 1) cylindrical-shaped stove that features a fan-like bottom portion holding the wood, 2) quadrangular-shaped stove with low walls, and 3) cylindrical-shaped type with a large quadrangular cut-out at the front. Evidence of prehistoric earthenware stoves were found in Santa Ana in Manila, Laguna, Cagayan, Batangas, Pandanan Island, and Butuan.
Illustrations from "Shipwreck Site and Earthenware Vessels in the Philippines: Earthenware Vessels of the Pandanan Shipwreck Site" (2011) by Kazuhiko Tanaka and Eusebio Dizon.
Making a kalan is often done in stages. It typically starts with the body, followed by the addition of cleats. While women are more traditionally associated with making pottery, men have also participated in this activity. According to ethnoarchaeologist Rhayan Melendres of the University of the Philippines-Archaeological Studies Program, the gender of the potter dictates the techniques used, thereby influencing the forms of the products. Men commonly use techniques like slabbing and molding in the creation of clay stoves and flowerpots. On the other hand, women typically use the potter's wheel, and the paddle-and-anvil technique, which are techniques commonly associated with making cooking pots.
For related information on earthenware and stoneware and the artisans who produce them, please also read this recent feature from the NMP Ethnology Division, which is accessible through the following link -- https://www.facebook.com/nationalmuseumofthephilippines/posts/4240373675986918
Text and photos by M.L. I. Ingel | NMP Ilocos Regional Museum
© National Museum of the Philippines
EXPLORE DEEPER: Tourist Attractions in Each Ilocos Norte Town (Municipalities) and City
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Juan Luna Shrine - The Juan Luna Shrine is the reconstructed two storey ancestral house of the painter Juan Luna, the revolutionary general Antonio Luna, and the violinist Manuel Luna. Built in the typical middle class fashion, the house was burned down in 1861 and was rebuilt using clay bricks and molave wood. Now a museum, the shrine houses photos of the Luna family and reproductions of Luna's paintings. The second floor retains the living room, bedrooms, azotea, and chapel, all furnished with period furniture and accessories.
Minor Basilica of Saint John the Baptist - Also known as Badoc Basilica, St. John the Baptist Parish Church was constructed in 1591 and was once a chapel under the jurisdiction of Sinait. It was formally recognized as a parish in 1714 with St. John the Baptist as patron saint. The baroque church made of stone blocks and brick tiles is credited to Reverend Father Valentin Blovide. It was occupied by the Sambals during the revolution headed by Andres Malong in 1660-61.
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Join Miss Adams, Leslie Domingo, in celebrating our home, Ilocos Norte! Ms. Ilocos Norte 2021#MissIN2021 -
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Join Miss Vintar, Julia Yzabelle Andrei A. Echepare, in celebrating our home, Ilocos Norte! Miss Ilocos Norte 2021 #MissIN2021 -
Vintar, officially the Municipality of Vintar (Ilocano: Ili ti Vintar; Tagalog: Bayan ng Vintar), is a 1st class municipality in the province of Ilocos Norte, Philippines. Vintar is the largest municipality in Ilocos Norte. Its patron saint is Saint Nicholas de Tolentino. It is home to one of the biggest convents in the province where it houses the Saint Nicholas Academy. It is also where Vintar Dam is located, first dam funded by the World Bank in Southeast Asia- an important cultural property listed by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) and is also the site of the Umok ni Siwawer Eco-Tourism Nature Park, the town's popular picnic resort.
Tourist Attractions: Mount Baguinsuso Also known as Masadsada, which is an Ilocano word that means "passable valley", is an active volcano that is located in Barangay Ester. This mountain plays a huge role in Vintar's history, as it is where the town's name was taken from. It stretches across several barangays, from Lubnac to Namoroc.
Vintar Dam Once, this dam was the most visited tourist spot in the province, and now the town has set its heart of bringing its glory back by offering some great activities, such as kayaking, to attract tourists here. This is also where you can watch beautiful sunsets.
Vintar Hidden Falls This place is the perfect place to be if you are looking for a refreshing and rejuvenating experience in Vintar. An unspoiled paradise, it is great for a hike, after which you can splash down into the clean and fresh waters.
Festivals and Food Like other towns in the Philippines, Vintar also celebrates its town fiesta every year, which is particularly known as the Siwawer Festival, in honor of the siwawer and canaoay birds that only live in areas of Vintar. The event last for 12 days every December 19 to 30.
As for the food, the town is known for its bibingka or tubung cake, which is made from glutinous rice flour, sweetened molasses and desiccated coconut, topped with grated cheese. In fact, the people of Vintar have snatched the Guinness World Record for making the longest tubung cake in the world, which fed almost all of them. Aside from the bibingka, the place is also known for its tupig (a native rice cake) and bagnet (a crispy chicharon famous in Ilocos).
Things to Do Visit its convent. As previously mentioned, Vintar is home to one of the biggest convents in Ilocos Norte that houses the Saint Nicolas Institute. An earthquake in 1931 partially destroyed the convent and its church, but the buildings were restored 5 years later. By visiting this attraction, you will get a glimpse of the town's rich history.
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Join our Reyna ti Baro A Laoag, Nuelina Sebastian, in celebrating our home, Ilocos Norte! Ms. Ilocos Norte 2021 #MissIN2021 #BaroALaoag
Laoag, officially the City of Laoag (Ilocano: Siudad ti Laoag), is a 3rd class component city and capital of the province of Ilocos Norte, Philippines. It is the province's political, commercial, and industrial hub and the location of the Ilocos Region's busiest commercial airport. The municipalities of San Nicolas, Paoay, Sarrat, Vintar, and Bacarra form its boundaries. The foothills of the Cordillera Central mountain range to the east, and the South China Sea to the west are its physical boundaries. TOURISM: Tourism has become a major economic driver of Laoag City, paving the way for new commercial investments and infrastructure development. A recent surge in Chinese and Taiwanese tourists have been flocking to splurge in the city's profitable casino located inside the only 5-star hotel in northern Philippines: Fort Ilocandia Hotel and Resort. Other places of interest include a tour of heritage sites featuring Spanish colonial buildings, baroque churches, La Paz Sand Dunes, white-sand beach resorts of Pagudpud, and Marcos-era mansions.
The Laoag Cathedral was built in 1612 by Augustinian friars to replace a wooden chapel. It also serves as the seat or central church of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Laoag. Built with an Italian Renaissance, the church has an unusual two-storey façade, supported by two pairs of columns on each side of the arched entrance architecture design and at the top of the facade holds a recessed niche that showcases the image of the city's patron saint, William of Maleval.
The dramatic increase in tourist arrivals also prompted the establishment of a Chinese consulate to oversee the security of Chinese citizens living or visiting the city. A new immigration policy set to simplify entry of Chinese tourists into the country by issuing visitor visas in the airport after arrival is expected to entice more guests to come. To supplement the anticipated growth in tourist-related business activity, the government of Ilocos Norte has started construction on a multimillion-dollar convention center and hotel to supply the demand and diversify services. Laoag City has been named as one of the top tourist destinations in Region I and in the country.
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SAN NICOLAS Town - Municipality in Ilocos Norte Philippines travel and tourism, tourist spots destinations & attractions, culture, history (Ilocos Norte travel and Tourism). Marvel at the ingenuity and artistry of the damili workers and tinsmiths, explore the Hispanic architecture and design of heritage buildings, and tour around the renowned water tank-turned-museum. This is San Nicolas. This is #MyHeritageTown.
Join Miss San Nicolas, Stephanie Jay Ulep, in celebrating our home, Ilocos Norte! Ms. Ilocos Norte 2021.
San Nicolas (Ilocano: Ili ti San Nicolas; Filipino: Bayan ng San Nicolas), officially the Municipality of San Nicolas, is a 2nd class municipality in the province of Ilocos Norte, Philippines. Tourist Attractions. San Nicolas is a place of historic buildings. Examples are San Nicolas de Tolentino Parish Church and San Nicolas Municipal Hall. Damili Festival- A festival annually celebrated at the last week of December to showcase the tradition of San Nicolenos. And the highlights of the festival is the Damili Street Dance and Showdown Competition usually held every December 28. Valdez Center-The biggest project of Venvi Group of Companies. Robinsons Mall, 365 Plaza, Freddo, Balai Condominium, and McDonald's San Nicolas, Venvi IT Park (Accenture, a BPO Company), VYV San Nicolas (EGS, a BPO Company) are situated here. More infrastructure is seen to rise in this place. This area is the business district of San Nicolas and is also an emerging business center in Ilocos Norte. Robinsons Place Ilocos -The first full-service and currently the largest mall in the province. It was opened on December 3, 2009. It contributes to the town's revenues and to the province as well. The mall has undergone expansion to cater the growing market of the province. Northwestern University Ecotourism Park and Botanical Gardens-A member of the Botanic Garden Conservation International (BGCI), which caters to the conservation of important indigenous plant species of the province which are now on the verge of extinction. St. Nicholas de Tolentino Parish Church San Nicolas Town Plaza Buabo-Buabo Valdes Residencia. Valdez-Lardizabal House - used in World War II as a Headquarters of the Japanese Army and also used in the American Regime. San Nicolas Municipal Hall. Tey Balay ti Tao - used as the main storage house of the people that lived there and as evacuation area for the people .
Experience SOLSONA Ilocos Norte | Travel & Tourism Philippines [Virtual Tour]
Solsona, Ilocos Norte Philippines - travel, tourist spots, tourism destinations, culture, scenic views and a bit of Solsona history. Indulge and experience Solsona in its majestic and captivating views, exquisitive Gameng (Treasure) and a place that will comfort your soul once you step into its embrace. Historical & Tourist Spots: JAPANESE GARRISON, SOLSONA-APAYAO SCENIC MOUNTAIN DRIVE, SOLSONA VIEWDECK, MUNICIPAL PARK, SOLSONA PLATEAU, KARINKING PICNIC GROOVE. Festivals, Events and Activities: GAMENG FESTIVAL. Solsona, not just an abode of multitudinous treasures, but an abode that Solsonians will forever treasure and care for.
Join Miss Solsona, Ronalyn delos Santos, in celebrating our home, Ilocos Norte! Miss Ilocos Norte 2021 #MissIN2021. Solsona, officially the Municipality of Solsona(Ilocano: Ili ti Solsona; Filipino: Bayan ng Solsona), is a 3rd class municipality in the province of Ilocos Norte, Philippines. Ascents of nearby Mount Sicapoo begin at Solsona, at the Gasgas River.
Explore BURGOS Ilocos Norte | Travel & Tourism Philippines [Virtual Tour]
Burgos Ilocos Norte Philippines - Virtual Travel and Tourism Video - officially the Municipality of Burgos (Ilocano: Ili ti Burgos; Tagalog: Bayan ng Burgos), is a 5th class municipality in the province of Ilocos Norte, Philippines. Tourist attractions, travel destinations, culture history, cuisine (pasalubong). Featuring Kapurpurawan Rock Formations, Linao Tidal Pool, Buraan River Mangrove Forest, Cape Bojeador Lighhouse. The town is endowed with scenic and tourist-attracting shores or coastline – from plain white beaches in Barangays. Paayas and Bobon to rugged and sharp cliffs naturally formed through the centuries like Gagamtan Cliff in Barangay Bayog, and Kapur-purawan Cliff in Barangay Saoit. The Digging Falls is another pride of the town, with a beautiful cascade at the boundary of Barangays Ablan and Buduan, certainly a perfect place for local and foreign tourist to spend their summer escapade. Another worth-mentioning tourist attraction is the historic Cape Bojeador Lighthouse, built during the latter part of the 19th century. Located on a top of a hill overlooking the vast expanse of the China Sea, it serves as a beacon light to passing ships and to local fishermen. Because of its high elevation, it offers travelers with a panoramic view of the rugged coastline of Burgos.
Through time, Burgoseños have redefined the meaning of progress. It now includes the vital aspect of environmental preservation and conservation, especially with both livelihood and tourism being dependent on our coasts and our ocean. With our pioneering spirit and the desire for stable recovery, let us explore more of the natural bounties that our coastal municipality is blessed with!
Join Miss Burgos Eulene Margareth Macugay in celebrating our home, Ilocos Norte! Ms. Ilocos Norte 2021 #MissIN2021.
Burgos is politically subdivided into 11 barangays: Ablan (Buraan) Agaga Bayog Bobon Buduan (Malituek) Nagsurot Paayas Pagali Poblacion (Ili) Saoit Tanap.
Discover BACARRA Ilocos Norte | Travel & Tourism Philippines [Virtual Tour]
Bacarra, Ilocos Norte Tourism and Travel (Best attractions and tourist spots). Bacarra, officially the Municipality of Bacarra (Ilocano: Ili ti Bacarra; Tagalog: Bayan ng Bacarra) is a 3rd class municipality in the province of Ilocos Norte, Philippines. Interesting attractions in the town of Bacarra include: St. Andrew Parish, also called the Bacarra Church and its bell tower the Torre Ti Bacarra "the Bowing Bell Tower of Bacarra" or the Leaning Tower of the North, Lazo Ancestral Home, Ruins of Vijia Watchtower, Municipal Park, Libtong-Teppang Irrigation Tunnel, Plaza. Bacarra, an idyllic town along the coast of Ilocos Norte, rewards the curious adventurer with a wealth of natural and historic treasures. Its rustic streets, wooden houses and imposing church structures from the Spanish era offer a glimpse into the distant past as Bacarra holds claim to being the third oldest town in Ilocos Norte. A charming locale surrounded by the endless sea, lush fields, and extensive river channels, Bacarra is a town blessed with the bounty of nature. During the month of November, the town celebrates the feast day of St. Andrew the Apostle. The Bacarreños feel an affinity for the Patron Saint of Fishermen, as fishing is an important livelihood and way of life here. Since 2005, the townspeople have celebrated the Bac-Bacarra Festival, named after the freshwater fish once found in the surrounding waters. It is also from that fish that the name of the town was derived. The Bac-Bacarra is a celebration of the town's culture and history, as well as a form of gratitude for the year's bountiful fish harvest. The festivities culminate with street dancing by youths in blue and yellow fish net costumes, reflecting the colorful, vibrant heritage of the people.
Samahan si Miss Bacarra - Karlyne Kim, sa mga bagong attractions sa makulay na lugar ng maraming balikbayan. Simplehan lang natin! Tara na't mamasyal sa bayan ng Bacarra! #RangkadaBacarra. Join Miss Bacarra, Karlyne Kim, in celebrating our home, Ilocos Norte! Ms. Ilocos Norte 2021 #MissIN2021.
PASUQUIN Ilocos Norte - Pride of the North | Travel & Tourism Philippines [Virtual Tour]
PASUQUIN Ilocos Norte Philippines Virtual Tour - Travel & Tourism. Pasuquin town beautiful sceneries, island adventures, beaches, tourist destinations, seksi beach, Pasuquin church ruins, interconnected road system, Pasuquin cuisines & pasalubong, natural wonders, Dardarumaka Cave (spelunking), Panagsana Festival, Dumadara Festival, Wanawan Festival, Masetas Festival, Sarabo Festival, Sunflower Festival, Beach stones and minerals, cold springs, waterfalls and mountain rivers, nature hiking, salt making industry, Foyer de Charite. Gieanne Marie Palacay is not just raising the Pasuquin Banner casted with the magnificent stretch of sand dunes along it's shorelines and stunned with breath-taking waterfalls but she highlights the joy of living as a Pasuquiño. Pasuquin as a haven of exquisitely carved nature as it represents a fantasy-like landscape, seem to be blessed with beautiful men and women having rich culture which is considered as "Pride of the North".
Join Miss Pasuquin, Gieanne Marie Palacay, in celebrating our home, Ilocos Norte! Ms. Ilocos Norte 2021.
Pasuquin, officially the Municipality of Pasuquin (Ilocano: Ili ti Pasuquin; Tagalog: Bayan ng Pasuquin), is a 3rd class municipality in the province of Ilocos Norte, Philippines. Pasuquin is a farming and fishing area. As of the mid-1990s, the principal local crops were rice, for home consumption, and garlic, much of which is exported to Taiwan. Pasuquin is politically subdivided into 33 barangays: Batuli (San Isidro), Binsang, Nalvo (Cababaan/Nalvo), Caruan (Tulnagan), Carusikis, Carusipan, Dadaeman, Darupidip, Davila, Dilanis, Dilavo, Estancia, Naglicuan, Nagsanga, Ngabangab, Pangil, Poblacion 1 to 4, Pragata (Pragata-Bungro), Puyupuyan, Sulongan, Salpad (Salpad-Calumbuyan), San Juan, Santa Catalina, Santa Matilde, Sapat, Sulbec, Surong, Susugaen (Cababaan-Surgui), Tabungao, Tadao.
Attractions: Ruins of Pasuquin's old Roman Catholic church Davila - Salt Capital; Also known for its bonsai production & artistry. Home of the "Dumadara Festival" organized by the Roman Catholic Parish of St. Francis of Assisi. Estancia- Summer Capital of Pasuquin. Known for its scenic Sexy Beach Naglicuan - Botanic Garden of Pasuquin Poblacion 2 - Sentinella Hills, Nagrebcan & Magararay Rice Fields, and the existence of the Old Roman Catholic Church Ruins. Home of the "Rambac ti Daya Festival" Poblacion 3 - Barangay "Biscocho", simply for making the best tasting biscochos in the entire province. Home of the "Ragragsak ti Laud Festival" Puyupuyan - Known for its grotto and the apparition in the late 80s and early 90s, Puyupuyan is one of the best Summer destinations in the town. With the presence of the ship wrecked believed to have sank during the Second World War, the seashores just made it perfect for tourists for a great souvenir shots San Juan - Known for its summer getaway falls called "Calitungan" Santa Matilde - hunting; mango tree production Sapat - known for the PAF Airbase and the most restricted area in the town Sulbec - known for its Put-tot Siraong Picnic Venues Surong - known for its Luttuong falls Tadao - Houses the biggest dam in the municipality. Also good for picnics, trekking and hiking escapades. Susugaen - known for its own "Put-tot," a small lake, which many people visit because of its fresh, cold and clear water. Another attraction is the waterfall known as "Saypon" which used to served the villagers with abundance of water along with streams and rivers. "Suso Beach" is also located here. Furthermore, "Villa Florentina Beach Resort" is also situated between Sitio Cababan and Barangay Nalvo at the South-Western part.
So Good PAGUDPUD - Beautiful Beaches | Ilocos Norte Travel & Tourism Philippines [Virtual Tour]
PAGUDPUD Ilocos Norte Philippines Tourism Video - Travel destinations, tourist spots, culture and history, beaches, local delicacies, mulberry picking, handicrafts & pasalubong, Featured travel destinations: Pagudpud Arch, St. Jude Thaddeus Parish, Saud White Beach, Pagtanawan It Pagudpud, NLREC Windfarm / windmills, Kabigan Falls, Blue Lagoon & Maira-ira Beach, Patapat Viaduct, Agua Grande, Dos Hermanos Islands, Bantay Abot Cave, Timmangtang Rock, Pagudpud Surfing / snorkeling, Panzzian Beach & Mountain Resort, Mat weaving Saud, Stingray Memorial (Brgy. Caunayan), Ima Farms, . The home of one of the most beautiful beaches in the world, Pagudpud is truly the tourism haven of Ilocos Norte. Endowed with breathtaking sceneries and mouth-watering delicacies. Together, let's explore #sogoodpagudpud.
Join Miss Pagudpud, Lyza Katrina Samalio, in celebrating our home, Ilocos Norte! Ms. Ilocos Norte 2021.
Pagudpud, officially the Municipality of Pagudpud (Ilocano: Ili ti Pagudpud; Filipino: Bayan ng Pagudpud), is a 4th class municipality in the province of Ilocos Norte, Philippines. It is the northernmost settlement on Luzon Island and a popular tourist destination because of its resorts and beaches. In addition to tourism, people also make their living through farming, fishing and subsistence retailing. Recently, many windmills erected in Barangay Caparispisan. Pagudpud is politically divided in 16 barangays: Saud, Caparispisa, Subec, Aggasi, Saguigui, Baduang, Burayoc, Dampig, Tarrag, Ligaya, Caunayan, Balaoi, Pancian, Pasaleng.
PAOAY Kumakaway | Ilocos Norte Tourist Spots & Destinations [Travel & Tourism Philippines]
Paoay Town Ilocos Norte Philippines: Virtual Tour - Travel destinations, famous tourist spots and attractions, culture, hostory and heritage churches. From the home of the famous UNESCO World Herigate Site of Saint Augustine Church, Paoay is truly Kumakaway! Be mesmerized with its scenic attractions and breath-taking adventures. Things to Do in Paoay, Top Attractions in Paoay: St Augustine's Church or Paoay Church, one of the most popular tourist attractions in the town. Suba Sand Dunes: Ilocos is home to two sand dunes; one is located in Laoag while the other is located in Paoay. The Suba Sand Dunes are considered to be the safest in the country, in addition to being the widest and longest. Visitors can take in the one of a kind views of rolling sands as they explore as much of this area as they can on a 4-wheel drive all-terrain vehicle. Malacañang of the North: Paoay is home to one of the country's most controversial presidents, President Ferdinand Marcos; and the Malacañang of the North was his summer and home town residence. Overlooking Paoay Lake, this grand palace is now open to visitors and still retains its aura of elegance with its old but impressive furniture and grandiose chandeliers in each and every room. Paoay Lake: Paoay Lake is the largest lake in Ilocos Norte and is one of the largest natural lakes in the region. The Lake was actually formed after a tragic series of natural events. The land on which the lake sits was once a town. However, the occurrence of a strong earthquake and typhoon, both on the very same day forced the land to give way to the formation of the lake.
#PaoayKumakaway Join Miss Paoay, Mary Majesty Anne Gonong Cruz, in celebrating our home, Ilocos Norte! Ms. Ilocos Norte 2021.
Paoay, officially the Municipality of Paoay (Ilocano: Ili ti Paoay; Filipino: Bayan ng Paoay), is a 4th class municipality in the province of Ilocos Norte, Philippines. The town is home to the Paoay Church, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Paoay is politically subdivided into 31 barangays: Bacsil, Cabagoan, Cabangaran, Callaguip, Cayubog, Dolores, Laoa, Masintoc, Monte, Mumulaan, Nagbacalan, Nalasin, Nanguyudan, Oaig-Upay-Abulao, Pambaran, Pannaratan (Poblacion), Paratong, Pasil, Salbang (Poblacion), San Agustin, San Blas (Poblacion), San Juan, San Pedro, San Roque (Poblacion), Sangladan Pob. (Nalbuan), Santa Rita (Poblacion), Sideg, Suba, Sungadan, Surgui, Veronica. Paoay Lake: Another prominent feature of the municipality is Paoay Lake. Legend has it that it was the site of a prosperous barangay called San Juan de Sahagún (Saint John of Sahagún) that sank following an earthquake. On the shores of the lake lies a mansion once used by the Marcoses called Malacañang of the North; it is now a museum. Adjacent to the mansion is the Paoay Golf Course.
HOW TO GET THERE There are no direct flights to Paoay. The nearest airport is Laoag which is the capital city of the Ilocos Norte region. Philippine Airlines (PAL) fly to Laoag from Manila two times a day with the flight taking approximately one hour.
Manila to Paoay is almost 500kms and will take you around 8 hours if you drive non stop. However, it is recommended to stay overnight along the way. If not, there are a number of places you can stop off along the way to take a quick break which is highly recommended.
If you fly into Laoag, you can take a bus to Paoay which is only about 20 kms and will take about half an hour.
If coming from Manila, there are several bus lines but GV Florida bus lines have a direct trip from Manila to Laoag with a stop Paoay. They have an overnight trip option which is good if you can handle sleeping on buses.
If you don't have a vehicle, there are plenty of tricycles to get you around Paoay depending exactly where you are and where you want to go.
Wonders of PIDDIG Ilocos Norte | Culture & Heritage Virtual Tour [Tourism & Travel Philippines]
Join Miss Piddig as she unravels the wonders of Piddig. Accompany her on a virtual tour to the most scenic locations in her hometown and let her introduce you to their culture and heritage. This should definitely be the next place in your bucket list. #PiddigAngGalingMo. Join Miss Piddig, Loren Lim, in celebrating our home, Ilocos Norte!
Piddig, officially the Municipality of Piddig (Ilocano: Ili ti Piddig; Filipino: Bayan ng Piddig) is a 3rd class municipality in the province of Ilocos Norte, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 21,497 people. The town is known for its role in the Basi Revolt, led by Pedro Mateo, a native of Piddig. Today, Piddig is known for its basi and for their sariwagwag, a dish made out of gabi leaves with fresh shrimps that are freshly gathered from their rich river. The municipio (town hall) is located on top of a hill offering panoramic views of fields and mountains. Piddig is the birthplace of Teófilo Yldefonso, a Filipino swimmer who is the first Filipino to win an Olympic medal, and the only Filipino to win multiple medals. Piddig is politically subdivided into 23 barangays: Ab-abut, Abucay, Anao (Poblacion), Arua-ay, Bimmanga, Boyboy, Cabaroan (Poblacion), Calambeg, Calluza, Dupitac, Estancia, Gayamat, Lagandit, Libnaoan, Loing (Poblacion), Maab-abaca, Mangitayag, Maruaya, San Antonio, Santa Maria, Sucsuquen, Tangaoan, Tonoton. List of Cultural Properties in Piddig: Don Claro Caluya Monument, Raquiza House, Teodoro Pacairo House, Santa Ana Church, Bell tower of Santa Ana Church, Saint Anne Academy, Basi Revolt Monument. The town of Piddig is located on rolling hills and small valleys between the Guisit and Baramban rivers. Piddig is known for its basi (homemade wine). The sugarcane for this popular wine is grown on the farms which are situated along the town's rolling terrain. Visitors looking for a swig of this delicious wine need only look for earthen jars lined up under protective sheds in their backyards. The friendly locals are easily persuaded to sell some of their homemade wine.
Suggested Itinerary - The church and its plaza, standing on top of a hill and reached by a grand central stairway, dominate the town center. The courtyard, bordered by a stone and brick fence, rises above two lower squares which flank it. - It appears that most of the church is constructed of rubblework (irregular stones bound together with mortar) with some sections of brick. - Very little is known about the construction of the church buildings, and whether these were affected by the Basi Revolt and the Sarrat uprising, no one knows. - A wooden church and convento were burned in 1870. These may have been provisional buildings in earlier but dilapidated stone structures. The brick sections of the church referred to earlier – buttresses (including a pair of step buttresses), upper portions of the walls, a baptistry, and the nave walls behind the façade – as well as the bricks bell tower and convento – may have been added after the fire. - The church compound has witnessed quite a bit of history and then some. The Base Rebels, whose leaders were from Piddig, passed through this place. Allies of the Sarrat uprising spent a fruitless day exhorting the people to join their cause. Local patriots repulsed American troops from the buildings during the Filipino-American war. - On March 19, 1931, an earthquake toppled the upper level of the belltower. American soldiers encamped here during World War II, and the Japanese retaliated by raiding and burning the town, destroying all historic records. - The façade traces the outline and volutes of the facades at Dingras and Sarrat, although on a simpler level. A great degree of the original palitada (lime plaster) covering has remained on the walls, better seen on the sides of the church and at the rear; close observation revels that brick bits were mixed in with the lime. - Inside the church are five retablos (altarpieces) of brick and lime, all in the neo-classic mode of the late 19th century. The central retablo houses the image of the patroness, St. Anne, supporting Mary on her well in the vicinity, a smaller version of the one in Bacarra.
Famous People Claro Caluya Foremost vernacular poet and dramatist in Ilocos Norte. Born 22 June 1868. Son of Rafael Caluya and Norberta Pasion. Studied in his hometown later went to a highs school in Laoag, 1892; became a Cabesa de Barangay, 1890 and Capitan Municipal, 1893-1896; joined the revolutionary forces, 1896-1897; distinguished himself in the Filipino-American war; served as municipal president of his town, 1903-1906. Under his administration the first public market was built and several primary schools were opened. Founded Civic and Cultural Organizations. Wrote many plays and poems in ilocano including a translation of Rizal's Ultimo Adios, which is considered the most Ilocano version of the poem. Married Sabina Aquino. Died 14 December 1914
BANGUI Town - Must See in Ilocos Norte | Ilocano Travel & Tourism Philippines 2021
Ilocos Norte Travel and Tourism, tourist destinations, culture, scenic attractions, famous drinks (basi), farm products & pasalubong, beach resorts featuring Bangui Town. Known for its wind turbines aesthetically aligned along a majestic bay, Bangui, one of the coastal towns in Ilocos Norte, is undeniably a must-see when you visit us up North. Awisendakayo ngarud a pasiaren ti nangayed ken makasalibukag-rikna a lugar #BANGUIBaggakTiAmianan
Join Miss Bangui 2021, Rosell Joy Patron, in celebrating our home, Ilocos Norte! Miss Ilocos Norte 2021.
Bangui, officially the Municipality of Bangui (Ilocano: Ili ti Bangui; Filipino: Bayan ng Bangui), is a 4th class municipality in the province of Ilocos Norte, Philippines. Bangui Tourist Attractions. Bangui is well known because of its wind farm, which is the town's main attraction. Although the Burgos and Caparispisan (Pagudpud) Windmills were built in 2013, many visitors still visit Bangui Windmills. Bangui Bay is also a tourist spot, yet not practical for swimming because of its deepness and water currents, but it is beautiful to view. There is also Abang Falls that can be found in Barangay Lanao, also a tourist spot. Bangui is also good for its beautiful view of mountains and rivers. Other attractions include: Municipal Plaza, Bolo River (locally known Caramuangen River), Bangui Bay View Building, Baruyen Dam, Bangui's woodcraft windmills souvenir stores, Suacan Spring, Sentinella Hill, Abang Falls. The first power generating windmill farm in Southeast Asia, commonly known as Bangui Wind Farm, is found in the municipality of Bangui. Bangui is politically subdivided into 14 barangays - Abaca, Bacsil, Banban, Baruyen, Dadaor, Lanao, Malasin, Manayon, Masikil Clasheras, Nagbalagan, Payac, San Lorenzo (Poblacion), Taguiporo, Utol.
NUEVA ERA Ilocos Norte - Live the TINGGUIAN way! Culture and Natural Beauty [TRAVEL Philippines]
Miss Ilocos Norte 2021 - Nueva Era. Rich in culture and natural beauty, Nueva Era is home to some of the most inspiring and promising people in the province. Dive deeper and observe the nuances that make up this vibrant and diverse municipality. Learn to live the Tingguian way! #NABALOaNuevaEra. Join Miss Nueva Era, Iweeh Hugal Alejo, in celebrating our home, Ilocos Norte! Show your support by using #MissIN2021 and interacting online. The search begins! #IlocosNorteIMIN.
Nueva Era, officially the Municipality of Nueva Era (Ilocano: Ili ti Nueva Era; Filipino: Bayan ng Nueva Era), is a 3rd class municipality in the province of Ilocos Norte, Philippines - cleanest and greenest municipality in Ilocos Norte. It is one of the Indigenous Cultural Community of the province. Just like Adams, Ilocos Norte. KNOW MORE ABOUT ILOCOS NORTE - This video shows the culture, unique tradition and celebrations, tourist destinations, eco parks, natural beauty, interesting spots, folk dance and cultural and ceremonial dance, costume and songs. They call this place "Lugar ti agkamkamat ti ugsa"(The place of deer hunters) because the people love exotic food and this place main dish is venison (the meat of a deer) which is very expensive if you buy it. Aside from venison they also love to eat pork - a wild boar meat. They mention that the meat of a wild boar is a bit sweeter with notes of nuttiness and a clean taste that's neither gamey nor greasy. Since Nueva Era is a place surrounded by rain forest and mountains, their main source of income and food is to hunt in the forest. WHAT ELSE CAN NUEVA ERA OFFER US? The mountains and breathe taking views. If you love to hike, if you love the sound of silence and you're a nature lover then this place is perfect for you. Its mountains is a great place for hiking and mountain climbing and its wild life is evidently rich. It was 45 minutes - 1 hour drive to reach the peak and when you reached it and go beyond, meaning you are no longer in Ilocos Norte but in Abra Province. Nueva is a developing municipality of Ilocos Norte, just a few years ago the province of Ilocos Norte was able to create this Nueva Era Eco Cultural Park - the only park and a resort in Nueva Era. You can stay over night to these Tree Houses for very affordable prices. ABOT FALLS - They call this ABOT (Wholes) Falls. The folks says that there is a big whole inside this falls. The people of Nueva Era claimed that there are a lot of falls how ever it would be hard for them to go since there are also a lot of dangerous animals in the forest. This ABOT falls is the nearest falls in town. TADEK FESTIVAL of NUEVA ERA - Tadek is a ceremonial dance and a part of the rich culture of the town. Tadek dance is performed as an expression of merriment, due to attainment of victory, courtship, marriage, burial and even in remembrance to those who passed away. The dance is accompanied by native instruments like drums and gong. They are celebrating this festival on the month of MAY. AGYAMAN KAMI UNAY KADAYO AMIN GAGAYYEM KEN KAKABSAT. DIOS TI AGNGINA!!
Nueva Era is politically subdivided into 11 barangays, Acnam, Barangobong, Barikir, Bugayong, Cabittauran, Caray, Garnaden, Naguillan (Pagpag-ong), Poblacion, Santo Niño, Uguis.
Ilocos Norte is a province of the Philippines located in the Ilocos Region. It comprises 21 municipalities and 2 component cities, further subdivided into 557 barangays. Ilocos Norte is also known as a northern tourist destination of the Philippines and of each municipalities they have their own tourist destination.
"Tadek: Traditional Dances of the People of Nueva Era, Ilocos Norte" - elaborately describes the origin, movement, music, and traditional wear of this highly-regarded dance of the Tingguians, an ethnic group in the said town. This unique ceremonial dance is performed by Tingguian Itneg and Isneg men and women to express their jubilation over victory, courtship, marriage, thanksgiving, and other important events. Young Ilokana - authored by Dr. Zyrill Ianna Pauline Domingo-Pe Benito.
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Ilocos Tour » Sinking Bell Tower and McDonalds' Rising Golden Arch
Cape Bojeador Lighthouse » Death of Elegance, Creepy Tales and A Spark of Wisdom
Bangui Windmills » Catching Scattered Memories Beyond the Wind
Pagudpud Beach in Saud, Ilocos Norte » Detecting Your Average Summer Happiness Level
Kabigan Falls, Pagudpud Ilocos Norte » The Best Lazy Trekking to Waterfalls in Ilocandia
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Allegory of the Bantay-Abot Cave and Timmangtang Rock » Is there such a thing as end-of-the-road?
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DISCOVER PANGASINAN
Explore the scenic province of Pangasinan, home of the famous Hundred Islands, and get a taste of its local culture and cuisine. Pangasinan boasts of stretches of white, sandy beaches, verdant hills, scenic terrains, caves, waterfalls, ancient Hispanic churches, miraculous destinations for devotees, a vast coastline for fishing, water sports or leisurely walking along the Lingayen beach where one can get a glimpse of the world-famous Philippine sunset.
DISCOVER LA UNION!
Experience La Union as it brings you to the table the perfect mix of leisure, adventure, great eats, and cheap thrills. And because you get so much for a drive not too far away from the metro, it's no wonder that La Union has become a top-of-mind destination for a well-deserved surf break, so dive back into the memories as we relive the La Union Surfing Break experience!
VIDEO SNEAK PREVIEW:
LIVING MOVEMENTS, MOVING LIVES
#INDances #IMove
We continue to celebrate our "Tan-ok" month with a showcase of Ilocano folk dances! Using researches by foremost Filipino dance scholars and experts as references, our choreographers, dancers, and costume designers have interpreted 10 extraordinary examples of dances in Ilocos Norte for a modern audience. This online show coincides with the celebration of Guling-Guling, an ancient tradition in the historic town of Paoay.
FULL SHOW:
The Ilocano Dance Heritage Guling-Guling 2021
(A program under Tan-ok ni Ilocano Festival)
Let us celebrate Ilocano Dance Heritage in this special virtual staging of Tan-ok ni Ilocano Festival and the celebration of Guling-Guling 2021. Tune in on this page for a delightful showcase of folk dances of the Ilocano people directed by Randy Leano and filmed in the most scenic and historic sites in Ilocos Norte.
by EJ Deus
Our forms of dances are stylistic interpretations of our cultural knowledge. As repositories of ritual symbols, these represent the dynamism of the meaning
conception by our people which strengthens the dances' socially integrative function. Distinctively, Ilocos Norte's folk dances are fuselage of infinite cultural elements that constitute the vast and dynamic social, political, economic, artistic, and religious landscapes of Ilocandia. Iti agliplipias a tallaong iti daytoy naisangsangayan a parambak, mangted panangipateg iti kinaasinnotayo nga Ilokano – nasiglat, nasudi, natan-ok!
"I MOVE"
The ability of movements to stand as dominant ritual symbols is the result of interspersed social processes involving ideological, sensory factors, and cultural events. The discursive formations of kinetic impact, visual images, local narratives, and the ability of movements to mark and communicate identity and capture the nature of the cognitive and concrete phenomenon, are all within the experience of the dancer-the carrier of culture.
FOLK DANCE 1: ILOCANA A NASUDI
Based on Philippine Folk Dances and Songs by Bureau of Public Schools
Filmed at Margaay, Vintar
Ilocana A Nasudi means "The Lovely Ilocana." This dance is a favorite of the people of Dingras. Originally, this dance was accompanied by a kutibeng, a five-stringed instrument, and as was practiced by the settlers of Barrio Naglayaan, Dingras. The dance is a depiction of the beauty, modesty, and grace of the Ilokana. Moreover, it projects our women as chaste and virtuous. Before, many younger dancers performed this to the Italian folk tune,
Marianina. However, an inquiry from the old people brought out the Ling- lingay, a simple folk tune that could be used to accompany this dance instead of the foreign folk melody. In the course of time, the dance has brought out the qualities of a modern Ilokana known for industry, resilience, and love of work. These are qualities further highlighted by the endless network of "nurturing" communities, ready to help and build up one another and be our strength in aiming for progress and redefining the province.
FOLK DANCE 2: SURTIDO BANNA
Based on Philippine Folk Dances Volume VI by Francisca Reyes Aquino
Filmed at Malacanang of the North
Ti Surtido Banna ket maysa a sala a naputar para iti ili ti Banna. Idi un-unana nga aldaw, ti Banna ket indauluan ti maingel ken natured a pangulo nga agnagan ti Chief Bana. Agdindinamag idi ti kinaprogreso daytoy a lugar kadagiti kabangibang nga ili. Maigapo kadaytoy, immay dagiti kaasideg nga umili iti Banna ket isuda ti nangpapintas pay ti kababalin a nadanonda bayat ti intugotda a kannawidan ken kanta. Surtido: kayat na a saw-en, naduma- duma a garaw iti sala, tukar ken kumpas.
Surtido Banna is a dance, which is usually performed during fiestas, manifesting thrift as a trait of our people. It originated in Espiritu, the old name of Banna. It is a variation of the waltz, characterized by variations in tempo. It was first performed in 1970 at the Malacanang Palace during the birthday of President Ferdinand E. Marcos. The beauty of the dance lies in the range of steps and cadence. As time goes by, the dance has been performed by our people who dream and work together for a common goal—to bring peace and progress in our province through constant cooperation and unconditional sharing of skills and resources.
Naisalsalumina a puli ni Ilokano. Pagdidinnamagan ti kinagaget, kinasaririt, ken kinasaldetna. Idi un-unana, dagiti dadduma nga appotayo, napanunotda ti mapan agubra diay ballasiw-taaw tapnu agsarak ti gasat, uray kasano't iliw iti pamilya. Ket kadaytoy a pasamak, intugotda ti kulturatayo iti sabali a pagilian. Uray man pay kasta, ti latta daga a nakaiyanakan ti balitok kadakuada. This has remained true through ages past, with generations of overseas workers and migrants exiting the country and establishing new roots while also supporting and loving their families, their histories, back home. Our people have pioneered success and greatness across the globe. Our forefathers' cultural resilience has lived on to inspire the modern Ilokano diaspora and to weave an extraordinary legacy for the next generations.
FOLK DANCE 3: TALIP
Based on Ilocano Folk Dances by Teresita Pascua Ines and accounts from the Isnag Community of the Carasi
Filmed in Carasi, Ilocos Norte
Talip is a dance from Carasi. It is usually performed by natives during fiestas, weddings, a mourning of the dead, and ceremony after burial. It has been a powerful symbol of harmony and admiration within diverse populations, likewise depicting the devout faith and spiritual values of the people of Carasi, shared to the rest of the Ilokano community. As part of the province's Indigenous Cultural Community, the townspeople of Carasi place a great value on the preservation and continuous practice of our rich tradition and culture, showcasing tribal rituals that signify our sense of unity, our belief in the spirit protector, and the cosmic connectedness which the people, the wilds, the and galaxies all share. With the men and women in their intricate traditional attire, the dancers shall showcase the old, unspoiled tradition highlighting indigenous songs, games and movements.
FOLK DANCE 4: INNALISAN
Filmed at cape Bojeador Lighthouse
Dances are indicative of our traditions and vital agents in the formation of future ideals. Indeed, dances transcend the concept of time. As our historical timeline progresses, these artistic bodily performances, also evolve and show their reflexive characteristics. The Innalisan is a lively festival dance from Laoag. The term innalis means to transfer from one place to another. This dance underscores the concepts of creating relations between the people, the physical environment, the social
landscape, the divine realm, and the artistic perspective. The people of Ilocos Norte take much pride in our togetherness, working for common goals, and strengthening and fortitude of our social network: we are a people who, despite geographical distance, continue to gather in mind and heart to build better lives with and for one another.
FOLK DANCE 5: JOTA ARAGONEZA
Based on Philippine Dances Volume I by Carmen Tabije Andin
Filmed at Piddig Church
The Jota Aragonesa is a complex folk-dance exhibiting numerous individualistic characteristics that result from combining the traditional dance with its appropriate costumes, steps, and accompaniment. It is one of the dances introduced by the Spaniards in the old town of Paoay. The title suggests that it originated in Aragon, Spain. According to old folks, dancers used to perform with castanets on each hand. However, a substitute can be made by the snapping of the thumb and forefinger to produce the sound.
The Jota Aragonesa is in essence a particular form of social interaction. It has been an integral part of a network of local events, our knowledge and belief, and behavior, norms, and values. Among the elderly elite folks of the town, it has always been a pride to be able to perform this dance especially during big social gatherings such as the Two- Year Ball on the eve of January 1st, the Tambora of Christmas Eve, and the Guling-Guling on the eve of the Ash Wednesday.
"I LEAD"
Dancing is a rhythmic process and is performed at the finest levels of virtuosity; the dancer practices the art of grace, harmony, and precision. Particularly, heritage dances require extensive knowledge and exceptional skills for the bodily movements, through constant study, to become memory- saturated. Thus, dancers serve as repositories of cultural knowledge and formal stylistic interpretation. Their experiences and histories that manifest while performing embody a fragment or totality of an identity.
FOLK DANCE 6: KINUTON (Kinoton)
Philippine Folk Dances Volume III by Francisca Reyes Aquino
Filmed at Solsona-Apayao Road
Kinoton was derived from the Ilocano word koton which means ants. This comic dance from the Ilocos region depicts the movements of a person bitten by ants. In social gatherings where close friends and intimates are in attendance, this dance is performed to make people merry. Usually, a male requested to perform this dance.
FOLK DANCE 7: CHOTIS DINGREÑA
Based on Ilocano Folk Dances by Teresita Pascua Ines
Filmed at Dingras Church
Chotis Dingreña is a lively performance from Dingras, Ilocos Norte. It is usually performed during big social gatherings. The dance is very popular among the elite group and used as an intermission dance when the people are already tired dancing the ballroom dances. It is viewed as an indicator of the actual social status and a reverence to the babaknang as an elite social class to further articulate their status. The dance is a manifestation of our class-conscious attitude, thus revealing some of our dominant values and ideologies.
"I THRIVE"
Our dances epitomize the intense passion, creativity, and diversity in the province, as well as our people's love for celebration. These performances also mark the ingenuity of the Ilokano people, entwined to our value of keenness – a thriving evidence of our rich culture and identity. Our celebration of Ilocos Norte's heritage dances is likewise a fitting tribute to our kakailian, who, like our performers, bear an equal responsibility of communicating our culture-from our handwoven textiles, costume construction, fabled gustatory, to our collective consciousness.
FOLK DANCE 8: BINATBATAN
Philippine Folk Dances Volume VI by Francisca Reyes Aquino
Filmed at La Tabacalera de Currimao and Malacanang of the North
Binatbatan is an occupational dance from Paoay. The dance depicts the beating of cotton pods to separate the seeds from the fibers with the use of two sticks called batbat. To process the raw material used in weaving, ginne cotton was beaten with a pair of sticks sounding a clear and distinct rhythm on a carabao hide to separate fiber strands. The people of Paoay are known for their fabled skill in weaving a heritage cloth called abel. Oftentimes, weavers engage in a contest as to who could finish first and could produce cleaner and more fibers. The celebration of loom-weaving features Ilocos Norte's mythic woven designs out of raw bright cotton threads. It is not only a manifestation of our people's industriousness but also our weavers' artistic consciousness and mastery of cultural knowledge. When weavers wish to have a merrymaking, they sing and use the batbat in a dance. They prance between and out of parallel sticks without stepping on them, showing their expertise, ingenuity, and brilliance. The tempo of the beating and the rhythmic resonance produced by sticks make the dance festive, vibrant, and zestful. Over the years, the Binatbatan has been one of the province's amalgams, connecting every Ilokano to our cultural roots through our diligence in labor, prolific narratives, and fondness of revelry.
FOLK DANCE 9: DINAKLISAN
Filmed at Gabut Norte, Badoc
Dinaklisan originated from Currimao, a town where fishing is the chief industry. It is also an Ilocano term with the variety, agdaklis, meaning to fish with the use of a net. It has been a testament to hard work, resilience, and endurance that is espoused by the town's fisherfolks. Dinaklisan highlights the role of the people of Currimao who inspire the whole community as they altogether defy the law of the seas. Moreover, it sheds light on the natural bounties that the coastal municipality is blessed with, and a time to bond together with the community, thankful not only for material blessings but also for social ties that strengthen the people in times of crisis. Through time, our people have redefined the meaning of panagdaklis- progress and growth, including the vital aspect of environmental preservation and conservation, especially with both livelihood and tourism being dependent on our coast and our ocean. Daytoy ti maysa kadagiti sekreto iti kinaandor dagiti mangngalap iti Currimao. Nu maminsan bassit ti makalapan, ngem nu maminsan aglaplapunusan. Ngem, dumteng man ti dawel, awan iti saanda a malasat.
FOLK DANCE 10 TADEK IN-DAYA
Based on Tadek: Traditional Dance of the People of Nueva Era by Master's
Zyrill Ianna Pauline Nolasco Domingo-Pe Benito
Filmed at Madongan Dam, San Marcelino, Dingras
The vigorous Tadek In-daya is an ethnic dance that originated in Ilocos Norte, featuring ceremonial dances portraying death customs, courtship, marriage, and victory; a manifestation of the people of Nueva Era's efforts to preserve the distinct culture that binds them together in the highlands. It has been performed by the people in the eastern part of Nueva Era on different occasions such as, after burial. It is believed to cause the soul of the dead to rest. Also, it is staged during a wedding where it depicts merry-making for the married couples and entertain visitors. On courtship, a man and a woman perform the dance, swaying their hands and stomping their feet while following the beat of the gong and drum. Moreover, it is performed as a ritual for the healing of illnesses. Over time, it has been a showcase of the indigenous culture and a repository of collective consciousness and heroic narratives. The breath-taking performance of rituals is a fuselage enriching the province's cultural landscape. Furthermore, it highlights the mutually nurturing relationship between the people of Nueva Era and their environment; giving praise and gratitude to their deities to whom they owe the abundance of their harvest.
"I CELEBRATE"
"I DANCE...I AM ILOKANO"
The Ilocano Folk Dance Festival is indeed the perfect essence of our greatness. Undeniably, our culture and the arts are powerful instruments in fostering unity in the community and pride in our heritage. As we altogether recover from the effects of the pandemic, this festival has revived the creativity and livelihood of designers, performers, choreographers, and other artists in the province, inspiring and reassuring them that their passion has a place in Ilocos Norte.
GULING-GULING FESTIVAL 2021
The Guling-guling of Paoay is celebrated every March right before the proverbial St. Agustin Church. As part of a sacred tradition, the dance highlights the smearing of the cross on a person's forehead using wet, white rice flour, as a form of cleansing from sins. This practice was introduced by the Spanish friars which has been celebrated for more than 400 years now. Included in the celebration is the commemoration of the founding of the St. Augustine's Church which is a living testament of the people of Paoay's commitment and loyalty to their faith. Hence, in celebration of the Guling-guling, the townsfolk don themselves in the famous abel and dance their way to the church where they are met by the priest who imprints the sign of the cross or guling on their foreheads. For centuries, it has been marking each time a season of greater faith and devotion among our people to the Almighty God. Today, the Guling-guling inspires us to recommit and truly demonstrate our faith in our lives as we all unite in praying for continuous progress, our rapid recovery, and abundance for all of our kakailian.
ALSO WATCH:
Discover Ilocos Norte! - Best Tourist Spots - Northern Tourist Destination in the Philippines
Amazing Paoay Church Light Show - Ilocos Norte Symphony of Lights - Narimat A Paskua - Paskong Pinoy
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Teachers reflect on their own and students' experiences of learning within a cross curricular inquiry project themed around 'Think Global, Act Local'. In implementing the inquiry, teachers existing ideas about power relationships were challenged.
Discuss what these teachers and school leaders learned about their own praxis through the experience of sharing power with learners?
From the perspective of these teachers / leaders what were the benefits for students?
What connections do you make between what these teachers are saying and your own practice?
The teachers talk about how some of their beliefs and established practices were challenged. Discuss your response to the teachers' reflections.
How do the ideas in this video link to / expand your thinking about culturally responsive and relational contexts for learning?
Discuss your response to the teachers' reflections. What are the implications for you as strategic change leaders supporting teachers to develop culturally responsive and relational praxis?
How do the ideas in this video link to / expand your thinking about ako contexts for learning (unlearning / relearning)? What might be the implications in your own context?
What questions would you pose if you were talking with these teachers to deepen understanding and build from their current theorising? Consider the Activating Critical Theories Voices document. .


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The 2016–17 Atlantic Coast Conference men's basketball season began with practices in October 2016, followed by the start of the 2016–17 NCAA Division I men's basketball season in November. Conference play started in late December 2016 and concluded in March.

With a win over Pittsburgh on February 25, 2017, North Carolina clinched at least a share of the ACC regular season championship for the second straight season, the eighth time in the 14 years under head coach Roy Williams, and the 31st time in school history. A loss by Duke later that day gave the Tar Heels the outright regular season championship.

The ACC tournament was held from March 7–11, 2-17 at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn, New York. Duke defeated Notre Dame to with the tournament championship. As a result, Duke received the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA tournament.

North Carolina forward Justin Jackson was named ACC Player of the Year. Georgia Tech head coach Josh Pastner was named Coach of the Year. Jackson was also named a consensus first-team All-American and Duke guard Luke Kennard was named a second team All-American.

Nine ACC schools (Duke, Florida State, Miami, North Carolina, Notre Dame, Virginia, Virginia Tech, and Wake Forest) received invitations to the NCAA tournament. The conference achieved an 11–8 record in the NCAA tournament, however only North Carolina won more than one game. North Carolina went on to with the NCAA Championship, defeating Gonzaga. Clemson, Georgia Tech, and Syracuse received bids to the National Invitation Tournament. The conference achieved a 5–3 record in the NIT, with Georgia Tech losing to TCU in the championship game.

Head coaches

Coaching changes
 On March 21, 2016, Pittsburgh head coach Jamie Dixon left the school to take the head coaching position at his alma mater, TCU. On March 27, 2016, the school hired Kevin Stallings as head coach.
 On March 25, 2016, Georgia Tech announced Brian Gregory would not return as head coach. On April 8, 2016, the school hired Josh Pastner as head coach.

Coaches

Notes:
 Year at school includes 2016–17 season.
 Overall and ACC records are from time at current school and are through the end the 2016–17 season.
 NCAA tournament appearances are from time at current school only.
 NCAA Final Fours and Championship include time at other schools

Preseason

Regular season

Rankings

Conference matrix
This table summarizes the head-to-head results between teams in conference play. Each team will play 18 conference games, and at least 1 against each opponent.

Postseason

ACC tournament

  March 7–11, 2017 Atlantic Coast Conference basketball tournament, Barclays Center, Brooklyn, New York.

* Denotes Overtime Game

AP Rankings at time of tournament

NCAA tournament

National Invitation Tournament

Honors and awards

All-Americans

To earn "consensus" status, a player must win honors from a majority of the following teams: the
Associated Press, the USBWA, The Sporting News and the National Association of Basketball Coaches.

ACC honors and awards

NBA draft

The ACC had 14 players drafted in the 2017 NBA draft.  10 players were drafted in the first round, and 4 players were drafted in the second round.

References

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Can Dogs Eat Almonds? - Answer and Advice!
Can dogs eat almonds? Let's find out.
Dogs are a gift from heaven, and if you have a dog at your place, then you'll surely agree with that.
We often treat our dogs like our family members, and there is no issue in that. But at times, we tend to forget that they are dogs and feed them what we eat. Sometimes, we give them everything we eat.
This habit of ours might not create any problem 9 out of 10 times, but when it does, things could turn really ugly.
Almonds are one of those food items some of us freely give to our four-legged friends. Can dogs eat almonds?
Well, let's find the answer to that question in this detailed post and also see how to get the best and avoid the worst from this special nut.
The simplest answer to this question can be given in just one word, and that's a yes.
Almonds are safe for your dog to eat. But (yes, there is always a but), there are certain steps you must be willing to take when giving your dog almonds.
The very first thing is the quantity. If you are feeding your pet just 2 to 3 almonds now and then, it will be fine. When this number increases, you might not be in the safe zone anymore.
There are some people who advise against giving almonds to dogs. They could have had an unpleasant experience or might have read something somewhere (Internet, we are looking at you!). But, in reality, Almonds are a healthy treat for dogs when done right.
Why should there be a quantity constraint? You may ask.
Well, almonds have a decent amount of fat in them. We have talked in other posts about how your dog's diet should not have fat in them. To repeat the same point, the fat in almonds makes it hard for the dog to digest it which could carry over to other problems as well.
And it doesn't look very pleasing to see your dog vomiting and having gastric intestinal distress just because of having a couple of extra almonds.
Another key point here is to give your good friend only salt-free almonds.
Your dog can easily get obsessed with the taste of the nuts and will not let you go. So keep the quantity in check, and everyone's happy.
The biggest advantage almonds can give to your pet is its nutritional value. Almonds are a storehouse of nutrients which if given properly, can benefit your dog in a ton of ways.
Almonds have rich vitamin content and a good percentage of the essential fat that is good for the health of dogs.
They are easily available and are not very expensive. So, giving an occasional almond treat will never trouble the dog owner concerning money.
Raw and unsalted almonds are excellent for the health of dogs.
Almond milk can also be a substitute for raw almonds, and they carry the same nutritional value as well.
To prevent choking, dog biscuits having almonds in them can also be used. In this way, your dog can get the complete nutritional value without worrying about the danger of choking.
Nuts contain a high amount of fat that is difficult to digest by dogs.
Excess intake can lead to the problem of an upset stomach.
Dogs can even suffer from the problem of pancreatitis during which vomiting, restlessness, and diarrhea are very common.
Almonds, if not chewed properly may result in choking problems. So, it is better to chop them before feeding them to dogs.
Another health issue can be weight gain. If you hate walking your dog, then things are going to change.
Sweetened almonds should be added to the list of bad foods because they can be highly toxic to your dog.
Sometimes, the intake of almonds can lead to allergic reactions. So be sure how to react if your dog shows an adverse reaction.
Raw and salt-free almonds are great for your dog. If you can limit the quantity to 2 to 3 and feed them to your dog only occasionally, you need not worry about anything.
If you fear that your dog might choke or get any other problems, then you can try substitutes or other food products that contain almonds. This is to make sure that your dog gets the goodness of almonds without having to take any risk.
Moreover, it is better to feed your companion with the high-quality dog food that will keep him fit and healthy. If your dog needs almonds, throw in a couple, and that's where you stop.
That's it from us on this topic. Can dogs eat almonds? We hope you got a clear answer to that question.
Ask your questions in the comment section below. Or do you have a story to share? Well, you know how to contact us.


Super-long wig with wavy layers of 100% real Remy human hair.
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Feb 14, 2018, 05:00am EST |
3 Examples Of How Emerging Tech Will Change Your Work
Chris MurphyBrand Contributor
Storytelling and expertise from marketers
| Paid Program
We hear a lot about emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and self-driving cars. But it's fair to ask: Will these really change how I do my job every day?
The likely answer is yes. To picture how, take a look at three examples shared by Thomas Kurian, Oracle president of product development. Kurian offered these February 12 at Oracle CloudWorld in New York. He shared many other examples, but these three offer a starting point for thinking about how emerging tech can be applied to your organization in a practical, real-world way.
Thomas Kurian, Oracle president of product development, told an Oracle CloudWorld crowd that Oracle is embedding AI capabilities in all of its applications.
"Today, many applications are written to be heavily rules-driven," Kurian said. "The problem with business rules is they can become extremely elaborate and extremely cumbersome to maintain."
In a telecom contact center, for example, when a customer call comes in, you need rules that can, within about 30 seconds, identify who the customer is, what product they're using, what their problem is, and what the best next step should be. And that only starts the cascade of recommendations that follow that initial first step.
"AI can do that way better than any person can figure out," Kurian said.
That's why Oracle is embedding AI capabilities in all of its applications. Doing so will let ERP find the best price recommendations, identify maverick procurement, or spot possible inaccurate reconciliations. In HCM, it will help identify job candidates and recommend next career steps for current talent. And in CRM, AI will help identify the next-best action to help a customer or land a prospect, drawing on internal data, and, where appropriate, using third-party data via Oracle Data Cloud.
Related: Learn more about Oracle Adaptive Intelligent apps
Rather than leaving you on your own to write AI algorithms for these kinds of problems, Oracle is providing a way to quickly get results from AI. "It's combining data and domain-specific algorithms inside our applications so that you get much better results from your business process," Kurian said.
Ambient Human Interfaces
The last major advance of user interface technology, Kurian said, was the graphical user interface (GUI) first introduced way back in the 1980s. Smartphones have changed our daily lives, but in terms of interface, they still rely on a variation of the original GUIs.
"If you look at most mobile applications, they really haven't fundamentally changed," Kurian said.
The emergence of "ambient human interfaces" will change that. "The interface is always with you, and you can interact with it in a variety of different ways," Kurian said. Oracle is developing these types of interfaces to connect with all of its applications and platform services through its Oracle Mobile Cloud Service.
For example, with such an interface on a procurement application, when you as a manager are alerted to a purchase order you must review, you could still access it the traditional way, via a web browser or mobile app. Or, you could get help through a "virtual assistant"—asking for the PO, asking questions about its contents, and then giving your okay.
To date, these kinds of virtual assistants have mostly relied on text messaging, where they exist at all. However, Kurian thinks voice will become a much more common interface to "interact with this virtual assistant for our entire platform and applications." The intelligent bot capability in Oracle Mobile Cloud Service already supports many of the most popular voice and text messaging platforms. Avoiding the whole process of logging into an application console will speed productivity and keep managers focused on their most pressing tasks.
Self-Driving Software: An Autonomous Platform
One of the hardest and most basic technology challenges for companies is getting from tech-powered idea to real-world product ahead of the competition. So sure, it's essential that Oracle offers a cloud-based infrastructure that lets IT teams spin up high-performance computing resources in minutes. But it's not enough to solve a company's speed of development problem.
"The barrier to adoption to technology is the lack of skilled people to build applications," Kurian said. Yet what are skilled technologists doing in most organizations? "They're spending their time doing really mundane work—installing and configuring software, patching it, backing it up, setting up disaster recovery."
To combat that, Oracle is introducing Oracle Cloud Platform autonomous services. These services are aimed at eliminating all the manual labor involved in running and managing software.
The most prominent example is Oracle Autonomous Database. Organizations will be able to ask for a database of a certain size and response performance, and the database cloud service will self-provision the right capacity, and then monitor, optimize, and support the workload. "You don't have to monitor it, you don't have to plan capacity expansion, you don't have to take away capacity if there's too much," Kurian said. "You don't have to back it up, you don't have to patch it, encrypt it, or set up disaster recovery."
Oracle will roll out these autonomous services across its cloud platform throughout 2018. Benefits include reduced labor costs, reduced opportunity for human error, and improved security and performance from having continuously patched and updated software. And most importantly, it means having your key talent working on exciting new projects, not on routine and commonplace IT chores.
Kurian dove in on several other areas of Oracle's emerging tech innovation, from blockchain to the Internet of Things. There is a common need driving this innovation, from core cloud services to the most cutting-edge emerging technology. As industries digitalize, he said, they "need a platform that provides capabilities at much faster rates than they could get with the traditional model of software."
Chris Murphy is Oracle director of cloud content.
Chris Murphy is editorial director at Oracle. He was previously editor of InformationWeek. You can follow him on Twitter @murph_cj.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Have you ever wondered what's going on in the mind of people who set about pursuing quests in the worlds of magic? Potential lovers seeking the fairest of them all; mages seeking further power; sons seeking fathers; daughters seeking vengeance; those seeking simple distraction and escape from their everyday lives.
Jason Franks has. And he doesn't think very highly of them.
Faerie Apocalypse plays with the tropes of quests and fantasy violence. He twists the old storytelling standards of cycles-of-three, cunning humans outwitting faerie malevolance, all the same-old-same olds.
Franks isn't afraid of being pretty damned gruesome with it, either. Many encounters end not merely with violence but with gore so extreme it's less horrific and more a form of nihilism. If Shakespeare wrote Titus Andronicus in a spirit of 'I'll show YOU a revenge tragedy!', Franks has said, 'I'll show YOU a tide of pointless butchery!'.
Except that it's not pointless. The purpose, mostly hinted at throughout the brutal excapades of the mortals, the mage, the daughter of the warrior queen and the Bad Little Dog is very pointed, but it's a spoiler to say what it is.
I loved how the inklings that supposed mortal questers aren't as noble or heroic as they're cracked up to be turn into certainties that they're all pretty awful people with little regard for the consequences of their actions. Where they go, death follows, on a scale that humans in the mortal world have wrought with such horrific abandon.
The level of butchery is a bit much at times, but it's a deliberate choice that is less gratuitous than it seems, by the time you reach the end and learn why. Though the hint is in the title. It is a faerie apocalypse, after all.
I'll admit that I have a fonder spot in my heart for the wild and wickedly funny Bloody Waters , but it's good to be reading Franks again and I'm looking forward to whatever comes next.
Read my interview with Jason Franks.
Each review that I see for this book makes me want to read it even faster, too bad I have very limited reading time. So far I have loved this story. Can't wait to dive deeper.
It's difficult to find time. It's one reason I like ebooks. I can read at the stop and on the train in short bursts!


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Seal of Biliteracy Helps Bilingual Students Get Ahead
Agatha Lima-Freitas, Reporter|November 29, 2022
Have you ever thought about getting a seal to confirm you're bilingual?
Our school is now offering that opportunity. The Seal of Biliteracy is a nation-wide test that measures students' proficiency in reading, writing, speaking, and listening in another language.
The Seal of Biliteracy gives students an advantage when they apply for college and it provides them with a competitive edge in the employment market.
The program was developed in 2008, and was piloted at West Haven High School last year, when Kim Athan, the world language department head, came to this school.
"Last year there was a big success rate, our students took most of them in Spanish, and they were native or heritage speakers and then a couple of them came very close to passing even in Italian," said Anna Porto, an Italian teacher at West Haven High School.
To get enrolled in this program you have to take a language class at our school, for example: Spanish, Italian or French, or if you are a native heritage speaker to many other languages.
"Definitely do it, be confident in the way you speak, be proud of the language you speak," said Lorena Bello, a student who achieved the seal in 2022. "And it's a great opportunity, you will get so many doors open for you,"
The Seal of Biliteracy is offered to students of any age, but our school is only testing seniors. The reason our school only tests seniors is because in order to get the Seal, they must pass all English graduation requirements as well. The test is free and can be taken multiple times.
"It gives me the confidence to know that I can speak both languages very well," said Sara Sanchez, a student who achieved the seal in 2022. "I think that's something to be very proud of."
To know more about this program, students can stop by D307 or join the Google classroom: 3bjobsn
This seal includes two types of tests: the AAPPL test, which is an assessment of standards-based language learning across the three modes of communication interpersonal, interpretive, and presentational, and the OPI test, which assesses how well a person speaks a language.
Here is the list for some of the languages to the AAPPL test:
Chinese(Mandarin)
Now here is the list for some of the languages to the OPI test:
Bengali/Bangla
Bosnian/Croatian
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