text:
Project Vehicle: Lexus GX 470
Four Wheel Drive, Overland Journal, Project Vehicles, Uncategorized
Scott Brady / June 8th, 2021
Editor's note: This article was originally posted in Overland Journal's Spring 2021 Issue.
Traditionally, the best SUV platforms in North America have been restricted to the Land Cruiser offerings, and to a lesser extent, the 4Runner, G-Wagen, and Land Rover wagons. In 2003, Lexus released the GX model in North America, Russia, and other limited markets based on the international J120 chassis. What was critical was its association with the "J" designation, which shares the general emphasis on robustness and reliability of the Land Cruiser. In numerous markets, the J120 is even called a Land Cruiser or Prado. Development began in the late 1990s with Lance Scott of Toyota ED (Europe), which is often considered the pinnacle of the body-on-frame era, and the J120 possesses a long list of desirable traits. Most notable are the high-strength frame construction, five-link solid rear axle design, and the coilover independent front. The J120 has won numerous awards throughout the globe, including winning Fourwheeler of the Year. In addition to the above accolades, the Lexus variant received the venerated 4.7-liter V8, known to be one of the most reliable engines ever sold in the USA. The GX is made in Tahara, Japan, on the same production line as the international Prado and 4Runner.
WHY A GX 470?
We wanted to build a platform that struck an ideal balance between reliability, performance, and value, contrasting some of the eccentricities of our decade-long G-Wagen build. The G-Class was a wonderful vehicle, and I could have easily driven it for another decade, but it had limited appeal to our audience—it was time to try something new. As a result, we purchased a clean 2007 GX 470 in Arizona in the spring of 2018, where it served daily driving duties and remained unmodified for over a year. The delay in modification yielded numerous benefits, including learning the stock platform's limitations and how it genuinely needed to be improved. This article will focus on all of the off-highway modifications, recovery solutions, and electronics employed to prepare the GX for remote backcountry travel.
With so many options on the market, my search kept bringing me back to the GX, as it was a better value than the 4Runner, and had a higher payload than anything in the decision set short of a 200-Series Land Cruiser. The payload rating is due in part to the 7-passenger seating, but also because of the airbags with automatic load leveling. In some markets, the payload of the J120 ranged as high as 1,907 pounds, which inspired confidence in the reserve capacity of the GX (although GVWR was not exceeded). The ride and drive of the GX on the road significantly improves comfort and makes the long pavement stretches easier on the occupants. Despite our love of the backcountry, most trips require an investment in highway miles to reach the trailhead. For off-highway performance, the GX is impressive even in stock form, only limited by ground clearance at the rear bumper and along the running boards. The 109-inch wheelbase makes the vehicle a good balance between stability and maneuverability on the trails. And of important consideration, it is possible to buy a clean GX 470 with reasonable miles for as little as $17,000.
ESTABLISHING A BASELINE
In that first year, it became evident that a few things needed to be addressed before modifications began. For this, I called DeYoung European Motors, the same outfit I trusted for 10 years with my G320. Most noticeable was the ailing rack-and-pinion steering, which is an area of weakness for the platform. The rack, bushing, and pump were all showing signs of wear, including aleaking pressure line. With larger tires in the plan, we rebuilt the system with all-new parts and strengthened the tie-rod ends with their Tie Bo No stainless steel reinforcement rods.
Additionally, any lift put added strain on the CV axles due to the change in the operating angle. The original CVs showed signs of wear and were leaking grease from the boots. While the front end was being freshened, the CV axles were replaced with factory Toyota parts to ensure long service life and strength on a lifted AWD SUV.
There were a few functionality items I did not care for on the GX, mostly related to the undermounted spare, the factory side steps, and the limited underbody protection. Given that the GX is based on the Prado, it has a swing-out rear gate, which would allow for either importing and modifying a Prado gate to mount the spare or using an innovative (and arguably more robust) option with the ACC Garage Becky tire mount. Properly installing this mount is a genuine project, but the instructions are adequate, and it really is a step-by-step affair. It took me a few days to fully complete, as I spent all the time required to address any issues discovered along the way. This included additional painting and rust protection, along with a measure-three-times, cut-once pace. The kit comes with a sturdy, thoughtfully designed tire mount that bolts through the Lexus gate and is reinforced with plates, angle shims, and a lower striker ramp. This ramp secures to the rear body crossover and helps to support the weight of the tire and wheel combination. Additional attention is needed in mounting the license plate, improved backup light, and relocating the backup camera. In the end, it was one of the most satisfying and transformative modifications, changing the appearance of the GX. The spare tire is now immediately accessible (not buried in the mud), and the factory tire well can be used for either an extra spare, or for my purposes, additional water and fuel storage. It should be noted that the rear-mounted spare does reduce visibility slightly, and shifts the center of gravity up marginally as well.
With the spare relocated, I turned my attention toward removing the factory running boards, which is a few-minute job, yielding a big improvement in ground clearance. It has the extra benefit of reducing weight by 30 pounds from the vehicle, offsetting the added 19 pounds from the new tire mount. At this point, I considered rock sliders but ultimately held off due to the payload impact. Rock sliders that can additionally serve as side steps have real advantages in the field, but I felt comfortable going without because of the ground clearance gained (details later in this article), relying on the watchful eye of a spotter when warranted. Others may choose differently based on their use case.
Captions (clockwise): With solo travel a regular prospect,I always fit a high-quality 12-volt recovery winch. The Warn Zeon 10-S fit perfectly in the bull bar and was complemented by Warn's Sidewinder hook replacement. | The rear suspension took somework to incorporate a lift using the factory airbags, including configuring a custom spacer and adjusting the height sensors. The rear BP-51s are long travel, so spacing the bagsis critical to prevent damageat full extension. | It is easy to discount IFS for backcountry travel, but the Toyota suspension configuration deliversin the field. The GX now ridesand handles better than stockwhile benefiting from moreground clearance. | One of the modifications thatmost impressed me was theTimbren bump stops. Their taller profile and progressive designare just what the GX ordered. | The tire mount requires measuring with care and then drillingfour times into the back door. Additional work is needed to accommodate a relocated license bracket and lighting. The endresult is worth the effort. | The AEV Crestone wheelslook great on the GX and are complemented by the talland narrow Toyo A/T IIIs.
SUSPENSION AND TIRES
Through the years, I have grown fond of working on what cannot be seen first. And few modifications serve the driver as much every day (while being mostly unseen) than a good suspension. With each passing year, suspension systems get stronger, more adjustable, and ultimately more usable for travel. The GX already starts with a good suspension from the factory, with driver-adjustable compression damping, and a long-travel, multi-height rear airbag configuration. We wanted to retain those attributes, improving on them with a fully integrated system. There were several goals to achieve, including additional ground clearance, while also increasing the spring rate on the front springs to accommodate the weight of a bull bar and winch. The factory front rate is too soft for even an unloaded vehicle, so I needed an additional 200+ pound rate increase (with an adjustable preload) to improve the overall handling and accommodate the weight of the ARB bumper.
After some deliberation, I selected the Old Man Emu BP-51 front coilover and rear remote reservoir shocks, an ideal confluence of service life, performance, durability, and adjustability. A principal performance advantage is the internal bypass configuration, which permits significant changes to fluid flow throughout the shock stroke. In practical terms, it allows for a supple ride in the middle of the shock range and improved vehicle control during large suspension events. Another feature I wanted was rebound and compression adjustability. I intended to run the vehicle without a front anti-sway bar [Editor's Note: This is not a recommended or endorsed practice.], which makes precise rebound control more essential to manage sway or load transitions. The shocks also happen to be a work of art and are designed for long-distance remote travel in harsh conditions. They installed easily, but the rear did require some adjustment to accommodate the stone guard and the mismatch between airbag length and shock stroke.
For the suspension, another objective was to retain the airbags in the rear, which provides a significant improvement in ride quality while load leveling for variable payloads. As my daily driver, the Lexus can be near empty, or fully loaded with camping gear, or pulling a heavy trailer, so the flexibility of airbags is worth retaining. This required spacing the airbags up from the axle mounts by 60 millimeters using an Air Lift 52420 spacer, customized to the lower pin on the factory airbags. The ride adjustment rods were then adjusted to level the vehicle. This modification is critical, as the airbags are too short for the BP-51 shock stroke (something learned during local testing, not in the shop).
As the last step, I installed the new Timbren Active Off-Road bump stops front and rear. These taller, progressive-rate, natural rubber jounces have provided several critical benefits for the project. Most importantly, the rear jounces are taller than the factory ones, protecting the rear sheet metal from tire contact on full compression. They serve as a secondary spring should an airbag fail, allowing me to drive off the trail. It was an airbag failure that initially inspired me to install these units, as the vehicle went down to factory bumps and the tires made fender contact—time to call a tow truck. The front Timbren jounces are only slightly taller than factory but work in concert with the BP-51s to provide an impressive amount of control. The suspension now works exactly as desired on the highway, at high speed on the dirt, and during low-speed maximum articulation events.
Tires and wheels are one of the most essential modifications to any overland vehicle, so I paid particular attention to the tire size selected. I have been a longtime fan of a tall and narrow tire, which improves fitment and reduces weight. One of my favorite sizes is a 255/80 R17, which measures over 33 inches tall and only 10 inches wide. Toyo's new A/T IIIs were on the list to test, and they have exceeded my expectations for highway, dirt trails, and even snow and ice. The tires were mounted to (in my opinion) the best wheel available today for overland travel, the American Expedition Vehicles Crestone Dualsport wheel, which is a true DOT-approved beadlock. This allows for extremely low pressures in snow and sand without fear of losing a bead and also improves remote field service of a tire for patching and other repairs.
ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
As a safeguard, we installed one of my favorite accessories, the ARB bull bar, which provides full protection from animal strikes or light trail damage, inspiring respect from all but semi-truck drivers in developing countries. The ARB Summit bar is designed for the Prado 120, but it does work on the GX 470 with some patience, creating a template for the bumper wings to trim the Lexus fender flares. It not only works ideally for this application but again transforms the appearance of the vehicle. The bumper also serves as a platform to mount a Warn Zeon 10-S, one of the most effective models for this size vehicle and remote applications. It retains a wired remote and benefits from a sealed Albright solenoid, synthetic line, and improved overall line speed. Lastly, a set of ARB LED lights was installed to provide ample nighttime illumination at all speeds.
To address underbody protection, I again turned to ARB, and their full complement of pressed and folded, 3-millimeter, laser-cut skid plates. The zinc-coated skid plates mount to factory attachment points and significantly improve resistance to trail damage, particularly in rocky terrain. While they do add some weight to the GX, the vehicle stayed within GVWR; the weight of the plates is extremely low in the chassis, actually improving the center of gravity.
The last consideration to the exterior was to take advantage of the open factory spare tire location to mount a set of Trail'd water tanks. At 6 gallons each, two of them mount right where the original spare was and even utilize the factory lifting winch to lift and secure the tanks. They provide more than enough water for a long weekend of camping. If my travels extend beyond the reach of the EPA (i.e., outside of the USA), then these tanks also work perfectly for emergency fuel storage. The key with auxiliary fuel storage is only to use them when needed and transfer the fuel as soon as possible. Twelve gallons of fuel weighs over 80 pounds but can be invaluable during those rare occasions when maximum range is needed.
Overall, the Lexus GX has proven to be an exceptionally reliable and genuinely pleasant vehicle to drive. It has served equally as a daily driver and as a long-distance backcountry tourer. Underneath all that leather and wood trim, this vehicle has the heart of a Land Cruiser, and that reason alone makes it a solid choice for overlanding.
Editors note: Lexus GX platforms are not approved applications for ARB products. Installing vehicle-specific ARB products on applications other than those approved by ARB will void the warranty.
Scott is the publisher and co-founder of Expedition Portal and Overland Journal. His travels by 4WD and adventure motorcycle span all seven continents and include three circumnavigations of the globe. His polar travels include two vehicle crossings of Antarctica and the first long-axis crossing of Greenland. He lives in Prescott, Arizona IG: @scott.a.brady Twitter: @scott_brady


Delicious fresh blueberry fritters, with no yeast required. Best eaten on the day they are made, but they do freeze well.
For the fritters: Combine the flour, sugar, baking powder, salt and cinnamon in a large bowl. Whisk to combine.
In a medium bowl, combine the eggs, milk, vanilla and melted/slightly cooled butter. Whisk to combine. Make a well in the dry ingredients and add the wet ingredients. Stir just until combined. Add the blueberries and fold in. You'll want lots of blueberries, so add until the dough is well spotted with fruit. You almost can't have too many blueberries!
*Tips: Have a cooling rack ready, set over a baking sheet. For deep frying, use a heavy, deep pot if you don't have a deep fryer. Have a lid handy, just in case. You'll need 2-3 inches of oil. If you have a thermometer, heat oil to 375° F. Without a thermometer, test oil heat by dropping a bit of batter in. It should float, sizzle immediately, and turn golden within a minute or so.
In a heavy, deep pot, heat oil to 375° F. Drop fritters by the spoonful in to hot oil. Cook until underside is deep golden brown. Flip over and cook the other side. Remove to a cooling rack set on top of a baking sheet. Continue until all fritters are cooked.
While fritters are cooling, prepare the glaze. Add the icing sugar, corn syrup, salt and vanilla in a large bowl. Set aside. In a small saucepan, bring the water and white granulated sugar to a boil over high heat then reduce heat to medium and simmer for 1 minute. Add this mixture to the bowl with the icing sugar and whisk until all the sugar and has been incorporated and the mixture is smooth. Dip cooled fritters in glaze or drizzle/brush glaze over and return to cooling rack set over a baking sheet to catch any drips. Allow glaze to set and enjoy!
These fritters are best on the day they are cooked. They are still tasty the second day, but they will start to lose their crunch.


If you missed the event, or would like to return to a particular discussion, take a look at filmed recordings of each session as well highlights from the day on our YouTube playlist.
In total there are seven videos including the highlights and key note speech.
Read more about the day on our website and see images of the event on our Facebook page.


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text:
using pb = global::Google.Protobuf;
using pbc = global::Google.Protobuf.Collections;
using pbr = global::Google.Protobuf.Reflection;
using scg = global::System.Collections.Generic;
namespace Google.Ads.GoogleAds.V11.Enums {

  /// Holder for reflection information generated from google/ads/googleads/v11/enums/product_bidding_category_status.proto
  public static partial class ProductBiddingCategoryStatusReflection {

    #region Descriptor
    /// File descriptor for google/ads/googleads/v11/enums/product_bidding_category_status.proto
    public static pbr::FileDescriptor Descriptor {
      get { return descriptor; }
    }
    private static pbr::FileDescriptor descriptor;

    static ProductBiddingCategoryStatusReflection() {
      byte[] descriptorData = global::System.Convert.FromBase64String(
          string.Concat(
            "CkRnb29nbGUvYWRzL2dvb2dsZWFkcy92MTEvZW51bXMvcHJvZHVjdF9iaWRk",
            "aW5nX2NhdGVnb3J5X3N0YXR1cy5wcm90bxIeZ29vZ2xlLmFkcy5nb29nbGVh",
            "ZHMudjExLmVudW1zInoKIFByb2R1Y3RCaWRkaW5nQ2F0ZWdvcnlTdGF0dXNF",
            "bnVtIlYKHFByb2R1Y3RCaWRkaW5nQ2F0ZWdvcnlTdGF0dXMSDwoLVU5TUEVD",
            "SUZJRUQQABILCgdVTktOT1dOEAESCgoGQUNUSVZFEAISDAoIT0JTT0xFVEUQ",
            "A0L7AQoiY29tLmdvb2dsZS5hZHMuZ29vZ2xlYWRzLnYxMS5lbnVtc0IhUHJv",
            "ZHVjdEJpZGRpbmdDYXRlZ29yeVN0YXR1c1Byb3RvUAFaQ2dvb2dsZS5nb2xh",
            "bmcub3JnL2dlbnByb3RvL2dvb2dsZWFwaXMvYWRzL2dvb2dsZWFkcy92MTEv",
            "ZW51bXM7ZW51bXOiAgNHQUGqAh5Hb29nbGUuQWRzLkdvb2dsZUFkcy5WMTEu",
            "RW51bXPKAh5Hb29nbGVcQWRzXEdvb2dsZUFkc1xWMTFcRW51bXPqAiJHb29n",
            "bGU6OkFkczo6R29vZ2xlQWRzOjpWMTE6OkVudW1zYgZwcm90bzM="));
      descriptor = pbr::FileDescriptor.FromGeneratedCode(descriptorData,
          new pbr::FileDescriptor[] { },
          new pbr::GeneratedClrTypeInfo(null, null, new pbr::GeneratedClrTypeInfo[] {
            new pbr::GeneratedClrTypeInfo(typeof(global::Google.Ads.GoogleAds.V11.Enums.ProductBiddingCategoryStatusEnum), global::Google.Ads.GoogleAds.V11.Enums.ProductBiddingCategoryStatusEnum.Parser, null, null, new[]{ typeof(global::Google.Ads.GoogleAds.V11.Enums.ProductBiddingCategoryStatusEnum.Types.ProductBiddingCategoryStatus) }, null, null)
          }));
    }
    #endregion

  }
  #region Messages
  ///
  /// Status of the product bidding category.
  ///
  public sealed partial class ProductBiddingCategoryStatusEnum : pb::IMessage<ProductBiddingCategoryStatusEnum>
  #if !GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_REFSTRUCT_COMPATIBILITY_MODE
      , pb::IBufferMessage
  #endif
  {
    private static readonly pb::MessageParser<ProductBiddingCategoryStatusEnum> _parser = new pb::MessageParser<ProductBiddingCategoryStatusEnum>(() => new ProductBiddingCategoryStatusEnum());
    private pb::UnknownFieldSet _unknownFields;
    [global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute]
    [global::System.CodeDom.Compiler.GeneratedCode("protoc", null)]
    public static pb::MessageParser<ProductBiddingCategoryStatusEnum> Parser { get { return _parser; } }

    [global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute]
    [global::System.CodeDom.Compiler.GeneratedCode("protoc", null)]
    public static pbr::MessageDescriptor Descriptor {
      get { return global::Google.Ads.GoogleAds.V11.Enums.ProductBiddingCategoryStatusReflection.Descriptor.MessageTypes[0]; }
    }

    [global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute]
    [global::System.CodeDom.Compiler.GeneratedCode("protoc", null)]
    pbr::MessageDescriptor pb::IMessage.Descriptor {
      get { return Descriptor; }
    }

    [global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute]
    [global::System.CodeDom.Compiler.GeneratedCode("protoc", null)]
    public ProductBiddingCategoryStatusEnum() {
      OnConstruction();
    }

    partial void OnConstruction();

    [global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute]
    [global::System.CodeDom.Compiler.GeneratedCode("protoc", null)]
    public ProductBiddingCategoryStatusEnum(ProductBiddingCategoryStatusEnum other) : this() {
      _unknownFields = pb::UnknownFieldSet.Clone(other._unknownFields);
    }

    [global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute]
    [global::System.CodeDom.Compiler.GeneratedCode("protoc", null)]
    public ProductBiddingCategoryStatusEnum Clone() {
      return new ProductBiddingCategoryStatusEnum(this);
    }

    [global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute]
    [global::System.CodeDom.Compiler.GeneratedCode("protoc", null)]
    public override bool Equals(object other) {
      return Equals(other as ProductBiddingCategoryStatusEnum);
    }

    [global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute]
    [global::System.CodeDom.Compiler.GeneratedCode("protoc", null)]
    public bool Equals(ProductBiddingCategoryStatusEnum other) {
      if (ReferenceEquals(other, null)) {
        return false;
      }
      if (ReferenceEquals(other, this)) {
        return true;
      }
      return Equals(_unknownFields, other._unknownFields);
    }

    [global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute]
    [global::System.CodeDom.Compiler.GeneratedCode("protoc", null)]
    public override int GetHashCode() {
      int hash = 1;
      if (_unknownFields != null) {
        hash ^= _unknownFields.GetHashCode();
      }
      return hash;
    }

    [global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute]
    [global::System.CodeDom.Compiler.GeneratedCode("protoc", null)]
    public override string ToString() {
      return pb::JsonFormatter.ToDiagnosticString(this);
    }

    [global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute]
    [global::System.CodeDom.Compiler.GeneratedCode("protoc", null)]
    public void WriteTo(pb::CodedOutputStream output) {
    #if !GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_REFSTRUCT_COMPATIBILITY_MODE
      output.WriteRawMessage(this);
    #else
      if (_unknownFields != null) {
        _unknownFields.WriteTo(output);
      }
    #endif
    }

    #if !GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_REFSTRUCT_COMPATIBILITY_MODE
    [global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute]
    [global::System.CodeDom.Compiler.GeneratedCode("protoc", null)]
    void pb::IBufferMessage.InternalWriteTo(ref pb::WriteContext output) {
      if (_unknownFields != null) {
        _unknownFields.WriteTo(ref output);
      }
    }
    #endif

    [global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute]
    [global::System.CodeDom.Compiler.GeneratedCode("protoc", null)]
    public int CalculateSize() {
      int size = 0;
      if (_unknownFields != null) {
        size += _unknownFields.CalculateSize();
      }
      return size;
    }

    [global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute]
    [global::System.CodeDom.Compiler.GeneratedCode("protoc", null)]
    public void MergeFrom(ProductBiddingCategoryStatusEnum other) {
      if (other == null) {
        return;
      }
      _unknownFields = pb::UnknownFieldSet.MergeFrom(_unknownFields, other._unknownFields);
    }

    [global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute]
    [global::System.CodeDom.Compiler.GeneratedCode("protoc", null)]
    public void MergeFrom(pb::CodedInputStream input) {
    #if !GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_REFSTRUCT_COMPATIBILITY_MODE
      input.ReadRawMessage(this);
    #else
      uint tag;
      while ((tag = input.ReadTag()) != 0) {
        switch(tag) {
          default:
            _unknownFields = pb::UnknownFieldSet.MergeFieldFrom(_unknownFields, input);
            break;
        }
      }
    #endif
    }

    #if !GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_REFSTRUCT_COMPATIBILITY_MODE
    [global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute]
    [global::System.CodeDom.Compiler.GeneratedCode("protoc", null)]
    void pb::IBufferMessage.InternalMergeFrom(ref pb::ParseContext input) {
      uint tag;
      while ((tag = input.ReadTag()) != 0) {
        switch(tag) {
          default:
            _unknownFields = pb::UnknownFieldSet.MergeFieldFrom(_unknownFields, ref input);
            break;
        }
      }
    }
    #endif

    #region Nested types
    /// Container for nested types declared in the ProductBiddingCategoryStatusEnum message type.
    [global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute]
    [global::System.CodeDom.Compiler.GeneratedCode("protoc", null)]
    public static partial class Types {
      ///
      /// Enum describing the status of the product bidding category.
      ///
      public enum ProductBiddingCategoryStatus {
        ///
        /// Not specified.
        ///
        [pbr::OriginalName("UNSPECIFIED")] Unspecified = 0,
        ///
        /// Used for return value only. Represents value unknown in this version.
        ///
        [pbr::OriginalName("UNKNOWN")] Unknown = 1,
        ///
        /// The category is active and can be used for bidding.
        ///
        [pbr::OriginalName("ACTIVE")] Active = 2,
        ///
        /// The category is obsolete. Used only for reporting purposes.
        ///
        [pbr::OriginalName("OBSOLETE")] Obsolete = 3,
      }

    }
    #endregion

  }

  #endregion

}

#endregion Designer generated code

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Sandra & Jorge
Everything about Sandra and Jorge's romance feels like fate, from their meet-cute (the couple were next-door neighbors, years before their first date), to our pleated organza Camellia heel Sandra found to match her custom-made dress. Here, Sandra shares the story behind her meant-to-be wedding day in Soria, Spain.
Photography by Cecilia Álvarez-Hevia Arias
"Jorge and I spent New Year's together in Formigal, a beautiful ski mountain in northern Spain. I knew it was going to be very special, and sure enough, he asked me to marry him on January 1st. We picked our venue that same day (can you tell we both work in events?), and three days later, we were in Soria, visiting a venue that was everything we'd imagined — a small chapel, lush greenery, and everything organized with detail and care. We left Soria with our wedding date booked!"
"In imagining my dream dress, I knew I wanted a halter neckline, puffed sleeves, and cape, melded together with a special touch. I shared these ideas with designer Isabel de Inuñez, and I was in love from her first sketch. She made magic, crafting a silhouette with a halter-dress base, an organza cape, flowing sleeves, and a detachable bodice, which I removed for our first dance, completely transforming the silhouette. Visiting Isabel in her studio every month to bring my dream dress to life was one of my favorite parts of wedding planning."
"I found Loeffler Randall on Instagram, in search of inspiration, and fell in love instantly. I brought them in to Isabel's studio to try on with the dress, and we realized the pleated fabric was a perfect match with our organza — it was fate. I felt so comfortable and beautiful wearing them, and even though I'd planned on changing my shoes for the reception, I stayed in my Camellias all night long!"
"The ceremony was beautiful — better than we could have ever imagined. It was incredibly emotional, held at the door of the chapel, complete with a lovely flamenco song to finish, sung by a dear friend.
"Following the ceremony, we entered our banquet through a tunnel of sparklers, held by all of our guests — it was spectacular. Our witnesses, the two people who'd been with us on the day that Jorge and I met, gave incredibly touching speeches, and I was in tears again! So many wonderful moments."
"As we always say, everything happens for a reason. It's our phrase, and it defines us 100%"
"Jorge and I have known each other practically all our lives, we were neighbors, even sharing the same doorway, but our conversations were nothing more than cordial. His family has a restaurant in the neighborhood and for many years, my friends and I went there every Friday for drinks, but still, as Jorge had left town to start his own company, we remained apart. Finally, one Sunday in May, we ran into each other at the restaurant, he sharing a drink with his friend, I with mine, and we've been together ever since — we moved in together three months later. As we always say, everything happens for a reason. It's our phrase, and it defines us 100%, so we decided to get it tattooed on our wedding day — 'todo pasa por algo'"
"We wanted our wedding to be defined by thoughtful details. For us, this meant personalized, handwritten letters, disposable cameras at every table, and menus and place cards drawn beautifully by Caeligrafia. Ofelia Weddings handled everything, from decorations and design to organization, taking all of our ideas in stride and executing them perfectly!"
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: ¿como introducir caracteres latinos en std::cin? ¿Como puedo introducir caracteres latinos en un std::cin?
por ejempo:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){

    string residencia;
    setlocale(LC_ALL, "spanish");

    cout<<"Introduce tu residencia: ";
    getline(cin, residencia);

    cout<<"Tu residencia es: "<<residencia<<endl;

    return 0;
}

Al escribir por ejemplo España que contiene el carácter ñ la consola imprime esto:

Como pueden ver me introduce el carácter ¤ en vez de la ñ.
No es un error al imprimir en consola porque en este código imprime perfectamente España:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){

    string pais = "España";

    setlocale(LC_ALL, "spanish");

    cout<<"País: "<<pais<<endl;

    return 0;
}

En este código la consola imprime esto:

¿Cual es el error al introducir caracteres especiales en un std::cin o getline?

A: Te está pasando eso porque estás usando string y cin en vez de wstring y wcin. Cuando lees los caracteres de la consola, y lees la letra ñ, esta tiene el valor numérico ASCII 164, pero los char que hay en el string solo van desde el -128 al 127. Así que la ñ se va de rango por estar por encima. Depurando el programa y parándolo justo después del retorno de la cadena desde la consola, la posición de la ñ tiene el valor -92. Si haces el cálculo, se ha ido de rango desde el último carácter 127 y ha tomado un valor negativo, con lo que al mostrar la cadena en la consola, el carácter -92 no es visible.
Solución:
Usar wstring que en vez de char es una cadena de wchar_t (caracteres de dos bytes), y para eso tienes que usar wcout y wcin. Tu programa quedaría así:
std::wstring residencia;

std::wcout << L"Introduce tu residencia: ";
getline(std::wcin, residencia);

std::wcout << L"Tu residencia es: " << residencia << std::endl;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Every Sunday we have time to share information, activities, community events, and other matters with our church community. This is a very important part of our life together, for what we announce reveals our passions, interests and concerns, and in return we are asking for the community to support us, join us or be aware of what we are doing.
However, sometimes we get a bit long-winded, or the announcements are made so often that they lose their effectiveness. We hope that the following guidelines will help us all remember the most effective ways to make announcements and ensure that our audience will be receptive to what we want to share.
DO make your announcement as an invitation, rather than an obligation or duty.
DO be short and to the point. Let people know they can talk with you later if they have questions or want to learn more about the event or activity.
DO give all the pertinent details that people will need to participate. Give the "who, what, where and when" succinctly and precisely. Do not use this time to give details like address, link, or phone number that are hard for people to remember. Instead, send details out by email or ask people to talk with you afterwards to get additional details.
DO try to limit the number of announcements you make each Sunday. We suggest a maximum of two announcements per Sunday, not as a hard and fast rule but so that different voices may be heard. If you have an activity in which other Seekers participate, rotate that announcement so that many voices are heard and given a chance to invite others to share in the activity.
DO keep a positive tone. If you are not seeing as much participation as you expected or need, state your need in a factual, straightforward way rather than scolding or guilt-tripping people into participating. Remember, we are a small community whose members are very active and have many other obligations. We need to trust that those who can will participate, and those who don't have a good reason for not doing so.
DO try to alternate an oral announcement about an event one Sunday with an email to All Seekers the following week so that you are not making the same announcement every Sunday for a prolonged period. This allows space for other announcements and reduces the amount of listener's fatigue that might occur.
DO remember that at Seekers we limit solicitations for money. Although there are many good causes that we may personally support, at Seekers we believe that part of our commitment to being in community is the discipline of pooling our money together and deciding, in a yearly meeting open to all, what domestic and international recipients we as Seekers will support. We have also found that for many of us who have limited income, constant solicitations for money for worthy causes can create feelings of unworthiness or guilt.
Thanks for your attention to these suggestions.
Please provide any thoughts or feedback to Celebration Circle.


text:
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How Long Must We Pay the Price for Ideologues?
by Anita Finlay
in Election 2016, Hillary Clinton, Misogyny
Hillary Clinton, Susan Sarandon, files labeled for reuse
Having gone silent in disgust watching the deflections of a Hillary-bashing media, I now raise my head to see a platform still offered to the reckless, rich Susan Sarandon to continue her anti-Hillary screeds. Pundits and anchors denying culpability for Clinton's election "loss" even while egging on misogyny and smear against her from factions left and right, foreign and domestic, are supposed to be better than this. They purport to be journalists. Yet they push obsessive tripe to gain attention. So does Sarandon, whose fathomless views expose the dangerous influence of privileged unicorn seekers who make unattainable perfection the enemy of attainable good, urging voters who can ill afford it to follow her off a cliff. Is it any wonder she and big media seek each other out?
Now, instead of working to enact the policies of a very competent Hillary (while holding her feet to the fire) and moving forward from the place Obama left us, we must daily fight for the Republic against a GOP so hell bent on paying off their rich donors, they don't care who they sacrifice. CHIP, the ACA, Net Neutrality, tax breaks for the poor and middle class, the CFPB and much more are all on the chopping block – and that's just this week.
That's what the perfectionism and misinformation of the Bernie or Busters got us.
Our founding fathers designed America to make incremental progress for our safety, lest demagogues like the one now in office dismantle in months what took hundreds of years to achieve. The cluelessness of Sarandon and the Bernie or Bust/Jill Stein ilk bring into sharp relief how harmful it is for voters to buy populist ideology pushed by those with no achievement to back up their ranting.
Perhaps those with a public profile who continue to bash Hillary Clinton do so in an effort to distract from the truth shared in her #1 bestseller What Happened. Her refusal to hide out in the woods means their noses get rubbed in how wrong they were about her, her supporters, record and policy prescriptions. Too ashamed to admit they did no homework but believed and broadcast the worst right-wing conspiracy hogwash imaginable, they'd rather cover their own asses than think about protecting ours.
But what can we expect when Forbes puts forth an article that hiring Seth Meyers to host the Golden Globes is hiring the "feminist we need to do the job"? Seth Meyers is a feminist? I understood Meyers to be part of the "Hillary STFU" crowd even as he continued to defend Bernie, who by the way is just now "boning up" on foreign policy, something that Presidents spend 50% of their time working on.
It never ceases to amaze that we still have an inclination to protect the man (Bernie Sanders) from any sort of factual take-down but have no problem subjecting the woman (Hillary Clinton) to the worst double standard, demanding perfection from the coloratura while "applauding the tenor for clearing his throat".
Once and for all, Bernie Sanders was not prepared to be President. He was a one-trick pony who blamed everything on income inequality, with no competent solution to fix the same. He broke the promise he made on national television by staying in the race too long (after losing by hundreds of pledged delegates and nearly 4 million votes). He was the "spoiler" he vowed not to be, hid away and wrote a memoir after the primaries, sucked lemons at the Democratic Convention and all too late, campaigned halfheartedly for the victor after spending month smearing her character and misrepresenting her record. Does it not occur that "my way or the highway" Bernie did it to keep himself relevant? Sadly, he remains a selfish, egotistical man who still refuses to join the Party he purports to wish to lead – one he can't seem to stop bashing. How long will people protect him and continue to buy into his behavior?
For any of this to change, if it ever will, we need to ask ourselves why we are willing to believe crackpot theories about a woman but defend a man past all reason.
By the way, a man who ignores intersectionality, who shows no inclination to center women or PoC is no feminist.
And how can we honor a publication that puts forth the idea that a man is the feminist we need to speak for us instead of hiring a capable woman when there are so many out there able to do the job? Anyone pushing this line has a vested interest in keeping women satisfied with crumbs at the table.
Are you going to buy it?
Of course there are male feminists and I applaud them – but men have an enormous forum everywhere, every single day. They must also have the sense to make enough room for a woman to speak for herself and moreover, to stand up and lead.
Anyone pushing this "Hillary would have been worse than Trump" garbage or continuing to protect Bernie has a vested interest in making you buy by revisionist history instead of doing your own research and sharing the truth.
Anyone telling you not to complain about Sanders or Meyers or Sarandon in the name of "unity", so as not to alienate an "ally," is also selling you a bill of goods. A genuine ally would never have a problem with the truth.
The practice of smearing Hillary Clinton, a powerful woman, will have a negative carry forward on any woman who dares to step up and do what she did. Not calling out the culprits who helped thwart her election means they or their followers will use an idealistic but ultimately empty ideology to do the same to a Kamala Harris the next time around.
#HillaryClinton#MisogynySexism
Zdravka Schler Brasovan Says: November 29, 2017 at 8:36 am
Great and truthful articles, I agree with every word, Sanders and his supporters brought us Trump, why is Sanders still talking and why we allow him and Sarandon to say a word because they are still poisoning everything that Hillary is and stands for.
Mary Says: November 29, 2017 at 3:47 pm
You are correct in everything you say. Hillary would have made a GREAT President and we would not be in the great mess we are in today. I hope she would try in 2020.
Karen Saulnier Says: November 30, 2017 at 5:00 am
Anita Finlay has written a very insightful and accurate article…
I'd like to add that Hillary's detractors are like a pack of wild dogs..crazed and frenzied in their
attack of her. The attack is totally irrational, but totally VICIOUS….
Barbara Eaton Says: November 30, 2017 at 11:18 am
MS. Finlay et.al,
Most progressives are "idealogues" as you see them, because we see that almost all the problems we face are the result of big money in our politics, and we realize that voting for candidates that take only 80% of their money from wealthy donors are not fundamentally different than the GOP establishment who take 90%-100% of their money from same. We want to get to the root cause of the problem. There is a new faction of Dems called the Justice democrats who take no corporate or PAC money. That is their only "purity test." They do not demand that candidates agree with every Progressive, far-left policy.We just want the influence of big money out. HRC had no interest in getting the money out – only dark money and she said she would not break up the banks or reinstate Glass-Steagall.
Yes, we will work against Kamala Harris for the same reasons we worked against HRC: she is pro-corporate candidate who takes large sums of money from the establishment media,and the MIC; companies like Comcast that is owned together with NBC by GE who is a huge beneficiary of lucrative defense contracts yet pays no taxes and is now pushing to end Net Neutrality. Harris just voted for HR2810 a bill that gave the Defense Department $60 billion more than it requested for next year, while we are told by the establishment wing of the D party tells us we cannot afford Medicare for all or cheaper college or… As for incremental change, many Dems who voted for this outrageous gift to the MIC could have begun that incremental change by saying "no" to this $60 billion dollar bonus, and instead just gave them only what they asked for. If you are getting your news from the mainstream outlets that are owned by GE and Concast and their ilk, places like MSNBC, NBC, etc. you are not getting objective coverage.
We would be happy to support Tulsi Gabbard or Nina Turner or Jill Stein. So this is obviously not about sexism. It is about facing the pragmatic reality that the D party, as it exists, is so compromised by its wealthy donors it has become ineffective at implementing policies that truly help the people. And they have proven themselves to be unable to motivate 40% of the voters who are Independents and thus have been on a losing slide in state and federal offices for 30+ years. Obviously, the leadership of this party is incompetent. That HRC spent a $billion on her campaign and somehow misjudged the mood of the electorate (despite all those "focus groups") that wanted a populist proves how incompetent the DNC establishment is.
As for some of the Bernie supporters being "frenzied an wild", there was plenty of that on both sides. If I recall a high level D party official made public claims that Berniecrats "threw chairs" at an event when the surviellance video of that event showed no such thing.I was attacked viciously hundreds of times on social media by HRC supporters and still get it.
And let's not forget that HRC viciously attacked Bernie and sent her daughter out to do the same many times stating that if he were elected people would lose their Obamacare benefits. Yet, there was no possible scenario where that could have happened if Bernie had won the presidency. When she ran against Obama she circulated photos of him in an tribal African garb to incite fear that he might be Muslim or have allegiance to Kenya. These were what she calls "artful smears."
HRC spent a billion on her campaign and the best they could come up with is "I'm with her." That slogan says nothing about a policy change or a movement forward or hope or change. It just broadcasts what "side" your on and that SHE is the focus. How divisive and empty was that? A better slogan would have been "She's with Us." implying she has our interests at heart. She paid millions to consultants for that slogan, yet most everyone I talk to thinks mine would have been far better.
The most recent election saw many very progressive candidates winning races all over the US. The electorate wants non-establishment candidates and they want big change.
terra Says: December 1, 2017 at 12:32 pm
Its why we will lose again.. your purity will exclude 90% of the citizens. So we will continue to get GOP.and we will not get rid of gerrymandering or win equality for everyone. Your purity will not help anyone. Racism is not caused by lack of money..lack of equal pay or equal justice are a symptom of racism, of sexism…the things you are worried about are symptoms not the major problems. But for those who see only a hammer..all things are nails.
Hillary's motto was.."Stronger Together"
You did not watch her speeches..the round tables, her major meetings with justice or security…The experts that knew her that she had in her corner…
Her policies that were clearly created as solutions…and the amount of people, like you that made up your mind on what others said..and chose to stay and vote in ignorance.
Can't change your mind now..its too late. I just hope that in the future you will not be so blind.
Pamela Says: December 2, 2017 at 5:52 pm
I don't know why you don't start your own party, why try and take over a party that we've invested time and money into. Wouldn't it be bold of me to walk into your house and take it over cause I don't like the way you run it, shouldn't I just buy my own house. As far as Nina Turner good luck with that you people are truly delusional
She was seated her first time out and had no opponent the second time her third time she ran and lost bigly.
Jennie Salva Says: November 30, 2017 at 4:23 pm
Thank you! Something else the idealogues are forgetting, is that they are small but LOUD minority. They do not speak for nor represent the majority of us. That's on EITHER side of the spectrum. So they scream loudly. That means WE have to keep fighting against all of them for common sense candidates and hopefully get those candidates in office.
The far left and far right are both guilty of this. Of course, when called on it, the rest of US are "snowflakes", "libtards", "corporate shills" etc. As the VOTES THEMSELVES proved, we did speak, and speak loudly at the ballot box. What we said is nothing at all like the extremists would like us to be.
Jim in Queens Says: December 1, 2017 at 1:08 pm
Well said. But unfortunately, every generation, the far left has to throw a temper tantrum. It got us Trump, it got us Bush Junior, and to a lesser extent it got us Reagan.
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Florida Georgia Line Take Over 'Tonight Show' Stage With 'Talk You Out of It' [Watch]
Florida Georgia Line performed "Talk You Out of It" — the fourth track one their just-released album — on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon on Thursday night (Feb. 14).
"I talked you into slippin' down the hall, baby, turn it on / Your playlist you play when you're in the shower / Talked you into taking up my time, making up your mind / Switching back and forth for an hour / And now you're lookin' like a line from a Vandross song / I'm looking at that fine little dress you got on / Don't get me wrong, girl, I love it / Now I just wanna talk you out of it," the duo sing on the track, and the crowd was feeling it.
The song is rowdy, and the country group was bathed in neon lighting, which set the mood. Both Brian Kelley and Tyler Hubbard wore black and white ensembles that complemented each other, down to the leather jackets.
Florida Georgia Line dropped their fourth album, Can't Say I Ain't Country, via their label Big Machine Records, on Friday, Feb. 15. There are three collaborations on the project, including "Women" with Jason Derulo, "Y'all Boys" with country's Hardy, and "Can't Hide Red" with superstar Jason Aldean.
The duo will be promoting their album heavily during their album release week and will stop by The Ellen DeGeneres Show on Thursday, Feb. 21. They were recently nominated for a 2019 Grammy for their collaboration with Bebe Rexha on "Meant to Be."
The duo's Can't Say I Ain't Country Tour featuring Dan + Shay, Canaan Smith, Morgan Wallen, and Hardy kicks off this summer.
Source: Florida Georgia Line Take Over 'Tonight Show' Stage With 'Talk You Out of It' [Watch]
Filed Under: Florida Georgia Line


text:
OSA Publishing > Optics Express > Volume 25 > Issue 8 > Page 8698
James Leger, Editor-in-Chief
Hard x-ray scanning imaging achieved with bonded multilayer Laue lenses
Xiaojing Huang, Weihe Xu, Evgeny Nazaretski, Nathalie Bouet, Juan Zhou, Yong S. Chu, and Hanfei Yan
Xiaojing Huang, Weihe Xu, Evgeny Nazaretski, Nathalie Bouet, Juan Zhou, Yong S. Chu, and Hanfei Yan*
National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
*Corresponding author: hyan@bnl.gov
X Huang
W Xu
E Nazaretski
N Bouet
J Zhou
Y Chu
H Yan
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.25.008698
Xiaojing Huang, Weihe Xu, Evgeny Nazaretski, Nathalie Bouet, Juan Zhou, Yong S. Chu, and Hanfei Yan, "Hard x-ray scanning imaging achieved with bonded multilayer Laue lenses," Opt. Express 25, 8698-8704 (2017)
2D MEMS-based multilayer Laue lens nanofocusing optics for high-resolution hard x-ray microscopy (OE)
Achieving hard X-ray nanofocusing using a wedged multilayer Laue lens (OE)
Two dimensional hard x-ray nanofocusing with crossed multilayer Laue lenses (OE)
X-ray Optics
Hard x rays
Image reconstruction
X ray imaging
X ray microscopy
Phase retrieval (100.5070)
Image reconstruction techniques (110.3010)
Deposition and fabrication (310.1860)
X-ray optics (340.0340)
Revised Manuscript: March 2, 2017
2. Bonded MLL fabrication
3. Performance characterization
We report scanning hard x-ray imaging with a monolithic focusing optic consisting of two multilayer Laue lenses (MLLs) bonded together. With optics pre-characterization and accurate control of the bonding process, we show that a common focal plane for both MLLs can be realized at 9.317 keV. Using bonded MLLs, we obtained a scanning transmission image of a star test pattern with a resolution of 50 × 50 nm2. By applying a ptychography algorithm, we obtained a probe size of 17 × 38 nm2 and an object image with a resolution of 13 × 13 nm2. The significant reduction in alignment complexity for bonded MLLs will greatly extend the application range in both scanning and full-field x-ray microscopies.
Since its inception as a hard x-ray nanofocusing optic in 2004 [1], multilayer Laue lens (MLL) has undergone a long development path and has evolved from a novel concept to real optics for scientific applications [2,3]. The focus size has been reduced steadily from 30 nm [4] to 11 nm [5] and below [6], while the aperture size has increased from 12 μm [4] to over 100 μm [7]. Together with other appealing properties (e.g., high efficiency at high energy and the resistance to radiation damage), MLL has become an excellent candidate for focusing optic in many applications, particularly for high-spatial resolution imaging. However, MLLs are one-dimensional focusing optics and two of them must be aligned in a cross geometry to produce a point focus [8]. In order to achieve the best performance, a dedicated MLL manipulator is required [8–11]. The additional alignment degrees of freedom and associated mechanical complexity pose a technical difficulty in adapting them to many existing microscopy systems, limiting their usage.
An obvious solution to this problem is to bond two MLLs permanently to form a monolithic optic. Initial concept of MLL bonding was first introduced to achieve a larger numerical aperture by joining two partial MLLs into a full structure [12]. Subsequent attempts of MLL bonding have been reported to achieve a point focus. Niese et al. used a focused ion beam (FIB) to weld two MLLs together, and integrated it successfully into a full-field x-ray imaging microscope with a lab-source [13]. Because they can place two lenses very close to each other, two identical MLLs may be used without introducing strong astigmatism. The challenge in this method is to align two MLLs perfectly orthogonal to each other, which is crucial to achieve an aberration-free point focus [14]. An error less than 0.01 degree is required for a focus of 10 nm. We have reported gluing two MLLs manually with the aid of an optical alignment system, resulting in a misalignment error on orthogonality down to 0.03 degree [15]. However, for the lens to survive the bonding process, the supporting substrate needs to be sufficiently thick to avoid mechanical distortion. This thickness requirement leads inevitably to a large gap between two MLLs (in the range of several hundred microns); as a result, strong astigmatism arises if two identical MLLs are used, making it not very useful for general scientific applications. To address this issue, lenses with two different focal lengths are bonded with an accurate control of their gap.
Here we report a bonded monolithic lens consisting of two MLLs with different focal lengths. Pre-characterization of the individual MLLs and precise alignment during the bonding process allowed us to construct a monolithic lens for a designated energy. We show experimentally that a common focal plane was achieved at 9.317 keV, and demonstrate the usage of the lens for a conventional scanning transmission x-ray microscopy (STXM) measurement. An image resolution of 50 × 50 nm2 was obtained. We also show that the combination with ptychographic reconstruction improved the image resolution to 13 × 13 nm2. Because of the simplicity in its mechanical structure and alignment, we believe that the application of bonded MLLs will expand in both scanning and full-field imaging microscopies.
MLLs used in this work had aperture sizes of 53 μm and 43 μm, respectively, and the outermost zone width was 4 nm for both lenses; they should yield a diffraction-limited focal size of 10 nm (Rayleigh criterion) in absence of aberrations. We used the inserted marker layers to pre-characterize the optical parameters of the bonded MLL by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM) [16]. Each marker layer was a zone with triple nominal zone width, thereby increasing the visibility in SEM. They were designed to span the whole stack of the multilayer, and the separation distance between two neighboring markers increased progressively. The latter avoids potential confusion of marker positions when we stitch multiple high-resolution images together to cover the whole aperture. A SEM image depicting marker layers is shown in Fig. 1(a). According to the zone plate law, the position of a zone is linearly proportional to the square root of its corresponding zone index number, n,
(1)xn=λfn
where λ is the x-ray wavelength and f is the focal length. The zone index, n, is a predefined growth parameter and is a known quantity. With a linear fitting to marker layer positions, xn, with respect to n, one can retrieve the focal length from the slope at the given energy. The accuracy depends on the resolution of SEM, which is on the order of nm. We also minimize the random error by imaging the same marker layer multiple times at different locations within the field of view of SEM and averaging their positions. The difference in position over the multiple measurements is usually less than 2 nm, indicating a high accuracy of this method. Besides the focal length, we can also evaluate the accuracy of layer placement in the MLL. As suggested by Eq. (1), any deviation of the marker layer position from a straight line indicates a zone placement error. By inputting the measured zone profile in modeling, the expected focusing performance can be calculated [17]. This gives us a straightforward but effective way to assess focusing performance of MLLs. Figure 1(b) shows fitting results for the two MLLs used in this work. The insets show the residual errors. When we account for the measured zone placement error and the dynamical diffraction effects, the best focus size achievable was 13 nm and 20 nm for 53 μm and 43 μm MLLs, respectively.
Fig. 1 a) SEM image of the MLL. Marker layers are clearly visible. The inset is a magnified image in the thinner zone region. b) Linear fits of the marker layer positions vs. square root n (where n is the zone index) of two MLLs used in bonding. These MLLs have apertures of 43 and 53 μm. Insets show residual errors after fitting, which indicate the perfection of the lens.
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We used reactive ion etching (RIE) [18] and focused ion beam (FIB) to thin each MLL down to a thickness of about 4 μm and a transverse width of about 100 μm. The thickness was optimized for operation around 9 keV. Figure 2(a) shows a SEM image of the bonded MLLs. Based on the SEM measurement, a gap of 0.724 mm between the two MLLs was needed to ensure an astigmatism-free focus. By adding a spacer in between and using an optical alignment system, we were able to adjust the gap within an accuracy of ± 10 microns. After bonding, the measured gap was 0.715 mm, slightly off from the target value. This small difference could be compensated by changing the operation energy. Using a reference prism with perfect perpendicular surfaces, the two MLLs were aligned orthogonally to each other with a small deviation angle of 0.03 degree. Details of the alignment and gluing processes can be found elsewhere [15].
Fig. 2 a) A SEM image of the cross-bonded MLLs. Because of the viewing angle, the two MLLs appear as if they were not centered to each other. Significant glue residues are visible on the vertical MLL with 43 μm aperture. b) A schematic of the lens alignment. Three translational and two rotational degrees of freedoms are needed to fully align the bonded MLLs. An OSA is used to block the direct beam and high diffraction orders. c) Far-field diffraction recorded on a detector with 55 μm pixel size and with a distance 0.64 m to the optics.
The bonded pair was mounted in an apparatus designed for MLL characterization [19]. The MLL manipulator has five degrees of freedom, which includes three translations and two rotations [Fig. 2(a)]. Rotation is required to tilt an MLL to the Bragg angle for optimal performance [20]. Because the tilting angle is typically less than 1 degree and the two MLLs are orthogonal to each other, the two tilting angles are decoupled. As a result, rotation in one direction has no impact on the angle in the other direction. This makes the angular alignment straightforward and simple. Translational degrees of freedom allow us to position the bonded set into a rectangular beam shaped by an upstream beam-defining slit. The beam size is set to match the dimensions of the lens. A rectangular order sorting aperture (OSA) made of Au was used to block the direct transmitted beam and unwanted higher-order diffractions. Figure 2(c) is a far-field pattern recorded on a pixel-array detector (Timepix, 512 × 512, 55 μm pixels) placed 0.64 m downstream of the MLL optics. To characterize the resolution in both directions, we used an Au Siemens star resolution pattern fabricated by a lithography method. It has a thickness of 1 μm and variable feature sizes of 100-500 nm.
The focal length obtained from SEM could be slightly off from the true value, depending on the absolute calibration of the scale bar of the SEM image and the perfection of the optics. As a result, the optimal energy at which the astigmatism vanishes has to be determined experimentally. By checking the location of the focal plane in each direction, we found 9.317 keV was the energy at which line scans across the test pattern show a similar resolution. The focusing efficiency (after two MLLs) was measured to be 7.3%. Figure 3(a) is a STXM image of the test pattern with 50 × 50 pixels and a pixel size of 20 nm. Based on a power spectral density (PSD) analysis of the image [Fig. 3(b)] [21,22], the resolution was approximately 50 × 50 nm2 if we ignore the slight resolution difference in horizontal and vertical directions. Observed image resolution was worse than the theoretically-estimated focus size of 13 x 20 nm2, presumably due to multiple factors. One factor could be mechanical distortion of the MLL. We observed that the lens was bent considerably after bonding, which is known to cause focus degradation [2,23]. Another factor could be glue contamination. A close examination afterward revealed that part of the vertical MLL (43 μm) was contaminated by excessive glue with thickness of around 300 nm, which introduced phase aberration into the lens. This aberration led to a broadened focus with strong side lobes (confirmed by ptychography wavefront reconstruction), and deteriorated the image quality as a scanning probe. Glue residues were clearly observed in the SEM image [Fig. 2(a)].
Fig. 3 a) A scanning transmission x-ray microscopy (STXM) image of a star test pattern, 50 × 50 pixels with 20 nm step size. The two dark pixels correspond to two bad frames with missing data. The scale bar is 250 nm. b) A power spectral density (PSD) analysis of a) shows a slightly better resolution in x direction, as expected. If we ignore this small difference, the resolution is roughly 50 × 50 nm2 (cut-off frequency of 0.01 nm−1). c) Reconstructed complex object function from ptychography; its brightness and color represents the amplitude and phase, respectively (see the inset image in e). Note that some edges are not very sharp because of the imperfection of the test pattern and carbon deposition. Because of the small step size and high overlap ratio, the two locations with missing data were covered sufficiently by neighboring data points and successful reconstructions were still achieved. d) A PSD analysis of c) shows a resolution of 13 × 13 nm2 (cut-off frequency of 0.04 nm−1). e) The reconstructed complex probe in the sample plane; a point focus is evident, though there are side lobes due to imperfections of MLLs and the bonding process. The projected intensity profiles indicate a FWHM size of 17 nm in horizontal and 38 nm in vertical direction.
Ptychography has been shown to improve image resolution by decoupling the probe and the complex object [24,25]. This is done by analyzing the variation of the far-field pattern at the single pixel level, unlike the STXM image shown in Fig. 3(a) that corresponds to the total intensity sum of all the pixels. With the same 50 x 50 grid scan data, we used the difference map ptychography reconstruction algorithm [26] to recover both the focused beam and the object transmission function. Figure 3(c) is the reconstructed star pattern with its brightness representing the amplitude and the color representing the phase of the complex object function. Not only was the image resolution improved significantly, but also the phase was measured. The reconstruction converged quickly within 100 iterations. We attribute this fast convergence to the structured profile of an imperfect probe. All the imperfections of the lenses and the glue contamination create a "dirty" probe characterized by complex structure [Fig. 3(c)] which had an adverse impact on the achievable resolution of the direct scanning image; however, it helped the solution convergence in ptychography because of the translational diversity of the probe [27]. A similar PSD analysis of the reconstructed object image yielded a resolution of 13 × 13 nm2. The probe size at the sample plane, determined from the full-width-of-half-maximum (FWHM) of the projected intensity profile, was 17 (H) × 38 (V) nm2. If we draw two lines across the focus instead, the number becomes 11 (H) × 17 (V) nm2, which is within 1 pixel (6 nm) of the theoretical value. As aforementioned, the larger focus size in the vertical direction was due to the imperfect lens and glue contamination. We recognize there is still notable azimuthal misalignment between the two MLLs. Even though we aligned the top surfaces of the MLLs to each other, the crossed parts still possessed an azimuthal misalignment error due to the residual stress. To further improve respective alignment of two linear MLL optics one can consider fabrication of dedicated features on the MLL structures to minimize the amount of applied glue. Alternatively, a dedicated silicon template can be fabricated to mechanically clamp two individual MLL optics together avoiding distortions due to the glue curing process. The complex wavefront obtained from ptychography reconstruction allowed us to propagate the beam along the optical axis to find the focal plane. The best focusing in either direction was indeed achieved in the same plane, indicating an astigmatism-free 2D lens at this particular energy.
In summary, we report the first scanning-probe x-ray imaging experiment performed using a bonded MLL pair, which significantly reduced the alignment complexity and the number of motorized stages required for positioning. We show that with optics pre-characterization and accurate control of the orthogonal angle and separation distance between two MLLs, one can create a monolithic focusing optic with a common focal plane for a given energy. Although the not-yet-optimized bonding method introduced bending and glue contamination, a resolution of 50 × 50 nm2 was still observed with a conventional STXM image of a test pattern. By applying a ptychography reconstruction algorithm on the same data set, we obtained a probe size with a projected FWHM of 17 × 38 nm2 and a complex object image with a resolution of 13 × 13 nm2. Fast convergence for ptychography reconstruction was observed, due to the translational diversity of the probe. Propagating the beam along the optical axis confirmed that an astigmatism-free 2D focus was indeed achieved at 9.317 keV. With continued improvement, bonded-MLLs can become a practical nanofocusing optic for many microscopy systems aimed at high spatial resolution in the hard x-ray energy range.
Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) grant DE-SC0012704.
We acknowledge the assistance of D. Kuhne and M. Maklary in the preparation of the experiment. We also acknowledge R. Conley's contribution on the growth of one of the MLLs used in the bonding. The experiment was performed at the beamline 3ID of the National Synchrotron Light Source II, a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science User Facility operated for the DOE Office of Science by Brookhaven National Laboratory under Contract No. DE-SC0012704. This research used resources at the Center for Functional Nanomaterials, which is a U.S. DOE Office of Science Facility, at Brookhaven National Laboratory under Contract No. DE-SC0012704.
1. J. Maser, G. B. Stephenson, S. Vogt, W. Yun, A. Macrander, H. C. Kang, C. Liu, and R. Conley, "Multilayer Laue Lenses as High-Resolution X-ray Optics," Proc. SPIE 5539, 185–194 (2004). [CrossRef]
2. H. Yan, R. Conley, N. Bouet, and Y. S. Chu, "Hard x-ray nanofocusing by multilayer Laue lenses," J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 47(26), 263001 (2014). [CrossRef]
3. R. Conley, N. Bouet, Y. S. Chu, X. Huang, H. C. Kang, A. T. Macrander, J. Maser, E. Nazaretski, G. B. Stephenson, and H. Yan, "Multilayer Laue Lens: A Brief History and Current Status," Synchrotron Radiat. News 29(4), 16–20 (2016). [CrossRef]
4. H. C. Kang, J. Maser, G. B. Stephenson, C. Liu, R. Conley, A. T. Macrander, and S. Vogt, "Nanometer linear focusing of hard x rays by a multilayer Laue lens," Phys. Rev. Lett. 96(12), 127401 (2006). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
5. X. Huang, H. Yan, E. Nazaretski, R. Conley, N. Bouet, J. Zhou, K. Lauer, L. Li, D. Eom, D. Legnini, R. Harder, I. K. Robinson, and Y. S. Chu, "11 nm hard X-ray focus from a large-aperture multilayer Laue lens," Sci. Rep. 3, 3562 (2013). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
6. A. J. Morgan, M. Prasciolu, A. Andrejczuk, J. Krzywinski, A. Meents, D. Pennicard, H. Graafsma, A. Barty, R. J. Bean, M. Barthelmess, D. Oberthuer, O. Yefanov, A. Aquila, H. N. Chapman, and S. Bajt, "High numerical aperture multilayer Laue lenses," Sci. Rep. 5(1), 9892 (2015). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
7. A. T. Macrander, A. Kubec, R. Conley, N. Bouet, J. Zhou, M. Wojcik, and J. Maser, "Efficiency of a multilayer-Laue-lens with a 102 mu m aperture," Appl. Phys. Lett. 107(8), 081904 (2015). [CrossRef]
8. H. Yan, V. Rose, D. Shu, E. Lima, H. C. Kang, R. Conley, C. Liu, N. Jahedi, A. T. Macrander, G. B. Stephenson, M. Holt, Y. S. Chu, M. Lu, and J. Maser, "Two dimensional hard x-ray nanofocusing with crossed multilayer Laue lenses," Opt. Express 19(16), 15069–15076 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
9. E. Nazaretski, K. Lauer, H. Yan, N. Bouet, J. Zhou, R. Conley, X. Huang, W. Xu, M. Lu, K. Gofron, S. Kalbfleisch, U. Wagner, C. Rau, and Y. S. Chu, "Pushing the limits: an instrument for hard X-ray imaging below 20 nm," J. Synchrotron Radiat. 22(2), 336–341 (2015). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
10. E. Nazaretski, J. Kim, H. Yan, K. Lauer, D. Eom, D. Shu, J. Maser, Z. Pešić, U. Wagner, C. Rau, and Y. S. Chu, "Performance and characterization of the prototype nm-scale spatial resolution scanning multilayer Laue lenses microscope," Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84(3), 033701 (2013). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
11. D. Shu, E. Nazaretski, J. Kim, H. Yan, K. Lauer, B. Mullany, D. Kuhne, J. Maser, and Y. S. Chu, "Optomechanical Design of a Multilayer Laue Lens Test Bed for 10-nm Focusing of Hard X-rays," 11th International Conference on X-Ray Microscopy (XRM2012), 463 (2013). [CrossRef]
12. C. A. Liu, R. Conley, J. Qian, C. M. Kewish, A. T. Macrander, J. Maser, H. C. Kang, H. Yan, and G. B. Stephenson, "Bonded Multilayer Laue Lens for focusing hard X-rays," Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 582(1), 123–125 (2007). [CrossRef]
13. S. Niese, P. Krüger, A. Kubec, S. Braun, J. Patommel, C. G. Schroer, A. Leson, and E. Zschech, "Full-field X-ray microscopy with crossed partial multilayer Laue lenses," Opt. Express 22(17), 20008–20013 (2014). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
14. H. Yan, J. Maser, H. C. Kang, A. Macrander, and B. Stephenson, "A theoretical study of two-dimensional point focusing by two multilayer Laue lenses," Proc. SPIE 7077, 70770Q (2008). [CrossRef]
15. E. Nazaretski, W. Xu, N. Bouet, J. Zhou, H. Yan, X. Huang, and Y. S. Chu, "Development and characterization of monolithic multilayer Laue lens nanofocusing optics," Appl. Phys. Lett. 108(26), 261102 (2016). [CrossRef]
16. R. Conley, N. Bouet, J. Zhou, H. Yan, Y. Chu, K. Lauer, J. Miller, L. Chu, and N. Jahedi, "Advanced multilayer Laue lens fabrication at NSLS-II," Proc. SPIE 8502, 850202 (2012). [CrossRef]
17. H. Yan, H. C. Kang, J. Maser, A. T. Macrander, C. M. Kewish, C. Liu, R. Conley, and G. B. Stephenson, "Characterization of a multilayer Laue lens with imperfections," Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 582(1), 126–128 (2007). [CrossRef]
18. N. Bouet, R. P. Conley, J. Biancarosa, R. N. S. Divan, and A. T. Macrander, "WSi2/Si multilayer sectioning by reactive ion etching for multilayer Laue lens fabrication," Proc. SPIE 7802, 780203 (2010). [CrossRef]
19. E. Nazaretski, X. Huang, H. Yan, K. Lauer, R. Conley, N. Bouet, J. Zhou, W. Xu, D. Eom, D. Legnini, R. Harder, C. H. Lin, Y. S. Chen, Y. Hwu, and Y. S. Chu, "Design and performance of a scanning ptychography microscope," Rev. Sci. Instrum. 85(3), 033707 (2014). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
20. H. F. Yan, J. Maser, A. Macrander, Q. Shen, S. Vogt, G. B. Stephenson, and H. C. Kang, "Takagi-Taupin description of x-ray dynamical diffraction from diffractive optics with large numerical aperture," Phys. Rev. B 76(11), 115438 (2007). [CrossRef]
21. T. Y. Chen, Y. T. Chen, C. L. Wang, I. M. Kempson, W. K. Lee, Y. S. Chu, Y. Hwu, and G. Margaritondo, "Full-field microimaging with 8 keV X-rays achieves a spatial resolutions better than 20 nm," Opt. Express 19(21), 19919–19924 (2011). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
22. S. Vogt, G. Schneider, A. Steuernagel, J. Lucchesi, E. Schulze, D. Rudolph, and G. Schmahl, "X-ray microscopic studies of the Drosophila dosage compensation complex," J. Struct. Biol. 132(2), 123–132 (2000). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
23. X. Huang, R. Conley, N. Bouet, J. Zhou, A. Macrander, J. Maser, H. Yan, E. Nazaretski, K. Lauer, R. Harder, I. K. Robinson, S. Kalbfleisch, and Y. S. Chu, "Achieving hard X-ray nanofocusing using a wedged multilayer Laue lens," Opt. Express 23(10), 12496–12507 (2015). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
24. A. M. Maiden and J. M. Rodenburg, "An improved ptychographical phase retrieval algorithm for diffractive imaging," Ultramicroscopy 109(10), 1256–1262 (2009). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
25. H. M. L. Faulkner and J. M. Rodenburg, "Movable aperture lensless transmission microscopy: A novel phase retrieval algorithm," Phys. Rev. Lett. 93(2), 023903 (2004). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
26. P. Thibault, M. Dierolf, A. Menzel, O. Bunk, C. David, and F. Pfeiffer, "High-Resolution Scanning X-ray Diffraction Microscopy," Science 321(5887), 379–382 (2008). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
27. M. Guizar-Sicairos, M. Holler, A. Diaz, J. Vila-Comamala, O. Bunk, and A. Menzel, "Role of the illumination spatial-frequency spectrum for ptychography," Phys. Rev. B 86(10), 100103 (2012). [CrossRef]
J. Maser, G. B. Stephenson, S. Vogt, W. Yun, A. Macrander, H. C. Kang, C. Liu, and R. Conley, "Multilayer Laue Lenses as High-Resolution X-ray Optics," Proc. SPIE 5539, 185–194 (2004).
[Crossref]
H. Yan, R. Conley, N. Bouet, and Y. S. Chu, "Hard x-ray nanofocusing by multilayer Laue lenses," J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 47(26), 263001 (2014).
R. Conley, N. Bouet, Y. S. Chu, X. Huang, H. C. Kang, A. T. Macrander, J. Maser, E. Nazaretski, G. B. Stephenson, and H. Yan, "Multilayer Laue Lens: A Brief History and Current Status," Synchrotron Radiat. News 29(4), 16–20 (2016).
H. C. Kang, J. Maser, G. B. Stephenson, C. Liu, R. Conley, A. T. Macrander, and S. Vogt, "Nanometer linear focusing of hard x rays by a multilayer Laue lens," Phys. Rev. Lett. 96(12), 127401 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
X. Huang, H. Yan, E. Nazaretski, R. Conley, N. Bouet, J. Zhou, K. Lauer, L. Li, D. Eom, D. Legnini, R. Harder, I. K. Robinson, and Y. S. Chu, "11 nm hard X-ray focus from a large-aperture multilayer Laue lens," Sci. Rep. 3, 3562 (2013).
A. J. Morgan, M. Prasciolu, A. Andrejczuk, J. Krzywinski, A. Meents, D. Pennicard, H. Graafsma, A. Barty, R. J. Bean, M. Barthelmess, D. Oberthuer, O. Yefanov, A. Aquila, H. N. Chapman, and S. Bajt, "High numerical aperture multilayer Laue lenses," Sci. Rep. 5(1), 9892 (2015).
A. T. Macrander, A. Kubec, R. Conley, N. Bouet, J. Zhou, M. Wojcik, and J. Maser, "Efficiency of a multilayer-Laue-lens with a 102 mu m aperture," Appl. Phys. Lett. 107(8), 081904 (2015).
H. Yan, V. Rose, D. Shu, E. Lima, H. C. Kang, R. Conley, C. Liu, N. Jahedi, A. T. Macrander, G. B. Stephenson, M. Holt, Y. S. Chu, M. Lu, and J. Maser, "Two dimensional hard x-ray nanofocusing with crossed multilayer Laue lenses," Opt. Express 19(16), 15069–15076 (2011).
E. Nazaretski, K. Lauer, H. Yan, N. Bouet, J. Zhou, R. Conley, X. Huang, W. Xu, M. Lu, K. Gofron, S. Kalbfleisch, U. Wagner, C. Rau, and Y. S. Chu, "Pushing the limits: an instrument for hard X-ray imaging below 20 nm," J. Synchrotron Radiat. 22(2), 336–341 (2015).
E. Nazaretski, J. Kim, H. Yan, K. Lauer, D. Eom, D. Shu, J. Maser, Z. Pešić, U. Wagner, C. Rau, and Y. S. Chu, "Performance and characterization of the prototype nm-scale spatial resolution scanning multilayer Laue lenses microscope," Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84(3), 033701 (2013).
D. Shu, E. Nazaretski, J. Kim, H. Yan, K. Lauer, B. Mullany, D. Kuhne, J. Maser, and Y. S. Chu, "Optomechanical Design of a Multilayer Laue Lens Test Bed for 10-nm Focusing of Hard X-rays," 11th International Conference on X-Ray Microscopy (XRM2012), 463 (2013).
C. A. Liu, R. Conley, J. Qian, C. M. Kewish, A. T. Macrander, J. Maser, H. C. Kang, H. Yan, and G. B. Stephenson, "Bonded Multilayer Laue Lens for focusing hard X-rays," Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 582(1), 123–125 (2007).
S. Niese, P. Krüger, A. Kubec, S. Braun, J. Patommel, C. G. Schroer, A. Leson, and E. Zschech, "Full-field X-ray microscopy with crossed partial multilayer Laue lenses," Opt. Express 22(17), 20008–20013 (2014).
H. Yan, J. Maser, H. C. Kang, A. Macrander, and B. Stephenson, "A theoretical study of two-dimensional point focusing by two multilayer Laue lenses," Proc. SPIE 7077, 70770Q (2008).
E. Nazaretski, W. Xu, N. Bouet, J. Zhou, H. Yan, X. Huang, and Y. S. Chu, "Development and characterization of monolithic multilayer Laue lens nanofocusing optics," Appl. Phys. Lett. 108(26), 261102 (2016).
R. Conley, N. Bouet, J. Zhou, H. Yan, Y. Chu, K. Lauer, J. Miller, L. Chu, and N. Jahedi, "Advanced multilayer Laue lens fabrication at NSLS-II," Proc. SPIE 8502, 850202 (2012).
H. Yan, H. C. Kang, J. Maser, A. T. Macrander, C. M. Kewish, C. Liu, R. Conley, and G. B. Stephenson, "Characterization of a multilayer Laue lens with imperfections," Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 582(1), 126–128 (2007).
N. Bouet, R. P. Conley, J. Biancarosa, R. N. S. Divan, and A. T. Macrander, "WSi2/Si multilayer sectioning by reactive ion etching for multilayer Laue lens fabrication," Proc. SPIE 7802, 780203 (2010).
E. Nazaretski, X. Huang, H. Yan, K. Lauer, R. Conley, N. Bouet, J. Zhou, W. Xu, D. Eom, D. Legnini, R. Harder, C. H. Lin, Y. S. Chen, Y. Hwu, and Y. S. Chu, "Design and performance of a scanning ptychography microscope," Rev. Sci. Instrum. 85(3), 033707 (2014).
H. F. Yan, J. Maser, A. Macrander, Q. Shen, S. Vogt, G. B. Stephenson, and H. C. Kang, "Takagi-Taupin description of x-ray dynamical diffraction from diffractive optics with large numerical aperture," Phys. Rev. B 76(11), 115438 (2007).
T. Y. Chen, Y. T. Chen, C. L. Wang, I. M. Kempson, W. K. Lee, Y. S. Chu, Y. Hwu, and G. Margaritondo, "Full-field microimaging with 8 keV X-rays achieves a spatial resolutions better than 20 nm," Opt. Express 19(21), 19919–19924 (2011).
S. Vogt, G. Schneider, A. Steuernagel, J. Lucchesi, E. Schulze, D. Rudolph, and G. Schmahl, "X-ray microscopic studies of the Drosophila dosage compensation complex," J. Struct. Biol. 132(2), 123–132 (2000).
X. Huang, R. Conley, N. Bouet, J. Zhou, A. Macrander, J. Maser, H. Yan, E. Nazaretski, K. Lauer, R. Harder, I. K. Robinson, S. Kalbfleisch, and Y. S. Chu, "Achieving hard X-ray nanofocusing using a wedged multilayer Laue lens," Opt. Express 23(10), 12496–12507 (2015).
A. M. Maiden and J. M. Rodenburg, "An improved ptychographical phase retrieval algorithm for diffractive imaging," Ultramicroscopy 109(10), 1256–1262 (2009).
H. M. L. Faulkner and J. M. Rodenburg, "Movable aperture lensless transmission microscopy: A novel phase retrieval algorithm," Phys. Rev. Lett. 93(2), 023903 (2004).
P. Thibault, M. Dierolf, A. Menzel, O. Bunk, C. David, and F. Pfeiffer, "High-Resolution Scanning X-ray Diffraction Microscopy," Science 321(5887), 379–382 (2008).
M. Guizar-Sicairos, M. Holler, A. Diaz, J. Vila-Comamala, O. Bunk, and A. Menzel, "Role of the illumination spatial-frequency spectrum for ptychography," Phys. Rev. B 86(10), 100103 (2012).
Andrejczuk, A.
Aquila, A.
Bajt, S.
Barthelmess, M.
Barty, A.
Bean, R. J.
Biancarosa, J.
Bouet, N.
Braun, S.
Bunk, O.
Chapman, H. N.
Chen, T. Y.
Chen, Y. S.
Chen, Y. T.
Chu, L.
Chu, Y.
Chu, Y. S.
Conley, R.
Conley, R. P.
David, C.
Diaz, A.
Dierolf, M.
Divan, R. N. S.
Eom, D.
Faulkner, H. M. L.
Gofron, K.
Graafsma, H.
Guizar-Sicairos, M.
Harder, R.
Holler, M.
Holt, M.
Huang, X.
Hwu, Y.
Jahedi, N.
Kalbfleisch, S.
Kang, H. C.
Kempson, I. M.
Kewish, C. M.
Kim, J.
Krüger, P.
Krzywinski, J.
Kubec, A.
Lauer, K.
Lee, W. K.
Legnini, D.
Leson, A.
Li, L.
Lima, E.
Lin, C. H.
Liu, C. A.
Lu, M.
Lucchesi, J.
Macrander, A.
Macrander, A. T.
Maiden, A. M.
Margaritondo, G.
Maser, J.
Meents, A.
Menzel, A.
Miller, J.
Morgan, A. J.
Nazaretski, E.
Niese, S.
Oberthuer, D.
Patommel, J.
Pennicard, D.
Pešic, Z.
Pfeiffer, F.
Prasciolu, M.
Qian, J.
Rau, C.
Robinson, I. K.
Rodenburg, J. M.
Rose, V.
Rudolph, D.
Schmahl, G.
Schneider, G.
Schroer, C. G.
Schulze, E.
Shen, Q.
Shu, D.
Stephenson, B.
Stephenson, G. B.
Steuernagel, A.
Thibault, P.
Vila-Comamala, J.
Vogt, S.
Wagner, U.
Wang, C. L.
Wojcik, M.
Xu, W.
Yan, H.
Yan, H. F.
Yefanov, O.
Yun, W.
Zhou, J.
Zschech, E.
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(1) x n = λfn


A while ago, I attended a church leaders' workshop about learning how to love the LGBTQ+ community. I was reminded that when I avoid and condemn LGBTQ+ folks, I have no chance of sharing Christ's love with them. I do not need to approve of the choices of a person identifying as LGBTQ+, but I am called to accept them. Though some believe it's contradictory to the gospel to love LGBTQ+ folks, showing them love and acceptance actually fulfills it. I understood and agreed with most of this, and I want to love the gay community, but there's a problem.
When I watched Johnny Weir during the Olympics wearing women's clothing nicer than mine, or when I encounter a loud male barista talking effeminately, I'm uncomfortable. I'm not around many LGBTQ+ folks, don't have many gay friends or family, and it's not something I grew up with.
I know some readers will chafe at my honesty. But when we fail to be, we fail to relate, learn, and grow.
I was also uncomfortable when I was earning my education degree and encountered gated parking lots, barred windows, and security officers at the inner city elementary school where I taught. I grew up in a tiny northern Wisconsin town with 900 mostly white people. I was uncomfortable teaching in the city not because I was racist, but because I had always been sheltered.
Being in an uncomfortable state isn't the problem. Staying there is a problem.
So, I've been asking God to help me love. Despite our best intentions, desires, and hopes, we are human. I know I should love everyone, but I don't. I also understand that Christ knows my heart. He knows I want to love people who are different from me or who I just don't understand. I'm asking God to help me love LGBTQ+ folks - loud or quiet, flamboyant or subtle.
While vacationing in Arizona, I saw several gay couples, baristas, and families while out eating, hiking, and sight-seeing. I noticed moms instead of mannerisms. I saw couples instead of choices. In seeing our common humanity, I suddenly became more comfortable. When, without even thinking about it, I asked a gay couple in the Grand Canyon if I could take their picture for them, I knew God was helping me love.
Who do you want to love? Your in-laws? Your husband? A gay cousin? God will help you to love others, if you ask for His help.
Laura Sandretti is a Just Between Us contributing author and an active speaker and blogger. Additionally, she is a former public school teacher, women's ministry director, and has a master's degree in Theological Studies at Trinity University. Laura and her husband have three teenagers, and live in Sussex, Wis.


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Home > Industry > NGS Super and Australian Catholic Super in $21B merger
NGS Super and Australian Catholic Super in $21B merger
Tahn SharpeAugust 18, 2020 - 2.23pm
ACS CEO Greg Cantor and NGS Super CEO Laura Wright
Australian Catholic Super and NGS have announced they will merge into a consolidated $21 billion industry fund representing the community and non-government education sectors.
The tie-up between the two not-for-profit industry funds will bring together 85,000 members and $9 billion from Australian Catholic Super with 120,000 members and $12 billion in funds from NGS Super, subject to the usual due diligence and member benefit assessment provisions.
The merger announcement is the latest in a long line of amalgamations for sub-scale funds, a trend which has been encouraged by the Australian Prudential Regulator Authority, the Morrison Government, the Hayne Royal Commission and the Productivity Commission.
The fate of Australian Catholic Super has been a topic of industry speculation since its failed 2018 bid to merge with Catholic Super, which eventually merged with Equip Super in a $26 billion tie-up in May last year.
While Catholic Super's merger with Equip Super used an extended public offer (EPO) model that allowed each fund to retain control of strategy, brand, board and staff while sharing administration and operations, there has been no word on the model preferred in the NGS and Australian Catholic Super merger.
If the traditional merger model is employed the executive shake-up will involve two of the most experienced names in the industry; Australian Catholic Super CEO Greg Cantor was appointed in 1989 and NGS Super CEO Laura Wright's involvement in the fund stretches back to 1988.
The merger between the two education and community-minded funds is one of the more natural-fitting tie-ups to arise recently, especially when compared to fellow industry funds Cbus and Media Super, who are in the middle of diligence for their own $60 billion fund that would see the construction and media industry members come together.
Australian Catholic Super Chair David Hutton said the intention is to better service its members "within a larger like-minded education industry fund", and that the merger represented a "great opportunity" to be part of a niche fund with a national footprint.
NGS Super's Chair Dick Shearman touted the potential for the merger to enhance synergies between the two entities.
"Our members' interests are at the core of this merger, which represents the continued growth and improved ability of our fund to secure the financial futures of all our members," Shearman said.
Tahn Sharpe is a Sydney-based financial services journalist with a background in financial planning. He writes on advice, superannuation, investment, banking and insurance issues, is a certified SMSF Adviser and holds an Advanced Diploma of Financial Planning.
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Investment Magazine's top ten event moments in 2020, ranked according to the number of views, reflect a year where change, adaption and resilience were common threads of every conversation.


It's hard to be happy for someone when I can't be happy with myself. I've been on sabbatical. I'm behind on reading (and writing) blogs because I don't want to read about people and their awesomeness. It's selfish I know.
Why do we all pretend everything is okay when it's not?
David and I are finishing up Season 6 of Lost (the tv show). They throw Desmond into a well. It's not deep so that any one who peers over the edge can see him. He can't get out though.
I realize that I am experiencing some anxiety/depression with the new changes in my life (staying home, working less). I also realize that what I am feeling is what I feel when I am depressed. It's hard to explain when you haven't experienced it yourself. They are feelings of doom, and sadness, and tiredness.
It's like I'm 2 different people. Not crazy-style multiple personalities type, but there is depression-me and then there is me me. I don't know if I need more medication or if I just need to snap out of it and I think that's where my problem is.
For Christmas I got a gym membership. But guess what? I don't have it! It was implied that I didn't get anything for Christmas because that's what I wanted. Well, it's January 18th and its still not here. I blame circumstances, and my husband. It was his job! (He knows that by the way). Also, why am I the only one that ever mentions even slight irritation towards my husband? Weird.
Well, I think I'll go now. I'm probably gonna mope. Or watch TV. Or play trains with the kids.


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Beryozovye Islands (, Finnish: Koivisto, Swedish: Björkö; literally: "Birch Islands"), alternatively spelled Berezovye Islands, is an island group in Leningrad Oblast, Russia. The islands are situated at the head of the Gulf of Finland, just outside the town of Primorsk on the Karelian Isthmus.

There are 15 islands in the group, the largest is Bolshoy Beryozovy (Large Berezovy, Finnish: Koivistonsaari). Other islands include Zapadny Beryozovy (West Beryozovy, Finnish: Tiurinsaari) and Severny Beryozovy (North Beryozovy, Finnish: Piisaari). The total area of the group, stretching along the coast for 200 km, is 92 km². They are protected by the state as a seabird sanctuary and one of the Ramsar sites in Russia.

Before the third Swedish crusade, the islands paid tax to Novgorod; after the crusade they became Swedish. In 1721 they became part of Russia, and in 1812 they were restored to the Grand Duchy of Finland with the province of Vyborg. In independent Finland they belonged to the parish then called Koivisto (Swedish: Björkö). The main settlement on the islands was then called Saarenpää (Krasnoostrovskiy). After World War II, they were ceded by Finland to the Soviet Union. The whole historical Finnish population was expelled and replaced by a population of Soviet origin from September 1944 onwards. Place names were russified after 1947 concurrently with the rest of the formerly Finnish Karelian Isthmus occupied in 1944.

The islands gave their name to the Treaty of Björkö (1905).

See also
 Björkö (disambiguation)
 Keskisaari

References

Russian islands in the Baltic
Islands of Leningrad Oblast
Ramsar sites in Russia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Q: setting SSLv2-only Apache web server I would like to setup an Apache web server (in a VM) which only supports ONLY SSLv2 SSLProtocol for testing purposes. Are there any instructions online for that, or could anyone guide me on that?
Thanks in advance!

A: go to /conf/extra/httpd-ssl.conf and find out following setting:
#   SSL Cipher Suite:
#   List the ciphers that the client is permitted to negotiate.
#   See the mod_ssl documentation for a complete list.
SSLCipherSuite ALL:!ADH:!EXPORT56:RC4+RSA:+HIGH:+MEDIUM:+LOW:+SSLv2:+EXP:+eNULL

you can adjust the line started with SSLCipherSuite and select protocol you want to use.


text:
import { value2 } from "./shared";

it("should have to correct value", () => {
	expect(value2).toBe(42);
});