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Global Infrastructure Hub / Blog - Global Infrastructure Hub / Financing Cross-Border Infrastructure - Political Cooperation and Coordinated Enabling Environment
Financing Cross-Border Infrastructure - Political Cooperation and Coordinated Enabling Environment
Written by Stephanie Barker
What is 'bankability'
Planning and Prioritisation
Infrastructure can often be used as a pawn in the political chess game, not only at a federal level between political parties, but at a foreign policy level too. It's crucial that a cross-border infrastructure project has political support and cooperation from all parties involved, and that it's being supported not for political gain, but to further regional development. A lack of strong political leadership can be detrimental to a cross-border project, and weak capacity can be a deterrent to investors.
Cross-border projects are naturally more politically sensitive, as they involve multiple governments and potentially conflicting political agendas. A lack of cross-border political will can be caused by:
different political priorities and agendas
legacies of political differences
inter-country rivalries
acute power imbalances among various countries within a region[1].
Cross-border projects need a political champion, as well as a project champion who can ensure that the project is effectively steered to financial close.
National governments should capacitate the relevant people both at the regional and the national institutional level to implement key regional infrastructure projects[2], as well as enact infrastructure frameworks which transcend political parties and have broad political consensus.
A clear example of political alignment on a cross-border project is the Øresund Bridge connecting Copenhagen, Denmark with the Swedish city of Malmö. In 1993, the Øresund Committee was established with local and regional political representatives from both Sweden and Denmark to drive forward infrastructure, the labour market, and culture in the region on a cross-party basis.
The Committee presents regional issues to the national parliaments of Sweden and Denmark, and also to the European Union (EU). Construction on the Øresund Bridge started in 1995 and it was opened to traffic in 2000. It created an economic gain of about €8.41 billion on both sides of the strait due to increased ease in commuting.
Another positive example of multiple governments cooperating on regional infrastructure integration is the West Africa Power Pool (WAPP)[3]. Founded in 1999, the WAPP's vision is to integrate the national power systems of 14 of the 15 countries in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) into a unified regional electricity market with the goal of providing reliable electricity at competitive prices in the medium- to long-term.
Despite varying capacity within its member states, WAPP has been relatively successful at taking forward a pipeline of infrastructure projects, due mainly to its strong governance (WAPP is governed by four governing structures) and leadership, as well as close coordination with Multilateral Development Banks and national governments. While the cross-border transmission grid is largely enabled by public finance, it will also provide an improved environment for private investment.
Investment also needs to take place under a clear and agreed legal and regulatory framework. Cross-border infrastructure, in particular, requires harmonisation of policies, laws, and regulatory practices as much as possible to reduce transaction costs, which can become a major deterrent for investors. Ensuring alignment of regulations (permitting, authorisation, procurement etc.) is crucial to ensure common service standards. Barriers in the enabling environment such as differences over tax regimes, insurance requirements, currency, and other legislative issues also need to be addressed so that private sector participation can materialise, and a regional agenda can move forward.
Cooperation with other countries to establish stable legal systems and institutions is imperative to the success of large-scale cross-border infrastructure projects. This includes appropriate national-level legal frameworks, as well as legislation that is consistent with other countries in the region. For example, it must be decided under which laws the program or project documentation will be governed.
Legally-binding contracts must be prepared, and all parties to the project must respect the contract and be able to enforce the contract's provisions in a court of law, whether that be a local court or a more international forum. To assist governments in dealing with complex contractual issues, such as disputes, claims and renegotiations, the Global Infrastructure Hub will soon launch its PPP Contract Management Tool, a reference tool providing practical guidance to public officials on managing PPP contracts after financial close.
Part four in this blog series—Scale and Certainty of Returns is available here
In case you missed it, see:
Part one—Introduction: What is 'bankability'?
Part two—Planning and Prioritisation
[1] The importance of political will to successful regional infrastructure projects, ESI Africa (September 2017) - https://www.esi-africa.com/features/the-importance-of-political-will-to-successful-regional-infrastructure-projects/
[2] Challenges to Regional Infrastructure Development, Ellen Hagerman (July 2012) - https://www.tips.org.za/files/report_on_regional_infrastructure_development_in_africa_tips_-_ellen_hagerman.pdf
[3] http://www.ecowapp.org/en
Information & Communications Technology (ICT), Energy, Water & Waste, Transport, Social, Other
Financing Cross-Border Infrastructure Projects - Scale and Certainty of Returns
As outlined earlier in this blog series, private investors are looking for reliable returns to justify the risks that they are taking. Financing and procurement of cross-border projects will often be more complex than national projects due to the scale of the project and compounded risks, and the financial returns may be more uncertain than for national projects.
Financing Cross-Border Infrastructure Projects - Planning and Prioritisation
When we as consumers decide to invest our money—whether through shares, bonds, or other instruments—we look at whether our investment will deliver a solid financial return. It makes sense then that the same risk-return principle is applied to investments in infrastructure.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


GMG has extended the functionality of its GMG OpenColor profiling solution with measurement data optimization based on spectral calculation. As a result, creating profiles for packaging printing becomes simpler and more reliable. This makes GMG OpenColor an efficient all-in-one solution for creating color-accurate profiles for proofing and separation.
Tübingen, Germany (18 October 2018) – Color management specialist GMG is releasing an upgrade to its GMG OpenColor profiling solution. Version 2.2 of the multi-award-winning software incorporates automatic, spectral data-based optimization of measurement data.
GMG OpenColor creates color-accurate proofing and separation profiles based on characterization of the planned print production. The user measures test charts or color patches in order to obtain data needed for characterization. This data is subsequently combined with other parameters from the printing process to create a dynamic profile. Naturally, the data obtained from the calibration process has to be optimized. Erroneous test charts, poor substrate textures, and dust can all cause an excessive degree of distortion. Deviations can also arise from the measuring device itself. Previously, users of GMG OpenColor were reliant on third-party software for optimizing the measurement data or had to subsequently correct profiles themselves in a manual process. With Version 2.2, however, life becomes easier. Thanks to the now automatic optimization of the measurement data, users can create a color-accurate profile in only a few steps – while achieving market-leading levels of quality.
GMG Product Manager Peter Schöffler explains, "The optimization is based directly on the measured spectral data, which is then processed via our spectral model. According to Schöffler, this ensures that the measurement data is preserved and not distorted by conversion into Lab. Ultimately, he adds, this leads to highly reliable profiles at market-leading quality levels. Within the software, the user can configure and analyze the level of optimization required.
CxF/X-4 support according ISO 17972-4 makes the new GMG OpenColor version complete: Now, spectral values along with dot gain steps can be communicated to other parties involved in a print production.


While the term online shopping refers to all online transactions, cross-border online shopping means shopping activities purchasing products or services over the internet for the customers abroad. As Internet use for the international shopping activity increasing, cross border online shopping has grown substantially for last decade. This study is about the problem regarding the cross border online shopping for two different countries and the variables that influence their shopping behavior. The cross border online shopping has been increased by the growth of Internet access. However, the growth of the Internet use does not guarantee a successful development of cross border e-commerce for every country. To find out the perception for cross-border online shopping for two different cultures, shoppers from two countries with different cultural background were chosen, and the perception for cross-border online shopping from each culture is contrasted. For statistical Analysis, ANOVA is used to find the relationship between a single non-metric independent variable, and multiple metric dependent variables. Hofstede's cultural dimensions model is adopted for this study as a tool to find out the patterns of cross border online shopping. This study showed what the variables would affect the perception in cross border online shopping. The results of this study indicated that cross border online shoppers with different culture were notably different on two variables identified-timeliness and ease of use.
Cross border online shopping, Which is the online shopping across the border, has grown substantially during the last decade. Cross-border online shoppers spend twice as much as consumers who shop online domestically, according to a recent report by PayPal and research firm Ipsos. The study examined data from 175,000 consumers in 22 countries, analysing their cross border shopping habits . Globally, U.S. goods account for 26% of cross border purchases, with Chinese goods accounting for 18%. US products are favored by North Americans, The Middle East and Africa has the highest percentage of cross border online purchases. 50 percent of goods bought online are imported from other regions. United Arab Emirates is the key region for imports, with 58 percent of online purchases imported. 80% of these cross border imports come from Asia, North America and Western Europe. Latin America was the second highest region for cross border trade, with 44 percent of its online purchases coming from other regions. North America was its main supplier accounting for 60 percent of cross border online imports.
Asian countries like Indonesia, Japan and India were only importing 12 percent or less of their online purchases from outside of Asia. However, e-Commerce hot spots like Hong Kong, Singapore and Vietnam saw imports percentages of 31, 43 and 55 respectively. The average among Asian countries for cross border purchases online was 21 percent. China sources 20 percent of its online purchases outside of Asia.
The cross border online shopping has been increased by the growth of Internet access. However, it does not guarantee a success of cross border online shopping for every country. The cultural difference can can influence the development of online shopping. Hofstede  described that people with one culture might act unaccordingly to the people with different cultural background for the identical stimulus.
For examining the effect of cultural background on the perception for cross border online shopping, shoppers from U.S. and S, Korea-were selected, and the perception for cross border online shopping of U.S. shoppers is contrasted with those of Korean shoppers. Using the end-user computing satisfaction variables identified by Doll's study , this research would fetch the particular variables that influence the cross border online shoppers.
The diffusion of cross border online shopping can be different by the culture of each country. Hofstede  stated that people with one culture could react differently with another culture to the identical stimulus. Thus, culture plays important role in determining the factors which affect the cross border online shopping behavior. Hofstede  also discussed four dimensions of national culture. Those were power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism, and masculinity.
According to the Press , large quantities of product information to be transported and retrieved by the wide diffusion of the Internet. By the diffusion of Internet use for commercial purpose, the areas such as cross border online shopping is hot subjects. However, studies on the factors influencing cross border online shopping behavior have been given little attention [11, 18].
Additionally, most of research on cross border online shopping have been done for U.S. subject. However, theories in the field of social sciences indicate that theories that applies in one nation does not necessarily apply in other nation . Thus, it is suggested that the research on cross border online shopping should look the impacts of the Internet technology in different nations with different cultural backgrounds.
This study is designed to identify the model of cross border online shopping between the shoppers with different cultures. This research is also to find out the factors that facilitate or hinder the cross border online shopping behavior of the shoppers in each culture. To achieve these objectives, questions were asked. First, what are the factors that influence the diffusion of the cross border online shopping for shoppers? Second, are there any differences between American and Korean cross border online shoppers in the way that they perceive each factor for their cross border online shopping activity.
The results of the study are supposed to show how the factors would affect the shoppers' perception in cross border online shopping environment.
Building the research construct is an important topic on information systems user satisfaction. The concerns were an inappropriate construct development [1, 3, 9, 12]. Woodroof and Kaspen  also discussed that by their research searching the relationship between IS success and user satisfactions, They discussed that the shortage of progress in the information systems field is the shortage of conceptual development offered . Even though the proper constructs had been made, a single construct, will not help prediction and therefore contributes a little to science . In addition to that, multiple studies have explained that the importance of making standardized tools for measuring user satisfaction .
For describing the information systems user satisfaction and checking the fit of each hypothesized mode, the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) could be employed . Based on the theory and previous research, they proposed several models. One model was selected for showing the underlying factor structure. After checking the higher order factors and model-data fit. CFA was employed to check items in the selected mode and the validity of the factors and reliability. By the results of this study, the end user computing (EUC) model was developed. This model could be used as a standardized instrument measuring the user satisfaction with a specific application.
The cross validation showed the proof that EUC satisfaction model should be a multi-constructed model consisting of five sub-scales which were accuracy, contents, format, timeliness and ease of use. This results prove that managers and researchers could use theses sub-scales.
The relationships were used for developing the hypothesis on the cross border online shopper's behavior. The model of cultural difference by Hofstede  was also employed for comparing the difference of perception for each cross border online shoppers with different culture.
According to the study by Doll et al. five external variables were collected.
To create a survey for cross border online shoppers presents a problem. The problem come from the methodology which employed to collect answers from each cross border online shoppers. Because there is no central registry of cross border online shoppers, to contact every user of the shoppers is not possible. Therefore, surveys had done by picking up a subset of cross border online shoppers.
For reaching a proper subset of cross border online shoppers, more than hundred shoppers for both U.S. and S. Korea were chosen. University students at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill were chosen for U.S. survey, and students at Dankook University were chosen for Korean survey. Selecting university students for the sample were employed since it is easy to collect sample. University students are the good population for online shoppers according the survey by GVU Center at Georgia Tech. University.
The questionnaire was made of two parts. The questions were designed to ask shoppers' opinions on the variables in the cross border online shopping for the first part, The second part included the questions describing cross border online shoppers. A five-point Likert scale which represents "Strongly disagree" on one end and "Strongly agree" on the other.
A few questions are asked to find these variables. The questions examine cross border online shoppers' perception with the five-point Likert scale. The content was measured by responding following statement, "The content of the cross border online shopping site can be satisfied for shopping." The statement, "Using Internet for cross border online shopping is relatively dependable for operation in shopping," was employed to check the online shopper's perception on the accuracy factor. The buyers' perception on format of the online shopping environment was measured by responding to next statement, "Format of the site for cross border online shopping is accurate." The online shopper's perception on easy of use variable was checked by next statement. "Cross border online shopping using Internet is relatively easy," was used to measure the shoppers' perception on the easiness factor. The timeliness of cross border online shopping is to check the shoppers' perceptions on the timeliness of online shopping tool.
For the statistical analysis, ANOVA were employed to analyze the hypothesis for research variables. ANOVA is employed when a research problem searches the relationship between a dependent variable and categorical independent variables. For this study, ANOVA involves multiple metric dependent variables and single non-metric independent variable, As shown on the <Table 1>, multiple dependent variables were employed respectively to each hypothesis. To compare the cross border online shoppers' perception from both nations, a F-value with .05 level of significance was set for this analysis.
For finding out the variables describing the differences of the perceptions for cross border online shopping in the U.S. and Korea, ANOVA was employed to assess the variations in the two cultures. The experiment was to test the perceptions of cross border online shoppers on online access in terms of the variables identified.
The assumption-the homogeneity of the variance of the dependent variable between groups-is critical to successful ANOVA. Several tests are available for testing this assumption. A scroll sheet with the Cochran C statistic, Bartlett Chisquare test, and Hartley F-max statistic, with appropriate plevel and degrees of freedom were brought up by the option in STATISTICA package. After the investigation, the homogeneity of variances assumptions of EUC satisfaction variables were all in good range. However, it is critical to test any correlations between the means and the standard deviation. Thus, the plot of means versus standard deviations was checked, and no significant correlation had been found.
This research was to find out any differences in the perceptions of cross border online shoppers on the variables. the U.S. and S. Korea represented the non-metric independent variable, and identified variables by the Doll's study represented metric dependent variables for each analysis. Each F-value on the ANOVA table verifies that there are significant differences between the cross border online shoppers in the two different countries for all variables except Accuracy and Format. Compared to Korean cross border online shoppers, the U.S. shoppers leaned to agree with that easy of use and timeliness in cross border online shopping was not good enough compare to the other variables.
Elashmawi and Harris  argued that Individualist societies put more empas is on being self-interested, independent, and self-motivated.
Individualists like U.S. cross border online shoppers feels more easy with the information gathering and impersonal mode of communication that is associated with cross border online shopping. Individualism is expected to positively related to perceived usefulness of the cross border online shopping. The findings of this research showed that Korean online shoppers rated following variables favorably : timeliness of the cross border online shopping and easy of use. as expected.
Regardless of whether the technology is easy or difficult to use masculine society shows more care for the usefulness of technology . The the U.S. online shoppers which is in more masculine society would show more interest on the usefulness of the cross border online shopping. Hofstede  argued larger power distance implies that followers prefer to follow clear rules and directions from above and respect authority. The perception of cross border online shopping for Korean shoppers was more negatively related on the most of the variables presented in this research than american subjects due to the significant reliance on clear rules and directions in big power distance societies.
The online shopping environment creates high uncertainty avoidance. In high uncertainty avoidance culture, people are more concerns about learning new skills . Because the characteristic of the Internet affects the potential online shoppers to uncertain direction, the perception on cross border online shopping was negatively related to uncertainty avoidance. As anticipated, Korean online shoppers with high uncertainty avoidance showed a lower level of preference for the variables presented, As Elashmawi and Harris  depicted, Individualist societies such as U.S. show more emphasis on being self-motivated, self-interested and independent. U.S. online shoppers are individualists which feel comfortable with information gathering which is associated with the online environment and the impersonal mode of communication.
The hypothesis that-Individualism is positively related to perceived usefulness of the cross border online shopping and following use of the it- is confirmed. This result explained that the perception of cross border online shoppers in two countries showed U.S. shoppers rated the following variables favorably as anticipated : content, accuracy, and format. Masculine society is supposed to show more concern on the usefulness of modern technology . The expectation was satisfied by the result of this study Hofstede  also argued that greater power distance means that prefer clear rules and directions from above, and following people respect authorities.
The results of this study indicated that cross border online shoppers with different culture were notably different on two variables identified-timeliness and ease of use (see <Table 2>). The F-values showed there were differences between the cross border onlijne shoppers in the two groups with different cultural background for those variables. Compared to the U.S. shoppers, Korean cross border online shoppers agreed with the idea that the online shopping with timeliness and ease of use is more favorable. However, other variables did not make any difference in the level of satisfaction for cross border online shoppers. Cross border online shopping provides online shoppers with opportunities to look for products without location and time constraint. Therefore, traditional shopping environment can be impacted significantly by cross border online shopping. The success of cross border online shopping depends on recognizing the multiplicity of online shopping behaviors, as well as identifying idea of increasing the shoppers' satisfaction in a cross border online shopping environment. Through this study of cross border online shoppers in two different culture, this study can provide marketers a better idea on how they will be able to meet shoppers' needs and to develop market platforms for cross border online shopping. Recently, enhancing the satisfaction of the online shoppers' experience came both from consumers' side and manufacturers' side. This subject are getting more attention from the industries and academics. As this study suggests, the cross border online shopping marketers can try to increase the satisfaction in cross border online shopping by changing their business platform for the suggested variables in this study. The bushiness marketers can also develop better platforms and strategies with thses variables.
There are couple of limitations to this study. First, the smaples collected for this study might not include all actual cross border online shoppers for both countries. Even if GVU study explained that the experienced Internet users were between 21 and 30 years old, the sample for this study might not include the entire population of cross border online shoppers. Second, only limited influences variables were included to predict the cross border online shopping behavior. Individual variables, such as family, social class, and situational variables were not examined for this study. Following studies are needed for looking how individual difference influence cross border online shopping behavior. Third, recreational motivations for cross border online shoppers could be associated with cross border online shopping activities. Shim and Mahoney  suggested that shoppers with electronic devices were more likely to be recreational shoppers, arguing that electronic shoppers consider computers to be entertaining. Thus, considering recreational motivation for the online shoppers may provide a critical understanding about cross border online shoppers. Last, Hofstede's cultural dimensions are used for this study as a paradigm to describe the effect of culture on the patterns of cross border online shopping. Hodgetts and Luthans . mentioned the culture is the knowledge that people use to interpret experience, They also described culture is related to the attitudes and behaviors of online shoppers. However, the results of the study need to be implemented carefully. The cultures of the nationd are changing quickly these days. Therefore, analyzing the culture regularly may be needed for following research.
The present research was conducted by the research fund of Dankook University in 2017.
Bailey, J.E. and Pearson, S.W. , Development of a Tool for Measuring and Analyzing Computer User Satisfaction , Management Science, 1983, Vol. 29, No. 5, pp. 530-545.
Delone, W. and McLean, E. , Information Systems Success : The Quest for the Dependant Variables , Information Systems Research, 1992, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 60-95.
Doll, W.J. , Xia, W. , and Torkzadeh, G. , A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the End User Computing Satisfaction Instrument , MIS Quarterly, 1994, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 453-461.
Elashmawi, F. and Harris, P.R. , Multi-cultural Management : New Skills for Global Success, Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, TX, 1993.
Hodgetts, R.M. and Luthans, F. , International Management, Irwin/McGraw-Hill, Homewood, IL2000.
Hofstede, G. , Culture s and Organizations : Software of the Mind, McGraw-Hill, 1991.
Hofstede, G. , National Cultures in Four Dimension , International Studies of Management and Organization, 1982, Vol. 13, pp. 46-74.
Ives, B. , Olson, M.H. , and Baroudi, J.J. , The Measurement of User Information Satisfaction , Communications of the ACM, 1983, Vol. 26, No. 10, pp. 785-793.
Keeney, R.L. , The Value of Internet Commerce to the Customer , Management Science, 1999, Vol. 45, No. 4, pp. 533-542.
Melon, N.P. , A Theoretical Assessment of the User Satisfaction Construct in Information Systems Research , Management Science, 1987, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 76-91.
Press, L. , Tracking the Global Diffusion of the Internet , Communications of the ACM, 1997, Vol. 40, No. 11, pp. 11-17.
Shim, S. and Mahoney, M.Y. , Electronic Shoppers and Nonshoppers among Video Tex Users , Journal of Direct Marketing, 1991, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 29-38.
Straub, D.W. and Gefen, D. , Gender Differences in the Perception and Use of E-mail : An Extension to the Technology Acceptance Model , MIS Quarterly, 1997,Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 389-400.
Yum, C.-S. , A Study on the Factors Influencing Customer Satisfaction of Mobile Banking , Journal of Society of Korea Industrial and Systems Engineering, 2008, Vol, 31, No. 2, pp. 122-131.


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Nigeria builds petrol stations in answer to deregulation
As the deregulation of the downstream sector of the petroleum industry comes on full steam, independent marketers have started building many filling stations across the country to take advantage of the policy.
New filling stations are springing up everyday along the Lagos-Ibadan Expressway, Ibadan-Ife Expressway and Lagos-Abeokuta Expressway. It was discovered that new independent oil marketers are also coming up everyday while the old ones are refurbishing their filling stations.
New entrants into the oil industry are said to be banking on the huge profit expected from the industry as a result of the deregulation of the sector by the federal government.
A supervising engineer at a filling station under construction along the Lagos/Ibadan Expressway, Engr. Tolu Makanju, told that since the deregulation policy was introduced, he had been involved in the building of about 10 filling stations on the Lagos-Ibadan Expressway, Lagos-Abeokuta Road and Ibadan-Ile-Ife Road.
He revealed that unlike before when the cost of building a filling station was seen as being on the high side by some independent marketers, the story has changed as new stations are now being opened at random. He added that opening new sales outlets will boost the revenue of the entrepreneurs as they have government approval to sell at any price they wish.
The reason why some independent marketers chose to locate their filling stations along the highways was to take advantage of the high volume of motorists along the roads to make money.
Source: P.M. News

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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'GoT's Emilia Clarke & Kit Harington Mourned Upon Discovering Characters' Fates
By Izza Sofia, 21 May 2019
Both Emilia Clarke and Kit Harington got emotional after learning about the outcomes of their characters in the season finale of HBO's Game of Thrones, which—major spoilers ahead—saw 'Daenerys Targaryen' being stabbed in the heart by 'Jon Snow' in the midst of a kiss.
In the last scene of the final episode, 'Daenerys' gets pierced in the heart by 'Jon Snow', who decides to kill her after her murder of thousands of people in a battle at 'King's Landing'.
In an interview with Entertainment Weekly, Clarke said she "completely flipped out" after she received the scripts for season eight back in October 2017, and even tried to defend her character. She admitted to reading the script seven times, and had to "physically prepare the space" upon learning about the devastating end of 'Daenerys'.
Disappointed by the plot twist, Clarke said she broke down and decided to go for a long walk to digest it all.
Kit Harington, whose iconic character placed the dagger through his lover's heart, hadn't read the script at the time, and decided to do so only when en route to Belfast, where the final season was shot. Once Harington did his homework, he too mourned about the conclusion.
While it is hard to come to terms with 'Daenerys's death, fans are even less satisfied with how the final season turned out. Many unhappy viewers have signed a petition to "remake" the final installment as its writers "have proven themselves to be woefully incompetent when they have no source material to fall back on."
[via Independent, opening image via HBO]


The average assessed value of commercial real estate properties in Marion County is $92,378. Commercial real estate sale prices in Marion County have a median of $171,333. The last 24 months of sales history has seen 539 sales, with 224 sales greater than $250,000, 11 sales valued at over $1,000,000, and 0 sales valued at over $10,000,000. The average price per square foot of commercial real estate properties in Marion County over the last 24 months is $48.
The average lot size of commercial real estate properties in Marion County is 412,145 sf. This is 26% above the Iowa average.
There are 15,831 commercial real estate properties in Marion County. This is 196% below the Iowa average. The total acerage is 77,559 acres and the aggregate building area for commercial real estate properties in Marion County is 56,781 sf.
There are 3,318 mortgages for commercial real estate properties across Marion County in the Reonomy database. The average value of those mortgages is $546,777. This is 124% below the Iowa average.


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warden (n.)
superintendent, governor, director
headmates, system functions
Coiner
Fallen Hearts Galaxy
A warden is a sub-type of protector that keeps the system safe from malicitors, trechtors, and persecutors by acting as a barrier between persecutors and other headmates. Wardens may act as a communicator for a persecutor to others (and vice versa). They may also keep persecutors separated from the rest of the headmates for the safety of others with the express intent of rehabilitation and/or reform, not punishment.[1]
The term derives from the name of the chief officer in charge of a prison in the United States, and can be called a superintendent, governor, or director in other parts of the world. Warden as a plural term was originally inspired by Caroline and Justine from Persona 5.
The persecutor counterparts of wardens are called imprisoners.
↑ https://fallenheartsgalaxy.tumblr.com/post/627641734139166720/another-plural-terminology-dump-yes-we-use-all
Retrieved from "https://pluralpedia.org/index.php?title=Warden&oldid=6474"
Terms with a known coiner
System Functions


Yes that's right we went to Mexico and we're ok! I know what many of you are thinking why would you go somewhere there is a travel advisory. Well we wanted to get away from the winter and we wanted to go somewhere affordable that has good food…so Mexico it was.
We decided not to do the typical charter all inclusive this year only because we found it was cheaper and more conveiniter to book everything separately. We found an amazing deal with Air Canada direct from Ottawa to Cancun direct for under $500 return. We couldn't pass up this deal and we're so glad we didn't. It was nice to board a flight that had a lot less travellers than a typical charter, and it was also nice to have the extra leg room in the cabin that we didn't even have to ask for an exit row. Nigel is 6"5 so extra leg room is key for him to be somewhat comfortable. We loved that when we arrived outside the airport we didn't have to wait for a shuttle and were able to take our own transportation to the hotel and get there in fashionable time.
We stayed at the Platinum Yucutan Princess and what a beautiful resort. It was clean, and well equipped for a 5 star resort. It was the perfect mix of relaxation and fun. The Platinum side is a lot quieter than the other sections of the resort….but we were ok with this as we were looking to relax and recharge. Our room overlooked the pool and everyday we had no problem finding a cabana poolside with extra chairs. The wait staff at the pool were fast and efficient and came around frequently. On Saturday's there is a foam party at the pool next door….this seemed to be a highlight for a lot of people we talked to…although we missed it…oppsy!
The food was great, and one thing we really loved is the a la carte restaurants were walk in so you didn't need to wait in line on your first day there and make a ton of reservations. They also try to make beautiful creations and work of art with their food and are very proud of their work. Tao is the only restaurant where a reservation is needed…but we had no trouble making one and the food and show is excellent. If you love entertainment the Fire show is a definite must, we were blown away from start to finish.
It was seaweed season while we were there so we didn't swim in the ocean too much. However the beach at the Grand Princess which is directly next door and you have full access to (yup drinks and food) and is much better kept. The seaweed is limited and they have lifeguards on duty if you're looking for assistance.
We took an evening trip into the town of Playa Del Carmen and we wished we would have done it sooner. We absolutely loved the liveliness and the overall vibrancy of this cute town. We took a taxi into the village and arranged to meet him for the ride home at a certain time which he did with no issues. We felt completely safe while touring around. There of course is trouble I'm sure if you're looking for it….but we just went to shop, walk around and try amazing pina coladas. The shopping on 5th avenue is pretty amazing. You have all of the big North American shops mixed in with a bunch of local stores and boutiques. We ate at a wonderful restaurant wich our cab driver recommended and had delicious seafood dishes and margaritas. Then we went to a beautiful rooftop for pina coladas and an amazing view. Live Aqua we fell in love with this charming boutique hotel in the center of the town. With an amazing rooftop pool overlooking the ocean and city, definitely worth checking out if you're in the area.
Overall we had a wonderful time in Mexico, checking out Tulum and Playa Del Carmen were definitely our highlights of our vacation….and this made us decide that as much as we love the ease of an all inclusive vacation…we're up for a little more adventure next time. Where to? Who knows….any ideas please let us know!
3 comments on "Mexico Trip"
This 68-year old nanna loved you on CTV & even more now…displaying such beauty, style & grace.
After watching you on CTV and feeling sad for your abrupt departure, I knew wherever you landed and whatever you decided to take on, you would do so with beauty and grace. And I was right! Glad to see you again as well as seeing you look so happy.


text:
Enyimba's Akas credits Eagles coaches for CHAN ticket
Kolade Oni
23:20 IST 21/08/2017
The People's Elephant's defender believed that they qualified for the CHAN because they heeded coaches' instructions.
Chima Akas has stressed that the Super Eagles 'B' progressed to the African Nations Championship (CHAN) holding in Kenya next year because they played to the instructions of the team's technical crew and also corrected the mistakes they encountered during the first leg tie against the Squirrels of Benin Republic in Cotonou.
The Eagles beat Benin Republic 2-0 to scale through 2-1 on aggregate and Akas who saw action for the 90 minutes in the return leg tie played in Kano emphasized that they came back home to specifically work on their notable flaws of the first leg and score enough goals that will take them to the next CHAN.
"It was a relief that we are through to the CHAN competition. It won't have been a pleasant experience to miss out on it. We fought very hard and it wasn't a surprise that we got the goals that we needed. We were told that if we play the second leg with fewer errors that it won't be difficult eliminating them," Akas told Goal.
Cavani exit reflects poorly on PSG: Darling of Parc des Princes being bundled out the back door
Pushovers? Arteta's Arsenal rip up the script with dramatic draw at Chelsea
Don't blame Solskjaer for Rashford's injury, it's a sign of wider incompetence at Man Utd
Rayan Cherki already has Mbappe's backing but Lyon sensation must keep his feet on the ground
"The Squirrels came with delay tactics to frustrate us but we were calm and when Rabiu Ali got our first goal which leveled in the tie we knew that we have started our road to recovery. It wasn't long thereafter that we got the second at the restart of second half through Kingsley Eduwo.
"We are through to the CHAN now and the next emphasis should be on ensuring that we have a good preparation for it. We must correct the wrong impression our ouster from the first round of the last CHAN held in Rwanda," he concluded.


text:
Summertime Inspo: The Color Blue
July 29, 2021 By Mulino Italian Kitchen & Bar
Azzurro is the national color of Italy. The blue color, together with the tricolor flag, is a symbol of Italy. Let's take a deep dive into this gorgeous color blue and how it came to be the color of Italy.
History Buffs, This One's for You!
June 3, 2021 By Mulino Italian Kitchen & Bar
Most everyone can agree that Mulino is a gorgeous space, but do you know the history behind it? Originally built in 1900, the historic building we call home is a multi-use property serving as the location of Mulino on the ground floor, offices on the second floor, and the third floor for our special events venue, Melrose Knitting Mill.
Colorful Cocktails To Enjoy By Our Pool 🍹
April 13, 2021 By Mulino Italian Kitchen & Bar
The bar at Mulino is conceived as the storytelling of a traveler to Rome or Milan; the phrases on it offer glimpses of the Italian life – the tragic and the whimsical. The bar offers signs of a vivacious culture through fashion, food, wine, and gossip… it serves both as a reminder and a conversation […]
It's Cocktail Season!
Summer is in full swing and we have a fresh craft cocktail menu with selections for everyone to enjoy! Whether you are enjoying them outside on our amazing patio or inside with the air conditioning blasting, your taste buds are going to thank you.


On December 31, 2018 Oscar L. "Bud" Peebles, beloved husband of Marlene Peebles (nee Hierstetter); devoted father of Lori Baldwin and her husband Wayne, and Jodi Bailey and her husband Bob; dear brother of Jim, Cliff and Walt Peebles, Betty White and the late Sonny, Harold, and John Peebles, Mary Jo Bridgman, and Naomi Gaddis; loving grandfather of Wayne Baldwin, III, Emily Baldwin, and Samuel Bailey; dear brother-in-law of Stan Hierstetter.
I'm so sorry to hear about Bud's passing. I know from my memories that Bud loved his family very much in that he seemed to always provide for you. Everyone, including Bud, always made sure that I felt welcomed when I came to visit. I have fond memories of all of my visits there and the warm sharing that took place.
We had a lot of memories over the years, You will be missed. We send all oour love and prayers to the family!
Uncle Bud.. I have several fond memories with you, including the last few Red Devil Classics Golf tournaments. I know grandma Naomi will be happy to see your contagious smile. Rest easy and enjoy the golf up there.
To the Peebles family we are so sorry for your loss. We will be praying for you. We love you and are here for you.
Everytime I saw you uncle Bud you always had a smile on your face. I will miss you so so much.


text:
Back to law school 2022: God Save the Queen?
By Heidi J. T. Exner, CFE Originally published in The Lawyer's Daily, © LexisNexis Canada Inc. On May 27 of this year, the Sex Pistols...
The Dream v. The Reality
Guest Contribution from Justin O'Connell Congratulations! You achieved your goal of attending law school. Along with 130 of your peers,...
Cartoon Strip: Announcements by Emily Zheng
Graduate Students and Law Students, Together at Last!
Guest contribution from Sarah Meyers I don't know about the rest of you, but I have gone through post-secondary with the mindset that, as...
Ask The Experts: Naomi Sayers
By Glenn McAleer This summer, I had the great pleasure of meeting with Naomi Sayers, a lawyer and advocate licensed to practice in...
Dentons is designed to be different.
Guest contribution from our mentors at Dentons As the world's largest law firm, we redefine what is possible and shape the future....
Spotlight: David Holub Interdisciplinary CleanTech Design Challenge
By Shakira Yazdani Are you wondering whether your experience or previous studies in different fields will ever help you in your legal...
Q&A with Dean Holloway
Guest contribution from Dean Holloway Hi, Dean Holloway. How are you doing? How has your summer been? Hi! Things are well. And it's been...
Glenn's Pens: Back to School Edition
by Glenn McAleer Going back to school can be nerve-wracking. What helps break those jitters better than feeling prepared? Back to school...
Choose Your Own Adventure: Articling Edition
By Heidi J. T. Exner, CFE At first glance, law school seems like it is a regimented journey. This might especially appear to be the case...
Accountants v. Lawyers. Are We Staying in our own Lanes?
Guest contribution from Sarah Hawco, CPA CA, LLM, CIRP, Q. Arb., CFE I have been a Chartered Accountant, now a Chartered Professional...
JURIST: ABOUT US
JURIST (Web: jurist.org) is an award-winning legal news service powered by law students from around the world. In addition to our Web...
The Trenches: Becoming a Criminal Lawyer
By Randann Sargent Criminal defence work requires an unwavering resoluteness, fortitude, and the raw grit—if not flat-out ego (I'm...
Crocheting for Law Students
By Athina Pantazopoulos In an increasingly digital academic world, where so much of the work done by students never leaves the screen in...
Editor's Note: [W]rite of Passage
By Heidi J. T. Exner, CFE The dog days of summer are upon us! Though I complain about the oppressive heat and thickness of the air this...
Naomi Sayers is a special guest "expert" in this issue's "Ask the Experts" column.
Naomi is a lawyer and Indigenous feminist, called to the Ontario (2018) and Alberta (2020) bars with nearly a decade of consulting...
Meet our Guest Contributor: Justin O'Connell
Justin O'Connell is a Calgary-based lawyer who has run his own practice, O'Connell Law, since 1996. Savvy at the business end of the law,...
Meet our Guest Contributor: Sarah Meyers
Sarah Meyers is a Master's Candidate with the Centre for Military, Security and Strategic Studies at the University of Calgary. Her...
Meet our Guest Contributor: Dr Ian (Dean) Holloway
Ian Holloway has been Dean of Law at the University of Calgary since 2011. Prior to this, Ian served as dean at another Canadian law...
Meet our Guest Contributor: Sarah Hawco
Co-founder, CPA CA, LLM, CIRP, CFE, Q. Arb Sarah has an extraordinary wealth of legal and financial expertise that brings a 360-degree...


text:
Q: Showing Webhook URL to Users I generated a connector app with Yeoman Generator for Microsoft Teams using yo teams command.
When I use below code at src\client\msteamsConnector\MsteamsConnectorConfig.tsx I can see the webhook url at console.
import * as React from "react";
import { Provider, Flex, Header, Dropdown, ShorthandCollection, DropdownItemProps } from "@fluentui/react-northstar";
import { useState, useEffect, useRef } from "react";
import { useTeams } from "msteams-react-base-component";
import * as microsoftTeams from "@microsoft/teams-js";

/**
 * Implementation of the msteamsConnector Connector connect page
 */
export const MsteamsConnectorConfig = () => {

    microsoftTeams.initialize();

    microsoftTeams.settings.getSettings((setting: any) => {
        console.log(setting.webhookUrl);
    });

    return (
            <Flex fill={true}>
                <Flex.Item>

                </Flex.Item>
            </Flex>
    );
};

What I actually want to do is showing user's webhook url on connector configuration page. But when I try it with below code it doesn't work:
import * as React from "react";
import { Provider, Flex, Header, Dropdown, ShorthandCollection, DropdownItemProps } from "@fluentui/react-northstar";
import { useState, useEffect, useRef } from "react";
import { useTeams } from "msteams-react-base-component";
import * as microsoftTeams from "@microsoft/teams-js";

/**
 * Implementation of the msteamsConnector Connector connect page
 */
export const MsteamsConnectorConfig = () => {

    microsoftTeams.initialize();

    let var1;

    microsoftTeams.settings.getSettings((setting: any) => {
        console.log(setting.webhookUrl);
        var1 = setting.webhookUrl;
    });

    return (
            <Flex fill={true}>
                <Flex.Item>

                    {var1}

                </Flex.Item>
            </Flex>
    );
};

It is probably an easy question but I am not experienced on front-end technologies and couldn't find a way to fix this. How can I show users' webhook url to themselves?

A: Try the code below
import * as React from "react";
import { Provider, Flex, Header, Dropdown, ShorthandCollection, DropdownItemProps } from "@fluentui/react-northstar";
import { useState, useEffect, useRef } from "react";
import { useTeams } from "msteams-react-base-component";
import * as microsoftTeams from "@microsoft/teams-js";

/**
 * Implementation of the msteamsConnector Connector connect page
 */
export const MsteamsConnectorConfig = () => {

    microsoftTeams.initialize();

    const [webhookUrl, setWebhookURL] = React.useState("");

    microsoftTeams.settings.getSettings((setting: any) => {
        console.log(setting.webhookUrl);
        setWebhookURL(setting.webhookUrl);
    });

    return (
            <Flex fill={true}>
                <Flex.Item>

                    {webhookUrl}

                </Flex.Item>
            </Flex>
    );
};

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Statistics Have A Well-Known Keynesian Bias
Por economistasfrentealacrisis | octubre 19, 2011 | 0
http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/19/statistics-have-a-well-known-keynesian-bias/?smid=tw-NytimesKrugman&seid=auto
OK, several correspondents have weighed in on the story I'd heard about the economics department that abandoned econometrics because it was rejecting its models. It wasn't quite as alleged, but close enough.
The department in question was the University of Minnesota. For those readers new to this discussion, "freshwater-saltwater" was a distinction originally due to Bob Hall, who noted that the economics departments that had rejected Keynes and anything reminiscent of Keynes were inland schools like Minnesota, Chicago, and Rochester, whereas the places that retained a belief in the usefulness of monetary and fiscal policy were places like MIT, Princeton, and Berkeley.
So the story as I now have it was that there was harsh conflict between the macroeconomic theorists at UMinn, especially Prescott, and the econometricians who had the nasty habit of showing that those models didn't work. And for at least some period econometrics was dropped as a required course for the Ph.D. — I don't know whether it has been restored.
I think it's worth putting two quotes up, one after the other:
Robert Lucas in 1980 (pdf):
At research seminars, people don't take Keynesian theorizing seriously anymore; the audience starts to whisper and giggle to one another
Chris Sims, 2011:
Professor Sims doesn't want to be pigeonholed. "I'm not 'non-Keynesian,' " he said, adding that he has been an active "promoter of new Keynesian macroeconomic models," because they "are the place in our profession where theory and data and policy decision-making are coming together."
I'd just add that correspondents tell me that the anti-Keynesians pretty much blockade any hiring of new Keynesians in their departments.
Publicado en Artículos


Serbia is home to mountains, monasteries, vampires (well, maybe), raspberries and an edgy nightlife scene. The Balkan nation is growing as a destination for tourists and is very much cash based compared to other countries in Western Europe. Visa and Mastercard credit cards are widely accepted by merchants with point of sale card payment facilities as well as ATMs. Banking services and facilities in Belgrade and other large cities are modern and safe; however, you may have problems using your cards for purchases in towns and rural areas. ATM access may be limited in these places, too. The currency of the Republic of Serbia is the dinar (RSD). We compare products you can use to spend in RSD without paying international transaction fees.
How much dinars do I need to bring to the Serbia?
A platinum credit card that features 0% foreign transaction fees, complimentary travel insurance covers and no annual fee.
Serbia and the Balkans are cheaper than Western Europe and you can find prices to suite both shoestring and unlimited budgets.
The Aussie dollar peaked against the Serbian dinar in 2012 when 1 AUD was equal to 100 dinars – over the past few years the average rate has been about 80 dinars. Travel cards and traveller's cheques let you lock in a rate; however, no travel cards support RSD and Serbian dinar traveller's cheques are not available from American Express or Thomas Cook.
Visa and Mastercard can be used at most merchants – look for the Visa/Electron Mastercard/Maestro symbol at the point of sale or on the front of the ATM. You'll need cash for smaller purchases and when outside the major cities: Belgrade, Nis, Novi Sad and Zemun for example.
There are no travel cards which support spending in Serbian dinars. A travel card can be used throughout Europe; just look for a card that waives the currency conversion fee if you want to use a prepaid travel money card in Serbia. There are debit cards and credit cards on the market which waive currency conversion fees – you can compare these cards below. Some products even waive international ATM charges, too.
The Commonwealth Bank Travel Money Card, the Qantas Cash and the STA Travel CashFLEX Visa Card are some products that could be used in Serbia due to their lack of currency conversion fee. These products can be a convenient way to spend your own money overseas with the security of an additional card. Using any other travel card will cost you at least 3% extra. The American Express GlobalTravel Card also doesn't charge for currency conversion; however, you may encounter issues with American Express acceptance in Serbia.
Depending on the card, you might be charged a fee when you purchase a travel card, load the card with funds or when the card has been inactive for more than 12 months. Prepaid cards often let you lock in the exchange rate that's in place at the time of loading your funds, but they often don't charge as competitive exchange rates as credit cards and debit cards.
Travel debit cards can be used both over the counter and at ATMs. Our comparison of travel friendly debit cards includes just one transaction account suited for overseas spending. The Citibank Plus waives the currency conversion fee for purchases and ATM withdrawals, it waives the international ATM fee and there's no monthly charge to keep the account. It comes with a Visa Debit Card. You can also use the account to make free Citibank Global Transfers to international Citi accounts.
Serbs have been able to make contactless payments for years; Australian debit cards (and credit cards) with a CHIP can make contactless payments in Serbia. However, the limits may be different. For example in Australia, you can tap and go for purchases under $100. The Citibank Plus Visa Debit can be used for contactless payments up to about $20 in Serbia. You may need to enter your PIN if you want to make a larger purchase.
The GE Money 28 Degrees Platinum Mastercard, Bankwest Platinum cards and Coles Rewards Mastercard waive the 3% fee for spending in a foreign currency. The Bankwest Platinum cards waive the international ATM withdrawal fee as well as the currency conversion fee. However, using your credit card for a cash advance is an expensive transaction. These cards give you interest free days on purchases when you pay your balance off in full each month; there are no interest free days when you use your card for cash withdrawals. While it is possible to transfer your own money to one of these credit cards to avoid interest charges, you won't be covered by the card's no liability guarantee.
You can change traveller's cheques at banks; however, there's no guarantee the bank will accept traveller's cheques and they can't be used in-store. This form of travel money has largely been replaced by travel cards and debit cards. Using a Visa or Mastercard product to make an ATM withdrawal is a reliable way to get foreign cash and the card schemes offer no liability guarantees which means you'll get your money back if someone gets your card and uses it.
You must declare cash (including traveller's cheques) over the amount of $10,000 when you enter and exit Serbia. If you're planning on bringing cash you can exchange Australian dollars for dinars at most banks and exchange offices. Banks offer a worse rate than exchange offices; there should be no commission on the transaction other than a small margin on the rate.
Travel, debit and credit cards are accepted in the cities but you'll more than likely need cash if you're shopping for food, clothes or souvenirs at markets, buying bread and baked goods from bakeries, cigarettes, beer or wine, lunch at a hole in the wall restaurant and so on. You will need dinars in Serbia; petrol stations near the borders may take euros at an unfavourable exchange rate.
ATMs are common throughout the cities; however, availability can be a problem in villages. The local post office may be able to give you a cash advance if you find yourself in an area lacking ATM and banking facilities. Bank ATMs do not charge a local ATM operator fee.
Victor and Salome went to Serbia's famous EXIT electronic music festival in the Petrovaradin Fortress, Novi Sad, near Belgrade. They'd just come from Hungary and the festival was only a short stop on a longer trip through Europe. They arrived in Belgrade and took a train to Novi Sad.
Victor says he had his St.George Visa Debit Card and St.George Vertigo Platinum Visa credit card.
Salome says she took the Citibank Plus Transaction Account Visa Debit Card and the Citi Clear Platinum Visa credit card.
Victor paid for their flights using his Vertigo Platinum Visa to take advantage of the complimentary insurance benefit. Salome was also covered by the insurance because Victor is her husband and they were travelling together. The Citibank Plus is Salome's transaction account in Australia; it doubles as her travel account because she doesn't pay any international transaction fees or withdrawal fees. She says there's no monthly fee either.
Victor didn't have any trouble using his credit card when he needed it. He took Salome out to dinner in Belgrade when they arrived and bought some supplies for the festival. They visited Kalemegdan Park to see Belgrade Fortress – Salome says there were lots of stalls selling souvenirs and they only accepted cash.
Salome didn't pay ATM fees when she made a withdrawal from an ATM operated by a bank. She used a Banca Intesa ATM in Belgrade. Citi didn't charge her for currency conversion or an international ATM fee and the Serbian bank didn't charge a fee either, she says.
The couple says it's hard to look further than the Citibank Plus Transaction Account if you're conscious about saving money on overseas bank fees.
Have a look at the Belgrade Pass. It gives you discounts on admission to museums, discounts on dinner at selected restaurants, hotels, hostels, car rental and a comprehensive city guide for €19, says Victor. Salome adds that you should always tell your bank when you're leaving the country, otherwise they may block your cards if they see an overseas transaction.
Your options are limited if you want to purchase dinars in Australia. It's better to wait till you arrive in Serbia to buy them. Due to the exotic nature of the currency, dinars can be hard to find here and the rate and commission applied by institutions in Australia is much higher than in Serbia.
Pick a mixture of ways to access and spend your money when you're in Serbia so you have options if a card goes missing. A credit card is a convenient line of credit you can use on holiday, while a debit card or prepaid travel card is a good option when you want to make an ATM withdrawal.
If you have any questions about travel money for Serbia, get in touch with us using the form at the bottom of the page.
We have some inside information on how to get the most out of your money in Peru.


text:
Georgian citizen detained on South-Ossetian border
A resident of the village of Kveshi, located on the border with South Ossetia, was detained on May 5, the Georgian State Security Service (SSS) has reported today.
The "Caucasian Knot" has reported that on April 20, the office of the State Minister of Georgia for Reconciliation reported that a resident of the village of Medjvriskhevi, located on the border with South Ossetia, was kidnapped from his land plot. On April 23, he was released after paying a fine for trespassing, and handed over to Georgian law enforcers.
On April 5, an 80-year-old resident of the village of Kveshi of the Gori District was detained, the "InterPressNews" has reported today with reference to the Georgia's SSS.
According to the edition, the above ministry has activated its hotline, and also informed the Monitoring Mission of the European Union (EU).
Amiran Meladze was detained at the separation line while gathering asparagus, the "Echo of the Caucasus" has reported today.
This article was originally published on the Russian page of 24/7 Internet agency 'Caucasian Knot' on May 6, 2019 at 02:30 pm MSK. To access the full text of the article, click here.
Georgian resident detained on Abkhaz border, Medical examiners of Georgia and Abkhazia voice out different reasons of Kvaratskheliya's death, South-Ossetian delegates refuse discussing Archil Tatunashvili's case.
All news; Conflicts; Politics; Incidents; Society; Georgia; South Caucasus; South Ossetia


text:
The Port Huron Statement at 50
Reassessing the document that sparked an era of activism.
Tom Hayden
With Responses From
Our economic inequalities were anticipated even at the height of postwar affluence.
Kim Phillips-Fein
Fifty years on, the Statement can be read in a thousand ways.
The advances in student power have shaped higher education.
Angus Johnston
Confronting Empire from Port Huron to Occupy.
Eric Mann
The Statement was nothing less than a proto-ideology for a New Left.
Kirkpatrick Sale
We cannot be free without being equal.
Some crucial passages are strikingly at variance with contemporary politics.
Jennifer Hochschild
Only moral clarity will transform alienation and apathy into action.
Trevor Stutz
The Statement was a clarion call for people to take control of social institutions.
Bernardine Dohrn
The Port Huron Statement's core message is timeless but not dogmatic: we all need participatory democracy.
Spirits of the '60s keep appearing before me.
I see the spirit of the 1961 Freedom Rides in today's bold undocumented undergraduates fighting for the Dream Act at the risk of deportation. These young people are putting their bodies on the line, as so many students did in the '60s when facing segregation, the draft, and the university-turned-knowledge-factory. I see the same '60s spirit reborn in the one million strong protesting for immigrant rights on the streets of Los Angeles. I see it in the students being dragged away or pepper-sprayed as they assemble to fight escalating tuitions. I see it in the movement to confront global warming, where, in the words of the Port Huron Statement, if activists "appear to seek the unattainable, let it be known that we do so to avoid the unimaginable." And I see it in the Occupy Movement, whose own September 17 manifesto's first principle demands a "direct and transparent participatory democracy."
The Port Huron Statement is, in other ways, irrelevant and retro today. It was written before the Kennedy assassination; before the Vietnam escalation; before the modern women's movement, the farm workers' union, the peace, anti-draft, and GI movements. But its call for participatory democracy echoed through all those struggles. For example, the late community organizer Carl Wittman saw the student, civil rights, and anti-poverty movements as a collective realization of the Statement's vision and, furthering that belief, wrote the first gay liberation manifesto during the Stonewall riots in 1969. Millions of people like Carl were in the closet one way or another in the early '60s. Participatory democracy was a great coming out by everyone.
Participatory democracy is embodied in tactics of direct action and of decision-making aimed at achieving consensus. But its scope is broader and includes progressive tools of referendum, recall, and initiative we see unfurled today in Wisconsin and in efforts to extend and deepen public participation in foreign policy, workplace decision-making, neighborhood assemblies, interactive learning, and so on. It also includes the underground press and independent media, which arose in response to the arrogant indifference of the mainstream news corporations. The Internet and social media now promise the greatest expansion of participatory democracy in history.
Participatory democracy as a framework can unite single-issue movements around a larger long-term goal. Liberals, radicals, libertarians, populists, Marxists, feminists, anarchists, progressive entrepreneurs, poets, musicians, unions, parties, non-governmental organizations, and even conservatives (sometimes) can easily fit in. While some of these groups may enjoy being isolated vanguards of the fringe, most people would prefer to steer their boats in a wider sea with many currents.
Participatory democracy can manifest even in the electoral arena, such as the moving upswell of commitment to Barack Obama among young people, African-Americans, and many others in the historic election of 2008. But typically it begins at the margins and pushes into the mainstream through many fits and starts. The establishment embraces participatory democracy's reforms when pragmatic representatives realize that it is better to concede on the issues than allow the popular surge to become more radical and destabilizing. When we win, the public forgets, the media announces that the system works, and the inevitable countermovement tries to contain and undermine the achievement.
For example, how many people remember that it took hundreds of activists in wheelchairs occupying federal buildings in Washington D.C. before the Americans for Disability Rights Act was passed? I think about them with gratitude every time I stand on a curb.
Participatory democracy is based on an "inside-outside" strategy: it doesn't rely only on candidates and legislation, but also on the moral energy of masses of people standing up or supporting those who do. We should honor all those who went to jail to resist the Vietnam War or racism, but also thank the courageous politicians such as Ron Dellums, Bella Abzug, and more recently Russ Feingold and Dennis Kucinich, who have risked their careers to open the doors of institutions to the winds of change.
The Port Huron Statement is neither a relic for ancestor-worship nor a modern catechism. Its core message is timeless but not dogmatic: participatory democracy is the political expression of the universal human need to be involved in the joint-creation of our community and, through that collective activity, the creation of ourselves.
We need greater democratic oversight of AI not...
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Robin D. G. Kelley
American Extremism Has Always Flowed from the Border
Donald Trump says there is "a crisis of the...
Greg Grandin
Politics is for Power, Not Consumption
Eitan Hersh
Loving Latin at the End of the World
Joel Christensen
The Long History of Debt Cancellation
Olivia Schwob
Rambo Politics from Reagan to Trump
Bonnie Honig
It's No Secret Why Republicans Win
Nicole Hemmer
Whose Liberalism?
Atone—But Not Because It Will Save Democracy
Samuel Clowes Huneke
How Not to Do Activism
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MLK Now
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The songbook features 19 songs from Bosnia, Croatia, Serbia, Macedonia and Bulgaria. Songs are transcribed in two, three and four voice harmony with complete translations and a pronounciation guide. The companion CD includes all 19 songs in duet, quartet, large and small ensemble combinations. Some songs are a cappella, others accompanied by accordians, guitar, bass, tamburicas and dumbek.
Mary Cay Brass lived in the former Yugoslavia on a Fulbright scholarship from 1976-1978. She currently directs several community choruses specializing in music from Balkans as well as other community-based traditional singing styles.
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