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Effects of superheating magnitude on olivine growth
Emily C. First1,2,
Tanis C. Leonhardi1,3 &
Julia E. Hammer ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-5977-29321
Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology volume 175, Article number: 13 (2020) Cite this article
Magmatic superheating is a condition with relevance to natural systems as well as experimental studies of crystallization kinetics. Magmas on Earth and other planetary bodies may become superheated during adiabatic ascent from the mantle or as a consequence of meteorite impact-generated crustal melting. Experimental studies of igneous processes commonly employ superheating in the homogenization of synthetic starting materials. We performed 1-atmosphere dynamic crystallization experiments to study the effects of superliquidus thermal history on the morphologies and compositions of subsequently grown olivine crystals. An ultramafic volcanic rock with abundant olivine was fused above the experimentally determined liquidus temperature (1395 °C), held for 0, 3, or 12 h, cooled at 25 °C h−1, and quenched from 200 °C below the liquidus, all at constant fO2, corresponding to FMQ-2 ± 0.2 log units. An increase in olivine morphologic instability is correlated with superheating magnitude, parameterized as the integrated time the sample is held above the liquidus ("TtL"; °C h). We infer that a delay in nucleation, which intensifies monotonically with increasing TtL, causes crystal growth to be increasingly rapid. This result indicates that the structural relaxation time scale controlling the formation of crystal nuclei is (a) far longer than the time scale associated with viscous flow and (b) exceeds the liquidus dwell times typically imposed in crystallization experiments. The influence of magmatic superheating on crystal morphology is similar in sense and magnitude to that of subliquidus cooling rate and thus, both factors should be considered when interpreting the thermal history of a volcanic rock containing anhedral olivine.
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We gratefully thank M. Garcia for discussions and samples, E. Hellebrand, T. Shea, J. Boesenberg, S. Mallick, B. Chilson Parks, A. Charn, and I. Fendley for analytical assistance; B. Welsch, G. Libourel, M. Rutherford, and M. Davis for lively debates; N. Arndt, B. Lange, S. Mollo and anonymous reviewers for thoughtful comments. This work was supported by National Science Foundation (US) awards EAR1321890 and EAR1347887 and is SOEST publication #10803.
Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
Emily C. First
, Tanis C. Leonhardi
& Julia E. Hammer
Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
Tanis C. Leonhardi
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EF: Conceptualization, experimental methodology, chemical analysis, geochemical modeling. TL: Experimental investigation, chemical analysis, imaging and image processing methodology. JH: Geochemical modeling, manuscript preparation.
Correspondence to Julia E. Hammer.
Communicated by Gordon Moore.
Supplementary material 1 (XLSX 52 kb)
Supplementary material 3 (PDF 4049 kb)
Supplementary material 4 (XLSX 108 kb)
Appendix A. Critically evaluating the effects of Na-loss
The conditions and consequences of the loss of volatile alkalis such as Na are exacerbated in our Na-rich starting material (~ 2 wt.% in the whole rock) by high operating temperatures (≤ 1500 °C). Noting the importance of Na2O concentration for olivine stability (e.g., Mathieu et al. 2011) and melt viscosity, we critically examine the effects of Na loss on our determination of the equilibrium olivine-in temperature and olivine growth rate.
Influence on liquidus temperature
Loss of Na serves to raise the liquidus of a silicate melt (Mathieu et al. 2011). Therefore, determining the liquidus of an alkalic melt undergoing volatile loss could be difficult. Notably, liquids having experienced severe Na-loss, with TL > 1395 °C, are thus likely to be less superheated than is implied by the reported + ∆T value. However, compositional analyses of the glass in five liquidus-seeking experiments (supplementary Excel file) show that variable Na loss does not significantly affect the olivine-in temperature of this composition at the conditions studied. For example, two experiments at 1396 °C were run for either 12 h (L11) or 6 h (L13), with the shorter duration quench product containing more than twice the Na2O content of the longer duration run. Crystals were only positively identified via SEM, and only in the 12 h sample. However, glass compositions show that the 6 h sample is slightly more evolved, suggesting our thin section of the 6 h sample simply did not intersect the minute amount of olivine present. Curiously, the lower Na content of the 12 h run should increase Tliquidus and result in more olivine crystallization at the given temperature, but this is not reflected in the liquid compositions. A similar comparison can be made between L06 and L12, run at 1380 °C for 12 h and 6 h, respectively. Again, despite more than 50% relative loss of Na2O in the 12 h run compared to the 6 h run, liquid compositions reveal similar ratios of Mg/Fe, Ca/Mg, and Al/Mg, suggesting no dramatic shift in liquidus temperature and thus corresponding olivine crystallization.
It is also clear from these glass analyses that the experiments at 1380 °C crystallized olivine, whereas the experiments at 1393–1396 °C have glass compositions almost identical to the high-T quench experiments (supplementary Excel file). Calculations using MELTS (Gualda et al. 2012) show an estimated liquidus temperature of 1373 °C, using the composition in Table 1. Thus, our glass data, similarity to MELTS calculations, and the observation that no relict olivine (identified visually or via glass composition) occurs in runs with TtL > 2, supports the determination of 1395 °C as the liquidus temperature of this material.
Influence on olivine growth rate
In addition to decreasing the actual superheating degree, Na-loss potentially influences crystal growth rate through an increase in the magnitude of undercooling imposed on the system at a given temperature during cooling, and secondly, through an increase in melt viscosity (Giordano et al. 2008). Increasing the undercooling increases the crystal growth rate, whereas increasing viscosity depresses the growth rate through a control on the mobility of crystal-forming components in the liquid. Could elevated growth rate in the high TtL samples result from Na-loss, rather than an influence of superheating on crystal nucleation? We quantitatively evaluate the competing effects of Na-loss for incipient olivine growth (i.e. the onset of crystallization) utilizing the classical formation of crystal growth rate with simplifying assumptions (Turnbull and Cohen 1960; Wagstaff 1968), adopted by Kirkpatrick (1975) and summarized in Eq. 2.
$$Y = \frac{fkT}{{3\eta \pi a_{0}^{2} }}\left[ {1 - \exp \left( {\frac{{ - \Delta H_{\text{fus}} \Delta T}}{{RTT_{\text{L}} }}} \right)} \right]$$
where Y is crystal face advance rate (m s−1); f is the fraction of sites available for atoms to attach to the crystal; k is the Boltzmann constant; T is temperature (K); η is the liquid viscosity (Pa s) calculated as a function of both composition and T according to Giordano et al. (2008); ao is the molecular layer thickness, here taken as the forsterite lattice parameter a, 4.75 × 10−10 m; TL is the olivine-in temperature (either 1395 or 1410 °C); ∆Hfus (J mol−1) is the heat of fusion of at TL, calculated for Fo86 at 1395 and 1410 °C using ∆Hfus values (Stebbins and Carmichael 1984; Richet et al. 1993) and heat capacity coefficients (Robie et al. 1978) for end-member forsterite and fayalite; in this context, ∆T is the undercooling (TL–T); and R is the gas constant. The absolute value of growth rate is poorly constrained through imprecise knowledge of f and ao. We address this problem by assuming f = 0.007, which reproduces the olivine growth rate observed in situ at ∆T = 75 °C (Jambon et al. 1992), adjusted for liquid viscosity. Importantly, the relative positions and magnitudes of growth rate maxima depend only on viscosity, ∆T, and TL, which we calculate for liquids using arbitrarily extreme values in Na2O content (4.7 and 0.2 wt.%) that go even beyond the loss in our experiments. We utilize MELTS (Gualda et al. 2012) for ∆T and TL calculations, and Giordano et al. (2008) for viscosity calculations.
As anticipated, increasing TL pushes the entire bell-shaped growth rate curve toward higher temperature, whereas increasing viscosity depresses the height of the curve. A crossover exists, such that olivine growth rate is more rapid in the Na-depleted liquid near TL, but at lower temperatures, growth is more rapid in the un-depleted melt (Fig. 6). The skeletal crystals observed in our experiments indicate growth at high undercooling, likely at temperatures below the crossover point (1370 °C). Making a comparison with the experiments of Faure et al. (2003), at our experimental cooling rate of 25 °C h−1, undercooling > 50 °C is necessary to produce the olivine morphologies in our experiments. Because Na-loss tends to reduce the growth rate at high undercooling, progressive Na-loss is unlikely to give rise to the morphologic progression with increasing TtL (Fig. 2). The inferred variations in growth rate more plausibly arise from differences in nucleation undercooling arising from superheating, as described above. We emphasize that this sensitivity analysis does not model olivine growth rate as it occurs in our experimental charges during cooling. The crystal growth rate varies with evolving viscosity and undercooling, with the former progressively increasing and the latter a complex function of decreasing temperature (raising the undercooling) and incremental crystallization (decreasing the undercooling).
Olivine growth rate calculated as function of temperature (Eq. 2) for two cases representing extremes in Na2O content. The amplitude of the growth curve for the Na2O-rich composition (filled circle at 1320 °C) is anchored to the Y value obtained for the same ∆T by Jambon et al. (1992), multiplied by the inverse ratio of the respective liquid viscosities (378), by hand-fitting parameter f in Eq. 2
First, E.C., Leonhardi, T.C. & Hammer, J.E. Effects of superheating magnitude on olivine growth. Contrib Mineral Petrol 175, 13 (2020) doi:10.1007/s00410-019-1638-7
Superheating
Textural analysis
Crystal nucleation


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Beersel is een plaats en gemeente in de Belgische provincie Vlaams-Brabant, gelegen aan de zuidrand van de Brusselse agglomeratie, waarmee het vergroeid is.

Geschiedenis
De naam Beersel wordt voor het eerst vermeld in 847 (als Bersalis). De plaats behoorde aanvankelijk tot de meierij van (Sint-Genesius-) Rode. Intussen bezaten de heren van Beersel in dit gebied een allodium en een klein leengoed, dat aan verschillende geslachten heeft toebehoord. De eerst bekende heer van Beersel was Godfried van Hellebeke, seneschalk van het hertogdom Brabant, een functie die de Beerselse slotheren zullen blijven behouden. Hij bezat er ca. 1312 reeds een burcht. In 1391 verkreeg Jan I van Witthem (overleden 1405), seneschalk onder hertogin Johanna van Brabant en haar echtgenoot Wenceslas van Luxemburg, de erkenning van zijn heerlijke rechten over Brussel en omgeving. Met de hulp van een Brusselse volksmilitie slaagde hij erin het naburige kasteel van Gaasbeek, waar de moordenaars van Everaard t'Serclaes zich verscholen hadden, in te nemen. Zijn nakomelingen zullen zeven generaties lang, tot het einde van de 16e eeuw, burchtheren blijven.

Onder Hendrik III van Witthem (achterkleinzoon van Jan I) werd het kasteel in 1489 ingenomen door een troepenmacht uit Brussel, dat in opstand was gekomen tegen Maximiliaan van Oostenrijk. De woedende Brusselaars verwoestten eerst de stadswoning van Hendrik in de Voldersstraat, en trokken toen, onder leiding van Filips van Kleef, met zwaar geschut naar Beersel. De burcht werd verdedigd door Hendriks zoon Filips van Witthem, aanvankelijk met succes. Maar bij een tweede poging werd ze zwaar beschadigd, en moest het garnizoen zich overgeven. De kapitein, Willem van Ramilly, werd openbaar gelyncht op de Brusselse Grote Markt. Maximiliaan nam echter wraak en belegerde Brussel, dat door uitputting en pest moest capituleren. De Brusselaars werden ertoe verplicht het huis van Hendrik terug op te bouwen en het kasteel van Beersel te herstellen.

Op 26 mei 1491 werd Hendrik III van Witthem, burchtheer van Beersel, verheven tot ridder in de Orde van het Gulden Vlies, en later tot kamerheer van keizer Karel V. Hij werd zo een van de machtigste heren van zijn tijd. Hij overleed op 17 september 1515. Zijn zoon Filips (overleden 1523) volgde hem op. Toen Filips' kleinzoon Jan II in 1591 overleed, verdween de laatste mannelijke erfgenaam van het geslacht van Witthem. Door het huwelijk van zijn dochter Ernestina ging het kasteel en de heerlijkheid over in de handen van de hertogen van Arenberg. Door verwaarlozing raakte het kasteel in verval naar het einde van de 18e eeuw. Onder koning Willem I werd het tijdelijk in gebruik genomen als katoenweverij (1818), maar de onderneming kende weinig succes. Ten slotte werd het gedeeltelijk afgebroken en verder aan het verval overgelaten. Een grondige restauratie rond het midden van de 20e eeuw wist echter een van de zuiverste voorbeelden van laatmiddeleeuwse militaire architectuur van de ondergang te redden.

Tweede Wereldoorlog
De gemeente werd rond 23 mei 1940 bezet door het Duitse leger en bevrijd op 3 september 1944. Minstens twee weerstanders werden naar het Auffanglager van Breendonk gedeporteerd.

Geografie
De gemeente wordt gerekend tot de streek Zennevallei en heeft een oppervlakte van 30,01 km².

Deelgemeenten
Op 1 januari 1977 fuseerde Beersel met Alsemberg, Dworp, Huizingen en Lot tot de huidige gemeente Beersel. De nieuwe gemeente stelde tevergeefs voor haar naam te wijzigen in "Kesterbeek".

Kaart

Demografie
Een inwoner van Beersel wordt een Beerselaar genoemd.

Demografische evolutie voor de fusie

Bronnen:NIS, Opm:1831 tot en met 1970=volkstellingen

Demografische ontwikkeling van de fusiegemeente
Alle historische gegevens hebben betrekking op de huidige gemeente, inclusief deelgemeenten, zoals ontstaan na de fusie van 1 januari 1977.

Bronnen:NIS, Opm:1806 tot en met 1981=volkstellingen; 1990 en later= inwonertal op 1 januari

Politiek

Burgemeesters
 1986-2012: Hugo Casaer (CD&V), ere-burgemeester
 2013-heden: Hugo Vandaele (CD&V)

2013-2018
Burgemeester is Hugo Vandaele (CD&V). Hij leidt een coalitie bestaande uit CD&V, Open Vld en sp.a-Groen. Samen vormen ze de meerderheid met 14 op 27 zetels.

Resultaten gemeenteraadsverkiezingen sinds 1976

De zetels van de gevormde coalitie staan vetjes afgedrukt. De grootste partij is in kleur. (*) 1976: Sermon W / 1982: EVA (3,23%), RAD (1,09%) / 1994: W.O.W. / 2000: O.R.B.

Bezienswaardigheden

 Kasteel van Beersel

Cultuur

Strips
Het Suske en Wiske-album De schat van Beersel speelt zich grotendeels af in het kasteel van Beersel.

Sport
 Voetbalploeg Verbroedering Beersel Drogenbos (voorheen SK Beersel, SK Beersel Drogenbos en VC Lot): komt momenteel uit in 2de provinciale Brabant.
 Zaalvoetbalploeg ZVK Willemskouter Beersel (ZVK WK Beersel) werd gesticht in 1986 en is daarmee de oudste club uit de regio. In 2012 besloot de club om de overstap te maken van recreatief naar competitief niveau. Het startte in 2012 in 4de provinciale waar het meteen ook de titel behaalde, en steeg het daaropvolgend seizoen via een tweede plaats naar 2e provinciale. Sinds 2018 komt de ploeg uit in 1ste provinciale van de V.Z.V.B. In 2020 eindigde de ploeg op een derde plaats na de stopzetting van het seizoen door Covid-19. Tot op heden is ZVK WK Beersel de ploeg die het hoogst gerangschikt staat in het Vlaamse Zaalvoetbalverbond uit de streek.
 Zaalvoetbalploeg ZVC Beersel komt sinds 2010 uit in de 1ste provinciale van de Vlaamse zaalvoetbalbond. ZVC Beersel werd in 3 jaar tijd 3 maal achtereenvolgens kampioen en klom dus in één ruk van 4de provinciale naar 1ste provinciale. In het seizoen 2010-2011 eindigde het op een 9de plaats. In 2020 speelde ZVC Beersel in 3e provinciale van het V.Z.V.B.
 Om de vier jaar organiseren de lokale ambtenaren van Beersel een wielerwedstrijd, de zogenaamde Grote ambtenarenpijl Beersel (GAB).

Bekende Beerselaars

 Guillaume Dufay (1397-1474), componist
 Herman Teirlinck (1879-1967), schrijver
 Renaat Van Elslande (1916-2000), politicus
 Pierre Weemaels (1927-2004), componist, muziekpedagoog, dirigent en klarinettist
 Hilde Van Sumere (1932-2013), beeldhouwster
 Urbaan De Becker (1940-2015), journalist en radiopresentator

Zie ook
 Mandjeskaas
 Station Beersel
 Station Huizingen
 Station Lot

Externe link

 Website van de gemeente

Plaats in Vlaams-Brabant

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
David Ward New Single shared on Soundcloud
January 14, 2014 by Martin Nicholson-Warn
Tweet [google1 size="standard"]
David Ward has given a sneak preview of his new album due out in Febuary by releasing a single on Soundcloud. The new single give a view of the sound of his new album.
Taking his cues from the past and with a vision towards the future, David Ward has created a portal to the spiritual, the dirty, the beautiful and the raw on his second solo album, Golden Future Time.
Fresh off an acclaimed performance at the 2013 Vancouver International Jazz Festival, Ward's star is in the ascendant. Following up on 2012's celebrated EP trilogy, The Arrival, he has readied a textured brew of the cosmic and earthy; a sonic exploration of the muse combining electronica, R&B, funk, art-rock, disco and cabaret.
Cinematic in scope both musically and lyrically, Golden Future Time is a two part saga created for the artistic opportunity of vinyl. Each side takes the listener through different worlds and genres without compromising quality or cohesion.
The opening ambiance of Side A is quickly anchored with the dark and heavy pulse of the kick drum that ignites the 7/4 jam "slowly through the night." It's a threatening storm of angsty guitars and distorted bass. This passes into the meditative synths and off-kilter beat of the title track "Lost" which climaxes in a prog-rock jam evoking the psychedelic leanings of Pink Floyd. The remainder of Side A travels from the cabaret lullaby of "Ghost in the Woods" to the quiet yearning of "Be Here".
Side B picks up on the astral-soul tangent, taking us into a new dimension of Michael Jackson- esque harmonies, 70's disco guitar spank, and vintage synthesizers. A new galaxy of funk and R&B that slides between the dance floor groove of title track Golden Future Time to the impressionistic ballad, Bird in the Hand, to the synth-heavy, thundering bass hook of Fly.
Rooted in a respect and knowledge of what has come before, Ward looks to the future with artistry and daring.
He has been getting rave reviews including from Uncut who said
"Imagine Jeff Buckley's untethered falsetto with Stevie Wonder's warm, grainy tenor…David Ward has mastered both, plus all points between. Ward is clearly a versatile and ambitious talent." –
Also Clash Magazxine said
"David Ward is blessed with a high, trailing singing voice, the sort of thing which could recite the phonebook and have an audience in tears."
Finally Q simply said
"A very special artist indeed."
Please Leave a Comment on this Story
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Martin has been covering Music News for over 20 years. His first website was a fans site set up after the first ever V Festival. Martin has set up many music news and information over the years, and built up a big network of contacts within the music industry
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Sheridan School offers specialist therapeutic education for up to 60 young people aged 8-18 years with autism and/or SEMH difficulties (formally known as BESD).
The majority of our young people have conditions which have meant they have been unable to cope in mainstream schools. We offer specialist, smaller learning groups at both primary and secondary levels for students with a range of additional needs such as autism, post-traumatic stress disorder and attachment disorder.
Sheridan School aims to deliver the highest level of education tailored to individual needs in a safe, positive and structured environment where every student is encouraged to achieve the best possible academic, social and vocational outcomes.
Weekly 'APs & WAMs' assemblies. These Friday assemblies celebrate students who have been awarded by a teacher for their 'academic progress' (APs) and those who have been nominated by their peers as 'worth a mention' (WAPs) over the past week, with pupils receiving a certificate for their efforts.
Termly awards assemblies. These assemblies give pupils a chance to showcase their talents, such as dancing or bands playing, before presenting awards for the most improved young person in various categories, some of which are voted for by staff and others by students.
Termly open days. At the end of every term we hold an open day where parents are invited to come along, look at their child's work and talk about their progress.
We take a holistic approach to education at Sheridan School, focussing not only supporting our students to make academic progress, but also on helping them build their life and independence skills. Every element of the educational experience at Sheridan School is geared towards helping our pupils to develop life, communication and social skills.


text:
17 minutes to read
Microsoft Security Bulletin MS02-034 - Moderate
Cumulative Patch for SQL Server (Q316333)
Published: July 10, 2002 | Updated: February 28, 2003
Originally posted: July 10, 2002
Updated: February 28th, 2003
Who should read this bulletin: Database administrators using Microsoft® SQL Server™ or Microsoft SQL Server Desktop Engine (MSDE) 2000.
Impact of vulnerability: Three new vulnerabilities, the most serious of which could run code of attacker's choice on server.
Maximum Severity Rating: Moderate
Recommendation: Apply the patch immediately to affected systems.
Affected Software:
Microsoft SQL Server 2000 all editions.
Microsoft SQL Server Desktop Engine (MSDE) 2000.
Technical description:
This is a cumulative patch that includes the functionality of all previously released patches for SQL Server 2000. In addition, it eliminates three newly discovered vulnerabilities affecting SQL Server 2000 and MSDE 2000 (but not any previous versions of SQL Server or MSDE):
A buffer overrun vulnerability in a procedure used to encrypt SQL Server credential information. An attacker who was able to successfully exploit this vulnerability could gain significant control over the database and possibly the server itself depending on the account SQL Server runs as.
A buffer overrun vulnerability in a procedure that relates to the bulk inserting of data in SQL Server tables. An attacker who was able to successfully exploit this vulnerability could gain significant control over the database and possibly the server itself.
A privilege elevation vulnerability that results because of incorrect permissions on the Registry key that stores the SQL Server service account information. An attacker who was able to successfully exploit this vulnerability could gain greater privileges on the system than had been granted by the system administrator -- potentially even the same rights as the operating system.
Mitigating factors:
Unchecked Buffer in Password Encryption Procedure:
The effect of exploiting the vulnerability would depend on the specific configuration of the SQL Server service. SQL Server can be configured to run in a security context chosen by the administrator. By default, this context is as a domain user. If the default was chosen, it would minimize the amount of damage an attacker could achieve.
The vulnerability could be blocked by following best practices. Specifically, untrusted users should not be able to load and execute queries of their choice on a database server. In addition, publicly accessible database queries should filter all inputs prior to processing.
Unchecked Buffer in Bulk Insert Procedure:
An attacker would need to already possess significant rights on the server in order to exploit the vulnerability, as only Bulk Admins and full administrators have the ability to load and run queries that invoke the vulnerable procedure.
The effect of exploiting the vulnerability would depend on the specific configuration of the SQL Server service. SQL Server can be configured to run in a security context chosen by the administrator. By default, it runs in the context of a domain user; if chosen, this would minimize the amount of damage an attacker could achieve.
Best practices could help minimize the vulnerability. Specifically, untrusted users should not be able to load and execute queries of their choice on a database server. In addition, publicly accessible database queries should filter all inputs prior to processing.
Incorrect Permission on SQL Server Service Account Registry Key:
Successfully exploiting this vulnerability would require the ability to load and run queries on the system. By following best practices and limiting this ability to administrators, users can mitigate the threat posed by this vulnerability.
Successfully exploiting this vulnerability would also require a sysadmin or someone that has been granted xp_regwrite execute permissions.
Severity Rating:
Unchecked Buffer in Password Encryption Procedure
Internet Servers
Intranet Servers
Client Systems
SQL Server 2000 (Including MSDE 2000) Moderate Moderate Moderate
Unchecked Buffer in Bulk Insert Procedure
Incorrect Permission on SQL Server Service Account Registry Key
The above assessment is based on the types of systems affected by the vulnerability, their typical deployment patterns, and the effect that exploiting the vulnerability would have on them. In the case of the Unchecked Buffer in Bulk Insert Procedure, the vulnerability could only enable members of the Bulk Admin group to run code in an elevated security context. The incorrect permission on SQL Server Service Account Registry Key vulnerability would require that the attacker have the ability to load and run queries in order to exploit it.
Vulnerability identifier:
Unchecked Buffer in Password Encryption Procedure: CVE-CAN-2002-0624
Unchecked Buffer in Bulk Insert Procedure: CVE-CAN-2002-0641
Incorrect Permission on SQL Server Service Account Registry Key: CVE-CAN-2002-0642
Tested Versions:
Microsoft tested SQL Server 7.0 and SQL Server 2000 to assess whether they are affected by this vulnerability. SQL Server 7 is not affected by any of the vulnerabilities. Previous versions are no longer supported and may or may not be affected by this vulnerability.
What vulnerabilities are eliminated by this patch?
This is a cumulative patch that, when applied, address all previously addressed vulnerabilities. In addition, it eliminates three new vulnerability:
A buffer overrun vulnerability in a procedure that handles password encryption for SQL Server authentication that could enable code of an attacker's choice to be run in the same context as the SQL Server.
A buffer overrun vulnerability in a procedure that handles bulk inserting of database tables that could enable an attacker's code to run in the SQL Server Service Account's security context.
A privilege elevation vulnerability that could enable an attacker to gain the ability to execute SQL Server commands in the security context of the operating system.
What is MSDE, and how is it related to SQL Server?
Microsoft Data Engine (MSDE) is a database engine that's built and based on SQL Server technology, and which ships as part of several Microsoft products, including Microsoft Visual Studio and Microsoft Office Developer Edition. There is a direct connection between versions of MSDE and versions of SQL Server. MSDE 1.0 is based on SQL Server 7.0 technology; MSDE 2000 is based on SQL Server 2000. The vulnerabilities described here involves MSDE 2000 based on SQL Server 2000.
Unchecked Buffer in Password Encryption Procedure (CVE-CAN-2002-0624):
What's the scope of the first vulnerability?
This is a buffer overrun vulnerability. An attacker who was able to successfully exploit this vulnerability could gain significant control over the database and possibly the server itself depending on the account SQL Server runs as. In a worst case, the attacker could add, change or delete data or configuration information on the database or operating system. In order to exploit this vulnerability, an attacker would need to be a valid login within SQL Server and be able to load and run a query on the server, or be able to pass uncontrolled information into an existing query on the system. Best practices strongly recommends against both of these practices.
What causes the vulnerability?
The vulnerability results because of an unchecked buffer in a SQL Server function that handles the encryption of passwords for accounts that use SQL Server Authentication. By calling this function with specially chosen parameters, an attacker could cause a buffer overrun condition to occur.
What is SQL Server Authentication?
SQL Server can be configured to authenticate users in either of two ways: via Windows Authentication, which relies on Windows to store and authenticate user credentials, or SQL Server Authentication, in which SQL Server performs the authentication by comparing the username and password against information that is stored locally within tables in SQL Server itself. The vulnerability involves a SQL Server function that's involved in the latter type of authentication, and which provides support for the storage of SQL Server Authentication credentials.
What's wrong with the SQL Server password encryption function?
The function in question suffers from an unchecked buffer in a section of code which handles input. Because of this, it is possible for an attacker to call the function and provide it with input so that the buffer is overrun and the memory within the SQL Server process is overwritten.
What could this vulnerability enable an attacker to do?
An attacker who was able to successfully exploit this vulnerability could seek to execute code in the context of SQL Server service account on the SQL Server. The specific actions that the attacker's code could take would depend on the security context that SQL Server was running in at the time of the attempt to exploit the vulnerability. (It is worth noting, that the third vulnerability discussed below could potentially provide a way to change the security context of the SQL Server service). By default, SQL Server runs in a non-privileged security context as a domain-user. An attempt to exploit this vulnerability against a system running in this manner would gain control over the database, but little, if any control, over the system itself. If, however, the SQL Server had been configured to run in a security context with higher privileges, a successful attempt to exploit this vulnerability would yield a higher degree of control over the system. For example, if the server were running in the context of LocalSystem, then the attacker's program would have the same rights as the operating system itself, and could take any action on the system including, but not limited to, adding, changing or deleting data, altering the security settings, or adding privileged accounts.
How could an attacker exploit this vulnerability?
The most likely way an attacker could attempt to exploit this vulnerability would be to pass a query to the database server that called the function in question with specially formed parameters. The attacker would either have to be able to fully build and run queries on the system, or find a means to input this as part of an existing query on the system. In either circumstance, once the query is processed and the buffer overrun, the attack would be carried out.
Is there anything that I can do that would mitigate against attempts to exploit this vulnerability?
Yes. An attempt to exploit this vulnerability would require that the attacker have the means to pass uncontrolled data to the database server. If best practices limiting this ability have been followed, attempts to exploit this vulnerability could be mitigated or completely thwarted. Specifically, if database administrators ensure that only authorized administrators and dba's can load and run queries, and that existing queries strictly enforce checking and verification of data accepted as inputs to queries, an attacker's ability to exploit this vulnerability would be significantly if not completely impaired. In addition, following these best practices helps limit exposure to other issues that might arise due to mis-configuration such as SQL injection attacks for web-exposed data sources.
How does the patch eliminate the vulnerability?
The patch eliminates the vulnerability by ensuring that the input buffer in the password encryption function is properly validated.
Unchecked Buffer in Bulk Insert Procedure (CVE-CAN-2002-0641):
What's the scope of the second vulnerability?
This is a buffer overrun vulnerability. An attacker who was able to successfully exploit this vulnerability could gain significant control over the database and possibly the server itself. In a worst case, the attacker could add, change or delete data or configuration information on the database or operating system. In the case of this particular vulnerability, an attacker would need to have an account with at least Bulk Administrator privileges and be able to load and run a query on the server. This significantly limits the exposure of the vulnerability. What causes the vulnerability?
The vulnerability results because of an unchecked buffer in a SQL Server procedure that is used for the inserting of bulk data. As a result, it is possible for an attacker who can invoke this procedure to seek to levy a buffer overrun attack.
What do you mean by "inserting of bulk data"?
There is a command in SQL that allows bulk copying of data from data files into a database table or view in a user specified format. Only members of the sysadmin and bulkadmin fixed server roles can execute this command.
What's wrong with the Bulk Insert function?
The function in questions suffers from an unchecked buffer in a section of code which handles input. Because of this, it is possible for an attacker to call the function and provide it with input so that the buffer is overrun and the memory within the SQL Server process is overwritten.
This vulnerability could enable an attacker who was able to invoke this procedure to run code on the system in the context of the SQL Server service account. As discussed above, the SQL Server account by default has only Domain User privileges, but can be configured to run with higher privileges.
An attacker could seek to exploit this vulnerability by loading and running a query that calls the affected function. It's worth reiterating that the attacker would need to be a member of the Bulk Administrators group to do this. By default, this group has no members.
The Severity Rating Table says this vulnerability poses no risk on SQL 7.0. Why is this?
Although SQL 7.0 does contain the Bulk Insert procedure, and it does contain the buffer overrun, the vulnerability can't be used to attack a system. In SQL 7.0, only members of the Administrators group can call the Bulk Insert procedure - but administrators already have full control over the server, so there would be no gain in doing this.
The patch eliminates the vulnerability by implementing proper checking of the input buffer in the bulk inserting procedure.
Incorrect Permission on SQL Server Service Account Registry Key (CVE-CAN-2002-0642):
What's the scope of the third vulnerability?
This is a privilege elevation vulnerability. An attacker who was able to successfully exploit this vulnerability could gain greater privileges on the system than had been granted by the system administrator -- potentially even the same rights as the operating system. A successful attack would require that the attacker be able to load and run queries on the database server. In addition, the service would have to be stopped and restarted before the attacker would have the elevated privileges.
The vulnerability results because incorrect permissions are assigned to a part of the registry that contains information regarding the service account which SQL Server runs under. It is possible for the SQL Server service to write to the registry and specify a different service account, including LocalSystem. As a result of this, it is possible for the SQL Server service to run in a different, more privileged account than that granted by the system administrator.
What is the SQL Server Service Account?
In the Windows security model, all activity on a system occurs with the context of a security account. This ensures that every action on a system can be checked to ensure that it is authorized and audited. For example, all actions taken by the operating system itself occur in the context of the LocalSystem account. When SQL Server is installed, the security account within which it will take all of its actions must be specified by the administrator. After the administrator has specified what account SQL Server will use, this information is stored in the Registry, where it is used when the service starts. SQL Server by default will run in the context of a non-privileged user on the operating system. This means that the SQL Server service itself can take very few actions on the system by default.
What's the Registry?
The Registry is the central repository where Windows stores configuration information for both the operating system and applications. The Registry provides a single location where operating system settings (devices information, boot sequence, network configuration) application settings (tuning information, configuration parameters), and user settings (user preferences, recently used short cuts) can all be stored.
What's wrong with how the SQL Server Service Account Information is stored?
The part of the Registry where the SQL Server Service Account information is stored has an inappropriate permission. Specifically, the SQL Server Service account has the right to change this information. As a consequence, it is possible for the SQL Server process to specify a different service account, including LocalSystem, which is an account with the full priviliges of the operating system itself. The next time the SQL Server Service starts after this change is made, it would then run in the context of that account. The net effect of this is that it is possible for the SQL Server service to run with greater privileges on the system than the system administrator granted .
This vulnerability could enable an attacker to raise the privileges of the SQL Server Service to equal those of the operating system itself. Since SQL Server provides the means to execute operating system commands in its own security context on behalf of operators, the net effect of this vulnerability is that an attacker who was able to load and run queries could ultimately execute any command on the system with the same rights as the operating system itself. Thus, an attacker could change the configuration of the operating system, add administrative accounts, or change the security settings of the system.
An attacker could seek to exploit this vulnerability by loading and running a query on the SQL Server that would tell the server to change the service account information in the Registry. The effects of this attack, however, would not be seen until the next time the service started after the attack. Until the server was restarted, it would continue to run in its original security context. Once the server restarted, it would be running in the context of the newly specified service account. At that point, any operating system commands that the SQL Server executed would be carried out with the rights and permissions of the new service account.
The patch eliminates the vulnerability by changing the permissions on the Registry key to ensure that the SQL Server cannot change this setting.
Patch availability
Download locations for this patch
Microsoft SQL Server 2000:
Additional information about this patch
Installation platforms:
The SQL Server 2000 patch can be installed on systems running SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 2.
Inclusion in future service packs:
The fixes for these issues will be included in SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 3.
Reboot needed: No. The SQL Server service only needs to be restarted after applying the patch.
Superseded patches: This pach supercedes the one provided in Microsoft Security Bulletin MS02-020, which was itself a cumulative patch.
Verifying patch installation:
To ensure you have the fix installed properly, verify the individual files by consulting the date/time stamp of the files listed in the file manifest in Microsoft Knowledge Base article at http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;316333&sd=tech
This package doesn't contain the Microsoft Data Access Component or the Analysis Services security fixes.
Packages for each supported SQL Server language is being made available. A localized Readme.txt file is included in each package for installation instructions.
Obtaining other security patches:
As previously mentioned, these vulnerabilities do not exist on SQL Server 7.0. If you are still running SQL Server, ensure you are running SQL Server 7.0 Service Pack 4 where the other security vulnerabilities were addressed. If you are running Service Pack 3 for SQL Server 7.0, you should upgrade to Service Pack 4 or apply the Service Pack 3 update at http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;318268&sd=tech
Patches for other security issues are available from the following locations:
Security patches are available from the Microsoft Download Center, and can be most easily found by doing a keyword search for "security_patch".
Patches for consumer platforms are available from the WindowsUpdate web site
Microsoft thanks Cesar Cerrudo and Mark Litchfield of Next Generation Security Software Ltd. for reporting the Unchecked Buffer in Bulk Update Procedure to us and working with us to protect customers.
Microsoft Knowledge Base article Q316333 discusses this issue and will be available approximately 24 hours after the release of this bulletin. Knowledge Base articles can be found on the Microsoft Online Support web site.
Technical support is available from Microsoft Product Support Services. There is no charge for support calls associated with security patches.
Security Resources: The Microsoft TechNet Security Web Site provides additional information about security in Microsoft products.
The information provided in the Microsoft Knowledge Base is provided "as is" without warranty of any kind. Microsoft disclaims all warranties, either express or implied, including the warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. In no event shall Microsoft Corporation or its suppliers be liable for any damages whatsoever including direct, indirect, incidental, consequential, loss of business profits or special damages, even if Microsoft Corporation or its suppliers have been advised of the possibility of such damages. Some states do not allow the exclusion or limitation of liability for consequential or incidental damages so the foregoing limitation may not apply.
Revisions:
V1.0 (July 10, 2002): Bulletin Created.
V1.1 (February 28, 2003): Updated download links to Windows Update.
Built at 2014-04-18T13:49:36Z-07:00


text:
Vena di Maida also known as Vena is a village in Maida, Catanzaro, Calabria, Italy.  It has a population of 879 making it a village.Vena is 242 meters above sea level.

Reference

Cities and towns in Calabria


Discussion in '7th Generation (2003-2008) [Acura TSX]' started by Heckler, Thursday 4th Apr, 2019.
Finally, after months of searching... I found a euro rear light and it arrived this morning.
If there's one thing that bugs me about lights on cars... it's when they lack symmetry and I have to try and rectify it. I tried and failed to find one for the tourer... eventually giving up after 2yrs of trying. But this one took me almost 6 months to track down. It wasn't cheap, but I knocked them down from 40 to 25 euros and had to pay shipping on top from France... So the whole thing cost me almost £40 because shipping was almost the same as the light... Because ebay sellers are greedy feckers at times and jack up postage fees.
Now I'm thinking I might tint those rear lights a little, but leave the fog/reverse light clear... I did it on my old MX6 and that look really cool.
Whenever I see and read your posts, I know that I needed to do the same or similar things which will cost me money!
I gave up work in late 2010 partly due to some health issues and partly because I needed to help care for my late father who had parkinsons and dementia. I went through roughly 7yrs of living week to week, hoping that nothing ever went wrong with my cars and living out of my overdraft most of each month.
So modifying cars wasn't an option during that time... Just keeping them on the road and occasionally when I had a few spare £££ (usually xmas/birthday money) I could do a little upgrade.
Got another update being added to my project log today too.


Pizarra is a typical valley village, the only one which is completely traversed by the River Guadalhorce, featuring a green landscape with abundant fruit trees and vegetable gardens, dominated by La Sierra del Hacho. The village's origins date back to the time of the Catholic Monarchs, and its most noteworthy monuments are Saint Peter's Church, the Count of Puerto Hermoso's Palace and Virgin of The Fuensanta Chapel; also to be found in Pizarra is a museum exhibiting the works of the painter Gino Hollander.
The region must have been inhabited in Roman era, though insufficient relics exist to determine an exact period. Its name appears in records for the first time at the end of the 15th century, when the Catholic Monarchs awarded land in "the Pizarra area" to Don Pedro Romero in return for capturing Alora.


Went to the Reading Festival yesterday (just for the day).
The weather was forecast to be wet, but it was actually quite hot. Started raining in the evening, so I was happy to put on the waterproofs. Wish it had rained heavier. There's something satisfying about being completely dry when it's pi$$ing it down!
I wore my old CAT boots. They must be nearly 10 years old now. I think their grips still qualify as 4WD, but I might have to check with Dad.
Fightstar: Oh dear. The new band of 'Charlie from Busted'. Apparently getting that much crap thrown at you is not a sign of appreciation. Not my cup of tea I'm afraid vicar.
Shoe comparison: My Little Pony welly boots.
Design Cape. Make Cape. Eat Cape. Cry.: Don't really remember much about them. They were fine. I really wanted to see them because I had noticed they played in Oxford recently.
Shoe comparison: Some school shoes I can't remember that probably had adequate grips.
Shoe comparison: Adventure sandals (e.g. Merrell).
Belle and Sebastian: One of those bands I've always had to pretend I like because they've won music prizes and are 'cool' (and Scottish). Never really listened to any of their albums properly and the only reason I know the 'Boy with the Arab Strap' song is from the theme tune to the TV program 'Teachers'. That said they were very good. We were right up at the front for them. The lead singer guy did some nice interaction with the crowd. There best song is still BWTAS - I have it stuck in my head now. Must listen to the albums properly now so I can actually remember more than one song.
The Vines: Didn't really give them a chance. We were right at the back, waiting to go see the next band. Left early.
Shoe comparison: Ninja plimsoles. No grips as such but very grippy due to their special ninja properties.
Kaiser Chiefs: Yah! I know all the songs! What fun! Nicely entertaining. Very solid performance. They played one or two songs from their new album.
Franz Ferdinand: I wasn't expecting them to be that great live to be honest but I was blown away by them. Their songs go down really well and quite easily fill the park and get everyone going. I forget how 'rocky' their songs can be. However, I think they played too long and the last half hour was a bit dull until they played 'This Fire'. Bonus points for the impressive stage and light show.
Shoe comparison: CAT boots. Yeah baby!
I think my band reviews are getting better. Still waiting for that call from NME.
You know most people will rank Timberland boots higher than CAT boots. Why?? Think its because they are meant to be a 'cooler' brand perhaps cause they are double the price of CAT boots.
However your success story of very old but still useable CAT boots will on this occasion back up your theory that CAT boots rank higher than Timberland boots in cases where you use the type of shoe/grips to rate how good a band is!!
Maybe they are cooler, but it's importnat to note that the comparison was based solely on the quality of the grips, not the percieved coolness. We all know that grip quality is more important than coolness.
Besides Tims get skanky really easily!
What sort of education did you get Doctor?
Acrnoidcg to resraceh at an Elgisnh useivtnriy, the odrer of leertts in a word is not iptnoarmt for the text to be rdealabe, the only reumeqneirt wulod be that the fsrit and last letetr of ecah word are kpet in the right pacle. The rset can be a cotmeple mess and stlil be raeabdle. The rrresheecas bivelee tihs is beascue we do not read evrey lteter iuididlalnvy but ratehr the word as a wolhe.


text:
Jack of all instruments Benjamin Molero lives by music
Alexander Diaz-Lopez
Senior Benjamin Molero is part of the untapped talent here at Wilson. Often found playing the guitar (just one of the instruments he plays) on his Instagram story, Molero is a 17-year-old musical standout. Molero came to the United States from Venezuela when he was 13. Molero describes this transition as difficult: "first we traveled to Trinidad and Tobago on a layover, and then we went to Miami [where] we have some uncles until my father's work received him here," Molero said.
Molero remembers his childhood musical exposure very fondly. "When I was four years old, I started playing the drum sets," Molero chuckled. He played the drums until he was 10 years old. Recently, Molero was introduced to the guitar. "After playing the guitar, I said 'Hey! This is interesting,' and I started exploring with other instruments and I have found it pretty easy to do," he said.
While Molero enjoys playing the drum and the guitar, he also explores a wide range of other instruments, like the ukulele, the bass guitar, and the piano. His favorite instruments are the piano and the bass guitar. "When you play those two instruments you feel free, that you can do whatever you want," Molero said.
He believes that in order to be successful in music and pursue it as a career, he must make it a lifestyle: his dedication is what makes him a talented composer. He recognizes the difficulty that sometimes arises during the singing and composition process. "Sometimes I cover songs [and] what happens is that I'm not very good at singing … But with training, I think it is achieved." He believes that the most challenging part of writing music is forming the lyrics. While Molero has confronted some issues when writing his own music, most of the time it flows naturally to him.
It all depends on how he feels. If Molero feels sad, he will usually write songs about sad topics such as break ups. If Molero feels happy, he'll usually write songs that are more upbeat and joyful. His favorite original song is called "Don't Let Me Go," inspired by a girl he left in Venezuela when he had to move to the U.S.
In the future, Molero wants to major in music technology so he can become a music technician. Meanwhile, when listening to his music, Molero wants people to know that he too deals with problems, goes through sadness, happiness, anxiety, and depression like any other human. "I am not different from them [and] I want them to be able to relate to my music," he said.
student musician


text:
Quantum (titre original : A Quantum Murder) est le second roman de Peter F. Hamilton dans lequel Greg Mandel doit élucider le meurtre du docteur Edward Kitchener, un spécialiste de la physique quantique.

Liens externes

Roman de Peter F. Hamilton
Roman de science-fiction britannique
Roman britannique paru en 1994


1. Bring a saucepan of lightly salted water to the boil, ready to cook the gnocchi. Blend the cornflour with 2 tbsp water in a small bowl. Put the cod loin in a large saucepan with the milk and garlic and bring to a gentle simmer. Cook for about 5 minutes until the fish is just cooked through. Drain the cod, leaving the milk in the pan. Roughly flake the fish.
2. Cook the gnocchi in the boiling water for 3 minutes until tender, drain in a colander. Add the cornflour, mustard and nutmeg to the milk. Bring to the boil, stirring until thickened. Add the crème fraîche then stir in the spinach, until it has wilted. Season then stir in the cooked gnocchi and fish. Heat through and spoon into shallow bowls.
This recipe was first published in Tue Oct 02 08:56:46 BST 2018.


text:
Shakers for you es el segundo LP editado por el grupo uruguayo Los Shakers. Fue grabado en 1966 en Buenos Aires y lanzado ese mismo año por el sello Odeón. Fue reeditado en 2007 en formato CD.

El disco está fuertemente influenciado por lo hecho por The Beatles entre 1964 y 1966, desde el disco Help hasta el Revolver, incluyendo dos temas con marcas de rock psicodélico ("Espero que les guste" y "Buscando dificultades"). Esto marca una evolución respecto de su álbum debut, con músicas más complejas, algo que no redujo su gran popularidad.

Una de las canciones más destacadas del disco es "Nunca, nunca" que logra una fusión entre el rock y la bossa nova. Este tema fue un gran éxito en Brasil.

Lista de canciones
Todos los temas fueron compuestos por Hugo Fattoruso y Osvaldo Fattoruso.

Lado A

Lado B

Los Shakers
Hugo Fattoruso: primera guitarra, teclado, voz.
Osvaldo Fattoruso: segunda guitarra, voz.
Carlos Vila: batería.
Roberto Capobianco: bajo.

Referencias

Álbumes de Los Shakers
Álbumes de 1966


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So, you want to go past the 4th on your Banjo? Or maybe you have a Mandola or Octave Mandolin, well the P-6E-W could be the Capo for you. Oh, and it's a Paige Capo, so it's cooler than a cucumber!
The key to choosing the right model of Paige Capo is in the width. Determine how far up the neck you want to capo then measure the width of your instrument at that point. You do not want a wider capo than needed because this adds unnecessary bulk.


The Argyle League is one of Houston's leading barber shops, taking classic haircuts and grooming for men and modernizing them.
The Tulsa Foundation for Architecture works to preserve Tulsa's unique architectural history with some of the country's most beautiful art deco structures that exist today. TFA holds monthly walking tours of downtown Tulsa and does an annual tour called Dwell in the IDL where they feature downtown living spaces.
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