The first Korean consumer electronics firm was not Samsung, but another well-known name with non-electronic roots. GoldStar, the forerunner of LG, was formed in 1958 as a new line of business for the Lucky Chemical Industrial Corporation. They built a tube-based radio in 1959, a portable transistor radio in 1960, and a black and white TV in 1966 – all Korean firsts.
On the heels of success in other Asian nations, foreign electronics companies sought to develop the productive, low-cost Korean labor pool. With help from the US, the Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) was chartered in May 1965. The government pushed foreign direct investment via joint ventures. Transistor assembly and test facilities sprang up, starting with Komi in 1965, followed by Fairchild and Signetics in 1966, and Motorola in 1967.
Electronics professor Dr. Kim Wan-Hee from Columbia University visited Korea in August 1967 to provide advice on accelerating domestic capability. His initial observation was an overall lack of clean room technology, indicating a dire need for investment on a much broader scale. Dr. Kim began evangelizing Korean firms to consider joining the electronics push, among them Samsung.
Bidding to industrialize the mostly agricultural South Korea, the government designated electronics as one of six strategic export industries. They passed the Electronics Promotion Act, which took effect in January 1969 with subsidies and export stimulation measures intended to draw in more industry participants.
The time was finally right. Samsung founder and Chairman Lee ByungChull gathered his leadership team at the end of December 1968 to decide on a new field of business to enter, and a name. Samsung Electronics Corporation started on January 13, 1969. "Electronics is the most suitable industry for [South Korea's] economic development stage considering all aspects including technology, labor force, added value, domestic demand, and export prospects," said Lee.
Even before officially forming its entity, Samsung had signed a joint venture agreement with Sanyo Electric in November 1968. A second joint venture deal was completed with NEC in September 1969. Based in a new manufacturing facility in Suwon, many of the 137 new Samsung Electronics employees ventured off to locations in Japan to learn the art of TV and vacuum tube production.
By November of 1970, Samsung Electronics produced its first vacuum tubes and 12" black and white TVs, based on the designs of their Japanese partners. Samsung TVs evolved for the next few years, including a 19" transistor-based black and white model in 1973. (At the time, Korean domestic TV broadcasts were in black and white; color TVs were outlawed. Japanese TV imports were blocked – except those made through the joint ventures.) Lines of white goods, including refrigerators, air conditioners, and washing machines debuted in 1974.
From the start, Samsung's strategy in consumer electronics was vertical integration – and a new capability was about to fall into their hands.
Kang Ki-Dong acquired a Ph.D. at The Ohio State University in 1962, and went to work at Motorola in Phoenix, Arizona in one of the largest discrete transistor plants in the world. As a Korean engineer who also spoke Japanese, he gave many plant tours to visiting engineers, building a network. When the time came to open a Motorola facility in Korea, Kang was sent ahead to perform an initial assessment for land and contacts, including interviewing prospective engineering staff.
After returning to the US and working for another firm, Kang encountered two old friends. The first was Kim Chu-Han, a prominent radio network operator Kang had introduced to ham radio years earlier. The second was a classmate, Harry Cho, an operations manager in semiconductors. Kim had access to financing, Cho could sell, and Kang knew fab technology. Together, the three formulated an idea for a new company: Integrated Circuit International, Incorporated, or ICII.
ICII designed a digital watch chip, and made its first 5 micron CMOS large-scale integration (LSI) parts on a small 3" line in Sunnyvale, California during 1973. Demand was substantial, many times bigger than what ICII could produce, and customers held back volume production orders. Kim's firm was willing to finance expansion, but would only do so if the capital expenditure remained inside Korea.
Kang decided to pivot. He would continue ICII chip design operations in the US, but send the ICII fabrication line to Puchon and expand it there. The new joint venture was Hankook Semiconductor. However, the global oil crisis in 1974 and a litany of import red tape made the relocation much more expensive than planned. The fab finally came up and produced chips, but operating funds dwindled dangerously low within a few months.
There were only so many places to go for major technology financing in Korea. The economic climate was worsening, with oil prices continuing to skyrocket and the Japanese pulling back. Samsung had money. Lee Byung-Chull and his son, Lee Kun-Hee, were convinced they had to enter the semiconductor business, not just buy chips. They tried persuading their management teams that advanced chips such as Hankook was building would be the future. Management balked.
Against such sage advice, on December 6, 1974, the Lees funded a stake in Hankook Semiconductor – using money from their own pockets. By the end of 1977, the operation was fully merged, becoming Samsung Semiconductor.
Lee and his son understood one important concept that Kang and their own management team had missed: when it comes to chips, fab cap ex comes first, and if timed correctly, profits follow. Without sufficient fab capacity ready at the moment demand materializes, even the best chip designs cannot succeed. That lesson would repeat itself many times over as Samsung grew. Happily producing appliances, watches, radios, and TVs, Samsung focused on efficiency. Its assembly plants became more automated, and both Korean consumers and export trading partners were being supplied goods. An indicator of progress: Samsung Electronics America opened in New Jersey in July 1978. Research on semiconductors in Korea was booming. In 1976, the government-backed Korea Institute of Electronics Technology (KIET) opened a research center in Kumi. Among many activities, they set up a joint venture with VLSI Technology, and created a VLSI wafer fab with capability for 16K DRAMs by 1979.
The government tried to draw the chaebols – among them Daewoo, GoldStar, Hyundai, and Samsung – and their talent to Kumi, seeking to create a hub of VLSI fab expertise. Samsung was still focused on LSI technology feeding its own business with linear and digital components, and was fighting allocation battles in procuring those parts from foreign sources. To protect its supply chain, Samsung Electronics integrated Samsung Semiconductors on January 1, 1980.
KIET stopped short of 64K DRAMs for several reasons. The first was the 1981 Long-Term Semiconductor Industry Promotion Plan. Developed by the Korean government with KIET cooperation, it specifically targeted fabrication of memory chips for export. Second, telecommunications assets were being privatized, providing immediate income for the chaebols to invest in semiconductors.
With some VLSI knowledge in hand, in early 1983 Samsung set up an "outpost" in Santa Clara, California. Its primary objective was competitive research, seeking a licensor for DRAM technology, and it would serve as a recruiting and training center to add semiconductor talent from the US.
Finding companies to talk to was the easy part. Hitachi, Motorola, NEC, Texas Instruments, and Toshiba all rebuffed Samsung's licensing request. (So much for relying on joint venture partners such as NEC.) The search came down to Micron Technology, who agreed to license its 64K DRAM design in June 1983 after an assembly pilot. Also licensed was a high-speed MOS process from Zytrex.
Samsung went from zero to a 64Kb DRAM in six months, sampling fabbed parts in November 1983. They then fabbed a Micron 256Kb DRAM design by October 1984. To break free from licensing fees, the Samsung Santa Clara research team designed a 256Kb DRAM through reverse engineering, sampling an all-new part in July 1985. Volume 256Kb DRAM production started in a new facility in Giheung on a 2 micron process.
These were the first steps along a path of generational breakthroughs that made Samsung the largest producer of memory chips in the world by 1993 – ten years after sampling their first DRAM part. This set the stage for other advances in VLSI chip fabrication that would be critical for the next consumer device initiative.
Just as the mobile craze started with car phones in most other markets, so was the case in Korea. Korea Mobile Telecommunications Services (KMTS, later to be known as SK Telecom) launched its 0G radio telephone network in April 1984, grabbing 2658 subscribers by the end of the year.
Samsung began dabbling in mobile wireless R&D in 1983 with some forty engineers. Without much to go on except the KMTS 0G network, they spent considerable effort reverse engineering a Toshiba car phone. The resulting design was the Samsung SC-100 car phone produced in 1986. It was rife with quality issues, leading to the R&D team being chopped to just ten members and wondering what to do next. That was probably a blessing, because it inspired team leader Lee Ki-Tae to buy ten Motorola cellular phones for benchmarking.
KMTS was upgrading their network to 1G cellular, with an AMPS infrastructure rollout that would be ready to launch by July 1988 – just in time for the Seoul 1988 Summer Olympic Games. The schedule gave Samsung plenty of time to dissect the Motorola designs and learn about AMPS before having their next phone attempt ready.
Chairman Lee Byung-Chull would not see the Olympic festivities. Lee Kun-Hee assumed control of the firm on December 1, 1987, barely two weeks after his father's passing. At first, it was business as usual – running a large corporation took precedence. The infant cell phone division went mostly unnoticed.
The Samsung SH-100 handheld 1G phone debuted in 1988. It sold fewer than 2000 units, mostly to VIPs, and it too suffered in quality. This cycle repeated several times over the next few years: new Samsung phone, similar lack of quality, and similarly disappointing sales measuring in the few thousands.
Samsung had run head on into the dark art of radio frequency engineering.
Major manufacturing and design issues early on allowed consumer doubt and competition to creep in. Motorola, then the gold standard for quality and mobile phone design, took over half the Korean mobile phone market while Samsung scrapped for mere percentage points in share on their home turf.
When it comes to RF technology, reverse engineering can only tell a team so much. Reproducing a receiver, such as a radio or TV, is an easier but still challenging task. Creating a sophisticated transmit and receive device like an analog 1G AMPS phone, especially with miniaturization techniques applied, is a different matter. Manufacturing quality concerns likely stemmed from a combination of componentry, layout, assembly, and tuning methods.
However, the biggest problem Samsung faced was a serious design flaw. Legend has it that while on a hike in the mountains, a Samsung employee saw another hiker placing a call on a Motorola phone. Sure enough, the Samsung phone the employee was carrying would not connect from that same spot. Whether the anecdote is accurate or slightly embellished, the scenario described held an important clue: two-thirds of Korea's topography is mountainous.
R&D engineers had failed to account for an RF effect called multipath, where a signal reflects off terrain and buildings, and several versions arrive at the receiver at slightly different times in varying strength. Multipath was the root cause of many Samsung call quality issues. Solving the problem meant redesigning handset antennas, improving the physical connection between the antenna and circuit board, and enhancing signal discrimination.
The struggles of the cell phone operation and growing concern with Samsung Electronics consumer goods businesses had made it to Lee Kun-Hee's attention. While visiting Los Angeles in early 1993, Lee noted the sad state of Samsung products tucked away on back shelves at an electronics retailer. Unsatisfied with a reputation as a "knockoff" supplier, Lee began asking questions.
The strategy of low cost, mass production, and reverse engineering that had served Samsung well in the 1970s and 1980s was limiting Samsung's competitiveness on a global scale in the 1990s. Developing Asian nations were entering the fray as even lower cost producers of electronics. Lee was carefully observing the Japanese response to the situation, and watching consumer electronics shift from analog to digital technology.
Sensing the urgency, Lee went outside for help. One of the people he called on was advisor Tamio Fukuda, who went on to become professor at the Kyoto Institute of Technology. From a set of inquiries developed by Lee and his senior staff, Fukuda prepared a comprehensive response – now known as the Fukuda Report. On June 4, 1993, Fukuda presented his thoughts.
It affirmed what Lee had already decided to do. Days later at a larger gathering of Samsung executives in Frankfurt, Lee rolled out his New Management initiative. Dislodging employees from ingrained practices would not be easy. Lee issued workers the famous challenge: "Change everything except your wife and children." He then detailed a sweeping set of reforms, including a mandate all workers report two hours early each day.
Edicts to the cell phone division got very specific. "Produce mobile phones comparable to Motorola's by 1994 or Samsung will disengage itself from the mobile phone business." The days of reverse engineering were over. Samsung engineers had a head start on the signal quality problems, and furiously explored every other facet of design from weight to strength.
In November 1993, they presented their product: the SH-700. It was a candy-bar, light at 100g, with an all-new mountain-tested antenna. Lee was given a model to try – and immediately threw it on the ground and stepped on it. He then picked it up, made a call, and to everyone's relief it worked. Designers had placed special pillars into the plastic case and circuit board to withstand typical abuse such as being sat on, or stepped on.
There was more to design than just engineering. A new marketing campaign debuted: "Strong in Korea's unique topography," a reference to the phone actually making calls in the mountains. The SH-700 initially sold 6,000 units a month, and by April 1994 was selling 16,000 units a month. The follow-on SH-770 Anycall was introduced in October 1994, enhancing the brand. By mid-1995, Samsung displaced Motorola as the cell phone market share leader in Korea.
What most consumers didn't see, but Samsung employees felt, was the real quality story. Individual phone screening at the factory reduced problems before shipment, but a massive bone pile of dead phones developed. Lee sent some of the first SH-770s as holiday gifts, getting back reports of some of them not working. Embarrassed by quality escapees, he investigated further – and discovered the bone pile.
In March 1995, Lee visited the Gumi facility where the SH-770 was manufactured. Two thousand employees were invited to a rally in the courtyard, complete with "Quality First" headbands for all. Under a "Quality is My Pride" banner was the bone pile with phones and fax machines from the plant – some say numbering 150,000 units. A handful of workers smashed the defective devices with hammers, threw them into a bonfire, and bulldozed the ashes. Many of those who saw the spectacle wept openly. It was a lesson never forgotten.
Design teams across Samsung got a message too: get digital capability into products as fast as possible. The push was on three technologies now taken for granted in mobile devices: DRAM, flash, and CDMA.
Samsung had caught the pack in DRAM. With massive fab investments of $500M or more for five consecutive years to get running on 200mm wafers, Samsung vaulted over Toshiba to become global DRAM market share leader in 1993. Heavy R&D was lining up for the next major step, a 256Mb DRAM that would put them ahead of the Japanese technology giants for the first time.
Toshiba had developed a new technology – NAND flash memory – but was losing ground quickly to Intel who was outproducing them on a NOR flash alternative (with different application characteristics). To close the capacity gap, Toshiba licensed its NAND flash design to Samsung in December 1992. Again, it was about a ten-year cycle from licensing to leadership – Samsung shipped its first NAND flash parts in 1994, and by the end of 2002 was the global market share leader at 54% in NAND flash.
Digitizing cell phones meant another large investment in new technology. Where Europe forged ahead with its GSM vision, and US carriers waffled between D-AMPS, GSM, and CDMA for 2G, Korea would make a bold move.
Dr. William C. Y. Lee, an integral part of AMPS development at Bell Labs, was deeply involved with a young company developing CDMA technology: Qualcomm. As chief scientist at Pacific Telesis, Lee led several CDMA network trial installations. It was through Lee that Qualcomm was introduced to the Korean government, where the Ministry of Communications (MoC) was seeking a way to help propel Korea onto the world telecom scene.
After rounds of complex negotiation, Qualcomm and Korea's Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI) reached a joint technology development agreement for CDMA infrastructure in May 1991.
On the surface, the CDMA choice seemed simple. Among its many technical advantages was better subscriber capacity achieved with fewer cell towers compared to TDMA systems like D-AMPS or GSM, meaning lower infrastructure rollout costs. However, the technology was unproven in a large-scale deployment, and Qualcomm owned it, requiring royalties.
The economic side effects were more compelling. Selecting CDMA would effectively lock out both foreign infrastructure suppliers and handset vendors, buying Koreans time to develop a unique solution with Qualcomm. If CDMA were adopted elsewhere, Korean firms could profit in exports. Four Korean electronics manufacturers – Hyundai, LG, Maxon Electronics, and Samsung – were recruited for the effort, targeting a 1996 launch.
It was a huge win for Qualcomm who would initially provide the chip sets for CDMA phones and infrastructure throughout Korea. In a unique arrangement, Korean manufacturers paid a percentage of their handset selling price as a royalty, and Qualcomm helped fund further joint development effort with ETRI. SK Telecom IS-95A CDMA service was ready in Seoul in January 1996. Just over a year later, one million subscribers would be using CDMA across Korea.
Among the first CDMA phones in Korea was the Samsung SCH-100, a 175g candy bar handset released in March 1996 with an early Qualcomm MSM chipset. (The beginnings of the Qualcomm MSM family were not ARM-based; Qualcomm didn't have an ARM license until 1998. More ahead in Chapter 9.) Exports of a modified SCH-1011 phone to Sprint in the US started in June 1997.
CDMA did gain acceptance in many regions. Samsung quickly garnered 55 percent of the global CDMA handset market by the end of 1997. They were beginning an envelopment strategy in mobile, working on many phone models at once for the home market and for various export markets. Some of the phones appearing in 1998: the SCH-800 CDMA flip phone with SMS messaging, the SPH-4100 PCS phone setting a new lightweight mark of 98g, and the SGH-600 GSM phone that helped European exports.
The pace was also picking up in ASIC design. In May 1994, Samsung paid a substantial sum for an ARM6 and ARM7 license – accompanied with consulting efforts from ARM. One of the first products to receive an ARM-based chip was in a new category: the Samsung DVD-860. Released in November 1996, the DVD player contained four Samsung developed ASICs, beating major firms including Toshiba, Matsushita, and Pioneer to market.
At Hot Chips 1996, Samsung presented what was likely the basis of one of those ASICs: the MSP-1 Multimedia Signal Processor. It combined an ARM7 core with a proprietary 256-bit vector co-processor, used for real-time MPEG video decoding, and 10K of free gates for customization. The MSP-1 was fabbed in 0.5 micron CMOS, came in either a 128-pin package or an extended 256-pin package with a frame buffer memory bus, and consumed 4W.
Extending its ASIC efforts into phones, Samsung licensed the ARM7TDMI core in September 1996. By late 1998, Samsung had a CDMA chipset ready for internal use, appearing first in the Samsung SCH-810 CDMA phone in early 1999 paired with a Conexant Topaz chipset for the CDMA baseband. In February 1999, Samsung took an ARM9TDMI core and ARM920T processor license, preparing parts on a new 0.25 micron process running at over 150 MHz.
The first big merchant SoC hit for Samsung came in 2000 with the S3C44B0X, a 66 MHz ARM7TDMI-based part designed into the Danger Hiptop – created by Andy Rubin. That chance encounter between Samsung and Rubin would loom large several years later and prove to be a turning point for the entire mobile industry. The S3C44B0X was fabbed in 0.25 micron, in a 160-pin package.
In July 2002, ARM and Samsung announced a comprehensive longterm licensing agreement. It gave Samsung full access to all current and future ARM IP for the unspecified duration of the agreement – what one industry observer termed the "all-you-can-eat" license. The unprecedented agreement moved Samsung from just another ARM customer into a partner developing the future direction of ARM roadmaps.
At the Microprocessor Forum in October 2002, Samsung showcased just how much impact they could have. The stock ARM1020E core shipped from ARM was designed for a 0.13 micron process running at 325 MHz. Using techniques borrowed from the Alpha microprocessor that Samsung had taken over fabbing at the end of its life, Samsung reengineered the ARM1020E into the "Halla" core. Halla was still on 0.13 micron, but ran at up to 1.2 GHz, becoming the first ARM-based design to break the 1 GHz barrier.
Samsung had assembled a stunning array of semiconductor technology for mobile devices: DRAM and flash, ARM processor cores and ASICs, and miniaturized LCD panel capability derived from larger efforts for TVs and monitors – all from its own fab facilities. In what was becoming Samsung modus operandi, they applied their portfolio and expertise in an attempt to envelop two emerging mobile application segments: music players, and the smartphone.
Commodity semiconductors are a tricky business. Insufficient capacity means competitors win sockets with better pricing and shorter lead times. Too much capacity leads to a drag on costs as expensive equipment sits idle, or worse yet layoffs occur and facilities close. Once major new fab capacity comes on line, demand has to be stimulated to fill it. Many times, long-term deals are cut with customers to lock in forecasts and pricing.
The vertical integration strategy Samsung deployed was initially a response to being on the tail end of the supply chain. If parts were scarce, production lines for consumer goods could halt. Paying too much for parts hurt competitiveness. Samsung's own semiconductor fabs assured electronics factories kept running.
As Samsung's DRAM offerings improved, exports boomed. Profits were plowed back into fab capacity and R&D, even in economic downturns, to increase market share and outpace competitive technology advances. Flash memory was an extension of the success, another way to utilize wafer starts.
Lee Kun-Hee was operating in a very different competitive environment from what his father experienced. His passion for quality, branding, and design stemmed from understanding that success in electronics would mean opening new markets and then creating new and exciting application segments. Competing in both semiconductor technology and finished consumer goods meant competing with Samsung's own customers – or suppliers – in many cases.
With the DVD player off and running, Samsung was again looking for a new consumer application segment for digital technology. 1998 brought the flash-based MP3 player, with the SaeHan MPMan and the Diamond Multimedia Rio PMP300 hitting the market. The Rio PMP300 came with 32 MB of internal flash and a more aggressive $200 price tag, and sold well – too well. It drew the wrath of the RIAA as the mobile device, along with Napster, that was enabling copyright infringement on a mass scale.
Samsung smelled flash sales and dove in anyway. At CES 1999, they introduced the Yepp brand of flash-based MP3 player. There was an ominous footnote in the press release indicating they were seeking "official approval from the RIAA," with agreement to participate in the SDMI initiative. Yepp would become a sprawling MP3 product line with many models and variants. After 2003, the Yepp brand was retired outside Korea, but new models continued under Samsung branding until 2013.
Curiously, Samsung went with a non-ARM architecture for early MP3 players. Most players had an 8-bit MCU for the user interface, a DSP for the MP3 decoding, flash to store the MP3 files, and a USB chip for connecting to a PC. In August 2001, Samsung announced a new chipset called the CalmRISC Portable Audio Device (C-PAD) for MP3 player OEMs and use in its Yepp lines. The single chip S3FB42F combined a CalmRISC 8-bit MCU with a 24-bit DSP.
On October 23, 2001, Apple changed almost everything about music players. Given the timing, the Samsung S3FB42F was probably not one of the nine MP3 chips Apple evaluated for the iPod. Once word got out about the PortalPlayer PP5002 being in the iPod, the S3FB42F and 8bit chips like it were old news.
New companies flowed in to MP3 players, including iriver formed by ex-Samsung personnel. A big barrier fell when SDMI went on indefinite hiatus, killed by a combination of concerns from sound quality to a controversial cracking of their encryption mechanism. Even Samsung eventually turned to PortalPlayer; the PP5020 appeared inside the YH820 at CES 2005.
Coincidentally, January 2005 was the same time Apple decided to get into flash-based players with the iPod Shuffle. That threw more demand for NAND flash into a tight market – and there was a lot more demand coming shortly, if someone could assure Apple of supply.
It sounds odd to characterize a $20B market as "tight", but indeed flash producers were having trouble keeping up in 2005. After the 2001 dotcom downturn, the overall flash market – NAND plus NOR – doubled in three years. Like other DRAM producers, Samsung was shifting capacity toward flash to capture higher selling prices and margins while filling demand. They moved so much to the flash side, flash average selling prices (ASPs) fell under DRAM ASPs for the first time, and it was looking like 2006 might be an overcapacity year.
The wildcard was Apple. Samsung controlled nearly a third of the flash market, and could boost its share and expand further. Apple was preparing to launch the iPod nano in September 2005, with up to 4GB of flash in each unit. One analyst estimated the nano introduction, by itself, could increase the worldwide flash market some 22%. To win the Apple business, Samsung pledged 40% of its NAND flash fab capacity at a 30% discount. Apple covered its bases, saying they had supply agreements with Hynix, Intel, Micron, Samsung, and Toshiba for five years of NAND flash. The bulk of their supply came from Samsung.
When elephants make deals, it is the grass that suffers. Flash was finally cheap, if one could get it. Apple got all it wanted, but hundreds of smaller MP3 flash-based player manufacturers worldwide suddenly found themselves with enormous lead times for flash – or no allocation at all. Many of these firms simply disappeared, unable to ship product to meet increasing demand.
Capacity would catch up, but it would take a few years. Samsung immediately kicked off expansion at their Hwaseong complex for more DRAM and FLASH capacity in a seven-year, $33B cap ex program. Another expansion was coming soon, deep in the heart of Texas, and it would lead to even bigger deals.
Meanwhile, Samsung started pumping out smartphones everywhere, in a myriad of styles and configurations, hot on the trail of competitors. Nokia was firmly behind Symbian, for better or worse. Research in Motion was on its own operating system platform, and Apple would develop their own as well.
At the other end of the spectrum, Motorola at one point had 20 different phone operating systems in various stages of development. Similarly, Samsung spent the period from 2001 to mid-2009 wandering between several operating system options. A quick look at some of their more significant efforts during this period shows just how broad their smartphone – or "mobile intelligent terminal" as they called it in the beginning – portfolio became.
The darling of the early smartphone era was Palm OS, and for a while, Sprint was very enamored with it. The Samsung SPH-i300 released in late 2001 ran Palm OS 3.5 on a 33 MHz Motorola DragonBall 68328 processor. In 2003, the SPH-i500 introduced a sleeker clamshell design running Palm OS 4.1 on a 66 MHz DragonBall 68328. The updated SPH-i550 had Palm OS 5.2, featuring a 200 MHz Motorola DragonBall MX1 and its ARM920T core. After delays, it was finally ready in early 2005, but Samsung was suddenly jilted right before shipping. Sprint cancelled the phone, going with the Palm Treo 650 instead. With Palm about to lose all momentum, Samsung shifted resources and the Palm OS phase was over.
Next up was Microsoft Windows Mobile. In November 2003, Samsung and Verizon teamed up on the SCH-i600. It was in almost the same clamshell exterior as its Palm-based counterpart the SPH-i500. Inside was an Intel XScale PXA255 at 200 MHz supporting Windows Mobile 2003. June 2005 brought the all-new SCH-i730 with a slider physical keyboard design, and a much faster Intel XScale PXA272 running at 520 MHz.
The Motorola Q was announced a month later with Windows Mobile 5.0. The nearly yearlong FCC delays in shipping the Q gave Samsung an opportunity to catch up. The controversial new phone introduced in late 2006 was the Samsung SGH-i607, better known as the BlackJack drawing a swift legal response from Research In Motion for camping near their name. Both the Q and the BlackJack featured a thumb-board layout eerily similar to RIM phones. Samsung's processor choice was the TI OMAP1710, a 220 MHz ARM926EJ-S core. Alongside was the Qualcomm MSM6275 baseband chip with another ARM926EJ-S core.
Windows Mobile 6.1 moved to an all-touchscreen metaphor for its user interface, typified by the Samsung i900 Omnia in June 2008. Most of its variants had the Marvell PXA312 with an ARM920T core at 624 MHz. By this time, users were comparing any smartphone against the Apple iPhone. Creating a distinct look and feel, Samsung introduced the TouchWiz UI on the i900 Omnia, but its integration with apps was questionable in many cases. Samsung has continued efforts into Windows Phone 7 and beyond under the Omnia brand.
Then, there was Symbian. Samsung tested the waters with the SGHD700, a Symbian flip phone sporting an unusual camcorder-style rotating screen and lens, demonstrated at a special event in September 2003 but never launched. The first Symbian phone released by Samsung was the SGH-D710 in May 2004. It was small, 51x101x24mm and 110g, and its 192 MHz TI OMAP5910 with an ARM925 core ran Symbian OS 7.0s. That chipset served several years through the Samsung SGH-Z600 flip phone with Symbian OS 8.1 in March 2006.
For Symbian OS 9.2, Samsung went to the TI OMAP2430, with an ARM1136 core at 330 MHz. The slider SGH-i520 was the first Samsung release in April 2007, followed by the SGH-i550 that borrowed the BlackJack look in May 2008, and the GT-i8510 large screen slider in October 2008. The last of the Samsung Symbian phones was the GTi8910, with two variants running Symbian OS 9.4 released in mid2009. These ran on a 600 MHz TI OMAP3430 and its Cortex-A8 processor core.
During this period, Samsung had seven phones that sold over 10 million units each. None ran on these three operating systems – instead, it was a homebrew J2ME platform doing most of the selling.
Perhaps Samsung-branded smartphones hadn't done all that well early on, but Samsung was definitely a lynchpin in launching the smartphone revolution. Apple's immediate smash hit with the iPhone was a direct result of a buildup of fab capability at Samsung over nearly ten years. Prudent investment in multiple areas was about to pay off in a big way. The first fab Samsung established outside of Korea was in Austin, Texas. With an opening investment of $1.3B, the 200mm Fab 1 began sampling memory chips in 1997, moving to full-scale production in 1998. Part of the fab costs were offset with an equity investment from Intel, widely believed to be 10%, in return for guaranteed allocation of memory products.
Logic products were also growing. After licensing ARM9 cores in 1999, Samsung scored big wins in 2003. A Samsung chip was powering pocket PCs including the HP iPAQ H1940, the Everex E500, and later the Acer n30, all running Microsoft Windows Mobile. Inside was the S3C2410, a 266 MHz ARM920T processor fabbed on 0.18 micron, in a 272-pin BGA. The S3C2410 even showed up in the HP49g+ graphing calculator, underclocked to save power. Another important part in this family was the S3C2443 in 2007, running at 533 MHz on 0.13 micron in a 400-pin package, which found design wins in portable navigation devices like the Asus R300 and the LG LN800.
Pushing its process further, Samsung opened its 300mm S1 line in Giheung in mid-2005, establishing production of DRAM on a 90nm process by the end of the year. To develop the next 65nm process node, estimated to cost $5B or more, Samsung allied with Chartered Semiconductor and IBM in the Common Platform initiative. IBM piloted a 65nm process at its Fishkill, New York facility and Samsung was preparing to roll it out at Giheung in early 2006.
With advanced fab capacity in the works, Samsung quietly began socializing its foundry capability – supporting fabless semiconductor firms with fabrication services. In November 2005, they announced their first major foundry customer: Qualcomm. In March 2006, they added industry veteran Ana Molnar Hunter (fresh off experience at Chartered) to run the foundry business. In April 2006, Samsung announced plans for Fab A2 at its Austin complex, adding a 300mm line in a new larger building.
Samsung VP Jon Kang then walked into the SEMI Strategic Business Conference in Napa, California on April 26, 2006 and spouted, "I knew PortalPlayer would take a dive." His bravado stemmed from a new SoC, the Samsung S5L8701, slated for future Apple iPod designs. The new chip carried an ARM940T processor and a DSP core on a conservative 0.18 micron process. Perhaps most importantly it integrated a flash controller as well as LCD and USB controllers, reducing power consumption and cost.
That was where PortalPlayer lost. True, Samsung had created a higher performance, low power ARM9 chip for Apple. Using its fab might, Samsung then bundled everything together – SoC, DRAM, and flash – and applied forward pricing plus allocation commitments. PortalPlayer was late to update its chip leaving them vulnerable. Realistically, they never stood a chance at Apple in the face of a combined supply chain and system design onslaught.
An erroneous analyst report in late 2006 had NVIDIA with its new PortalPlayer acquisition winning back iPod designs and perhaps the rumored Apple phone. That never happened. Apple moved beyond simply buying SoCs into specifying RTL designs, with the Samsung foundry doing the rest. Starting the sequence, the 90nm S5L8900 with its ARM11 core shipped in the original iPhone in June 2007 and the iPod Touch in September 2007.
What appeared as a sudden disruptive change in Samsung's favor was in fact the result of nearly a decade of planning and a wide-ranging chain of events. Samsung was about to stretch the limits of its complex ecosystem even further.
The late 2004 meeting between Andy Rubin and Samsung executives in Seoul was no random event. Rubin had been a Samsung customer with some success at Danger. Samsung was working with the three most prominent smartphone operating systems of the day, so they were a logical place to seek venture capital for another operating system, what would become Android. At that point, Samsung had no idea that most of their existing operating system choices would turn sour.
Rubin threw everything he had at the room, and got silence back. From Samsung's perspective, it was all risk: How many people do you have working on this operating system? Six. How many phones have shipped with it? None. How many OEMs are committed as customers? None. Thanks for coming.
Things started to change while Samsung executed its original three pronged software strategy. Google bought Android. Palm OS sank. Research in Motion didn't share its code with anyone, for any price. Nokia wore its Symbian albatross. Microsoft Windows Mobile had significant traction until Apple showed up with the iPhone and iOS.
Open source teaming arrangements, especially in contrast to Apple's closed environment, became more and more interesting – and far less risky. In January 2007, the LiMo Foundation set up an effort for Linuxbased mobile devices, with members including Motorola, NEC, NTT DoCoMo, Panasonic, and Samsung. In November 2007, the Open Handset Alliance unveiled its plans for Android phones, backed by Google, HTC, LG, Motorola, Qualcomm, and Samsung.
By 2009, Samsung also set its sights on Android and Windows Mobile, along with LiMo and the homegrown 'bada' operating system– later merged into Tizen.
The Samsung Galaxy GT-i7500 launched in June 2009. It measured 115x56x11.9mm and weighed 114g, with a 3.2" OLED touchscreen at 320x480 pixels. Running Android 1.5 was the Qualcomm MSM7200A, a 528 MHz part in 65nm. Highly integrated, a single chip had an ARM1136J-S processor, a Qualcomm DSP core for applications, and an ARM926 core running the baseband with another smaller Qualcomm DSP core.
That was just the beginning of what Dan Rowinski of ReadWrite called the Samsung "spray and pray" strategy. The approach launched many smartphone models under Galaxy and Omnia umbrellas and other subbranding, tailored for different carrier requirements (sometimes changing out SoCs or baseband chips), in every market Samsung could qualify in across the globe. Some sold well, some didn't, but new models were always on the way shortly. This was key to enveloping Apple, who essentially launched one hugely successful phone per year until the iPhone 5s and iPhone 5c and the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus duos.
Quickly heading for their own chips, Samsung launched many models on its S3C6410 SoC starting in 2009. This 65nm, 424-pin part ran at 800 MHz with an ARM1176JZF-S core and Samsung's own FIMG-3DSE GPU core. In the Samsung GT-i5700 Galaxy Spica with Android 1.5 that shipped in November 2009, the S3C6410 was alongside the Qualcomm MSM6246 HSDPA baseband chip. The S3C6410 was also in the Samsung GT-i8000 Omnia II with Windows Mobile 6.1 that shipped in August 2009, with a slightly larger 3.7", 480x800 pixel touchscreen display.
The flagship Samsung Galaxy S (GT-i9000) began shipping in June 2010 on Android 2.2, and within seven months became the first smartphone in the Samsung 10-million-seller club. Inside was the S5PC110 chip – rebranded as Exynos 3110, and later known as the Exynos 3 Single.
At a block diagram level, the overall similarity of the Exynos 3 Single to the Apple A4 (shipped in the iPhone 4 beginning the same month) is hard to overlook. Inside was the same 1 GHz Intrinsity Hummingbird core and a PowerVR SGX540 GPU at 200 MHz. It was fabbed in Samsung 45nm LP, and came in a 598-pin BGA. Matching Apple's tablet move earlier in the year, Samsung announced the 7" Galaxy Tab (GT-P1000) in September 2010 using the same chip.
With the next step, Samsung beat Apple to the line. The Exynos 4 Dual debuted as the Exynos 4210 on February 15, 2011, fabbed in a Samsung 45nm LP process. The dual 1.2 GHz ARM Cortex-A9 cores gave a 20% processing edge. At that moment, the ARM Mali-400 MP4 GPU at 266 MHz put Samsung briefly ahead in smartphone graphics.
For May 2011, the Samsung Galaxy S II (GT-i9100) was ready to ship using the Exynos 4210, running Android 2.3. Its claim to fame was its thinness, checking in at only 8.49mm. The Exynos 4210 also powered the first of the Samsung "phablets", the larger Galaxy Note (GT-N7000) measuring 147x83x9.65mm, and the Galaxy Tab 7.0 (GT-P7560), both launched in October 2011.
Also in October 2011, the Exynos 4212 got a bump to a new 32nm HKMG process – brought up and running at Austin Fab A2 – reducing power and increasing clock speed to 1.5 GHz.
First sampled in November 2011 was the Exynos 5 Dual, with two new ARM Cortex-A15 cores at 2.0 GHz, also on 32nm HKMG. The Exynos 5250 doubled memory bandwidth to 12.8 GB/sec, and used the ARM Mali-T604 MP4 GPU clocked at 533 MHz. It would appear in the Samsung XE303C12 Chromebook, and the Google Nexus 10 tablet.
Another new part showed up in 2011: a Samsung LTE baseband chip. First spotted in the Samsung Droid Charge for Verizon, the CMC220 provided the 4G Cat 3 connectivity. An enhanced CMC221 also appeared in the Galaxy Nexus.
Following in April 2012 was the Exynos 4 Quad, a 1.4 GHz Cortex-A9 quad core again in 32nm HKMG. To help with power consumption, the Exynos 4412 used power gating and per-core frequency and voltage scaling on all four cores. The same Mali-400 MP4 GPU from the dual version was clocked at 400 MHz. This processor and its slightly faster "Prime" version appeared in several versions of the Galaxy S III (GTi9300) with Android 4.0 as well as the Galaxy Note II (GT-N7100). One of the more interesting attempts with this part was the EK-GC100 Galaxy Camera.
2013 marked the move to 28nm. Samsung chose the ARM big.LITTLE path, previewing the Exynos 5 Octa at CES 2013. The Exynos 5410 had four Cortex-A15 cores at 1.6 GHz paired with four Cortex-A7 cores at 1.2 GHz. In an unusual move, it used the Imagination PowerVR SGX544MP3 GPU running at up to 533 MHz in some cases, but often throttled back to 480 MHz to prevent overheating.
Reverting to an ARM Mali-T628 MP6 GPU for the next iteration, Samsung enhanced the big.LITTLE configuration in the Exynos 5420. Core speeds were upped to 1.9 GHz for the Cortex-A15s and 1.3 GHz for the Cortex-A7s. They repaired a serious CCI-400 cache coherency bug, and added support for global task scheduling (GTS) to improve performance and power consumption. The beneficiaries of the new chip were the Galaxy Note 3 and the Galaxy Tab S.
At Mobile World Congress 2014, Samsung rolled out the Exynos 5422. Still in 28nm and 113mm2, clock speeds were bumped up to 2.1 GHz for the Cortex-A15s and 1.5 GHz for the Cortex-A7s, with the same MaliT628 MP6 GPU. Added was HMP, or heterogeneous multi-processing, enabling all eight cores to be active concurrently for the first time. With a 16 MP rear camera and computational photography features such as high dynamic range (HDR), the Galaxy S5 again had both Exynos 5422 and Qualcomm Snapdragon 801 variants.
A brief stop in 20nm was next for the Galaxy Note 4 and the Galaxy Tab S2 in September 2014. Caught in between nomenclature, the Exynos 5433 was originally part of the Exynos 5 Octa family. However, its new 64-bit configuration of four Cortex-A57 cores at 1.9 GHz plus four Cortex-A53 cores at 1.3 GHz, plus a Mali-T760 MP6 GPU at 700 MHz, earned it Exynos 7 Octa branding.
Vertical integration and design innovation have brought Samsung mobile devices on par with any in the world with just under 21% market share closing 2014. Moving from dubious quality and threatened capitulation in 1994 to leadership in mobile devices 20 years later is an amazing story. Despite legal challenges from Apple over who may have had an idea for a smartphone feature first, Samsung's record shows how innovation in design and heavy investment in fab technology recreated the brand and reshaped the mobile industry.
Continued expansion in Texas has kept Samsung fabs at the cutting edge, and kept much of the mobile industry running. The latest 14nm FinFET process in Austin is home to the Apple A9 and the Samsung Exynos 7420, the real Exynos 7 Octa. It may also become home to the Qualcomm Snapdragon 820.
That would be an interesting twist given the drama surrounding the launch of the Samsung Galaxy S6 on March 1, 2015. Most observers expected a version using the Qualcomm Snapdragon 810. Weeks earlier, Qualcomm reported loss of "a major customer" in its quarterly earnings call.
Numerous reports surfaced that the Snapdragon 810 was experiencing overheating issues, denied but never quite disproven by Qualcomm. The Galaxy S6 debuted with the Exynos 7420, a tiny 78mm2 die with four 2.1 GHz Cortex-A57s and four 1.5 GHz Cortex-A53s, plus a MaliT760 MP8 at 772 MHz. Found with the Exynos 7420 in the S6 was the Samsung "Shannon" Exynos Modem 333 for 4G LTE baseband, along with Samsung-designed RF and PMIC parts.
More than likely, Samsung has just decided it is ready to move to its own parts. The baseband program has been several years in the making, tracing back to 2011 when their LTE basebands were first spotted. In addition to Shannon stand-alone baseband chips, ModAP is the brand integrating baseband controllers with application processors as part of a custom ASIC business.
Two lessons should be obvious. Samsung will use their own chips, if they have them, to improve availability and margins. They will use somebody else's chips if that is the most expedient way to qualify and release a device in a particular market – until they can design and build equivalent parts. Qualcomm likely has some content in some Galaxy S6 versions somewhere, but if the Exynos 7420 ships in the US versions of the S6, that would be a significant change.
Questions continue to circulate as to whether Samsung has enough capacity to service all three sources of demand – Apple, Qualcomm, and themselves. It's a legitimate concern. Samsung has cross fab flexibility with the Giheung complex and a partnership with GLOBALFOUNDRIES, which helps. An early S6 teardown indicated Exynos 7420 parts came from Albany, pointing to GF as an alternate foundry for some of the first chips produced.
Speaking of alternate foundries, Samsung and TSMC are pitted against each other in the Apple iPhone 6s, each supplying a version of the A9 chip in an undisclosed split. Labeled as "Batterygate", viral reports surfaced of a significant power consumption difference between phones using either part, anywhere from 10 to 33% difference in favor of TSMC. Some social media suggested any phones with Samsung parts were defective and should be returned immediately.
Test conditions for those reports were suspect at best. Apple later issued statements saying they were observing only a 2 or 3% difference. TSMC proponents jumped on the advantages of their 16nm process, particularly its reduced leakage power. Samsung supporters point out that the 14nm part with its smaller die size is likely cheaper for Apple and that dual-sourcing means higher volumes and fewer shortages.
The fact is both A9 parts started from the same Apple high-level design but there are variations between more than the processes. Libraries vary between Samsung and TSMC. Dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) makes it difficult to say what a complex processor is doing with precision. Power and clock domain differences likely exist. In other words, the two parts are the "same", but different.
Most consumers don't care what chip is in a phone, right? The uproar seems to have died down, in spite of third-party apps to check what chip is inside an iPhone 6s. Just as Apple solved "Sensorgate" with an iOS update, ultimately any major differences between Samsung and TSMC A9 chips may disappear with an iOS 9 update soon. What Apple does for the iPhone 7 and if dual-sourcing continues is worth watching.
The smartphone market is changing. IDC reports annual growth has slowed to around 11%. Slowing growth in smartphones makes competition between Apple, Qualcomm, and Samsung closer to a zerosum game – when one wins, the other two lose, at least from a highend application processor view.
Samsung is responding by trying to differentiate its application processors. With both Apple and Qualcomm already having ARMv8-A custom cores, Samsung has chimed in with its own core design codenamed "Mongoose" and recently introduced as Exynos M1.
The Exynos 8 Octa 8890 is the first high-end Samsung part to combine an application processor cluster with a baseband modem on a single chip. The application processor side pairs four Exynos M1 cores with four ARM Cortex-A53 cores in big.LITTLE, fabbed in 14nm FinFET.
Where the Exynos M1 core lands against Qualcomm's "Kryo" core in performance will be interesting. Initial benchmark results put the Exynos 8 Octa 8890 ahead of the Snapdragon 820 – however, judging Qualcomm on pre-release silicon may be premature. We will know a lot more when the Samsung Galaxy S7 and competing phones with the Qualcomm Snapdragon 820 release in 2016.
How this unfolds, with Samsung both supplier and competitor in an era of consolidation for the mobile and semiconductor industries, depends on adapting the strategy. Innovations in RF, battery, and display technology will be highly sought after. Software capability is already taking on much more importance. As Chinese firms improve their SoC capability, the foundry business may undergo dramatic changes – and the center of influence may shift again.
History says Samsung invests in semiconductor fab technology and capacity during down cycles preparing for the next upturn. Heavy investments in 3D V-NAND flash, the SoC foundry business, and advanced processes such as 10nm FinFET and beyond are likely to accelerate, and competition with TSMC and other foundries will intensify as fab expenses climb.


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Lynch Mob at the Rockpile
American rock band Lynch Mob performs at the Rockpile.
The Cave Singers with Blank Range at The Garrison
"Let's go Cave Singers" chants a solitary man, who's pushed his way to the front of the crowd, moments before the Seattle-based trio hits the stage. It is Thursday, June 2nd at The Garrison in…
Catfish and the Bottlemen at the Town Ballroom
Photos by Janine Van Oostrom. On the picture perfect spring evening of June 2nd fans queued all of the way down Main Street in downtown Buffalo, New York. Up and down the pavement fans eagerly…
Primal Fear with Luca Turilli's Rhapsody at the Mod Club
Primal Fear performs with Luca Turilli's Rhapsody at the Mod Club in Toronto.
Digitalism at the Garrison
Dance party at The Garrison? Yes, please! Thursday evening brought acclaimed electronic duo, Digitalism to The Garrison in Toronto. Comprised of Jens Moelle and İsmail Tüfekçi, Digitalism began making music in 2004 and have since…
The Vaccines with Shy Kids at The Mod Club
Photographs by Neil Van. On a hot and sticky Thursday evening in Toronto, fans of London, England's The Vaccines waited patiently in line to get inside and out of the heat. Relief was temporary as…
Old Man Canyon at Adelaide Hall
Thursday night, Old Man Canyon hit the stage at Adelaide Hall. This was day six of the Vancouver-based synth-pop outfit's extensive North American tour. The "Delirium" tour, taking its name after the group's newest album,…
Justin Bieber brings the Purpose World Tour to Toronto's Air Canada Centre with Post Malone and Moxie Raia
You can quote him, disagree with him, glorify or vilify him. But the only thing you can't do is ignore him. Yeah, I paraphrased this from the Apple commercial, yet it's true. Justin Bieber, the…
Bif Naked with Jordan Alexander at Adelaide Hall
Bif Naked with Jordan Alexander perform at Adelaide Hall in Toronto. Bif recited chapters from her new book I Bifcus.
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Song Premiere : "Phantom Lover" – A Short Walk To Pluto
Album Premiere : "Turn the Music Up Loud" – Chris Pastore
Book Review: "Love and Other Thought Experiments" by Sophie Ward

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: What's the business case for upgrading to .Net 4.0? The powers that be would like to know a good business reason to upgrade 2500 desktops to .NET 4.0.
What are good business reasons for doing so?

A: The benefit of using C# 4.0? Developer Productivity.
End users wouldn't be able to tell the difference between any of the other versions of the framework. So it's unlikely they would with this one.
BUT there are a heap of benefits for developers: New Features in C# 4.0

A: I guess paid beta-testing for Microsoft :P

A: If you can't provide a reason and have to ask for one here, it is a good sign you don't have a business case to upgrade and your management is right.

A: Why do you want to roll out .NET 4? That's probably a good start for building a business case.

A: The only reason I know if is increased productivity.  So far, each version of the framework has offered tools that allow me to get projects done more quickly, saving the company money.
So, if you are familiar with the new features, and can see how they would boost productivity or offer some other business advantage, that's your answer.  If you can't, then management is right.

A: You only need to install this if and when any apps come along that are built on the 4.0 framework. And as far as I can tell, there are none. I wouldn't even start to consider installing the framework until VS 2010 and Office 2010 come out.

A: The only good reason is if your company uses desktop applications that require .NET 4.0, and it will probably be a while before that is the case.

A: In the short term, there is quite likely to be no good business reason to move, unless the business has an actual requirement that can only be satisfied with the new version.
In the long term, skill, support, and functionality issues are likely to dictate a jump to a new version of a platform at some point.
The question is how often should you jump. Generally, the business will (and IMO should) lag at least one or two versions behind the "latest and greatest". This is because hard work pays off eventually, but laziness pays off now :-)

A: Visual Studio 2010, Entity Framework 2, MVC 2, etc...
Mostly all about developer environment.

A: I generally wait until an image refresh cycle comes around and then put all current versions of the framework on the new image at that time (in addition to standard stuff like getting latest AV defs and auto updates included in the image, so it's not hit by a huge download and install when it's first used).
There's been a few requirements for specific versions here, and it's been nice to be able to say "yeah, we're good for that" rather than having to devise a deployment methodology in a tight timeframe.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Arsenal supporters' worst fears have been confirmed and Rob Holding faces a lengthy spell on the sidelines.
The defender - who had started eight straight Premier League games in a row ahead of the trip to Manchester United on Wednesday - had to be substituted in the first-half after an awkward landing.
When quizzed about the seriousness of the injury during his pre-Huddersfield Town press conference on Thursday afternoon, head coach Unai Emery admitted that the first news to come back on the defender was 'not good'.
Now fears that Holding would be out for the remainder of the season have become a reality as it has been confirmed the 23-year-old ruptured the anterior cruciate ligament of his left knee and faces up to nine months on the sidelines.
A statement vial the club's official website reads: "Further to the injury sustained during our match at Manchester United on Wednesday night, we can confirm that Rob Holding has ruptured the anterior cruciate ligament of his left knee.
As expected, there's been a massive reaction from Gunners supporters on social media.
There was even messages from two Arsenal legends..


text:
Q: Continuously write to TCP socket without reading I have a TCP client server application written on boost 1.53. Based on the client command I have to start a server thread to write some data to a socket. But I have no guarantee that the client application would start reading from this socket.
Is there any trouble writing data to a socket without reading from it? Won't be there any socket overflow or data corruption ?
Looking forward to hearing your ideas.
Thx,
Dmitry

A: What happens when sending data to a slow or non-cooperative remote side is covered by the flow control aspect of TCP.
Suppose you try to send data and the application in the remote side refuses to read it. Eventually the remote side's receive window becomes full, and it will indicate this by sending an ACK with a window size 0. Your network stack stops trying send new packets until an ACK with a larger window size is received. If you keep trying to send data it accumulates in the send buffer in your network stack. When the buffer becomes full writing to your side of the socket blocks.

A: Using TCP, that won't be a problem.  The server will detect that the client isn't reading, and hold off on sending more data until the client has acknowledged receipt of the already-sent data.  In this case the server thread will block until the client is ready to accept more data.
Also TCP packets are checksummed, so if any get corrupted in transit the client will reject them and the server will resend them.


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David George Surdam
10.5406/illinois/9780252037139.001.0001
Sociology, Sport and Leisure
Today's National Basketball Association commands millions of spectators worldwide, and its many franchises are worth hundreds of millions of dollars. But the league wasn't always so successful or ... More
Today's National Basketball Association commands millions of spectators worldwide, and its many franchises are worth hundreds of millions of dollars. But the league wasn't always so successful or glamorous: in the 1940s and 1950s, the NBA and its predecessor, the Basketball Association of America, were scrambling to attract fans. Teams frequently played in dingy gymnasiums, players traveled as best they could, and their paychecks could bounce higher than a basketball. How did the NBA evolve from an obscure organization facing financial losses to a successful fledgling sports enterprise by 1960? Drawing on information from numerous archives, newspaper and periodical articles, and Congressional hearings, this book chronicles the league's growing pains from 1946 to 1961. The book describes how a handful of ambitious ice hockey arena owners created the league as a way to increase the use of their facilities, growing the organization by fits and starts. Rigorously analyzing financial data and league records, the book points to the innovations that helped the NBA thrive: regular experiments with rules changes to make the game more attractive to fans, and the emergence of televised sports coverage as a way of capturing a larger audience. Notably, the NBA integrated in 1950, opening the game to players who would dominate the game by the end of the decade: Bill Russell, Elgin Baylor, Wilt Chamberlain, and Oscar Robertson. Long a game that players loved to play, basketball became a professional sport well supported by community leaders, business vendors, and an ever-growing number of fans.Less
Published in print: 2012-10-15
Today's National Basketball Association commands millions of spectators worldwide, and its many franchises are worth hundreds of millions of dollars. But the league wasn't always so successful or glamorous: in the 1940s and 1950s, the NBA and its predecessor, the Basketball Association of America, were scrambling to attract fans. Teams frequently played in dingy gymnasiums, players traveled as best they could, and their paychecks could bounce higher than a basketball. How did the NBA evolve from an obscure organization facing financial losses to a successful fledgling sports enterprise by 1960? Drawing on information from numerous archives, newspaper and periodical articles, and Congressional hearings, this book chronicles the league's growing pains from 1946 to 1961. The book describes how a handful of ambitious ice hockey arena owners created the league as a way to increase the use of their facilities, growing the organization by fits and starts. Rigorously analyzing financial data and league records, the book points to the innovations that helped the NBA thrive: regular experiments with rules changes to make the game more attractive to fans, and the emergence of televised sports coverage as a way of capturing a larger audience. Notably, the NBA integrated in 1950, opening the game to players who would dominate the game by the end of the decade: Bill Russell, Elgin Baylor, Wilt Chamberlain, and Oscar Robertson. Long a game that players loved to play, basketball became a professional sport well supported by community leaders, business vendors, and an ever-growing number of fans.
Keywords: National Basketball Association, NBA, Basketball Association of America, televised sports, Bill Russell, Elgin Baylor, Wilt Chamberlain, Oscar Robertson
The Merger and Its Aftermath (1948–51)
in The Rise of the National Basketball Association
This chapter chronicles the 1949 merger between the BAA and the NBL and its aftermath. The BAA owners' decision to absorb the most attractive NBL teams obviously looms large in the league's ... More
This chapter chronicles the 1949 merger between the BAA and the NBL and its aftermath. The BAA owners' decision to absorb the most attractive NBL teams obviously looms large in the league's development, although the move and subsequent merger ultimately could not save several BAA franchises. By ghettoizing the later NBL refugees, BAA owners may have ensured the demise of those teams. Fortunately, there were not too many people paying attention to the league's upheavals. The league's integration did not initially create much excitement either. Yet the streamlined NBA still struggled to entice fans—in many ways the professional players' experience and savvy led to brutal, foul-plagued games that alienated fans. The chapter also looks at how league owners struggled with racial integration.Less
This chapter chronicles the 1949 merger between the BAA and the NBL and its aftermath. The BAA owners' decision to absorb the most attractive NBL teams obviously looms large in the league's development, although the move and subsequent merger ultimately could not save several BAA franchises. By ghettoizing the later NBL refugees, BAA owners may have ensured the demise of those teams. Fortunately, there were not too many people paying attention to the league's upheavals. The league's integration did not initially create much excitement either. Yet the streamlined NBA still struggled to entice fans—in many ways the professional players' experience and savvy led to brutal, foul-plagued games that alienated fans. The chapter also looks at how league owners struggled with racial integration.
Keywords: BAA, NBL, NBA, National Basketball Association, league merger, racial integration
A Brief History of Professional Team Sports
in The Big Leagues Go to Washington: Congress and Sports Antitrust, 1951-1989
This chapter traces the history of professional team sports in order to place the issues covered in the Congressional hearings in the proper context. It first considers the rise of baseball as ... More
This chapter traces the history of professional team sports in order to place the issues covered in the Congressional hearings in the proper context. It first considers the rise of baseball as America's national pastime and Major League Baseball (MLB)'s decision to maintain two separate leagues, the American League and the National League. It then discusses the dispute between MLB and the rival Federal League, along with the emergence of other sports that achieved Big League status, namely, football and basketball. It also examines the prosperity of the National Football League (NFL) and the National Basketball Association (NBA) as well as the appearance of new challengers to their dominance after World War II. Finally, it looks at the Flood v. Kuhn, a Supreme Court case that challenged baseball's reserve clause, along with the rise of free agency.Less
This chapter traces the history of professional team sports in order to place the issues covered in the Congressional hearings in the proper context. It first considers the rise of baseball as America's national pastime and Major League Baseball (MLB)'s decision to maintain two separate leagues, the American League and the National League. It then discusses the dispute between MLB and the rival Federal League, along with the emergence of other sports that achieved Big League status, namely, football and basketball. It also examines the prosperity of the National Football League (NFL) and the National Basketball Association (NBA) as well as the appearance of new challengers to their dominance after World War II. Finally, it looks at the Flood v. Kuhn, a Supreme Court case that challenged baseball's reserve clause, along with the rise of free agency.
Keywords: professional team sports, baseball, Major League Baseball, football, basketball, National Football League, National Basketball Association, Flood v. Kuhn, reserve clause, free agency
This introductory chapter describes the "bush league" characteristics of the National Basketball Association's (NBA) early days. While basketball was quite popular in the 1940s, and college ... More
This introductory chapter describes the "bush league" characteristics of the National Basketball Association's (NBA) early days. While basketball was quite popular in the 1940s, and college basketball had shown promise as a spectator attraction, professional basketball still had an air of disrepute: barnstorming, uncouth players, and poorly lit (and often poorly ventilated) gyms or dance halls. The Basketball Association of America (BAA), the NBA's precursor, had struggled to gain credibility and popularity among the country's sports fans during this time. The BAA/NBA during its early seasons relied on exhibition games featuring the Harlem Globetrotters, on playing doubleheaders, on using territorial draft picks of stars from local colleges, on playing regular-season games out of town, and on having teams fold mid-season. Some teams continued to play league games in high school gymnasiums well into the 1950s.Less
This introductory chapter describes the "bush league" characteristics of the National Basketball Association's (NBA) early days. While basketball was quite popular in the 1940s, and college basketball had shown promise as a spectator attraction, professional basketball still had an air of disrepute: barnstorming, uncouth players, and poorly lit (and often poorly ventilated) gyms or dance halls. The Basketball Association of America (BAA), the NBA's precursor, had struggled to gain credibility and popularity among the country's sports fans during this time. The BAA/NBA during its early seasons relied on exhibition games featuring the Harlem Globetrotters, on playing doubleheaders, on using territorial draft picks of stars from local colleges, on playing regular-season games out of town, and on having teams fold mid-season. Some teams continued to play league games in high school gymnasiums well into the 1950s.
Keywords: National Basketball Association, Basketball Association of America, NBA, BAA, bush league, professional basketball, league games
The Proposed NBA/ABA Merger 1971–1972
This chapter examines the Congressional hearings of 1971–1972 that addressed the petition of the National Basketball Association (NBA) and the American Basketball Association (ABA) for partial ... More
This chapter examines the Congressional hearings of 1971–1972 that addressed the petition of the National Basketball Association (NBA) and the American Basketball Association (ABA) for partial antitrust exemptions for their proposed merger. Yale Law School lawyers analyzed the proposed merger, comparing it with the professional football merger: "the concerted action produces efficiencies which arguably outweigh whatever restraints on competition are involved." They suggested thinking of leagues as being similar to "law partnerships, a firm." This chapter first considers the arguments presented by basketball owners to justify a merger before discussing the views of economists Robert Nathan, Roger Noll, and Benjamin Okner, along with other pieces of evidence presented at the hearings, regarding the owners' claims of losses. It also assesses the implications of the proposed NBA–ABA merger for player rights and concludes with an overview of Nathan, Noll, and Okner's recommendations about the proposed merger.Less
This chapter examines the Congressional hearings of 1971–1972 that addressed the petition of the National Basketball Association (NBA) and the American Basketball Association (ABA) for partial antitrust exemptions for their proposed merger. Yale Law School lawyers analyzed the proposed merger, comparing it with the professional football merger: "the concerted action produces efficiencies which arguably outweigh whatever restraints on competition are involved." They suggested thinking of leagues as being similar to "law partnerships, a firm." This chapter first considers the arguments presented by basketball owners to justify a merger before discussing the views of economists Robert Nathan, Roger Noll, and Benjamin Okner, along with other pieces of evidence presented at the hearings, regarding the owners' claims of losses. It also assesses the implications of the proposed NBA–ABA merger for player rights and concludes with an overview of Nathan, Noll, and Okner's recommendations about the proposed merger.
Keywords: merger, Congressional hearings, National Basketball Association, American Basketball Association, Robert Nathan, Roger Noll, Benjamin Okner, player rights, antitrust exemptions
We Want More Baseball and Football 1959 and 1960
This chapter focuses on the Congressional hearings conducted in 1959 and 1960 to address the issue of expansion and prospective new leagues. All of the league constitutions contained clauses ... More
This chapter focuses on the Congressional hearings conducted in 1959 and 1960 to address the issue of expansion and prospective new leagues. All of the league constitutions contained clauses pertaining to relocating or selling existing franchises and creating new franchises. These clauses typically required a supermajority, in some cases unanimity, of owners to approve franchise relocation or sales and expansion. However, incumbent owners were lukewarm about franchise expansion and hostile towards new leagues. This chapter begins with a discussion of tactics employed by team owners to prevent the entry of a new league, including territorial rights. It then considers the demise of the Continental League due to a number of hurdles, such as getting television contracts, providing pension benefits equivalent to Major League Baseball's (MLB) scheme, and and getting stadiums. It also examines the expansion policies of the National Basketball Association (NBA) and the National Football League (NFL), along with the legal wrangling between the NFL and the American Football League (AFL) over expansion.Less
This chapter focuses on the Congressional hearings conducted in 1959 and 1960 to address the issue of expansion and prospective new leagues. All of the league constitutions contained clauses pertaining to relocating or selling existing franchises and creating new franchises. These clauses typically required a supermajority, in some cases unanimity, of owners to approve franchise relocation or sales and expansion. However, incumbent owners were lukewarm about franchise expansion and hostile towards new leagues. This chapter begins with a discussion of tactics employed by team owners to prevent the entry of a new league, including territorial rights. It then considers the demise of the Continental League due to a number of hurdles, such as getting television contracts, providing pension benefits equivalent to Major League Baseball's (MLB) scheme, and and getting stadiums. It also examines the expansion policies of the National Basketball Association (NBA) and the National Football League (NFL), along with the legal wrangling between the NFL and the American Football League (AFL) over expansion.
Keywords: franchise expansion, Congressional hearings, franchise relocation, territorial rights, Continental League, Major League Baseball, National Basketball Association, National Football League, American Football League
Mortgaging Michael Jordan's Reputation
Jeffrey Lane
in Fame to Infamy: Race, Sport, and the Fall from Grace
University Press of Mississippi
10.14325/mississippi/9781604737516.003.0008
This chapter discusses the impacts of the issues that Michael Jordan has faced after retiring for the third time. It points out that Jordan's image took the National Basketball Association (NBA) by ... More
This chapter discusses the impacts of the issues that Michael Jordan has faced after retiring for the third time. It points out that Jordan's image took the National Basketball Association (NBA) by storm and it can be said that the world was tuning in to NBA largely because of him. It also points out that Jordan's success is not without stain, as there were criticisms leveled at his reputation: his political neutrality toward race relations; political sterility; his abandonment of the black community; and his behavior as a ruthless capitalist.Less
This chapter discusses the impacts of the issues that Michael Jordan has faced after retiring for the third time. It points out that Jordan's image took the National Basketball Association (NBA) by storm and it can be said that the world was tuning in to NBA largely because of him. It also points out that Jordan's success is not without stain, as there were criticisms leveled at his reputation: his political neutrality toward race relations; political sterility; his abandonment of the black community; and his behavior as a ruthless capitalist.
Keywords: basketball, National Basketball Association, Michael Jordan, reputation, race relations, political sterility, black community
Closing the Last Vestige of a "Free Market" In Labor 1964
This chapter examines the issues surrounding player draft in professional sports leagues. During the postwar era, baseball officials and players often mentioned free agents. Unlike the free agents of ... More
This chapter examines the issues surrounding player draft in professional sports leagues. During the postwar era, baseball officials and players often mentioned free agents. Unlike the free agents of our era, however, these players were talented amateur players. Indeed, high school and college players constituted the remaining vestige of a free market for baseball labor during the postwar era. The owners quickly discovered that this free market for labor was costly and made attempts to curb spending on amateur players, sparking allegations of cheating that led to distrust among them. This chapter first considers the creation of the amateur draft in Major League Baseball (MLB) before discussing the reverse-order draft in the National Football League (NFL) and the player draft in the National Basketball Association (NBA). It concludes with an assessment of the impact of the draft on owners and players.Less
This chapter examines the issues surrounding player draft in professional sports leagues. During the postwar era, baseball officials and players often mentioned free agents. Unlike the free agents of our era, however, these players were talented amateur players. Indeed, high school and college players constituted the remaining vestige of a free market for baseball labor during the postwar era. The owners quickly discovered that this free market for labor was costly and made attempts to curb spending on amateur players, sparking allegations of cheating that led to distrust among them. This chapter first considers the creation of the amateur draft in Major League Baseball (MLB) before discussing the reverse-order draft in the National Football League (NFL) and the player draft in the National Basketball Association (NBA). It concludes with an assessment of the impact of the draft on owners and players.
Keywords: player draft, professional sports leagues, baseball, free agents, free market, amateur players, Major League Baseball, reverse-order draft, National Football League, National Basketball Association
Should Antitrust Apply to Sports? 1957 and 1958
This chapter focuses on the Congressional hearings conducted in 1957 and 1958 to address whether basketball, football, and hockey should be given a broad antitrust exemption similar to that of ... More
This chapter focuses on the Congressional hearings conducted in 1957 and 1958 to address whether basketball, football, and hockey should be given a broad antitrust exemption similar to that of baseball. It first considers the introduction of different bills pertaining to professional sports and antitrust following the Supreme Court's ruling in Radovich v. NFL, with particular emphasis on antitrust legislation focusing on the National Football League (NFL), before discussing the farm systems in baseball and hockey pioneered by Branch Rickey of the St. Louis Cardinals. It also looks at the issue of the reserve clause and its effect upon competitive balance and concludes with an assessment of Congress's decision not to grant even partial antitrust exemptions for the reserve clause, draft, territorial rights, and commissioner powers in the NFL, National Basketball Association (NBA), and National Hockey League (NHL).Less
This chapter focuses on the Congressional hearings conducted in 1957 and 1958 to address whether basketball, football, and hockey should be given a broad antitrust exemption similar to that of baseball. It first considers the introduction of different bills pertaining to professional sports and antitrust following the Supreme Court's ruling in Radovich v. NFL, with particular emphasis on antitrust legislation focusing on the National Football League (NFL), before discussing the farm systems in baseball and hockey pioneered by Branch Rickey of the St. Louis Cardinals. It also looks at the issue of the reserve clause and its effect upon competitive balance and concludes with an assessment of Congress's decision not to grant even partial antitrust exemptions for the reserve clause, draft, territorial rights, and commissioner powers in the NFL, National Basketball Association (NBA), and National Hockey League (NHL).
Keywords: antitrust exemptions, Congressional hearings, baseball, Radovich v. NFL, antitrust legislation, National Football League, farm system, reserve clause, National Basketball Association, National Hockey League
Television Blackout Hearings 1972–1977
This chapter focuses on the Congressional hearings of 1972–1977 that addressed the National Football League's (NFL) television blackout rules. It first considers the economic and legal aspects of the ... More
This chapter focuses on the Congressional hearings of 1972–1977 that addressed the National Football League's (NFL) television blackout rules. It first considers the economic and legal aspects of the proposed antiblackout law before discussing the Senate hearings that resulted in a temporary experiment in lifting the blackouts under specified circumstances. It then examines the NFL's defense of blackouts, along with empirical evidence regarding lifting the blackouts and the lawmakers' concern that NFL owners might allow cable and pay television to telecast games after the blackout was lifted. It also assesses the responses of Major League Baseball (MLB), National Hockey League (NHL), and the National Basketball Association (NBA) to the proposed antiblackout legislation, as well as those of network television officials such as ABC Sports president Roone Arledge and CBS president John Schneider. The chapter concludes with an overview of various reports on the effects of the television blackout law and the impact of the antiblackout rule on NFL gate attendance, no-shows, and revenues.Less
This chapter focuses on the Congressional hearings of 1972–1977 that addressed the National Football League's (NFL) television blackout rules. It first considers the economic and legal aspects of the proposed antiblackout law before discussing the Senate hearings that resulted in a temporary experiment in lifting the blackouts under specified circumstances. It then examines the NFL's defense of blackouts, along with empirical evidence regarding lifting the blackouts and the lawmakers' concern that NFL owners might allow cable and pay television to telecast games after the blackout was lifted. It also assesses the responses of Major League Baseball (MLB), National Hockey League (NHL), and the National Basketball Association (NBA) to the proposed antiblackout legislation, as well as those of network television officials such as ABC Sports president Roone Arledge and CBS president John Schneider. The chapter concludes with an overview of various reports on the effects of the television blackout law and the impact of the antiblackout rule on NFL gate attendance, no-shows, and revenues.
Keywords: television blackout rules, Congressional hearings, National Football League, antiblackout legislation, cable television, pay television, Major League Baseball, National Hockey League, National Basketball Association, John Schneider


The government's proposed establishment of representative offices on both sides of the Taiwan Strait is highly political and definitely concerns sovereignty, so the government should not proceed with it before a national consensus is reached, former Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) chairperson Tsai Ing-wen (蔡英文) said in a statement on Saturday.
Tsai, a former Mainland Affairs Council minister, questioned whether there were political motives behind President Ma Ying-jeou's (馬英九) administration and China discussing opening representative offices on both sides of the Taiwan Strait.
Tsai said it would be impossible to avoid sovereignty issues in the negotiations on the proposal.
The government should not handle sovereignty issues with an ambiguous position and cause irreparable damage to Taiwan's sovereignty, the former chairperson added.
She added that the proposal is highly political and the status of officials in China's representative office in Taiwan would affect sovereignty and national security, meriting comprehensive evaluation and public debate.
Tsai said the Cabinet's plan to offer immunity and privileges to China's representative office would make it almost equal to the status of consulates under the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, and questioned whether Taiwan's representative office in China would enjoy the same treatment.
Tsai called for the government to discuss the issue with opposition parties and the public.
The Cabinet on Thursday approved a draft bill governing the establishment of representative offices on both sides of the Taiwan Strait.
Under the bill, China's Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits (ARATS) branches in Taiwan and staff at the offices would be granted certain special rights to allow them to carry out their duties without legal interference.
Included in the special rights are provisions that no one can enter the branches without the permission of those offices; their property and assets would be immune from search, confiscation or expropriation; and documents and archives would be inviolable.
The bill stipulates that Chinese staff at the ARATS offices in Taiwan would enjoy immunity from Taiwan's jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters in the exercise of their duties, and would have certain tax exemptions and other privileges to be decided at the discretion of the Cabinet.


text:
Q: ACPI : EC: Fail in evaluating the _REG object of EC device. Broken bios is suspected I can't install linux with kernel over than 4.x on my computer. (MSI GP72-6QE-087XFR Leopard Pro)
Tried : Ubuntu 15.10, debian 8 and linux mint 17.3.
This is saying:
"ACPI : EC: Fail in evaluating the _REG object of EC device. Broken bios is suspected."
Looks like a bios problem for me, and i did buy my computer without OS so i only have linux choice.
I can install Ubuntu 14.10 but the wifi is not supported (iwlwifi 3165). As soon as i update the kernel or the operating system (to ubuntu 15.04 for example), the computer is unusable (it only shows the error message and won't boot).
What can i do?

A: Just starting the PC with the boot parameters
nomodeset idle=nomwait

For ASUS Rog 6th generation intel just
idle=nomwait

is enough.
Thanks myself.


Northern Ireland's Rory McIlroy marshalled the luck of the Irish on St. Patrick's Day, and clutch play down the stretch, to finish at 16-under par and capture a one-shot victory over American Jim Furyk on Sunday at The Players Championship on the demanding TPC Sawgrass Stadium Course in Ponte Vedra Beach, Fla.
McIlroy took the lead for good with a two-putt birdie on the par-5 16th. A nervy swing on the par-3 17th, with its famed island green led to a par; he then ripped a driver off the tee on the closing hole, found the middle of the fairway, hit the green in regulation and two-putted for the victory.
Eddie Pepperell of England and Jhonattan Vegas of Venezuela each fired 66s to finish in a tie for third at 14 under, with World No. 1 Dustin Johnson (69), Brandt Snedeker (69), and England's Tommy Fleetwood (73) tied for fifth another stroke back.
Hideki Matsuyama of Japan (67), Justin Rose of England (68), Brian Harman (70), and Australia's Jason Day (72) finished tied for eighth at 11-under par.
The win was McIlroy's first since last year's Arnold Palmer Invitational and the 15th of his PGA Tour career. Eight of McIroy's PGA Tour victories have come when he trailed entering the final round and he has now posted top-10 finishes in six of seven starts this season.
McIlroy started the day at 14 under, tied with Fleetwood, a shot off the pace set after 54 holes by Spain's Jon Rahm.
Rahm struggled early on with bogeys on three of his first four holes, righted the ship for a while but ended his chances with a double bogey on the watery 17th and finished tied for 12th at 11 under after a 76.
Defending champion Webb Simpson tied for 16th at 10 under after a 68 in the final round, while Tiger Woods finished in a tie for 30th at 6-under par upon carding a 69 on Sunday.


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text:
The following is a list of notable events and releases of the year 1889 in Norwegian music.

Events

Deaths

 January
 10 – Martin Andreas Udbye, composer and organist (born 1820).

Births

 May
 25 – Sverre Jordan, composer, orchestra conductor, and pianist (died 1972).

See also
 1889 in Norway
 Music of Norway

References

Norwegian music
Norwegian
Music
1880s in Norwegian music

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


There is a drip in the bedroom!, Where? No the bladder, Dear?
Noticed some wetness in the corner?
Turn off the power to the waterbed heater or heaters.
Expose the waterbed bladder by taking the bedding off and in the case of softsider waterbeds take the lambswool cover off as well. Investigate the wettest area and dry the area around the perimeter between the bladder and the liner. Make sure the liner is up and resecure it if down. Make note of the wettest area. Start investigating there for starters.
Lets us assume it is down the bottom right hand corner.
HAS THE VINYL OF THE BLADDER GONE HARD AND BRITTLE?
IS THE VINYL OF THE BLADDER FLEXIBLE?
If there is minimal water leakage then there is no need to empty the bladder.
Support the corner of the bladder from the underneath and lift it above the waterline.
In the process carefully MARK the breached area to and from with the point of a pen or marker.
By folding the bladder and propping up with another towel or pillow.
Get a smooth piece of timber under the breach.
If you think there is a weakness beyond the marked area you will need to include that with a overlap in the repair. Prevention is better. Cut the patch to the desired length and width.
For this exercise I will mark the area with masking tape. Also neater and establishes outer boundaries. Any overlap in the gluing can be taken off when tape is removed.
The area that is to be repaired and the side of the patch application surface needs to be CLEAN and DRY.
If there is moisture or suspect there is moisture, dry the repair area and side of patch to be applied.
Wait and air until fumes have dispersed . Dry with hair dryer again to secure dry surface.
Apply adhesive to both surfaces and spread. On this occasion a cut to reduce of end of a small brush to strengthen bristle. Be liberal with the adhesive but do not over do.
If in doubt apply adhesive twice about 20 minutes apart. A little warmth from the hair dryer might be required to remove water moisture on both surfaces in higher humidity environments.
Wait until the surface is tacky like sticky tape. Being careful apply the glued surface of the patch to the breached area and firmly press down.
Remove masking tape if applicable.
Use some non stick cushioning foam on this occasion or shopping bag plastic with something soft over the top. This type of PVC will not adhere to the glue after the next step.
By using the bottom board as a base wrap the non stick plastic and cushioning over the just glued patch and support the outer with another piece of timber.
With the adhesive glue still moist clamp firmly for 30minutes or so.
Semi moist the liberally applied glue will also fill small irregular seam channels.
Then release clamp and let air for an hour or two. But the longer the better, naturally.
Once complete remove any excess moisture between the bladder and the liner.
Remake the bed and SWEET DREAMS.
Do you have or Mermaid Waterbed Concentrate Conditioner?


text:
Gigi Hadid Now Has Short, Curly Hair: Should She Keep It?
By Sharon Tanenbaum
Quick change!
Although Gigi Hadid started out her day with her signature long, layered hairstyle, she ended it with a dramatically different look.
PHOTOS: Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2015
On her way to a photo shoot for W on Nov. 12 in New York City, Hadid's straightened blonde hair fell onto the statement collar of her Kempner coat. But when she left the shoot hours later, Hadid, 20, wore a short, curly hairstyle in a darker blonde color. The wig wasn't the only souvenir she left with — the Maybelline brand ambassador ditched her blue coat and kept warm in a white bathrobe instead.
PHOTOS: Dramatic hair makeovers
While the cropped style is new, the ringlets bear a resemblance to her Halloween costume as Grease's Sandy.
PHOTOS: Celebs' best Halloween 2015 costumes
Gigi Hadid attends the Heidi Klum Halloween Party on October 31, 2015 in New York City.
It's been a busy week for Hadid, who made her debut in the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show after being rejected twice on Tuesday, Nov. 10. BFF Kendall Jenner also walked in her first show alongside Hadid, and veterans Behati Prinsloo, Lily Aldridge, and Alessandra Ambrosio.
Gigi Hadid walks the runway during the 2015 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show at the Lexington Armory on November 10, 2015 in New York City.
"She was born an angel," her mother, Real Housewives of Beverly Hills star Yolanda Foster, told reporters at the event. "This didn't just fall into her lap. She missed it twice. This was her third try and she pulled it off."
Should she keep the new flirty 'do? Vote in our poll above!
Should Gigi Hadid keep her new hairstyle?
Yes - love it!
No - her long hair is better!
5710 Total Votes


Summary: The film series is set three years after Digimon Adventure 02. A mysterious anomaly is causing distortions in the Real World and Digimon are being plagued by a virus that turns them hostile. These circumstances lead to the DigiDestined being reunited with their partner Digimon. Joined by another DigiDestined named Meiko Mochizuki and her partner Meicoomon, they must solve the mystery of the infected Digimon and deal with the responsibility of growing up.
please please add pokemon season 18 in hindi dubbed all episode quickly pleaseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
please add imazuma elevan in hindi dubbed all episode quickly pleaseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!


text:
4/13/2018 - Santa Fe Water Line Work from South Street to Walnut Street
The plan for the waterline work for the week beginning April 16 is as follows:
Crews will be working between Mulberry Street and Walnut Street;
Inside lanes on Santa Fe Avenue will be closed intermittently for water line work. The northbound and southbound outside lanes will remain open all week;
The center of the Walnut Street/Santa Fe Avenue intersection will be under construction mid-week. All four sides will remain open, but thru traffic and left turns in all directions on Walnut Street will be restricted.
Traffic control will be set up from Mulberry Street to Walnut Street for a northbound lane closure for pavement removal on April 23. Northbound traffic for this area will need to use an alternate route on Fifth Street or Seventh Street.
The mid-block push-button pedestrian signal near Spilman Plaza will also be decommissioned and removed in this phase. The crossing will remain and function similar to other un-signalized crosswalks in the city.