text:
Sasko-kobursko-gothajské vévodství ( Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha) bylo německé vévodství rozprostírají se okolo měst Coburg (dnešní spolková země Bavorsko) a Gotha (dnešní Durynsko). Jednalo se o reálnou unii dvou vévodství (Sasko-Kobursko a Sasko-Gothajsko), jejímž prvním panovníkem byl Arnošt I. Sasko-Kobursko-Gothajský.

Historie
Vévodství vzniklo roku 1826 z rozhodnutí saského krále Fridricha Augusta II., ve kterém král zreorganizoval tzv. Saská ernestinská vévodství. Sasko-gothajsko-altenburské vévodství převedlo území kolem Altenburku do nově ustanoveného Vévodství sasko-altenburského, zatímco Sasko-kobursko-saalfeldské vévodství se vzdalo území Saalfeldu ve prospěch Sasko-meiningenského vévodství.

Coburg a Gotha byly spojeny právě do Sasko-kobursko-gothajského vévodství.

Členové vládnoucí sasko-kobursko-gothajské dynastie úspěšnou politikou postupně ovládli trůny v Belgii, Spojeném království, Portugalsku a Bulharsku.

Panovníci

 Arnošt I. Sasko-Kobursko-Gothajský (1826-1844)
 Arnošt II. Sasko-Kobursko-Gothajský (1844-1893)
 Alfréd Sasko-Kobursko-Gothajský (1893-1900)
 Karel Eduard Sasko-Kobursko-Gothajský (1900-1918)

Externí odkazy

Zaniklé státy Německa
Saská vévodství
Dějiny Durynska
Gotha


It looks like the Safari teem is preparing grounds for the advent of scalable user interface which could come in the forthcoming Mac OS X release. Scaling the user interface means that you change the size of windows, buttons, icons, menus, and everything else to adapt it, say, to a screen having four times the number of pixels in the same area. And since it affects everything that is on the screen, it affects web sites too.
All this means to application programmers that there will be two pixel units to deal with: virtual pixels relative to the user interface scale, and real pixels for screen pixels. Web designers won't be set apart. That's what's needed to improve image definition on the screen, applying to applications and the web.
Surfin' Safari welcomes you to High Definition Web Sites. Well, to make things clear, they never really talk about scalable user interface in there, but there are other signs pointing it is comming. So did 1+1 and found 2.


A gender neutral ginger person is being introduced to Co-op stores - and MEN readers have had a lot to say about it.
We published a story on our Facebook page asking people to come up with names for the new biscuit based character on Wednesday.
And the suggestions were priceless.
Karl Osborne sparked a string of cheeky comments when he replied: "How dare you assume it's ginger!! My brother is ginger and now I'm deeply offended."
Natalie Natterbox Cummins added: "I'm offended I don't like nuts."
And Hàzel Broadie upped the sass levels even further with the words: "I have an idea call it "get a grip".
Gary White said: "It's not ginger, it's strawberry blonde."
Harry Botterill chimed in with the question: "What if the ginger bread person identifies as a Jaffa cake though?"
Some people were less than impressed by the suggestion of change, with Shelia Jack saying: "Gingerbread man, always have been, always will be."
The ramifications of the name change on all facets of the gingerbread's brand were explored in the comments.
Mandy Jones pointed out potential flaws in the updated version of the poem. She said: "Run run as fast as you can, you can't catch me I'm the gender neutral biscuit. Doesn't quite have the same ring to it does it."
Michael Quinn joked that the gingerbread person debate could set a dangerous precedent for other snack-based fictional characters.
He wrote: "Oh no, does this mean the Muffin Man is next??????"
So many people expressed anger about the introduction of the gingerbread person, that other readers began laughing at their reaction.
Jonathan Wheat posted: "I'm not sure what's funnier, the people upset over it being called a gingerbread man or the people upset about it being called a gingerbread person - either way stop crying over biscuits."
And in amongst the thousands of comical reactions, one social media user came up with a serious suggestion.
"Call it Phil", Oliver Mullen said.
One reader thought the idea of introducing a gingerbread person signalled a positive step for society.
Lynn Tierney wrote: "It's called being inclusive! Attitudes such as yours are where we once were with disability, skin colour, the oppression of women etc. Oh,and gender identity is NOT an opinion, it is a hormonal and biological fact. Moron."
The Co-op team will then create a shortlist from some of the best suggestions, before putting them to a public vote.


text:
namespace {

bool EntryPredicateFromURLsAndTime(
    const base::Callback<bool(const GURL&)>& url_predicate,
    const base::Time& begin_time,
    const base::Time& end_time,
    const disk_cache::Entry* entry) {
  return (entry->GetLastModified() >= begin_time &&
          entry->GetLastModified() < end_time &&
          url_predicate.Run(GURL(entry->GetKey())));
}

}  // namespace

namespace browsing_data {

ConditionalCacheDeletionHelper::ConditionalCacheDeletionHelper(
    disk_cache::Backend* cache,
    const base::Callback<bool(const disk_cache::Entry*)>& condition)
        : cache_(cache),
          condition_(condition),
          current_entry_(nullptr),
          previous_entry_(nullptr) {
  DCHECK_CURRENTLY_ON(content::BrowserThread::IO);
}

// static
base::Callback<bool(const disk_cache::Entry*)>
ConditionalCacheDeletionHelper::CreateURLAndTimeCondition(
    const base::Callback<bool(const GURL&)>& url_predicate,
    const base::Time& begin_time,
    const base::Time& end_time) {
  return base::Bind(
      &EntryPredicateFromURLsAndTime,
      url_predicate,
      begin_time.is_null() ? base::Time() : begin_time,
      end_time.is_null() ? base::Time::Max() : end_time);
}

int ConditionalCacheDeletionHelper::DeleteAndDestroySelfWhenFinished(
    const net::CompletionCallback& completion_callback) {
  DCHECK_CURRENTLY_ON(content::BrowserThread::IO);

  completion_callback_ = completion_callback;
  iterator_ = cache_->CreateIterator();

  IterateOverEntries(net::OK);
  return net::ERR_IO_PENDING;
}

ConditionalCacheDeletionHelper::~ConditionalCacheDeletionHelper() {
}

void ConditionalCacheDeletionHelper::IterateOverEntries(int error) {
  while (error != net::ERR_IO_PENDING) {
    // If the entry obtained in the previous iteration matches the condition,
    // mark it for deletion. The iterator is already one step forward, so it
    // won't be invalidated. Always close the previous entry so it does not
    // leak.
    if (previous_entry_) {
      if (condition_.Run(previous_entry_))
        previous_entry_->Doom();
      previous_entry_->Close();
    }

    if (error == net::ERR_FAILED) {
      // The iteration finished successfuly or we can no longer iterate
      // (e.g. the cache was destroyed). We cannot distinguish between the two,
      // but we know that there is nothing more that we can do, so we return OK.
      base::MessageLoop::current()->task_runner()->PostTask(
          FROM_HERE, base::Bind(completion_callback_, net::OK));
      base::ThreadTaskRunnerHandle::Get()->DeleteSoon(FROM_HERE, this);
      return;
    }

    previous_entry_ = current_entry_;
    error = iterator_->OpenNextEntry(
        &current_entry_,
        base::Bind(&ConditionalCacheDeletionHelper::IterateOverEntries,
                   base::Unretained(this)));
  }
}

}  // namespace browsing_data

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


In Wilmington we brainstormed at least two different ways to perform guard discovery by keeping a circuit opened to a hidden service for a long time. These attacks will continue to work even after something like Proposal #247 is implemented.
Attack #1: Use many long-lived circuits to probe when the guard in use goes down. If several circuit teardowns are correlated with a guard going offline, you have a good candidate guard.
Attack #2: Keep a circuit opened long after a guard has been rotated away, and then start sending data down it. After one week, Tor decides that TLS connections are too old to use for new circuits, so after this point, your circuit should be one of the few things left on the TLS connection. Once this happens, if you can readily obtain netflow statistics at ISPs/core routers, you can walk your way all the way back to the client by seeing which Tor TLS connections match the byte counts you send.
We decided that this means we should close hidden service circuits after a day or so by default. Later, if we implement conflux, we could periodically reattach such circuits using conflux IDs instead.
We argued for a while about allowing people to have their Tor hidden service not kill long-lived circuits. I am of the opinion that we should allow this, with the appropriate warnings in the manpage and Tor log for the option.
Is there any way to crank that "1 day" number up by a few days?
I expect people who e.g. ssh into their onion service will have their usability impacted by a daily hangup.
The first attack above is not resolved by hanging up on extra long lived circuits, since it just relies on having a bunch of circuits open, and "hours" is plenty.
Whereas the second attack above becomes a big deal because of the weekly rotation to a new tls connection, and because of the (monthly-ish, except it's more complicated because churn) rotation across guards. If we picked 1 day (for hangup) because we picked 7 days (for tls rotation), maybe we should crank up both?
Ok, I agree. It seems like simply closing circuits is not going to buy us much here.
How about providing the ability for clients to migrate circuits to an IP/RP? That way, if a client *should* rotate away from a node, it can. Additionally, if a node goes down because of DoS or any byzantine reason, this would mean that the circuit doesn't have to be destroyed. Basically, we could do conflux (https://www.cypherpunks.ca/~iang/pubs/conflux-pets.pdf) without the split-flow control stuff (at least not at first, though I suspect that the flow control pieces will be useful against congestion attacks).
After thinking about the timeframes involved for attack 1 vs attack 2, I think that we should consider defending against attack 2 separately, again as a torrc option.
Attack 1 relies on an additional full-out DoS or an OOM killer side channel to do better than the guard downtime frequency, which should be months. Attack 2 just has to wait MAX(1 week, guard_layer_rotation_period). For middle nodes under prop247, guard_layer_roation_period is days/weeks.
Attack 1 makes me want to do conflux as per my previous comment, but because of the time duration and/or secondary attacks involved, attack 1 is actually lower severity than attack 2, and we still should provide an option for some hidden services to lower circuit lifetime because of this. I've filed #23980 for this. This ticket can be the place for deciding for what we want to about attack 1.


text:
site: media | arena: collegefootball | pageType: stories | section: | slug: usc-vs-stanford-score-no-10-cardinal-handle-no-17-trojans-in-thorough-victory | sport: collegefootball | route: article_single.us | 6-keys: media/spln/collegefootball/reg/free/stories_live-blog
USC vs. Stanford score: No. 10 Cardinal handle No. 17 Trojans in thorough victory
Stanford was in control all night against its in-state rival and Pac-12 foe
by Tom Fornelli
@TomFornelli
Sep 9, 2018 at 12:30 am ET • 2 min read
It wasn't what anybody would call a pretty win, but they all look beautiful in the win column. No. 10 Stanford picked up a 17-3 victory over No. 17 USC in Palo Alto, California, on Saturday night, getting some revenge for last season's loss to the Trojans in the Pac-12 Championship Game (as well as a loss during the 2017 regular season). It was a game that made you feel like you were watching a boa constrictor get around its prey and then slowly suffocate it to death.
You know, with a couple of big Bryce Love runs sprinkled in between, and a lot of hits on USC quarterback J.T. Daniels.
Here are some key takeaways from the game.
1. Stanford's run game was not efficient, but it was explosive: The good news for Love is that the finished product looks good. He finished the game with 136 yards rushing and a touchdown. It was a nice recovery from what was an ugly performance against San Diego State in the opener (29 yards on 18 carries), but the final line is a touch misleading.
Love broke free for a 28-yard gain during Stanford's first possession, which ended with Love scoring a touchdown from 6 yards out. In the second half, Love burst open for another long run, picking up 59 yards to get Stanford out of the shadow of its own end zone. Both were excellent runs, but the two of them accounted for 87 of his yards. That means on Love's other 20 carries he managed only 49 yards, which is similar to his performance last week.
It's not what I'd call a problem, but you'd like to see more consistency in the run game from Stanford. You want the big runs, obviously, but there were just too many carries that went nowhere or lost yardage in between. It's something Stanford will need to work on as the season progresses.
2. Stanford's defense looks solid. The Cardinal held USC to 332 yards, but while good, that numbers are a bit misleading. To be honest, after watching the entire game, seeing that 332 number was a surprise because it sure didn't feel like USC picked up that many yards on offense.
I just remember USC being unable to block all night and Daniels taking hit after hit, along with the Trojans running backs being unable to find any room to work. The Stanford defense also forced three turnovers and only allowed USC to put together two drives of 50 yards or more. One ended in USC's lone field goal, the other a game-clinching interception.
3. USC is going to struggle if its offensive line doesn't improve. Life is going to be difficult enough on offense when you have a very young QB like the Trojans have in Daniels, but it's going to be a lot worse when your offensive line can't block for him. Daniels was sacked four times, and he was pressured throughout the night when he dropped back to pass. The fact he was even able to put up the numbers he did (16/34, 215 yards) is a testament to the talent he does have because he did not have any time to work with.
If the Trojans don't get stronger on the offensive line, the Pac-12 South could be up for grabs.
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2019 College Football Schedule
Check out the 2019 college football schedule to see when your favorite team plays. The season begins Aug. 24 as Florida takes on Miami.
ACC Media Days: UNC's Brown has changed
First-year coaches Mack Brown, Manny Diaz and Geoff Collins met with the media on Thursday
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The rivalry seems to continue, even with Meyer no longer on the sidelines in Columbus
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From Ryan Day's debut to Jim Harbaugh's pressure ... there's plenty to talk about in Chicago...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Media Centre >
Press releases >
Press releases 2021 >
RLAM welcomes vote on Glencore's climate action plan as it transitions to a low carbon future
Lucy Field
Following Glencore's announcement today that the company will put their climate plan to a shareholder vote at its upcoming AGM, Carlota Garcia-Manas, senior responsible investment analyst at Royal London Asset Management (RLAM), commented:
"We welcome Glencore's plan to submit its climate action strategy for a shareholder advisory vote. This constitutes another big step in the transformation of this company and reinforces the value of shareholder engagements.
"Over the last few years, RLAM has led an investor engagement with Glencore on climate issues, and as active shareholders we have worked with its leadership to bring about change that not only secures long-term value but also meets our shared objectives of an accelerated decarbonisation and a just transition.
"Glencore's move to bring its climate transition plan to an immediate vote with annual reviews of its progress is another significant step taken in the company's climate evolution. This follows its February 2019 statement of support for the goals of the Paris agreement, and its Net Zero 2050 commitment in December 2020. Glencore is one of a few companies leading the way and through our investor engagement we expect many more to follow."
RLAM is the senior co-lead investor, through the Climate Action 100+ initiative1, in the engagement with Glencore. Climate Action 100+ is an investor-led initiative to ensure the world's largest corporate greenhouse gas emitters take necessary action on climate change.
Stephanie Pfeifer, CEO, Institutional Investors Group on Climate Change (IIGCC) and Climate Action 100+ global Steering Committee member, said:
"It's very welcome Glencore's Board has agreed to put their climate strategy to a vote at the AGM following investor engagement with IIGCC members as part of Climate Action 100+. Following Unilever and Shell, Glencore is now the third company to agree to a vote on their transition plan following investor dialogue with Climate Action 100+ signatories. We can expect others to follow their lead, as investors look to ensure companies provide shareholders with the opportunity to validate or show their concern on a company's approach to aligning with the goals of the Paris Agreement."
1. The Climate Action 100+ initiative is led by participating investors who determine the focus on companies they wish to engage, the engagement strategy pursued with each and update the initiative on progress. The engagement of investors is assisted by five investor networks from different parts of the world: the Asia Investor Group on Climate Change (AIGCC), Ceres, the Investor Group on Climate Change (IGCC), the Institutional Investor Group on Climate Change (IIGCC) and Principles for Responsible Investment (PRI). Source - https://www.climateaction100.org/approach/how-we-work/
About Royal London Asset Management (RLAM):
Established in 1988, Royal London Asset Management (RLAM) is one of the UK's leading fund management companies, providing investment management solutions to both wholesale and institutional clients such as not-for-profit organisations, local authorities and the insurance sector.
RLAM manages £153 billion of assets and employs 126 investment professionals as at 30 June 2021. It invests in all major asset classes including UK and overseas equities, government bonds, investment grade and high yield corporate bonds, property and cash.
For professional clients only, not suitable for retail investors.
Issued by Royal London Asset Management Limited, registered in England and Wales number 2244297; authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority. Registered Office: 55 Gracechurch Street, London, EC3V 0RL.
For press releases about RLAM please click here.
Lucy Field, Press Officer
Email: lucy.field@royallondon.com
Our latest news helps you stay up to date with what's going on at Royal London.
View all press releases about Latest press releases


text:
DOCTRINE OF JUSTIFICATION
DEFENDED.
Johannes VanderKemp
Minister of the Gospel in Dirksland, The Netherlands.
from his
Sermons on the Heidelberg Catechism
XXIV. LORD'S DAY.
Rom. 3.27,28. Where is boasting then? it is excluded. By what law? of works? nay: but by the law of faith. Therefore we conclude, that a man is justified by faith without the deeds of the law.
Q. 62. But why cannot our good works be the whole, or part of our righteousness before God?
A. Because, that the righteousness, which can be approved of before the tribunal of God, must be absolutely perfect, and in all respects conformable to the divine law: and also, that our best works in this life, are all imperfect, and defiled with sin.
Q. 63. What! do not our works merit, which yet God will reward in this and in a future life?
A. This reward is not of merit, but of grace.
Q. 64. But doth not this doctrine make men careless and profane?
A. By no means: for it is impossible that those who are implanted into Chris; by a true faith, should not bring forth fruits of thankfulness.
WHEN "Sarah saw the son of Hagar the Egyptian, which she had born unto Abraham, mocking, she said unto Abraham, Cast out this bond-woman and her son; for the son of this bond-woman shall not be heir with my son, even with Isaac." This Moses relates to us, Gen. 21.9,10. Paul having respect to this, saith Gal 4.22,23. "It is written that Abraham had two sons; the one by a bondmaid, and the other by a free woman. But he who was of the bondwoman was born of the flesh; but he of the free woman was by promise." When the bondwoman would have that her son should inherit, and the lad mocked, Sarah said, "Cast out this bondwoman and her son: for the son of this bondwoman shall not be heir with my son, even with Isaac. These things are an allegory, for these are the covenants," &c. saith the apostle, Gal 4.24-31. It appears very plainly, that by these two covenants he understands, (a) the covenant of works, the sum of which, together with the covenant of grace, which was administered in a legal manner under the Old Testament, was proposed at mount Sinai, and often exhibited for the condemnation of sinners, and in order to urge them to the Messiah, who was to come; and therefore the Jews, the Jerusalem of Paul's time, seeking their righteousness and the inheritance by this covenant, showed that they, being born after the flesh, of the servile covenant of works, were also servile with their children, since they, like Ishmael, mocked and persecuted them who were born after the Spirit. (b) The second covenant which Paul mentioneth is the covenant of grace, which is established only in promises; and therefore all who believe, the Jerusalem that is above, the true church, being born like Isaac, after the Spirit, of this covenant, are free, and obtain the inheritance by promise. When now the carnal Jews sought a right to the inheritance by the servile covenant of works, through their own doings, yea, when they mocked the free children, who sought their inheritance by the promises, "saying blasphemously that they said, Let us do evil, that good may come," Rom. 3.18. We say, when they did this, the true Sarah, the believing church, after she was become fruitful, according to Isaiah 54.1, compared with Gal. 4.17, cried to her Abraham, her Maker, the Lord of hosts, who is her husband, "Cast out this bondwoman and her son; for the son of this bondwoman shall not be heir with my son:" and so his Hagar was called by the Lord, "Loruhama, not having obtained mercy, and Lo-ammi, not my people." See Hosea 1.6,9. And the Lord hath ordered that it should be said to her, "Thou art not my wife, and I am not thy husband," Hosea 2.1. And thus "Israel, which followed after the law of righteousness, hath not attained to the law of righteousness. Wherefore? because they sought it not by faith, but as it were by the works of the law; for they stumbled at that stumblingstone." Thus Paul speaks, Rom. 9.31,32.
How long was the free Sarah, the true church with her children of promise, obliged to sigh, on account of grievous mockings and persecutions among the Popish Hagarenes, who sought the inheritance by the law! but when the church cried, Cast out the bondwoman with her son, the Lord drove these Hagarenes out of the house of Abraham, his church, in the time of the reformation: by which means the doctrine of justification by the promise through faith without works, having been brought to us, hath continued with us until now, and is defended, when we are taught that the righteousness of Christ, and no other, is our righteousness before God, in the foregoing Lord's day; and that our works cannot be our righteousness before God, nor a part of it, as we are now taught in this Lord's day, in the sixty-second question. These Hagarenes set themselves against this doctrine, and insist on a reward according to the merit of their works; but being opposed in the sixty-third question, they show the temper of Ishmael, by mocking us, when they blasphemously say in the sixty-fourth question, that our free doctrine makes men careless and profane.
In order that we may silence them, we will, agreeably to this clue, illustrate somewhat more particularly these three general heads:
That our works cannot be our righteousness before God, nor a part of it, Question 62.
That though God rewards the works of his children, they nevertheless do not merit, Question 63.
That our doctrine cannot with any propriety be reproached, as making men careless and profane, Question 64.
I. In order to render it evident that our works are not our righteousness before God, nor a part of it, we must first exhibit the state of the controversy, and then produce our arguments against the erroneous opinion.
In order to represent the state of the controversy, we must show that not only the Papists, but also many others, both now and of old have erred in this matter. All men, being children of the broken covenant of works, are by nature infected with this evil, that they imagine that their own works are their righteousness before God, either in whole, or in part.
We see this in the heathens; those at least among them, who were in any measure solicitous to enjoy the favour of the gods, sought the atonement of their sins in their sorrow for their sins, in their prayers, their washing's and sacrifices, either of beasts or men: also in afflicting their bodies, yea, they sometimes bereaved themselves of their lives; they thought they should obtain a right to life by their good and virtuous actions.
The carnal Jews, though they had been taught better from the word of God, would nevertheless seek their righteousness even of old, in their repentance, sacrifices and virtues; "they exacted all their labors," Isaiah 58.3. See what the apostle saith of them, Rom. 9.31,32. & 10.2,3. The Jews had declined to this errour especially in the time when Jesus came in the flesh, as appears sufficiently in the writings of the New Testament. The Jews of later times, abandoned to hardness of heart, have smugged up this unsuitable notion exceedingly. And indeed thus, seeing that they all without exception, though ever so virtuous, needed forgiveness, they have placed a right to forgiveness of sins in repentance, almsgivings, prayers, a changing of their name, (whereby, as they imagine, a Jew becomes another person, and is thus reckoned free from his former guilt,) a change of work, patience under sufferings observing the ecclesiastical law of Moses, as circumcision, washings, and sacrifices, and especially on the great day of atonement. Is there aught else wanting, they think that they shall atone for that by their death, or by suffering the pains of hell during one year. They seek a right to eternal life in their good works; they speak indeed of faith, but they mean by it a fulfilling of the whole law. If they mention aught of the mercy of God, it is without respect to the righteousness of the Messiah, and it only effects that God accepts of the penitent, who satisfy for their sins. Doth any one desire a fuller account of these things, let him read H. Witsius's discourse on justification, prefixed to the apostolical antiquities of William Cave.
Is it matter of wonder, that the Jews, the proper people of God, are so silly, it is matter of still greater wonder, that the majority of Christians, who have a clearer discovery of the righteousness of faith in the writings of the apostles, do, like those who are blind, grope here in the dark: this appears in all those, who are not of our communion, or of the Lutheran.
The Socinians, who deny the righteousness of works according to the law of Moses, and say that Christ is a new Law giver, who hath enlarged and improved the law of Moses, assert indeed, that we are justified by faith; but they imagine that faith consists in keeping the commandments of Christ, and in confiding that our sins are forgiven, and that we will obtain eternal life, not through the satisfaction of Christ, for they do not believe in that, but through a common goodness of God, who promiseth that he who doth good, shall receive a good reward.
The Remonstrants pretend that Christ hath merited a general covenant of grace for all men, the condition whereof is faith, perfected by the power of freewill; which is indeed an ignoble act, but is nevertheless considered and accepted of God by a gracious estimation, as a perfect fulfillment of the whole law.
The Mennonites unite either with the Socinians or Remonstrants. But as the instructor opposes more particularly the Papists, we must declare their opinion also. Justification consists, according to them, not in the forgiveness of sins, and in granting a right to life, but in an infusion of holiness, by which they obtain the forgiveness of sins, and a right to life through the merit of works. They say, this justification is either of the ungodly, by which an ungodly person becomes holy; or of the godly, by which a godly person becomes more holy. Works are either before regeneration, and proceed from the power of freewill, which merit the justification of the ungodly ex congruo, from a certain fitness and suitableness, that God should further in some measure the conversion, that is, the justification of the ungodly: or works are such as are done after regeneration by faith and grace, which assist freewill, and merit the justification of the godly, ex condigno, from an equal value of the work with the reward. If they have need of any works in consequence of their coming short in some measure, and have thus only a part of their righteousness, they will then betake themselves to the supererogatory works of other saints, who were more than perfect, or they will supply the defect, either in this life by penance, or after this life in purgatory. They speak also of the merits of Christ, but these do no more than obtain that their works merit. They allow that they are justified also by faith, but not otherwise than that faith is the root of other virtues, which producing others, and therefore being accompanied with others, justifieth on account of its superior excellency above other virtues, and merits justification.
In opposition to this, we teach that the satisfaction, righteousness and holiness of Christ, received by faith, is the righteousness of man before God, as we have declared and proved on the foregoing Lord's day. We do not deny that good works are highly necessary to salvation, but we assert that they cannot be our righteousness before God, nor a part of it. And therefore the controversy is, whether our good works can be our righteousness before God, or a part of it; which our adversaries affirm, but we deny.
That our good works cannot be our righteousness before God, appears.
1. Because the holiest persons, and those who had done the most good works, have with humility acknowledged that they had no righteousness at all, but sought their salvation only in the mercy of God, and in the righteousness of his Son. Job, who had the testimony of God that there was none like him in the earth for integrity, uprightness, fearing God and eschewing evil, said, chapt. 9.2,3, "how should man be just with God? If he will contend with him, he cannot answer him one of a thousand." David, the man after God's own heart, said, Psalm 130.3,4, "if thou, Lord, shouldest mark iniquity, O Lord, who shall stand? But there is forgiveness with thee, that thou mayest be feared." He prayed, Psalm 143.2, "Enter not into judgment with thy servant; for in thy sight shall no man living be justified." Daniel, the man greatly beloved, spoke also in the same manner, chapt. 9.18. "We do not present our supplications before thee for our righteousnesses, but for thy great mercies." If there ever was a man that excelled in holiness, it was Paul; but even he also "sought not his own righteousness, which was of the law, but only the righteousness of Christ, which is by faith," Gal. 2.16. Phil. 3.8,9. Surely if the good works of these saints could have been their righteousness before God, or apart of it, they would not have spoken thus.
2. The word of God teacheth us that there is no righteousness at all in good works for justification, since works are in every respect opposed to justification, as inconsistent with it. For (a) The judge doth not "set" works, but "his Son forth to be a propitiation through faith in his blood, to declare his righteousness for the remission of sins," Rom. 3.25,26. (b) The person cited is one who is "ungodly, who worketh not," Rom. 4.5. (c) The Advocate doth not plead the righteousness of the sinner, which is of works, but the ransom, which he himself hath found. Job. 33.24. Isaiah 53.12. 1 John 3.1,2. (d) The sentence is pronounced "freely, by the grace of God, through the redemption which is in Christ Jesus," Rom. 3.24. (e) Works are not imputed to the sinner, but only the righteousness of Christ without works, as Paul speaks from the opinion of David, Rom. 4. 6-8. (f) Faith which receives the sentence of grace, is also set in opposition to works. See this in the text.
3. Our righteousness, which is of works, cannot endure the judgment of God. In order to show this, we must prove, (a) That the righteousness, which shall endure the judgment of Gods must be perfect, and in every respect commensurate with the law of God. This is evident, because "Moses, describing the righteousness of the law, saith, The man which doth those things shall live by them," Rom. 10.5. And what are those things? the perfect love of God, and of our neighbour, as the Saviour explains the demand of the law, Matt. 22.37-39. We must keep the law perfectly, if we shall have the righteousness which God approves, or we are cursed, as Paul saith, Gal. 3.10 Deut. 27.6. This is still more evident, if we consider that God, who will judge men according to their works, must judge them according to the law: "The judgment of God is according to truth," as Paul speaks, Rom 2.2. Now he cannot justify man, unless he have a perfect righteousness, according to the law; for if a man incur guilt in any respect by his misconduct, "God will not hold him guiltless," as he saith himself, Exod. 34.7. Did not the Lord himself show that he would not approve of any righteousness in his judgment, but that which was perfectly conformable to his law, when he appointed his Son to satisfy his justice according to the complete demand of the law, "that the righteousness of the law might be fulfilled in us," as Paul saith, Rom. 8.3,4. The matter of the greatest importance here, is, whether our works are so perfect: but we will also prove (b) That our works are not so perfect, but that "even our best works in this life are all imperfect, and defiled with sin," as the catechism speaks. Is not this true? surely it is; for there is "not one man who sinneth not," as the word of God repeatedly testifieth. See 1 Kings 8.46. Prov. 20.9. Eccl. 7.20. Matt. 6.12. James 3.2. 1 John 1.8, and the good, yea, even the best works of men are defiled with sin, and imperfect. The prophet confesseth this of the church, of which he was a member, and therefore also of himself, when he saith, Isaiah 64.6, "We are all as an unclean thing, and all our righteousnesses are as filthy rags." This doth not denote that they were sins for then they would not be good works, or righteousnesses, but it denotes that they were imperfect, and proceeded from a heart that was not perfectly purified: the old man and the flesh hinders and withstands the new man and the spirit, "so that he doth not do what he would." Thus speaks Paul concerning believers and himself, Gal. 5.17. Rom. 7.14,26. The saints "did not indeed defile their garments," according to Rev. 3.14, but this doth not denote that their works were altogether pure and free from filth; for they would not then have had need "to wash them, and make them white in the blood of the Lamb," Rev 7.14, but it only means, that they did not pollute themselves with the abominable conduct, and the false doctrines of the pretended Christians of Sardis. If we will now deduce a conclusion from these premises, we will discover that our works cannot be our righteousness before God; for if our righteousness must be perfect, and if our best works be imperfect, it is evident that our works cannot be our righteousness before God, but deserve that we should be banished from his presence, and that he should cast them, as the filth of our holy things, in our faces.
Say not, the good that is in our good works may be a part of our righteousness, and God may graciously reckon it as perfect; for imperfect works do not lessen our guilt, but increase it. He who keeps the law in part, by imperfect good works, sins also in part, yea, renders himself altogether guilty: "For whosoever shall keep the whole law, and yet offend in one point, is guilty of all," as we are taught, James 2.10. Yea, if our good works were a part of our righteousness before God, and the righteousness of Christ, or the gracious estimation of God supplied their deficiency, then would our works form an unsuitable connexion with the righteousness of Christ and the grace of God, and we should be justified partly by works and partly by grace, which is contrary to the doctrine of Paul, Rom. 11.6, "If it be by grace, then is it no more of works; otherwise grace is no more grace. But if it be of works, then is it no more grace; otherwise work is no more work." Further, our adversaries cannot say with any reasonableness that our good works are a part of our righteousness and not the whole of our righteousness: for they who oppose us say that a man can keep the law of God perfectly; yea, the Papists will have that a man may be more than perfect by works of supererogation, and so afford a portion of his righteousness to another. The Socinian thinks that he doth more by his obedience to the improved law of Christ, than God demanded in the law which he gave by Moses. What remains then for the righteousness of Christ to do? nothing but to effect, as the slave of man, that his works should merit, and that he should do more works than Moses required, and that Christ should merit a general grace, by which man should be enabled to will, not be rendered actually willing to keep the law of God perfectly, and that God should esteem the faith of man, a perfect observation of the law. And thus they place their righteousness altogether in works, and all that is divine must subserve this purpose, that the sinner may find a righteousness in his works. Abominable!
4. Add to this, that the works of the sinner cannot be his righteousness, because he must have a righteousness, and be justified by it, before he can either have, or do works that are acceptable to God. For "the ungodly who worketh not is justified," according to the language of Paul, Rom. 4.5. All his works, as long as his person is not justified, reconciled to God, and thus acceptable to him, are disagreeable to God: "The Lord had respect to Abel and to his offering: but when he had not respect to Cain, he had not respect to his offering neither," Gen. 4.4,5. With this agrees wise Solomon, when he saith, "The sacrifice of the wicked is an abomination to the Lord; but the prayer of the upright is his delight," Prov. 15.8. All the good works of men are wrought in them by the Lord through his Spirit, as we have shown from Philip 2.13. Eph. 2.8. Now God doth not bestow his Spirit for sanctification, except on account of the righteousness of Christ: he is first made righteousness to the sinner, and then sanctification. See 1 Cor 1.30. For by the imputation of the righteousness of Christ he obtains a right to life, and thus also to all the benefits, and the sanctification of the covenant of grace. If the sinner must now be justified before he can either have, or do good works, he cannot then obtain righteousness by his works; for he hath it before his works, and his works are the fruits of it.
5. The doctrine, that our works are our righteousness before God, is replete with absurdities. For (a) "If righteousness come by the law, then Christ died in vain," Gal. 2.21. (b) Grace, which alone the Spirit of God commends here, hath then no place, according to Rom. 11.6. (c) We have then no need of forgiveness of sins, contrary to Psalm 30.4. (d) "If they who are of the law be heirs, faith is made void, and the promise made of none effect," Rom. 4.14. (e) Humility, the greatest virtue of Christianity, is then banished out of the church, and pride and boasting of our works obtain the chief place in it, contrary to Rom. 3.27,28. & 4.2. Eph. 2.8,9. We see Luke 18.11,12,14, how ill the Pharisee fares by boasting of his works. (f) If the sinner can merit so much by works, he needs not then beg at the throne of grace for his daily bread. (g) No sinner, who hath a sense of his sins, and sees that his works are like filthy rags, can then have any hope of grace, but he must abandon himself to despair, must hide himself with Adam, run from God with Cain, and flee to the halter with Judas. Many of the Papists, seeing this absurdity, have borne witness to the truth, especially at their death. The time would fail me if I should speak of the cardinals Contarene, Bellarmine, Pope Adrian the sixth, the emperour Charles the fifth, and George, duke of Savoy. (h) Suffer me to add this also, if righteousness come by works, then the righteousness of the gospel is wholly made void, the covenant of works is established, the covenant of grace denied, and the doctrine of Paul, in his epistles to the Romans and Galatians, in which he excludes all works, is enervated, and rendered absurd.
Our adversaries, in order to disentangle themselves out of these snares, which they lay for themselves, seek various evasions, and say,
1. That the apostle excludes works done only by the power of freewill, without the assistance of grace, but not those that are done by the assistance of grace. But thus our adversaries condemn themselves, because they assert a justification of the ungodly by the merits of their works, which are performed before regeneration by freewill, as we have shown before: Paul needed not to exclude works, which are done without grace, because they are only shining sins, and therefore evil works, which, as all know, deserve death. He excludes all works without any exception; we may not then make him speak of an exception, where he himself is silent. Yea, he excludes the works of godly Abraham and David, Rom. 4.1-8.
2. They say further that he excludes only the works of the ceremonial, or ecclesiastical law: but this also is an invention, which is beside Paul; for he speaks of the law that was innate to the Gentiles, Rom. 2.14,15, which forbids stealing and adultery, Rom. 2.21,22, which is opposed to circumcision, Rom. 2.25-27, which opposeth and condemneth Jews and Gentiles, and discovers their sins to them, Rom. 3.9-20. Yea, he speaks of the law which Abraham had, and which he observed, before the ceremonial or ecclesiastical lay was imposed on him by circumcision; and nevertheless his works according to the moral law are also excluded. See Rom. 4.1-3,9-12. It is true, the apostle hath respect in his epistle to the Galatians chiefly to the law of the fleshly commandment, since he therein manfully opposes the false apostles, who taught justification by works according to that law; but he doth this, because those false apostles looked upon those ceremonies, as the demand of the covenant of works, and as the proper performances to obtain life; for he alleges, in order to silence them, the promise and the threatening of the covenant of works. See Gal. 3.10,12. And he doth this, in order to show that we cannot be justified by our own performances, either according to the moral, or the ceremonial law. Therefore when he excludes the ceremonies according to the law of commandments contained in ordinances, he then also excludes all kinds of works.
3. In this manner do the Papists endeavour to disentangle themselves, but the Socinians pursue another method. Christ, according to them, preached a different doctrine and law from that of Moses. Paul, as they say, excludes from justification works done according to the law of Moses, but not works done according to the law of Christ, which they call the gospel. The Remonstrants differ not much from this, when they say that we are now justified by the faith of the gospel; for they consider faith as a work done according to the law of Christ, containing every virtue according to the commands of the gospel. But faith is a virtue by itself, distinct from other virtues, and may not be considered in justification as a work, but as an instrument and hand, by which we receive Christ, and Paul excludes all our own works, and besides this, we say, it is not true that Christ preached another, and a new law, as we will show in the proper place. God the Lord would then have abrogated the law of Moses; but how was this possible, when it expressed the image of God, and his demand against the sinner? he would then have dispensed with his right, which was impossible, as we have proved on the fifth Lord's day. If Christ had preached a new law, with a design, that men should be justified by works according to that law, then would that law have been "able to give life, contrary to the promise," and so "righteousness would come by the law," contrary to the doctrine of Paul, Gal. 3.21.
II. The adversaries of the light, not willing to be convinced of their erroneous opinions think that they will strengthen themselves by the word of God, which promiseth a reward to works. We cannot gainsay this, verily "in keeping God's commandments there is a great reward," according to the language of David, Psalm 19.11. God will reward good works, not only in this life, but also in that which is to come, Heb. 6.10. Matt. 6.4,6,18. Yea, the people of God encourage themselves by the consideration of the reward to greater diligence in doing good works. Moses "had respect to the recompense of the reward," Heb. 11.26, but good works do not therefore merit; for (a) We owe good works, and we are naturally bound to keep the law of God perfectly. How can we merit by doing our duty? Hear what the Saviour saith, Luke 17.10. "When ye shall have done all these things, which are commanded you, say, We are unprofitable servants; we have done that which was our duty to do." (b) If good works did merit that great reward, then we ought to do them of and by ourselves; for we cannot merit by the work and assistance of another; but good works are not of man himself, but of God: "Faith is not of yourselves; it is the gift of God," saith the apostle, Eph. 2.8. "It is God, which worketh in you both to will and to do," so the same man speaks, Philip. 2.13. (c) Works ought to be equal in value with the reward, if they shall merit the reward; but "the sufferings of this present time are not worthy to be compared with the glory which shall be revealed in us," Rom. 8.18. 2 Cor. 4.17. (d) Can good works profit God, for this is required in order that they may merit? no! "Can a man be profitable to God, as he that is wise may be profitable to himself? Is it any pleasure to the Almighty, that thou art righteous? or is it gain to him, that thou makest thy ways perfect?" These questions are rightly asked, in order to deny the assertions, Job 22.2,3
Do evil works merit perdition, because they are perfectly evil, good works do not therefore merit salvation, for they are not perfectly good. And if they were perfect, as they might have been before the fall, they would not however merit by their worthiness, but only by the promises of God in the covenant of works.
How doth God then reward works, if they do not merit the reward? Paul will declare, when he teacheth that there is not only "a reward of debt," but also "of grace," Rom. 4.4. The reward of debt is bestowed on account of the perfection of the work, which obligeth the Lord to bestow on his servant the promised recompense: the reward of grace is bestowed in consequence of certain endeavours, and a certain defective work, from kindness, and it is of more value than the work, and is therefore not merited. Say not, How can this be a reward? for thou shouldest not inquire wisely concerning this. Can any man "buy without money, and without price?" yet this is asserted, Isaiah 55.1, there can then be a reward of grace. Although a son owes his father obedience, his father can nevertheless reward him from kindness; especially if his obedience be not perfect, and nevertheless sincere. Thus also the Lord, when he beholds the sincere endeavours of his children to please him by good, although defective works, rewards them. Is the recompence of God from grace called a reward without reason? no: for as a proper reward is bestowed in consequence of a promise upon the work, as it encourageth the worker, sweetens the labour, and follows the work, so also is the reward according to grace bestowed.
They will nevertheless have that God bestows a reward of merit and debt upon works, since "the few at Sardis, who had not defiled their garments, should walk with the Saviour in white, because they were worthy." Rev. 3.4. But their works were not worthy of this, for they should be "washed and made white in the blood of the Lamb," Rev. 12.14. But their persons were worthy of it, because they were "found" in Christ, and so were "perfect in him," according to Phil. 3.9. Col. 2.10. And their good works were evidences of this, since "they had not defiled their garments," and so "he will reward according to works," as evidences of a person's good state, agreeably to the words of Christ and of Paul, Matt. 16.27. Rom. 3.6,8.
"Was Abraham justified by works, when he had offered Isaac his son upon the altar;" as James asks, James 2.21. This doth not militate against us, because it cannot militate against Paul, who had said, that "Abraham was not justified by works," Rom. 4. From which nominal Christians took occasion to boast largely of their faith, and conceived that if they had faith, it was enough, although they had not works. James sets himself against these, and he shows that faith without works is not good, and that it must be manifested by works: in order to demonstrate this to them, he alleges the example of Abraham, who was justified by works, when he had offered his son Isaac. And he speaks not therefore of the justification of Abraham as a sinner, as Paul doth, Rom. 4. but as a godly person, by which the Lord God declares of him to his posterity, that he had proved himself to be a righteous and godly person. Abraham was justified by faith, before he had offered his son, for so it is said Gen. 15.6. "Abraham believed in the Lord and he counted it to him for righteousness." But when he had offered his Son, it appeared, and God declared in consequence of his work, and because he feared him, that he was righteous: the Lord said, Gen. 22.12, "For now I know that thou fearest God, seeing thou hast nor withheld thy Son, thine only son from me."
III. When our adversaries can do no more, and we have disarmed them, they betake themselves to slandering, reproaching and scoffing, saying, that the doctrine of justification without works "makes men careless and profane." But why need we regard this? It is indeed an ancient slander, which was cast also upon Paul's doctrine of justification in his time, but which was manfully opposed and repelled by him. See Rom. 3,8. & 6.1. Our adversaries show thus, that they are in their temper exceedingly like Ishmael, who scoffed at the freeborn Isaac, who was entitled to the inheritance by promise. But that we may show them that our doctrine cannot justly be reproached in this manner, we say with the instructor, that it doth not make men careless and profane, but exceedingly serious, fervent, and godly, for no doctrine excites and influenceth more than this to zealous godliness, as we will show at large upon the thirty-second Lord's day. We say no more at present, than "that it is impossible, that those who are implanted into Christ by a true faith, should not bring forth fruits of thankfulness." It is frequently declared in the word of God, that they who are justified are implanted and ingrafted into Christ, and thus most intimately united to him, as the graft is united to the stock. Being thus united and ingrafted into him, "they partake of the root and fatness of that olive tree," Rom. 9.47. Is it now possible that they should not bring forth fruits of thankfulness? the Saviour saith, John 15.5, "I am the vine, ye are the branches; he that abideth in me, and I in him, the same bringeth forth much fruit," If our doctrine make men careless and profane, then the doctrine of the legalist ought to make men exceedingly zealous and godly; but how doth this appear, when they are so ignorant, wanton, and exceedingly riotous on their holydays so called, unless we will acknowledge that it is godliness to present God with a certain number of mumbled prayers, paternosters, avemarys, with hearing masses, abstaining from meats, neglecting the body, and I know not what other bodily exercises; but "these things are not of any profit, but only a satisfying of the flesh," Col. 2.23. And what is the Socinian and Arminian godliness? is it a "worshipping of God in the Spirit?" no, for they "rejoice not in Christ Jesus, but have confidence in the flesh." See Phil. 3.3 The whole morality of those men doth not exceed the decent conversation of the most moral heathens. And how can they say that our doctrine renders men careless and profane? this truly the doctrine of the Hagarenes, the hirelings, and the servants who labor for a reward, doth, and no other. Have not the Papists proffered for sale indulgences of sins, heaven and all that is holy? What will induce me to pursue sanctification, if my money, my skill in reckoning bodily exercises can obtain for me the pardon of my sins, and every other advantage? Every legalist teaches that a man may be perfect in this life, if he will only exert his freewill: why then are not all those men perfect? is it not because they conceive that they can offer to God a righteousness by their own works for their sins, or that he will wink at them, if they only perform penance, and amend their conduct? See to what all this tends.
Hearers, ye who attend to these things, will any one of you contradict us? and will he not manifest his aversion from that impious opinion, that a man is justified by his works? I believe he will. But do ye know that the most of you, while they know not what they do, walk in the paths of the legalist, and seek their righteousness by their works; and thus justify by their conduct, the false doctrine of our adversaries? it is certain, that all men are by nature children of the covenant of works, born under the law, and after the flesh, and that they do therefore seek life by their own works. Our living under the ministration of the covenant of grace, of the gospel, and of the Spirit, doth not translate us into the state of grace, and into Christ, and it doth not furnish us with a justifying faith; and we cannot all say, that "we are not under the law, but under grace," as Paul speaks of believers only, Rom. 6.14. Now it cannot be otherwise, but that those, who are yet under the covenant of works, under the law, and after the flesh, must work agreeably to their nature and state, and therefore seek righteousness by works. Luther, considering this, said that every man had a Popish priest in his own bosom.
Many will not believe this concerning themselves, because they are not Papists; but suffer me to discover it to you, that ye may have a palpable demonstration of it.
1. Ye know that ye have sinned against God, and have deserved death and hell; why are ye not concerned and disturbed at this, and fearful that the wrath of God will light on you every moment? is it not because ye think that ye are not so ungodly as this and that person, that ye do many things, are civil, honest, devout, and zealous after your manner? have ye committed a sin, for which your conscience reproves you, ye soothe yourselves with a little sorrow, and with a purpose to amend your conduct, and to repent, and upon this ye bless yourselves, and think that God will forgive your sin. Is it not then your own doing and work, that renders you so unconcerned, and banishes fear out of your hearts? do Papists seek righteousness by their works otherwise than ye do? Surely the Pharisee did not act otherwise, Luke 18.11,12.
2. Ye say, we know indeed that we must not be justified by our works, but only by the merits of Christ. It is true, ye know this, but doth this knowledge influence you so, that it effects a change of your condition and behaviour, that it drives you, from a concern on account of your damnable condition, out of yourselves to the Mediator, and that ye accept of him and his righteousness truly, heartily, and frequently, and that to be sanctified, as well as justified and saved, and are ye urged thereby to "pursue after perfection," with Paul? Phil. 3.7-14. Is it true, that ye are implanted into Christ by a sincere faith, and that it is impossible for you not to bring forth fruits of thankfulness; ye are then surely justified by his merits. But how few are there, who conduct in this manner! Many have heard others speak concerning Christ, and his merits, and they depend upon this, especially when they are moral, civil and devout, thinking that though their works are not perfect, they will not however be condemned on account of that imperfection; that God will wink at their defects, as the Socinians talk; or that Christ will supply that which they lack with his merits; and so they have a part of the righteousness, as the Papists speak. In this manner the Jews also had "a zeal for God, but not according to knowledge; for they, being ignorant of God's righteousness, and going about to establish their own righteousness, did not submit themselves to the righteousness of God," Rom. 102,3. Once more:
3. To what doth it lead many of you, that they know that they are not justified by their works, but only by the merits of Christ? Our doctrine doth not make men careless and profane, but your imagination, that ye are justified through Christ, although ye have never truly passed into him, nor been implanted into him, makes you careless and profane. If ye did not imagine this, but were convinced of your damnable condition, would ye not be more engaged, and bestir yourselves more for your souls, that ye might not by any means perish, but be saved? But now ye have heard of Christ and his merits only with the hearing of the ear, therefore ye leave all to him without concern, and busy yourselves only with the things which are visible, and with your lusts, yea, many indulge in excess of riot, every one for his own ends. And when they must die, then Christ must save them, and take them to heaven. But is not this "making Christ a minister of sin?" Gal. 2.17, is it not allowing the slander of our adversaries, when they rail at our doctrine, and say that it makes men careless and profane? And tell us, what is the reason of your reproaching and slandering as legalists and Pharisees, persons who separate themselves from the world, and pursue a different conduct from the generality, and who endeavour to shine as lights in a crooked and perverse generation? is it not, because their behaviour convinces you? because ye cannot endure such goads in your sides, and such thorns in your eyes? because ye wish to become careless and profane by this doctrine, at least, because ye endeavour to persuade yourselves that men need not be so precise? What think ye, shall a person, who is implanted into Christ, conduct only like a civil person, and a man of common morality? ought not the image and Spirit of Christ to shine forth in him? And why do ye look upon such persons as hypocrites, legalists, and Pharisees? is it not on account of their modest appearance, their discourse, which is agreeable to godly persons, and seasoned with salt, or their decent behaviour? must justified persons then conform themselves to the world, be loose and disorderly? Ye will say, No, but we hate their hypocrisy, and those outward things are the whole of their religion and merit. How do ye know this? do ye know the heart? no, but ye are not willing that their behaviour should shame and condemn you; therefore "judge not, that ye be not judged," according to Matt. 7.1.
Let each one now inquire how he conducts with respect to these matters. Do ye rest in your own works? is your religious zeal the foundation of your hope, and would it appear strange to you, if God should not bestow heaven upon you and do ye with the Jews "exact all your labours?" Isaiah 58.3. Know then that ye are yet under the law and the broken covenant of works, and therefore "under the curse," Gal. 3.10. And so God "will not clear you," according to Exod. 34.7. Do not flatter yourselves with the merits of Christ, for ye have surely no interest in them by an active faith, which would implant you into him; for ye would then reckon all your own doings as loss and dung; but ye are now so exceedingly pleased with your own works; and therefore ye are yet without the Mediator; "Christ is become of no effect to you, whosoever of you are justified by the law; ye are fallen from grace," Gal. 5.4. When God will enter into judgment with you, consider whether all your works will then justify you.
Do ye say, We trust not in our works, but in the merits of Christ through faith? But are ye implanted into Christ by faith, and do ye therefore bring forth fruits of thankfulness? this is well; but do ye think that works will not avail to save you, but faith only and do ye therefore live as ye list, ye are then a reproach to our holy doctrine, and "the name of god is blasphemed through you, as it is written," Rom. 2.24. Your faith is without works, is a dead faith, as James speaks, James 2.17. Verily, your outward ado, and saying, Lord, Lord, will not procure you an entrance into the kingdom of God: "Faith only, which worketh by love, avails in Christ Jesus," Gal. 5.6.
O that ye would all of you see your misery with anxiety, and that ye cannot deliver yourselves, that ye might cry out with concern, "What shall we do!" as those did, Acts 2.37. Rest not, before ye are in the Son of God; he is willing and able to bestow a sufficient righteousness on you. Hear him cry to you, Isaiah 45.22, "Look unto me, and be ye saved, all the ends of the earth: Surely shall one say, In the Lord have I righteousness and strength: to him shall men come."
But, believers, who, according to your evidences exhibited in the former Lord's day, have indeed been justified before God freely, without works, by faith, and who must still daily seek justification and reconciliation for your daily offences, this leaven of working with your own righteousness is not wholly purged out of you, any more than your natural depravity is wholly rooted out of you: for ye also are frequently driven to pursue your own righteousness. This is evident, (a) Because ye often dare not believe, that ye have grace, and are justified, unless ye have just such a measure of holiness. If ye depended only upon the righteousness of Christ, would ye suffer yourselves to be shaken on account of the degree of your sanctification? it would humble you, that ye had not made a greater progress, but it would not cause you to reject your state, since your justified state is not founded upon any measure of sanctification, but upon the perfect righteousness of the Mediator. (b) It appears also from this, that a greater or less progress in virtue causes you to draw near more or less boldly to the throne. When ye have done your duty tolerably well, ye will then venture to draw near; but when ye have behaved improperly, ye then wander about, and seek for excuses, only in order to remain aloof: and when ye dare not neglect to draw near, ye are possessed with a prejudice, that God will not hear you, ye dare not persevere, but make short work, and wait until ye have behaved yourselves better. It is proper to go to God, with a holy awe, with a deep humility and shame, on account of your misbehaviour; but to forbear altogether to draw near, or to draw near only with such an unbelieving trembling, when we have misbehaved ourselves, and courageously only when we have done well, evidences that we found our right to draw near, not upon the righteousness of Christ, but on our own works. (c) This is also evident, because men are often urged to holiness by fear, as if they stood near mount Horeb. "The Lord hath delivered you, that ye might serve him without fear," Luke 1.74. But a slavish fear, proceeding from the covenant of works, sometimes possesses the soul, and urgeth her to do this or that, as a command of God, as if every misdeed subjected her to the curse. Yea, this renders the soul so scrupulous and anxious, that she sometimes looks upon certain actions to be sinful, which a Christian may perform freely. (d) This is still more evident, because men sometimes pursue holiness, in order to seek and find rest for their souls. They have made a breach in their spirits by sin, this they will heal, what do they do? embrace the righteousness and atoning blood of Christ, in order to pacify their minds? no, they will bewail it, and reform, and thus their work, and not Christ will afford them rest. Further, (e) Men dare not embrace the proffered and promised grace, and Christ, because they are not so contrite as they imagine besides the word of God that they ought to be. And thus they attend to their own doings, and not to the perfect righteousness of Christ, and they do not surrender themselves to him, as altogether wretched, and seek his favour only. It appears also, (f) because they sometimes become impatient, when they do not obtain their desire, after great earnestness: what doth this denote but that they imagine, that their earnestness obliges God to be favourable to them.
But God doth not approve of all this self-tormenting, it dishonours Jesus, it keeps the soul from her rest, and confounds the grace and righteousness of God and Christ with our unclean and filthy works: "If it be by grace, then is it no more of works: otherwise grace is no more grace: but if it be of works, then is it no more grace: otherwise work is no more work;" thus speaks Paul, Rom. 11.6. A Christian must part with all that is his own, he must count it loss and dung, that he may be found wholly in Christ: he must be stripped, naked, and bare, as one who is dead, and he must surrender all that is his own, as one who is become a bankrupt, that he may be completely clothed and enriched with the righteousness of Christ only. All that he hath in himself is but rags and tatters, it can neither clothe nor feed him.
Shall a Christian then, as if he were not obliged to any duty, sit still, and be careless, and think now I have nothing to do, Christ hath done all for me? No, this is impossible: his looking off from his own righteousness doth not teach him this. Justification by the righteousness of Christ alone through faith obligeth him to prize this truth, to thank the Lord for it, to conduct himself humbly and worthily of this truth by a diligent pursuit of holiness, which we have urged on the foregoing Lord's day. But we must see that we pursue sanctification, as those who are implanted into Christ, and therefore,
1. As justified persons in him by faith: for how can sanctification be acceptable to God, as long as he hath aught against the soul on account of her guilt, by which the Father is justly incensed against her? How can she draw near him boldly with her sacrifice of thanksgiving, except she be delivered from doubts, and able to acquit herself? We must "draw near with a true heart, and a full assurance of faith, having our hearts sprinkled from an evil conscience, and our bodies washed with pure water," Heb. 10.22. It behooves you therefore, believers, to labour first and mostly for justification, in order to pursue sanctification therefrom. Endeavour then to obtain an assurance, that ye have been already justified before God, as sinners, and have thus a right to request sanctification on account of the merits of the Lord Jesus: for since he is made righteousness to you, he is also "made sanctification to you," as Paul saith, 1 Cor. 1.30. Labour then, after any misbehaviour in future, not first and mostly to amend your conduct, but to be justified and reconciled to the Father, and to make your peace with him by accepting your Surety, and pleading on your title to him before the throne, that ye may pursue sanctification from such a justified, pacified and reconciled mind, and thus begin your former holy conversation anew.
2. Pursue sanctification by all means from, and in union with Christ: "Your life must be hidden with Christ in God," according to Col. 3.3. Believers being implanted into Christ, bring forth fruits of thankfulness: "Having been planted together with him in the likeness of his death, we must also be so in the likeness of his resurrection," as the apostle requireth, Rom. 6.5, "Our good conversation is in Christ," as Peter saith, 1 Peter 3.6. It must necessarily be bitter fruit that grows upon a wild tree, but the fruit of a grafted tree is pleasant. No action can be agreeable to God but that which is performed in, and from the union of the soul with Christ: "The fruits of righteousness are to the praise and glory of God" only "through Jesus Christ," as Paul teacheth, Philip 1.11. Hear also what Peter saith, 1 Peter 2.5. "Spiritual sacrifices are acceptable to God through Jesus Christ. Ye must therefore not reckon it enough that ye have been implanted into Christ by faith, but ye must also abide in and near him continually, and operatively.
3. Strive to do all your works by his Spirit, influence, virtue and power, as the graft bears no fruit, unless it derive its sap from the tree. As long as we exert, fatigue and afflict ourselves without the Spirit, in order to do our duty, we will never perform aught that is acceptable to God: "Not by might, nor by power, but by my Spirit, saith the Lord of Hosts," Zech. 4.6. We have shown on the eighth and ninth question how often the soul labours in her own and not in Christ's strength, and thus mars her work. If the soul shall labour rightly, she must abide near and by her stock Jesus, sucking incessantly through the pipes and conduits of the promises from his fullness, grace for grace. Therefore the Saviour saith to you, John 15.4,5, "Abide in me, and I in you. As the branch cannot bear fruit of itself, except it abide in the vine, no more can ye except ye abide in me. He that abideth in me, and I in him, the same bringeth forth much fruit; for without me ye can do nothing."
4. Look nevertheless at the reward, in order to encourage and animate you in your work. The Lord offers a crown at the end of your race, to urge and induce you to strive for it, namely, an incorruptible and undefiled inheritance, which fadeth not away. When "the prophet Azariah said to king Asa, and to all Judah and Benjamin, Be strong, and let not your hands be weak; for your work shall be rewarded: Asa encouraged himself with all the people," to effect a great reformation and amendment among themselves, 2 Chron. 16. Moses having respect to the recompence of the reward, esteemed the reproach of Christ greater riches than the treasure in Egypt," Heb. 11.26. The Lord is in himself worthy of your universal obedience, faith, love, fear and service; he hath also deserved all this at your hands: yea, believers, ye are yourselves earnestly desirous to please him, and pleasing him is a sufficient reward for you. The Lord will nevertheless be abundantly good to you, since he will excite you by a reward. Improve this therefore by stirring yourselves up thereby to greater activity in your way. Look not however on the reward, as an equivalent compensation of your work, but have respect to it, as the fruit of the righteousness of Christ, which was purchased for you by him, that it should be given to you upon your work; for "eternal life is the gift of God through Jesus Christ," Rom. 6.23.
Do ye lament that your work is so imperfect, it doth not please the Lord yet to render you perfect, that ye may seek your perfection in the righteousness of his Son. How good is it therefore, that it is not necessary for you to seek your righteousness in your works, but in him, who hath obtained a perfect righteousness for you, "that the righteousness of the law might be fulfilled in you," according to Rom. 8.3,4. Do others scoff at you, on account of your zeal, why should ye regard what the despicable slaves, the Hagarenes and Ishmaelites do? Look upon it to be of greater importance what your Saviour saith, Matt. 5.11,12. "Blessed are ye, when men shall revile you, and shall say all manner of evil against you falsely for my sake. Rejoice and be exceedingly glad, for great is your reward in heaven; for so persecuted they the prophets which were before you." Say not with Asaph, Psalm 73.13,14. "Verily I have cleansed my heart in vain, and washed my hands in innocency; for all the day long have I been plagued, and chastened every morning." For would ye, though ye should suffer ever so much, exchange your condition with an ungodly person, who enjoys the greatest property? although it were even so, that the condition of the ungodly was better in this life than that of the godly, will not their comforts end with their lives, and will not their sorrows begin then? But how will it be then with you? Peter informs you, 1 Peter 5.4. "When the chief shepherd shall appear, then shall ye receive a crown of glory, that fadeth not away." Amen.


Map of all the collaborating teams (Urban algae consortium) - freshproject-urbanalgaes Webseite!
Distribution of the 30 participant temas that sampled 28 urban nuclei during summer 2018, with a range of population from 0.03-10 M inhabitants/square km. The urban nuclei cover 6 bioregions and a latitudinal gradient from Málaga up to Umeå.
Starting the project, we released the call to join the Urban algae (UA) project. At first, being a little nervous about whether or not we will gather enough teams, later we were relieved when we ended up with 31 team applications. Luckily all teams could join the project (although one team later had to withdraw as they were not able to do the summer sampling). However, with 30 team 'in our boat' (freshwater ecologists love water-related metaphors), we started Urban algae.
97 people build now our UA consortium. The best is, that every single person contributes with individual knowledge, expertise and character to the project, so that we cover statistical topics as well as social questionnaire experiences and know-how on data management and team organisation.
In the following the Urban algae teams represent themselves.
Víctor Vázquez, all from the University of Málaga.
"From south to north U-algae unites us all!"
I'm an Environmental Scientist and my research is focused on the ecophysiology of seaweeds. I am currently working as a postdoc in a project addressing the effects of climate change on marine kelp forests and intertidal canopy forming macrophytes. I am interested in water biogeochemistry and interactions among ecological compartments in aquatic ecosystems. I love working with GIS and learning new IC skills. Main hobbies: cooking, travelling, hiking, discover new music, reading & watching series.
My main research is about zooplankton population dynamics and pelagic food web change in deep lakes, in relation to environmental perturbations. Main hobbies: trekking, reading, tv series, cooking.
My main research is about climatic and anthropic impacts on freshwater ecosystems, with special regard to phytoplankton community and hydrological alteration. Main hobbies: dancing, photography, walking with my dog, travelling.
ecosystems. Specifically, I focus on biogeochemical proxies (such as subfossil cladocerans remains, sedimentary photosynthesis pigments or major and trace elements) to track long-term environmental changes on pristine alpine ecosystems. Main hobbies: Travelling, hiking, live music, photography.
My main research is about community ecology of aquatic insects, focusing on environmental and spatial drivers and on their distribution in relation to flow intermittency. Main hobbies: go walking (or hiking) with my dog, martial arts, photography.
My research is about the functioning of benthic systems, with focus the interaction between benthic communities and primary producers. Main hobbies: diving, hiking and swimming in rivers.
My research is about the effect of flow intermittency on macroinvertebrates. Main hobbies: cooking, motorbikes, photography.
My main research is about spatial patterns analysis of biophysical characteristics on river networks, focusing on connectivity and spatial distribution of fish.Main hobbies: spending time with family and friends, playing handball, sports, travelling.
My research is about the effect of land cover changes on mountain stream ecosystems. I investigate this from a multilevel approach that includes DOM composition, food web size structure and composition and ecosystem functioning (i.e., metabolism, organic matter breakdown). Main hobbies: cooking, travelling and beach time.
My main research is about modelling of mountain catchments in order to optimize the implementation of green infrastructure networks. Main hobbies: mountain climbing, travelling, reading and films.
My main research is about freshwater ecosystems functioning, focusing on spatial and temporal drivers of primary production and ecosystem respiration at basin scale. Main hobbies: enjoying live music, gardening, hiking and spending time with friends.
My main research is about zooplankton community-taxonomy, distribution and ecology. Also macrozoobenthos fauna and pelagic food web change in lakes. Main hobbies: reading, drawing and sports aktivities.
Interests: Тaxonomy, conservation, ecology and evolution of aquatic insects with special focus on aquatic bugs ( Heteroptera, Nepomorpha).
Interests: Freshwater ecology, macrozoobenthos (Oligochaeta Limicola), water quality, mapping of ecosystem status and services.
Interests: water conservation and biodiversity of aquatic macroinvertebrates- macrozoobenthos in rivers and lakes, chemical parameters of the water and implementation of water. framework directives using macroinvertebrates.
TEAM 23 - unfortunately this team had to withdraw from the UA project.
We are a team of environmental engineers working under the guidance of Prof. Marco Toffolon at UniTN. We strive to become qualified limnologists, passionately working on different projects that deal with the complex functioning of lake ecosystems.
Paraguayan Environmental and Industrial Engineer, Computer Applications Programmer and PhD Candidate in River Science at UniTN, FU Berlin and the IGB. His doctoral research project deals with the integration of hydro-thermodynamics and biogeochemistry in lake ecosystem models. Case studies include Ypacaraí Lake (Paraguay) and the IGB LakeLab, a large mesocosm facility in Lake Stechlin (Germany).
PhD candidate at the University of Trento (Italy), Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering. She does research in physical limnology, studying Lake Garda (Italy). Her research concerns the development of a coupled atmospheric and hydrodynamic model and the investigation of transport processes in Lake Garda. She is involved in the project 'Lake Garda Dynamics and Mixing" in collaboration with Utrecht University.
Recently graduated from the Environmental Engineering MSc programme at UniTN. His thesis dealt with the hydro-thermodynamic modelling of Ypacaraí Lake (Paraguay). He currently holds a UniTN study grant, working on a project related to mixing and nutrients dynamics of Lake Caldonazzo (Italy).
My research is about ecological resilience: I study the response of aquatic microbial communities to repeated disturbances in the lab.
I´m an enthusiastic researcher of freshwater ecosystems and water management resources.
My research is focused in an overall evaluation of the riparian ecosystems as a bridge between science and water managers. I'm interested in urban rivers evaluation, reservation and preservation, benthic macroinvertebrates (Taxonomy and composition), riparian vegetation composition and water management programs and scientific outreach trough social media. Main hobbies: Go to de beach, photography, ecotourism.
I'm an ecologist interested in the factors shaping body size distributions in freshwater food webs across interacting trophic levels. My research includes different approaches from experiments to monitoring in order to investigate prey-predator interactions, energy transfer and ecosystem functioning in aquatic ecosystems.
I am a aquatic ecologist interested in eutrophication and cyanobacteria bloom. I focus on effected-oriented measures to mitigate cyanobacteria nuisance and to control phosphorus through geo-engineering approach going from lab controlled experiment to whole lake application.
While studying environmental science and technology my master thesis led me to the fascinating science of freshwater ecology, where I have been working for a few years until now. I am an aquatic ecologist with environmental engineering background. I am interested in the effects of climatic change, protection strategies and nature conservation of (fresh)waters and sustainable development.
I am a phytoplankton ecologist interested in the role and flow of nutrients in food webs. Also, i am very much interested in how global change affects biological interactions in aquatic systems. Herein I focus on the interactions between phytoplankton, zooplankton, fungal parasites, viruses and bacteria.


text:
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Home > News and events > News archive > News archive - 2009 > December > Leverhulme Prize for work on French sexuality
The Exeter blog
Higher education news links
Lisa Downing - Professor of French Discourses of Sexuality, Director of the Centre for the Interdisciplinary Study of Sexuality and Gender in Europe
Leverhulme Prize for work on French sexuality
Professor Lisa Downing has received international recognition for her multidisciplinary research on French discourses of sexuality from the 19th Century to the present day.
The judges said, 'Professor Downing's methodology is to read closely across texts from a range of fields and disciplines of literature, film, medicine, criminology, sexology, psychoanalysis and ethical philosophy to produce strikingly nuanced theoretical histories of culturally significant concepts.'
She has been awarded The Philip Leverhulme Prize which is given to outstanding scholars under the age of 36 who have made a substantial contribution to their field of study and whose future contributions are held to be of correspondingly high promise.
They added, 'Her meticulous historical and textual scholarship, initially focused in 19th Century French literary constructions of necrophilia, has been widely recognised as contributing new insights to the disciplines with which she engages. This is alongside recent work on the ethical dimension of cinema, where she challenges now standard psychoanalytical approaches to the representation of sexuality.'
As the University of Exeter's Director of the Centre for the Interdisciplinary Study of Sexuality and Gender in Europe, Professor Downing is delighted that the intellectual impact of her research has been recognised in this way. She said, 'I am heartened by the fact that a Philip Leverhulme Prize has been given to research that deliberately works outside of standard disciplinary frameworks and structures.'
The prize is worth £70,000 which is likely to make a considerable difference to Professor Downing's research. She said, 'It will allow me to extend my institutional research leave for two further years, providing a long period of intensive research. This will give me time to complete a book project about the intellectual history of the figure of the murderer. It will also enable me to carry out sustained work on my new project, a genealogy of the "perversion" and "paraphilia" diagnoses in sexology from the European 19th Century to the present day.'
Date: 3 December 2009
Read more University News


text:
Q: NSUserDefault not saving in simulator No matter what I do, I cannot get my NSUserDefaults to save when using the iOS simulator. I've read the posts, and I am calling synchronize, but it's still not working.
I have a button that simulates a check box. When the button is clicked, the method toggleSavedPassword fires. Even after checking the box (i.e. setting "save_password" to true), when I come back into the app, the value is reset to false every time.
What am I doing wrong? Thanks!
This is my output every time I follow the sequence of launching the app and clicking the checkbox:
password NOT saved
user save password set to: true
password save set
user default didn't save

Here is the code:
- (void)viewDidLoad
{
    [super viewDidLoad];

    NSUserDefaults *userDefaults = [[NSUserDefaults alloc] init];

    NSLog([self.userDefaults boolForKey:@"save_password"] ? @"password saved" : @"password NOT saved");

    // check the save password box based on user default settings
    if ([userDefaults boolForKey:@"save_password"]) {
        [self.savePasswordCheckBox setBackgroundImage:[UIImage imageNamed:@"checked_checkbox"] forState:UIControlStateNormal];
    }

}

- (IBAction)toggleSavePassword:(UIButton *)sender {

    self.savePassword = !self.savePassword;

    NSString *temp;
    if (self.savePassword) temp = @"true";
    else temp = @"false";
    NSLog(@"user save password set to: %@\n", temp);

    if (self.savePassword) {
        [self.savePasswordCheckBox setBackgroundImage:[UIImage imageNamed:@"checked_checkbox"] forState:UIControlStateNormal];

        [self.userDefaults setBool:YES forKey:@"save_password"];
        [[NSUserDefaults standardUserDefaults] synchronize];

        NSLog(@"password save set");

    } else {
        [self.savePasswordCheckBox setBackgroundImage:[UIImage imageNamed:@"unchecked_checkbox"] forState:UIControlStateNormal];

        [self.userDefaults setBool:NO forKey:@"save_password"];
        [[NSUserDefaults standardUserDefaults] synchronize];
    }

    NSLog([self.userDefaults boolForKey:@"save_password"] ? @"Confirmed" : @"user default didn't save");

}

A: No need to add the NSUserDefaults as a property.
You could just use
[NSUserDefaults standardUserDefaults];

For saving:
[[NSUserDefaults standardUserDefaults] setBool:YES forKey:@"save_password"];

For retrieving:
[[NSUserDefaults standardUserDefaults] boolForKey:@"save_password"];

A: where is your  self.userDefaults -setter method
BTW, it should be NSUserDefaults *userDefaults = [NSUserDefaults standardUserDefaults];

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Israel Adesanya to collide with British UFC star Darren Till? 'The Last Stylebender' discusses a mammoth London showdown | MMA News
March 18, 2022 by SportsActionZone
Israel Adesanya is sitting pretty at the top of the UFC middleweight division and has no intention of relinquishing his crown.
'The Last Stylebender' continued his dominance in the 185lb class with a unanimous win over Robert Whittaker earlier this month, but the 32-year-old says he can get even better.
"I wasn't as impressed with my performance as I'd like to be. Even though I won, I'm just hard on myself with these things," he told Sky Sports.
The sky is now the limit for Adesanya, as he looks to the future.
One potential fight which could get the juices flowing for the UFC middleweight king is a showdown with British MMA star Darren Till in London.
My people are everywhere. Nigerians are everywhere. And we'll pack the O2!
Adesanya says he would get big support in London
"I've tried to set it up so many times, but Darren Till hasn't really stepped up," Adesanya outlined. "And he's fumbled the bag a few times.
"But I feel like it's not done. He's young. He's a young guy. His story reminds me of [Michael] Bisping in a way. Michael Bisping was a guy, people counted out 'The Count'! You don't count out 'The Count'!
"I counted him out. I never thought he would be champion. And look what happened! Amazing story! Rags to riches.
"So I feel like Darren is somehow on the same path. He's a guy that people are counting out and doubting him.
"Don't doubt him just yet…It might be something mental he has to deal with, because I don't think it's something physical. He has got the physical attributes and the gifts.
"He can get all the way up there. We'll see. As long as I'm around, he'll never have the belt though."
And a showdown at The O2 in London is a mouth-watering prospect.
"That's why I want to get it done," Adesanya smiled. "The O2, we'd blow the off if we do that here. We're in his back yard, but trust me, roof my people are everywhere. Nigerians are everywhere. And we'll pack the O2."
Adesanya told Sky Sports he's proud that he, Kamaru Usman and Francis Ngannou are inspiring the next generation of African fighters
However, the UFC champion does not see Till as his next assignment.
Following his latest title defense, he wants to take care of another big name in his division this summer.
"Jared Cannonier is next. He's my next opponent. I'm going to take care of him," he said.
"And I have an idea of what's happening after that, but I'm focusing on what's next. Because if I don't get that done, the rest of the plan gets edited drastically.
"He (Cannonier) is a new face, he's someone fresh. I haven't had that in a long time. So yeah, someone fresh I get to take care of, get to figure out.
"I'm going to bring a different energy to this fight that people haven't seen from me for a long time. And that's going off my fight a week ago. The way I felt in that fight, leading up to it, I was on. But there's certain things I will definitely edit. I'm going to bring a different energy to this fight. It's going to be reminiscent of something some of the greats have done in the past."
Will Adesenya continue at the top of the middleweight division?
And central to his success is an underlying enjoyment.
"I have fun with this," he continued. "I have a big target on my back, and everyone is trying to get at me. But I've had that all my life. I've always had people coming at me. It's nothing new. It's just a bigger target now. More deadly opposition.
"It's not just about money. I'm having fun."
Categories UFC
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text:
package shapeless.examples

import shapeless._, syntax.singleton._

import scala.collection.immutable.{:: => Cons}
import scala.util.{Try,Success,Failure}

/*
 * This example shows how to createa a serializer/deserializer from CSV to
 * products.
 * */

// The class to serialize or deserialize
case class Person(name: String, surname: String, age: Int, id: Option[Int])

object CSVExample extends App {

  import CSVConverter._

  val input = """John,Carmack,23,0
Brian,Fargo,35
Markus,Persson,32"""

  println(CSVConverter[List[Person]].from(input))
}

// Implementation

/** Exception to throw if something goes wrong during CSV parsing */
class CSVException(s: String) extends RuntimeException

/** Trait for types that can be serialized to/deserialized from CSV */
trait CSVConverter[T] {
  def from(s: String): Try[T]
  def to(t: T): String
}

/** Instances of the CSVConverter trait */
object CSVConverter {
  def apply[T](implicit st: Lazy[CSVConverter[T]]): CSVConverter[T] = st.value

  def fail(s: String) = Failure(new CSVException(s))

  // Primitives

  implicit def stringCSVConverter: CSVConverter[String] = new CSVConverter[String] {
    def from(s: String): Try[String] = Success(s)
    def to(s: String): String = s
  }

  implicit def intCsvConverter: CSVConverter[Int] = new CSVConverter[Int] {
    def from(s: String): Try[Int] = Try(s.toInt)
    def to(i: Int): String = i.toString
  }

  def listCsvLinesConverter[A](l: List[String])(implicit ec: CSVConverter[A])
      : Try[List[A]] = l match {
    case Nil => Success(Nil)
    case Cons(s,ss) => for {
        x <- ec.from(s)
        xs <- listCsvLinesConverter(ss)(ec)
      } yield Cons(x, xs)
  }

  implicit def listCsvConverter[A](implicit ec: CSVConverter[A])
      : CSVConverter[List[A]] = new CSVConverter[List[A]] {
    def from(s: String): Try[List[A]] = listCsvLinesConverter(s.split("\n").toList)(ec)
    def to(l: List[A]): String = l.map(ec.to).mkString("\n")
  }

  // HList

  implicit def deriveHNil: CSVConverter[HNil] =
    new CSVConverter[HNil] {
      def from(s: String): Try[HNil] = s match {
        case "" => Success(HNil)
        case s => fail("Cannot convert '" ++ s ++ "' to HNil")
      }
      def to(n: HNil) = ""
    }

  implicit def deriveHCons[V, T <: HList]
    (implicit scv: Lazy[CSVConverter[V]], sct: Lazy[CSVConverter[T]])
        : CSVConverter[V :: T] =
      new CSVConverter[V :: T] {

        def from(s: String): Try[V :: T] = s.span(_ != ',') match {
          case (before,after) =>
            for {
              front <- scv.value.from(before)
              back <- sct.value.from(if (after.isEmpty) after else after.tail)
            } yield front :: back

          case _ => fail("Cannot convert '" ++ s ++ "' to HList")
        }

        def to(ft: V :: T): String = {
          scv.value.to(ft.head) ++ "," ++ sct.value.to(ft.tail)
        }
      }

  implicit def deriveHConsOption[V, T <: HList]
  (implicit scv: Lazy[CSVConverter[V]], sct: Lazy[CSVConverter[T]])
  : CSVConverter[Option[V] :: T] =
    new CSVConverter[Option[V] :: T] {

      def from(s: String): Try[Option[V] :: T] = s.span(_ != ',') match {
        case (before,after) =>
          (for {
            front <- scv.value.from(before)
            back <- sct.value.from(if (after.isEmpty) after else after.tail)
          } yield Some(front) :: back).orElse {
            sct.value.from(s).map(None :: _)
          }

        case _ => fail("Cannot convert '" ++ s ++ "' to HList")
      }

      def to(ft: Option[V] :: T): String = {
        ft.head.map(scv.value.to(_) ++ ",").getOrElse("") ++ sct.value.to(ft.tail)
      }
    }

  // Anything with a Generic

  implicit def deriveClass[A,R](implicit gen: Generic.Aux[A,R], conv: CSVConverter[R])
      : CSVConverter[A] = new CSVConverter[A] {

    def from(s: String): Try[A] = conv.from(s).map(gen.from)
    def to(a: A): String = conv.to(gen.to(a))
  }
}


Is September to be considered late summer or early autumn? In meteorological terms autumn officially begins on the 1st of September. The garden observes no such rule and whilst the mainly dry August and summer colours of fading herbaceous borders make way for the more mellow tones following harvest time, there is still much colour to be enjoyed and many trees and shrubs are at their peak.
Creating a new lawn is a very satisfying task once you see and can enjoy the results of your labour. Having prepared the ground in August you will be either laying turves or seeding. Laying turf is the more expensive route but the result is immediate and the new lawn can be enjoyed into the rest of the autumn. Don't be tempted to buy cheap turves, you'll regret seeing the amount of weed that accompanies them.
Q. I have prepared a seed bed for a new lawn. What are the sowing rates I need to apply?
Just one of many old wives' tales and superstitions associated with growing parsley, some with dire warnings such as never transplant it. But where would we be without parsley in many culinary dishes?
One solution is to grow it in pots and then move it to the cold frame or greenhouse before the frosts. You can, however, without fear move spring cabbage sown in Mid-July to the plot where they will mature – the plot where you have just lifted onions or potatoes is ideal, so go ahead and lift, along with carrots and maincrop beetroot.
Easy peasy (no peas though) with fresh veg from the garden if you grow them but no worry, buy them if you don't.