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How Much Does a Liver Transplant Cost?
Philip Agutu
I have been writing for HubPages for some years and mostly love researching and writing health articles. I love life!
Liver Transplant Costs
It is essential to know the liver transplant cost before booking a surgery appointment with your doctor to treat your loved one or friend.
The liver is the largest essential internal organ in the human body and is vital for several functions, including enzyme activation, metabolism of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates, storage of glycogen, vitamins, and minerals, excretion of bilirubin, cholesterol, hormones, and drugs, synthesis of plasma proteins, and bile production and excretion. When the liver fails to perform the above-mentioned functions, one may need to undergo a liver transplant treatment which is a surgery that involves removing a non-functioning liver from a patient and replacing it with a donated healthy liver (whole or partial) usually from a living or a deceased donor.
In other words, a liver transplant surgery may be recommended when the liver is unable to perform its functions in situations such as acute and chronic liver failure, or liver cancer.
The process involves an evaluation in the center of operation to determine if the patient is medically fit and suitable for the operation. The patient will also be counseled on various topics such as nutrition, drug addiction, liver transplant costs, and also psychological evaluation. Thereafter, the surgeons operate on the patient to remove the damaged liver and replace it with a healthy donated liver either from a live or a deceased liver transplant donor.
Symptoms of liver transplant treatment
The symptoms of a cirrhosis liver transplant treatment may vary in patients, since some may manifest the symptoms for many years, while others may develop the symptoms abruptly and suddenly. The symptoms are as follows:
Fatigue, weakness, and weight loss
Fluid retention in the abdomen (ascites), legs, or chest.
Cognitive dysfunction such as disturbed sleep-wake cycle patterns to mild confusion or coma
Yellowing of the eyes and skin
Bleeding in the upper or lower large veins that form in the food pipe in patients with liver failure
Coma can also occur in acute liver failure.
Does Insurance Cover Liver Transplant Cost?
Health Insurance Cover
Liver Transplant Cost and Insurance
Like most organ transplants surgery, the liver transplant cost is high and one has to go through financial history evaluation before the surgery. However, it is comforting to know that most insurance companies (such as Health insurance, Medicare, and Medicaid) cover liver transplant costs and one should ensure that they have and maintain an appropriate level of liver transplant insurance coverage before, during, and after the transplant. Knowing the extent of the insurance coverage and what it covers is paramount before the transplant surgery.
The liver transplant costs typically include:
Pre-transplant evaluation and testing
The liver transplant surgery
The hospital stay
Follow-up care after surgery including clinic visits, medications, laboratory, and radiology.
Laboratory testing and imaging
During the liver transplant process, it is essential to avoid changing or losing insurance coverage as this may affect one's ability to receive the treatment.
Some liver transplant costs which may not be covered by the insurance may include private room fees, telephone fees, television fees, family accommodations, and guest trays.
The liver transplant cost varies from $330,000 to $575,000 for someone not covered by any health insurance cover. However, this varies from hospital to hospital. For someone covered by insurance, the average cost is around $100,400 according to vimo.com, a health care cost comparison website.
Liver transplant surgery cost in India is much affordable as compared to other western countries. The average cost of a liver transplant is approximately $40,000. Apart from the liver transplant cost in India being the most affordable, there is a high success rate of 85% to 90% due to the state-of-the-art hospitals with world-class surgeons and infrastructure.
Other Liver Transplant Costs
Additional liver transplant costs may include:
taking the anti-rejection drugs which one will have to take for life. The drugs may cost around $3,000 or $36,000 a year but they are also covered by insurance.
Liver transplant complications.
Transplanted liver failure and the need for another transplant.
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Three Types of Liver Transplant Treatment
The three types of liver replacement surgery are:
Orthotopic liver transplant
This is the most type of liver transplant, whereby, the whole liver is taken from a deceased donor who had pledged his or her organs for donation prior to death and had no transmissible illness or cancers. In other words, the donated liver is usually tested for health and medical issues. In this type of transplant, the surgeon makes an incision in the abdomen to remove the damaged liver, places the donor liver in position, and connects all the blood vessels and bile ducts. The incision is then closed with dissolvable stitches or surgical staples.
Living donor liver transplant
This is when a family member, relative, friend, or any living person, is willing to donate their liver. The surgeon usually removes either the left or right lobe of their liver. The right lobe is bigger and is usually recommended for adults and the left lobe is for liver transplant in children. In both the donor and the patient, the liver usually grows to its original size by regeneration in a few weeks.
Split or half liver transplant
This is also called an auxiliary liver transplant and is when the donated liver is from a deceased person and two recipients or patients are in need. This mostly occurs when a pediatric liver transplant is involved, that is when the next suitable recipients are an adult and a child. The donor liver will be split into the left and right lobes, with the adult receiving the larger right lobe and the child the smaller left lobe. In the partial liver transplant, both the donor and the recipient's livers will grow in a few weeks by regeneration to the normal size.
Liver Transplant Cost FAQs
Q1. What happens during liver transplant surgery?
Answer: The damaged or failed liver is removed and replaced with the donated liver through an incision in the abdomen, which is then stitched with dissolvable stitches or surgical staples.
Q2. What happens after transplanting surgery?
Answer: The patient will be moved to an ICU where a ventilator will assist in breathing, and fluid and nutrients will be provided through a tube inserted in the nose to the stomach for a few days. Pain killers will also be provided to relieve pain.
Q3. What are the risks and side effects of a liver transplant?
Answer: The risks are bleeding, blood clots, and infections.
Q4. Who's eligible for a transplant?
Answer: A patient with a chronic irreversible liver disease who is also in a health condition to tolerate major surgery.
Q5. What are the risks to live donors?
Answer: Organ damage, bleeding, and other complications may occur.
Q6. How long will my liver transplant last?
Answer: It may last for over 5 years or more in 75% of the patients.
Q7. What can I expect my quality of life to be after a liver transplant?
Answer: Life will continue normally but one may have to take medications forever to suppress their immune system from fighting the new liver.
Q8. Will my liver disease come back after a transplant?
Answer: Liver transplant failure may occur in certain types of liver diseases.
Q9. How much pain is typical after the surgery?
Answer: The pain is less as compared to other types of abdominal surgeries.
Q10. How large is the scar?
Answer: the liver transplant scar begins from the right side of the midsection just below the ribs and extends to the left edge of the abdomen, another incision starts from under the breastbone to the horizontal incision.
Q11. How long is the recuperation period?
Answer: The recovery period takes many weeks and depends on how sick the patient was before the transplant.
Q12. Can I return to work after my liver transplant?
Answer: No. depending on the type of work, one has to recover from the surgery.
Q13. Can I drink alcoholic beverages after my liver transplant?
Answer: NO.
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This content is for informational purposes only and does not substitute for formal and individualized diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, prescription, and/or dietary advice from a licensed medical professional. Do not stop or alter your current course of treatment. If pregnant or nursing, consult with a qualified provider on an individual basis. Seek immediate help if you are experiencing a medical emergency.
© 2021 Philip Agutu
Miebakagh Fiberesima from Port Harcourt, Rivers State, NIGERIA. on September 04, 2021:
Philip, you're welcome too.
Philip Agutu (author) from Mombasa Island on September 04, 2021:
Miebakagh and E Randall, thanks a lot for passing by. You are much welcome.
E Randall from United States on September 04, 2021:
Thanks for sharing this information. In America if you get sick for any reason God forbid, it is all about cost with average care at best. Thanks again for sharing this information.
An interestly health read. Thanks.
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English professional golfer Ian Poulter has an estimated net worth $40 million (£26m) as of 2015, according to the Sunday Times rich list. Born Ian James Poulter on 10 January 1976 in Hitchin, Hertfordshire, England, UK. Known for his unique fashion sense on the golf course, Poulter turned professional in 1996. Four years later, he won the Italian Open, the first of his 10 European Tour successes. Still to win a major, he was runner-up to Padraig Harrington at The Open in 2008 and finished joint third last year. He has won two World Golf Championships events, the 2010 WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship and the 2012 WGC-HSBC Champions. Poulter was a star during the 2012 Ryder Cup, winning all four matches he played in a sensational European victory. His sponsors include Puma Golf, Mutual of Omaha, Cobra, Nikon, EA Sports, MasterCard, Oakley, Fathead, Audemars Piguet and Marquis Jet. He owns Ian Poulter Enterprises, a men's clothing retailer. The 38-year-old lives in Florida and also has a home near Milton Keynes. Away from sport Poulter has the Ian Poulter Enterprise, a men's clothing retailer, and an impressive collection of cars. He currently lives in Florida with his wife and children, although he owns a property still in Milton Keynes where he was brought up. Golf Digest calculated his earnings for 2014 as just below £5-million.


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May 05, 2016 News & Opinion » Editor's Note
Awards time: Arizona Press Club
By Mari Herreras @TucsonAZMari
Yes, we will always say that when it comes down to journalism awards, it's best not to get too excited, but we enter every year any way and every year we happily celebrate. The Arizona Press Club recently announced winners of the 2015 Writing and Design Awards, and the Tucson Weekly staff placed in several categories.
News editor Jim Nintzel continued to make us proud with second runner-up as Arizona Community Journalist of the Year. In political reporting, Nintzel placed second for his story "Loan Charges." The judge said "Nintzel examined U.S. Rep. Martha McSally's vote on an obscure portion of the Department of Defense budget bill. Nintzel's story is a counter-intuitive take on a popular military veteran who, in contrast to her rhetoric, voted against legislation that would have protected enlisted personnel from predatory lenders." In government reporting, Nintzel came in third with his story "Grant Road Rage, Redux." From the judge: "It can be easy to get bogged down in seemingly mundane policy debates without showcasing the people behind them, and this article ensured that didn't happen. In a simple, readable way, it explained the real costs to one family for bureaucracy over an eventual road widening."
I'm also proud of our staff writer Maria Inés Taracena, who brought in a first place under immigration reporting for her story "The Waiting Game." The judge said "Interesting, well-told snapshots of different people struggling to keep their lives and families together." Taracena also won a third place in human interest writing for two stories "Dignified Displacement" and "Evicted." From the judge: "A sympathetic but even-handed look at why homelessness is so intractable. The reporter's clear, incisive writing gives readers indelible portraits of people living on the street and lets her subjects tell us their stories."
Heather Hoch, our food and culture editor, placed second in arts criticism. I happen to agree with what the judge had to say: "Heather Hoch gives us the sights, sounds, smells and tastes of restaurants in her food reviews. Like all good critics she turns her experiences into an engaging conversation—it makes us feel like she's telling a friend about the meal she just had." In food and beverage reporting, Hoch took second place with her piece "Bread and Bones: La Estrella." The judge said "Heather Hoch gives her readers a cultural history lesson on the origins of 'pan de muerto' through the eyes of local bakers. Vivid bread-making details make you feel like you're watching the bakers in the kitchen."
Congratulations to everyone who placed. A special shout out to former intern Jamie Verwys, former editor of Pima Community College's Aztec Press who took second in public service journalism for her Aztec Press story "What's Your Deadline?" From the judge: "Kudos to the student editors and reporters for fighting back against a college administration seemingly bent on controlling the flow of public information, even if it's illegal."
— Mari Herreras, mherreras@tucsonweekly.com
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Wherever there is oppression there will always be opposition. Not wanting to be under the rule of another people, the Tibetans rose against the Chinese rule in Tibet and since then sixteen years have passed. Today, when we commemorate the sixteenth anniversary of this struggle, I send my warm greetings to the Tibetans, in and outside Tibet.
During these last sixteen years, we the Tibetans in exile have made commendable progress in material well-being, both individually and collectively. Especially in the education of our youth we have done remarkably. We enjoy full rights and live as complete human beings like others do in the rest of the world. However, the situation of our people in Tibet is just the opposite to our own in exile. It is common knowledge that the horrible conditions in Tibet are beyond description.
The Chinese aggressors have killed and jailed countless innocent Tibetans. Without caring for the starving people all around them the Chinese are channellising the productivity of the country into armaments. Through guilt, the Chinese are digging trenches in the hillsides and to cover up their crimes and misdeeds, are churning out publications splashed with photographs of dance and drama performances and a few factories, which state that the Tibetans in Tibet are enjoying unprecedented happiness. This is done to fool the world public opinion. But a mere palm of the hand cannot hide the sun. Responsible and informed people everywhere in the world know that there can never be happiness in a society which is given the name of "new" and in which there is not even the material basics of adequate food, shelter and clothing. The elderly Tibetans through their own experience know, since they have gone through both societies, where there is greater happiness, in the old or the new society.
The Chinese are not only committing barbarous acts in Tibet far removed from normal international behaviour, but they are also trying to sabotage the stability of the Tibetan community in exile. There is a saying: you reap what you sow. One suffers the consequences of one's actions. No one will be able to change this. This is a natural law. Wherever there is oppression, there will always be opposition and the Chinese actions mentioned above provide strength and inspiration to the Tibetan people's struggle.
The Tibetan people in Tibet, without caring the least for their personal welfare or safety, are courageously carrying on their struggle for the freedom of Tibet. Naturally this unremitting struggle of the Tibetans in Tibet is causing untold anxiety to the Chinese authorities. Consequently we the Tibetans in the free world, keeping our stand in conformity with the thinking of the masses of Tibet will never stop our movement for the independence of Tibet. Apart from this we have no reason to interfere in the internal affairs of other people.
The issue of Tibet is deeply linked with the changes in international politics and especially with the progress of the peace process in Asia. As such, we must steer the ship of our struggle according to the shifting directions of the winds of international relations to reach the shore of Tibetan freedom and happiness. To attain this goal we must not only, by mere words, but through our acts and thoughts persevere and become ever more united.


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Puchar Serbii i Czarnogóry w piłce nożnej (serb. Куп Србије и Црне Горе у фудбалу / Kup Srbije i Crne Gore u fudbalu)  – rozgrywki piłkarskie o charakterze pucharu krajowego w Serbii i Czarnogórze (do 2002 zwanej Federalna Republika Jugosławii, po raz pierwszy zorganizowany w 1991 roku, a rozwiązany w 2006.

Format
Format tego turnieju nie różnił się w ogóle od formatu rozgrywek Puchar Jugosławii. Jedyną różnicą była zmiana nazwy. W turnieju występowały kluby z Serbii i Czarnogóry i był zdominowany przez serbskie kluby. Prowadzono jeden lub dwa mecze na boisku jednej z walczących drużyn. Turniej był rozgrywany systemem jesień - wiosna, przy czym najlepsze zespoły jugosłowiańskich mistrzostw startowali dopiero w 1/16 finału. Od 1991 roku zwycięzca otrzymywał prawo do gry w Pucharze Zdobywców Pucharów. Jeżeli zdobywca Pucharu również wygrywał mistrzostwo kraju (tak zwany "dublet"), to jego miejsce w Pucharze Zdobywców Pucharów zajmował finalista Pucharu.

Historia
Po rozpadzie Jugosławii w 1991 roku startowały pierwsze oficjalne rozgrywki o Puchar Federalnej Republiki Jugosławii. Wcześniej od 1946 do 1991 w Socjalistycznej Federacyjnej Republice Jugosławii rozrywany był turniej o Puchar Marszałka Tito. Pierwszy finał rozegrano 13 i 20 maja 1992 roku. W tym meczu Partizan Belgrad pokonał 1:0 i 2:2 Crveną Zvezdę. Od 1999 roku finały składały się z jednego meczu i odbywały się zawsze w Belgradzie.

Najbardziej utytułowany klub to Crvena Zvezda, który wygrywał trofeum 9 razy.

Nazwy
1991–2002: Puchar Jugosławii w piłce nożnej (serb. Куп СР Југославије у фудбалу / Kup SR Jugoslavije u fudbalu)
2002–2006: Puchar Serbii i Czarnogóry w piłce nożnej (serb. Куп Србије и Црне Горе у фудбалу / Kup Srbije i Crne Gore u fudbalu)

Finały

Statystyki

Zobacz też
 Prva liga Srbije i Crne Gore
 Prva liga Srbije
 Druga crnogorska liga

Przypisy

Bibliografia
 Lista finałów na stronie RSSSF

!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Q: in Java subroutine can be called method Since I started to learn Java recently I would like to be clear on some terms.
As I learn, subroutine can be called as a method ... Subroutine is an instruction that consists of the sequence of "statements" enclosed between braces... from my understanding
main method
             public static void main (String[] args)
is subroutine am I right? Thanks in advance

A: Yes you are right. Method is an object oriented jargon for subroutine. A method is a subroutine or function that you can call on an object in an OO language.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Two Seriously Injured at Notorious, Non-gated UP Crossing
By Pottroff & Karlin LLC March 25, 2013 No Comments
(Waxahachie, Texas – March 23, 2013)
The number of tragic statistics recorded at the non-gated crossing of North Elm Street/US Highway 77 and Union Pacific Railroad tracks just north of downtown Waxahachie, TX increased Saturday afternoon just after 1:00 P.M. when a black Ford Focus with three adult occupants attempted to cross the UPRR tracks northbound and was struck by an eastbound UP freight train, resulting in serious injury to the male driver and one of the two female occupants.
The train, one of a daily average of 18 trains that cross North Elm Street at speeds as high as 60 mph, hit the car's driver's side, thus inflicting the greatest injuries to the driver and the woman seated behind him. Amber Hunt, who was in the front passenger seat, was uninjured and was able to provide clear statements on the aspects of the accident to Waxahachie Police and Fire personnel who responded to the call for help.
"I honestly do not remember hearing the horn or anything from the train," recalled Hunt, who said the driver was her fiancée and the passenger was her sister, all who were on an errand to pick up balloons for her daughter's birthday party. "All I remember is being hit by the train and the car spinning around," she continued.
Hunt said her only thought, once the vehicle came to rest, was "I hope they're not dead."
"At first, neither of them were moving or anything," she added. "I thought they were both dead. And then I could see they were breathing."
Emergency personnel were forced to extricate the victims from the vehicle's wreckage, sending the driver to Parkland Hospital in Dallas, TX, and Hunt's sister to Baylor Medical Center in Dallas, TX, both via helicopter.
The North Elm/UPRR crossing has a dangerous history, and is not only obscured by heavy tree growth but has no crossing gates to supplement its cantilever flashing signal lights. Saturday's accident was the seventh in FRA recording history, the previous six having resulted in one fatality and two non-fatal injuries.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Los Angeles: Russell Westbrook, determined to bounce back from an embarrassing defeat, produced his 25th triple-double of the season on Friday to propel the Oklahoma City Thunder to a 114-102 NBA victory over the Memphis Grizzlies.
Westbrook's 38 points included his team's final 15. He handed out 12 assists and pulled down 13 rebounds for the Thunder, who had been routed 128-100 by Chicago on Wednesday.
After that debacle on their home floor, Westbrook said, it was imperative the Thunder seize the early initiative.
"Especially after last game, when you lose and get out-played," he said. "Tonight we came out and were the more physical team, set the tone in that aspect.
"We were physical, came out and hit first in a grind-it-out game."
Center Steven Adams of New Zealand added 16 points for the Thunder. Joffrey Lauvergne came off the bench to contribute 16 as Oklahoma City snapped a three-game skid.
Spanish big man Marc Gasol led the Grizzles with 31 points and eight assists. Mike Conley added 18 points but the Grizzlies saw their three-game winning streak end.
"It's disappointing," Conley said. "This is a big game for us, not just because it's OKC, but the schedule, the standings. These games matter for us."
Westbrook's 25 triple-doubles are the most in a season since Wilt Chamberlain had 31 in the 1967-68 campaign.
But he wasn't the only player stuffing the stat sheet on Friday.
Serbian center Nikola Jokic notched the first triple-double of his career to help the Denver Nuggets to a 121-117 victory over the Milwaukee Bucks.
But Sacramento Kings forward DeMarcus Cousins's triple-double came in a losing cause.
Jokic, back in the Nuggets lineup after missing three games with a left hip flexor strain, scored 20 points with 13 rebounds and 11 assists.
Wilson Chandler added 21 points and eight rebounds for the Nuggets, who led by 22 early in the third quarter then withstood a Bucks comeback bid.
Jabari Parker scored 27 points for the Bucks and Giannis Antetokounmpo added 23. Antetokounmpo's three-pointer pulled Milwaukee within 113-112 with 2:53 to play, and Parker again got the deficit to one point with a driving layup with 1:43 remaining, but they couldn't get in front.
In Sacramento, Cousins scored 22 points with 12 rebounds and 12 assists for his second triple-double of the season.
But it was Phoenix guard Devin Booker who stole the show, with a fadeaway basket as time expired that gave the Suns a 105-103 victory.
Booker scored more than 30 points for the eighth time this season, and took his string of successive games with at least 20 to 15 straight as the Suns snapped a five-game skid.
Isaiah Thomas scored 38 points to lead the Boston Celtics to a milestone win over the Los Angeles Lakers on Friday, a 113-107 triumph that earned Boston's Brad Stevens an All-Star coaching job.
Thomas produced his usual fourth-quarter pyrotechnics, scoring 21 points in the final frame to help the Celtics stretch their NBA winning streak to six games.
And they took the franchise's total of NBA regular-season victories to 3,253 -- taking the all-time lead in wins from their longtime rivals the Lakers.
It was the first time since the 2000-01 season that Los Angeles hasn't at least been tied atop the list of all-time victories.
Before the game, Celtics coach Brad Stevens called it "unbelievable" that the clubs who boast a long and storied rivalry came into the contest tied at 3,252 wins apiece.
"I think it's a unique enough rivalry that 100 years from now it will probably be tied again," he said.
But the current Lakers and Celtics players are far removed from the 12 championship series between the two clubs -- a rivalry that flowered first in the 1960s and again in the 1980s and the 2000s.
The Lakers are still trying to find their way after plunging to a franchise worst 17-65 record last season. But Stevens said a game against the Lakers was always a challenge.
"They've got a bright future ahead and I like their young talent," he said. "They're a scary team to play against."
The win had an extra repercussion for Stevens. Less than an hour earlier, the Toronto Raptors fell 102-94 to the Orlando Magic. That means the Celtics are assured of second place in the Eastern Conference as of Sunday, so that Stevens will coach the East in the All-Star Game this month.
The honor would go to Tyronn Lue, coach of East-leading Cleveland, but he coached in the midseason exhibition last year and therefore isn't eligible this time around.
"Well, first of all, it should be Ty Lue, but the way the rules work then it's the next-best record because he did it last year," said Stevens, whose team is 32-18. "But what's nice about it is there's no politics in it. There's no subjectivity -- it's what your team has accomplished."
Thomas, who leads the league in fourth-quarter scoring with more than 10 points per game in the final period, scored his 37th and 38th points with 2:25 left in the game but didn't take another shot. He just missed becoming the first Celtic to score 40 points in three straight games.
"I didn't know about the three games in a row," he said. "I didn't know about it or I would have had the last shot."
"I'm glad we won," he added. "That's all that matters."
In Houston, the Rockets retired Yao Ming's jersey, then prevented the Chicago Bulls from putting a damper on the celebrations by holding on for a 121-117 overtime victory.
James Harden scored 42 points, including the deciding free throws in the final 36 seconds of overtime against a Bulls team that was missing star Jimmy Butler because of a heel contusion.
The tense finish came after an emotional halftime ceremony honoring China's Yao, whose selection in the 2002 NBA draft made him the first player drafted number one overall who hadn't played collegiately in the United States.
Yao, forced into retirement in 2011 after a string of foot injuries, was the sixth Rockets player to have his jersey retired.
Rookie guard Yogi Ferrell, plucked from the developmental league by Dallas last week and signed to a 10-day contract, scored 32 points to lead the Mavericks to a 108-104 victory over the Trail Blazers in Portland.
Wesley Matthews added a season-high 27 points for the Mavericks, who are now two games behind the Nuggets for the eighth and final playoff spot in the West.


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USDA Forest Service Awards Nearly $3 Million for Renewable Energy Projects
Federal grants support the development of clean renewable energy, help reduce the risk of wildfire and provide economic opportunities to rural communities
WASHINGTON, June 22, 2011 -- Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack today announced the award of nearly $3 million in grants to 17 small businesses and community groups to develop wood-to-energy projects that require engineering services and will help expand regional economies and create new jobs.
"Biomass is a vital part of America's clean energy future as we work to decrease our dependence on foreign oil," said Vilsack. "Projects like these will help grow regional economies, create new jobs, and improve and protect our environment. We will need architects and engineers to design these plants, skilled laborers to build them and well-trained technicians to operate them."
These projects will use woody material removed from forests during projects such as wildfire prevention, and that woody biomass will be processed in bioenergy facilities to produce green energy for heating and electricity. The awardees will use funds from the Woody Biomass Utilization Grant program to further the planning of such facilities by funding the engineering services necessary for final design, permitting and cost analysis.
Examples of possible projects include the engineering design of a woody biomass boiler for steam at a sawmill, a non-pressurized hot water system for a hospital or school, and a biomass-power generation facility. The grant program helps applicants complete the necessary design work needed to secure public or private investment for construction.
The Forest Service Woody Biomass Utilization grant program has been in effect since 2005 and has provided more than $33 million toward various projects, ranging from biomass boilers for schools and prisons, to helping businesses acquire equipment that improves processing efficiencies. During this time period, 140 grants have been awarded to small businesses, non-profits, tribes and local state agencies to improve forest health, while creating jobs, green energy and healthy communities.
The Forest Service selected 17 small businesses and community groups as grant recipients for these awards. According to the requirements, all 17 recipients provided at least 20 percent of the total project cost. Non-federal matching funds total nearly $8 million.
The Forest Service's State and Private Forestry, Technology Marketing Unit, at the agency's Forest Products Laboratory in Madison, Wis. administers the grant program. The recipients were chosen from 34 applications.
The following are the 2011 woody biomass utilization grantees:
2011 Woody Biomass Utilization Grantees
Matanuska-Susitna Borough
Palmer, Alaska $80,000
Auburn, Calif. $50,000
Kiara Solar
Dublin, Calif. $250,000
Trinity River Lumber
Weaverville, Calif. $250,000
Community Power Corporation
Littleton, Colo. $125,000
Idaho Forest Group
Coeur d'Alene, Idaho $135,000
Yellowstone Power
Emmet, Idaho $250,000
EcoPower Generation, LLC
Lexington, Ky. $250,000
Stoltze Land & Lumber
Columbia Falls, Mont. $190,720
Pyramid Mountain Lumber, Inc.
Seeley Lake, Mont. $202,727
Missoula, Mont. $250,000
Burrows Paper Corporation
Little Falls, N.Y. $250,000
White Plains, N.Y. $250,000
City of Vernonia
Vernonia, Ore. $25,000
ColPac Quinault Indian Nation
Montesano, Wash. $50,000
Thilmany LLC
Kaukauna, Wis. $132,400
University of Wisconsin--Superior
Superior, Wis. $250,000
Concerted push to end Gov. Tim Walz's emergency powers faces steep odds at Capitol
At least 38,000 Minnesotans have received a COVID-19 vaccine in past two weeks
1st reported US case of COVID-19 variant found in Colorado
Minneapolis police shoot, kill man during traffic stop
Winnebago event center plans New Year's Eve bash in defiance of shutdown order, suit says


Work in progress never stops.
Nothing, Nothing where it counts.
It's a weak mans notion that I owe you.
Now you want to be carried through.
Don't tell me that I owe you.
Are what we've seen from you.
We're not about to give up our convictions.
Posted in Sick Of It All and tagged lyric, Lyrics, Lyrics by Sick Of It All, Sick Of It All, Yours Truly.


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Weekly Job Roundup – 07/01/2018
By ArtStation Team - February 7, 2018
Looking for a job in the industry?
Check out the new jobs some of these companies are hiring for and apply now:
Best known for blockbuster hits including World of Warcraft® and the Warcraft® , StarCraft®, and Diablo® franchises, Blizzard Entertainment, Inc, a division of Activision Blizzard (NASDAQ: ATVI), is a premier developer and publisher of entertainment software renowned for creating some of the industry's most critically acclaimed games. Blizzard Entertainment's track record includes nineteen #1-selling games* and multiple Game of the Year awards.
See the 16 job openings at Blizzard.
Naughty Dog is the developer of some of the most critically acclaimed and top-selling video games on PlayStation platforms, having created the classic Crash Bandicoot and Jak and Daxter series, as well as modern franchises Uncharted and The Last of Us. The studio is currently developing Uncharted: The Lost Legacy and The Last of Us Part II.
See the 10 job openings at Naughty Dog.
At Daybreak, they are best known for their blockbuster hits and franchises including EverQuest®, EverQuest®II, Landmark, PlanetSide2®, DC Universe™ Online, H1Z1®: Just Survive™, and H1Z1®: King of the Kill™.
They look to the future of online gaming and intend to make an impact. They focus on creative development, inspired gameplay design and supporting their passionate and lasting communities. Challenge yourself and join the team and they will support, mentor and grow your career with them.
See the 3 job openings at Daybreak.
At Frontier, they strive to create games that will put both Frontier and the games industry itself at the forefront of the world entertainment industry. Located on the Cambridge Science Park, Frontier has thrived over the subsequent three decades. They have built a uniquely diverse catalogue of games – enabled by their Cobra technology – that has defined genres, earned critical acclaim and won a place in the hearts of millions of players. Having worked with a succession of top publishers, they now self-publish their own high quality, innovative games of different genres that embody their world-class expertise across all major gaming formats.
See the 5 job openings at Frontier.
Ubisoft Bucharest was founded in October 1992. The studio is responsible for several critically acclaimed games such as Chessmaster 10th Edition, Silent Hunter III, Silent Hunter 4: Wolves of the Pacific, Blazing Angels: Squadrons of World War II and its sequel Blazing Angels 2: Secret Missions of WWII and Rayman Raving Rabbids.
See the 8 job openings at Ubisoft Bucharest.
See the complete list of jobs on the ArtStation Jobs Page.
About the author ArtStation Team
The ArtStation Team


We provide a bespoke personal service on a variety of legal matters ranging from straightforward and modest cases to highly complex and high value matters.
We have been described as incredibly thorough, methodical and meticulous in our approach and preparation. We always put our clients' needs first.


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Q: Visual Studio 2010 intellisense stopped working completely I've had this problem for a long time. At some point IntelliSense just stopped working on my laptop, completely. Whenever I type in a ., -> or (, it says

IntelliSense: 'No additional information available' (See 'Troubleshooting IntelliSense in C++ Projects' for further help.)

It doesn't work in any projects, even if I make a new blank one. Hovering over identifiers doesn't show any information either. Furthermore, some actions such as go to definition used to completely freeze the studio, until I did a full settings reset and that problem was resolved. But intellisense is still not working. Is there anything I can do, short of full reinstall? (If that would even help.. besides I doubt I can find the CD now.)
Update: this question describes the exact issue I was having: VS2010 Intellisense problems
Since I already tried installing service packs and something didn't go right, I went with a rather hacky solution - I replaced my ole32.dll with an older version, which seems to have fixed the issue. This is obviously not recommended if you care about your system's stability, but if you're still running WinXP, chances are that you don't ;)


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Democracy, Home, Matabeleland
Demand good leaders not just people who love leading
Being a leader is a huge responsibility that requires more than just enthusiasm and a love for leading others. Good leadership goes hand in hand with deep understanding and innovation. We need leaders who will take the Mthwakazi nation not where it wants to be but where it ought to be; from where we are to new and better confines. Integral to leadership is justice for, 'By justice a king gives a country stability, but those who are greedy for bribes tear it down.'—Proverbs 29:4
Delays on political progress in Mthwakazi are down to the fact that many want to be led and many believe and are waiting for born leaders to emerge from somewhere and take up leadership roles. The reality is different, research suggests that only about 30% of leadership is genetic, while 70% is a result of life lessons and experience.
It is thus our strongest belief that while there are valuable innate facets that distinguish one leader from the other or make some leaders stand out from others, the vast majority of attributes of a great leader are learnt; leaders are not born but made.
But who makes leaders? This is a deliberate but multifactorial societal construction; however, primarily leaders make themselves and leaders are made. This happens through various societal structures (formal and informal) that avail to individuals contextual models and/ or opportunities to learn, to understand, to obey, to listen, to follow, to be humble, to make objective decisions about presenting choices, to develop innovative ideas, etc. and develop skills for leadership roles.
Every society gets leaders it deserves; Mthwakazi is not any different, we have a responsibility to create strong checks and balances without hindering innovation within the political space. Our challenge is to set up a political space that will broaden public access to a large pool of talented individuals to leadership positions and equally allow a large pool of talent access to corridors of power. What we have observed in Zimbabwe is the privileged access to the corridors of power through family connections and something akin to an old boys' network, this must be defined in its rightful terms – an abuse of power.
How we perceive leadership to be is fundamental to how we frame our political environment. Great leadership is about influence and not authority. As the Mthwakazi society we have the responsibility to create an environment that is conducive to and encourages the development of effective and innovative leaders.
If we are to progress we need individuals who will fully appreciate yet not necessarily embrace everything about the political space as it pertains today but will see beyond it, ably energise and motivate the rest of us to follow them and their progressive vision to a next and successful Mthwakazi environment.
Disclaimer: This site DOES NOT own the copyright to the image
The challenge to those committed to taking leadership roles in changing Mthwakazi is finding ways to support communities so that people everywhere can access the knowledge and tools that they need to actively participate in making the political transformations required for a better Mthwakazi.
Understand that before you are a leader, success is all about growing yourself; it is about building your understanding of things, building your expertise, building a clarity around your vision, etc. When you become a leader, success is no longer about you but all about laying the groundwork for others' success. It is about keeping the population believing and focused on the long-term goals and motivated to do all they can to achieve them.
Disclaimer: This site DOES NOT own copyright to the image
There is a further serious point to be appreciated by anyone who wants to lead Mthwakazi; this is the point that specificity matters. You cannot be pro-Mthwakazi and be a member of either ZANU PF or the MDC because these two believe in managing than leading Mthwakazi. These organisations are believers in the majority rule that silences minorities; they believe in the universality of Zimbabwe based on who makes the majority of the population and they take this approach to politics to the detriment of the social and cultural fabric of a diverse Mthwakazi. The reality however, is that every place is different from every other place. If we are ever to hope that Mthwakazi will begin to live sustainably in place, we will have to remember specificity is everything.
It is critical that we understand that like other elements of survival leadership is learned and like any other subject, some students would be better than others at it. We have a responsibility as society to build an environment that allows the safe development of good leaders, that means a democratic setting for people to be innovative. Good leadership matters not only because it promotes growth and stability, but because it helps ensure prosperity, liberty, freedom, safety and security are widely shared. Broader access to education, talent and corridors of power regardless of background – social, tribe, race, religion, sex – plays a critical role in lifting communities out of poverty, in empowering women, and in helping build a sustainable and diversity conscious government system.
Consensus way forward for pro-Mthwakazi politics
Ideological differences should not be reason Mthwakazi groups stop working together


Oxford University Press, Oxford (2005) 367pp.
Peter Oliver's study of the development of constitutional theory in the three Commonwealth countries with broadly similar colonial experience (Canada, Australia and New Zealand) is timely and cogent. The book explores the manner by which the three 'well-behaved' dominions acquired constitutional independence - in anticipation, execution and explication. While other 'tearaway siblings' (Ireland, South Africa) had taken matters in hand and achieved 'constitutional autochthony', these three countries (hereafter CANZ) determinedly showed respect for existing legal rules. Oliver's brief is to explain how, and why.
Oliver distinguishes constitutional independence (the ability to determine the constitutional rules in one's legal system) from political independence (decision-making capacity regardless of legal rules) and 'international independence' (foreign perceptions of one's capacity and actions). Whereas the latter forms of independence were achieved far earlier, the three dominions acquired constitutional independence only in the 1980s. Oliver's purpose is to trace the legal theorising and associated enactments that led from colonial days of the 19th century through to the final surrender of legal appeal to the British-based Privy Council in the early 21st century. The Balfour Declaration of 1926 and the Statute of Westminster 1931 (UK) accorded a degree of practical independence, but were never likely to be a satisfactory peg for full and permanent constitutional independence. Was there an alternative conception of sovereignty which could support a credible account of the evolution of imperial and local legal systems? Is it theoretically possible to meet both goals - respect the rule of law through constitutional continuity while achieving constitutional independence? Oliver's answer is that it is 'certainly possible'.
In charting the constitutional development of CANZ, Oliver also seeks to illustrate how theories of sovereignty interact with concepts of a legal system. The fundamental choice is between orthodoxy ('continuing sovereignty') and innovation ('self-embracing sovereignty'). Orthodox understandings of parliamentary sovereignty have the 'supreme parliament' (in the British firmament) at Westminster empowered to pass any law which no other institution or court can over-ride. While this 'conveniently accounted for' the original constitutions establishing the three colonies/dominions, it bequeathed difficulties for the ultimate granting of constitutional independence. Independence enactments were valid law but could never bind future parliaments and were thus eternally subject to potential repeal.
The Dicey-Wade understanding of absolute and continuing sovereignty implies that, so long as constitutional rules are followed, only one legal system prevails, namely the imperial system presided over by the Westminster Parliament. Any break in this rule-following could achieve independence, but only through a 'disguised revolution' or the adoption of a new basic norm and legal system. In this view, it is impossible to attain the dual goal of continuing law and constitutional independence. This view was so dominant that legal theorists in the Empire and subsequent Commonwealth struggled to explain how a central legal system could legitimately fragment into many independent legal systems. If such orthodoxy applied a straitjacket, then 'revolutionary' or 'extra-legal' explanations of constitutional independence were required for CANZ. Oliver explores the common but differentiated ways in which the trio achieved this. These rest on an alternative to the absolutist view, namely, Hart's 'self-embracing sovereignty' through which Westminster's powers include the capacity to impose limits on itself. While this had hitherto been understood to be legally prohibited, the argument was advanced that the Parliament had 'unused' and therefore hidden powers of a self-embracing nature that could allow self-limitation, as indeed were exercised in 1972 when the UK joined the EU. In similar vein, Westminster successfully limited itself in terminating its ability to legislate for CANZ in 1931. While this approach is 'closer than ever' to being accepted today, this was not the case as recently as the early 1980s when constitutional independence was sought (and when, for example, Canada acknowledged Westminster's powers to be 'unlimited, untrammelled and undiminished'). A third approach distinguishes the 'core' from the 'penumbra' of legislation, positing that in respect of the latter some hypothetical legislation would be judged inoperative by the judiciary. Or, in the unlikely event of Westminster purporting to legislate for CANZ today, such an act would be declared inoperative by their legislatures or rejected by their courts. A situation would then arise of separate legal systems maintaining different perspectives of the same objective fact, i.e. the constitutional independence-conferring act of Westminster - a strange and unsatisfying result. Each of CANZ has in fact followed its own distinctive route to constitutional independence, and each is treated systematically by Oliver (three chapters for Canada, two for Australia, one for New Zealand). New Zealand's 'disguised revolution' acknowledged the uncontested sovereignty of the Westminster Parliament until 1986, and then simply based its own act of sovereignty on 'acceptance by the people of New Zealand' sans referendum - a claim that has raised a few eyebrows. Australia's actions were rather 'extra-legal' in resting on historical political fact - the original constitution having been drafted and ratified by Australians themselves in 1900 - with the 'twin horses' of Westminster and popular sovereignty running in parallel until 1986, the rider jumping from the former to the latter in that year - an appropriate enough metaphor. Concern for the rule of law was most prominent in the case of Canada with its search through half a century for a politically-acceptable constitutional amending formula, ending in patriation of the constitution by the federal government and parliament. The methods of choice are succinctly captured by Oliver as, respectively, inter-societal acceptance, popular sovereignty, and international recognition. Oliver's study is thoughtful and exhaustive. If there is any criticism to be advanced it concerns the treatment of the Grundnorm, the basic normative principle or belief on which all other norms can be validated - the underlying basis for any legal system that resolves the dilemma of eternal regression. In his conclusions, Oliver recognizes the standard theory that the force of a by-law anywhere follows a chain of 'legal validity' leading upwards in constitutional terms and backwards in temporal terms to (a) the state, province, regional and national authority; (b) the Constitution); (c) any previous Constitution; (d) the body which enacted the first Constitution; and (e) so on (in the case of customary or common law constitution) 'into the mists of time'. In most legal systems, he says, the recursive analysis comes to a halt at (d). Whether stopping at (d) or (e), we eventually run out of links in the chain of validity, so (f) we take the final step of presuming the validity of the first historical Constitution. Here we have reached the basic norm, or Grundnorm.
Yet in his introduction, Oliver has also recognized the dilemma of resting the Grundnorm of a transplanted English legal system on the basis of 'settlement' or 'discovery' - a particularly acute dilemma in the case of Australia, parts of Canada and perhaps New Zealand's South Island. Current recognition that aboriginal peoples not only inhabited but also governed these lands in pre-European times is, Oliver acknowledges, 'relevant' to re-examination of constitutional theory. But that re-examination, he explains, takes place within a legal context where the existence of a settler-created legal system is already taken for granted, at least as a matter of (settler) law. Declining to explore the significance of chthonic law as a Grundnorm in the Canadian, Australian and New Zealand mists of time is a stark omission of the study. While this issue is beyond the stated aims of Oliver's book, it haunts his analysis like Hamlet's ghost. No special legitimacy will be found in bypassing Te Whero Whero for King Arthur. 'The Constitution of Independence' should become required reading for students of constitutional law and perhaps history in the three countries concerned. But does its content matter to the citizenry in the 'real world' ? The implications of such issues are, in fact, of more than passing significance to the individual citizen. The constant flux in legal theory carries implications for both constitutional law as it affects a state's internal sovereignty and international law concerning its external sovereignty. To take an internal issue first. A sustainable consensus over constitutional foundations is of fundamental import for societal stability, even in the three 'stable' dominions. And it is illusory to suppose all constitutional issues for the three independent constitutional monarchies to have been settled. The head of state, for example, is the same individual for Britain and all three CANZ countries yet her formal title and functions differ. In England she is Defender of the Faith which, by virtue of her role as Supreme Governor of the Church of England, is the Anglican Church. Yet in Scotland she is simply a lay member of the Presbyterian Church. The churches of England and Scotland are the only two established churches in the Commonwealth. Elsewhere in the Commonwealth, Canada and New Zealand are alone in taking their Queen as 'Defender of the Faith'. But which faith? Although it is not explicitly emblazoned anywhere, it is understood to be the Anglican Church in New Zealand by virtue of having inherited the 1700 Act of Settlement between England and Scotland. Some 13 Commonwealth countries retain Her Majesty as head of state but not as Defender of the Faith. Jamaica, on independence, briefly regarded her as 'Defender of Faith' - a subtlety that the current Crown Prince is on record as favouring for his putative reign.
For Britain and New Zealand, then, the head of state may be unable to this day to marry a non-Christian or non- Anglican - a clear breach of universal human rights standards that are binding in domestic law in these countries. So there is still some way to go to iron out the historical wrinkles of the head of state's title and role in New Zealand.
The implications are of perhaps more immediate moment for today's citizenry in terms of a country's external sovereignty. As Oliver observes elsewhere, the external and internal perspectives are closely related in practice but much confusion arises as a result of not distinguishing the one sovereignty from the other. There is a risk of such confusion increasing under the relentless effects of regionalisation and globalisation, with constitutional and international law entering an uncertain and potentially tense marriage. To take an example at the regional level, sovereignty is an issue for integration movements which are of importance almost everywhere. The European Constitution, which will yet descend in new avatar form, carries far-reaching implications for the relationship between the President of Europe and the twenty-five national heads of state. As Oliver puts it, many sovereign legal systems have begun the process of surrendering some of their 'sovereignty' in order to create the EU, an entity which is acknowledged to have the characteristics of a separate legal order, involving a transition from many legal systems into one. For the moment Europe finds itself in a period of 'centripetal uncertainty', not dissimilar to that which was experienced centrifugally with the Commonwealth. In both cases the 'supremacy of sovereignty' is at stake. In the EU context, 'self-embracing' change allows a Member State to accomplish the process of conferring power on European institutions by means of its supreme constitutional powers and relinquishing some of its claims to 'hierarchical superiority'.
The translation of political power into constitutional language draws on the magisterial doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty. This sleight of hand enslaves constitutional debate and forces closure on argument about political-judicial relations. ... parliamentary sovereignty is a latter-day myth perpetuated by our habits of lazy thinking. Parliament has never been sovereign.
It is significant that the European Constitution, signed in 2004 by all 25 heads of state/government and ratified to date by 13 member countries (and rejected by two), makes no reference to the concept of 'sovereignty'. Rather, member states 'confer competences' to attain common objectives. The time is approaching when national competences in agriculture, fiscal and monetary policy, and ultimately foreign and security policy, will cede to regional competences. The fact that in some areas this has already occurred (through 'disguised revolution' ?) is the principal driver of French and Dutch rejection of the constitution. Sovereignty in the traditional sense is a concept whose shelf-life may be approaching a natural end. The idea of 'layered jurisdiction' between local, provincial, national, regional and global levels is becoming increasingly accepted, albeit more readily in political circles than legal. Oliver's term 'shared sovereignty', its oxymoronic qualities notwithstanding, is applicable to these broader global scenarios. It is relevant to our own region, where the Pacific Islands Forum is about to consider adopting a basic legal document to govern its activities henceforth. Thirdly, the significance of constitutional theory for the 'real world' carries through, even if less strongly, to the global level. The UN Charter was signed by CANZ in 1945, when they were not yet fully independent (as indeed was the case with the League of Nations Covenant in 1919). Leaving aside the question of their plenipotentiary powers at the time, the fact is that all three assumed binding obligations to, inter alia, allow rights of passage by foreign military forces across their national territories during collective enforcement action. It would be difficult to imagine a more far-reaching 'sharing' of sovereignty. Is this binding on successive Parliaments? The UN Charter makes no provision for withdrawal by any Member State, only suspension and expulsion by majority decision. Indonesia once walked away but returned, its 'withdrawal' never having been acknowledged. Would New Zealand's 48th Parliament possess the sovereign authority to withdraw from the United Nations? Probably not - at least in terms of international recognition. It was 'bound' by the 27th..Competing sovereignty between national and global authority will be the overarching theoretical issue for the 21 st century, already manifest in several forms. The new doctrine of international 'responsibility to protect' against genocide that over-rides an impregnable national sovereignty was endorsed by world leaders in September 2005. The legal right to withdraw from the NPT has effectively been usurped by the Security Council summit declaration of January 1992 and subsequent political events . And a general tension is intensifying between the United Nations whose Security Council holds collective enforcement powers for the preservation and restoration of peace, and the United States whose latest national security fears and overwhelming military power have conflated into a critique of the UN's legitimacy. What kind of global governance is desired? Is 'sovereignty' at this level to be of a multilateralist or unilateralist persuasion? Where do legality and legitimacy intersect at any one point in time? Within this intellectual and policy ferment, New Zealand stands relatively secure. Among the three CANZ countries New Zealand has pioneered certain aspects of constitutional independence by virtue of its simpler political structure, while at the same time displaying the strongest instinct for the status quo at any one time. It took 101 years to abolish the Privy Council after it was first mooted by a chief justice. In mid-twentieth century its reluctance to see the Statute of Westminster even concluded, or to implement its provisions a decade later, is well-known. The desire to let sleeping constitutional dogs lie remains as strong today as ever before. In 2004 the NZ Parliament established a special committee to review the country's existing constitutional arrangements. Its brief was to identify the country's constitutional development, the key elements of its constitutional structure and their inter-relationships, its constitutional sources, and the appropriate processes in the event constitutional reforms were considered in the future. The future conditionality of its prescriptive remit ensured the performance of a modest task at a measured pace. True to form, the Committee returned a modest and measured report. Its recommendation to Parliament was that it 'consider developing' a capacity to ensure that changes with constitutional implications be specifically identified and dealt with as they arise in the course of parliament's work. Its key recommendation to Government was that some 'generic principles' should underpin all discussions of constitutional change in the absence of any prescribed process.
The Committee was clearly keen to avoid rocking the 'foreshore boat' in a sensitive pre-election period. It concluded that the lack of consensus on what is wrong with the Constitution, and how or whether it could be improved, meant that the costs and risks of attempting significant reform could outweigh those of persisting with current arrangements. It suspected that this was the view of most societies in 'normal times'. The process of embarking on a discussion of possible constitutional change might itself 'unsettle the status quo'. Attempting to achieve some sort of consensus even on the key events that had formed New Zealand's constitution was 'not warranted'. 'Pragmatic evolution' was the characteristic quality of the country's constitutional history - the people's instinct to fix things only when they needed fixing and when they could fix them, without necessarily relating them to any 'grand philosophical scheme'. In New Zealand's case, there was nothing to suggest that a constitutional crisis was 'around the corner'. There was no urgent problem with New Zealand's constitutional arrangements. Dissatisfaction with such arrangements was 'chronic rather than acute'. Yet despite this, there existed constitutional issues that would need to be addressed in the future. These merited more public understanding and discussion. This compares with the ferment of constitutional renewal underway in the Pacific neighbourhood where the Westminster model has been planted in more rugged socio-political terrain. Within Papua New Guinea, a constitution has been written for Bougainville to reflect its unique status in a post-conflict situation. The Solomon Islands is considering a federal model. A parliamentary committee is enquiring into the Constitution of Fiji. The Nauru Constitution is under review. A constitutional convention is meeting in Palau. Proposed amendments to Vanuatu's Constitution are going to referendum. The constitutional status of Tokelau and Niue is under discussion. And in the broader political realm, change is intensifying in ways that will inevitably impact on constitutional development in Tonga, New Caledonia and French Polynesia.
In none of these countries and territories could it be said that a lack of consensus on what might be wrong, and how or whether it could be improved, meant that the costs and risks of attempting significant reform could outweigh those of persisting with current arrangements. What has prompted such constitutional activism by otherwise cautious Pacific peoples? A recognition that societal strains need to be addressed through constitutional clarification before 'normal times' abruptly transform. It is a profound self-deception to suppose that constitutional change is unnecessary until normal times lapse. Abnormal times tend to foreclose on peaceful constitutional change. Fiji's coup of 1987 and PNG's secessionist problems of 1992 may or may not have been averted through prior constitutional moves, but they certainly occasioned subsequent reviews in more difficult circumstances. When 'chronic' becomes 'acute', it is too late. New Zealand's committee knows that 'constitutional issues' will need to be addressed in the future, and believes that such significant change must 'proceed with great care' - subsequent to, and consequent upon, more public discussion and understanding. It can only be hoped that time proves to be a gracious witness to this country's pragmatic evolutionary instincts. Oliver's painstakingly professional analysis of the historical development of constitutional independence offers a useful review of the CANZ experience. But at least in the case of Aotearoa / New Zealand the constitutional future of the country is hardly illuminated.
[*] Dr Kennedy Graham is a Research Fellow at the School of Law, University of Canterbury.
 P Oliver, The constitution of independence: the development of constitutional theory in Australia, Canada and New Zealand (2005) 342.
 In Canada, however, the Government made it clear, as early as the 1950s, that the title should be regarded as state protection of religious freedom. See Documents on Canadian External Relations, Vol 18 (1952) 12.
 Nor, for what it is worth, can the British parliamentary upper chamber admit any Lord Spiritual who is a non-Christian or non-Anglican.
 P C Oliver, 'Sovereignty in the Twenty-First Century' (2003) 14 Kings College Law Journal 137, 138.
 Philip A Joseph, 'Parliament, the Courts, and the Collaborative Enterprise' (2004) 15 Kings College Law Journal 321.
 World Outcome Document (adopted as A/60/L.1, 15 September 2005), adopted by UN General Assembly as resolution A/60/1, 16 September 2005, paras 138-9.
 Note by the President of the Security Council, 31 January 1992, S/23500, 4.


I started working on this song a few weeks ago. It's an aria from Verdi's Rigoletto. This opera itself has a rather interesting background (assuming we can trust wikipedia). Verdi was commissioned to compose the opera with the understanding of both him and his sponsor Piave that they risked censorship by the Austrian government. The Austrians controlled much of Northern Italy at the time and the opera was intended to be performed in Venice. The reason for this censorship was the libretto's portrayal of the primary figure, a French king, as both an immoral figure and a womanizer. Such things were not looked upon well by the Austrian government of the 1850s. At one point Verdi was even forced to move out of Venice to avoid trouble during composition. In the end Verdi was forced to change a few names and a bit of the story around to assuage the censors, but it was able to premier.
"Questa o quella," which translates to "this woman or that" begins the show. The Duke sings at a ball in his palace, exhorting the pleasures of women, and off the show starts with a bang. We soon discover that the Duke is currently pursuing two women and comedy and tragedy ensues, as it so often does when women are involved.
Sorry the sound quality on this isn't the best, but Franco Corelli is still a BAMF.
to this beauty nor to the others.
forse un' altra doman lo sarà.
I'll probably love someone else tomorrow.
Non v'ha amor se non v'è libertà.
se mi punge una qualche beltà.
If I fancy a beautiful girl.
Reminds me of light in the piazza!


Rain is wonderful, but it does present some problems, such as mosquito infestation.
Mosquitoes are a terrible nuisance, spoil the outdoors and carry diseases. You can reduce your mosquito population by altering your environment.
Standing water, ponds or anything that holds water need to be dealt with. Anything that catches even a little water can make a good area for mosquitoes to lay eggs. Female mosquitoes lay their eggs in water, even the water caught in a tea cup is enough for several hundred eggs to develop in. Look for and empty any jars, cans, candleholders, cups, saucers, gutters, containers without drain holes and old tires.
Fill bird baths daily to discourage mosquito development. Fix any leaks from air conditioners, faucets and other water sources that may create a constant puddle. Change out pet water bowls daily. Make sure rain gutters are draining well. Rest wading pools on their sides when not in use.
Mosquitoes go from eggs to adults in about 10 days. A day or two after hatching they are ready to breed and lay egg. This quick life cycle is part of the reason mosquitoes are such pests.
Mosquitoes are most active at daybreak and dusk, so you may want to protect yourself with long sleeves and pants during these times. Repellents are helpful. DEET is the most common and effective but there are several others, as well as home remedies available. Many repellants can be used on your clothing rather than your skin. Repellants are also available in wipes, which is convenient if you don't like the spray.
- Apply only to exposed skin and clothing, not to skin under clothes.
- Avoid frequent reapplication or skin saturation.
- Do not apply to cuts, wounds or irritated skin.
- Keep away from eyes and mouth.
- Do not apply to hands of young children.
- For children, use products with concentrations of less than 20 percent.
- Do not spray directly over face.
- Avoid breathing DEET aerosol sprays.
-Wash treated skin and clothing after returning indoors.
For ponds or water features with standing water, try adding a few drops of cooking oil, which will help smoother mosquito larva, or keep fish that eat mosquito larvae. Another great way to short circuit their development is with a Bt product just for mosquitoes. Ponds or bodies of water that can't be drained can be treated with Bacillusthuringiensis donuts. These are safe for people and fish and an effective way to kill mosquito larva.
Bug zappers don't work. Ultrasonic sound devices don'twork. Light-colored clothing is less attractive to mosquitoes and tightly woven fabrics give more protection than loose.
There are pesticides that can be sprayed but they are short-lived. If you are having an outdoor event they can be helpful. Foggers for flying insects can also be used, but will provide only short-term relief. Various aerosol insecticides are available for controlling mosquitoes indoors. Consider products containing thefollowing active ingredients: Permethrin, Pyrethrins, Cypermethrin and Ressmethrin.
After dark and in the daytime mosquito activity is less likely to be as big a problem. Also if you can set up a box fan or ceiling fan in your outdoor seating areas. mosquitoes will be less of a problem because they don't like strong wind currents.
The rain has been a phenomenal boost to good rose growth and flowering, but it can be a detriment to healthy leaves. Roses are susceptible to powdery mildew, black spot and other fungi in high rainfall periods. Keep these problems at bay by considering the EarthKind Roses, which have been tested by Texas A&M horticulturists, agents and master gardeners across the state. These are roses that can withstand heat, humidity, low rainfall, highrain fall, most soils and still provide excellent landscape performance. EK roses will survive without lots of fertilizer, pesticides and pruning. They are tough but beautiful.
- Marie Daly is a dwarf, pale pink, fragrant, polyantha rose that is perfect for any landscape.
- Carefree Beauty (or Katy Road Pink) is a semi-double, pink, fragrant shrub rose with good longevity.
- Climb Pinkie is another must have climber with tons of pink, semi-double, fragrant roses with outstanding landscape appeal.
- Mutabilis is a cool single rose that opens yellow, turns apricot, pink and then deep pink. It is a large, fun rose, so give it plenty of room.


text:
"""Tests for uvbase object.

"""
import pytest
import numpy as np
from astropy import units
from astropy.coordinates import Distance
from astropy.time import Time

from pyuvdata.uvbase import UVBase
from pyuvdata.uvbase import _warning
from pyuvdata import parameter as uvp
from pyuvdata import tests as uvtest

ref_latlonalt = (-26.7 * np.pi / 180.0, 116.7 * np.pi / 180.0, 377.8)
ref_xyz = (-2562123.42683, 5094215.40141, -2848728.58869)

class UVTest(UVBase):
    def __init__(self):
        """ UVBase test object. """
        # add some test UVParameters to the class

        self._int1 = uvp.UVParameter(
            "int1", description="integer value", expected_type=int, value=3
        )

        self._int2 = uvp.UVParameter(
            "int2", description="integer value", expected_type=int, value=5
        )

        self._float1 = uvp.UVParameter(
            "float1", description="float value", expected_type=float, value=18.2
        )

        self._string1 = uvp.UVParameter(
            "string1", description="string value", form="str", value="test"
        )

        self._string2 = uvp.UVParameter(
            "string2", description="string value", expected_type="str", value="test"
        )

        self._floatarr = uvp.UVParameter(
            "floatarr",
            description="float array",
            form=("int1", "int2"),
            expected_type=float,
            value=np.random.rand(self._int1.value, self._int2.value),
        )

        self._floatarr2 = uvp.UVParameter(
            "floatarr2",
            description="float array",
            form=4,
            expected_type=float,
            value=np.random.rand(4),
        )

        self._strlist = uvp.UVParameter(
            "strlist",
            description="string list",
            form=("int1",),
            expected_type=str,
            value=["s" + str(i) for i in np.arange(self._int1.value)],
        )

        self._intlist = uvp.UVParameter(
            "intlist",
            description="integer list",
            form=("int1",),
            expected_type=int,
            value=list(range(self._int1.value)),
        )

        self._angle = uvp.AngleParameter(
            "angle", description="angle", expected_type=float, value=np.pi / 4.0
        )

        self._location = uvp.LocationParameter(
            "location", description="location", value=np.array(ref_xyz)
        )

        self._time = uvp.UVParameter(
            "time",
            description="astropy Time object",
            value=Time("2015-03-01 00:00:00", scale="utc"),
            expected_type=Time,
        )

        self._optional_int1 = uvp.UVParameter(
            "optional_int1",
            description="optional integer value",
            expected_type=int,
            value=3,
            required=False,
        )

        self._optional_int2 = uvp.UVParameter(
            "optional_int2",
            description="optional integer value",
            expected_type=int,
            value=5,
            required=False,
        )

        self._unset_int1 = uvp.UVParameter(
            "unset_int1",
            description="An unset parameter.",
            expected_type=int,
            value=None,
            required=False,
        )

        self._quantity_array = uvp.UVParameter(
            "quantity_array",
            description="A quantity object.",
            expected_type=units.Quantity,
            value=self._floatarr2.value * units.m,
            form=self._floatarr2.value.size,
        )

        self._quantity_scalar = uvp.UVParameter(
            "quantity_scalar",
            description="A quantity but also a single element.",
            expected_type=units.Quantity,
            value=2 * units.m,
            form=(),
        )

        super(UVTest, self).__init__()

def test_equality():
    """Basic equality test."""
    test_obj = UVTest()
    assert test_obj == test_obj

def test_equality_nocheckextra():
    """Test equality if optional params are different and check_extra is false."""
    test_obj = UVTest()
    test_obj2 = test_obj.copy()
    test_obj2.optional_int1 = 4
    assert test_obj.__eq__(test_obj2, check_extra=False)

def test_inequality_extra():
    """Basic equality test."""
    test_obj = UVTest()
    test_obj2 = test_obj.copy()
    test_obj2.optional_int1 = 4
    assert test_obj != test_obj2

def test_inequality_different_extras():
    """Basic equality test."""
    test_obj = UVTest()
    test_obj2 = test_obj.copy()
    test_obj2._optional_int3 = uvp.UVParameter(
        "optional_int3",
        description="optional integer value",
        expected_type=int,
        value=7,
        required=False,
    )
    assert test_obj != test_obj2

def test_inequality():
    """Check that inequality is handled correctly."""
    test_obj = UVTest()
    test_obj2 = test_obj.copy()
    test_obj2.float1 = 13
    assert test_obj != test_obj2

def test_class_inequality():
    """Test equality error for different classes."""
    test_obj = UVTest()
    assert test_obj != test_obj._floatarr

def test_check():
    """Test simple check function."""
    test_obj = UVTest()
    assert test_obj.check()

def test_check_required():
    """Test simple check function."""
    test_obj = UVTest()
    assert test_obj.check(check_extra=False)

def test_string_type_check():
    """Test check function with wrong type (string)."""
    test_obj = UVTest()
    test_obj.string1 = 1
    pytest.raises(ValueError, test_obj.check)

def test_string_form_check():
    """Test check function with wrong type (string)."""
    test_obj = UVTest()
    test_obj.string2 = 1
    pytest.raises(ValueError, test_obj.check)

def test_single_value_check():
    """Test check function with wrong type."""
    test_obj = UVTest()
    test_obj.int1 = np.float64(test_obj.int1)
    pytest.raises(ValueError, test_obj.check)

def test_check_array_type():
    """Test check function with wrong array type."""
    test_obj = UVTest()
    test_obj.floatarr = test_obj.floatarr + 1j * test_obj.floatarr
    pytest.raises(ValueError, test_obj.check)

def test_check_quantity_type():
    """Test check function with wrong array type."""
    test_obj = UVTest()
    test_obj.floatarr = (test_obj.floatarr + 1j * test_obj.floatarr) * units.m
    with uvtest.check_warnings(
        UserWarning,
        "Parameter _floatarr is a Quantity object, but the expected type "
        "is a precision identifier: (<class 'float'>, <class 'numpy.floating'>). "
        "Testing the precision of the value, "
        "but this check will fail in a future version.",
    ):
        with pytest.raises(
            ValueError, match="UVParameter _floatarr is not the appropriate type. "
        ):
            test_obj.check()

def test_wrong_quantity_type():
    """Test check when given the wrong kind of Quantity."""
    test_obj = UVTest()
    test_obj._quantity_array.expected_type = Distance
    with pytest.raises(
        ValueError,
        match="UVParameter _quantity_array is a Quantity "
        "object but not the appropriate type.",
    ):
        test_obj.check()

def test_quantity_scalar_type():
    """Test check when a scalar quantity has odd expected_type."""
    test_obj = UVTest()
    test_obj._quantity_scalar.expected_type = (float, np.floating)
    with uvtest.check_warnings(
        UserWarning,
        "Parameter _quantity_scalar is a Quantity object, but the expected type "
        "is a precision identifier: (<class 'float'>, <class 'numpy.floating'>). "
        "Testing the precision of the value, but this "
        "check will fail in a future version.",
    ):
        test_obj.check()

def test_check_array_shape():
    """Test check function with wrong array dimensions."""
    test_obj = UVTest()
    test_obj.floatarr = np.array([4, 5, 6], dtype=np.float64)
    pytest.raises(ValueError, test_obj.check)

def test_list_dims():
    """Test check function with wrong list dimensions."""
    test_obj = UVTest()
    test_obj.strlist = ["s" + str(i) for i in np.arange(test_obj.int2)]
    pytest.raises(ValueError, test_obj.check)

def test_list_type():
    """Test check function with wrong list type."""
    test_obj = UVTest()
    test_obj.intlist = ["s" + str(i) for i in np.arange(test_obj.int1)]
    pytest.raises(ValueError, test_obj.check)

    test_obj.intlist = list(np.arange(test_obj.int1))
    test_obj.intlist[1] = "test"
    pytest.raises(ValueError, test_obj.check)

def test_angle():
    test_obj = UVTest()
    test_obj2 = test_obj.copy()
    test_obj2.angle_degrees = 45.0
    assert test_obj == test_obj2

def test_angle_none():
    test_obj = UVTest()
    test_obj2 = test_obj.copy()
    test_obj.angle = None
    test_obj2.angle_degrees = None
    assert test_obj == test_obj2

def test_location():
    test_obj = UVTest()
    test_obj2 = test_obj.copy()
    test_obj2.location_lat_lon_alt = ref_latlonalt
    assert test_obj == test_obj2

def test_location_degree():
    test_obj = UVTest()
    test_obj2 = test_obj.copy()
    test_obj2.location_lat_lon_alt_degrees = (
        np.rad2deg(ref_latlonalt[0]),
        np.rad2deg(ref_latlonalt[1]),
        ref_latlonalt[2],
    )
    assert test_obj == test_obj2

def test_location_none():
    test_obj = UVTest()
    test_obj2 = test_obj.copy()
    test_obj.location = None
    test_obj2.location_lat_lon_alt = None
    assert test_obj == test_obj2

def test_location_degree_none():
    test_obj = UVTest()
    test_obj2 = test_obj.copy()
    test_obj.location = None
    test_obj2.location_lat_lon_alt_degrees = None
    assert test_obj == test_obj2

def test_warning():
    output = _warning("hello world")
    assert output, "hello world\n"

def test_check_ignore_unset():
    test_obj = UVTest()
    test_obj._unset_int1.required = True
    pytest.raises(ValueError, test_obj.check)
    assert test_obj.check(ignore_requirements=True)


text:
Finally! "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo"
Saturday was gloriously free of obligations, so I spent much of the day finishing up "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo" by Stieg Larsson. I'd begun to think that I was the only reader in America who hadn't read it yet. (I'd felt the same way about "The Help" by Kathryn Stockett, which I also recently completed.)
Set in Sweden, it's a suspenseful telling of a business reporter tracking down the secrets of a prominent industrial family, helped out by an unusual young woman who is remarkably adept at finding information. What they discover together includes some harrowing bits.
I enjoyed feeling myself in the hands of a master plotter. I tried to pay close attention to those characters who were just barely introduced, thinking that surely they will return later with a bigger role to play. Certain relationships seemed entirely predictable, others surprising.
I wish that I could say it was better written, perhaps some of the clumsiness was due to the translation. I tend to believe that "it's better to show than to say" in a novel. It seemed to me that often Larsson just got inside someone's head and flat-out said what he or she was thinking instead of going to the work of showing us through that person's actions and words.
Even so, like many others, I found myself compelled, reading for hours, looking forward to seeing the loose ends nicely tied–or horrifically tied, as the case may be. I appreciate its look at one of the world's compelling questions–how do people overcome the remarkable evil done to them?
Firefly good reads