+ let s:licenseTag = "Copyright (C) \<enter>"

Generates a doxygen license comment.  The tag text is configurable.

Generates a doxygen author skeleton.  The tag text is configurable.

text as well as a comment block header and footer are configurable.

PREDEFINED value in your doxygen configuration file with correct block name.

You also have to set ENABLE_PREPROCESSING to YES.

Generate a doxygen group (begining and ending). The tag text is configurable.

  comment and leave the cursor on the line just after.

  define it, or just after the skeleton.

  value of the function) or the class.  Then execute the command :Dox.

  This will generate the skeleton and leave the cursor after the @brief tag.

  You only have to execute the command :DoxUndoc(DEBUG) !

  at least on the third line after current cursor position.

- Not able to update a comment block after it's been written.

# default use /**...*/ as comment. With this option /// comments are used.

  will generate the skeleton and leave the cursor after the @brief tag.

- Assumes that cindent is used.
@@ -204,6 +217,54 @@ Click on the package to download.

   - C++: now functions like  void foo(type &bar); are correctly documented.
+    The main function has been rewritten (I hope it is cleaner).

 - There is now support for function pointer as parameter (C/C++).
@@ -321,6 +382,7 @@ Click on the package to download.
@@ -359,8 +421,7 @@ Click on the package to download.
" Brief: Usefull tools for Doxygen (comment, author, license).
+"       0.2.0 (thanks to Roland Kammerer). Date and name are properly set.
+"       (thanks to Dave Walter).
+"      - Single line function are now correctly documented.
+" Note: The main function has been rewritten (I hope it is cleaner).
+"   - There is now support for function pointer as parameter (C/C++).
"     lines. (Thanks to Spencer Collyer for this improvement).
"   - Fixed errors with function with no indentation.
" Generates a doxygen license comment.  The tag text is configurable.
" Generates a doxygen author skeleton.  The tag text is configurable.
" text as well as a comment block header and footer are configurable.
" - Not able to update a comment block after it's been written.
-" - Assumes that cindent is used.
+" - Assumes that cindent is used.
+"   are not yet supported.
let s:licenseTag = "Copyright (C) \<enter>"
-	let g:DoxygenToolkit_briefTag_pre = "@brief "
+  let g:DoxygenToolkit_briefTag_pre = "@brief "
-	let g:DoxygenToolkit_briefTag_post = ""
+  let g:DoxygenToolkit_briefTag_post = ""
-	let g:DoxygenToolkit_paramTag_pre = "@param "
+  let g:DoxygenToolkit_paramTag_pre = "@param "
-	let g:DoxygenToolkit_paramTag_post = " "
+  let g:DoxygenToolkit_paramTag_post = ""
-	let g:DoxygenToolkit_returnTag = "@return "
+  let g:DoxygenToolkit_returnTag = "@return "
-	let g:DoxygenToolkit_blockHeader = ""
+  let g:DoxygenToolkit_blockHeader = ""
-	let g:DoxygenToolkit_blockFooter = ""
+  let g:DoxygenToolkit_blockFooter = ""
-	let g:DoxygenToolkit_fileTag = "@file "
+  let g:DoxygenToolkit_fileTag = "@file "
-	let g:DoxygenToolkit_authorTag = "@author "
+  let g:DoxygenToolkit_authorTag = "@author "
-	let g:DoxygenToolkit_dateTag = "@date "
+  let g:DoxygenToolkit_dateTag = "@date "
+  let g:DoxygenToolkit_versionTag = "@version "
-	let g:DoxygenToolkit_undocTag = "DOX_SKIP_BLOCK"
+  let g:DoxygenToolkit_undocTag = "DOX_SKIP_BLOCK"
-	let g:DoxygenToolkit_blockTag = "@name "
+  let g:DoxygenToolkit_blockTag = "@name "
-	let g:DoxygenToolkit_classTag = "@class "
+  let g:DoxygenToolkit_classTag = "@class "
-    let g:DoxygenToolkit_cinoptions = "c1C1"
+  let g:DoxygenToolkit_cinoptions = "c1C1"
-	let g:DoxygenToolkit_startCommentTag = "/** "
-	let g:DoxygenToolkit_startCommentBlock = "/* "
+  let g:DoxygenToolkit_startCommentTag = "/** "
+  let g:DoxygenToolkit_startCommentBlock = "/* "
-	let g:DoxygenToolkit_interCommentTag = "* "
+  let g:DoxygenToolkit_interCommentTag = "* "
+  let g:DoxygenToolkit_interCommentBlock = "* "
-	let g:DoxygenToolkit_endCommentTag = "*/"
-	let g:DoxygenToolkit_endCommentBlock = " */"
+  let g:DoxygenToolkit_endCommentTag = "*/"
+  let g:DoxygenToolkit_endCommentBlock = "*/"
-		let g:DoxygenToolkit_startCommentTag = "/// "
-		let g:DoxygenToolkit_interCommentTag = "/// "
-		let g:DoxygenToolkit_endCommentTag = ""
-		let g:DoxygenToolkit_startCommentBlock = "// "
-		let g:DoxygenToolkit_endCommentBlock = ""
+    let g:DoxygenToolkit_startCommentTag = "/// "
+    let g:DoxygenToolkit_interCommentTag = "/// "
+    let g:DoxygenToolkit_endCommentTag = ""
+    let g:DoxygenToolkit_startCommentBlock = "// "
+    let g:DoxygenToolkit_interCommentBlock = "// "
+    let g:DoxygenToolkit_endCommentBlock = ""
+    let g:DoxygenToolkit_commentType = "C"
-	let g:DoxygenToolkit_commentType = "C"
+  let g:DoxygenToolkit_commentType = "C"
+  let g:DoxygenToolkit_compactOneLineDoc = "no"
+  let g:DoxygenToolkit_compactDoc = "no"
+" Necessary '\<' and '\>' will be added to each item of the list.
-	let g:DoxygenToolkit_ignoreForReturn = "inline static virtual void"
-	let g:DoxygenToolkit_ignoreForReturn = g:DoxygenToolkit_ignoreForReturn . " inline static virtual void"
+  let g:DoxygenToolkit_briefTag_className = "no"
+  let g:DoxygenToolkit_briefTag_structName = "no"
+  let g:DoxygenToolkit_briefTag_enumName = "no"
+  let g:DoxygenToolkit_briefTag_namespaceName = "no"
-	let g:DoxygenToolkit_briefTag_funcName = "no"
+  let g:DoxygenToolkit_briefTag_funcName = "no"
+  let g:DoxygenToolkit_keepEmptyLineAfterComment = "no"
-	let l:argBegin = "\("
-	let l:argEnd = "\)"
-	let l:sep = "\ "
-	let l:voidStr = "void"
-	let &comments = ""
-	let l:returnFlag = -1	" At least one name (function name) do not correspond to the list of ignored values.
-		" have a solution, send me it !
+  let g:DoxygenToolkit_python_autoRemoveSelfParam = "yes"
+  let g:DoxygenToolkit_python_autoFunctionReturn = "yes"
-			exec "normal o#endif /* " . g:DoxygenToolkit_undocTag . " */"
+      exec "normal o#endif /* " . g:DoxygenToolkit_undocTag . " */"
+  " Initialize default templates.
+  " Assure compatibility with Python for classes (cf. endDocPattern).
+    let l:templateParameterPattern = "<[^<>]*>"
+  " We look only on the first three lines!
+  " Error message when the buffer is still empty.
+  " TODO does not work when function/class/... is commented out!
+      " Fall here when only comments have been found.
+  " Remove any template parameter.
+      " Python only. Functions are detected differently for C/C++.
+    " Should be a function/method (cpp only) or an attribute.
+          " TODO here we get a class attribute of something like that.
+          " TODO Retrieve the name of the attribute.
+          "      Do we really need it? I'm not sure for the moment.
+    let l:doc.name = "None"
+    let l:doc.returns = "yes"
+    let s:compactOneLineDoc = "yes"
+    let s:compactOneLineDoc = "no"
+    exec "normal A".l:doc.name." "
+  " Mark the line where the cursor will be positionned.
+  " End (if any) of documentation block.
+      let s:execCommand = "A "
+      let s:execCommand = "o"
+  "  let l:funcReturn = "returns something."
+  "    let l:funcReturn = "doesn't return anything."
+    let l:insertionMode = "o"
+" Remove comments from the given buffer.
+" - Remove everything after '//' or '#'.
+" - Remove everything between '/*' and '*/' or keep '/*' if '*/' is not present.
+    " Remove C++ (//) comment.
+    " corresponding to the endDoc string.
+    " Remove C (/* ... */) comment.
+" - Default type is still 'cpp'.
+    let l:fileType       = "python"
+    let l:fileType       = "cpp"
+" Parse the buffer and set the doc parameter.
+" - Functions which return pointer to function are not supported.
+  " (cpp only) First deal with function name and returned value.
+  " all the function definition to know whether a value is returned or not.
+  " Work on parameters.
+  " Remove trailing closing bracket and everything that follows and trim.
+  " Remove default parameter values (if any).
+      " Everything in [l:index, l:colonIndex[ can be removed.
+  " Now, work on each parameter.
+" Parse given parameter and return its name.
+  let l:paramName = "Unknown"
+      " Something really wrong has happened.
+" Define start/end documentation format and backup generic parameters.
+    let s:startCommentTag   = "## "
+    let s:interCommentTag   = "# "
+    let s:endCommentTag     = ""
+    let s:startCommentBlock = "# "
+    let s:interCommentBlock = "# "
+    let s:endCommentBlock   = ""
+  let &comments        = ""
+" Restore previously backuped parameters.
+" Count opened/closed brackets in the given buffer.
+" Each opened bracket increase the counter by 1.
+" Each closed bracket decrease the counter by 1.


text:
Tencent Is Looking To Buy Warner Music Stake
Chinese Company Tencent is looking to invest $200 million in Warner Music stake according to a Wall Street Journal report published last Friday.
The Chinese company's interest in the record company is understandable. Warner Music is the world's third-largest record label and represents artists like Ed Sheeran, Bruno Mars, and Cardi B. The Warner Music IPO will be one of the largest in 2020 – despite his delay by the COVID-19 pandemic.
It's also not the first investment in the company's music industry. In March, Tencent acquired a 10% stake in Universal Music. The deal revealed UMG is worth $33.7 billion after everything is said and done. Tencent paid $3.37 billion for its 10% stake in UMG to Vivendi, its parent company. Recently, Vivendi is planning an IPO for UMG for early 2023 at the latest, and the company is now seeking more minority stake investors.
"Now that this very significant strategic operation has been completed, Vivendi will pursue the possible sale of additional minority interests in UMG, assisted by several banks which it has mandated"
Vivendi in a Statement
Benefits to music industry if Tencent gets acquisition of Warner Music Stake
Warner Music recently reported the sale of 13.7% of stake during its IPO. That stake includes 70 million common shares, with Warner seeking $23 to $26 per share. The stake gives the company a valuation between $11.75 billion and $13.28 billion. Tencent is looking at this Warner stake to complete its broad participation in the music industry, a deal that benefits both parties.
Warner Music is also working to find organizations, which along with Tencent, would serve as investors. Contributing a total of more than $1 billion toward a fundraising goal of as much as $1.8 billion. Billionaire investor Len Blavatnik will continue to have control of the company through Access Industries.
The music industry has gone through several years of crisis due to piracy and the collapse of the sale of music in physical format. But in recent years, they have recovered considerably since last year in which the company had a profit of 8.2% and a valuation of $20.2 billion. Now the group has plans to go public alongside UMG.
An investment in Warner would grow Tencent's significant presence in the music industry. The Chinese company already owns a stake in Spotify and the aforementioned 10% stake in Universal Music.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Linear TV still "bedrock" as UK timeshifted viewing remains steady
19th February 2013 @ 11:47
New data reveals that viewers in the UK watched an average of four hours, one minute a day of linear TV on a TV set. The total falls slightly below the record set in 2011, but viewing on devices other than a TV set increased.
Ratings organisation BARB measured the overall viewing times and Thinkbox, the marketing group for the commercial TV industry reported viewing data for TV shows watched on different devices. Using data from the broadcasters, Thinkbox reported that, on average, viewers consumed 90 minutes of TV on-demand on non-TV devices.
Key findings of the BARB and Thinkbox were that over the past decade the amount of linear TV viewed has increased by 27 minutes per day.
Commercial TV accounted for 66% of linear viewing, at a similar level to 2011, and equating to two hours thirty five minutes per day. The proportion rose to 74% in the 16-to-34 demographic.
In addition, 51% of UK households now own a DVR and the level of timeshifted viewing has remained steady in recent years at about 15%. The overall amount of content recorded has fallen slightly and 47% of programming recorded on a DVR is watched within 24 hours.
Lindsey Clay, Thinkbox's managing director said: "Linear TV is the bedrock of how we watch TV and that is not going to change. Its continued strength underlines viewers' preference for watching TV as it is broadcast and on a TV set. Viewing via personal devices, which we have been able to estimate for the first time, is in comparison relatively small, but it is growing rapidly and helping TV as a whole to expand."
Tags: UK
Eleven Sports announces acquisition of MyCujoo ahead of streaming platform launch
Juventus channel launches on Amazon
NexStreaming launches NexPlayer SDK for PS5 and Xbox Series consoles
T-Mobile launches internet TV service in US


BOW BEFORE THE……little Gnome. OK, the squirrel is terrified of me…..
Hi, I am Frazley Sparkspan!
I am The Awesome Gnome in World of Warcraft.
Frazley.com is a fan website that covers Blizzard games and is not affiliated with any companies. World of Warcraft is ©2004 Blizzard Entertainment, Inc. All rights reserved. World of Warcraft, Warcraft and Blizzard Entertainment are trademarks or registered trademarks of Blizzard Entertainment, Inc. in the U.S. and/or other countries.


Arsenal and Everton are having differing seasons it could be said this term, with the Gunners challenging for the top four while Everton struggle to make a run at a European place.
And one man who has been linked with a move to both clubs this weekend is Ajax winger David Neres, who has been in fine form for the Dutch giants this season.
Neres looks to be the next in a long line of impressive young Brazilian talents to make their name in the Dutch league before sealing a move elsewhere, and Neres would be a superb capture for the Gunners or the Toffees if they can indeed convince Ajax to sell.
Neres is quality, and if he does sign, the Premier League will be getting another exciting talent for it's viewers to watch week in week out.
For Everton, they will see the success that Richarlison has had with the club and see Neres as the ideal player to come in and have a similar impact.
Capped already by his nation thanks to his fine showings in Europe, Neres looks to have all the tools to go and be a success at any of the top clubs around Europe.
Arsenal could do with someone like Neres on the wing, someone who is going to be direct and beat players with ease.


When Jesus was alive -- and we should first start by affirming that he actually did live on earth -- he traveled from place to place teaching. And his teaching was remarkable. For example, there were guards stationed in the Temple to keep order and maintain the peace. One time they were sent to arrest Jesus, but they ended up not doing that. When asked why, they responded, "No one ever spoke the way this man does" (John 7:46). Imagine how many speakers they had heard. Jesus was unlike any other.
His teaching was special, and people remembered the things he said and passed them on to others. Remember, they didn't have tape recorders back then. They didn't show up for the Sermon on the Mount and receive a big notebook with fill-in-the-blanks. Initially, Jesus' teachings weren't written down; they were passed on because people remembered them and retold them.
I can't even remember the three things I went to the grocery store for if they're not written down. Sometimes, I walk into a room of my house, and -- when I get there -- I can't remember why I walked in there. How in the world could a person remember what Jesus said and did accurately if they weren't written down?
The first century was an oral culture. Today we're inundated by words -- newspapers, magazinne articles, stuff on the Internet. Back then it wasn't so. In his book Excavating Jesus, John Dominic Crossan cites a study that says in the Mediterranean basin the literacy rate was about five percent. In Israel, it was probably closer to three percent.
Literacy wasn't as big a deal to them as it is to us. At night, they didn't sit around watching television or playing video games. They sat around a fire and told stories or shared wise sayings. They would recite genealogies. They remembered everything.
Some of you have kids, and you know what this is like. A child will often have a favorite book and will ask that this particular book be read to them night after night after night. Are my kids the only ones? There are nights when I get tired of it and try to skip a page or a paragraph. Ever tried that with your kids? It doesn't work, does it? They know.
In Jesus' day, people were just as bright as we are. They just weren't literate. They knew the stories. Jesus' life and teachings were well-known by a culture that was well-equipped to preserve them.
By the way, this is probably one reason why Jesus tells so many stories. Nearly 80% of what Jesus did was either put in story form, or in a kind of structure featuring parallelism or structures designed to help people remember what he said and be able to repeat it.
Well, after several decades of this, the eyewitnesses to Jesus' life began to age and die. The church was expanding, and there were false teachers who distorted what Jesus taught. Church leaders realized that they needed to write down Jesus' story -- his life and teachings -- so that it would outlive them and so it could be spread to churches around the world. That's probably why and how the Gospels were written.
Over time, a lot of other documents about Jesus were written as Christianity gained popularity. Some of them are what are called Gnostic gospels. Gnosticism emphasized a lot of secrets and concealed information and whether or not you were on the "inside" -- part of the Illuminati.
These texts had stories in them about Jesus that were different from what we read in the New Testament Gospels. The early church leaders realized that they needed to have criteria that would help them decide which documents -- which Gospels -- should go into what became known as the Canon. This word means "the norm, the standard, the rule." They wanted to know which books ought to be canonical. Which books can we trust? Which books are reliable?
The New Testament: Can We Trust It?


text:
English اردو
Composition of BoG
S&T Planning
National Commission for Science & Technology
PCST as Secretariat of NCST
Role in National Development
Scientometric Studies
S&T Cooperation
Cooperation with National S&T/R&D Organizations
International Liaison
S&T Databases
Designing & Testing Facilities
Productive Scientists of Pakistan
Research Productivity Award
TF Project
Important Publications
TF Reports
Women in S&T
Visit of CAST Delegation of PCST
A six member delegation from China Assoication of Science and Technology (CAST) headed by Mr. MENG Qinghai, Vice President CAST visisted PCST and had a meeting with team of Officers of PCST headed by Mr. Habib Ullah Khan, Chairman, PCST.
Tree Plantation for 10 Billion Tree Tsunami and Plant-4 Pakistan Plantation Campaigns
Mr. Habib Ullah Khan, Senior Joint Secretary (Admin), MoST/Chairman, PCST planting tree in the Council in connection with Govt.s directives for tree plantation in the country in the light of 10 Billion Tree Tsunami and Plant-4 Pakistan Plantation Campaigns
Two Days Conference and Expo on Higher Education in Science and Technology for Socio-Economic Development of Pakistan, February 11-12, 2019, Lahore
Prime Miniser and Chief Justice of Pakistan (PM-CJ) Fund for Daimer Basha and Mohmand DAM
Please click to move to the online donation link of State Bank of Pakistan.
Technology Foresight Expert Panel Meeting on Robotics
The 2nd Meeting of Expert Panel on Robotics was held on 11th April 2018 at Pakistan Council for Science and Technology. The meeting was chaired by Dr. Shahzad Alam, Chairman, PCST.
National Science, Technology and Innovation Strategy and Action Plan 2018
National Science, Technology and Innovation Strategy and Action Plan was prepared by PCST. The main features of the STI Strategy and Action Plan include clearly defined timelines, estimation of costs, identification of implementing agencies, major stakeholders, milestones, deliverables and key outcomes for each proposed Action.
Directory of Productive Scientists of Pakistan (PSP) - 2017
PCST is pleased to announce the publication of Directory of Productive Scientists of Pakistan (PSP) - 2017 which can be accessible & downloadable through this link. Printed copy of the same can be obtained from the Officer-Incharge, Research Evaluation Section, Pakistan Council for Science and Technology, Sector G-5/2, Islamabad on payment of Rs. 1200/- by hand and Rs. 1350/- through the postal service.
3rd Invention to Innovation Summit-KP 2017
Chairman, PCST alongwith Syed Zafar Ali Shah, Secretary Higher Education Department KP and Prof. Dr. Iftikhar Hussain, Vice Chancellor, UET, Peshawar inaugurating 3rd Invention to Innovation Summit-KP 2017 at University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar on November 29, 2017.
Delegation of China Association of Science and Technology (CAST) visiting PCST on May 19, 2017
A four member delegation of senior scientists from China Association of Science and Technology (CAST) visiting PCST on May 19, 2017.
Pakistan Council for Science and Technology Act passed by Houses of Parliament
The Act of PCST, for its establishment as an autonomous body, was passed by both the houses of the Parliament in 2017 giving Council the required legal framework.
Delegation from Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), China visited PCST, Islamabad
A three member delegation of senior scientists comprising of Dr. Tan Xiangyong , Dr. Zhang Xiaotang, and Mr. Luo Chaoneng from Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), China, visited PCST on 4th May, 2017. Please click for further details.
January 04, 2017, Islamabad Consultative Workshop on University-Industry Collaborative Interactions: Policy and Practical Implications for Pakistan
August 29, 2016, Lahore 2nd National Workshop on "Organic Food and Health: Avenues of Innovation & Entrepreneurship"
June 02, 2016, Islamabad 1st National Workshop on "Organic Food and Health: Avenues of Innovation & Entrepreneurship"
February 8th, 2016 Exclusive Interview of Prof. Dr. Anwar-ul-Hassan Gilani, Chairman, Pakistan Council for Science and Technology (PCST) on PCST Activities in Program "RABTA" On-Air by Radio Pakistan Islamabad"
June 17th, 2015 National Workshops on "Potential of Value Addition and Health Benefits of Indigenous Herbal Wealth and Functional Foods"
June 11th, 2015 Consultative Workshops on "Policies for Creating Enabling Environment for Encouraging Problem Solving Research"
June 17th, 2014 Consultative Workshop on "Encouraging Problem Solving Research: Policy for Enabling Environment"
February 3rd, 2014 First Expert Panel Meeting on "NanoTechnology" (3rd February, 2014)
November 5 - 7, 2013 International Conference on "Plants, People and Climate"
June 25 - 26, 2013 National Conference on "Technology Foresight and Critical Issues Related to Science and Technology in Pakistan"
May 15, 2013 RPA meeting under Atta-ur-Rehaman
November 25 - 26, 2012 National S&T Innovation policy 2012
May 9 - 11, 2012 Climate Change (Opportunities & Changllenges)
May 16, 2012 RPA Award Ceremony 2012
April 10 - 11, 2012 Workshop on S&T Policies & Planning in SAARC Countries
May 5 - 7, 2009 International Workshop on S&T Statistics & Policy Making
Feed Back for MoST Organizations
Please give Feed Back for, Ministry of Science and Technology and its Organizations
STI Voice Newsletter
Science, Technology, Innovation,STI Voice, Volume 3, 2017 is now available for our readers. Click this link for further details and to download Newsletter.
Establishment of Pensioner's Cell at PCST
PCST has established Pensioner's Cell under the supervision of Dr. Muhammad Aslam Tahir, CRO (PCST) for dealing with issues of pension. Click here for further details.
COMSATS (CIIT)
Council for Work and Housing Research (CWHR)
National Institute of Electronics (NIE)
National Institute of Oceanography (NIO)
National University of Science and Technology (NUST)
Pakistan Academy of Sciences (PAS)
Pakistan Council for Renewable Energy Technologies (PCRET)
Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR)
Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR)
Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC)
Pakistan National Accreditation Council (PNAC)
Pakistan Science Foundation(PSF)
Pakistan Standards And Quality Control Authority (PSQCA)
STEDEC Technology Commercialization Corporation of Pakistan (Private) Limited
Home | Downloads | Contact Us All Rights Reserved.© 2016


Contractors usually prefer this way to resolving issues because it is often less expensive and less time-consuming than going through a trial. You should remember that if you sign a contract including a clause for arbitration, you are agreeing to use that method if there is a dispute. One thing to find out is how the arbitrator or panel is chosen so that you know whether they are experienced in these matters.
When you go through arbitration, each side of the matter will present their side of the dispute to the arbitrator or panel of arbitrators. You will follow the specific rules of the person or panel. This varies greatly, so be sure you understand these from the start.
Once both sides have presented their points, a decision in the matter is reached. Whether you can appeal the decision or not depends on the type of arbitration. Learning about this from the start is important because it lets you know if the arbitration is the final event of the matter.
Even if your case isn't going to go through a court trial, you should still take the time to plan your case for arbitration. Making sure that your views on matters are accurately represented is important because this is likely your only chance to have the situation rectified.


text:
You are here: Attractions -> Things to Do in County Durham -> Low Barns Nature Reserve
Low Barns Nature Reserve
Regarded as one of Durham Wildlife Trust's premier reserves, this 50 hectare wetland site also contains mixed woodlands and grasslands. A recently refurbished visitor centre is open to the public at weekends and something of interest can be seen throughout the year.
Low Barns has developed following gravel extraction along the banks of the River Wear. Previously farmland, the gravel extraction ended in 1964 and the former owners allowed the Trust to take over and manage the water-filled pools for wildlife.
Wetland features include three lakes, interconnecting streams, a number of mature ponds and a wetland pasture. The river Wear flows through the reserve. There is grassland and scrub and there are some extensive areas of woodland, which include mature alder wood. With such a diversity of habitats, a wide range of plants and animals are found on the site.
Bird life is varied and abundant and includes the spectacular kingfisher. In summer the reserve is alive with birdsong as the resident bird populations are swelled by the summer migrants, including redstart, pied flycatcher and several warbler species. In winter large numbers of wildfowl can be seen including tufted ducks, mallards and mute swans. Grey herons can be seen in large numbers at various times of the year.
Patient visitors to the reserve may be rewarded by sightings of red fox, roe deer, water vole and otter. The small ponds on the reserve are excellent places to view damselflies and dragonflies, including the impressive southern hawker. Amphibians are also found, including the common frog and the smooth newt. There are many species of butterfly to be found - brimstone, ringlet and holly blue being some of the rarer species.
Up to 50 species of trees and shrubs can be seen including a number of conifers, which attract a large number of crossbills in the winter. The plant life is extremely rich and is too numerous to list but includes burnet rose, centaury, restharrow and viper's bugloss. Mosses, lichens and liverwort are common and a wide range of fungi is present throughout the site. Management on this reserve includes the removal of areas of woodland and scrub to maintain open waters and grassland on the reserve, and to manage water levels for birds and invertebrates.
Coffee shop and picnic area
Toilets, including facilities for the disabled
Low Barns at Witton-le-Wear is signposted from the A689 between Crook and Bishop Auckland and also from Witton-le-Wear on the A68 between Darlington and Consett.
Low Barns Nature Reserve Postcode for SatNav: DL14 0AG
info@durhamwt.co.uk
Attraction's Own Web Site
Durham Wildlife Trust
Witton Le Wear
DL14 0AG
Days Out near Low Barns Nature Reserve
Auckland Castle (4 Miles)*
Raby Castle (6 Miles)*
Durham Castle (10 Miles)*
Crook Hall and Gardens (10 Miles)*
The Bowes Museum (11 Miles)*
Head of Steam - Darlington Railway Museum (12 Miles)*
Beamish - The Living Museum of the North (14 Miles)*
Beamish Wild Adventure Park (15 Miles)*
Croft Circuit (16 Miles)*
Gibside (16 Miles)*
Places to Visit near Low Barns Nature Reserve
Hunwick (2 Miles)*
Crook (3 Miles)*
Bishop Auckland (3 Miles)*
Staindrop (6 Miles)*
Frosterley (8 Miles)*
Durham (10 Miles)*
Barnard Castle (11 Miles)*
Stanhope (11 Miles)*
Darlington (13 Miles)*
Middleton in Teesdale (13 Miles)*
Also near Low Barns Nature Reserve
Dale End Bed and Breakfast
My Way Guesthouse
The Victorian Town House
Springfield House
Footway Cottage
more self catering near Low Barns Nature Reserve...
Donnewell Farm CL
Low Way Farm Holwick
Brockwell Wood


text:
The Daily Dog: What Price Trump?
It is increasingly difficult to keep track of who works in the Trump regime and who does not. Almost thirty high-ranking Trump appointees or cabinet members have left or been fired from their positions since January. On Saturday, Secretary of Health and Human Services Tom Price became the latest casualty in a long line of Trump appointees and "great people" to leave his post — after accruing almost $400,000 in luxury travel costs.
Amid the growing scandal surrounding Price's expenditures for private flights, the former secretary hinted last week that he would reimburse taxpayers for "his seat" on those flights. However, considering the total cost of several extravagant flights for personal and government business, the cost of Price's seat alone is a mere $50,000. He has not said whether he will pay for his entourage and now that he has left office, taxpayers may eat the entire cost of his travels.
In the grand scheme of the federal budget, $400,000 does not seem like a lot. It probably does not seem like a lot to Tom Price, Donald Trump, Betsy DeVos, Steven Mnuchin, or any number of Trump appointees who carry that as pocket change. Most of America cannot afford to think in terms of $18,000 flights from D.C. to Nashville — at $163 per minute in the air. For the rest of America, $400,000 is almost a decade of salaries; dozens of college degrees; or a half-million gallons of clean drinking water for victims of Hurricane Maria.
While Trump bashed Price last week for the travel scandal, he did little to curb his own indulgent spending and vacationing. He also did not address the issue of any number of other appointees who have been jetting around the globe in the name of some enigmatic government pursuits; or how his family's personal vacations have affected federal spending.
As Tom Price departed Washington, Trump was enjoying another weekend golfing at his Bedminster, N.J. resort. He followed two days of golf with a stop at another golf course where a tournament had just concluded. Arriving at the last hole, he graciously dedicated the winner's trophy to the victims of recent hurricanes.
"I want to just remember them," he said Sunday afternoon while standing with the tournament winner. Acting like the child he is, Trump hoisted the trophy and patted it as if he had just won the championship himself. "We're going to dedicate this trophy to all those people who went through so much, that we love, that are part of our great state."
It is difficult to understand how Trump's actions, speech, and sentiment continue to pass for that of a coherent adult and leader. As another cabinet member leaves behind a $400,000 travel bill, Trump is accruing expenses at a rate that will eventually bankrupt some federal agencies. Already, the Secret Service has exceeded its budget for the costs associated with guarding Trump Tower in Manhattan. Every trip to Trump's Mar-a-Lago resort in Florida costs taxpayers $3 million or more.
The Trump regime is riddled with incompetence that is costing America more than hard-earned money. His cadre of millionaires and billionaires — the richest cabinet assembly in history — seems incapable of accomplishing even the most basic policies for working Americans and families.
Ivanka Trump and family requested 100 Secret Service agents for a ski holiday to Canada. Lodging for agents alone cost taxpayers $60,000.
Public service is not an undertaking for the faint of heart and it is a not a country club board position. Anyone who has worked in public service knows that it is a thankless and underpaid job. By filling his regime with ultra-rich and ultra-privileged men and women who cannot find an altruistic bone in bone in their bodies, Trump created a government destined to fail. It is all a game of take, take, take.
The irony of all Trump's excess is that a majority of the people who adore Trump the most are those most hurt by his personal indulgences. It is difficult to surmise what they expected they were getting with Trump: the flashy reality TV star that they guffawed over, or the political neophyte full of grandiose promises that no one cared to investigate or question.
Trump and family: The are of getting rich using other people's money. Photo: Jabin Botsford/The Washington Post
The first line of Trump's "Art of the Deal" should have been a warning to those who dove into the Trump 2016 rally cries to "Make America Great Again." As Trump's people abandon him, and he in turn abandons his own self-proclaimed negotiation skills, more Americans are beginning to understand that Trump will fail.
If a deal like Trump offers — with his promises and plans for castles in the sky — sounds too good to be true, it usually is. It is wise to remember the Trump who has declared bankruptcy on several occasions. It is only a matter of time before he bankrupts the nation, both financially and morally. As long as Trump remains in Washington, there will always be a Price to pay.
Commentary, News, Politics, Trump
#RocketMouth, #TheApprenticePresident, #TheResistance, Art of the Deal, Donald Trump, Featured Dog, Golf, Puerto Rico, Secret Service, Tom Price, Travelgate
The Sunday Dog: Una Nueva Heroína
The Daily Dog: Time to Heal


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A Guide to Prague's Historical Quarters: Jewish Quarter
Prague was been known to have many nicknames. The 'city of a hundred spires', 'the magic city', 'the mother of cities', 'the city with 100 bell towers', 'the golden city'; and the 'heart of Europe'. Travel to Prague, and you will instantly understand why. It is a captivating city full of beautiful buildings and historical sites just waiting to be explored. This bohemian city sits on the hills alongside the Vltava River, and features a stunning skyline of Gothic spires. It is so photogenic with its cobblestone streets, red rooftops, extensive gardens and brightly coloured buildings.
Prague used to be known as the 'Five Towns', although it is divided into 10 separate districts, most visitors tend to concentrate on the five historic towns:
Castle district (or Hradčany)
Old Town (or Staré Město)
Little Quarter (or Malá Strana)
New Town (or Nové Město)
Jewish Quarter (or Josefov)
This travel guide is part of a five-part series focusing on each of the five areas one at a time. It will highlight some of the area's best of, so you won't miss a thing. This is the last one of the series, focusing on the Jewish Quarter.
The History of the Jewish Quarter
Many cities used to have, or still have, Jewish quarters. Prague's is situated between Old Town and the Vltava River. As early as the 13th century, Jewish people were ordered to settle into one area of Prague. The Jewish Quarter is a definite must see because it is an UNESCO World Heritage site. It is not only as a reminder of a tragic part of the world's history, but also for its undeniable beauty and charm.
Did you know? Adolf Hitler decided to preserve the Jewish Quarter as a "Museum of an Extinct Race". By doing that, most of the historical buildings were saved from destruction during the war. As well, Nazis gathered Jewish artefacts from other occupied countries and sent them to Prague to form part of the museum.
Key Attractions
The Old Jewish Cemetery
The Old Jewish Cemetery is the city's oldest surviving Jewish burial ground. It dates back to the middle of the 15th century. Due to the fact that Jewish people were prohibited from burying their dead outside the Jewish Quarter, this graveyard is crammed with some 12,000 visible tombstones. It is estimated that there are 100,000 more bodies stacked up to 12 layers below ground.
The graves were never relocated because Jewish traditions dictate not to move bodies after they are buried. The settling of the ground over time has created lopsided tombstones pointing in every direction, a most surreal sight that casts an eerily, yet beautiful spell.
Did you know? There is an ancient Jewish tradition of placing small pebbles on grave markers or stuffing the graves with small scraps of paper bearing wishes.
The Synagogues
The Old-New Synagogue is the oldest surviving synagogue in Europe. It's one of the earliest Gothic buildings in Prague, built in 1270.
The Pinkas Synagogue is the city's second-oldest Jewish house of worship, dating back to the 1500s. It began as a private place of worship for the influential family, although it was later expanded to rival the Old-New Synagogue.
The Klausen Synagogue was founded in the 1690s. It sits on a site that was formerly occupied by a small Jewish school and prayer house (Klausen), in what was then a notorious red-light district of the Jewish Quarter.
The Spanish Synagogue got its name for its impressive Moorish interior design. It sits on the site of the city's first synagogue, even though it is the most recent one, built in 1868.
The Neo-Gothic Maisel Synagogue was built at the end of the 16th century as a private house of prayer for the family of mayor Mordechai Maisel.
Why not join a tour and visit all of the Jewish Quarter's synagogues.
Kafka Monument
Franz Kafka was born to a Czech-Jewish father and a German-Jewish mother. Kafka lived in the Old Town despite his Jewish heritage. As a German among Czechs, a Jew among Germans, and an agnostic among believers, Kafka lived a life of alienation and fear, which also reflects in his writings.
The Kafka Monument depicts Franz Kafka riding on the shoulders of a headless figure (presumably Kafka himself). This is in reference to the author's 1912 story "Description of a Struggle".
The Parizska Street
Parizska Street (or Paris Street) resembles the Champs-Élysées in Paris. It has the same long tree-lined boulevard with high-end shops. It runs through the Jewish Quarter, connecting the Old Town Square to the Charles Bridge. It's a beautiful area to stroll due to its early 20th century Art Nouveau buildings.
I found so many cute Parisienne cafes and boutique shops that I almost felt I was transported to Paris for the afternoon.
As a holidaymaker…
Prague is easily one of Europe's most photogenic cities. From its medley of architectural styles to its numerous landmarks. Time has stood still in Prague's five historical quarters, straight out of a fairytale.
Be sure to check out the other four historical areas within this blog series.
Czech RepublicJewish QuarterPrague
The Enchanting Spa Town of Karlovy Vary
A Guide to Prague's Historical Quarters: Castle District
A Guide to Prague's Historical Quarters: Old Town
I love Prague! I actually took a tour around the Jewish Quarter and it was very interesting to learn about the community's history. The area has such beautiful streets! Lovely post!
The.Holidaymaker
Thank you for stopping by Maya and for your comment. I would like to have taken a tour, I'm sure it was interesting.
How Cool! We visited a Jewish historical area in Bologna, Italy. So amazing how history can be preserved in little areas like this around the world.
Definitely agree with you! Thanks for stopping by and commenting Nadia!
What a beautiful neighbourhood and some fascinating history! The photos really bring it to life!
Thank you Karl for stopping by and commenting. You are right, the perfect historic neighbourhood to stroll and learn.
I loved Prague when I visited about 20 years ago, I took a tour of the historical quarter back then.
Emma Riggs
I actually didn't realise that Jewish people were ordered to live in a certain area way back then. I'm fascinated with the odd beauty of the graveyard. I really love the ancient tombstones that are a bit skew-whiff and set amongst the green forest, which seems to be kind of taking over. How awful to think that Hitler preserved the area to showcase an 'extinct race.' Just wow…
Thanks for stopping by Emma, and for your thoughtful comment. This Quarter of Prague is such a historic and important part of our history and really a must-see when in the city.
Linda (LD Holland)
We had a tour guide in Prague and we learned a little about the Jewish Quarter. But your blog post provides so much more detailed information. We are sorry we missed the cemetery. It is fascinating to see the history from the tombstones. We saw so much art when we walked the streets. But I guess we somehow missed the statue of Kafka. An interesting one for sure.
Thank you for your comment Linda. I'm sorry that your tour didn't provide you as much info as I shared. But hopefully it adds to your memories of your visit.
I visited Prague just after the country opened to the West. It was wildly interesting… I remember wandering through the Old Jewish Cemetery and it was very moving, all these piled up graves with their little rocks wrapped in paper… It took me a while to understand the significance of the messages…
Wow, I bet you would have a different experience now. Unfortunately Prague has been overrun by tourists. I'm glad you enjoyed visiting the cemetery as I did. Moving experience.
They have some very interesting statues! I remember the visit to the Old Jewish cemetery, very sad place. They didn't allow photography of the artwork of the kids there, and I completely understand. One place I would want to visit again.
Thank you for your comment Indrani for stopping by.
This was such a fascinating article! How ironic that this neighborhood was preserved by Hitler so that it could be used as a museum. And I loved learning about the cemetery – that's so many people buried in one place!! Eerie but fascinating
Thank you for your comment Maggie! I am glad you enjoyed the article.


New & Improved 3.5mm Booby Eye Cylinders are great for tying a variety of trout fly patterns, from small lures to dry flies. We only use the best, high-grade plastazote foam for our cylinders.
Our foam cylinders in a machine shop, this results in creating a smooth finish which is great for fly-tying.


Mosaic warts are also known as verrucae or recalcitrant plantar warts. This form of plantar warts appears on the soles of the feet in groups, especially under the toes. As with any other warts, they can heal by themselves even without treatment. However, this may be discomforting or painful when left untreated for a long time.
All warts, including Mosaic warts, are caused by the human papillomavirus. Keratinocytes, cells found in the epidermis that produce keratin, are infected by the virus which causes a portion of the skin to have bumps. Infection of HPV is obtained through direct skin contact with an HPV-infected person, either the person has warts or not. Mosaic warts may also be acquired from places where it's warm, moist and poorly maintained, like public pools and washrooms or poorly maintained spas. This case normally happens when a person walks barefoot in these areas because the HPV goes inside the small openings in the skin.
Instead of growing outwards like other warts, they grow inwards causing pain when doing activities where a pressure is applied, like standing, walking and running.
They can be mistaken as corns, which are thickened skin on where a pressure point is, because of its rough surface and bumps. If you are unsure whether it's a corn or mosaic warts, have it consulted by the doctor. The doctor may use a file to reduce the size of the lesion to see inside if it's a wart or not.
If not a corn, you may also confuse it with a plantar callus, a thickened portion of the outermost layer of the skin and it thickens when friction is frequently applied in a certain area.
On the center of the lesions of mosaic warts, you'll see a tiny black spot. The spots are what we call clotted blood vessels or commonly known as seeds.
For you to be able to lessen the chances of acquiring mosaic warts or its recurrence, avoid getting in contact with warts. A single, even a slight, touch can infect you with HPV and will possibly grow warts. If you already have initially acquired HPV and have grown warts, do not touch your warts. If you accidentally touched warts, make sure to wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water. Also, avoid picking or scratching your warts at all costs. Not only will you potentially infect other parts of your body but warts that are picked will spread and grow even more.
Since warts thrive in warm and moist areas, make sure that you replace the socks that you wear every day. Always wear footwear anywhere you go, especially in public swimming pools and shower rooms. If you initially have warts and you file it with a pumice stone or any other tools, make sure that it is always cleaned and sanitized before and after use and avoid using the same tools for other uses in a healthy area in your body.
As mentioned earlier, warts, including Mosaic warts, are skin infection that does not need treatment for it to be removed. However, the downside is that it takes a few months to years before its removed. The reason why most people wanted It removed is because of its unsightly look and, for the case of Mosaic warts, it's discomforting and painful. When treating mosaic warts, it could be very troublesome and difficult because you wouldn't be able to walk comfortably while treating warts under the foot. The downside for most treatments is that the healed lesions may show scars. Before using any methods or treatments, consult with your doctor first and discuss its possible side effects and better options you can choose.
For mosaic warts that have mildly grown, you may be prescribed to use topical cream like, Imiquimod or 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU). You may also be prescribed to use the topical treatment combined with salicylic acid.
Laser treatment is one of the most common options used to remove warts and this is also the most expensive. This form of treatment can be painful, and the pain varies on how wide the area being treated. Advanced laser treatments have lesser chances of scarring.
This method uses liquid nitrogen or nitrous oxide as cryogenic to freeze warts so that they would blister. The method is quite painful, especially for mosaic warts. To completely remove warts, the process may take 2-4 sessions.
This method can be discomforting and painful, but local anesthesia is administered to the patient won't feel the pain during the process. This may be recommended when mosaic warts have grown bigger and deeper and is already causing so much pain. This method can cause scarring of the treated area.
The use of Salicylic acid in treating warts is one of the most common treatments. What the medication does is it exfoliates warts' dead skins and helps activate the immune response which will then fight off the virus. To use the Salicylic acid in treating Mosaic warts, prepare warm water in a basin and place your feet on the basin and submerge warts in the water. File the dead skin off warts by using either a pumice stone or emery board. Lastly, apply a good amount of Salicylic acid solution directly on the wart. Do this method every bedtime until the warts are completely removed.
There are various medications that can be used to inject directly on Mosaic warts. What it can possibly do is activate immune response which helps a lot in the permanent removal of warts. Medications that can be injected are Bleomycin or Candida.


IT security is playing an increasing role within the higher eduction sector. Universities like MMU are facing an increase in demand for secure, remote access to teaching resources, student records, and everyday applications.
Two-factor authentication is becoming standard for remote access, but not all 2FA methods are equal. Use of a hardware token, such as a USB flash drive, provides 2FA but can prove both expensive and time consuming to manage. Also, if a token is lost, the user is unable to log on.
For ease of use, overall cost and manageability, MMU chose a tokenless solution from SecurEnvoy.
SecurAccess leverages a user's existing mobile device to deliver the passcode via SMS, as an email or using a soft token app. This eliminates the cost and time associated with purchasing and distributing physical tokens.
University staff are now able to access the HR system, which contains details of vacancies, holidays, pay slips and training courses.
Employees are no longer physically tied to the campus, as SecurEnvoy also provides access to student records and a wide range of curriculum resources.
Going forward, all new employees at MMU will receive a user license via email. Initial registration will need to take place on campus, but once registered, users will be able to benefit from secure, remote login to the VPN.
Passcodes are for one-time use only. Once used, the passcode expires and immediately replaced by a new one. This way a 'fresh" code is always available whenever a user logs in.
We place great value on the implementation of IT security measures. We have to ensure our systems and data are protected while making sure access to the systems and data are protected while making sure access to the systems is as simple as possible for staff working remotely. The soft-token technology from SecurEnvoy fits perfectly with this approach.


hey! i'm still alive. i know it was starting to look otherwise in this little slice of the internet. but i can assure you, these feet are still kickin' & this heart's still beatin'.
...and, actually, beatin' extra hard because i'm currently in seattle and this city does something unspeakable to my heart. i've been up here since tuesday for one of my oldest pal's weddings. let me say that as fun as photographing a wedding is…being in one is about a thousand times better. oh, and she's the one who encouraged me to give robbie a shot while we were in high school…so i basically owe my marriage to her. more or less.
& baby girl gonna gush now. this has been one of the best -- and i think, most important -- trips of my whole life. i needed perspective. i needed to recalibrate. i needed to be surrounded by girls, and cradled by god's love & this trip has been all about that. i'm feeling full and fresh and like me. for the first time in awhile. i left my camera at home this trip & brought just my iphone & instax -- and i'm so happy for that. as much as i love snapping away, it was lovely to be so unencumbered, to have one less thing to worry about, to keep track of. because sometimes it's enough to keep track of yourself, you know?
i had a similar experience being in a wedding this may... it's amazing what being surrounded by a group of old friends does for the soul!
All the sequin dresses! Where are they all from!?
I am so glad that your trip to Seattle provided all off that for you! a every girl needs time with her girls and Good to be renewed.
I know what you mean how sometimes keeping track of ourselves is enough! As much as I love my camera too, sometimes for special occasions it's great to be fully engulfed.
what an exquisite occasion - looks like a time of happiness where hearts were full of joy! i am very eager to see seattle... one day soon! these pictures deepen my longing to go. i think sometimes it's really necessary to leave our cameras and all the technology behind, so we can really be totally present and able to savour moments as they come and go! your snaps here are gorgeous, but that's no surprise!
Welcome home darling. please stay long.
I went to high school with Tessa. Small world!


Jessica Duchen was born in London and grew up with music and writing as twin passions. She has written for publications including The Independent and BBC Music Magazine and as a music journalist has interviewed most of today's greatest musicians. Her books include biographies of the composers Gabriel Fauré and Erich Wolfgang Korngold. As a pianist she plays in a duo with her violinist husband. They live in south-west London.


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THE APENNINES AT THE START
16.07.2018 12.05.2018 Categories Marine
Included in the First world war later than the other great (or applying for this role) powers, Italy was behind them in many branches of naval Affairs. And probably not due to a lack of creative ideas and their own theorists and designers, but because of the "little things" of a technical nature, the usual for countries that are somehow chained to the lack of resources and backwardness of the material base. This fully applies to the submarine fleet of the Mediterranean Kingdom.
After all, in fact, the Italians started in the creation of their own submarines, really useful as "combat cars", pretty early. In 1895 the stocks of the state shipyards of the Navy in La Spezia fell into the water, the first submarine was accepted into service in the Royal Navy. Modest boat with a displacement of only about 100 tons, "Delfino", however, was a completely domestic creation. The author of the project was the engineer Pollino Jacinto, in the future, firmly included in the national history of submarine shipbuilding.
By itself, the "Delfino" was a typical example of a pure "electric" in the French spirit, but with the elimination of some "fleas" projects, Guba. It was assumed that he will act exclusively in a submerged position. Accordingly, as a single motor used electric motor, powered by a very solid (and very heavy) battery. 65-HP engine provided about the same speed (about 5 knots) under water and on its surface – not bad at all apart from his contemporaries. But with the range to do anything was impossible then "batteries" could provide, at best, a "campaign" only 24 miles. And it's a small distance a boat could travel as much for half a day: economic speed was only 2 knots! But it is difficult to be "Italian products" any shame; as we remember, the same situation was with "electrolime" the French, and with the works of Holland.
Otherwise, the "Delfino" was, as they say, it is well-tailored. Round-shaped case in the form of a spindle looked much more modern than overseas "cucumbers" or "fruit" of Guba. Was well thought out and control system: two horizontal rudder placed in the nose is the only vertical, as expected, in the stern; they all had the drive. The baby had two differentone tanks located in the bow and stern extremities. At almost mandatory tradition of those years, the submarine had discharged lead keel as the last hope for emergency ascent.
In General, this purely experimental small ship as I didn't want just to send "iron", despite the clearly inappropriate for the real action range. Moreover, Italy did not possess such financial capabilities, as the United States or the British Empire.
Therefore, the "Delfino" in 1902 put in extensive upgrades abound for almost 2 years, during which he tried to eliminate all the shortcomings of the original project. In addition to the electric motor appeared petrol engine from the famous car company FIAT, and inside the pressure hull placed the tank with fuel. Although he had twice the power compared to the electric motor, the surface speed has grown only slightly: affected by extremely unfavorable to movement on the surface of the rounded hull shape. Engineers tried to "help" the boat by the bow some semblance of a light corps, on which was erected a new cabin. Despite all the tricks, the range has remained more than modest, at the level of two hundred miles (which still exceeded original almost 10 times).
Curiously, the first Italian military submarine… weapons do not have. Although the original version was a two 450-mm outer tubular torpedo tubes, they were never installed. And during the modernization they wanted to move into the body, which was undoubtedly the right decision. However, the apparatus and torpedoes on the "Dolphin" did not appear.
Submarine "Narval", Italy, in 1907
Built at the state shipyard in Venice. Design type – double-hulled. Displacement underwater/ surface – 160/245 T. Dimensions: length of 36.85 m, the width of 4.32 m, draft of 2.45 m. the case Material of steel. Immersion depth up to 25 m. Engine: 4 gasoline engine capacity of 600 HP and 2 electric motors with a power of 190 HP Speed overwater/underwater – 13/6,2 uz. Armament – two 450 mm torpedo tubes in the nose (4 torpedoes). The crew – 15 people. In 1905 – 1909 built five units: "Glauco", "Skualo", "Narval", "Ataria" and "Tricko". All excluded from the lists of the fleet at the end of the war, in 1917 – 1918
Submarine "Foca", Italy, 1909
Built at the shipyard company "FIAT" in La Spezia. Design type – double-hulled. Displacement underwater/surface – 185/280 T. Dimensions: length of 42.51 m, beam 4.3 m, draft of 2.58 m. hull Material – steel. Immersion depth up to 35 m. Engine: 2 diesel engine capacity of 600 HP and 2 electric motors with a power of 160 HP Speed overwater/underwater – 12,5/6,5 ties. Armament – two 450 mm torpedo tubes in the nose (4 torpedoes). The crew – 17 people Excluded from the active fleet in 1916, was used for training purposes, scrapped at the end of the war
However, the first submarine of the Italian Navy lasts surprisingly long, much longer "firstborn" in other fleets even later buildings. Because, frankly, extremely low mobility, district service matched the place where they had been factory work. Accordingly, the first Dolphin was based in La Spezia, where they were built, and after 1904, when the final stages of modernization it was transferred to Venice, obviously due to lack of fighting qualities, the boat was used for crew training, more advanced "relatives". However, at the time Italy entered the war she was fighting in the 4th submarine flotilla, based in Venice, and in 1916, the "Delfino" which was already the 21st year, was transferred to the 2nd flotilla, where the following year he was appointed flagship! It is clear that this important role is a purely honorary: on a tiny boat would not find a place even for the very modest staff. By the end of the war of the firstborn of the Royal submarine fleet was taken in reserve and then handed over to be scrapped. However, scarce during the war, managed to make 44 of the access to the sea, and some of them for a real combat patrol on the way to the "city of Doges".
After the first success (and at the time, of course, be considered as such) Italian underwater shipbuilding survived a very long pause – 10 years. The author of the new project was the engineer Cesare Laurent. Speaking of analogies, it can be considered as local Holland and SPIRA "in one bottle". Indeed, Laurent was able not only to create the first production submarines and supply them to the domestic fleet, but also to ensure their building for foreign customers. Quite a feat for the then Italy!
Project Laurent was very different from the "firstborn." Most importantly, his boat became dvuhkonusnyj, and as a material used high-quality high-strength steel. In the result, the working depth of the dive jumped from doubtful 10 – 15 to 25 metres confident. Appeared separate propulsion system for surface and underwater travel. The Italians had to go through the same beaten path as others, the engine for movement on the surface and charge the batteries was a gasoline motor. More precisely, a pair of very decent for the time of 6-cylinder engines of firm "Fiat". Their were electric motors, and batteries, and almost all of the equipment. So the Italians are quite successfully managed to do almost all the components on their own. (Remember, a "construction set" of devices and appliances from different countries had to use at first, in our submarine fleet). However, its engines still not enough, and for a couple of boats have had to buy the English company "Thornicroft", by the way, appeared not better quality than fiatovskie.
What survived from the "Delphi-but" is the location of the building. Venice has become a real "underwater centre". At the state dockyard, the Royal Arsenal – the "Regio Arsenale di Venezia" laid all 5 units of the "Glauco".
The small (about 160 tons) submarines have become a curious mix of very modern forms (in this the Italians have succeeded from the beginning) and some "fossil" of technical solutions. The latter include not only the usual water-filled and air was blown ballast tanks, but "movable ballast" in the form of cargo transported to differentate, and drop keel for an emergency ascent. However, again, remember that these "rudiments" were found on boats the leaders. On submarines, there were two vertical rudder in the stern, one over the other, to facilitate their rotation and at the same time to duplicate the critical "mechanics". What to the horizontal rudders, in the project, they were supposed to have already three pairs, but actually there were only two in the nose and in the middle of the body.
Looked very interesting weapons. At the head of the "Glauco" there were three torpedo tubes 500 mm of the unit, but on later units, their number limited two, and the caliber dropped to 450 mm. The main reason was to standardize torpedoes: the Italians have decided to stay on 450-mm caliber for all classes of ships. In the list of weapons officially included… a pair of automatic pistols, weapons for the time elite, although quite useless on a submarine. Their owners were, of course, both officers, who headed the crew.
Submarine "Medusa", Italy, in 1912
Built at the shipyard company "FIAT" in La Spezia. Design type – double-hulled. Displacement underwater/surface – 250/305 T. Dimensions: length of 45.15 m, width 4,22 m, draught 3,0 m. Material of hull – steel. Immersion depth up to 40 m Engine: 2 diesel engine capacity of 650 HP and 2 electric motors with a power of 300 HP Speed overwater/underwater – 12,5/8 ties. Armament – two 450 mm torpedo tubes in the nose (4 torpedoes). The crew of 21 people In 1912 – 1914 built 8 units: "Medusa", "Velilla", "Argo", "Fizaliya", "Jantina", "Soya and Jalea". "Medusa" and "Jalea" died in 1915, remaining excluded from the lists of the fleet in 1918
Submarine "F-1", Italy, in 1916
Built at the shipyard company "FIAT" in La Spezia. Design type – double-hulled. Displacement underwater/surface – 260/320 T. Dimensions: length 45,63 m, width 4,22 m, draught of 2.62 m. hull Material – steel. Immersion depth up to 40 m Engine: 2 diesel with a capacity of 670 HP and 2 electric motor power of 500 HP Speed overwater/underwater – 12,3/8,5 ties. Armament – two 450 mm torpedo tubes in the nose (4 torpedoes), one 76-mm gun, one machine gun. The crew of 28 people. In 1916 – 1919 built 21 unit: "F-1" "F-21". "F-W, F-4, F-8, F-10, F-11" excluded from the lists immediately after the war, in 1919, the rest-in the late 1920s – mid 1930s
The line was put into operation slowly, one in each of the years from 1905 to 1909. Their service before the war took place in the same Venice, and was very numerous exercises and maneuvers, including the "big guys" from the composition of its fleet. With the outbreak of hostilities was followed by military campaigns. Again, rather large (from 37 to nearly eight dozen different ones), but equally non-productive. Traditional enemies, the Austrians just didn't give a reason for the Italian submarines patrolling in the area of their bases. All five had survived the war years, and then was immediately excluded from the list. And it is clear: Italy had already acquired a fairly extensive submarine fleet, in which the "old" place was.
Because Laurent was not asleep, in July 1906, the proposed improved project "Glauco". This time he had a co-author Giorgio del Muggiano, one of the engineers of Fiat, took energy. So the main difference between "Fock" as he called the boat, was the forerunner of the location of the power plant in two groups located symmetrically about the median plane. In addition, the composition mechanisms included in the pump to replenish the air supply and pumps, designed for draining ballast tanks – they all worked from the electric motors.
Combined with traditionally good forms of housing turned out pretty good submarine. In addition, is inexpensive. This combination of qualities has attracted traditional, though not close contractor – Sweden. Do not forget that the Swedes themselves had a good tradition in the field of underwater shipbuilding (remember Dorenfeld, who left a generous "seed"); however, they gave preference to the Italian ship. Order "Hvalen" received urgently established firm "Cantiere Navale del Muggiano". Completion of the boat on their own, even without the traditional in those days, the support surface of the vessel (all for the same cost) successfully proceeded Spices from around Europe in Stockholm. All this made the Swedes a good impression, which resulted in the construction of several of the units have their own shipyards and with various improvements. But the type has got its name – "Laurent"; so the money went to one co-author, and the fame way. A firm "Modiano" received another order, this time from neighbors, the Swedes, the Danes. In the end, those received its first submarine from the Italians: "Duckert", in fact, represent all the same "focus" with minimal changes in equipment.
The main drawback of the product of the interaction of two engineers – boats of the "Laurent" remained part of Modiano: "Foca" and its foreign "sisters" has survived a gasoline internal combustion engines. "Gun on the wall," fired rather quickly. Immediately after the completion of all works and commissioning in February 1909, "Foca" went out of Spices around the Italian "boot" to the permanent location in one of Venice. Along the way, the boat came to Naples to replenish stocks; here the commander decided to charge the batteries in a relaxed atmosphere at the pier. During charging, an explosion occurred released from the "battery" gases. What is dangerous in and of itself, but it became fatal due to the presence of flammable gas. From the strongest emission of flame and explosion, the boat sank with a huge destruction inside the case. Died or was badly burned almost the entire crew. However, durable steel both buildings survived. Since all of this happened in private and also well-equipped port, the boat picked up, patched up and sent back to the Spice, now in tow. The repair was very thorough and lasted about a year. The replacement was to be almost the whole energy band, first of all, of course, who was at the epicenter of the explosion and fire batteries and electric motors.
But everything ends; the following year, the boat re-entered the Navy and found an active application. In particular, the "Fock" annually participated in fleet maneuvers in the Gulf of Taranto. However, years of peace, we had very little. And with the beginning of the war, the fate of roughly corresponded to such, as the "Glauco": numerous patrol no clashes.
Submarine "Antonio Pacinotti", Italy, in 1916
Built at the shipyard company "FIAT" in La Spezia. Design type – double-hulled. Displacement underwater/surface – 710/870 T. Dimensions: length 65,0 m, width 6,05 m, draught 4,12 m hull Material – steel. Immersion depth up to 45 m. Engine: 2 diesel with a capacity of 1100 HP and 2 electric motors with a power of 900 HP Speed overwater/underwater – 14,5/9,5 bonds. Armament: five 450-mm torpedo tubes (3 in the nose and 2 in the stern, 5 torpedoes), two 76-mm universal guns. The crew of 39 people In 1916-1917 built 2 units: "Antonio Pacinotti" and "Alberto Guglielmotti". The first excluded from the lists in 1921, a second died in 1917
Submarine "Agostino Barbarigo", Italy, 1918
Built at the shipyard company "FIAT" in La Spezia. Design type – double-hulled. Displacement underwater/surface – 800/940 T. Dimensions: length 67,0 m, width 5.9 m, draught of 3.85 m. hull Material – steel. Immersion depth up to 50 m. Engine: 2 diesel with a capacity of 2600 HP and 2 electric motors with a power of 1300 HP Speed overwater/underwater – 16,5/9,5 bonds. Armament – six 450 mm torpedo tubes (4 in nose and 2 in the stern, 6 torpedoes), two 76-mm universal guns. The crew – 40 persons V1918-1919гг. built 4 units: "Agostino Barbarigo", "Andrea Provana", "Sebastiano Veniero" and "Giacomo Nani". "Sebastiano Veniero" sank in 1925, the First two are excluded from the lists in 1926 – 1928, "Giacomo" "Nani".got my 1935
Meanwhile, the Saga name, Laurent continued. This time the engineer and his country threatened on a really great streak of 8 units. Type "Medusa" can be called the development "babies" "Glauco" and "Fock", but this time the changes become more significant. Displacement rose to 250 t, speed, cruising range on the surface and depth has become quite "average" value. The range is primarily due to the emergence of diesels. Plants "FIAT" quite successfully able to implement something pretty tricky these "industrial monsters" as the United States, Britain and France – to implement the production of a new type of engine.
In the "left behind" left the weapons represented the same pair of torpedo tubes in the nose with another pair of spare torpedoes. However, for such a small boat it doesn't look flawed, although the submarines lagged somewhat in size from its contemporaries of major powers. However, efficient from the financial point of view, the project was very good characteristics of interested potential buyers. And among them were not only the Portuguese, ordered his first submarine "Espadarte" in Italy and that is the type of "Medusa". Interest was shown and much more serious "players". The Russian Navy also desired a single submarine-type "Laurent". The basis for the project was taken the same "Medusa", although the insistence is known for its demanding customer, MTK, it was made many small changes. However, a Russian ship, commissioned in 1912 piatovskoye the plant has received the name "St. George" and not received. With the entry of Italy into the war is almost finished submarine seized and introduced in the composition of its fleet under the name "Argonaut". However, before this is still "Saint George" was involved in this adventure which could have very serious consequences. 4 October 1914, the boat was out to sea on the next test under the leadership of Lieutenant Angelo Belloni. But instead of performing boring routine tasks this exalted Italian patriot turned from the Spices to the South, meeting no less, to go to the Adriatic sea and sink any Austrian ship, triggering the traditional enemy, the "patchwork monarchy" itself to start a war. However, the hike (around the Peninsula) was too long. So mysteriously missing submarine finally found out about Corsica is a French destroyer that offered "the fugitive" back to La Spezia.
But the greatest success for Laurent at the time, was another order. Its products he became interested in the Navy "mistress of the seas". The British acquired the license to build three "jellyfish", which are safely carried out, calling the submarines "S-1", "S-2" and "S-Z". However, by that time, Britain itself has developed quite efficient boats that exceeded their data (and price) Italian import. Therefore, their further distribution in leading sea power is not received. Moreover, the British relief greeted the entry of Italy into the war and the great desire of the Kingdom in the Apennine Peninsula to strengthen its submarine fleet. Was able to quickly solve all financial and organizational issues not caught on in England, the submarine returned to the "historic homeland" in the autumn of 1915. (One of the reasons was a funny story that happened to "S-1" at the time of her service off the coast of Albion. The boat reached the German coast, when it went down immediately, both diesel. Had to literally crawl on the "ship" nearby civilian fishing trawler. The British famously took the unarmed "enemy" on Board the ship, forced to take the "lame" boat in tow and sent into captivity in Britain. Small trawler barely crawling with my "winner" on the rope, until finally exhausted: it is also out of order machine! However, it was easier to repair than outboard engines, and after three days of torment "lame couple" hobbled over to English shores.
But the home boats of type "Medusa" which came into operation in 1912 — 1913, became in fact the first real combat submarines of the Italian Navy, is able not only to patrol close to their ports. Although diesel power plant, as in other countries, shows that "childhood diseases" (hardly did not become fatal for "S-1"), they are very actively used for combat. However, the series was not as good. Her commissioning was long and painful.
Almost immediately after the ceremony in June 1913, the boat had… to go back to the factory for repair. Almost a year has passed; "Medusa" returned to the fleet, and March 15, when towing the boat sat on the stony stranded near Ancona. It quickly took off from there, but the repair was inevitable. Then the war started, the submarine is not prolonged. June 10, "Italian" torpedoed and sank the Austrian "friend" "U-11", (but in reality – German "UB-13") with a mixed German-Austrian crew under the command of a renowned submariner background Hamburga. Saved only one person. And 40 years later, in 1956, the "Medusa" was found and raised, solemnly buried the remains of sailors at the military cemetery.
Another casualty of war from this series became "Alea" who in his eighth and last campaign from Venice. Far away she could not: prevent an Austrian mine. And again only one survived member of the crew. Again, the boat found and recovered from the seabed only in March 1954. It also found the remains of the team, who was buried with military honors. Other units successfully served the entire war, having made several dozen trips without any noticeable results. The only success was the torpedoing of the "Calpol" Austrian destroyer "Magnet", which, however, even drown failed: he just tore off the stern. And the most tenacious was the former "St. George". While the other units safely and suddenly brought from the fleet before the end of the war, "Argonaut" is not only committed more of all units of a series of military campaigns – 112, but served until 1928, a decade longer than the others.
Meanwhile, Cesare Laurent continued to move forward, developing their ideas from type to type, each of which was an improved of the previous one. Only now, with the onset of the war, the appetite of the fleet resembled those of the hungry giant. The following "Laurent" even got a pure number designations, which is not typical for the Italian Navy. No wonder: their number has already exceeded two dozen. Submarine type "R" was slightly increased "jellyfish" with a modified hull shape. They were the most advanced products "from Laurent", built for its fleet during the First world war. They retained all the advantages of predecessors: low price, beautiful lines, excellent handling both above-water and submerged. What added another high reliability: none "epoch" had no serious accidents, despite active use for nearly two years of war. (The first unit was commissioned in late autumn of 1916.) Yes, their autonomy was insufficient by the standards of ocean voyages, but in a very small theater of hostilities, in fact, bounded by the Adriatic, this is not a significant problem.
In addition, a new series was in demand from foreign consumers. And in many ways contributed to the success of the previous purchases. Thus, the Portuguese fleet after the acquisition of "Espadarte" previous type, ordered now from three "epoch" called", Golfino", "Hydra" and "Fock".
"Three" turned out to be a lucky number for Italians. As many submarines have desired ourselves the neighbor of Portugal – Spain. And another three entered and the composition of the Brazilian fleet. (Where they got without any philosophising symbols, repeating the Italian "account" and "F-1, F-Z and F-5". A few dropped out of the magic number "3" only Sweden, also quite satisfied with the characteristics of the previously received "Praise". The Swedes chose to go the British way and have purchased a license for the construction of submarines of the type "F". It was implemented at the shipyard of the group "Kocmoc", which was built by "Swordfishes and Tumlare".
Finally received my order from Italy and Russia. Instead requisitioned "Argonauts" in the Russian North went one of the "F". However, the boat received all the same, apparently not happy about the name "St. George", was not stuck and was sent to "retire" in the course of the war.
Technically, "F" represents some increased and improved "Medusa". Decreased the time of immersion and emersion; took their place, only now the steering wheel (the original scheme with two turned out to be impractical). But some of the "vestiges" were, for example, drop the ballast for emergency ascent, do fully "dead", although its weight was up to 2% of the displacement.
A tireless Laurent continued to go forward. And the next leap was more than substantial. Founded in 1913 "Balilla" became the first Italian boat who claimed to be outside of "their" coastal seas. Her displacement in a submerged position approached 900 tons; while maintaining the same damn small "Laurentina" managed to double weapons: a pair of bow torpedo tubes were added the same feed. Trademark was the appearance of two universal 76-mm guns suitable for firing at aircraft. (It should be noted, the Italians soon realized the trouble that can deliver the underwater ships of the Austrian seaplanes.) Decent steel and speed on the surface, and range. Increased to 50 m and depth of immersion.
The most interesting thing to thank for all this ought not only designer, but also the customers, and the camp of the enemy. In fact, a large submarine was originally built for Germany, where she has given a number of "U-42". However, after the outbreak of hostilities the boat was requisitioned, and it became part of the Italian Navy.
However, deceived by the Teutons avenged his unstable former allies. True, did not the Germans themselves, and as much more than faithful companions -the Austrians. "Balilla" has just completed testing and made a small test "run" in the Adriatic, when it suffered retribution. Off the island of Lissa submarine caught on the surface "with his pants down" (while charging battery) two small destroyers. The boat had only to shoot. Initially it was successful: one of them was damaged by a three-inch shells. But the fight was unequal; to return fire added to the enemy torpedoes, and the submarine sank with all hands.
Submarine "Jacinto Pollino", Italy, 1915
Built at the state shipyard in La Spezia. Design type – double-hulled. Displacement underwater/surface – 350/405 T. Dimensions: length 42,3 m, width 4,17 m, draft of 3.96 m hull Material – steel. Immersion depth up to 40 m Engine: 2 diesel with a capacity of 1460 HP and 2 electric motors with a power of 520 HP Speed overwater/underwater – 14/9,5 ties. Armament: six 450 mm torpedo tubes (2 in the bow and stern and 2 slatted external, 8 torpedoes), one 57 mm and one 37-mm gun. Crew – 23 people In 1914 – 1915 built 2 units: "Jacinto Pollino" and "Galileo Ferraris". The first died after stranding in 1916, the second excluded from the lists in 1919.
Italian submarine "Galileo Ferraris" goes to sea
But Laurent was impossible to stop: the experience gained in building a large enough submarine was embodied in the metal for their country. Since the summer of 1914 at the shipyard "FIAT" began the construction of a pair "Antonio Pacinotti" and "Alberto Guglielmotti", completed 2 years later. Laurent mostly used their achievements in the construction of "the Germans", but made more and more innovations. Sizes even managed to reduce some, but to be armed. Nose now had 3 torpedo tubes instead of two. However, it is worth noting a significant disadvantage: spare torpedoes were not supposed to do. But overall, the project proved to be very successful.
"Pacinotti" safely survived until the end of the war, but his "sister ship" suffered a tragic fate. In its waters, in the heart of Capri, he was attacked by the British sloop "Cyclamen" by mistake took a boat for the enemy. And successfully sunk. Few Englishmen justifies the fact that the sloop was accompanied by an important troop transport. But here are the words from the official report of the commander of the "Cyclamen" to justify much more difficult. Brave Briton, without a shadow of a doubt, recorded: "the enemy Sunk the boat, saved speak Italian". "Guglielmotti" on the bottom left 16 crew members.
But by that time the place has remained empty. In 1915 was followed by a larger series of 4 units of type "Agostino Barbarigo" – the development of its predecessors. Laurent continued to bend the line, increasing the displacement, once again, "Vilisov" body shape and improved separation of compartments. At the same time managed to maintain good maneuverability under water and on its surface. A thicker sheathing surely allowed to dive to a depth of 50 m. the Remake had only the form of the cutting: the practice showed that it was not entirely successful. Intensified and weapons: the number of torpedo tubes in the nose increased to four. As disadvantages are the lack of spare torpedoes and low speed of construction: in the system they entered only at the very end of the war and even after the end of hostilities. Their engine installation was very powerful, which provided a significant speed both above-water and submerged. But the price crash has increased. When in March 1927, "Antonio Provana" exploded diesel, what he took the lives of 6 people. (Boat had then to exclude from the lists of the fleet.) However, here at least most of the crew survived. But "Sebastiano Veniero" died under the prow of his ship during the maneuvers, taking down the whole team.
But it was all in front, and during the war years production Laurent found a fairly wide demand. Its large size and very good for the running and performance of the submarines was interested in a number of States, including the largest "players". One 500-ton submarine of his design called "the Thresher" built in the United States, and at one time she was the largest submarine in the Navy overseas. A British General distinguished himself by ordering a "Laurentina" already in a displacement of 1470 tons. Three submarines of the intermediate size of the type "the Thresher" built under license in Sweden. Five pieces of the "Pacinotti" mastered the construction of the distant Japan. And our Navy wanted to have boats of the type "Barbarigo", which was supposed to build in Nikolaev. Bookmark seemed these monsters submarines with a displacement of 1,200 tons was expected in 1917, but the revolution prevented the implementation of this project and many others.
Although Cesare Laurent was undoubtedly the king of Italian submarine shipbuilding of the time, but to development of boats managed to make (although limited compared to a recognized leader within) and other designers. So in 1910, his project has managed not only to develop but also to implement the engineer Curio Bernardis. Two of his submarine, the "Nautilus" and "Nereid", according to a little different from "jellyfish" Laurent, although many technical solutions not only inferior "Matroskin", but surpassed them. So, for the first time, the Italians managed to implement a sealed battery of the pit. They were built in Venice at the state of the shipyard and have time to enter into operation almost two years before the outbreak of war. But the fate was waiting for them much different. Boat become painfully familiar with the name "Nautilus" was safely zavoevala until 1918, after which he was disarmed. And the "Nereid," which in July, 1915, the command elected as a trap for the Austrian ships left from the newly captured island Pelagos, she was a victim. The enemy was clearly defined the place of "ambush" and "U-5" under the command of captain von Trapp's house (about it we told in the last issue) quite freely shot by the Italian torpedo boat, calmly, as in time of peace, anchored. Payment for carelessness has been the whole team who died along with "the Nereid".
The same fate befell the submarine, named in honor of the pioneer Italian submarine "Jacinto Pollino". She, along with "Galileo Ferrais", also came into operation before the war and was the largest "variety" of pre-war domestic boats. Increased to 355 t displacement gave the opportunity to triple weapons: a pair of nasal increased steam feed and a pair of slatted external torpedo tubes. Both units had new case shape, allowed to develop a rather large surface and underwater speed. Well, ballast tanks in intercase space and many other technical innovations at the beginning of the war was a "last squeak" Italian "fashion". So what happened to her "CE-PE" has been the subject of careful investigation: in its 31st combat campaign, the submarine ran aground in the area of the enemy base Fiume.
It seems to be, the incident, as the incident, if not for the fact that the Navigator it was someone nicolò Sambo. In fact, under this pseudonym was hiding triestines, respectively, the former Austrian subject Nazario Sauro, escaped to the Italians and voluntarily joined their fleet. A former merchant seaman turned to the Royal Navy a priceless acquisition: he knew all the nooks and crannies of the Istrian coast and made 60 military campaigns on various Italian boats. However, this time it left not only luck, but also the location of his comrades, believing that the Navigator purposely planted "Pullino" stranded and pretty "nacistickih his face". Sauro desperately tried to sail away from the scene, because they understand that it can be expected, but was caught by his former compatriots and arrested. In this story there is a lot of quite murky. So, there is a version that captured the Italian Navy specifically accused his co-driver in betrayal, trying in this way to save his life. In any case, the Austrians in this release do not believe and shot Sauro. And in Italy, co-defector decided to do a patriot and a hero; later his name even got a new destroyer.
But for the very "secret" submarine struggle between continued. The Italians sent their boats to destroy the wounded animal, the Austrians put up their guard. It is about "Pullino" "Calpe" managed to hit with a torpedo the enemy "Magnet", just at this time the keepers of this polytrope from the encroachments of the former owners. The sailors of the "patchwork Empire" could pretty quickly remove "Pullino" afloat, but to bring the boat to its port they never happened: the next day she sank during towing. After the war the "tug of war" over the fact that the Italians raised the remains and turned them in for scrap.
However, its shipyards and factories could not cope with the growing appetite of the Royal Navy of Italy. Had to seek help abroad, which gave rise to a curious conflict. So the Italians got the British "return". In addition to returned with gratitude (and relief) home three built under license "Asok", the British managed to push newfound allies, some of the worst of their boats. We are talking about 4 units of type "W" built by Armstrong's project Lobata-Schneider. These are rather large (up to 500 tons submerged) submarine formally had roughly the same characteristics, and is noticeably smaller Italian "F", but had a smaller depth of immersion and not carrying spare torpedoes. It is unlikely that this disadvantage was offset by a 76-Millie-freestyle (even anti-aircraft, at that time at the underwater ship was a rarity). Because in addition to her "W", "absolutely free" has received surprisingly nasty power plant and a hideous agility. In the Royal Navy, they spent on average less than a year; British sailors expressed what I think about this "product", and in 1916 all four alloys Italy. There's turmoil continued, the result was quite a small number of combat exits, none reaching even a dozen, and some amounting to a few units. The most active of all the "W-4" was lost with all hands, apparently, mine.
But the Italians were few and their submarines, and thoroughly spoiled British "gifts". Therefore, the fleet went trodden by other countries and appealed for help to the transatlantic trendsetters. It is clear that we are talking about the same timeless "Hollands" from the "electric boat company". But in 1916, the United States remained a neutral country and, therefore, could not supply arms to the warring powers. However, such a "trifle", as usual, could not prevent this business. The American company has organized construction in neighboring Canada, which, as a part of the British Empire, of course, fought with the Central powers.
The Montreal branch at the beginning of 1916, and was ordered 8 units. "Hollandskiy" tradition, they were built quickly, starting in the spring of next year, the boats began to arrive in Italy. Crossing the ocean they were accompanied by commercial ships calling at Bermuda. And from Gibraltar to the scene of the submarine was accompanied by warships.
As to the "technique", then it hardly makes sense to repeat a few already become painfully familiar features of the product "electric boat". We should notice that a rather backward ideas, such as monohull design, more than offset by the excellent performance. In the end, units of series "N" (without further ADO -the initial letter from Holland) not only took an active part in the hostilities at the end of the First world war, but also long served afterwards. And some have even honored to participate in the second world conflict a quarter century later.
In General, during the war, the Italians managed to form quite a large submarine fleet. Yes, acting is not very successful and lost a number of units literally "for free", but acquired notable experience and a decent material basis. Italy entered the postwar world the most significant powers of the owners of the submarines.
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text:
Attendees to the First Colloquium On Catastrophic And Existential Risk
March 23, 2017 / Mihai Diaconeasa
Aquirre, Anthony
Professor of Physics, UC Santa Cruz;
Co-Founder, Future of Life Institute
Apostolakis, George
Head, Nuclear Risk Research Center,
Central Research Institute of the
Electric Power Industry, Tokyo;
Senior Fellow, Garrick Institute
Barrett, Anthony (Tony)
Co-Founder and Director of Research, Global Catastrophic Risk Institute; Senior Risk Analyst, ABS Consulting Arlington, Virginia
Baum, Seth
Executive Director, Global Catastrophic Risk Institute;
Featured Columnist, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
Bier, Vicki
Professor, Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison
Bley, Dennis
President, Buttonwood Consulting, Inc.;
Chairman, Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Bourgon, Malo
Chief Operating Officer, Machine Intelligence Research Institute, Berkeley, California
Carnesale, Albert
Chancellor Emeritus and Professor Emeritus, UCLA;
Centeno, Miguel Angel
Musgrave Professor of Sociology and
Professor of Sociology and International
Affairs, Princeton University
Cornwall, John
Distinguished Professor of Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCLACrowley, Kevin
Senior Board Director, Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Washington, DC
Dhir, Vijay
Distinguished Professor, Mechanical Engineering, UCLA; Senior Fellow, Garrick Institute
Diaconeasa, Mihai A.
Research Staff, Garrick Institute
Frankel, Oliver
Managing Director, Goldman Sachs, New York (Retired)
Garrick, B. John
Chief Executive Officer, PLG, Inc. (Retired);
Founder, Garrick Institute, UCLA
Hamrick, Barbara
Radiation Safety Officer, University of California, Irvine Medical Center
Hartman, Steve
Writer/Producer/Scientist
Johnson, David
Vice President, Risk, ABS Consulting;
Research Affiliate, Garrick Institute
Katona, Peter
Clinical Professor of Medicine in Infectious Diseases at the Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
Kosson, David
Cornelius Vanderbilt Professor of Engineering, Vanderbilt University
Lauta, Kristian
Associate Professor, Faculty of Law, Centre for International Law, Conflict and Crisis, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
Liu, Hin-Yan
Matheny, Jason
Director, Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity
McCarthy, Roger
Founder and Owner,
McCarthy Engineering;
Mennen, Alex
Graduate Student, Department of Mathematics, UCLA
Miller, Mark
Researcher, Google
Mosleh, Ali
Distinguished Professor and Evelyn Knight Chair in Engineering, UCLA;
Director, Garrick Institute
North, Warner
Principal Scientist, Northworks Consulting, San Francisco, CA
Ó hÉigeartaigh, Seán
Executive Director, Centre for the Study of Existential Risk, University of Cambridge, UK
Parson, Eduard (TED)
Dan and Rae Emmett Professor of Environmental Law and Faculty Co-Director of the Emmett Institute on Climate Change and the Environment at the University of California, Los Angeles.
Peterson, Christine
Co-Founder and Past President of Foresight Institute
Petroski, Henry
Aleksandar S. Vesic Professor of Civil Engineering, Duke University;
Ramberg, Bennett
Nuclear Proliferation and Terrorism Expert
Rhodes, Catherine
Academic Project Manager, Centre for the Study of Existential Risk, University of Cambridge, UK
Sandberg, Anders
Senior Researcher, Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford, UK
Shepherd, Joseph
C.L. Kelly Johnson Professor of Aeronautics and Mechanical Engineering and Vice President for Student Affairs, California Institute of Technology
Suphamongkhon, Kantathi
39th Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Thailand
Unwin, Stephen
Manager, Nuclear Sector, Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
von Winterfeldt, Detlof
Tiberti Chair of Ethics and Decision Making Professor, Daniel J. Epstein Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering; Co-Founder of the Center for Risk and Economic Analysis of Terrorism Events, University of Southern California
Whipple, Chris
Principal, Ramboll Environ (Retired)
Wiener, Jonathan
Perkins Professor of Law, Environmental Policy and Public Policy, Duke University
Woo, Gordon
Catastrophist, RMS;
Visiting Professor, University College London; Adjunct Professor, NTU Singapore.
March 23, 2017 / Mihai Diaconeasa/
Colloquium, attendees, risk, event
Mihai Diaconeasa
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It was there [in a foreign land] that the Lord opened up my awareness of my lack of faith. Even though it came about late, I recognised my failings. So I turned with all my heart to the Lord my God, and he looked down on my lowliness and had mercy on my youthful ignorance. He guarded me before I knew him, and before I came to wisdom and could distinguish between good and evil. He protected me and consoled me as a father does for his son.
Patrick was born in Britain, in the region of Carlisle. The son of a deacon he was brought up a Christian although he was, at best, initially only nominal in his faith. At the age of 16 he was kidnapped by pirates and forced to work as a shepherd in Ireland. During his captivity Patrick turned to God, eventually escaping his captors and returning to Britain. Details of his escape are sketchy, but it is known that he travelled 200 miles from his place of captivity to a seaport. The adventures and escapades of his journey home honed his reliance upon God, and when he finally returned to his family he felt that he should become a priest, and began a period of training that was to last for several years.
According to tradition, some years later in 431 Patrick, newly consecrated bishop, returned to Ireland. He devoted himself to evangelism, reconciliation amongst local chieftains, and the training of monks and nuns. He made frequent journeys throughout Ireland, and significantly influenced the island for Christ, laying the foundation for the Church for the years ahead.
At some point in his life Patrick was the subject of a vitriolic attack on his character. In response he wrote the Confessions – his personal account of his life. Patrick contrasted himself with learned and powerful men more concerned with political survival than in preaching the gospel. He is revealed as a man who experienced grace in a powerful way, and who chose to evangelize an unreached land in preference to Britain, whilst still remaining attached to his roots as a Romanized Celt, and thus to the Christians of Roman Gaul. Patrick is remembered as a man who trusted God against the odds.


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