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Q: Accessing common part of an union from base class I have a Result<T> template class that holds a union of some error_type and T. I would like to expose the common part (the error) in a base class without resorting to virtual functions.
Here is my attempt:
using error_type = std::exception_ptr;

struct ResultBase
{
    error_type error() const
    {
        return *reinterpret_cast<const error_type*>(this);
    }

protected:
    ResultBase() { }
};

template <class T>
struct Result : ResultBase
{
    Result() { new (&mError) error_type(); }

    ~Result() { mError.~error_type(); }

    void setError(error_type error) { mError = error; }

private:
    union { error_type mError; T mValue; };
};

static_assert(std::is_standard_layout<Result<int>>::value, "");

void check(bool condition) { if (!condition) std::terminate(); }

void f(const ResultBase& alias, Result<int>& r)
{
    r.setError(std::make_exception_ptr(std::runtime_error("!")));
    check(alias.error() != nullptr);

    r.setError(std::exception_ptr());
    check(alias.error() == nullptr);
}

int main()
{
    Result<int> r;
    f(r, r);
}

(This is stripped down, see extended version if unclear).
The base class takes advantage of standard-layout to find the address of the error field at offset zero. Then it casts the pointer to error_type (assuming this really is the current dynamic type of the union).
Am I right to assume this is portable? Or is it breaking some pointer aliasing rule?

EDIT: My question was 'is this portable', but many commenters are puzzled by the use of inheritance here, so I will clarify.
First, this is a toy example. Please don't take it too literally or assume there is no use for the base class.
The design has three goals:

*

*Compactness. Error and result are mutually exclusive, so they should be in a union.

*No runtime overhead. Virtual functions are excluded (plus, holding vtable pointer conflicts with goal 1). RTTI also excluded.

*Uniformity. The common fields of different Result types should be acessible via homogenous pointers or wrappers. For example: if instead of Result<T> we were talking about Future<T>, it should be possible to do whenAny(FutureBase& a, FutureBase& b) regardless of a / b concrete type.

If willing to sacrifice (1), this becomes trivial. Something like:
struct ResultBase
{
    error_type mError;
};

template <class T>
struct Result : ResultBase
{
    std::aligned_storage_t<sizeof(T), alignof(T)> mValue;
};

If instead of goal (1) we sacrifice (2), it might look like this:
struct ResultBase
{
    virtual error_type error() const = 0;
};

template <class T>
struct Result : ResultBase
{
    error_type error() const override { ... }

    union { error_type mError; T mValue; };
};

Again, the justification is not relevant. I just want to make sure original sample is conformant C++11 code.

A: To answer the question:
Is that portable?
No it is not even possible

Details:
This is not possible without at least type erasure (wich do not need RTTI/dynamic_cast, but needs at least a virtual function). There are already working solutions for type erasure (Boost.Any)
The reason is the following:

*

*You want to instantiate the class
Result<int> r;
Instantiating a template class means allowing the compiler deduce member variables size so it can allocating the object on the stack.
However in your implementation:
private:
union { error_type mError; T mValue; };

You have a variable error_type wich seems you want to use in a polymorphic way. However if you fix the type at template instantiation you cannot later change it (a different type could have a different size! you could as well impose yourself to fix the size of the objects, but don't do that. Ugly and hackish).
So you have 2 solutions, use virtual functions, or use error codes.
It could be possible to do what you want, but you cannot do that:
 Result<int> r;
 r.setError(...);

with the exact interface that you want.
There are many possible solutions as long as you allow virtual functions and error codes, why exactly you don't want virtual functions here? If performance matters keep in mind that the cost of "setting" an error is as much as setting a pointer to a virtual class (if you do not have errors you don't need to resolve the Vtable, and anyway Vtable in templated code is likely to be optimized away most times).
Also if you don't want to "allocate" error codes, you can pre-allocate them.
You can do the following:
template< typename Rtype>
class Result{
     //... your detail here

    ~Result(){
         if(error)
             delete resultOrError.errorInstance;
         else
             delete resultOrError.resultValue;
    }

private:
    union {
        bool error;
        std::max_align_t mAligner;
    };
    union uif
    {
        Rtype               *          resultValue;
        PointerToVirtualErrorHandler  errorInstance;
    } resultOrError;
}

Where you have 1 result type, or 1 pointer to a virtual class with desired error. You check the boolean to see if currently you got an error or a result, and then you get corresponding value from the union. The virtual cost is paid only if you have an error, while for regular result you have only the penalty for the boolean check.
Of course in the above solution I used a pointer to result because that allow generic result, if you are interested in basic data type results or POD structs with only basic data types then you can avoid using a pointer also for result.
Note in your case std::exception_ptr does already type erasure, but you lose some type info, to get again the missing type info you can implement yourself something similiar to std::exception_ptr but with enough virtual methods to allow safe casting to proper exceptions type.

A: There is common mistake made by C++ programmers in believing that virtual functions causes higher usage of CPU and memory. I call it mistake even though I know using virtual functions costs memory and CPU. But, hand written replacements for virtual functions mechanism are in most cases much worst.
You already said how to achieve the goal using virtual functions - just to repeat:
class ResultBase
{
public:
    virtual ~ResultBase() {}

    virtual bool hasError() const = 0;

    virtual std::exception_ptr error() const = 0;

protected:
    ResultBase() {}
};

And its implementation:
template <class T>
class Result : public ResultBase
{
public:
    Result(error_type error) { this->construct(error); }
    Result2(T value) { this->construct(value); }

    ~Result(); // this does not change
    bool hasError() const override { return mHasError; }
    std::exception_ptr error() const override { return mData.mError; }

    void setError(error_type error); // similar to your original approach
    void setValue(T value); // similar to your original approach
private:
    bool mHasError;
    union Data
    {
        Data() {} // in this way you can use also Non-POD types
        ~Data() {}

        error_type mError;
        T mValue;
    } mData;

    void construct(error_type error)
    {
        mHasError = true;
        new (&mData.mError) error_type(error);
    }
    void construct(T value)
    {
        mHasError = false;
        new (&mData.mValue) T(value);
    }
};

Look at full example here. As you can see there version with virtual functions is 3 times smaller and 7 (!) times faster - so, not so bad...
Another benefit is that you might have "cleaner" design and no "aliasing"/"aligning" problems.
If you really have some reason called compactness (I have no idea what it is) - with this very simple example you might implement virtual functions by hand (but why???!!!). Here you are:
class ResultBase;
struct ResultBaseVtable
{
    bool (*hasError)(const ResultBase&);
    error_type (*error)(const ResultBase&);
};

class ResultBase
{
public:
    bool hasError() const { return vtable->hasError(*this); }

    std::exception_ptr error() const { return vtable->error(*this); }

protected:
    ResultBase(ResultBaseVtable* vtable) : vtable(vtable) {}
private:
    ResultBaseVtable* vtable;
};

And the implementation is identical to previous version with the differences showed below:
template <class T>
class Result : public ResultBase
{
public:
    Result(error_type error) : ResultBase(&Result<T>::vtable)
    {
        this->construct(error);
    }
    Result(T value) : ResultBase(&Result<T>::vtable)
    {
        this->construct(value);
    }

private:
    static bool hasErrorVTable(const ResultBase& result)
    {
        return static_cast<const Result&>(result).hasError();
    }
    static error_type errorVTable(const ResultBase& result)
    {
        return static_cast<const Result&>(result).error();
    }
    static ResultBaseVtable vtable;
};

template <typename T>
ResultBaseVtable Result<T>::vtable{
    &Result<T>::hasErrorVTable,
    &Result<T>::errorVTable,
};

The above version is identical in CPU/memory usage with "virtual" implementation (surprise)...

A: Here is my own attempt at an answer focusing strictly on portability.
Standard-layout is defined in §9.1[class.name]/7:

A standard-layout class is a class that:

*

*has no non-static data members of type non-standard-layout class (or array of such types) or reference,

*has no virtual functions (10.3) and no virtual base classes (10.1),

*has the same access control (Clause 11) for all non-static data members,

*has no non-standard-layout base classes,

*either has no non-static data members in the most derived class and at most one base class with non-static data members, or has no base
  classes with non-static data members, and

*has no base classes of the same type as the first non-static data member.

By this definition Result<T> is standard-layout provided that:

*

*Both error_type and T are standard-layout. Note that this is not guaranteed for std::exception_ptr, though likely in practice.

*T is not ResultBase.

§9.2[class.mem]/20 states that:

A pointer to a standard-layout struct object, suitably converted using
  a reinterpret_cast, points to its initial member (or if that member is
  a bit-field, then to the unit in which it resides) and vice versa. [
  Note: There might therefore be unnamed padding within a
  standard-layout struct object, but not at its beginning, as necessary
  to achieve appropriate alignment. —end note ]

This implies that empty base class optimization is mandatory for standard-layout types. Assuming Result<T> does have standard-layout, this in ResultBase is guaranteed to point at the first field in Result<T>.
9.5[class.union]/1 states:

In a union, at most one of the non-static data members can be active
  at any time, that is, the value of at most one of the non-static data
  members can be stored in a union at any time. [...] Each non-static
  data member is allocated as if it were the sole member of a struct.

And additionaly §3.10[basic.lval]/10:

If a program attempts to access the stored value of an object through
  a glvalue of other than one of the following types the behavior is
  undefined

*

*the dynamic type of the object,

*a cv-qualified version of the dynamic type of the object,

*a type similar (as defined in 4.4) to the dynamic type of the object,

*a type that is the signed or unsigned type corresponding to the dynamic type of the object,

*a type that is the signed or unsigned type corresponding to a cv-qualified version of the dynamic type of the object,

*an aggregate or union type that includes one of the aforementioned types among its elements or nonstatic data members (including,
  recursively, an element or non-static data member of a subaggregate or
  contained union),

*a type that is a (possibly cv-qualified) base class type of the dynamic type of the object,

*a char or unsigned char type.

This guarantees reinterpret_cast<const error_type*>(this) will yield a valid pointer to the mError field.
All controversy aside, this technique looks portable. Just keep formal limitations in mind: error_type and T must be standard-layout, and T may not be type ResultBase.
Side note: On most compilers (at least GCC, Clang and MSVC) non-standard-layout types will work as well. As long as Result<T> has predictable layout, error and result types are irrelevant.

A: union {
    error_type mError;
    T mValue;
};

Type T is not guaranteed to work with unions, for example it could have a non trivial constructor. some info about unions and constructors: Initializing a union with a non-trivial constructor

A: Abstract base class, two implementations, for error and data, both with multiple inheritance, and use RTTI or an is_valid() member to tell which it is at runtime.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: How to add a step of 100 and inscribe in the quantity of goods? WooCommerce I have a website. I wrote a code that adds "per 100g" to the product price (in the picture point 2). Here is the code:
add_filter( 'woocommerce_get_price_html', 'wb_change_product_html' );

function wb_change_product_html( $price ) {

    $cat_arr = get_the_terms(get_the_ID(),'product_cat');
    //return $a[0]->name;
    $temp = 0;
    foreach ($cat_arr as $singl_cat) {
        if($singl_cat->name == 'perunit') {
            $temp = 1;
        }
    }
    if ( $temp ) {
        $price_html = '' . 'per unit \' ' . $price . '';

    } else {
        $price_html = '' . ' per 100g \ ' . $price . '';
    }
    return $price_html;

}

I need to add an inscription to the "number of items added to the cart" (in the picture point 1).
The logic is that if I have a category "per unit", then everything remains by default. But if there is no category, then the inscription "price per X gram" is added to the quantity of goods, where X is the quantity of grams (minimum 100) and take a step of 100 grams.
I don't know how to do this, can anyone suggest?

A: It's pretty simple (from official docs https://docs.woocommerce.com/document/adjust-the-quantity-input-values/) - add this to your functions.php
/**
 * Adjust the quantity input values
 */
add_filter( 'woocommerce_quantity_input_args', 'jk_woocommerce_quantity_input_args', 10, 2 ); // Simple products

function jk_woocommerce_quantity_input_args( $args, $product ) {
    $cat_arr = get_the_terms(get_the_ID(),'product_cat');
    if( 'perunit' == $cat_arr[0]->name ) {
        if ( is_singular( 'product' ) ) {
            $args['input_value']    = 100;  // Starting value (we only want to affect product pages, not cart)
        }
        $args['max_value']  = 1000;     // Maximum value
        $args['min_value']  = 100;      // Minimum value
        $args['step']       = 100;    // Quantity steps
        return $args;
    }
}


text:
Advanced Extremely High Frequency Systems Market Share, Shares – Outlook and Forecast 2022-2028
Advanced extremely high frequency (AEHF) is a series of communications satellite systems operated by the US Air Force Space Command.
This report contains market size and forecasts of Advanced Extremely High Frequency Systems in global, including the following market information:
Global Advanced Extremely High Frequency Systems Market Revenue, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, ($ millions)
Global Advanced Extremely High Frequency Systems Market Sales, 2017-2022, 2023-2028, (K Units)
Global top five Advanced Extremely High Frequency Systems companies in 2021 (%)
The global Advanced Extremely High Frequency Systems market was valued at million in 2021 and is projected to reach US$ million by 2028, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period.
ISR Segment to Reach $ Million by 2028, with a % CAGR in next six years.
The global key manufacturers of Advanced Extremely High Frequency Systems include Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, Boeing, Raytheon and Thales, etc. In 2021, the global top five players have a share approximately % in terms of revenue.
MARKET MONITOR GLOBAL, INC (MMG) has surveyed the Advanced Extremely High Frequency Systems manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and industry experts on this industry, involving the sales, revenue, demand, price change, product type, recent development and plan, industry trends, drivers, challenges, obstacles, and potential risks.
Global Advanced Extremely High Frequency Systems Market, by Type, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K Units)
Global Advanced Extremely High Frequency Systems Market Segment Percentages, by Type, 2021 (%)
Global Advanced Extremely High Frequency Systems Market, by Application, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K Units)
Global Advanced Extremely High Frequency Systems Market Segment Percentages, by Application, 2021 (%)
Global Advanced Extremely High Frequency Systems Market, By Region and Country, 2017-2022, 2023-2028 ($ Millions) & (K Units)
Global Advanced Extremely High Frequency Systems Market Segment Percentages, By Region and Country, 2021 (%)
Key companies Advanced Extremely High Frequency Systems revenues in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), ($ millions)
Key companies Advanced Extremely High Frequency Systems revenues share in global market, 2021 (%)
Key companies Advanced Extremely High Frequency Systems sales in global market, 2017-2022 (Estimated), (K Units)
Key companies Advanced Extremely High Frequency Systems sales share in global market, 2021 (%)
Download FREE Sample of this Report @ https://www.grandresearchstore.com/report-sample/global-advanced-extremely-high-frequency-systems-2022-2028-739
Get the Complete Report & TOC @ https://www.grandresearchstore.com/machines/global-advanced-extremely-high-frequency-systems-2022-2028-739
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


How About a Kiwi Smoothie for a Tangy/Sweet Coconcotion?
A kiwi smoothie definitely – we think – belongs in the tropical family. The kiwi's green flesh has a little bit of a creamy consistency to it with it's taste being compared to that of a strawberry or melon, but at the same time it manages to maintain it's own uniqueness.
Have fun with our recipes below!
Kiwi fruits are exceptionally rich in so many minerals, flavonoids & vitamins. It surprises a lot of people when they find out that kiwis contain higher levels of vitamin C than oranges, as much potassium as bananas and a good amount of beta-carotene.
As we mentioned above kiwis contain an abundance of vitamin C as well as E & A. Vitamin C is an antioxidant that is water-soluble that has actually been proven to protect the human body from the damaging effects free radicals – which are cancer causing substances.
Vitamin E & A work in conjunction with vitamin C as they play out their functions such as: eye health as well as healthy skin.
High fiber foods are naturally rich in fiber and are mostly low in fat. Kiwis contain quite a bit of fiber, which helps in aiding the body in ridding itself of toxins. Fiber also helps maintain a healthy colon, helps in controlling sugar levels as well as contributing to heart health.
When shopping for kiwis select the ones that are firm. (but not hard as rocks) You can test this by pressing on the flesh of the kiwi and the skin should yield to "gentle pressure" just feel it the same way you would a peach. Avoid the overripe kiwis or the ones with soft spots - they will go bad quickly.
Storing them can be fun, if you take a whole uncut fruit and refrigerate it in a plastic bag with a few small holes trying to maintain 95% humidity level it can actually last up to a couple months, but for home usage it is best to use them within a week.
There's nothing like a cold, creamy, just right, smoothie…right? So here are two of our most favorite ways to chill our smoothies. Check them out!
•	Frozen Fruit – if you don't want to use ice just freeze your fruit before blending it up. It will give your smoothie the same cold creamy consistency just with less water.
•	Ice – or you can add plain ice. If you need a quick chiller fix this is the best way to do it.
Place all ingredients (except ice) into a blender and blend on high until smooth. Then add ice as needed.
Blend until smooth and WOW!
To make this quick free fruit smoothie recipe just place all ingredients into a blender and zap for a minute till smooth..
To make this quick free kiwi cream smoothie recipe, peel kiwi fruit and pop into blender, add the natural yogurt and honey. Mix for 35 - 40 seconds and serve at once to enjoy the full benefit.
Put all the ingredients into a blender and blend until smooth.


text:
The Rental Assistance Demonstration is a federal housing program that was enacted as part of the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2012, and is administered by the U.S. Department of Housing & Urban Development (HUD). Broadly, the purpose of the Rental Assistance Demonstration (or RAD) is to provide a set of tools to address the unmet capital needs of deeply affordable, federally assisted rental housing properties in order to maintain both the viability of the properties and their long-term affordability. It also simplifies the administrative oversight of the properties by the federal government. Specifically, RAD authorizes the conversion of a property's federal funding from one form to another, where the initial form presents structural impediments to private capital investment and the new form (project-based section 8) is not only familiar to lenders and investors but, since its enactment in 1974, has leveraged billions in private investment for the development and rehabilitation of deeply affordable rental housing.

RAD has been amended by four pieces of legislation:
 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014
 Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015;
 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016. and
 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017.
Initially, Congress capped the number of units that could be converted under RAD at 60,000, but by October 2014 it was reported that HUD had received applications to convert more than 184,000 units. In FY2015 Congress reauthorized RAD and increased the cap to 185,000 units. An independent assessment of the program from its inception through the autumn of 2015 found that, using existing resources of $250 million, the program had leveraged approximately $2.5 billion in capital investment. In FY2017, Congress again reauthorized RAD, once again increasing the cap, this time to 225,000 units. It was raised again in FY2018 to 455,000 units.

RAD was authorized as a demonstration program. The authority provided by RAD will terminate if the program is not made permanent or reauthorized before September 30, 2020.

Project-Based Section 8 Funding Platform
HUD administers multiple rental assistance programs. RAD authorizes the conversion of assistance under several of these programs to project-based section 8 assistance, which may take either of two forms:
 Project-based rental assistance (PBRA) authorized under section 8 of the U.S. Housing Act of 1937 ("the Act"); or
 Project-based voucher (PBV) assistance authorized under section 8(o)(13) of the Act.
The project-based section 8 funding platform is characterized by a number of features that enable properties assisted under either the PBRA or PBV program to leverage capital investment. From an owner or developer perspective, the four most important features are:
 The availability of a long-term rental assistance contract (typically 20 years);
 The expectation that the contract will be funded fully (i.e., at levels specified in the contract), with monthly assistance amounts that are predictable, reliable, and stable over the course of the contract;
 The option to renew the contract on substantially the same terms; and
 The reduced administrative burden imposed by HUD.
Essentially, a long-term project-based section 8 contract, known as a Housing Assistance Payments (HAP) contract, is something that an owner or developer may "take to the bank" as evidence of the ability to repay borrowed funds. In addition to assuring the borrower's ability to repay, the HAP makes the properties attractive to investors in the federal Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program, through which equity capital investment is made available. (A default on borrowed funds could otherwise result in recapture of the credits, harming investors.)

The HAP contract also binds the owner to rent to income-qualified (i.e., low-income) households, with the subsidy covering the difference between 30 percent of a tenant's adjusted income and a predetermined and accepted contract rent. Thus a HAP contract enables an owner to serve low-income families, without compromising a property's financial viability.

Funding of PBRA and PBV contracts is subject to annual appropriations. To date, PBRA contracts have always been fully funded, meaning that Congress has never failed to appropriate adequate funds to the PBRA account to cover contracts funded out of that account. While funding appropriated by Congress for the Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) program (out of which the PBV program is funded) fluctuates from year-to-year, PHAs have every incentive and are in fact contractually bound (by the PBV HAP) to fully fund their PBV HAP contracts, which may leave them with tough choices (e.g., issuing fewer tenant-based vouchers or finding other ways to save on overall HCV costs).

Properties Eligible for RAD Conversion
Properties assisted under the following HUD rental assistance programs are eligible for RAD conversion:
 Public Housing;
 Section 8 Moderate Rehabilitation (including the Mod. Rehab. Single-Room Occupancy (SRO) program); and
 Rent Supplement/Rental Assistance Program.
Each of these programs is described below, with a focus on the impediments to capital investment that RAD conversion eliminates.

Public Housing
Enacted in 1937, the public housing program is authorized under section 9 of the Act. Section 9 assistance is administered locally by public housing agencies (PHAs), which receive funding from HUD to support the operating and capital needs of public housing properties. As of 2010, there were 3,040 PHAs nationwide, administering a combined 7,340 public housing properties, comprising some 1,105,380 units. More than 2.2 million families are served by the program. Of these families, 32% are elderly (head of household or spouse is aged 62 or older), 21% include a family member with a disability, and 39% are households with children.

There is nothing akin to a HAP contract in the public housing program. Instead, funds flow to each PHA through an Annual Contributions Contract (ACC) between the PHA and HUD. Separate amounts for operating and capital assistance are allocated annually, by formula. The public housing program lacks all three of the key features of a project-based section 8 contract that enable owners of properties assisted with PBRA and/or PBV to leverage private capital investment:

Long-term assistance contract. The ACC is essentially a perpetual contract. Under the ACC, if a PHA accepts operating and capital fund assistance, it must use that assistance to serve low-income families.

Predictable, reliable, stable funding. The level of funding made available to PHAs from any one year to the next fluctuates based on the amount appropriated by Congress. Typically, agencies receive pro-rated operating funding (i.e., an amount less than the operating fund formula would otherwise dictate) and capital funding that is grossly inadequate to address repair needs, let alone replacement needs. In order to support their operations, PHAs have some flexibility to use capital fund monies for operating purposes. A report procured by HUD and published in June 2011 estimated that unmet capital needs across the public housing portfolio totaled nearly $26 billion.

Option to renew on same terms. The concept of "renewal" does not apply in the public housing program, given the perpetual nature of the ACC. Instead, for as long as a PHA accepts operating and capital funding each year, it remains in the public housing program and must comply with "all applicable statutes, executive orders, and regulations issued by HUD, as they shall be amended from time to time." This means that as Congress enacts new laws that affect the public housing program, or as HUD issues new regulations, a PHA must comply with those laws and regulations, irrespective of any cost associated with doing so. In some respects, the terms of the ACC contract change as frequently as new laws are enacted and/or new regulations are promulgated.

Section 8 Moderate Rehabilitation
Enacted in 1978, the section 8 Moderate Rehabilitation (Mod. Rehab.) program was intended to provide project-based rental assistance at levels that would support properties needing less than a substantial level of rehabilitation. The authority for new Mod. Rehab. contracts (except for those intended to provide single-room occupancy (SRO) housing for homeless individuals) was repealed in 1990. Existing contracts are eligible for renewal under the Multifamily Assisted Housing Reform and Affordability Act of 1997 (MAHRAA), as amended, which governs the renewal of all section 8 PBRA contracts.

The Mod. Rehab. program is administered by PHAs, who enter into HAP contracts with private owners. As of 2010, there were some 22,804 units with Mod. Rehab. assistance. These units served just under 49,000 people. Of families served by the program, 24% are elderly, 34% include a family member with a disability, and 21% are families with children.

Even though the program operates through a HAP contract, HUD practices and the renewal terms dictated by Congress disfavor private capital investment in Mod. Rehab.–assisted properties:

Long-term assistance contract. For a number of reasons, HUD has adopted the practice of renewing Mod. Rehab. contracts for only one year at a time. Generally, a short-term contract is not something that an owner or developer can "take to the bank."

Predictable, reliable, stable funding. The Mod. Rehab. program was repealed due to a scandal having to do with how HUD awarded the assistance contracts. The effects of the scandal linger in the form of relatively unfavorable renewal terms, which are embedded in MAHRAA. Specifically, renewal rents must be at the lesser of current rents, as adjusted; Fair Market Rent; or market rent. This means that properties with below-market rents can renew only at similar rent levels, as adjusted by what is typically a modest amount. Since HUD does not offer multiyear contracts, the rents are re-set each year at contract renewal.

Option to renew on same terms. While the HAP may be renewed annually on substantially the same terms, the rents will fluctuate, for the reasons described above.

Rent Supplement/Rental Assistance Payment
Enacted in 1965 and 1968, respectively, the Rent Supplement (Rent Supp.) and Rental Assistance Payment (RAP) programs are both rental assistance programs governed by contracts between private owners and HUD. While both programs' funding platforms are in this way similar to the project-based section 8 HAP, neither program is a section 8 program subject to renewal under MAHRAA. In fact, neither type of program assistance contract is renewable. Fully funded at the time the programs were enacted years ago, each rental assistance contract simply runs its course, with a hard expiration date after which tenants may receive tenant-based rental assistance, but the properties themselves are no longer deeply affordable. Many Rent Supp/RAP–assisted properties — like Mod. Rehab.–assisted properties — are partially assisted; this is partly a function of the fact that the per-unit assistance levels have declined relative to operating costs over time, so more and more units have become unassisted. Conversion to the project-based section 8 platform under RAD makes it possible for owners of Rent Supp./RAP–assisted properties to move to a renewable form of contract, receive fresh capital investment in their properties, and retain deeply affordable rents for the income-eligible tenants residing in them.

As of 2010, there were some 13,723 Rent Supp/RAP–assisted units, serving 18,908 people. Of families residing in these units, 52% are elderly, 15% include a family member with a disability, and 24% are families with children.

RAD's First and Second Components
RAD was implemented through Notice. The Implementation Notice has been modified three times. The latest version governs the program, addressing conversions of assistance under RAD's first and second components.

First Component. RAD's first component governs the conversion of assistance under section 9 of the Act (i.e., public housing funding) to PBRA or PBV assistance. The language authorizing RAD caps public housing conversions at 225,000 units nationwide. PHAs wishing to convert under this component must go through a selection process. There is no incremental funding tied to these conversions; instead, PHAs convert their public housing funding to PBRA or PBV assistance at approximately their current funding levels.

Second Component. Under RAD's second component, owners of properties assisted under the section 8 Mod. Rehab. (including Mod. Rehab. SRO), Rent Supp., and/or RAP programs are eligible to convert to PBRA or PBV assistance. These second-component conversions are not subject to any cap, nor are the owners required to go through a competitive selection process. Instead, conversions are subject to the availability of tenant protection vouchers (TPVs). TPVs are issued at contract termination or expiration (irrespective of RAD); under RAD's second component, TPVs issued pursuant to contract terminations or expirations occurring after October 1, 2006, are eligible for conversion to PBRA or PBV assistance.

Additional Features of RAD
In addition to authorizing conversions of assistance, RAD features a number of other elements.

Choice-Mobility Option
Tenants residing in a RAD property (i.e., a property whose assistance has been converted to PBRA or PBV under RAD) have the right to a Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) after residing in the property for a certain period of time. Specifically, a tenant residing in a property with PBRA has a right to HCV assistance after two years, while a tenant residing in a PBV-assisted property has a right to such assistance after one year. To prevent a scenario in which a PHA's turnover HCVs are being largely consumed by tenants in RAD properties choosing to exercise this mobility option, RAD offers PHAs the ability to cap the number of turnover HCVs that go to tenants of RAD properties — as opposed to families on the PHA's waiting list for HCV assistance — in any one year. Similarly, to prevent high levels of turnover at individual properties, which can be destabilizing and costly, owners of properties assisted with PBRA may limit to 15 percent the number of families in any one property who may exercise mobility in any one year. For PHAs that do not administer HCV assistance and owners of properties assisted with PBRA that are not within the jurisdiction of a PHA that administers HCV assistance, RAD offers limited good-cause exemption from Choice-Mobility.

Annual Rent Adjustments
Once a property has converted assistance under RAD, it is subject to the annual adjustment protocol that applies to the PBRA or PBV program. Specifically, properties converted to PBRA are eligible for an annual operating cost adjustment, each year on the anniversary of the HAP contract, subject to the availability of appropriations. The adjustment is applied to the contract rent, less the portion of the rent paid for debt service. Properties converted to PBV are eligible for an adjustment, if requested by the owner, as long as rents remain reasonable (i.e., do not exceed rents for comparable, unassisted units).

No Cost/Transfer of Funding
Congress provided no funding for conversions under RAD's first component. As each public housing property goes through a "no-cost" conversion, funding is simply transferred from the section 9 account (public housing) to the respective section 8 account (PBRA or PBV). Practically, this means that initial contract rents under the new HAP are established based on pre-conversion funding levels, taking into account the rent caps that apply in the PBRA or PBV program. As part of its RAD implementation notice, HUD calculated the contract rents for each public housing project in the country; the methodology employed by HUD is explained in Attachment 1C of the implementation notice.

Resident Rights
Tenants of RAD properties have a set of rights, some of which are particular to RAD, and some of which are part of the PBRA or PBV programs. The right to exercise Choice-Mobility, addressed above, is among these rights. The others are described below.

No rescreening of current households. For all intents and purposes, current tenants of properties going through RAD conversion become "new admissions" to the PBRA or PBV program as soon as the funding converts. In order to protect such tenants from being displaced, the language authorizing RAD prohibits treating them like new admissions, for example prohibiting screening (e.g., credit checks, etc.) and exempting them from income-eligibility determinations and income-targeting requirements. As soon as these tenants move from their units, however, the units may be rented only to income-qualified households who meet other admissions criteria.

Right to return/relocation assistance. For conversions to PBRA or PBV, any tenant living in a property prior to conversion has a right to remain. If the property is being significantly rehabilitated as part of the conversion, then the tenant has the right to return following any temporary relocation. The Uniform Relocation Act applies to any relocation that results from acquisition, new construction, or rehabilitation.

Phase-in of rent increases. If a tenant's monthly rent will increase above a certain amount solely as a result of conversion, then the rent increase must be phased in over a period of up to 5 years. The PHA has the discretion to determine the phase-in period.

Continued Family Self-Sufficiency (FSS) and Resident Opportunities and Self Sufficiency Service Coordinators (ROSS-SC) program participation. The FSS and ROSS-SC programs provide incentives, services, and service coordination to families to help them make progress toward achieving self-sufficiency or to enable them to age in place. Not all PHAs participate in these grant programs. In the event a public housing tenant participates in one of these programs and the conversion of assistance results in that family's housing assistance being administered by a PHA that does not participate in the program, the family retains the right to continue their participation until program completion (in the case of FSS) or until the grant funds have been expended (in the case of ROSS-SC).

Resident participation and funding. Tenants residing in properties converted to PBRA or PBV assistance under RAD have the right to establish and operate a resident organization "for the purpose of addressing issues related to their living environment." The resident organization is eligible for resident participation funding.

Resident procedural rights. Residents of public housing properties converted to PBRA or PBV assistance obtain certain procedural rights pertaining to grievance procedures and notification of termination.

Earned income disregard. The earned income disregard (EID) is a feature of several HUD programs that is intended to encourage work and continued employment by disregarding, for a period of time, any increase in earned income that would, in the absence of the EID, increase a tenant's rental payment. Under RAD, if a tenant is participating in the EID and the conversion of assistance would make them ineligible for the benefit, they may continue to receive the benefit for the duration of their eligibility.

Jobs Plus. Jobs Plus is a pilot program that provides grant funding and targeted flexibilities to PHAs so that they may implement strategies to help public housing residents increase their employment and earnings. Under RAD, public housing properties owned by Jobs Plus grantees that are converted to PBRA or PBV assistance may continue to participate in the Jobs Plus program until the grant has been closed out.

Over-income households. In some cases, a conversion of public housing to PBRA or PBV assistance may result in a situation where the tenant's rental payment exceeds the unit rent. Typically, when a tenant's rental payment exceeds the unit rent, the tenant becomes unassisted, and the unit in which they reside is removed from the HAP contract. Since a key purpose of RAD is to leverage private capital investment, the removal of a unit from the HAP contract would be counterproductive. For RAD conversions, therefore, such tenants simply pay the unit rent, and the units remain under the HAP contract. The tenant also continues to be considered a "program participant," which means they retain the Choice-Mobility, procedural, and all other rights that pertain to program participants.

Under-occupied units. A public housing family residing in a unit that has more bedrooms than required, based on the family size, may remain in that unit following conversion to PBRA or PBV assistance but must move to an appropriate-sized unit when one on that site becomes available.

Renewal of lease. Owners of PBV-assisted properties are required to renew all leases upon expiration, unless cause for nonrenewal exists.

Establishment of waiting list. A PHA may have separate waiting lists for its public housing and HCV/PBV programs, or it may have a combined waiting list. Likewise, a multifamily owner may have one waiting list for each property assisted with PBRA, or it may operate a community-wide waiting list. RAD specifies how households on the waiting list of a public housing property that goes through a conversion to PBRA or PBV assistance are to be notified about the conversion of assistance and informed about how to apply for the new waiting list.

Public Input
In establishing the eligibility and selection criteria for properties applying to participate in RAD, as well as the procedures for selecting such properties, the HUD Secretary is required to provide an opportunity for public comment. The Secretary is also required to assure that residents of public housing properties proposed for conversion to PBRA or PBV assistance under RAD have an opportunity to comment. Both of these requirements are embedded in the language authorizing RAD. In order to implement the latter requirement, HUD stated, in the implementation notice, that RAD conversion will be considered a "significant amendment" to a PHA's Annual Plan or Five-Year Plan, triggering a mandatory public consultation process. Outside of RAD, PHAs generally have the latitude to determine which changes or amendments to their Plan(s) constitute a significant amendment.

Waivers and Alternative Requirements
The language authorizing RAD gives the Secretary the ability to waive or specify alternative requirements for any provision of the PBV statute, as well as "any provision that governs the use of assistance from which a property is converted under the demonstration or funds made available for [the public housing and PBRA programs]". In order to implement such waivers and alternative requirements, the Secretary is required to make a determination that they are necessary and, 10 days prior to making such waivers or alternative requirements effective, to publish a notice in the Federal Register specifying what they are.

Section 1.5 of the implementation notice lists the waivers and alternative requirements that have been adopted pursuant to this authority.

Continued Ownership of Properties Converted from Public Housing
The language authorizing RAD requires continued public ownership or control of public housing properties. Specifically, it requires that a public or not-for-profit entity maintain ownership or control of a public housing property that converts to PBRA or PBV assistance. Transfer to a private entity following conversion is permitted only pursuant to foreclosure, bankruptcy, or termination and transfer of assistance for material violations or substantial default, and then only if no public entity is capable of assuming ownership. Transfer of ownership to a for-profit entity is permitted only to facilitate access to Low Income Housing Tax Credits, and then only if the PHA retains an interest in the property.

In addition, the public housing Declaration of Trust that is released as assistance is converted from section 9 to section 8 is replaced by a long-term, renewable use and affordability covenant.

Finally, upon expiration of each PBRA or PBV contract attached to a former public housing property, the Secretary is required to offer a renewal contract, and the owner is required to accept such offer.

Conversion of Tenant Protection Vouchers to Project-Based Assistance
The language authorizing RAD required the Comptroller General of the United States to study the long-term effect of the conversion of fiscal year 2012 and 2013 tenant-protection vouchers (TPVs) to project-based vouchers (PBVs). The purpose of the study was to assess whether, over the long term, conversions of tenant-based assistance to project-based assistance would be likely to affect the housing choices available to assisted residents. Specifically, the Comptroller General was asked to examine the change in the ratio of TPVs to PBVs.

The report was published on April 24, 2014.

Requirement to Assess and Publish Findings
Finally, HUD is required under the language authorizing RAD to "assess and publish findings regarding the impact of the conversion [of public housing] on:
 the preservation and improvement of the former public housing units,
 the amount of private capital leveraged as a result of such conversion, and
 the effect of such conversion on residents."

A September 30, 2014, progress report on RAD summarized program results through August 2014 and described the timing and content of the larger independent evaluation required by Congress.

On September 21, 2016, HUD published an "Evaluation of HUD's Rental Assistance Demonstration, Interim Report." This independent assessment of the program completed the first phase of the congressionally mandated evaluation. The findings from that report are summarized below. A second study, forthcoming, will "conduct physical assessments at a sample of RAD and non-RAD properties, analyze financial reports for RAD and non-RAD properties, examine administrative data on the location of RAD residents, and survey a sample of RAD residents to understand how the program affected them."

Highlights from Interim Report
The Evaluation of HUD's Rental Assistance Demonstration (RAD) — Interim Report is an independent assessment of the program's performance from its inception through the autumn of 2015. Overall findings from the report are summarized below:
 Applications received: 1,078 (from 423 PHAs)
 Completed conversions: 185 projects, totaling 19,255 units
 Financing: $2.5 billion leveraged, using existing resources of $250 million, for a leverage ratio of 9:1
With respect to the size of PHAs participating in RAD, 8 percent are small, 29 percent are medium, and 48 percent are large. The report explores in detail why PHAs chose to participate in RAD, how they selected projects to be converted, and why they chose to convert to either the PBRA or PBV platform. Several PHAs submitted multiple applications, seeking to convert as much of their inventory as possible to the section 8 platform.

Not all projects that underwent conversion did simultaneous rehabilitation. For example, 18 percent of projects that converted did so to begin to establish a capital reserve for future repairs, made possible by moving to the section 8 funding platform. Of the 63 percent of projects that did undergo rehabilitation (19 percent had such severe capital needs that they are being demolished and rebuilt), construction costs per unit averaged just under $61,000.

RAD as Proof of Concept
With respect to public housing, issues with the program became evident within a few decades of its enactment. By 1948 — a mere 11 years after the program had been authorized — a special subcommittee in the Senate that had been appointed to develop housing legislation decided against adopting "controversial" proposals for additional public housing. Ultimately, the Housing Act of 1949 authorized 810,000 additional public housing units, but it wasn't until 1969 that this production goal was met. In the meantime, programs that provided subsidy to private entities to develop and operate deeply affordable rental housing had been enacted. Federal Housing Policy & Programs: Past and Present, published in 1985, provides a thorough discussion of this time period and the dynamics that factored into both the negative realities and the negative perceptions of the public housing program.

By 1980, Raymond J. Struyk, of the Urban Institute, published a book suggesting that the public housing funding system be changed to "the type of formula used to provide subsidy payments in the Section 8 program." This suggestion was among several precursors to the enactment of RAD. For example, the bipartisan, congressionally mandated Millennial Housing Commission issued a report in 2002 calling, among other things, for a gradual transition of the public housing program to a project-based (i.e., section 8) approach.

RAD has not been without its detractors. On October 7, 2015, U.S. Congresswoman Maxine Waters (D–CA) raised a number of concerns about the program and asked for a Congressional review.

Status as of January 2018
The figures below come from the January 2018 issue of RAD Talk, which is published by HUD:
 From the program's start through December 2017, PHAs and their partners have leveraged more than $5 billion for the construction and rehabilitation of 818 public housing projects, totaling 88,039 public housing units.
 This investment has led to the creation of approximately 94,700 jobs.
 It would have taken 47 years for PHAs to complete this work using only federally appropriated funds.
 Twenty-seven percent of the entire public housing stock has been converted under RAD (57 percent to PBV assistance and 43 percent to PBRA).
 With respect to Rent Supplement/Rental Assistance Payment contracts, 200 properties comprising more than 25,000 units have been preserved; only 24 properties from these legacy programs remain.
 More than 2,500 former Moderate Rehabilitation and Mod Rehab SRO units have been preserved via RAD; an additional 31,500 units are in the RAD pipeline.
During 2017, HUD published improved relocation guidance and took additional measures to ensure that construction work is completed as required, residents are returned to the properties, and owners comply with federally mandated hiring requirements.

References

Public housing in the United States

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Gabriel Tuderus, född troligen 1638 i S:t Marie, död 18 april 1705 i Torneå, var en finländsk präst.

Efter en stormig ungdom som student i Åbo (han relegerades från akademien) gjorde Tuderus bättring och utsågs efter studier i Uppsala 1669 till kaplan i Enare, 1675 till kyrkoherde i Kuusamo lappmark och 1684 till kyrkoherde i Nedertorneå. Han bedrev missionsarbete bland de fortfarande huvudsakligen hedniska samerna, skildrat av honom själv i Twå berättelser om lapparnes omwändelse, tryckt i Stockholm 1773. Han var hårdhänt i sin missionsiver, men försvarade vid behov sina församlingsmedlemmar mot finska nybyggare. Han är känd för eftervärlden även som författare till den humoristiska dikten Yxi Caunis Suomen-Kielinen Weisu, som troligen kommit till redan under hans tid i Åbo. Visan trycktes 1703 i Stockholm som ett skillingtryck.

Källor

Externa länkar

Finländska präster
Födda 1638
Avlidna 1705
Män


Another important point in this regard is to know that there is a separate law system for every person. In case of a bribe, a peon, a clerk, a magistrate, three men will be caught, the three will get different punishment. It is possible that the peon can get rid of hearing scandal, but the magistrate can not be dismissed without being dismissed because he has a big responsibility. An uncivilized Bhil keeps the stomach by killing the victim, the crime is also his own, but if a pundit who preaches non-violence goes to the Butcher Shop, then the Pandit will be guilty of many times more than that night. The reason is that the enlarging creature, as it progresses, goes deeper in its conscience. If there is a slight dust on the clay fabric, then it has no special effect, but if there is a slight smear on the cleanly washed clothes like milk, it shines from far away and seems very bad. The little kid straps up the clothes, but does not say bad to him or the child is ashamed of him, but if a young man does so, he will be called bad and he himself will be ashamed.
Children and older did the same thing, but due to the difference in mental development, the number of evils was reduced. Similarly, uneducated, ignorant, rude person feels less sin. With the increase of knowledge, the ability to understand good and bad increases, the discretion of virtuousness becomes stronger, the call of conscience becomes even stronger, thus increasing the responsibility of self-righteousness as well as the responsibility of morality. She goes. A minor peon gets a fine of up to 100 rupees on the spies, but if the military officer decides to order, then the court martial will be shot by the bullet. When a person with a knowledgeable, thoughtful and emotional heart does misbehavior, Chitragupta records that act in a very heavy category of sin. People from Gaudan cross the stereotype. But, like the King Nrip, a wise person went into hell only after making a slight mistake. If an ignorant person commits a crime, it does not have such significance, but a deceptive Brahmin becomes a part of the severe punishment. Being a king is good in all things, but the responsibility of the king is also the highest. It is a daunting responsibility for the knowledgeable people to persevere in virtue, otherwise the suffering that comes from the seven-storey high ceilings will be the same sadness.
Related Post "Part-3 The inner image of our secret picture"


text:
Names released: 06/29/06 WIll the TdF Happen?
Thread starter bobke
More names released in Operación Puerto
Jan Ullrich (T-Mobile)
Photo ©: AFP
Spanish newspaper El Pais has published more names among the 58 riders involved in Operación Puerto. The list, which comes from the Spanish Civil Guard's official report on the doping probe, contains several big names, and there is a strong possibility that the Tour de France could be raced with a very different list of favourites.
Cyclingnews sources say that Spanish authorities have obtained blood tests from last year's Tour and compared them to the names on this list in order to confirm the matches to the blood found in the blood bags.
El Pais has alleged that Jan Ullrich, Roberto Heras, Oscar Sevilla, Joseba Beloki, Santiago Botero, Santi Pérez, Tyler Hamilton, Quique Gutierrez and Angel Edo are all mentioned in the 500 page report that will be delivered to the Spanish Secretary of State for Sport, Jaime Lissavetsky. In addition, De Telegraaf mentions that Rabobank riders Denis Menchov and Juan-Antonio Flecha are on the list, and other sources have mentioned Ivan Basso and Francisco Mancebo. All the riders questioned by journalists so far have denied any involvement in the affair.
sploush
main story on eurosport now, Ullrich and Basso fingered among 54 others
bobke said:
And thus the plot thickens....
Why L'Equipe hasn't released the names of the other positives
trg
Road Cycling Sep 7, 2005
Velonews: Armstrong Names Ochowicz In €93 Race Fixing
Cycling News Headlines Oct 22, 2015
Velonews: Tour Of California Names Host Cities; Wiggins To Race


text:
U.S. Investigation Into Russian Airliner Crash Raises Possible ISIS Link U.S. officials haven't determined why Metrojet Flight 9268 went down near Sharm el-Sheikh, but their working theory is an airport employee may have helped a terrorist group get a bomb on the plane.
U.S. Investigation Into Russian Airliner Crash Raises Possible ISIS Link
November 11, 20154:32 PM ET
Dina Temple-Raston
U.S. officials haven't determined why Metrojet Flight 9268 went down near Sharm el-Sheikh, but their working theory is an airport employee may have helped a terrorist group get a bomb on the plane.
KELLY MCEVERS, HOST:
Here in the U.S., the working theory is that an employee at the airport in Sharm el-Sheikh might have helped a terrorist group get a bomb on the plane. There are many terrorist groups in the part of Egypt where the plane crashed, the Sinai Peninsula. In the past year, several of these groups have come together under the umbrella of ISIS. That's one reason why ISIS is now the No. 1 suspect in the case. NPR's Dina Temple-Raston reports.
DINA TEMPLE-RASTON, BYLINE: You could be forgiven if you haven't heard of Ansar Bait al-Maqdis before. That's the name of ISIS's branch in the Sinai.
KATHLEEN HICKS: A lot of people refer to it as ABM. It affiliated with ISIS about one year ago.
TEMPLE-RASTON: Kathleen Hicks was a deputy undersecretary at the Pentagon and now directs the International Security Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies. And when she says affiliated with ISIS, she means the group pledged allegiance to ISIS's leader, Abu Bakr al Baghdadi, who is thought to be in Syria or Iraq.
HICKS: Its lineage to ISIS is new, but it has a long history, as does the Sinai in general, of jihadist activity.
TEMPLE-RASTON: For some time now, the Sinai has been a safe haven for violent Islamist nursing resentments. When the military removed Egypt's president Mohamed Morsi, terrorism out of the region picked up. ABM targeted Egyptian police and security forces. In fact, last year, the group downed an Egyptian military helicopter and posted a video of the entire attack on YouTube. The video opens with fighters firing a surface-to-air missile into the sky and then zooms in on the helicopter overhead as it bursts into flames. Five members of the Egyptian Air Force were killed in the crash.
Late last year, the group changed its name and now calls itself the Sinai Province of the Islamic State. Hicks says the name change is more than just cosmetic.
HICKS: This group, along with groups in Afghanistan and in Libya, are maybe, if you will, a step above in terms of their allegiance, affiliation and activity in support of ISIS's goals.
TEMPLE-RASTON: Brian Fishman of the New America Foundation says their attacks changed too.
BRIAN FISHMAN: What's interesting about this particular ISIS affiliate as opposed to many of the others around the world is that it has demonstrated over the last year or so increasingly sophisticated tactics.
TEMPLE-RASTON: The group is known to build relatively sophisticated bombs. Insider attacks are considered its specialty. The group has turned soldiers and police into suicide bombers. In the Russian Metrojet case, while U.S. officials haven't had any access to forensic evidence, they're piecing together clues from what they do have - satellite images. Several officials tell NPR that those images suggest a military grade explosive, and Brian Fishman says that kind of sophistication requires some support.
FISHMAN: So it has raised the question for analysts over, you know - watching this group over the past year about whether they're actually has been direct knowledge transfer from Iraq and Syria to this organization in the Sinai.
TEMPLE-RASTON: In other words, the question is whether ISIS is training its affiliates in terrorist attacks and sending them around the world. Have they taught franchise groups, for example, how to make bombs? And did ISIS's core leadership order the Metrojet attack? Fishman says this wouldn't necessarily just be revenge against Russia for joining the fight in Syria. It's a vital part of ISIS's effort to win recruits.
FISHMAN: ISIS calculates that confrontation with major world powers, whether it's the United States or Russia or any other major power, that doesn't kill them ultimately makes them stronger.
TEMPLE-RASTON: If that sounds familiar, it should. That was Osama bin Laden's strategy as well. Dina Temple-Raston, NPR News.


Commission an original illustration of your family's coat of arms or family crest. A hand-drawn coat of arms is a great gift or conversation piece for your home. We can start from an old image that you have, or find a historical crest to start. Sizes and colors are flexible. Celebrate your family's history with a shiny piece of art.
This piece comes unframed. It features 24k gold accents.
Many of my clients already have a picture or research for their drawing, but If you don't, I can do the research for you and show you an image for your approval. This package is for an 11" x 14" artwork. There is a limit of 3-4 revisions on this art.
I will send you a computer drawing to approve before I start. Once you approve the computer drawing, I'll draw your piece.
You will receive a hand-drawn and inked illustration with archival ink and watercolor, and 24K gold and pure silver accents.
Let's get started now! I'll need about 3 weeks to have this bright and shiny piece in your hands.


A Plus Computers provides high quality and competitively priced computer repair services to the High Desert communities and the citizens and businesses Apple Valley. Our Apple repair services offer the same standard of quality found in any Apple Repair Center, without the long wait. All of our services begin with a free diagnostic. We feel that it is important that you know what is wrong with your computer along with the options that are available to repair your system.
A Plus Computers offers competitive prices, quality services, and quality parts for all of our Apple repairs.
The Apple EFI, although introduced to allow users the ability to protect their system in unique ways, has caused constant confusion and headaches for many. The new firmware was designed to upgrade the Apple security from older Macs to a more modern security, through the use of a special EFI password. The most advanced change is that the new EFI prevents users from bypassing the system security. We can remove the EFI password option and allow you to have complete control over your computer. We can also help you recover/remove old passwords.
A Plus Computers understands just how important your computer is to you. We offer diagnostics, repairs, upgrades, and replacement services in a quick, yet high quality environment so that your computer receives high quality repairs as fast as possible. To help speed up that process we carry a full line of computer repair parts, tools, and host a large library of software. Our repair time, on average, is faster than Apple.
A Plus Computers provides the best computer repair services at competitive prices for the community of Apple Valley. We call the High Desert home, and as such, want to provide the best service, advice, and support to our community. We can help you diagnose computer issues, provide you with expert advice, and technical repair services. We begin every consultation with a free diagnostic and then provide you with the best information. We want our customers to be informed every step of the way. It is important that customers be able to make informed decisions when it comes to computer repairs. Technology is constantly advancing, and an upgrade can help speed up your computer's process time. Technology is also dangerous, but the installation of a powerful set of antiviral, antimalware, and antispyware software is a good step in the right direction. We can also help you recover data from computers, laptops, and thumb drives. If you are experiencing problems with your computers, bring it in and let us offer you a free diagnostic.


We made a side trip around the west side of Great Smoky Mountains National Park and back through the park to Gatlinburg. We Roads Scholared, you might say. It took 7 hours to go 150 miles. Here we're going west on US 321 betwixt Pigeon Forge and Walland.
I'm not exactly sure where this is. We got off US 321 in Walland and went southwest on the Foothills Parkway. This is somewhere in that area.
Looking northwest from the Foothills Parkway. I'm not sure where or what any of these things are. We'd have to be looking right out over Oak Ridge (32 miles), and I'd say the mountains behind that are probably a part of a range that's about 50 miles from here.
This is from about the same spot, but I don't know exactly what angle. I think this is towards Knoxville (23 miles). I suspect Knoxville is the small, white patch just under the horizon, a bit above and to the left of the center of the photo. From Google's satellite photos I'm guessing the long, red patch on the left side of the picture is an area with a muddy pond north of SEC 336 and west of the village of Sixmile, but that's a wild, wild guess.
We bipped on over to US 129, likely one of the most treacherous U.S. routes anywhere. Near the Tennessee/North Carolina line, US 129 runs between the Little Tennessee River and Bunker Hill. (Not Bunker Blast Hill. Just Bunker Hill.) US 129 is very curvy, and numerous cars and motorcycles were drag-racing on it. The Old Guard was mad! We then headed back east on NC 28, which also follows the river for a bit. This is the Little Tennessee River, probably at a wide spot in the river along US 129.
This too is the Little Tennessee, from inside the car. Always bring lots of wa when you go Roads Scholaring. Near the right side of the photo you can see the reflection of the lid of a bottle of wa. Wa is good for you, so drink lots of it.
Further still along the Little Tennessee River. I think the road continues along the bottom of that cliff you see in the background.
A nifty bridge on NC 28 over the Little Tennessee near Fontana Village. Near here, the river is dammed to form Fontana Lake.
Looking northwest on NC 28 in Fontana Village, as we were stopping to get (ppphh!) gas. We continued on this road to US 19 to the town of Cherokee, in Cherokee Indian Reservation. Like Gatlinburg, Cherokee is full of shops for tourists.
The last photo in this batch! This is entering a tunnel on US 441 in the Tennessee part of the mountains on the way back to Gatlinburg.


text:
ONE DIRECTION TO PERFORM THEIR NEW SINGLE "PERFECT" AT THE "2015 AMERICAN MUSIC AWARDS®"
GLOBAL MUSIC SUPERSTARS ONE DIRECTION TO PERFORM THEIR NEW
SINGLE "PERFECT" AT THE "2015 AMERICAN MUSIC AWARDS®"Jennifer Lopez Will Host the Show
Live on SUNDAY, NOVEMBER 22nd at 8:00pm ET on ABC
dick clark productions and ABC announced today that global music superstars One Direction will perform their new single "Perfect" at the "2015 American Music Awards," the world's biggest fan-voted award show. The band, who won three awards at last year's ceremony (Artist of the Year, Favorite Duo or Group – Pop/Rock, and Favorite Album – Pop/Rock), join previously announced host and performer Jennifer Lopez, as well as 5 Seconds of Summer, Selena Gomez and Carrie Underwood. The "2015 American Music Awards" will broadcast live from the Microsoft Theater in Los Angeles on Sunday, November 22 at 8:00pm ET on ABC.
One Direction — composed of Niall Horan, Liam Payne, Harry Styles and Louis Tomlinson — formed in 2010 on the U.K.'s award-winning TV talent show "The X Factor." The group's debut single, "What Makes You Beautiful," was released in September 2011 and went straight to #1 in the U.K., with their first album, "Up All Night," following suit and also topping the Billboard album chart in the U.S. The release of their second album, "Take Me Home," took One Direction to #1 in 37 countries. Their third album, "Midnight Memories," was announced as the biggest selling album globally of 2013. One Direction's fourth #1 studio album, "FOUR" featured hit singles "Steal My Girl" and "Night Changes." The album made Billboard history as the only group in the 58-year history of the chart to see their first four albums debut at number one. The band has sold more than 50 million records worldwide, achieved a total of 91 number ones, and is the recipient of five Billboard Music Awards, four MTV Video Music Awards and five American Music Awards, among others. They have a massive 115 million Twitter followers and 38 million Facebook fans. One Direction surprised fans in July 2015 with the release of their single "Drag Me Down," breaking the record for the most streams of any one song in a single week at the time. The band's fifth studio album 'MADE IN THE A.M.' is set to be released on November 13, 2015.
To help fans express their passion and excitement for the show, the American Music Awards and Twitter are launching custom Twitter emojis for all performers. All performers will have featured Twitter emojis to celebrate their appearances as they are announced. Viewers will be able to activate the Twitter emojis by Tweeting any of following hashtags from today through the end of the show on November 22:
One Direction: #AMAs1D
Already announced performer Twitter emojis include 5 Seconds of Summer (#5SOSonAMAs); Selena Gomez (#RevivalAMAs); and Carrie Underwood (#CarrieonAMAs). Additional Twitter emojis will be available soon.
Taylor Swift leads the "2015 American Music Awards" nominees with six nominations. Ed Sheeran and The Weeknd tie with five nominations each, while Sam Hunt, Nicki Minaj, Sam Smith, Meghan Trainor and Walk the Moon earn three nominations each. Additionally, Jason Aldean, Chris Brown, Luke Bryan, Drake, Fetty Wap, Florida Georgia Line, Ariana Grande, Maroon 5, Bruno Mars, One Direction, Charlie Puth, Rihanna, Mark Ronson and Wiz Khalifa each receive two nominations.
The Song of The Year nominees are Wiz Khalifa Featuring Charlie Puth "See You Again," Mark Ronson Featuring Bruno Mars "Uptown Funk!," Ed Sheeran "Thinking Out Loud," Taylor Swift "Blank Space" and The Weeknd "Can't Feel My Face."
The Artist of the Year nominees are Luke Bryan, Ariana Grande, Maroon 5, Nicki Minaj, One Direction, Ed Sheeran, Sam Smith, Taylor Swift, Meghan Trainor and The Weeknd.
The American Music Awards winners are voted entirely by fans. There are three key voting windows:
October 13 (9:30am ET) – November 11 (11:59pm ET)
Voting period for all categories, excluding New Artist of the Year Presented by Kohl's and Collaboration of the Year Un-leashed by T-Mobile, and initial voting period for the ten Artist of the Year nominees.
November 12 (12:01am ET) – November 19 (11:59pm ET)
Voting period for the final five Artist of the Year nominees.
Note: The Artist of the Year winner will be determined by the total votes received through the entire voting period.
November 1 (12:01am ET) – November 22 (9:00pm ET)
Voting period for New Artist of the Year Presented by Kohl's and Collaboration of the Year Un-leashed by T-Mobile.
Fans can vote for each category once per day per platform with the exception of New Artist of the Year Presented by Kohl's and Collaboration of the Year Un-leashed by T-Mobile for which fans can vote 100 times per day per platform. Here are the ways you can vote:
Via AMAvote.com – Voting available for all categories
Posting a status on Facebook that includes the nominee's name and the category's hashtag within the post(s) – Voting available for all categories except New Artist of the Year Presented by Kohl's and Collaboration of the Year Un-leashed by T-Mobile
Posting a Tweet on Twitter that includes the nominee's name or Twitter handle, the category name and #AMAs within the post(s) – Voting available for all categories
For more information on how to vote, please visit http://www.theamas.com/vote/voting-faq/
As always at the American Music Awards, artists will be honored in the genres of Pop/Rock, Alternative Rock, Country, Rap/Hip-Hop, Soul/R&B, Adult Contemporary, Contemporary Inspirational, Latin, EDM, Soundtrack, New Artist of the Year Presented by Kohl's, Song of The Year, Collaboration of the Year Un-leashed by T-Mobile and Artist of the Year.
American Music Awards nominees are based on key fan interactions as reflected in Billboard Magazine and on Billboard.com, including album and digital singles sales, radio airplay, streaming, social activity and touring. These measurements are tracked by Billboard and its data partners, including Nielsen Entertainment and Next Big Sound. The data covers the reporting period of September 15, 2014 to September 13, 2015.
Preceding the ABC broadcast for the 7th consecutive year will be the "Coca-Cola Red Carpet LIVE! @ The 2015 AMAs" pre-show. Live coverage will stream online for fans worldwide starting at 5:00pm ET / 2:00pm PT on November 22nd at Yahoo, this year's official digital distributor of the American Music Awards pre-show. The live stream can also be watched at TheAMAs.com and ABC.com.
The "2015 American Music Awards" sponsors and partners include Coca-Cola, Cumulus Media / WestwoodOne, Kohl's, Music Choice, Shazam, T-Mobile, Time Warner Cable and Yahoo.
The "2015 American Music Awards" is produced by dick clark productions. Allen Shapiro and Mike Mahan are Executive Producers. Larry Klein, Barry Adelman and Mark Bracco are Producers.
For the latest American Music Awards news, exclusive content and more, be sure to follow the AMAs on social and join the conversation by using the official hashtag for the show, #AMAs.
Facebook: Facebook.com/AMAs
Twitter: @TheAMAs
Instagram: @TheAMAs
Snapchat: TheAMAs
Tumblr: americanmusicawards.tumblr.com
Vine: TheAMAs
Tickets are now on sale at www.axs.com.
About the American Music Awards
The American Music Awards, the world's biggest fan-voted award show, features performances from today's hottest artists and presents fan-voted awards in the categories of Pop/Rock, Alternative Rock, Country, Rap/Hip-Hop, Soul/R&B, Adult Contemporary, Contemporary Inspirational, Latin, EDM, Soundtrack, New Artist of the Year Presented by Kohl's, Song of The Year, Collaboration of the Year Un-leashed by T-Mobile and Artist of the Year. The American Music Awards pays tribute to today's most influential and iconic artists. The show is produced by dick clark productions and is seen in more than 160 countries around the world. For more information, visit www.theamas.com, www.dickclark.com or abc.go.com/shows/american-music-awards.
dick clark productions (dcp) is the world's largest producer and proprietor of televised live event entertainment programming with the "Academy of Country Music Awards," "American Country Countdown Awards," "American Music Awards," "Billboard Music Awards," "Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve with Ryan Seacrest," "Golden Globe Awards," "Hollywood Film Awards" and the "Streamy Awards." Weekly television programming includes "So You Think You Can Dance" from 19 Entertainment, a division of CORE Media Group and dcp; "World's Funniest" from Jukin Media and dcp; as well as "BOOM!" from Keshet DCP, the joint venture between Keshet International (KI), the global distribution and production arm of Keshet Media Group and DC Media, the parent company of dcp. dcp also owns one of the world's most unique and extensive entertainment archive libraries with more than 55 years of award-winning shows, historic programs, specials, performances and legendary programming. For additional information, visit www.dickclark.com.
dick clark productions and ABC announced today that global music superstars One Direction will perform their new single "Perfect" at the "2015 American Music Awards," the world's biggest fan-voted award show
admin	2015-10-27T15:16:19+00:00	Tags: 2015 AMERICAN MUSIC AWARDS, 5 SECONDS OF SUMMER, ARIANA GRANDE, ason Aldean, Bruno Mars, Carrie Underwood, Charlie Puth, Chris Brown, dick clark productions, Drake, Entertainment, Fetty Wap, Florida Georgia Line, Harry Styles, Jennifer Lopez, Liam Payne, Louis Tomlinson, LUKE BRYAN, Mark Ronson, Maroon 5, Meghan Trainor, Niall Horan, Nicki Minaj, one direction, RIHANNA, Sam Hunt, Sam Smith, Selena Gomez, vegas24seven|
UNLV ATHLETICS AND RED BULL PARTNER TO ENHANCE RUNNIN' REBEL BASKETBALL EXPERIENCE
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Join VLB Skincare in Supporting Vision Awareness
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I'm Billy Eden, I'm a real estate agent with Century 21 Heritage House Ltd. I'm also a husband, a father to 2 incredible children, a brother, and a local farmer.
I was born and raised in Oxford County where my family has farmed for over 50 years. As you can imagine growing up farming wasn't easy -early mornings, late nights, lots of responsibility, and a ton of hard work- having said that I take so much with me from my experiences and upbringing as I know it has shaped me into the honest hardworking man that I am today.
Outside my professional career I enjoy spending time with my family and friends, I am a lover of hockey and I will admit a huge Leafs fan…..farming is still a large part of my life and I'm so grateful to have the opportunity to raise my children with the same values and family first mentality that were instilled in me.
So why did I decide to become a real estate agent? Well I elected to take the leap into real estate after my wife Sarah and I started getting involved in acquiring investment properties. There's so much that I enjoy about my career, it's highly rewarding helping people find their perfect home, I enjoy the fast-paced lifestyle that real estate has to offer and it's ever changing so I have the opportunity to continuously be learning and growing.
Sarah and I knew from the start that real estate was something that we wanted to do together as a team because first off "two heads are better than one" and we wanted to be able to offer our clients increased efficiency and greater effectiveness. I am dedicated to getting you results and would love the opportunity to show you how my unique approach will benefit you.
Hi I'm Sarah Eden, real estate agent, wife, mother, daughter and sister. In my former career I worked for over 10 years in the dental field, where I got satisfaction from helping others.
My spark was lit for real estate after my husband (Billy) and I purchased our family home. Billy and I took the leap into real estate together after acquiring our 2nd income property.
Outside my professional career I enjoy keeping active, taking our family dog "Gee" for runs, spending time with family and I'm a lover of "pinterest" and DIY projects.
We chose to join Century 21 Heritage House Ltd Brokerage because they are the #1 Real Estate Brokerage in Oxford County and we wanted to be able to offer our clients the very best available.
Billy and I work as a team because we believe that blending our complementary strengths will achieve far more than what we can do with our individual skills.
My integrity, enthusiasm and exceptional customer service skills are qualities that I pride myself on. I'm passionate about what I do and look forward to meeting and working with you!
We are passionate about working with buyers. Take a closer look at how we work with you to find the right home!
Our seller clients are walked through the process of selling their home from start to finish. Learn more about our selling process.


iFretless Bass is a professional virtual instrument that provides bass and guitar players with an expressive fretless playing surface. The layout is like an eight string bass guitar with the notes colored black and white like the keys of a piano. Although it looks different from a guitar neck, bass players will find it surprisingly easy to use.
The app's ability to measure the force of touches on the screen allows it to respond to dynamics and accented notes with a wide range of different tones for each instrument.
1) 13 deeply sampled bass sounds.
2) MIDI input and output.
3) Audio Unit 3 support.
4) Audiobus, Inter-App Audio (IAA) support.
6) MPE multi-channel MIDI support.
7) Accurate touch force sensing, even on devices that don't support 3D touch.
Check out this cover of Video Killed The Radio Star On iPad performed on an iPad. It features four apps one of which is new, Alina String Ensemble.
iFretless Bass is a Bass Guitar and Synthesizer for iPad and iPhone. The interface combines the feeling of a nine string bass guitar with the black and white color scheme of a piano keyboard so even guitarists who play by ear will always know what notes they're playing.
4) Various other improvements and bug fixes.


A manufacturing hub springs up on the outskirts of the Portland metropolitan area.
Reporting on gun businesses amid heightened awareness of gun violence.
Redmond grows a firearms cluster.
A blueprint for reviving the South Coast economy.
A serial entrepreneur aims to make Salem a hotspot for nightlife and startups.


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Australian Government announces review of the National Capital Plan
THE Australian Government last week announced plans to streamline planning and cut red tape across the ACT through review of the National Capital Plan.
In a joint statement, Australian Assistant Infrastructure Minister Jamie Briggs said the Federal Government is committed to driving growth across the region and striking the right balance between the planning responsibilities of the National Capital Authority (NCA) and the ACT Government.
"Duplication in planning can increase the cost of housing by delaying the rollout of new subdivisions. Changes to the National Capital Plan would remove these significant hurdles," he said.
Photo: Black Mountain, Canberra / by Prescott Pym.
"Updates to the National Capital Plan will ensure the ACT Government is able to provide for Canberra's growth while increasing the Australian Government's focus on promoting and protecting the national character of Canberra."
Senator for the Australian Capital Territory Zed Seselja, a long term advocate for the reforms, welcomed the proposed changes.
"A more streamlined planning arrangement will allow the NCA to focus on its core function—to promote Canberra and maintain and enhance the Parliamentary Triangle and other nationally significant sites, which form the heart of our National Capital," Mr Briggs and Senator Seselja said in the statement.
"The proposed changes represent a common sense approach, and will allow the ACT Government to get on with day-to-day planning for Canberra's long-term growth and economic development."
According to the government, it is the first time the NCA has reviewed the Plan in full since it was first developed in 1988. The National Capital Authority (NCA) administers the Plan on behalf of the Commonwealth and has prepared an Exposure Draft of a revised Plan intended for public consultation.
The Exposure Draft will be used to open a conversation with the ACT Government and the community on the way planning can be undertaken more efficiently in the National Capital.
The Exposure Draft will be released for public comment in June 2015. Further information on the review and consultation process is available on the NCA website at <http://www.nationalcapital.gov.au/>.
Photo: Black Mountain, Canberra / 'Tall Tower, Long Shadow' / Prescott Pym / Licensed under Creative Commons BY-NC 2.0.


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18 March 2019, 01:05 Died on level 139 by Garganfunker and a hellfire fighter.
18 March 2019, 00:50 Died on level 138 by a hellfire fighter.
18 March 2019, 00:37 Died on level 139 by Garganfunker and a hellfire fighter.
14 March 2019, 22:22 Died on level 135 by Queen Joke and Piekielny Meczywor.
11 February 2019, 00:50 Died on level 117 by a demon.
Time Left: 5 hours 10 minutes 31 sec.


Don't forget submissions for the external competition against Notts Outlaws have to be submitted to Helen before midnight on Monday, you can send just titles for prints, but the DPI's must be sent in.
This entry was posted in Club Events, Competition Results, MembersArea by Paul. Bookmark the permalink.


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Q: How to create aliases for all files in a directory? This is what my .htaccess file looks like:
# Original
# If you modify this file then change the above line to: # Modified
<IfModule mod_rewrite.c>
   RewriteEngine On
   # Certain hosts may require the following line.
   # If vanilla is in a subfolder then you need to specify it after the /.
   # (ex. You put Vanilla in /forum so change the next line to: RewriteBase /forum)
   # RewriteBase /
   RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
   RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
   RewriteRule ^(.*)$ index.php\?p=$1 [QSA,L]
</IfModule>

I just read that with rewrite rules in .htaccess, I can create URL aliases, which can be used to shorten long URLs. I want to create a wildcard rewrite rule so that all the files in this directory: http://example.com/cache/Sitemaps/ are shortened (not redirected) to http://example.com/*.
For example, if file1.xml, file2.xml, file3.xml... and so on are files residing in http://example.com/cache/Sitemaps/, I want:
http://example.com/cache/Sitemaps/file1.xml → http://example.com/file1.xml
http://example.com/cache/Sitemaps/file2.xml → http://example.com/file2.xml
http://example.com/cache/Sitemaps/file3.xml → http://example.com/file3.xml
...and so on! (where → stands for 'aliases or shortened to')
How do I do this? And where should I add it in my .htaccess file (shown above)? Thanks.

A: Here is your modified .htaccess, place it in DOCUMENT_ROOT itself:
# Modified
# If you modify this file then change the above line to: # Modified
<IfModule mod_rewrite.c>
   RewriteEngine On
   # Certain hosts may require the following line.
   # If vanilla is in a subfolder then you need to specify it after the /.
   # (ex. You put Vanilla in /forum so change the next line to: RewriteBase /forum)
   RewriteBase /

   # shorten /cache/Sitemaps/foo.xml to /foo.xml
   RewriteRule ^((?!cache/Sitemaps/).*\.xml)$ cache/Sitemaps/$1 [NC,L]

   RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
   RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
   RewriteRule ^(.*)$ index.php?p=$1 [QSA,L]

</IfModule>


text:
Source: getty
These Maps Show The Most Popular Baby Names In Every State
Whenever family or friends of mine visit from overseas, they marvel at just how huge the United States is.
I mean, come on. Just look at the size of this bad boy superimposed over Europe.
Texas alone can fit several European nations in it.
So it only makes sense that regions of the USA are vastly different from each other. Heck, even different states that border each other are different in terms of food, culture, customs, popular interests, and language. I mean, people don't say "ya'll" up in New Jersey, nor could I find a single person in Texas who knew what a "hoagie" was.
But as it turns out, we're not that different after all from state to state, especially when it comes to baby names. In fact, we're pretty darn unoriginal; just look at the Social Security Administration's map of most popular baby names from state to state to see what I'm talking about.
Top baby names by state
While the single most popular name varied a bit around the country, there was pretty much a few names that secured all the top spots across the fifty states, which is an interesting anthropological observation if you ask me. Though it would be cool if a fairly unique name just came out of nowhere in, like, one of the Dakotas. Anyway, in 2016, it seems like everyone was naming their girls Emma, Olivia, and Ava. For dudes, William, Oliver, and Liam. You can over over each state in the map too to see what the most popular name in your state is.
I can understand William and Liam (I mean those Hemsworths, am I right?) but Oliver kind of seems like an odd choice. Unless people are suddenly obsessed with Oliver Platt as much as he's obsessed with this puppy in this photo.
A post shared by Oliver Platt (@oliverplatt) on Oct 25, 2016 at 1:05pm PDT
Then I totally get it.
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