text:
Edinburgh facts for kids
City and council area
Clockwise from top-left: View from Calton Hill, Old College, Old Town from Princes Street, Edinburgh Castle, Princes Street from Calton Hill
Nickname(s): "Auld Reekie", "Edina", "Athens of the North"
Location within Scotland
Prior to 7th century AD
Burgh Charter
City status
• City and council area
264 km2 (102 sq mi)
464,990 - Urban Area 492,680 - Local Authority Area
1,339,380 - Edinburgh & South East Scotland City Region:
• Language(s)
Scots, English
GMT (UTC±0)
BST (UTC+1)
Postcode areas
EH1-17, EH28-30
GB-EDH
ONS code
00QP
NT275735
NUTS 3
UKM25
Primary Airport
US$ 32.5 billion
www.edinburgh.gov.uk
Old and New Towns of Edinburgh *
ii, iv
Region **
Inscription history
Name as inscribed on World Heritage List
** Region as classified by UNESCO
Edinburgh is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 local government council areas. Located in Lothian on the Firth of Forth's southern shore, it is Scotland's second most populous city and the seventh most populous in the United Kingdom. The 2014 official population estimates are 464,990 for the city of Edinburgh, 492,680 for the local authority area, and 1,339,380 for the city region as of 2014 (Edinburgh lies at the heart of the proposed Edinburgh and South East Scotland city region). Recognised as the capital of Scotland since at least the 15th century, Edinburgh is home to the Scottish Parliament and the seat of the monarchy in Scotland. The city is also the annual venue of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland and home to national institutions such as the National Museum of Scotland, the National Library of Scotland and the Scottish National Gallery. It is the largest financial centre in the UK after London.
Historically part of Midlothian, the city has long been a centre of education, particularly in the fields of medicine, Scots law, literature, the sciences and engineering. The University of Edinburgh, founded in 1582 and now one of four in the city, was placed 17th in the QS World University Rankings in 2013 and 2014. The city is also famous for the Edinburgh International Festival and the Fringe, the latter being the world's largest annual international arts festival. The city's historical and cultural attractions have made it the United Kingdom's second most popular tourist destination after London, attracting over one million overseas visitors each year. Historic sites in Edinburgh include Edinburgh Castle, Holyrood Palace, the churches of St. Giles, Greyfriars and the Canongate, and the extensive Georgian New Town, built in the 18th century. Edinburgh's Old Town and New Town together are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, which has been managed by Edinburgh World Heritage since 1999.
19th and 20th centuries
Festivals and celebrations
Edinburgh's Hogmanay
Music, theatre and film
Museums, libraries and galleries
Main page: Etymology of Edinburgh
"Edin", the root of the city's name, is most likely of Brittonic Celtic origin, from the Cumbric language or a variation of it that would have been spoken by the earliest known people of the area, an Iron Age tribe known to the Romans as the Votadini, and latterly in sub-Roman history as the Gododdin. It appears to derive from the place name Eidyn mentioned in the Old Welsh epic poem Y Gododdin.
The poem names Din Eidyn as a hill fort (Din meaning "dun") in the territory of the Gododdin. The change in nomenclature, from Din Eidyn to Edinburgh, reflects changes in the local language from Cumbric to Old English, the Germanic language of the Anglian kingdom of Bernicia that permeated the area from the mid-7th century and is regarded as the ancestor of modern Scots. The Celtic element din was dropped and replaced by the Old English burh. The first documentary evidence of the medieval burgh is a royal charter, c.1124–1127, by King David I granting a toft in "burgo meo de Edenesburg" to the Priory of Dunfermline.
In modern Gaelic, the city is called Dùn Èideann (often rendered Dunedin by English-speakers).
Main page: History of Edinburgh
Edinburgh, showing Arthur's Seat, one of the earliest known sites of human habitation in the area
The earliest known human habitation in the Edinburgh area was at Cramond, where evidence was found of a Mesolithic camp site dated to c. 8500 BC. Traces of later Bronze Age and Iron Age settlements have been found on Castle Rock, Arthur's Seat, Craiglockhart Hill and the Pentland Hills.
When the Romans arrived in Lothian at the end of the 1st century AD, they discovered a Celtic Brittonic tribe whose name they recorded as the Votadini. At some point before the 7th century AD, the Gododdin, who were presumably descendants of the Votadini, built the hill fort of Din Eidyn or Etin. Although its location has not been identified, it seems likely they would have chosen a commanding position like the Castle Rock, Arthur's Seat, or Calton Hill.
In 638, the Gododdin stronghold was besieged by forces loyal to King Oswald of Northumbria, and around this time control of Lothian passed to the Angles. Their influence continued for the next three centuries until around 950, when, during the reign of Indulf, son of Constantine II, the "burh" (fortress), named in the 10th century Pictish Chronicle as oppidum Eden, fell to the Scots. It thenceforth remained under their jurisdiction.
The royal burgh was founded by King David I in the early 12th century on land belonging to the Crown, though the precise date is unknown. By the middle of the 14th century, the French chronicler Jean Froissart was describing it as the capital of Scotland (c. 1365), and James III (1451–88) referred to it in the 15th century as "the principal burgh of our kingdom". Despite the destruction caused by an English assault in 1544, the town slowly recovered, and was at the centre of events in the 16th century Scottish Reformation and 17th century Wars of the Covenant.
Edinburgh in the 17th century
In 1603, King James VI of Scotland succeeded to the English throne, uniting the crowns of Scotland and England in a personal union known as the Union of the Crowns, though Scotland remained, in all other respects, a separate kingdom. In 1638, King Charles I's attempt to introduce Anglican church forms in Scotland encountered stiff Presbyterian opposition culminating in the conflicts of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. Subsequent Scottish support for Charles Stuart's restoration to the throne of England resulted in Edinburgh's occupation by Oliver Cromwell's Commonwealth of England forces – the New Model Army – in 1650.
In the 17th century, Edinburgh's boundaries were still defined by the city's defensive town walls. As a result, the city's growing population was accommodated by increasing the height of the houses. Buildings of 11 storeys or more were common, and have been described as forerunners of the modern-day skyscraper. Most of these old structures were replaced by the predominantly Victorian buildings seen in today's Old Town.
In 1706, the Parliaments of England and Scotland passed the Acts of Union, uniting the two kingdoms in the Kingdom of Great Britain. As a consequence, the Parliament of Scotland merged with the Parliament of England to form the Parliament of Great Britain, which sat at Westminster in London. The Union was opposed by many Scots, resulting in riots in the city.
By the first half of the 18th century, despite rising prosperity evidenced by its growing importance as a banking centre, Edinburgh was described as one of Europe's most densely populated, overcrowded and unsanitary towns. Visitors were struck by the fact that the various social classes shared the same urban space, even inhabiting the same tenement buildings; although here a form of social segregation did prevail, whereby shopkeepers and tradesmen tended to occupy the cheaper-to-rent cellars and garrets, while the more well-to-do professional classes occupied the more expensive middle storeys.
A painting showing Edinburgh characters (based on John Kay's caricatures) behind St Giles' Cathedral in the late 18th century
During the Jacobite rising of 1745, Edinburgh was briefly occupied by the Jacobite "Highland Army" before its march into England. After its eventual defeat at Culloden, there followed a period of reprisals and pacification, largely directed at the rebellious clans. In Edinburgh, the Town Council, keen to emulate London by initiating city improvements and expansion to the north of the castle, reaffirmed its belief in the Union and loyalty to the Hanoverian monarch George III by its choice of names for the streets of the New Town: for example, Rose Street and Thistle Street; and for the royal family, George Street, Queen Street, Hanover Street, Frederick Street and Princes Street (in honour of George's two sons).
In the second half of the century, the city was at the heart of the Scottish Enlightenment, when thinkers like David Hume, Adam Smith, James Hutton and Joseph Black were familiar figures in its streets. Edinburgh became a major intellectual centre, earning it the nickname "Athens of the North" because of its many neo-classical buildings and reputation for learning, recalling ancient Athens. In the 18th century novel The Expedition of Humphry Clinker by Tobias Smollett one character describes Edinburgh as a "hotbed of genius". Edinburgh was also a major centre for the Scottish book trade. The highly successful London bookseller Andrew Millar was apprenticed there to James McEuen.
From the 1770s onwards, the professional and business classes gradually deserted the Old Town in favour of the more elegant "one-family" residences of the New Town, a migration that changed the city's social character. According to the foremost historian of this development, "Unity of social feeling was one of the most valuable heritages of old Edinburgh, and its disappearance was widely and properly lamented."
Edinburgh Castle from the Grassmarket, photographed by George Washington Wilson in 1865
Although Edinburgh's traditional industries of printing, brewing and distilling continued to grow in the 19th century, and were joined by new rubber works and engineering works, there was little industrialisation compared with other cities in Britain. By 1821, Edinburgh had been overtaken by Glasgow as Scotland's largest city. The city centre between Princes Street and George Street became a major commercial and shopping district, a development partly stimulated by the arrival of railways in the 1840s. The Old Town became an increasingly dilapidated, overcrowded slum with high mortality rates. Improvements carried out under Lord Provost William Chambers in the 1860s began the transformation of the area into the predominantly Victorian Old Town seen today. More improvements followed in the early 20th century as a result of the work of Patrick Geddes, but relative economic stagnation during the two world wars and beyond saw the Old Town deteriorate further before major slum clearance in the 1960s and 1970s began to reverse the process. University building developments which transformed the George Square and Potterrow areas proved highly controversial.
Standard Life Building in the Edinburgh Financial District
Since the 1990s a new "financial district", including a new Edinburgh International Conference Centre, has grown mainly on demolished railway property to the west of the castle, stretching into Fountainbridge, a run-down 19th-century industrial suburb which has undergone radical change since the 1980s with the demise of industrial and brewery premises. This ongoing development has enabled Edinburgh to maintain its place as the United Kingdom's second largest financial and administrative centre after London. Financial services now account for a third of all commercial office space in the city. The development of Edinburgh Park, a new business and technology park covering 38 acres (15 ha), 4 mi (6 km) west of the city centre, has also contributed to the District Council's strategy for the city's major economic regeneration.
In 1998, the Scotland Act, which came into force the following year, established a devolved Scottish Parliament and Scottish Executive (renamed the Scottish Government since September 2007). Both based in Edinburgh, they are responsible for governing Scotland while reserved matters such as defence, taxation and foreign affairs remain the responsibility of the Parliament of the United Kingdom in London.
Situated in Scotland's Central Belt, Edinburgh lies on the Firth of Forth's southern shore. The city centre is 2 1⁄2 miles (4.0 km) southwest of the shoreline of Leith and 26 miles (42 km) inland, as the crow flies, from the east coast of Scotland and the North Sea at Dunbar. While the early burgh grew up near the prominent Castle Rock, the modern city is often said to be built on seven hills, namely Calton Hill, Corstorphine Hill, Craiglockhart Hill, Braid Hill, Blackford Hill, Arthur's Seat and the Castle Rock, giving rise to allusions to the seven hills of Rome.
Occupying a narrow gap between the Firth of Forth to the north and the Pentland Hills and their outrunners to the south, the city sprawls over a landscape which is the product of early volcanic activity and later periods of intensive glaciation.
Igneous activity between 350 and 400 million years ago, coupled with faulting, led to the creation of tough basalt volcanic plugs, which predominate over much of the area. One such example is the Castle Rock which forced the advancing icesheet to divide, sheltering the softer rock and forming a 1-mile-long (1.6 km) tail of material to the east, thus creating a distinctive crag and tail formation. Glacial erosion on the north side of the crag gouged a deep valley later filled by the now drained Nor Loch. These features, along with another hollow on the rock's south side, formed an ideal natural strongpoint upon which Edinburgh Castle was built. Similarly, Arthur's Seat is the remains of a volcano dating from the Carboniferous period, which was eroded by a glacier moving west to east during the ice age. Erosive action such as plucking and abrasion exposed the rocky crags to the west before leaving a tail of deposited glacial material swept to the east. This process formed the distinctive Salisbury Crags, a series of teschenite cliffs between Arthur's Seat and the location of the early burgh. The residential areas of Marchmont and Bruntsfield are built along a series of drumlin ridges south of the city centre, which were deposited as the glacier receded.
Other prominent landforms such as Calton Hill and Corstorphine Hill are also products of glacial erosion. The Braid Hills and Blackford Hill are a series of small summits to the city's south west that command expansive views looking northwards over the urban area to the Forth.
View of Edinburgh from Blackford Hill
Edinburgh is drained by the river named the Water of Leith, which rises at the Colzium Springs in the Pentland Hills and runs for 29 kilometres (18 mi) through the south and west of the city, emptying into the Firth of Forth at Leith. The nearest the river gets to the city centre is at Dean Village on the north-western edge of the New Town, where a deep gorge is spanned by Thomas Telford's Dean Bridge, built in 1832 for the road to Queensferry. The Water of Leith Walkway is a mixed use trail that follows the course of the river for 19.6 kilometres (12.2 mi) from Balerno to Leith.
Excepting the shoreline of the Firth of Forth, Edinburgh is encircled by a green belt, designated in 1957, which stretches from Dalmeny in the west to Prestongrange in the east. With an average width of 3.2 kilometres (2 mi) the principal objectives of the green belt were to contain the outward expansion of the city and to prevent the agglomeration of urban areas. Expansion affecting the green belt is strictly controlled but developments such as Edinburgh Airport and the Royal Highland Showground at Ingliston lie within the zone. Similarly, suburbs such as Juniper Green and Balerno are situated on green belt land. One feature of the Edinburgh green belt is the inclusion of parcels of land within the city which are designated green belt, even though they do not connect with the peripheral ring. Examples of these independent wedges of green belt include Holyrood Park and Corstorphine Hill.
Edinburgh Old Town Skyline Panorama
Edinburgh comprises distinct areas that retain much of their original character as settlements in existence before they were absorbed into the sprawling city of the nineteenth century. Many areas, such as Dalry contain residences that are multi-occupancy buildings known as tenements, although the more southern and western parts of the city have traditionally been more affluent with a greater number of detached and semi-detached villas.
Map showing the areas of central Edinburgh
The historic centre of Edinburgh is divided in two by the broad green swathe of Princes Street Gardens. To the south the view is dominated by Edinburgh Castle, built high on the castle rock, and the long sweep of the Old Town descending towards Holyrood Palace. To the north lie Princes Street and the New Town.
The West End includes the financial district, with insurance and banking offices as well as the Edinburgh International Conference Centre.
Edinburgh's Old and New Towns were listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995 in recognition of the unique character of the Old Town with its medieval street layout and the planned Georgian New Town, including the adjoining Dean Village and Calton Hill areas. There are over 4,500 listed buildings within the city, a higher proportion relative to area than any other city in the United Kingdom.
The Old Town runs downhill and terminates at Holyrood Palace. Minor streets (called closes or wynds) lie on either side of the main spine forming a herringbone pattern. The street has several fine public buildings such as the church of St Giles, the City Chambers and the Law Courts. Other places of historical interest nearby are Greyfriars Kirkyard and the Grassmarket. The street layout is typical of the old quarters of many northern European cities.
The castle perches on top of a rocky crag (the remnant of an extinct volcano) and the Royal Mile runs down the crest of a ridge from it. Due to space restrictions imposed by the narrowness of this landform, the Old Town became home to some of the earliest "high rise" residential buildings. Multi-storey dwellings known as lands were the norm from the 16th century onwards with ten and eleven storeys being typical and one even reaching fourteen or fifteen storeys.
Numerous vaults below street level were inhabited to accommodate the influx of incomers, particularly Irish immigrants, during the Industrial Revolution.
The New Town was an 18th-century solution to the problem of an increasingly crowded city which had been confined to the ridge sloping down from the castle. In 1766 a competition to design a "New Town" was won by James Craig, a 27-year-old architect. The plan was a rigid, ordered grid, which fitted in well with Enlightenment ideas of rationality. The principal street is George Street, running along the natural ridge to the north of what became known as the "Old Town". To either side of it are two other main streets: Princes Street and Queen Street. Princes Street has become Edinburgh's main shopping street and now has few of its original Georgian buildings. The three main streets are connected by a series of streets running perpendicular to them. The east and west ends of George Street are terminated by St Andrew Square and Charlotte Square respectively. The latter, designed by Robert Adam, influenced the architectural style of the New Town into the early 19th century. Bute House, the official residence of the First Minister of Scotland, is on the north side of Charlotte Square.
The hollow between the Old and New Towns was formerly the Nor Loch, which was created for the town's defence but came to be used by the inhabitants for dumping their sewage. It was drained by the 1820s as part of the city's northward expansion. Craig's original plan included an ornamental canal on the site of the loch, but this idea was abandoned. Soil excavated while laying the foundations of buildings in the New Town was dumped on the site of the loch to create the slope connecting the Old and New Towns known as The Mound.
In the middle of the 19th century the National Gallery of Scotland and Royal Scottish Academy Building were built on The Mound, and tunnels for the railway line between Haymarket and Waverley stations were driven through it.
The Southside is a popular residential part of the city, which includes the districts of St Leonards, Marchmont, Newington, Sciennes, the Grange and Blackford. The Southside is broadly analogous to the area covered formerly by the Burgh Muir, and grew in popularity as a residential area after the opening of the South Bridge in the 1780s. The Southside is particularly popular with families (many state and private schools are here), young professionals and students (the central University of Edinburgh campus is based around George Square just north of Marchmont and the Meadows), and Napier University (with major campuses around Merchiston and Morningside). The area is also well provided with hotel and "bed and breakfast" accommodation for visiting festival-goers. These districts often feature in works of fiction. For example, Church Hill in Morningside, was the home of Muriel Spark's Miss Jean Brodie,
and Ian Rankin's Inspector Rebus lives in Marchmont and works in St Leonards.
The Shore, Leith
Leith was historically the port of Edinburgh, an arrangement of unknown date that was reconfirmed by the royal charter Robert the Bruce granted to the city in 1329. The port developed a separate identity from Edinburgh, which to some extent it still retains, and it was a matter of great resentment when the two burghs merged in 1920 into the City of Edinburgh. Even today the parliamentary seat is known as "Edinburgh North and Leith". The loss of traditional industries and commerce (the last shipyard closed in 1983) resulted in economic decline. The Edinburgh Waterfront development has transformed old dockland areas from Leith to Granton into residential areas with shopping and leisure facilities and helped rejuvenate the area. With the redevelopment, Edinburgh has gained the business of cruise liner companies which now provide cruises to Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands.
The coastal suburb of Portobello is characterised by Georgian villas, Victorian tenements, a popular beach and promenade and cafes, bars, restaurants and independent shops. There are rowing and sailing clubs and a restored Victorian swimming pool, including Turkish baths.
The urban area of Edinburgh is almost entirely within the City of Edinburgh Council boundary, merging with Musselburgh in East Lothian. Towns within easy reach of the city boundary include Dalkeith, Bonnyrigg, Loanhead, Newtongrange, Prestonpans, Tranent, Penicuik, Haddington, Livingston, Broxburn and Dunfermline. Edinburgh lies at the heart of the Edinburgh & South East Scotland City region with a population in 2014 of 1,339,380.
Like most of Scotland, Edinburgh has a temperate, maritime climate which is relatively mild despite its northerly latitude. Winter daytime temperatures rarely fall below freezing and are milder than places such as Moscow and Newfoundland which lie at similar latitudes. Summer temperatures are normally moderate, rarely exceeding 22 °C (72 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded in the city was 31.4 °C (88.5 °F) on 4 August 1975 at Turnhouse Airport. The lowest temperature recorded in recent years was −14.6 °C (5.7 °F) during December 2010 at Gogarbank.
The city's proximity to the sea mitigates any large variations in temperature or extremes of climate. Given Edinburgh's position between the coast and hills, it is renowned as "the windy city", with the prevailing wind direction coming from the south west, which is often associated with warm, unstable air from the North Atlantic Current that can give rise to rainfall – although considerably less than cities to the west, such as Glasgow. Rainfall is distributed fairly evenly throughout the year. Winds from an easterly direction are usually drier but considerably colder, and may be accompanied by haar, a persistent coastal fog. Vigorous Atlantic depressions, known as European windstorms, can affect the city between October and May.
There is also a weather station in Gogarbank on the city's outskirts. This slightly inland station has a slightly wider temperature span between seasons, is cloudier and somewhat wetter, but differences are minor.
Climate data for Edinburgh (Royal Botanic Gardens)
(12) −6.1
Avg. rainy days
12.5 9.4 9.9 8.8 9.6 9.6 9.5 9.7 10.2 12.4 11.2 11.4 124.2
53.5 78.5 114.8 144.6 188.4 165.9 172.2 161.5 128.8 101.2 71.0 46.2 1,426.6
Source: Met Office
Climate data for Edinburgh/Burbank
13.6 9.8 11.8 9.8 11.4 10.4 10.2 11.2 10.4 12.8 13.0 12.9 137.2
Edinburgh compared
UK Census 2011 Edinburgh Scotland
The most recent official population estimates are 464,990 for the city of Edinburgh and 492,680 for the local authority area. Edinburgh lies at the heart of the Edinburgh & South East Scotland City region with a population in 2014 of 1,339,380. This makes Edinburgh Scotland's second largest city after Glasgow and the seventh largest in Britain.
Edinburgh has a high proportion of young adults, with 19.5% of the population in their 20s (exceeded only by Aberdeen) and 15.2% in their 30s which is the highest in Scotland. The proportion of Edinburgh's population born in the UK fell from 92% to 84% between 2001 and 2011, while the proportion born in Scotland fell from 78% to 70%. Of those Edinburgh residents born in the UK, 335,000 or 83% were born in Scotland, with 58,000 or 14% being born in England.
The proportion of people born outside the UK was 15.9% comparing with 8% in 2001. Countries accounting for the largest number of Edinburgh citizens born overseas are: Poland (13,000), Republic of Ireland (8,603), China (8,076), India (6,470), Pakistan (5,858), United States (3,700), Germany (3,500), Australia (2,100), France (2,000) Spain (2,000), South Africa (1,800) and Canada (1,800). 47% of the non-UK born population in Edinburgh is of European origin, which is amongst the highest for any UK city.
Some 13,000 people or 2.7% of the city's population are Polish. 39,500 people or 8.2% of Edinburgh's population class themselves as Non-White which is an increase from 4% in 2001. Of the Non-White population, the largest group by far are Asian, totalling 26,264 people. Within the Asian population, the Chinese are now the largest sub-group, with 8,076 people, amounting to about 1.7% of the city's total population. The city's Indian population amounts to 6,470 (1.4% of the total population), while there are some 5,858 Pakistanis (1.2% of the total population). Although they account for only 1,277 people or 0.3% of the city's population, Edinburgh has the highest number and proportion of Bangladeshis in Scotland. Over 7,000 people were born in African countries (1.6% of the total population) and nearly 7,000 in the Americas. With the notable exception of Inner London, Edinburgh has a higher number of people born in the United States (over 3,700) than any other city in the UK.
49,000 +512.3%
102,987 +24.7%
166,450 +2.8%
394,898 +103.6%
418,748 −10.3%
A census by the Edinburgh presbytery in 1592 recorded a population of 8,003 adults spread equally north and south of the High Street which runs along the spine of the ridge sloping down from the Castle. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the population expanded rapidly, rising from 49,000 in 1751 to 136,000 in 1831, primarily due to migration from rural areas. As the population grew, problems of overcrowding in the Old Town, particularly in the cramped tenements that lined the present day Royal Mile and the Cowgate, were exacerbated. Poor sanitary arrangements resulted in a high incidence of disease, with outbreaks of cholera occurring in 1832, 1848 and 1866.
The construction of the New Town from 1767 onwards witnessed the migration of the professional and business classes from the difficult living conditions in the Old Town to the lower density, higher quality surroundings taking shape on land to the north.
Expansion southwards from the Old Town saw more tenements being built in the 19th century, giving rise to Victorian suburbs such as Dalry, Newington, Marchmont and Bruntsfield.
Early 20th century population growth coincided with lower-density suburban development. As the city expanded to the south and west, detached and semi-detached villas with large gardens replaced tenements as the predominant building style. Nonetheless, the 2001 census revealed that over 55% of Edinburgh's population were still living in tenements or blocks of flats, a figure in line with other Scottish cities, but much higher than other British cities, and even central London.
From the early to mid 20th century the growth in population, together with slum clearance in the Old Town and other areas, such as Dumbiedykes, Leith, and Fountainbridge, led to the creation of new estates such as Stenhouse and Saughton, Craigmillar and Niddrie, Pilton and Muirhouse, Piershill, and Sighthill.
The High Kirk of Edinburgh, known colloquially as St Giles' Cathedral
The Church of Scotland claims the largest membership of any single religious denomination in Edinburgh. In 2010 there were 83 congregations in the Presbytery of Edinburgh. Its most prominent church is St Giles on the Royal Mile, first dedicated in 1243 but believed to date from before the 12th century. Saint Giles is historically the patron saint of Edinburgh. St Cuthbert's, situated at the west end of Princes Street Gardens in the shadow of Edinburgh Castle and St Giles' can lay claim to being the oldest Christian sites in the city, though the present St Cuthbert's, designed by Hippolyte Blanc, was dedicated in 1894.
Other Church of Scotland churches include Greyfriars Kirk, the Canongate Kirk, St Andrew's and St George's West Church and the Barclay Church. The Church of Scotland Offices are in Edinburgh, as is the Assembly Hall where the annual General Assembly is held.
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St Andrews and Edinburgh has 27 parishes across the city. The Archbishop of the Archdiocese of St Andrew's and Edinburgh has his official residence in Greenhill, and the diocesan offices are in nearby Marchmont. The Diocese of Edinburgh of the Scottish Episcopal Church has over 50 churches, half of them in the city. Its centre is the late 19th century Gothic style St Mary's Cathedral in the West End's Palmerston Place. There are several independent churches in the city, both Catholic and Protestant, including Charlotte Chapel, Carrubbers Christian Centre, Morningside Baptist Church, Bellevue Chapel and Sacred Heart. There are also churches belonging to Quakers, Christadelphians, Seventh-day Adventists, Church of Christ, Scientist and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).
Edinburgh Central Mosque – Edinburgh's main mosque and Islamic Centre – is in Potterrow, on the city's Southside, near Bristo Square. Construction was largely financed by a gift from King Fahd of Saudi Arabia and was completed in 1998. There are other mosques in Annandale Street Lane, off Leith Walk, and in Queensferry Road, Blackhall as well as other Islamic centres across the city. There is also an active presence of the Ahmadiyya Muslim community. The first recorded presence of a Jewish community in Edinburgh dates back to the late 18th century. Edinburgh's Orthodox synagogue, opened in 1932, is in Salisbury Road and can accommodate a congregation of 2000. A Liberal Jewish congregation also meets in the city. There are a Sikh gurdwara and a Hindu mandir, both in Leith, and a Brahma Kumaris centre in the Polwarth area. The Edinburgh Buddhist Centre, run by the Triratna Buddhist Community, formerly situated in Melville Terrace, now runs sessions at the Healthy Life Centre, Bread Street. Other Buddhist traditions are represented by groups which meet in the capital: the Community of Interbeing (followers of Thich Nhat Hanh), Rigpa, Samye Dzong, Theravadin, Pure Land and Shambala. There is a Sōtō Zen Priory in Portobello and a Theravadin Thai Buddhist Monastery in Slateford Road. Edinburgh is home to an active Bahá'í Community, and a Theosophical Society meets in Great King Street. Edinburgh has an active Inter-Faith Association.
The city hosts the annual Edinburgh Festival, a series of events that run between the end of July and early September each year. The best known of these events are the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, the Edinburgh International Festival, the Edinburgh Military Tattoo and the Edinburgh International Book Festival.
Pipers emerging from Edinburgh Castle during the Edinburgh Military Tattoo
The longest established of these festivals is the Edinburgh International Festival, which was first held in 1947 and consists mainly of a programme of high-profile theatre productions and classical music performances, featuring international directors, conductors, theatre companies and orchestras.
This has since been overtaken both in size and popularity by the Edinburgh Fringe which began as a programme of marginal acts alongside the "official" Festival and has become the world's largest performing arts festival. In 2006, 1867 different shows were staged in 261 venues across the city. Comedy has become one of the mainstays of the Fringe, with numerous well-known comedians getting their first 'break' here, often by being chosen to receive the Edinburgh Comedy Award. In 2008, the largest comedy venues "on the Fringe" launched the Edinburgh Comedy Festival as a festival within a festival.
Other festivals include the Edinburgh Mountain Film Festival which takes place in February, Edinburgh Art Festival, Edinburgh International Film Festival, which takes place in June, the Edinburgh Gaelic Festival, which takes place in November, the Edinburgh Jazz and Blues Festival, and the Edinburgh International Book Festival. The Edge Festival (formerly known as T on the Fringe), a popular music offshoot of the Fringe, began in 2000, replacing the smaller Flux and Planet Pop series of shows.
The Edinburgh Military Tattoo, occupies the Castle Esplanade every night, with massed pipers and military bands drawn from around the world. Performances end with a short fireworks display. As well as the various summer festivals, the Edinburgh International Science Festival is held annually in April and is one of the largest of its kind in Europe.
Main page: Edinburgh's Hogmanay
A Viking longship being burnt during Edinburgh's annual Hogmanay celebrations.
The annual Edinburgh Hogmanay celebration was originally an informal street party focused on the Tron Kirk in the Old Town's High Street. Since 1993, it has been officially organised with the focus moved to Princes Street. In 1996, over 300,000 people attended, leading to ticketing of the main street party in later years up to a limit of 100,000 tickets. Hogmanay now covers four days of processions, concerts and fireworks, with the street party beginning on Hogmanay. Alternative tickets are available for entrance into the Princes Street Gardens concert and Céilidh, where well-known artists perform and ticket holders can participate in traditional Scottish céilidh dancing. The event attracts thousands of people from all over the world.
On the night of 30 April the Beltane Fire Festival takes place on Calton Hill, involving a procession followed by scenes inspired by pagan old spring fertility celebrations. At the beginning of October each year the Dussehra Hindu Festival is also held on Calton Hill.
Edinburgh Festival Theatre
Outside the Festival season, Edinburgh supports several theatres and production companies. The Royal Lyceum Theatre has its own company, while the King's Theatre, Edinburgh Festival Theatre and Edinburgh Playhouse stage large touring shows. The Traverse Theatre presents a more contemporary repertoire. Amateur theatre companies productions are staged at the Bedlam Theatre, Church Hill Theatre and King's Theatre among others.
The Usher Hall is Edinburgh's premier venue for classical music, as well as occasional popular music concerts. It was the venue for the Eurovision Song Contest 1972. Other halls staging music and theatre include The Hub, the Assembly Rooms and the Queen's Hall. The Scottish Chamber Orchestra is based in Edinburgh.
Traverse Theatre
Edinburgh has two repertory cinemas, the Edinburgh Filmhouse and The Cameo, as well as the independent Dominion Cinema and a range of multiplexes.
Edinburgh has a healthy popular music scene. Occasionally large concerts are staged at Murrayfield and Meadowbank, while mid-sized events take place at smaller venues such as the Corn Exchange, the Liquid Rooms and the Bongo Club. In 2010, PRS for Music listed Edinburgh among the UK's top ten 'most musical' cities. Several city pubs are well known for their live performances of folk music. They include 'Sandy Bell's' in Forrest Road, 'The Captain's Bar' in South College Street, and 'Whistlebinkies' in Niddry Street.
Edinburgh is home to a flourishing group of contemporary composers such as Nigel Osborne, Peter Nelson, Lyell Cresswell, Hafliði Hallgrímsson, Edward Harper, Robert Crawford, Robert Dow and John McLeod. McLeod's music is heard regularly on BBC Radio 3 and throughout the UK.
Rockstar North, formerly DMA Design, known for creating the Grand Theft Auto series, is based in Edinburgh.
The Edinburgh Evening News is based in Edinburgh and published every day except Sunday. Johnston Press owns the title and The Scotsman; their corporate headquarters are in Edinburgh and their national newspaper is the only one published in the city. The Herald newspaper, published in Glasgow, also covers Edinburgh.
The city has two commercial radio stations: Forth 1, a station which broadcasts mainstream chart music, and Forth 2 on medium wave which plays classic hits. Capital Radio Scotland and Eklipse Sports Radio also have transmitters covering Edinburgh. Along with the UK national radio stations, Radio Scotland and the Gaelic language service BBC Radio nan Gàidheal are also broadcast. DAB digital radio is broadcast over two local multiplexes. BFBS Radio broadcasts from studios on the base at Dreghorn Barracks across the city on 98.5FM as part of its UK Bases network
STV Edinburgh, a local TV channel for the city, launched on 12 January 2015. Television, along with most radio services, is broadcast to the city from the Craigkelly transmitting station situated in Fife on the opposite side of the Firth of Forth.
National Gallery of Scotland
Edinburgh has many museums and libraries. These include the National Museum of Scotland, the National Library of Scotland, National War Museum, the Museum of Edinburgh, Surgeons' Hall Museum, the Writers' Museum, the Museum of Childhood and Our Dynamic Earth. The Museum on the Mound has exhibits on money and banking.
Edinburgh Zoo, covering 82 acres (33 ha) on Corstorphine Hill, is the second most popular paid tourist attraction in Scotland, and currently home to two giant pandas, Tian Tian and Yang Guang, on loan from the People's Republic of China.
Edinburgh is also home to The Royal Yacht Britannia, decommissioned in 1997 and now a five-star visitor attraction and evening events venue permanently berthed at Ocean Terminal.
Edinburgh contains Scotland's five National Galleries of Art as well as numerous smaller art galleries. The national collection is housed in the National Gallery of Scotland, located on the Mound, now linked to the Royal Scottish Academy which holds regular major exhibitions of paintings. Contemporary collections are shown in the Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art which occupies a split site at Belford. The Scottish National Portrait Gallery in Queen Street focuses on portraits and photography.
The council-owned City Art Centre in Market Street mounts regular art exhibitions. Across the road, The Fruitmarket Gallery offers world class exhibitions of contemporary art, featuring work by British and international artists with both emerging and established international reputations.
There are many small private galleries, including the Ingleby Gallery. This provides a varied programme including shows by Callum Innes, Peter Liversidge, Ellsworth Kelly, Richard Forster, and Sean Scully.
The city hosts several of Scotland's galleries and organisations dedicated to contemporary visual art. Significant strands of this infrastructure include: The Scottish Arts Council, Edinburgh College of Art, Talbot Rice Gallery (University of Edinburgh) and the Edinburgh Annuale.
The locale around Princes Street is the main shopping area in the city centre, with souvenir shops, chain stores such as Boots the Chemist, H&M and Jenners. George Street, north of Princes Street, is the preferred location for some upmarket shops and independent stores. The St. James Centre at the east end of Princes Street is currently being redeveloped, however the John Lewis store remains open. Multrees Walk, adjacent to the St. James Centre, is a recent addition to the central shopping district, dominated by the presence of Harvey Nichols. Shops here include Louis Vuitton, Mulberry and Calvin Klein.
Edinburgh also has substantial retail parks outside the city centre. These include The Gyle Shopping Centre and Hermiston Gait in the west of the city, Cameron Toll Shopping Centre, Straiton Retail Park and Fort Kinnaird in the south and east, and Ocean Terminal in the north on the Leith waterfront.
Main page: Transport in Edinburgh
Lothian Buses on Princes Street
Edinburgh Airport is Scotland's busiest and biggest airport and the principal international gateway to the capital, handling around 11 million passengers in 2015. In anticipation of rising passenger numbers, the airport operator BAA outlined a draft masterplan in 2011 to provide for the expansion of the airfield and the terminal building. The airport has since been sold, in June 2012, to Global Infrastructure Partners (GIP). The possibility of building a second runway to cope with an increased number of aircraft movements has also been mooted.
Travel in Edinburgh is undertaken predominantly by bus. Lothian Buses operate the majority of city bus services within the city and to surrounding suburbs, with the most routes running via Princes Street. Services further afield operate from the Edinburgh Bus Station off St Andrew Square and Waterloo Place and are operated mainly by Stagecoach, Scottish Citylink, National Express Coaches, First Scotland East & Perryman's Buses.
Lothian Buses, as the successor company to the Edinburgh Corporation Transport Department, also operates all of the city's branded public tour buses, night bus service and airport bus link.
In 2010, Lothian Buses recorded 109 million passenger journeys – a 1.9% rise on the previous year.
A train preparing to depart from Edinburgh Waverley Station
Edinburgh Waverley Station is the second-busiest railway station in Scotland, with only Glasgow Central handling more passengers. On the evidence of passenger entries and exits between April 2010 and March 2011, Edinburgh Waverley is the fifth-busiest station outside London; it is also the UK's second biggest station in terms of the number of platforms. Waverley is the terminus for most trains arriving from London King's Cross and the departure point for many rail services within Scotland operated by Abellio ScotRail.
To the west of the city centre lies Haymarket Station which is an important commuter stop. Opened in 2003, Edinburgh Park station serves the Gyle business park in the west of the city and the nearby Gogarburn headquarters of the Royal Bank of Scotland. The Edinburgh Crossrail route connects Edinburgh Park with Haymarket, Edinburgh Waverley and the suburban stations of Brunstane and Newcraighall in the east of the city. There are also commuter lines to South Gyle and Dalmeny, the latter serving South Queensferry by the Forth Bridges, and to Wester Hailes and Curriehill in the south west of the city.
To tackle traffic congestion, Edinburgh is now served by six park and ride sites on the periphery of the city at Sheriffhall (in Midlothian), Ingliston, Riccarton, Inverkeithing (in Fife), Newcraighall and Straiton (in Midlothian). A referendum of Edinburgh residents in February 2005 rejected a proposal to introduce congestion charging in the city.
Edinburgh Trams in Shandwick Place
Edinburgh Trams became operational on 31 May 2014. The city had been without a tram system since Edinburgh Corporation Tramways ceased on 16 November 1956. Following parliamentary approval in 2007, construction began in early 2008. The first stage of the project was expected to be completed by July 2011 but, following delays caused by extra utility work and a long-running contractual dispute between the Council and the main contractor, Bilfinger SE, the project was rescheduled. The cost of the project rose from the original projection of £545 million to £750 million in mid-2011 and some suggest it could eventually exceed £1 billion. The completed line is 8.7 miles (14.0 km) in length, running from Edinburgh Airport, west of the city, to its current terminus at York Place in the city centre's East End. It was originally planned to continue down Leith Walk to Ocean Terminal and where it would terminate at Newhaven.
Should the original plan be taken to completion, trams will also run from Haymarket through Ravelston and Craigleith to Granton Square on the Waterfront Edinburgh. Long-term proposals envisage a line running west from the airport to Ratho and Newbridge and another connecting Granton Square to Newhaven via Lower Granton Road, thus completing the Line 1 (North Edinburgh) loop. A further line serving the south of the city has also been suggested.
Transport for Edinburgh released a statement on 7 July 2014 that average weekly tram passengers are currently in excess of 90,000 after the first week of service saw 130,000 journeys taken.
The City of Edinburgh has entered into 14 international twinning arrangements since 1954. Most of the arrangements are styled as 'Twin Cities' but the agreement with Kraków is designated as a 'Partner City', and the agreement with Kyoto Prefecture is officially styled as a 'Friendship Link', reflecting its status as the only region to be twinned with Edinburgh.
Munich, Germany 1954
Nice, France 1958
Florence, Italy 1964
Dunedin, New Zealand 1974
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada 1977
Xi'an, China 1985
Segovia, Spain 1985
Kiev, Ukraine 1989
Aalborg, Denmark 1991
Kyoto Prefecture, Japan 1994
Kathmandu, Nepal 1994
Kraków, Poland 1995
Saint Petersburg, Russia 1995
For a list of consulates in Edinburgh see List of diplomatic missions in Scotland.
Old College of the University of Edinburgh
The Bank of Scotland's head office in central Edinburgh.
Edinburgh Park
The debating chamber of the Scottish Parliament
Edinburgh City Chambers is the headquarters of the City of Edinburgh Council.
The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh is the main public hospital for the city.
Deacon Brodie on Edinburgh's Royal Mile
Greyfriars Bobby Fountain
Tynecastle Stadium
Easter Road Stadium
Meadowbank Stadium
Edinburgh Marathon
Murrayfield Ice Rink
Edinburgh Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.


Arab Opinion Hits US, & Hits Home. Nora Boustany, Washington Post (5/7/04).
World's View of US. Howard LaFranchi, Christian Science Monitor (3/17/04).
French Opinion & the Deteriorating Image of the US. Richard Kuisel (Georgetown U.) (fall 2003?).
Nelson Mandela: The US is a Threat to World Peace (interview). Newsweek (7/8/03).
Views of a Changing World 2003: War with Iraq Further Divides Global Publics. Pew Research Center for the People & the Press (6/3/03).
The US & World Opinion. Now with Bill Moyers (5/23/03).
World Opinion Moves Against Bush. Guardian (1/23/03).
Why Do People Hate America? (UK).
Sorry Everybody. Poignant commentary on 2004 US presidential election.
Debray, Régis. "The indispensable nation," Harper's (1/04):15-18. Incisive critical commentary on America's imperial pretension & the impossibility of its success, from Paris Le Figaro (9/5/03).
Adams, Michael, with Amy Langstaff & David Jamieson. Fire & Ice: The US, Canada, & the Myth of Converging Values (Toronto: Penguin Canada, 2003).
Dower, John W. War Without Mercy: Race & Power in the Pacific War (NY: Pantheon, 1986).
Johnson, Chalmers. Blowback: The Costs & Consequences of American Empire (NY, 2001).
Roger, Philippe. The American Enemy: The History of French Anti-Americanism  (trans. Sharon Bowman; Chicago: U. of Chicago, 2005).
Ross, Andrew & Kristin Ross (eds.) Anti-Americanism (NY: NYU, 2004).
Rubin, Barry & Judith Colp Rubin. Hating America: A History (NY: Oxford, 2004).
Sardar, Ziauddin & Merryl Wyn Davies. Why Do People Hate America? (?: Icon, 2003).
Sweig, Julia E. Friendly Fire: Losing Friends & Making Enemies in the Anti-American Century (NY: Public Affairs, 2006).
Tsygankov, Andrei P. Whose World Order? Russia's Perception of American Ideas after the Cold War (Notre Dame IN: Notre Dame, 2004).
Zunes, Stephen. Tinderbox: US Foreign Policy & the Roots of Terrorism (Monroe ME: Common Courage, 2002).


05 - Eugene Peters ('57) AND Gene Peters ('57) AND Melody Clendenin DeBerry (Warwick HS - '66) of VA!
I hope you are feeling better today, and the flu symptoms have left you.
It's been a while since I have updated you on Jimmy. I wanted you to know he has worked half days since September and yesterday was his last day at Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding. He went back to work after his stroke to finish out his time until his retirement, and has retired after 41 years at the shipyard.
He is doing well, but still has some weakness in his right hand and arm. He truly is a miracle, because he has made a remarkable recovery. Thanks to everyone who e-mailed him and encouraged him and prayed for him.
Now that we are both retired and I have him with me 24/7, I am asking for your prayers for ME!!!!!!
I am so thankful on this Thanksgiving Day for Jimmy's recovery.....and for his Typhoon family.
Take care of yourself, Sweet Carol.
Girl, you are getting up too early.
WILD GIGGLES!!! Knowing I might be busy Thanksgiving morning, I prepared the Holiday Edition ahead of time, and knowing also there would be a Memorial Edition that morning, when I awoke in the middle of the night at 0-dark-thirty, I prepared it and released and announced them both then.
Of course, reading the obituaries in a state of grogginess - even reading them twice - I somehow missed another Memorial Edition and had to prepare it for the next day.
But one of the many things for which I was grateful that Thanksgiving morning was that I could return to bed and sleep in as long as I wanted - so I slept until (GASP!) nine-thirty AM - which I rarely if ever do! I wasn't planning on serving our Big Dinner until 5:30 PM, so it all worked splendidly - especially when (with just the three of us) we decided to prepare and spread dinner over three or four days. Hey, if you can celebrate TWO Days of Halloween (as we always did back in mid-Illinois), and TWELVE Days of Christmas, should there not be FOUR Days of Thanksgiving?!? Ja, that's what we thought - so we've begun a new - and amazingly stress-less - tradition. I heartily recommend it!
She was aware of much info, but not about Joyce.
HALIFAX, Nova Scotia (UPI) -- Researchers at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, suggest psychopaths are deeply attuned to vulnerable people.
"It's like what you'd see on the cable TV show 'Animal Planet,' the lion goes after the most vulnerable, the one they have the best chance of getting," lead researcher Kevin Wilson, a fourth-year science student, said in a statement. "This type of aggression is referred to as predatory ... it's a perceptual system geared to getting the easiest prey."
The researchers with Stephen Porter's Forensic Psychology Lab at Dalhousie showed slides of different faces to a sample of young men. The faces were either happy or sad, male or female, and described as being in either a high- or low-paying job.
The study, published in the Journal of Research in Personality, found men who scored high on a psychopathic personality questionnaire -- a series of 187 questions probing emotional reactions and impulsivity -- possessed the unusual ability to recall sad females in low-paying jobs. At the same time, they also had an unusual inability to recall females who were happy or in high-paying jobs, nor were they good at putting names to faces.
"What we concluded is that psychopathy is associated with a kind of 'predatory memory,'" Wilson said. "They may use this to actively select their victims."
Larry Armstrong is operating a restaurant and tavern in Annapolis, MD. Sorry I do not have the name of the establishment or the phone number.
Jim Lerro was new in Annapolis and looking for a home away from home, something with a comfortable stool, a full glass of beer and a lively line of banter.
He found it at the southwest end of the bar at McGarvey's Saloon, bartender Larry Armstrong presiding.
"This is his corner of the bar. They call it the `Caustic Corner,' " Lerro said yesterday, seated before a noon glass of Budweiser, recalling that first look at the Armstrong congregation two years ago. "People were crowded all around here. He wasn't tending bar, he was holding court."
Armstrong, a 20-year bartender who has worked at McGarvey's for five years, is known far beyond this coterie. Lerro recalled mentioning to some barkeeps in New Jersey that he was from Annapolis. He asked if they knew of McGarvey's. Of course, they said, "Larry's bar."
And now, Armstrong's name goes national as he is among 25 barkeeps across the country selected this year to the Bartender Hall of Fame by Bartender magazine and the House of Seagram. Since the national trade magazine established the award in 1985, 250 bartenders have been chosen from 5,000 applications.
"I have a different attitude about this job than most people would think," said Armstrong, sitting at the back room bar over coffee yesterday morning. "I think it's a very important job. There's got to be a reason why people come to a bar other than to get drunk. Someone can buy a whole bottle of whiskey for $11. To come and pay $3 for an ounce-and-a-half of it, there's got to be some reason there."
With that, Armstrong suggested a short story: "A Clean, Well-Lighted Place" by Ernest Hemingway, "If you want to find out why people come to bars."
The English teacher has not died in Armstrong. He holds a master's degree in English from the University of Virginia and went much of the way toward a doctorate. He taught high school and college for 18 years and for part of that time tended bar on the side. Then he tried nursing school, then went full-time into a healing profession of another sort, bartending.
"It's one of those wonderful situations where you start to do something and you realize `This is what I should be doing.' "
Armstrong reports his age as "57 going on 17." He's a native of Newport News, Va., a father of four children and son of Thomas Armstrong, a Phi Beta Kappa mathematics major who dropped out of college in his senior year to play baseball. Tommy "Shorty" Armstrong made it up to the Cardinals for a year but had the misfortune of playing second base, backup to Rogers Hornsby. He didn't get much major-league playing time. Tommy left baseball to work as a crane operator at a Newport News shipyard. A frustrated man, said Larry Armstrong.
"I'm just very fortunate," he said. "I just have this wonderful attitude. I'm generally a pretty happy man."
And that shines across the bar, where Armstrong is ever-ready with a quip and an encouraging word.
"I tell you, he's got some good jokes," said a member of the Armstrong congregation who gave his name only as Nick.
Oh, are these jokes printable?
"Probably not," said Nick. But "he's probably one of the finest men I ever met. . . . If he's feeling down, you never know it."
Armstrong has made his peace in bartending, which he views as a compromise between "putting on a tie and making $200,000 a year and going to the islands and being a bum. This is kind of right in between."
Armstrong got word of the Hall of Fame selection two weeks ago. Early next year he'll receive the big Super Bowl-style Bartender Hall of Fame ring. The award comes as the result of an application sent to Bartender magazine by McGarvey's last year. The application lists Armstrong's 20 years of bartending experience, plus his donations of time and money to local charities.
Magazine editor Jaclyn W. Foley said it takes more to make the Hall of Fame than a knack for the perfect Fuzzy Navel. The judges, Hall of Famers themselves, look also for contributions to the community.
"He's the sort of person if he went somewhere else people would follow him," said Foley in a telephone interview from her office in Liberty Corner, N.J. "That's a sign of a good bartender. He has a following."
By 12:30 p.m. several of the flock were gathered round the "Caustic Corner." There was Nick, making quick work of the meatloaf, mashed potatoes and peas. There was Steve Adams, a Naval Academy sailmaker who is addicted to Armstrong's three-bean salad. There was Armstrong's wife, Barbara, whom he met at this very bar, whom he said he married despite the fact that "it cost me $100 a week in tips."
"You could have married Steve," said Lerro, pointing at Adams. "It would have cost you $5 a week."
And Armstrong presided, looked out over the bar and saw that all was well.
"As you can see, I don't have a job," he said. "This isn't a job. This is a position."
Larry was a long time fixture at McGarvey's, which is near the Annapolis City Dock. I know this not from personal knowledge, but from online research.
However, he would be pushing 72 these days and may have retired.
If I could, it may have photos of such a notable bartender. It may even have a "Contact Us" feature, through which we could ask if he is still working and how to contact him.
A Google search turned up a number of articles in the Baltimore Sun, lauding Larry's bartending skills. One announced his induction into the Bartender Hall of Fame, ca. 1991.
One indicated that it was a color photo of Larry "holding court" at McGarvey's. I tried to purchase the archived article and photo, but was unable to so.
There are several L------ Armstrongs listed in the Annapolis area phone books. No way to know which, if any, is our Larry.
The answer to this is very simple: call McGarvey's and ask if he is still tending bar. In fact, I am trying to do that as I draft this e-mail, but it is Thanksgiving, and their phone is indicating "busy", which could mean any number of things. My guess is that they are not open today.
So, I will send this and keep trying to call. If I find out anything, I will publish it.
WOWZERONI!!! Thanks so much for all your research, Captain!
It was our pleasure, Sweetie!
ROCHESTER, Minn. (UPI) -- Researchers at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn., say most stroke patients don't think they're having a stroke -- and as a result, delay treatment.
Lead author Dr. Latha Stead studied 400 patients who were diagnosed at Mayo Clinic's emergency department with either acute ischemic stroke or a transient ischemic attack, a temporary interruption of blood flow to part of the brain.
Forty-two percent say they thought they were having a stroke, but most did not go to the emergency room when symptoms appeared.
The median time from onset of symptoms to arrival at the hospital was over 3 1/2 hours. Most said they thought the symptoms would simply go away. The delay in seeking medical help was the same among men and women.
-- Sudden numbness, weakness, or paralysis of your face, arm or leg.
-- Sudden blurred, double or decreased vision.
-- Sudden dizziness, loss of balance.
-- A sudden, severe "bolt out of the blue" headache or an unusual headache.
-- Confusion or problems with memory, spatial orientation or perception.
OHHH, GIGGLES, so waaay cool! Thanks, Chris!
you should sniff some Windex first. It'll keep you from streaking.
MORE WILD GIGGLES!!! Thanks, Mark, I'll try to remember that!
it was their last song to reach the Top 10.
on the Top 40 chart and to #1 on the Adult Contemporary chart.


Does Your Ex Still Have Feelings For You? Find Out Here!
Does- Your- Ex -Still -Have -Feelings- For -You?- Find -Out -Here!
When we say that love is stronger than the heart never doubt it. The feelings it generates grows so strong that even when the relationship is over,one still lives in the mind of the ex. Does your ex still have feelings for you? Find out here!
To say that one does not have feelings for his or her ex is to say that all the time they were in relationship,it was a mere claim of love and fantasy that they shared. No true love,no clear direction or purpose of the relationship. It was simply boyfriend and girlfriend affairs. Does your ex still have feelings for you? Still find out here!
According to love therapy,the best thing to do with an ex is to unfollow him or her in all social media handles. And because you both have separated from each other and quit the relationship you won't find it necessary to call your ex in order to know how he is doing or expect him to do the same.But however,it doesn't really follow that way.
Your ex who still has feelings for you would in so many ways somehow try to connect with you without your very knowledge. For example,has someone a total stranger ever called your telephone line and said you both are friends on Facebook and when you checked on the name he mentioned you would find nothing related to it? Yes,your ex set him up to do that in order to check on you.Does your ex still have feelings for you? Find out here more points!
Maybe you performed excellently at a function of a large crowed or there was something you were celebrity and a lot of people were calling and sending text messages and you got one,not knowing exactly where it was coming from. Then the message said in conclusion: ...''the suitor you know''.
Who is that suitor you know? From east to south,north to west,there was no other suitor you knew at that time but you ex. Yes,that is another thing your ex does to confirm that he still has feelings for you.
If your ex still talks about you with his friends whether on positive things or on negative it shows that he is sill having feelings for you. The good book Bible says that out of the abundance of heart,the mouth speaks. Your presence is filled his heart and so he speaks of you and shares it with his friends. He still has feelings for you if he does this.
There are men who always tell their their girlfriends certain things their ex never did well. Dear Motivational girl,it is not a compliment that your boyfriend tells you about his ex negative part.Don't feel he is comparing you with her making you feel you are on a better side. You might just be a compliment at the moment and maybe when he finds out that his ex has changed,he goes back to her.
Love when built in a relationship is so hard to break. Whether you call it quit or broken relationship,the love never dies! Whether he's got a new girlfriend or not,his heart still lingers and you still live in his heart!Does your ex still have feelings for you? Enjoy the memories while it last!!!


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With the overconsumption of sugar, refined carbohydrates and poor-quality oils increasing the risk for developing chronic diseases such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes and cardiovascular disease, it is mostly families from poor communities are often forced to eat foods that are rich in these harmful nutrients due to a lack of nutrition education. This is mainly due to affordability and accessibility of calorie dense foods.
While poverty plays an important barrier to health and education for both men and women, it tends to yield a higher burden on women and female adolescents because of gender disparities that remain prevalent.
2018 Welcomes the commencement of a three – year PhD study, led by PhD student, Georgina Pujol-Busquets Guillén, The Noakes Foundation research team and Eat Better South Africa.
PhD student, Georgina Pujol-Busquets Guillén from Barcelona, Spain, who completed an internship at The Noakes Foundation in 2017 and has now returned to do her PhD.
The study will evaluate the nutrition and health education programs on components of metabolic syndrome in women from under-resourced South African communities.
Eat Better South Africa (EBSA), the community outreach branch of The Noakes Foundation, was created to address these dietary and socio-economic related issues, with a particular focus on empowering women. Not only is obesity prevalence highest in women, but they are often the gatekeepers to healthy food choices for their families.
However, with limited access to education or employment opportunities as well as high illiteracy rates, it is exceedingly difficult for under-resourced women to make healthy lifestyle choices for themselves and their families. To date, EBSA has run 6-week long dietary education programs in 10 under-resourced and predominantly coloured communities, in the Western Cape.
The aim of these programs was to empower under-resourced people (predominantly women) to improve their own health by making the best dietary choices available to them. The programs involved weekly sessions to educate participants about nutrition, non-communicable diseases, shopping on a budget, cooking, and how to access healthy foods that are low in sugar, refined carbohydrates, and refined oils.
The broad aim of this study is to optimize the design and evaluate the effectiveness of this Eat Better SA program and will provide valuable insight into the various social-economic factors impacting under-resourced communities in SA.
This is specifically with regards to understanding the barriers that women from under-resourced communities face in accessing affordable healthy food and making healthy behaviour changes; optimising the design of the Eat Better South Africa program to accommodate these barriers, ; as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of the program in terms of behaviour change, improvements in metabolic health and sustainability after the program ends.
We firmly believe that a study of this nature will form the benchmark in addressing the role of nutrition and disease amongst woman in disadvantaged communities in SA and will assist in narrowing the gap between disease, nutrition, and gender-based disparities.
We call upon organizations who share in our unique vision for change, passion for community and commitment to science, to support our cause and embrace the opportunity to fund this remarkable study.
For information about how you could fund this project, please email masoodha@thenoakesfoundation.org.


Russian technology satellite. Early Kosmos launcher payloads of unknown purpose, possibly from Korolev OKB. Launched 1962.
Status: Operational 1962. First Launch: 1962-04-24. Last Launch: 1962-05-28. Number: 2 . Gross mass: 305 kg (672 lb).
Family: Technology, Technology satellite. Country: Russia. Launch Vehicles: Kosmos 2, R-12, Kosmos 63S1. Projects: MS. Launch Sites: Kapustin Yar, Kapustin Yar Mayak-2. Agency: Korolev bureau. Bibliography: 2, 6.
1962 April 24 - . 04:00 GMT - . Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Complex: Kapustin Yar Mayak-2. LV Family: R-12. Launch Vehicle: Kosmos 63S1.
Cosmos 3 - . Payload: 2MS s/n 1. Mass: 330 kg (720 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: RVSN. Program: MS. Class: Technology. Type: Navigation technology satellite. Spacecraft Bus: MS. Spacecraft: 2MS. Decay Date: 1962-10-17 . USAF Sat Cat: 281 . COSPAR: 1962-Nu-1. Apogee: 707 km (439 mi). Perigee: 216 km (134 mi). Inclination: 49.00 deg. Period: 93.80 min. Cosmic ray, radiation data. Investigation of the upper atmosphere and outer space; development of elements in the design of space craft. .
1962 May 28 - . 03:00 GMT - . Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Complex: Kapustin Yar Mayak-2. LV Family: R-12. Launch Vehicle: Kosmos 63S1.
Cosmos 5 - . Payload: 2MS s/n 2. Mass: 280 kg (610 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: RVSN. Program: MS. Class: Technology. Type: Navigation technology satellite. Spacecraft Bus: MS. Spacecraft: 2MS. Decay Date: 1963-05-02 . USAF Sat Cat: 297 . COSPAR: 1962-Upsilon-1. Apogee: 1,578 km (980 mi). Perigee: 192 km (119 mi). Inclination: 49.10 deg. Period: 102.60 min. Monitored artificial radiation. Investigation of the upper atmosphere and outer space; development of elements in the design of space craft. .


text:
Celtics trying to trade Will Bynum, who they recently acquired from Pistons
By Brett PollakoffOct 22, 2014, 1:29 PM EDT
The Celtics traded Joel Anthony for Will Bynum last week, though the move was one made for reasons other than improving the talent on the roster.
It was about cost savings first, and roster flexibility second.
Boston has 16 players with guaranteed contracts for this season, but the league maximum number of roster spots is 15. Someone has to be traded or waived, and if it was Anthony instead of Bynum, it would have meant the team eating an extra $900,000 in salary.
Bynum is still likely to be waived. But the Celtics are attempting to get an asset in return for him before making their final decision.
From Mark Murphy of the Boston Herald:
Danny Ainge and Mark Bartelstein, the agent for Will Bynum, continued to work yesterday to find a destination for the veteran point guard that might also bring the Celtics something of value in return.
"We're trying to see if there is something we can do," said Bartelstein, who added Bynum is working out in Chicago, where years ago he was the high school teammate of Tony Allen. …
That said, the Celtics are still most likely to waive the 31-year-old Bynum by the end of the week.
"It's a tough time of year to make a trade," said a league source. "Teams are still trying to get used to their rosters, see what they have. Most likely they have to waive him."
Boston is obviously wise to do its due diligence here, and explore every option. But considering that the team can't take back another player due to roster constrictions, there's little motivation for another club to give up anything of value when they could simply sign Bynum outright once the waiver process is complete.
Bynum averaged 8.9 points and 3.7 assists in 18.8 minutes per contest for the Pistons last season.
Tags: Boston Celtics, Detroit Pistons, Joel Anthony, Memphis Grizzlies, Tony Allen, Will Bynum

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


When you need more storage space than you have, you can rent storage units in Water Mill with Boxie24 Storage.
Designed as a full service storage facility, Boxie24 Storage provides a wide range of storage services for both residential and business purposes. Getting the space you need on Long Island has never been so easy.
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One of the principles in Asian Access is that healthy churches grow. It's why we spend so much time investing in key leaders' personal walk with God and their growth in him. Because, when we are deeply embedded with Christ, we are naturally very fruitful.
Many of those leaders were on display in Tohoku (Northeast Japan) for a few days at Vision Festa, a gathering of pastors, missionaries and NGO leaders coming together to share God's vision for Japan. I was deeply touched by them and many pictured in these photos are key partners of Asian Access/Japan.
They shared about Strawberry Patch Evangelism. That even small little strawberry plants are quick to reproduce because they shoot stems into the soil nearby and next thing you know you have an entire patch.
And, they shared about Pomegranate church planting where a single fruit has hundreds of seeds to spread around and start new fellowships.
Years ago, Pastor Chida, who is also pictured here (below, left), shared not only about strawberry patch evangelism, he also figured we need as many churches in Japan as they have Japan Posts. Basically, he felt inspired by God that in order to truly reach Japan, we would need churches on every corner and in every community just like you have post offices.
Today, there are less Post Offices due to the onset of the internet age, etc. but there are still many around the country. However, convenience stores are everywhere! So, now the vision is convenience store church planting.
If we can see healthy reproducible churches and pastors emerge, even bi-vocational pastors, we'll begin to see an impact in the evangelism growth of Japan!
Pastor Chida asked the crowd that day, do you believe we can have 55,000 churches in Japan someday? The group was a tad quiet. You see, Pastor Chida had recently studied Japan finding that there are now 55,000 convenience stores in the country. But, given that there are only roughly 8,000 churches in Japan, everyone was slow to respond!
However, Pastor Chida said, those numbers aren't counting the little house chapels that have sprouted up all over the disaster area. They don't include the simple churches that have been emerging the last 5-10 years. He's convinced that there may be more than 16,000 churches in Japan today.
I left inspired once again. Story after story of how God was working post-disaster and how many small fellowships (bible studies, house chapels, and even tiny little churches) have been started. It's just like the strawberries and pomegranates mentioned above. Small, healthy churches are emerging all over the place and these are exciting days for the hope of Christ in Japan.
What a joy to see all of this emerging from within the Asian Access networks! Who would've ever imagined that a little engine like us could see such tremendous fruit: all from focusing primarily on growing healthy people, healthy pastors and healthy leaders. We say "Small is Big" as we focus, much like Jesus, in investing deeply in just a few at a time. He had only 12 disciples but he challenged them to reproduce when he left them.
I don't know about you, but I believe him! Why? Because I believe in a God of the impossible and I believe that Small is Big!
Do you believe? Will you join me in praying for Japan?
Why Plant? Japan Needs You!


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It's mid-December and you know what that means! The Christmas tree is up, the fairy lights are on, and everywhere people are getting into the full festive swing. It's a wonderful time of year, and at HRHislop we enjoy getting into the Christmas spirit, with tinsel and twinkling lights all around. And this is one of the most common Christmas decorations – the one that unites everyone's Christmas styles – the lights. Power bills surge at this time of year thanks to these little glowing bulbs, and while they do look lovely, they also come with some risks. So this year we wanted to share with you a few Christmas safety tips, so you can be sure a preventable accident doesn't take the fun out of your festive celebrations!
Plug them in before you put them up and check for dead bulbs.
Replace any failed bulbs straight away, using the same type and rating. If you can't replace the bulbs, you will need to replace the whole set.
Make sure you're not plugging too many things into your power sockets – this can lead to overheating and fires.
Make sure you turn all lights off when you're asleep or out of the house. If you're prone to forgetting, put them on a timer.
Of course, if you find your lights have been stored uncovered and in bad condition, or they are damaged in any way, the best thing to do is throw them away and buy a new set. Even minor damage can cause shorts and electrical fires.
If you've bought your Christmas lights in more recent years, they are probably already fitted with LED bulbs.But there are still plenty around that aren't. The electrical safety council have now recommended the use of LED lights for Christmas trees over the traditional filament or lantern lights. This is mainly because they operate at a much lower voltage, which significantly reduces the risk of electric shocks,and they run at a much lower temperature. They also use 80-90% less electricity than their filament and lantern counterparts, reducing your electricity bill and the risk of overheating. And if you needed another reason, they're also made of a much more durable material that doesn't need to use a filament, so they won't break for a long time!
At HRHislop, we want you to enjoy the festive season as safely as possible. Nearly all of the dangers and accidents that happen at Christmas are preventable, especially if you do a little pre-festive maintenance. So, if you've been having any electrical problems in your home, no matter how small, or you want a waterproof outdoor electrical socket installed for your festive lighting display, just get in touch with us today for your free quote.
And from everyone at the HRHislopteam, we wish you a very Merry Christmas!!


Congratulations go out to Ian Anstice. He has been named as IWR Information Professional of the year. The judges gave Anstice, a branch manager of a public library in Cheshire, the honor for his dedication and hard work recording and explaining the changes taking place across the public library sector as a whole.
Ian Anstice is Librarian in Charge of Winsford Library in Cheshire, he operates Public Libraries News and is a a member of the Voices for the Library team.
You can follow Ian's work at Public Libraries News on Twitter at @publiclibnews or on Google+.
This international award offers recognition to an individual who has made an outstanding contribution to the profession in the past 12 months. Nomination could be for an individual who has demonstrated best practice, led extensive project work or developed an information resource for an organisation and its users and clients.
Ian Anstice joins the ranks of previous winners including last year's winner Dave Pattern, Library Systems Manager, University of Huddersfield and Hazel Hall, Director of the Centre for Social Informatics, Edinburgh Napier University, who won the award in 2008 award.
In the current economic climate libraries have limited purchasing power. Academic budgets are declining while the need for access to digital information is increasing on today's wired campuses.
As a result, innovative librarians are seeking alternative methods to access and acquire the content required by their faculty, students, and researchers. Is resource sharing the answer? Will purchase on demand work for books and journals? Is the subscription model no longer viable – even for scholarly materials? This workshop will take a look at what new business models are emerging, their success, and what the future holds for the subscription model in the distribution of scholarly and scientific information.
If you missed this event you can read the summary of each session online and NFAIS has made the slides available as well at NFAIS — The Eroding Subscription Model.
Thanks to all of you for all of the birthday wishes — they reminded me of how much I have to be grateful for. Thanks, and God loves you all!!
The annual Charleston Conference is a gathering of librarians, publishers, electronic resource managers, consultants, and vendors of library materials in Charleston, SC. Every November folks gather to discuss issues of importance across all their fields. Begun in 1980, the Charleston Conference has grown from 20 participants in 1980 to over 1,100 in 2010.
The Charleston Conference has always been a egalitarian gathering of individuals from all different areas who wish to discuss topical issues in a non-threatening, friendly, and informal way. Business executives discuss and debate with library directors, acquisitions librarians, and others. This was the conference's 31st year in Charleston and its focus was on Issues in Book and Serial Acquisition. This is an event that Unlimited Priorities would hate to miss.
Back in 1980 when the Conference started there were no Facebooks, no Twitters, no RSS feeds, no QR codes, no Wikipedias, no open access, no smartphones, no Kindles, Nooks, iPods or iPads, no reality TV, no eBooks, no aggregators, no Against the Grain or Against the Grain News Channel, no big deals, etc. … Now, by contrast we have all of the above and more!
At Unlimited Priorities, we make it a point to talk a lot with each other and with our clients. We use the phone or Skype to call each other, have frequent conference calls and get together as often as possible. With the convenience of email and increasingly other forms of electronic communication, making live conversation part of an organization's culture isn't always easy.
We encourage you to follow the link and read his post.
The Digital Library of America (DPLA) is a one-year old project that grew out of a meeting of 40 library leaders held in October, 2011. It's goal is to create a large-scale digital public library to make the cultural and scientific record available to everyone. The DPLA received two significant donations last week with The Sloan Foundation and Arcadia Fund each contributing $2.5 million to the project.
Last month Maura Marx, Director of the DPLA Secretariat, was at the Europeana Tech Conference, held at the Austrian National Library, where she gave a short update on the DPLA. A video of her presentation was posted on the DPLA website on Wednesday. It's just over 12 minutes long and well worth watching.
She describes the DPLA as an American project that seeks to provide coherent access to content from a variety of institutions — from museums, from libraries, from archives, and to do it in a way that will encourage participation from users and that will encourage innovation and new development. She goes on to say that it will do so by providing content on the most open platform possible, subscribing to the most open principles possible. The goals are ambitious. They are trying to build a useful, functioning, open digital library. By April 2013, they expect to have a working prototype.
The Secretariat is at the Berkman Center at Harvard, which coordinates the project's activities.
Digital collaboration through one unified search tool by the National Archives, the Library of Congress and the Smithsonian Institution.
A search tool for the DCC's collection of cultural and scientific heritage resources, by the Digital Library Federation and the University of Illinois.
A multimedia-library-without-walls through an open source, HTML5 platform by metaLAB (at) Harvard, the Harvard Library Lab, and Media And Place (MAP) Productions.
A coordinated effort to digitize and enhance government documents using crowdsourcing and linked data by the University of Minnesota, the Committee on Institutional Cooperation, and HathiTrust.
A web-based platform to enable the aggregation of diverse cultural heritage content and metadata by MINT at the National Technical University of Athens.
ShelfLife, intended to provide users with a rich environment for exploring the combined content of the DPLA, discovering new works, and engaging more deeply with them via social interactions by the Harvard Library Innovation Lab and multiple partners.
The momentum surrounding the DPLA is increasing and we expect to see many more developments in the near future as they move forward on these and other projects.
One of the organizations that we pay attention to at Unlimited Priorities is the MIT-Based, World Wide Web Consortium (often referred to as the W3C). This is the group that oversees standards for the Web. The W3C has several incubator groups working on new and emerging standards. Their Library Linked Data Incubator Group, which includes people from OCLC, LYRASYS, the Library of Congress, Talis and several major universities, has the mission to help increase global interoperability of library data on the Web.
Internet Librarian International 2011 took place on October 27 and 28th in London.
Unlimited Priorities' Howard Stanbury presented in the B204–Driving Collaboration with Repositories session and explained how information repositories of all kinds are being challenged to adapt to a changing paradigm in facilities, resources and services.


Tougher penalties are not an effective deterrent against handheld mobile use by drivers as many are "returning to their old ways", new research suggests.
The RAC said a number of drivers changed their behaviour in the months after the punishment for illegal mobile use was doubled in 2017, but latest figures show the habit is "rocketing among some groups".
Since March 2017, motorists caught using a handheld phone have faced incurring six points on their licence and a £200 fine – up from the previous penalty of three points and £100.
Forty-three people were killed and 135 were seriously injured in crashes on Britain's roads in 2017 in which a driver using a mobile was a contributory factor, Department for Transport figures show.
Inspector Frazer Davey, of Avon and Somerset Police, said: "The results of the survey are concerning. We know that driver distraction is a cause of collisions.
"As a road policing inspector I see the impact of driver distraction and people are losing their lives as a result of the use of mobile devices by drivers.


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text:
Mathew Quinn (born 17 April 1976 in Salisbury, Rhodesia) was a South African sprinter. Together with Morné Nagel, Corné du Plessis and Lee-Roy Newton he won a gold medal in 4 x 100 metres relay at the 2001 World Championships in Athletics.

Following the ruling of 13 December 2005 which retroactively disqualified Tim Montgomery and henceforth the American team, the South African team were promoted to gold medallists.

He is married to former sprinter Heide Seyerling.

Personal bests
100 metres – 10.08 (1999)
200 metres – 20.93 (1999)

External links

1976 births
White Rhodesian people
Zimbabwean people of British descent
Zimbabwean emigrants to South Africa
South African male sprinters
Living people
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes of South Africa
Sportspeople from Harare
World Athletics Championships medalists
World Athletics Championships athletes for South Africa
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
Universiade bronze medalists for South Africa
World Athletics Championships winners
Medalists at the 1999 Summer Universiade

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Academy welcomes HE & R Bill amendments
Minister for Universities, Science, Research and Innovation, Jo Johnson, announced today (24th February) several amendments to the government's Bill on HE and Research.
Professor James Wilsdon FACSS, Chair of the Academy's Campaign for Social Science welcomed the announcement saying,
"Full marks to Jo Johnson for listening and acting on the community's concerns. We warmly welcome the amendments to the Higher Education and Research Bill that the Minister has proposed today, ahead of the Lords report stage. Our main focus has been on the creation of UKRI and reforms to the research and innovation system in Part 3 of the Bill. So it's encouraging to see government has taken on board the points that we and others made about the need to consult widely before tinkering further with the structure of the research councils within UKRI. We're also pleased by the formal recognition of the Haldane Principle, by greater clarity over the way budgets will be set, and by the addition of 'advancement of knowledge' as a legitimate objective for the research councils. All in all, this is a serious and substantial package of amendments that should go a long way to assuaging any lingering concerns. The social science community now looks forward to playing an active part in the success of UKRI, and the delivery of its vision for a more strategic, interdisciplinary and high-impact research system."
Click here for more on the reaction from the UK's science community from Nature.com
Three Fellows of the Academy conferred with Public Honours in the Queens New Year's Honours 2020
Dr Wei Yang FRTPI FAcSS MCIHT elected Vice President RTPI
Professor Alan Alexander OBE, FRSE, FAcSS appointed new chair of Audit Scotland
Professor Theo Farrell FAcSS appointed Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Education) at University of Wollongong, Austrailia


text:
Marlize Lombard
Professor with Research Focus in Stone Age Archaeology, Palaeo-Research Institute, University of Johannesburg
Sometime during the Middle Stone Age, in sub-Saharan Africa, Homo sapiens evolved biologically, behaviourally and cognitively. My research agenda is geared towards the generation of knowledge about all three of these evolutionary processes in the southern African context and how they relate to each other. The long-term aim is to create an integrated, detailed and holistic understanding of the evolution of our species in the region since about 500 000 years ago.
The Palaeo-TrACKS (Tracing Ancient Cognition and Knowledge Systems through the Stone Age) Research Programme is funded through an African Origins Platform Grant from the National Research Foundation of South Africa, and is managed in four distinct research legs:
Micro-TrACKS (Tracing Ancient Cognition and Knowledge Systems through Micro-methods)
Geno-TrACKS (Tracing Stone Age Population History through DNA)
Mind-TrACKS (Tracing Ancient Cognition through Stone Age Technologies)
TrACKS on the Highveld (Tracing Hominin/Human Presence on the trans-Vaal Highveld Grassland Bioregion during the Stone Age)
All four tracks are intimately linked with the research programmes of local and international collaborators. Together we aim to explore: a) the Stone Age occupational history of southern Africa, b) behavioural and cognitive evolutionary trends during the Stone Age, and c) indigenous knowledge systems associated with the Middle and Later Stone Ages of southern Africa.
http://johannesburg.academia.edu/MarlizeLombard
https://scholar.google.co.za/citations?user=W0G5vXwAAAAJ&hl=en
Professor with Research Focus in Stone Age Archaeology; Director, Centre for Anthropological Research in the Department of Anthropology and Development Studies, University of Johannesburg
Professor with Research Focus in Stone Age Archaeology; Director, Centre for Anthropological Research in the Department of Anthropology and Development Studies
National Research Foundation