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On an Overgrown Pathé
A Brief Guide to Edison Cylinder Phonographs
[Italian version here]
Author: David Hoehl - TNT USA
Published: January, 2018
Part II: The Nitty Gritty
Part I of this two-part series was an overview of the Edison cylinder player in general. Now it's time to look at some specifics.
If you're familiar with Leica cameras, you probably have seen that "Leica Family Tree" poster with a host of derivative models branching off in various lines from a single "Ur Leica" prototype. Something similar could be (and, for all I know, may have been) done for Edison cylinder phonographs--they ran in families. Here's a quick rundown of the principal models you're likely to encounter.
The open horn models
The Triumph, a direct development of the Edison Spring Motor Phonograph that had been on the market since 1895, was the top of Edison's regular line of phonographs for home consumption from its introduction in 1901 until the discontinuation of open horn phonographs in late 1913. It featured Edison's largest case, by default in oak although some models could be had on special order in mahogany, for most of the model run fitted with Edison's most powerful cylinder phonograph motor, the three-spring "Triton." As a practical matter, you are extremely unlikely to encountner a Triumph in other than oak today. The feed screw ran as an extension of the mandrel axle. Over the years, Edison offered the Triumph in seven variants, or models; Model A and Model B had end gates; Model C, introduced in the United States in February 1908, through the final Model G dispensed with this feature. Model D, with a US introduction of October 1908, was the first to offer factory-installed gearing for both two- and four-minute cylinders, a feature that would persist until release of the October 1912 Model G, which was geared for four-minute cylinders only; coincident with the release of the Model D, Edison made conversion kits available to add four-minute gearing to earlier models. The late models F and G reduced the number of springs from three to two.
I think it's safe to say that, aside from some of the even higher-end exotic machines released in limited numbers at the end of the open horn era, the big, heavy, powerful Triumph is the Edison phonograph to which most cylinder collectors aspire. Fitted with 2/4-minute gearing, a flipover Model O combination reproducer, and one of the deluxe wooden cygnet horns, it is a workhorse capable of giving the best reproduction to be had from a mainstream cylinder player. That said, the would-be buyer should be aware of one inherent flaw: the models without end gates incorporated a pot metal bearing at the left end of the mandrel, and over time, as is the nature of pot metal, it can swell or deteriorate, causing speed inconsistency or even freezing up the machine. A good service technician can correct this problem fairly easily, perhaps replacing the old bearing with a new one of brass. The earlier models equipped with end gates do not have this issue.
The Edison Home phonograph outwardly appears to be a scaled-down Triumph, although its introduction in 1895 coincided with the Spring Motor and predated the introduction of the Triumph name. As with the Triumph, the feed screw is an extension of the mandrel axle. Also like the Triumph, the Home went through a series of models, albeit ending in F rather than G; the end gate disappeared with Model C, and factory 2/4-minute gearing made its debut with Model D (see photo, left) in early and late 1908, respectively. In late 1912, the Model F did away with two-minute gearing. In all cases, the standard cabinet was oak, although again for some models mahogany was available by special order. "Under the hood," the Home was quite different from the Triumph, as it was always a single-spring machine, and its motor design went through numerous modifications early on before settling into a form that remained stable from Model B onward.
Thanks to Mike Wohl of the Talking Machine Forum for the photograph.
My own first cylinder machine was of this type: a Standard Model B, fitted with a large, nickel-plated "morning glory" horn and geared strictly for two-minute cylinders until, through the magic of eBay, I added a gear shift kit years later. The Standard was in general the strongest seller in the Edison line from its introduction in 1898. As with the Triumph, it would appear in models A through G; as with the Home, it was equipped with a single-spring motor. As with both, Model A and Model B had an end gate that disappeared with Model C, and Model D added selectable 2/4-minute gearing, with adapter kits made available for earlier models. Unlike either, the Standard featured a feed screw mounted not coaxially but behind and parallel to the mandrel, powered by a gear train from the mandrel's axle. The Standard series had not one but two four-minute-only models, Model E and Model G; curiously, model F, released simultaneously with Model E in 1909, retained the 2/4-minute gearing. As was customary, the normal finish was oak, with mahogany being a rarely if ever selected special-order option for some models.
If most Edison collectors aspire to a Triumph, they very frequently start with a Standard, more often than not probably the Model B, just as I did. So common and popular is this model, in fact, that an entire website has been created devoted to it: https://www.antiquephono.org/spotters-guide-edison-standard-phonograph/
The Gem was the bottom model in Edison's line, an inexpensive machine designed for those on a restricted budget. Its essentials were all contained in a compact metal case, although the company fairly soon added an oak base and cover. Oddly enough, the first variant of the Model A, without the oak additions, had no end gate for the mandrel, but Edison added one together with the wooden cover. The company removed it again in the Model C, added 2/4-minute gearing in the Model D of 1909, and removed the two-minute gearing in the final Model E of 1912. The Model A types wound with a key, Models B through E with a crank. All had a small single-spring motor whose lack of a spring barrel meant they could not be wound while playing. Special horns were made specifically for these little machines, first a small conical one without bell, painted black with a gold stripe, then a larger (but still small-scale) black horn with 10 panels.
I'll not add much more about this model. It is not the most practical machine for good cylinder reproduction, and, oddly enough, although the cheapest in the Edison line originally, good examples of the Gem tend to be a bit pricey today, particularly the late ones painted maroon. A Standard likely will cost less and is significantly more phonograph, with a better motor and capacity to handle larger horns.
The Fireside was a relatively late addition to the Edison line, introduced in 1909. The company intended it to serve at the price point originally filled by the Standard, whose cost had crept up with inflation. While somewhat smaller than the Standard, the Fireside shared a nearly identical single-spring motor. Cases were invariably oak and neither model of the Fireside had an end gate. The Model A was equipped with 2/4-minute gearing and a small paneled horn modeled on that for the Gem; the Model B with four-minute gearing only and a cygnet horn. The company's intentions notwithstanding, the Fireside failed to supplant the Standard until relatively late, although it remained on sale after deletion of most other open horn cylinder machines; Firesides therefore generally speaking do not turn up as frequently as Standards, and accordingly they tend to be somewhat more expensive.
The enclosed-horn Amberolas
Times and tastes change. Today, I imagine most of us see an old phonograph with a big metal or wooden horn suspended in front and think it charming. Back when such horns were the sole common method for filling a room with sound, however, they were much more likely to run afoul of something chillingly familiar to any latter-day male audiophile who shares quarters with a female partner: WAF ("wife acceptance factor"). The turn-of-the-twentieth-century housewife, confronted with a roughly yard- (or, for our metric friends, meter-) long metal horn--no matter how dolled up with colorful paint or brass bell and fittings or nickel plating or flower decorations--was apt to see not a handsome statement piece but an obtrusive, dustcatching monstrosity conflicting with her beautifully decorated Victorian-style living room, constantly in the way when trying to sit on the sofa. The so-called "cygnet" horns, which rose vertically rather than jutting out horizontally (and were of the form commonly adopted for the early radio sets 15 or 20 years later), were some improvement, particularly when made of wood, but not a real solution; they still gathered dust, and they still called far too much attention to themselves.
Eldridge R. Johnson to the rescue! In 1906, he and his Victor Talking Machine Company issued an audio product as influential in its day as the iPod has been in ours: the Victrola, a (naturally, disk-playing) reproducing instrument housed in a handsome, high-grade floor-standing piece of furniture and--here's the important part--enclosing that eyesore horn in the cabinet, the opening safely covered by swinging doors when not in use or when the owner needed to respond to his wife's inevitable cries of "that thing is too loud." Better yet, it also provided concealed storage for the records--no more messy piles of the things left out on table tops--and for the playing mechanism--no more industrial-look gears and gearshifts and feedscrews and whatnot on pominent display in the parlor. Johnson coined the name "Victrola" by combining "Victor," his company's name, with "viola," the musical instrument, but promptly everybody who could figure out how to dodge his patents (not an easy task; even those swinging doors over the horn opening were patented) had a competing "-ola": in particular, Columbia's open horn "Disk Graphophone," a descendant of the cylinder (simply) "Graphophone," mutated into the "Grafonola" (with louvers rather than the patented swinging doors to cover that horn opening), and, of most concern for our present purposes, Edison issued an enclosed-horn cylinder player for his four-minute Amberol cylinders called--what else?--the "Amberola." (Years later, as his company was breathing its dying gasps, Edison's answer to Victor's new line of "Orthophonic" Victrolas would be the "Edisonic," but that's a story for another day.)
Edison's approach to an enclosed machine was somewhat different from Victor's, in that instead of building a roughly horn-shaped chamber into the cabinet, he simply curled the metal horn of an open-horn type machine, or at least a shortened version of it, around the other way to pass under the mechanism and have its bell below rather than above the motor and playing gear, concealed by a decorative grille. The cabinet, then, was just a shell to contain the machinery, not an integral part of it, a key distinction in avoiding Victor's patents. The first Amberola was a large, heavy, expensive upright floor model incorporating the mechanism of the Opera open horn phonograph, a high-end model situated above the Triumph in the Edison open horn line; neither the Opera nor the derivative Amberola is frequently encountered today, and both usually command pretty elevated prices, just as they did when new. Edison next added another, lighter upright floor model called the Amberola III (the first is retroactively known as the Amberola I; there was no Amberola II). The III looked like a table model on long stilts, with a shelf down by the floor to hold several storage boxes provided as separate accessories. These machines, too, are relatively uncommon and expensive today. There followed a series of table models, each, like the Amberola III (and, for that matter, like all the Victor open horn machines and Victrolas), denoted by a Roman numeral, each combining elements of existing machines from the open horn line described above (the Amberola X, for example, was based on a Fireside mechanism), and each at least somewhat rare today, albeit not as much so as the I and III, compared to the three final models that became mainstays of the line. Let's now turn our attention to those more readily available players.
Amberola 30 This little tabletop model was the workhorse of the Amberola line, easily outselling both its larger counterparts combined. It was a small, single-spring machine in oak. The reproducer featured a diamond stylus which, together with its heavy tracking force, made it unsuitable for any except celluloid cylinders, and the gearing was limited to the four-minute type. A cloth-backed wooden grille covered the horn, with no provision for adjusting volume. As the sales leaders, these machines turn up relatively frequently today and are easily the least expensive Edison enclosed horn cylinder players.
Amberola 50
The Amberola 50 was a larger tabletop machine for four-minute celluloid cylinders, mechanically differering from the Amberola 30 only in having a two-spring motor. Acoustically, it was a bit better on account of a somewhat larger horn, also concealed behind a cloth-backed wooden grille and also incorporating no mechanism for volume control. Sales of this model never approached those of the Amberola 30; accordingly, given its relative scarcity, bigger horn, and stronger motor, the Amberola 50 sells for more today, with oak cabinets carrying a premium over the more common mahogany ones.
The Amberola 75 was in essence an Amberola 50 in an austere, compact floor model cabinet. When seen at an Edison dealer's shop, it must have seemed pretty plain compared to the often flamboyant cabinets of the Edison disc phonographs, which appeared on the market beginning about a year before its introduction. Like the Amberola 50, it was available in oak or mahogany, and, as with the Amberola 50, oak cabinets sell at a premium today, having been less popular when the machines were new. A single door below the horn opening concealed three pull-out trays, taken together providing storage for up to 84 cylinders.
A digression: electrical alternatives
Electrical playback of cylinders is actually possible. One dedicated modern cylinder player has been marketed, the Archeophone; it features, among other things, interchangeable mandrels for just about every type of cylinder ever issued and an ingenious bearing system to correct for out-of-round records. Unfortunately, while it has found wide application in institutional settings, its cost of nearly $30,000 rules it out for most individual collectors.
Also produced over the years have been various "reproducer substitutes," which mount a more or less modern electric cartridge in a shell matching the dimensions of an Edison reproducer; remove the reproducer from an antique player's carrier arm, affix the substitute in its place, connect it to a modern amplifier's phono preamp, crank up that old clockwork motor, and--behold!--you can play cylinders through your modern stereo system. Current examples, costing far less than the Archeophone, are the Edison Electric Cylinder Reproducer sold here http://www.soundhifi.com/78rpm.html and the ACT/2 unit sold here http://nipperhead.com/old/act/#orders.
"You Get What You Pay For" Dept.: such devices will reproduce cylinders electrically, but the mechanism turning them will still be a century or so old; I've never tried one of the electrical reproducer substitutes personally, but any spring-wound phonograph motor is a dense thicket of whirling shafts and wheels and weights and gears. Even if the antique has been thoroughly overhauled and maintained, I wouldn't expect a modern cartridge mated with one to yield the kind of speed-stable, low noise performance that we take for granted with modern turntables, and that doesn't take into account the astonishing levels of flutter a 160 RPM cylinder can generate if even slightly out of round, as many of them are.
What cylinders to play on what antiques
Leaving aside latter day electronic solutions or improvisations, the way most collectors play cylinders is acoustically through horns, as they were designed to play, on the old machines designed to play them, no electricity involved. Curiously, the results, if the machine is well maintained and the record is in good condition and well recorded, can be quite vivid. Safely mating cylinders to antique machines, however, calls for a bit of basic knowledge. Celluloid cylinders are durable, but their wax predecessors are extremely fragile, and playing them with the wrong equipment can quickly destroy them.
Without going into excessive detail, suffice it to say that Edison's design for reproducers involved a so-called "floating weight" that served two purposes. First, it established the tracking force for the stylus. Second, it served as a sort of mechanical amplifier: the heavier the weight, the louder the reproduction. The story of Edison reproducers, then, is one of ever heavier floating weights as the company developed harder materials for the records. Like any good story, this one has subplots: an eventual shift from sapphire to diamond for the styli and a shift from small to larger diaphragms, requiring larger reproducer bodies, and hence redeisgned carrier arms, to accommodate them. Earlier carrier arms placed the reproducer pointing up at about 45 degrees from the plane of the machine's bedplate; later ones set the reproducer horizontally, parallel the bedplate and running over the top of the cylinder in play, with a larger eye (that is, mounting socket). Here's a basic rundown of what equipment is suitable for which common types of cylinders.
In general. If fitted with appropriate reproducer and gearing, any open-horn machine can play any type of cylinder. The Amberolas 30, 50, and 75, on the other hand, can play only four-minute celluloid cylinders. Never play a wax cylinder of any type on these Amberolas, and never play a two-minute cylinder with a reproducer designed solely for four-minute cylinders. A few of the earlier Amberola models, outside the scope of this series of articles, could be fitted with a two-minute reproducer; for more information, consult the Internet or the reference book The Edison Cylinder Phonographs 1877-1929 by George L. Frow and Albert F. Sefl.
Two-minute--black wax, celluloid. Among these are Edison's "gold moulded" cylinders, Indestructable's celluloid two-minute cylinders, and black wax cylinders by Columbia and various smaller makers. Any of the open horn machines fitted with the common Edison Model C reproducer, standard equipment on many of them, is fine for any cylinder of these types. The floating weight has a tail that sticks out beyond the outer edge of the reproducer housing; look for "Model C" stamped on it. More uncommon (and pricey) options would include the Model K and model S 2/4-minute combination reproducers (small carrier eye) and turnover Model Q or (sometimes) O 2/4-minute combination reproducer (large carrier eye). The floating weight of the Model O at first was round, the same diameter as the reproducer housing; the weight having been found too heavy in practice for wax records, it was modified to a trowel shape in later production. Those who bought the earlier version with the round weight could return it to the factory for trimming; on such reproducers, "Model O" was overstamped to read "Model Q." Either shape of weight would be fine for celluloid cylinders.
Two-minute--brown wax. These earlier cylinders were made of a softer material than their black wax successors, and accordingly the appropriate reproducers for them have lighter weights. The Edison models of choice would be the Model A or Model B, both early and likely to be expensive. As a practical matter, at the outset you probably won't find many brown wax cylinders in playable condition outside specialist sales channels; accordingly, especially if you are just beginning, you can safely postpone equipment for brown wax cylinders until you've built a good collection of later types.
Four-minute black wax. Primarily Edison "amberol" cylinders. The edison Model H reproducer was designed to play these records and is often found equipping open horn machines with four-minute gearing and the small carrier eye. The equivalent for large carrier eyes is the Model N. The combination models K, S, and O/Q mentioned above would also be fine, as would the Model R, a reproducer featuring the large diaphragm of the later, horizontally mounted models in a body designed to fit the earlier, smaller slanted carrier eyes. I'll stress again: do not play wax cylinders, including these four-minute types, on an Amberola 30, 50, or 75.
Four-minute celluloid. Primarily Edison blue amberol cylinders, but also Columbia/Indestructable and those of other, smaller makers. You can safely play these with any equipment listed for wax four-minute cylinders. For louder reproduction, you can play them with the Diamond B on those open horn machines fitted with the horizontal, larger eye type carrier; do not play any wax record with this heavily weighted reproducer, which, as you mgiht guess from its model name, substituted a diamond stylus for the sapphires of its precedessors. Celluloid four-minute cylinders are the sole type you can safely play on the Amberolas 30, 50, and 75, which were designed specifically for them and came equipped with the likewise heavily weighted Diamond Model C reproducer.
Worth a Thousand Words
The proof of the pudding is in the eating, and the proof of a recording system is in the listening. Care to hear a fine Edison cylinder player strut its stuff? Here's a two-minute wax cylinder played back on my Edison Triumph, Model B, fitted with trimmed-weight Model O reproducer and Musicmaster oak cygnet horn. You can see a photograph of this machine above. The selection is an old German hymn, Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern, by Philipp (not opera composer Otto!) Nicolai, in a heartfelt performance by operatic baritone Robert Leonhardt around 110 years ago. Its catalogue number 15302 puts it in Edison's German series; experienced collectors know that Edison relegated a surprising number of important artists to this and other "ethnic" series rather than featuring them in the main "classical" or "operatic" catalogue blocks. As was the custom for Edison's two-minute cylinders, mostly abandoned with the introduction of their four-minute successors, a spoken announcement--probably by the singer himself--precedes the singing.
Copyright 2018 David Hoehl - drh@tnt-audio.com - www.tnt-audio.com


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// Licensed to The .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
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Join a club that takes fitness as seriously as you do. At the Ultra Sport clubs, you'll have high-end fitness amenities in a prime location. Enhance your workout routine with group cycling and a dedicated personal training area.
Drop off your kids in their fun, safe and supervised Kids' Club while you work out. They will have a blast playing with a wide range of toys, puzzles, activities and more. All of 24 Hour Fitness specially trained attendants are certified in CPR and First Aid and must pass a background check before they're hired. Kids Club is an extra cost that you can pay on a per use basis or monthly.
24 Hour Fitness has over 4,000 certified Personal Trainers to help you reach your fitness goals. This is accomplished by a free Fitness Orientation and Assessment followed by your Personal Trainer creating a customized workout plan for you. Personal trainers provide guidance and inspiration through programs tailored to your health and fitness now, and the results you wish to achieve. There are 3 training formats. You can have one-on-one training sessions, training sessions for 2 people, and 50 minute group training sessions.
Group X is the name of the 24 Hour Fitness group exercise classes. The classes incorporates a motivating group atmosphere with expert class instructors to give you a fun and effective way to work out. The Group X classes offer something for everyone and range from high-energy Zumba and Cycling classes to soothing yoga and dedicated older adult class options. Classes do vary by location so if you are looking for something specific make sure to check it is available at the clubs location when you sign up.
You now can stay fit while you travel in Canada. 24 Hour Fitness has teamed with GoodLife Fitness to allow their members access to more than 230 clubs in the GoodLife network when travelling or visiting Canada.
24 Hour Fitness seems to know what everyone wants in a gym. A new club just opened last year in our neighborhood and not only is it well laid out, it has everything you could ever need for exercise and weight loss. It doesn't matter if you want to do some laps in the pool and cycle classes to stay fit, or tone your muscles by using using dumbbells and kettlebells weights (like me) they have more than enough equipment (even during busy times of the day) to keep you on track.
I also like the 24 Hour Fitness app. It is a great companion to working out as you can track your progress and use many of the digital tools like the calculators to figure out where you need to improve.
Great amenities. Clean clubs and change rooms. Well maintained.
Membership options can be confusing.
The club I use is clean and has fairly new and well maintained exercise machines. I ended up purchasing a 2 year 24 Hour Fitness membership from Costco. It saved me a fair bit of money at the super sport gym and works out to cost me only just over $27 a month. Those of you interested in joining the gym this is the cheapest way to go if you actually plan on using your membership.
My introductory free hour with the trainer was informative and is worth it for newbies to fitness. I ended up paying for 10 sessions when I first joined on at 24 Hour Fitness. It is well worth the investment as it gets you started on the right track and helps you to use the equipment correctly so you get the most out of your workouts.
Overall I have been impressed with 24 Hour Fitness. If you are into classes like Yoga and cycling them seem to have a lot of those as well. I haven't used them but the coaches look very energetic in the classes I have seen.
The equipment at this gym is modern like at any other 24 hour fitness. It is very clean and well lit. I find at most big box fitness gyms that after a year or so after opening the place starts to have a bit of wear and tear and the janitorial staff starts to slack. I haven't found this to be the case at my home gym in Austin. I also travel a lot for business and have used a number of 24 hour fitness gyms across the United States. Most are very good, well organized and clean.
I haven't done any fitness classes except for a couple of spin classes so I can't really comment on the trainers and the classes themselves but the ones I have seen while I work out always look busy and the instructors seem to know what they are doing.
I mainly use the weights and the treadmills. I never had to wait for a treadmill, even during peak hours. If you do go during a busy period just keep an eye out for the machine you want and when it is available grab it during your workout and then continue your weights after.
The weight gym has lots of equipment and my fellow members have always been nice and willing to spot if need be.
I haven't used the pool yet as swimming isn't my thing. I actually may join their basketball league at my home gym though. It's free and the guys in it look to be my skill level. You can really work up a sweet when playing and I find playing sports much more enjoyable than getting my exercise by running on a treadmill.
Super clean and recently renovated. Newer machines.
I like 24 Hour Fitness compared to other gyms near by because they have everything under one roof. I can swim, weight train and take fitness classes. The change rooms and showers are clean and there is lots of room to get dress. They have plenty of cardio machines so I have never had to wait. There is also lots of parking.
I had a trainer as well for a month. I had initially worked out by myself for 6 months and was not seeing the results. My trainer Dave was very knowledgeable and was able to develop a workout routine that fit me. He showed me how to do the exercises properly so I would maximize the workout. It definitely changed things and now I am loosing weight and looking much more fit.
Trainers are great, Lots of things to do.
I signed up for a 3 year contract about a year ago and I have been using the gym ever since about 3 to 4 times a week. I have lost over 30 pounds and I feel happier, healthier and just love life more. Loosing weight and physical activity is a great way to change your outlook on life.
At the gym I go to they have a pool and lots of fitness machines like treadmills and ellipticals. I always get one when I want. I work out usually mid morning after a group fitness class. I also really like the trainers of the group classes. They are very professional and knowledgeable.
When I lived in the city my condo had a small gym which I used contently. Not the best but it had what I needed for the most part. Well I got married about a year ago and we moved out to the suburbs into a nice house. While I have room in the basement to add a workout room I didn't want to spend the money on the room and buying the weights etc. I looked into bowflex briefly as well but decided against it. I also miss working out with other people as for me it provides motivation.
After gaining a few pounds I figured enough was enough and I joined 24 hour fitness that was somewhat close to my work. It would be better closer to my house but it was the best option in terms of cost, location, equipment, and pool (in order of importance to me). I am glad I did. I usually work out after work and while the gym is busy it is not overly so. I always get the equipment I need during my workout. I have made a number of friends that I exchange tips with and help spot. The free personal trainer session was also nice and I was able to modify my current workout and exercise routine for the better. I am targeting my legs more now which I hadn't before.
While no one really wants to spend money on a gym membership I can't complain about mine. It is not too expensive and it was cheaper than the bowflex financing program I had checked out. I forgot to mention that the fitness classes seem good as well. I haven't done one yet as I rather use a tread mill but I think my wife wants to join and I know she will be interested in the variety of programs that 24 hour fitness offers.
Excellent free weights area. Lots of tread mills.


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text:
HOOVER, Ala. (AP) — It's easier for Alabama to be humble now. The Crimson Tide can thank Clemson for that, at least. There's nothing like a 44-16 drubbing in the national championship game to strip away any feelings of invincibility and self-satisfaction that come from scarcely getting challenged...
HOOVER, Ala. (AP) — Kirby Smart talks about the Georgia taking "that next step." Quarterback Jake Fromm wants the Bulldogs "to get over the hump." In the Southeastern Conference, that step — or hump — is beating Alabama. Georgia has pushed the Crimson Tide to the brink in a Southeastern Conference...
Talented group of QBs hope to give SEC hierarchy a jolt
Alabama's dominance ranks among the most impressive dynasties in college football history. It has also made the Southeastern Conference a bit stale recently as the league's 14 teams gather for their annual media days this week in Hoover, Alabama. This year, though, a group of talented and...
Sankey talks link between sports gambling, mental health
HOOVER, Ala. (AP) — Southeastern Conference Commissioner Greg Sankey considers the mental health of athletes an important issue to be considered when it comes to legalized betting on college sports. Sankey opened the league's media days Monday with plenty to say about sports gambling and continuing...
Gamecocks To Play LSU In Opening Round Of SEC Tourney
COLUMBIA, S.C. -- The University of South Carolina baseball team begins postseason play this Tuesday (May 21) in game four of the 2019 SEC Baseball Tournament at the Hoover Met Stadium in Hoover, Ala. The Gamecocks, the 12th seed in the tourney, face fifth-seeded LSU for the first time this season...
Mike Venditti
ITMOD: Here We Go Again
For four straight years, the Alabama Crimson Tide and the Clemson Tigers have faced off in the College Football Playoff. Three of them, including tonight, for the National Championship. Typically, this would be an annoyance to most sports fans...but this one feels different. It's the Ali vs Frazier...
Tales From The Cockpit: State of Gamecock Nation 2018
Well...that was ugly... Our Gamecocks completely laid an egg in the Belk Bowl and were shut out by the Virginia Cavaliers. It happened, it's over and I promise you that Deebo Samuel wouldn't have made all that much of a difference outside it not being a shutout maybe. Of course, there is a lot to...
Sturg: Just Spot The Ball!
Things I've heard in the last week as Clemson makes their fourth consecutive appearance in the College Football Playoff.... "Clemson wouldn't win nine games in a real conference like the SEC"; "Notre Dame is too big for a conference and therefor too big for Clemson"; "if they played a real schedule...
Gamecocks To The Belk Bowl
The South Carolina Gamecocks wrapped up their regular season this past Saturday, when they defeated the Akron Zips 28-3. The win gave the Gamecocks their 7th win of season, bringing their overall record to 7-5. The conclusion to the regular season means it is bowl season, and the Gamecocks are...
ITMOD Podcast- Episode 24
Ditti reacts to the final CFB Playoff rankings, the asinine conversation that preceded them and quickly previews the two playoff match-ups! Enjoy!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
from typing import List, Sequence, Tuple, cast, Dict, TYPE_CHECKING

import numpy as np

from cirq import value, protocols
from cirq._compat import proper_repr
from cirq.ops import gate_features, common_gates, eigen_gate, pauli_gates
from cirq.ops.clifford_gate import SingleQubitCliffordGate

if TYPE_CHECKING:
    import cirq

pauli_eigen_map = cast(
    Dict[pauli_gates.Pauli, np.ndarray],
    {
        pauli_gates.X: (np.array([[0.5, 0.5], [0.5, 0.5]]), np.array([[0.5, -0.5], [-0.5, 0.5]])),
        pauli_gates.Y: (
            np.array([[0.5, -0.5j], [0.5j, 0.5]]),
            np.array([[0.5, 0.5j], [-0.5j, 0.5]]),
        ),
        pauli_gates.Z: (np.diag([1, 0]), np.diag([0, 1])),
    },
)

@value.value_equality
class PauliInteractionGate(
    eigen_gate.EigenGate, gate_features.InterchangeableQubitsGate, gate_features.TwoQubitGate
):
    """A CZ conjugated by arbitrary single qubit Cliffords."""

    CZ = None  # type: PauliInteractionGate
    CNOT = None  # type: PauliInteractionGate

    def __init__(
        self,
        pauli0: pauli_gates.Pauli,
        invert0: bool,
        pauli1: pauli_gates.Pauli,
        invert1: bool,
        *,
        exponent: value.TParamVal = 1.0,
    ) -> None:
        """
        Args:
            pauli0: The interaction axis for the first qubit.
            invert0: Whether to condition on the +1 or -1 eigenvector of the
                first qubit's interaction axis.
            pauli1: The interaction axis for the second qubit.
            invert1: Whether to condition on the +1 or -1 eigenvector of the
                second qubit's interaction axis.
            exponent: Determines the amount of phasing to apply to the vector
                equal to the tensor product of the two conditions.
        """
        super().__init__(exponent=exponent)
        self.pauli0 = pauli0
        self.invert0 = invert0
        self.pauli1 = pauli1
        self.invert1 = invert1

    def _value_equality_values_(self):
        return (self.pauli0, self.invert0, self.pauli1, self.invert1, self._canonical_exponent)

    def qubit_index_to_equivalence_group_key(self, index: int) -> int:
        if self.pauli0 == self.pauli1 and self.invert0 == self.invert1:
            return 0
        return index

    def _with_exponent(self, exponent: value.TParamVal) -> 'PauliInteractionGate':
        return PauliInteractionGate(
            self.pauli0, self.invert0, self.pauli1, self.invert1, exponent=exponent
        )

    def _eigen_shifts(self) -> List[float]:
        return [0.0, 1.0]

    def _eigen_components(self) -> List[Tuple[float, np.ndarray]]:
        comp1 = np.kron(
            pauli_eigen_map[self.pauli0][not self.invert0],
            pauli_eigen_map[self.pauli1][not self.invert1],
        )
        comp0 = np.eye(4) - comp1
        return [(0, comp0), (1, comp1)]

    def _decompose_(self, qubits: Sequence['cirq.Qid']) -> 'cirq.OP_TREE':
        q0, q1 = qubits
        right_gate0 = SingleQubitCliffordGate.from_single_map(z_to=(self.pauli0, self.invert0))
        right_gate1 = SingleQubitCliffordGate.from_single_map(z_to=(self.pauli1, self.invert1))

        left_gate0 = right_gate0 ** -1
        left_gate1 = right_gate1 ** -1
        yield left_gate0(q0)
        yield left_gate1(q1)
        yield common_gates.CZ(q0, q1) ** self._exponent
        yield right_gate0(q0)
        yield right_gate1(q1)

    def _circuit_diagram_info_(
        self, args: 'cirq.CircuitDiagramInfoArgs'
    ) -> 'cirq.CircuitDiagramInfo':
        labels: Dict['cirq.Pauli', str] = {
            pauli_gates.X: 'X',
            pauli_gates.Y: 'Y',
            pauli_gates.Z: '@',
        }
        l0 = labels[self.pauli0]
        l1 = labels[self.pauli1]
        # Add brackets around letter if inverted
        l0 = f'(-{l0})' if self.invert0 else l0
        l1 = f'(-{l1})' if self.invert1 else l1
        return protocols.CircuitDiagramInfo(
            wire_symbols=(l0, l1), exponent=self._diagram_exponent(args)
        )

    def __repr__(self) -> str:
        base = (
            f'cirq.PauliInteractionGate({self.pauli0!r}, {self.invert0!s}, '
            f'{self.pauli1!r}, {self.invert1!s})'
        )
        if self._exponent == 1:
            return base
        return f'({base}**{proper_repr(self._exponent)})'

PauliInteractionGate.CZ = PauliInteractionGate(pauli_gates.Z, False, pauli_gates.Z, False)
PauliInteractionGate.CNOT = PauliInteractionGate(pauli_gates.Z, False, pauli_gates.X, False)


Prepare and practice – Our self-confidence often suffers when we are inadequately prepared. Eliminate this by doing your research prior to big meetings, presentations, etc., and don't forget to practice. The more you rehearse, the more confident you will feel in any situation.
Express yourself through body languages – First impressions happen quickly and often before you even say a word. Make sure your body language emits self-confidence by sitting upright with your chin up, standing straight, using direct eye contact, shaking hands firmly, using open gestures with your body and arms, and being generous with your smile.
Speak with a deliberate voice – Just as with your body language, make sure your voice gives an impression of self-confidence as well. Don't use a weak, unsure or timid voice. Don't mumble. Speak with a strong and passionate voice. Engage others in conversation, and participate yourself in meetings and get-togethers.
Promote positive self-talk; eliminate negative self-talk – You become what you think about all day long. Your inner dialogue is how you are programming yourself to think. Give yourself respect. Be honest and truthful, but also cut yourself some slack. Create a self-fulfilling prophecy by thinking about yourself as who you want to become.
Do not be controlled by what others think about you – Listen to other's opinions of you, consider any lessons, and then move on. Never allow your source of self-confidence to come from someone else.
Listen to your own advice – Talk to yourself the way you would a close friend who asks you for advice. Apply the same wisdom you would give to others to your own feelings, thoughts, and situations.
Be a good actor – You've heard the saying before: fake it till you make it. It's true advice. Once you know how you wish to be, then act out that image. We change through repetitive acting and "pretending" to be who we want to become until we truly become it.
Seek out a mentor – Find someone whose self-confidence you admire, and observe their actions. Learn their behavior and copy it in your own interactions and self-talk.
Do something risky - Step outside of your comfort zone and take on something you would typically avoid; afterwards, look for any lessons, and then try again.
Don't fear failure – Never see failure as final. Use any failures merely as stepping stones in progress. People who fail the most are often those who achieve the most.
Create an affirmation file – Save memorabilia that gives you reassuring, positive feelings; such as, emails, letters, texts, performance reviews, etc. Visit the affirmation file during low moments. And don't downplay any compliments you receive, accept them graciously and allow yourself to feel affirmation.
Record your accomplishments each day – List your accomplishments each day in a journal. Review the journal periodically. You'll be surprised at how much you've achieved, and how it can change the way it makes you feel about yourself.
Live in your present moments – Resist living in the past or the future. Focus on the only state that matters – the here and now. Doing so can increase your sense of control and make you feel empowered.
Avoid being around people who are toxic – Who you surround yourself with can greatly affect the way you feel about yourself. Eliminate those who put you down, are constantly critical, or overall behave destructively. Replace them with people who encourage and support you.
Neal Whitten: Neal is a frequent presenter and keynote speaker at conferences, seminars, workshops, and special events. He has developed and instructed dozens of unique leadership, project management and personal development classes, and presented to many thousands of people from across hundreds of companies, institutions and public organizations. He has written over 100 articles for professional magazines and had been a contributing editor of PMI's PM Network® magazine for over 15 years.


The Intern/Admin Associate assists with general office, HR, IT, Accounting and Marketing activities as determined and directed by the Executive Administrator.
The Intern/Admin Associate will be responsible for assisting the staff with general office duties including, but not limited to, Office organization, research, data entry, filing and general coordination.
– Answer in bound phone calls as back up to front reception.
– Maintain company supplies and inventory.
– Maintain front coffee station with full stock.
– Maintain snacks bins and kitchen area storage.
– Assist with opening or closing of the SHED, Zone and lobby.
– Create files and maintain files.
– Assist in managing the flow of paperwork.
– Keep drink coolers stocked and orderly.
– Assist and facilitate staff as necessary – whenever and however needed.
– Assist with creative matters including marketing material preparation when needed.
– Assist with other departments as needed.
– Run errands outside the office for the company when needed.
– High degree of organizational skill and problem-solving ability; specifically, the ability to work as self -starter – especially as it relates to calling on resources outside the firm.
– Resourcefulness in finding information and answers from within and outside the company without prompting or micromanagement; a "consummate" self -starter.
– Respect for details; ability to execute accurately at a high level without excess supervision.
– Ability to prioritize/execute to achieve desired company and project goals with prudence and sense of urgency.
– Articulate communication skills – verbal, pictorial and numerical.
– Excellent telephone etiquette, communication and organizational skills, as well as excellent written and verbal communication skills.
– Desire to learn and grow professionally grow.
– General computer skills including Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint and Project.
– Desire to invest your passion and commitment to a vision you feel you can embrace and contribute to the growth of the company and its success.
– A willingness and flexibility to do "whatever it takes" for "whoever needs it" foster the growth and success of the business.
– Ability to embrace and live the company's Core Integrity.
– High degree of confidentiality.


The Bareket observatory in Israel is glad to announce about a spectacular FREE Meteor observing & detection webcast, available anywhere in the world with an internet connection.
The Perseid meteor shower, which will take a place at the night of August 11th and 12th, 2016.
This webcast will be available for all the interested with no charge, in order to continue and develop the interest of youth and adults in astronomy and science, all over the world.
All is needed is to log into the observatory's website from a personal computer, using a simple internet browser in order to have the opportunity to watch a real celestial wonder. The Perseid meteor shower multi-viewer broadcast will be captured with a super high sensitivity CCD camera that is about 100X more sensitive than the human eye.
The camera and its special wide lens optical system will be located at the top of Bareket observatory's dome in Israel, where it will be possible to watch the meteor shower in the most optimal way and with ease, through the internet.
This unique system will enable the viewer to watch the meteor shower without even leaving home, school or the office – in the middle of the U.S day light time ! Perseid Meteor Live shower voyage !!!
An increase in the number of meteors at a particular time of year is called a meteor shower.
Comets shed debris in space, which become in time a cloud of particles. When the Earth enters this cloud - we can observe a meteor shower.
As comets orbit the Sun, the meteors shed a dusty debris stream along the comet's orbit. If Earth travels through this dusty stream, we could watch a meteor shower.
Depending on where Earth and the stream meet, meteors appear to fall from a particular place in the sky, at the area of a specific constellation.
This is a region in the sky astronomers call - the radiant.
We expect to see at least 60 meteors in 1 our, though the optimists talk about 120 per hour, or more.
The high sensitivity camera and special lens will be able to expose the viewer to much fainter meteors than will be possibly detect with the unaided eye.
It is very possible that the optimistic scenario will be doubled and even tripled with the assistance of the observatory's special system.
It is highly recommended to sketch the meteors and send your finding to the IMO (international meteors organization).
This is your opportunity to be a part of real astronomical science – without leaving your couch !


More and more these days we're getting asked "When are you due?" It is, of course, a perfectly natural question and in particular for Nai, with the bump getting more and more out there, I'm not surprised it's one of the first questions asked.
But in reality, the BB can come any time. Pretty much any time around 3 weeks either side from the 'guess date' of Feb 27th is pretty normal. Even outside of that 6 week span isn't exactly abnormal either, although they don't like it getting any later than that. Naomi has taken to saying she's due "Late Feb" and I suppose that'll change to "Any day now" as it gets closer. But don't worry - we'll keep you posted.


History books are full of stories of the wealthy, the powerful, and the influential—the insiders. History has also taught us influence easily captured can be easily lost. Insiders can become outsiders and outsiders can be absorbed into the ranks of the insiders. Indiana's insiders are often referred to as Hoosiers and were typically White Protestants at the beginning of statehood. History, and this tour, illustrate the shifts in this conception over time. Throughout history, various groups of outsiders have settled in Indiana. These groups of outsiders were often those who held little power or influence in society, were subject to discriminatory practices and disparate conditions, or represented a small percentage of the state's constituency.
This tour of Indiana's outsiders begins in the early 1800s and continues into the 1940s. Throughout these years, you will see spaces built or touched by the diverse ethnic groups that have called Indiana home. The stops on this tour include a state park that was once the site of a great Pan-Indian confederacy, a canal built by hardworking Irish immigrants, a school for immigrant children, and a Mexican community centered around the steel industry in Northwest Indiana. Against the backdrop of community building, the stops also share stories of persecution, including an African American race riot and the discrimination faced by Jewish and German immigrants at home and abroad.
Outsider communities in Indiana shared kinship and support, often against a backdrop of prejudice, inequity, and alienation. Indiana has been home to varied groups of people— including Native Americans, Germans, Irish, African Americans, Jews, and Mexicans. These communities were full of diversity in language, customs, and culture with complex histories of immigration, migration, and ethnicity. Indiana's bicentennial gives us the opportunity to look at Indiana history as a story of insiders and outsiders. Who are the insiders and outsiders in Indiana today?


Having a packed and full BJJ or martial art academy is often a challenging task to achieve. Hence, that's why there are plenty of such academies which have very few students and fail. Therefore, we decided to select the most important tips for building a successful BJJ or martial art academy.
There are several tips which can have a major impact on the success of an academy. We all know how important it is to have a high student count and retention rate. The members are crucial for the growth of an academy as they pay the bills. So, it's essential you know the ways and methods on how to maintain and even grow the student count.
Instead of wondering what keeps an academy open and what gets students in the door, read the following list of tips.
Having a good structure, as well as procedure and protocols, is crucial for the growth. The BJJ or martial arts students, especially the most affluent ones, value structure and good organization. So, this means that a successful academy should have an organized program and forget about teaching YouTube learned techniques. Likewise, each part of the learning process should be organized and well-structured.
This is quite an easy and important tip. In fact, this means that all you should focus on the classes in your academy is to teach students what they came for. So, if it's a Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu class, simply teach them interesting techniques. Never try to mix things up. For instance, don't even try to combine Krav, Cardio Classes, and Crossfit with BJJ. If you do so, it will be the easiest way to lose students. Remember that your job is to make students happy and teach them what they came for.
The sense of community is necessary for the students to have and it gives them a feeling of belonging and that they matter to one another and to the group. Thus, this is a very important aspect to consider, no matter the size of your academy. Even the smallest academies need a strong sense of community. One way to do so is to include the parents or siblings of your students to the class. By doing so, your students will feel more secure and confident.
Growing the academy stronger and more successful should be your main objective. In order to do so, there are certain principles and rules you should bear in mind. Hence, changing the techniques and making each class interesting and fun will never bore your students. This means that you should adapt your teaching and methods to new approaches and techniques. Likewise, being an enthusiastic and interesting instructor will help you in the way of achieving your aims. Stop staying the same phrases over and over again. Instead, be energetic, fun, and keep the atmosphere high.
Do you use any of these techniques to grow your BJJ or martial art academy? What other methods help you in retaining more students?


Building and publishing a website is very easy and can be done within minutes. If you are blogger using a free blogging platform like blogger or WordPress. Then, this article would be of immense help to you.
Buying the domain name and hosting account.
The first major task of building a website is choosing your domain name. Domain name is like a foundation for a home. Half the battle is won when we choose the right domain name.
The domain name should be easily memorable: This helps in getting word-of-mouth website traffic.
The domain name should be short and not more than 15 letters: The longer your domain name, greater it will be prone to typo errors.
It should not have repeating letters.
It should relate to your website niche.
The domain name should be unique.
Now that when you have decided upon the domain name (taking the above five factors into consideration). The next step is to buy your domain name and hosting account.
To buy your domain name head over to FatCow Hosting (discounted link), where you can get a 12 month hosting with a free domain name for $45.
Now, after heading over to the above mentioned link of FatCow hosting choose the sign-up option.
After choosing the sign-up option you will be re-directed to select your domain name. In this step choose the option to register a new domain name and type in the domain name you want.
Now if your domain name is available, you will be able to see the sign-up page, where you will be asked to fill up your contact and payment information.
There is no difference between the above three plans other than plan-duration and per-month cost. Choose the plan which you can afford.
The next thing you need to understand in the purchase information is Domain Privacy. Generally according to ICANN rules when you buy a domain name your contact information will be publicly accessible.
If you don't want your contact information to be accessible to public then you can choose this domain privacy option which costs you around $9.99/year.
The next section is Website Essentials, don't check anything here since these are unnecessary. Remove the check mark for any option checked in this section.
After completing the above steps, now choose the check out option and complete the payment process.
Congratulations, now you have got your own domain name and hosting account through FatCow.


Expresso is a puzzle game about the manipulation of expressions. The player is presented with a limited set of elements and machines. Each element represents an expression and may contain any combination of positive or negative whole numbers and variables. The machines provided to the player represent the arithmetic operators. Each machine may require one or two elements to be placed on the machine's platforms before it can be operated. Players use the machines to manipulate the elements into the goal state and in a specific format. The goal state is represented as a mathematical expression, and the format of the goal state is restricted by the number of answer balls the player is required to fill.
Early levels of the game require the player to manipulate a small number of elements with only one or two machines to create simple expressions. As the game progresses, new mathematical concepts and techniques are introduced and practiced. In later levels, the goal states become more complex and require creative manipulations of the elements. This challenging problem-solving environment requires the player to explore the meaning of each operator and the rules governing the order of operations.


thank you for posting that, I've read it several times and am trying to explain what I want to say, so will jot something down and give it a go with an example.
Hi Brian, apologies for the tardy response, please don;t think it is indicative of how important your contribution to my blog is. In true anxiety style I have been putting off responding to people on here for fear of not "getting it right"
Your example makes perfect sense, and it's so great to hear that you have identified the barrier for you and been able to put a coping mechanism in place to help you deal with it. I'm so pleased that doing so has enabled you to have some nights out that you may otherwise have missed. I hope you realised what a huge accomplishment this whole example is.
I know that feeling of putting off an answer, I seem to have done that here although I did send back that quick reply.
Breathing has been a key thing to me and has reduced a lot of the anxiety and stress out of situations, although this morning I thought it might be best to scribble this down as breathing exercises alone are not helping this morning.
I have started writing some of the mindfulness experiences down, but sometimes trying to explain something makes the brain go round in circles when you are trying to express a concept and I've had to rewrite some bits to make sense, I will continue to get something down and maybe I can send it over and you can have a read and put it up here for others to see.


text:
Mohave Valley, AZ: Mohave Valley Fire Department will be having Remembrance Ceremony for 9/11 at all their fire stations during the morning today.
By: Zachary Lopez (ZachNews)
Source: Mohave Valley Fire Department (Information)
Mohave Valley, Arizona: The Mohave Valley Fire Department will be having Remembrance Ceremony for 9/11 at all their fire stations on Sunday, September 11th, 2022.
The community is invited to participate and come together as we all remember the lives taken away 21 years ago during the terrorist attacks.
Remembrance Ceremony Schedule:
At 6:45 a.m.: Apparatus and firefighters from the Mohave Valley Fire Department will assemble.
At 6:55 a.m.: Raise the Colors will occur.
Staff will raise the colors and maintain silence (or hold Colors in person).
At 6:59 a.m.: Moment of remembrance will occur.
Our dispatch or fire personnel will issue an APB followed by four sets of five bells.
All participants will maintain one minute of complete silence after the last bell rung.
All of these events will occur at all of their fire stations.
Mohave Valley Fire Department Stations:
• Fire Station #81
1451 Willow Drive
West of Arizona State Route 95
Mohave Valley, Arizona
1395 Levee Way
Near Plantation Way
(Avi Casino)
10084 Aha Macave Pkwy.
ZachNews plans to attend the remembrance ceremony at Fire Station #81, and will record or broadcast live the remembrance ceremony at ZachNews on Facebook.
https://www.facebook.com/ZachNews
For more information, please call the Mohave Valley Fire Department at: 928-768-9113.
On Tuesday, September 11th, 2001, terrorists from the terrorist group Al-Qaeda hijacked several planes and crashed two hijacked planes into the World Trade Center in New York City, New York and crashed another hijacked plane the Pentagon in Washington, District of Columbia.
Approximately 2,974 people were killed in total during the terrorist attacks; including 2,750 civilians and approximately 400 police officers and firefighters were killed when the Twin Towers at the World Trade Center collapsed; and approximately 184 people killed at the Pentagon in Washington, District of Columbia, including approximately 55 military personnel.
Terrorists also hijacked another plane, United Airlines Flight 93, to use on another attack, but their evil plans were prevented as brave men and women passengers and crew members fought the terrorist hijackers and prevented another terrorist attack.
United Airlines Flight 93 crashed into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania killing all 40 people were killed aboard, passengers and crew members, on board the passenger plane.
May we all never forget the lives taken away and the heroes to helped to save lives during the terrorist attacks on 9/11, and may we always give thanks to all our emergency responders (firefighters, paramedics, law enforcement, emergency volunteer) and our military who are protecting lives and going after evil terrorists.
Previous Barstow, CA: United States Veterans Support Group hosted a Remembrance Day Commemoration Ceremony for 9/11 during the morning last Saturday at Mountain View Memorial Park.
Next Colorado River Tristate: Mohave Valley Fire Department held morning remembrance ceremonies at all their fire stations to remember 9/11.


text:
» Rotatory Power
Action Upon Maltose
Last Updated on Tue, 03 Oct 2017	| Rotatory Power
So recently as 1872 Mr. O'Sullivan* directed attention to the nature of the sugar formed when malt extract is made to act upon gelatinized starch, and his experiments conclusively established the existence of a new sugar, previously, however, pointed out by Dubrunfaut, which is now known as maltose. In composition it agrees with cane sugar, but differs from it in having a specific rotatory power of 150°, and in forming dextrose and not invert sugar when boiled with acids or otherwise hydrated. It also differs in its reducing action upon oxide of copper from either cane sugar or dextrose, for the former has no reducing action upon cupric oxide, while maltose reduces only 61 to 63% of the amount reduced by the same weight of dextrose. Messrs. Brown and Heron have shown that a solution of malt is not able to convert maltose into dextrose, and that it is quite without
*. Journ. Chem. Soc 1872, p. 579. t. Jour. Chem. Soc. 1879. Trans., p. 621.
action upon it. The following experiments will, however, show that the solution of koji possesses the property of hydrating maltose and converting it into dextrose. This will be rendered evident by the change which the solution of maltose undergoes under the influence of koji extract both as regards the weight of oxide of copper reduced by a given weight of the solid, and as regards the specific rotatory power of the product.
The maltose employed was obtained from ame, a kind of sweetmeat prepared by the action of malt in solution upon the starch contained in millet or in rice. Various specimens of ame contained from 68 to 94% maltose, which was separated according to the process described by O'Sullivan*. The specimens employed were in the crystalline state, and contained water sufficient to reduce the specific rotatory power from 150° to 144.5°.
Table 14: Action of Koji on Maltose
Solids in 500 cc after deducting koji
Rotation after deducting koji
Specific rot. power of maltose prods.
5.8 div.
124.2°
The specific rotatory power therefore, fell from 144.5° to 77.6° in 2 hours, and would doubtless have fallen to 59° if the solution had not been used up after 2 hours. The action may be represented in the form of a curve using time and specific rotatory power as abscisse and ordinates respectively (See Figure 3).
The curve shows very clearly how regular the action is, and leaves no doubt about the power of extract of koji to effect the hydration of maltose. It is especially important to establish this, because this property marks in the sharpest manner the difference between malt extract and koji extract. Brown and Heron's experiments leave no doubt about the inability of malt extract to convert maltose into dextrose, and these experiments, I think, establish conclusively the ability of koji extract to do this.
The Complete Grape Growing System
Fermentation of the Mash - Rotatory Power
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Lead generation with social media is an effective way to get business leads for your MLM or Network Marketing business. Seemingly every person around the globe is on some platform of Social Media… and that is a GREAT thing!
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The important thing to remeber when implementing your lead generation with social media, is that you don't use the Social Media platforms to spam your opportunity or products. People are on Social Media to be social… not to get sold to. Many business owners that I coach started out just plastering the name of their company and website link all over the place thinking that prospects were just going to click and join. That doesn't happen!
So how do you get Social Media leads then? Well in the video below, I share with you how how I turned my Social Media into a lead generating machine, and how you can too!
Watch the video now to learn all about lead generation with Social Media, and how you can use Social Media for lead generation to attract prospects who are interested in what you have to offer!
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Chinese activist site Greatfire.org which masks censored traffic into the country is under a sustained distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack that is racking up $30,000 a day in server costs.
The website masks internet traffic from websites including Facebook and Google, so it can be seen in China, and does so using cloudy servers. Attempts by Beijing to take down access to those content providers would incur an unpalatable amount of collateral damage, the activists contend.
Website admin Charlie Smith says the DDoS attack is delivering 2.6 billion requests an hour.
"We are under attack and we need help," Smith says.
"This kind of attack is aggressive and is an exhibition of censorship by brute force.
"Attackers resort to tactics like this when they are left with no other options."
Amazon has not yet said if it would waive the extra costs. The Register has contacted the company for comment.
Smith says the website's first-ever DDoS attack is likely prompted by a Wall Street Journal story published Wednesday (regwalled).
The DDoS is a 2500 increase on normal traffic levels and is slamming all GreatFire website mirrors of websites blocked on the mainland.
Beijing has stepped up pressure on the website in recent months, the activists say. The Cyberspace Administration of China labelled GreatFire a foreign "anti-China website" and has pushed its unspecified technology partners to cut ties, GreatFire alleges.
The site has upgraded to faster servers to handle the traffic influx but Smith fears it could sink if the attacks increase.
Smith is asking DDoS boffins to offer advice on mitigating the attacks.
The attacks are the latest GreatFire alleges to be the handiwork of Beijing. In November the activists said authorities used DNS poisoning against its content delivery network EdgeCast which caused mass outages and service interruptions.


Most of us are on the go from sun up to sun down. Our to-do lists are out of control. We work, have families to take care of, friends we try to make time for, errands to run and all the while the laundry and dishes are piling up. The never-ending struggle to find the time to get everything done is a balancing act we think we've perfected, until we catch a cold, wake up with a kink in our neck, or find ourselves falling asleep during an important meeting. A lack of self-care is our biggest mistake. Putting others needs before our own is a slippery slope, one that inevitably leads to sacrificing our own health due to an influx in stress levels.
And scientists have made an alarming discovery; stress is the leading cause of physical and mental illness. Anxiety, high blood pressure, depression, migraines, heart conditions, diabetes and even skin conditions have been linked to stress disorders. The science has been done and the verdict is in –it's time to start taking care of yourself, your quality of life depends on it.
So, now you know the facts, but how do you actually go about making yourself priority number one? Sometimes it's easier said than done. Chances are you've been on the hamster wheel so long you're not exactly sure how to get off. If you've spent the better part of your life taking care of other people and constantly putting tasks before yourself, then you might have a difficult time even comprehending the concept of self-care. To put it plain and simple, self-care is the act of making time for yourself. This idea can be wholly overwhelming at first, but once you get the hang of it, you can easily incorporate it into your everyday life.
Just like filling your car's tank with gas or taking it in for an oil change, you too have to service your vehicle—your body and mind. Here are the five basic areas of general maintenance when it comes to leading a healthier and happier life.
Food is the most overlooked part of self-care. How often do we wave off lunch because we're just too busy? Or grab fast food instead of making nutritious meals? We all are aware that we're supposed to eat three meals a day (plus snacks!) but how often do we skip one (or two)? A simple goal is to promise to eat something for each meal, even if it is just an apple or granola bar.
Who has the time? You might ask, but exercise is a vital ingredient to living longer and having a higher quality of life. Thirty minutes a day should be your minimum! Stop working through your lunches. Take the time to go for a walk outside, bring food with you, and practice some deep breathing. These quick walks can help combat feelings of disenchantment, pessimism and even counter chronic health problems.
Yes, you can get eight hours of sleep a night. It might feel like that's impossible, but a proper amount of sleep will help you think clearer, stay focused, and retain more information. A new study shows people who sleep with their phones in their bedrooms will get less sleep, not only because they stay up surfing their Facebook feeds, but because they are more likely to wake up by text messages and notifications. Put the phone away and you might just notice you start sleeping better.
Sure, we all have the tendency to procrastinate, especially when we aren't feeling well. It's so common to go to work sick, push through a headache to finish the chores, or pretend everything is okay when you're struggling with life. Seeking medical attention when you need help is the utmost in physical care. Putting off going to the doctor may only exacerbate the situation and, something that might have been easy to take care of, may become more complicated to treat.
A massage. Brownie after dinner. Bubble baths. Take the time to indulge in what makes you happy. It truly is the small things in life that make the difference when it comes to self-care and finding five minutes to try on new lipsticks or half an hour to get a blowout can really change how you face challenges.
At the end of the day, you are the captain of your ship. You are steering the boat. In order to make sure you can weather the storms ahead and keep your crew safe, you must take care of the vessel in today. Take the time to make yourself priority number one, not only for your sake, but for the ones you love, the ones who depend on you. We will leave you with this amazing quote by Parker Palmer and hope you are inspired to do something nice for yourself.
Older PostThe Summer Of You!


text:
Das Sacellum (Salzburg) ist das erste Gebäude, das für die 1622 eröffnete Universität Salzburg errichtet wurde. Das römisch-katholische Kirchlein ist dem heiligen Karl Borromäus geweiht. Es liegt heute an der Ecke Hofstallgasse/Herbert-von-Karajan-Platz.

Geschichte
Die Grundsteinlegung erfolgte am 14. Mai 1618 durch den damaligen Dompropst Paris von Lodron. Bei der Errichtung der Kirche wurden Überreste von römischem Gemäuer sowie viele Münzen aus der Zeit von Juvavum gefunden. Mit der Entscheidung, das Studiengebäude mit einem Kirchenbau zu beginnen, war die Hoffnung auf Gottes Segen für das Unternehmen verbunden. Die Kirche wurde für die Universität bald zu klein und sie wurde als Universitätskirche von der von Fischer von Erlach ab 1696 erbauten und 1707 eingeweihten Kollegienkirche abgelöst. Ab 1696 wurde das Sacellum von verschiedenen Bruderschaften genutzt, die auch für die weitere Ausgestaltung der Kirche sorgten. Der Innenraum der Kirche wurde 2022 renoviert.

Heute dient die Kirche für katholische Gottesdienste von Katholischen Hochschulgemeinde, des Akademikerverbands und von Theologiestudenten. Jeden zweiten Sonntag des Monats ist sie für allgemein gehaltene Messen des Katholischen Akademikerverbands öffentlich zugänglich.

Baulichkeit
Die Kirche bildet die Nordwestecke des Studiengebäudes der alten Universität. Auf der Westseite befinden sich fünf hohe rechteckigen Erdgeschossfenster mit einem Kranzgesims und mit einer blinden Rundbogenlünette; darüber befinden sich breitovale Fenster mit glatter Rahmung. Auf der Südwestseite gegen die Hofstallgasse befindet sich das Portal zum Sacellum; dieses besitzt eine Marmorrahmung mit seitlichen Streifen und mit Rosetten in den oberen Ecken sowie einer Inschrifttafel unter einem ausladenden Sturz. Darüber befindet sich ein von Voluten gerahmter und von doppelt eingerollten Segmentbogen bekrönter Aufsatz mit einer Fülltafel; im Feld befindet sich ein gerahmtes Ovalbild, das die Madonna mit Engeln darstellt. Die Aufschrift lautet: "UniversitätsSaceLLum, der deutschen Congregation Ao. 1696 verliehen, von ihr verziert und durch Feyerung des 1. jubiläums am 3. April 1796 verherrlichet."

Über dem Sacellum befindet sich ein achtseitiger blechverkleideter Dachreiter mit Schallfenstern, Spitzdach, Knauf und Kreuz.

Innenausstattung
Das Innere der Kirche besteht aus einem rechteckigen Raum mit einem fünfjochigen Kreuzgratgewölbe. Eine Seitenkapelle und eine Sakristei ergänzen den Sakralbau.

Als die Bruderschaften das Sacellum übernommen hatten, wurde die Kirche 1663 mit einem Scheingewölbe versehen; die Stichkappen sind aus Holz, Schilfmatten und Putz konstruiert. In den ovalen Medaillons auf der Decke sind die Fünfzehn Geheimnisse des Rosenkranzes dargestellt. Vorbilder der Medaillons waren Kupferstiche von Gemälden von Peter Paul Rubens, Paolo Veronese, Daniel van den Dyck oder Hans von Aachen, die in Sammlungen von St. Peter und der Universitätsbibliothek zu finden sind. Die vermutlich gleichzeitig gemalten Wandgemälde mit dem Thema der Passion Christi sind Werke von Stephan Kessler aus Brixen.

Der Hochaltar aus Adneter und Untersberger Marmor ist ein Werk der Brüder Wolfgang und Johann Baptist Hagenauer aus den Jahren 1766 bis 1768. Er wurde von P. Placidus Scharl, Seelsorger und Dramaturg am Universitätstheater, initiiert. Er stellt die Gottesmutter Maria mit einem Strahlenkranz auf der Weltkugel, um die sich eine Schlange windet, dar. Ein prächtiger Baldachin rahmt die Gottesmutter ein. Die barocke Marienfigur ist nicht die originale, die vermutlich während der Napoleonischen Kriege abhandengekommen ist, sondern wurde im 20. Jahrhundert aus der Pfarrkirche Siezenheim hierher gebracht. Auf der linken Seite des Altars steht eine gefasste Holzskulptur des Karl Borromäus, Cousin der Salzburger Erzbischöfe Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau und Markus Sittikus, und auf der rechten die des Benedikt von Nursia, beide Patrone der Salzburger Universität. Unterhalb der beiden Heiligen zeigen zwei vergoldete Bleireliefs bedeutende Ereignisse aus dem Leben der Heiligen, die Pflege von Pestkranken bei Karl Borromäus und den Empfang des Ostgotenkönigs Totila bei Benedikt von Nursia. Dieser Altar wurde von Erzbischof Sigismund von Schrattenbach gestiftet und eingeweiht; sein Herz ist vor der Altarmensa unter einer ovalen Steinplatte beigesetzt.

Der rechte Seitenaltar zeigt den hl. Florian, rechts und links befinden sich Assistenzfiguren des Johannes Nepomuk und des Antonius von Padua. Auf der Rückseite des Seitenaltars findet sich die Inschrift "Johann Anton Kaufmann hat mit seiner Ehefrau Maria Cordula diesen Altar im Jahr 1730 errichtet." Der Salzburger Händler Johann Anton Kaufmann war der Neffe des Johann Kaufmann, der 1680 als Handelsgehilfe ein verloren geglaubtes Schiff voll kostbarer Gewürze und Pfeffer gekauft hat. Nachdem dieser seinen Namenspatron Antonius um Hilfe gebeten hatte, lief das vermisste Schiff wohlbehalten in Venedig ein; dies führte zu dem großen Reichtum des Johann Kaufmann, der mit dem Geld u. a. 1684 das Schloss Söllheim erwarb und in Söllheim die Antoniuskapelle errichten ließ.

Der linke Seitenaltar (um 1750) zeigt den Kirchenlehrer Thomas von Aquin; dies ist ein Hinweis auf die theologische Ausbildung an der Universität Salzburg. Das Altarbild zeigt eine Szene aus der Heiligenlegende: Nachdem Thomas mit einem brennenden Holzscheit eine Prostituierte vertrieben hatte, die ihn verführen sollte, erscheinen ihm im Traum zwei Engel. Diese legen einen Strick mit fünfzehn Knoten um ihn. Die Mitglieder der seit 1653 an der Universität Salzburg etablierten Bruderschaft des hl. Thomas von Aquin trugen einen ebensolchen Strick als Gürtel; die fünfzehn Knoten sollten die Studenten daran erinnern, täglich fünfzehn "Ave Maria" zur Bewahrung ihrer Keuschheit zu beten.

Der rotweiß konturierte Marmor der Chorschranke stammt vom Schwarzensee bei St. Wolfgang.

Das ehemalige Oratorium gehört zu den Räumen der Universitätsbibliothek und bietet einen Blick in diesen für Salzburg und seine Universität bedeutsamen Raum.

Sitzgruft
Nach dem Dreißigjährigen Krieg lässt P. Alphons Stadlmayr OSB, 1652–1673 Rektor der Universität, das Sacellum im Zusammenhang mit dem Bau des Universität-Südflügels umbauen und eine Gruft mit zwölf Grabkammern einrichten. Die Neuweihe der Kirche erfolgt 1663. Diese Sitzgruft ist eine europaweit einzigartige Besonderheit. Sie befindet sich unter einer Bodenplatte im vorderen Drittel der Kirche. Ab 1664 wurden hier, auf gemauerten Bänken in einzelnen Grabkammern, zwölf Professoren mit Blick zum Hochaltar sitzend bestattet. Die in ihren Ornat gekleideten Professoren der Universität Salzburg sitzen auf 60 cm breiten Sitzflächen. Ein Stützbalken zwischen Brust und Mauerwerk sollte die Toten in Sitzhaltung fixieren. Es sind hier folgende Professoren begraben:
 P. Marian Schwab OSB († 11.6.1664)
 Christoph Bluemblacher († 2.11.1674)
 P. Volpert Motzel OSB († 4.4.1679)
 P. Otto Guzinger OSB († 13.10.1679)
 P. Cölestin Hainz OSB († 18.10.1681)
 P. Joachim Morsack OSB(† 26.3.1686)
 Rupert Streicher († 5.3.1687)
 Ernst Friedrich von Someting († 7.9.1697)
 P. Leonhard Fessenmayr OSB († 23.3.1700)
 P. Otto Aicher OSB († 18.1.1705)
 Johann Georg von Tach († 29.9.1709)
 Joseph Adam Ayblinger(† 21.12.1722)
Zusätzlich befindet sich hier der bemalte Sarg von Joseph Hermenegild Herberger († 22.2.1775). Durch eine später eingemauerte Trennwand sind die in einem schlechten Zustand sich befindende Leichenreste nicht mehr sichtbar.

1722 wurde mit dem weltlichen Rechtsprofessor Joseph Adam Ayblinger der letzte Tote in der Sitzgruft beigesetzt. Ab dem frühen 18. Jahrhundert wurden die Professoren dann in der Kolumbariengruft in der neuen Kollegienkirche bestattet. Im Sakralraum gibt es noch Erdgräber für
 Wolfgang Braumiller, † 2.3.1683, Universitätspedell, Schauspielstar
 Johann Balthasar Braun, † 4.11.1688, Professor der Institutionen, Pandekten und des Codex
 Dietmar Anton Martin Freiherr von Schifer, † 27.2.1694 Student
 Joseph Bernhard Gletle, † 27.7.1696, Professor der Pandekten und des Codex

Orgel
Die jetzige Orgel wurde 1866 von Johann Nepomuk Carl Mauracher errichtet. Das zuvor vorhandene Positiv wurde von Mauracher ausgebaut und der Kirche in Astätt übergeben; am 15. Jänner 1868 erhielt er dafür 140 Gulden. Die Orgel wurde 1972 durch Hermann Oettl (Salzburg) umgebaut, dabei wurde die originale Balganlage durch einen Laden-Schwimmerbalg aus Pressspan ersetzt, das Pedal mittels neuer Lade und Klaviatur im Umfang erweitert.

Literatur
 Hedwig Kainberger: Ein unscheinbares Kirchlein birgt die Keimzelle der Universität. In Salzburger Nachrichten: Wissensräume. 400 Jahre Paris Lodron Universität Salzburg.  Salzburg 2021, S. 18–20.
 Christoph Brandhuber: Gymnasium mortis. Das Sacellum der Universität Salzburg und seine Sitzgruft. (Hrsg. von Ursula Schachl-Raber). Müry Salzmann, Salzburg 2014.

Weblinks

 Universitätsgebäude, abgerufen am 21. April 2022.
 Ein Sitzplatz für die Ewigkeit: Das Sacellum der Universität Salzburg. August 2021, Bundesdenkmalamt, Denkmal des Monats, abgerufen am 21. April 2022.
 Benediktineruniversität Salzburg, abgerufen am 21. April 2022.
 Anna Boschner: Schattenorte - Leichen im Keller der Universität: Warum zwölf Salzburger Professoren im Sitzen bestattet wurden vom 9. Jänner 2022, abgerufen am 25. April 2022.

Einzelnachweise

Salzburger Altstadt (links)
Kirchengebäude in Salzburg
Erbaut in den 1620er Jahren
Karl-Borromäus-Kirche
Disposition einer Orgel
Unbewegliches Denkmal unter Denkmalschutz im Land Salzburg
Historisches Zentrum der Stadt Salzburg

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Spearhead policies that put taxpayers first.
- Implement a gift ban.
- Hold our regulatory bodies accountable to be responsive and timely.
- Identify and transition duplicative operations.
spark our children to succeed.
for the jobs of the future.
- Fund our schools to ensure quality education and safety.
- Allow school districts to use other sources of revenue (i.e. sales, mercantile, income, parking, hotel taxes) to help fund their budgets to shift away from property taxes.
- Protect the rights of the unborn.
- Ensure crisis pregnancy centers are allowed to operate.
- Defend the rights of Pennsylvanians under the 2nd amendment.
Empower law enforcement to help combat the opioid epidemic and maintain public safety.
- Advance the funding and legislation necessary to help our officers complete their duties.
- Revive mandatory minimums for convicted drug dealers.
- Allow municipalities to use other sources of revenue (i.e. sales, mercantile, income, parking, hotel taxes) to help fund their budgets to shift away from property taxes.
Advance the healthcare opportunities for Pennsylvanians.
- Ensure access is available for all Pennsylvanians when emergency care is needed.
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