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Past Hearings - 116th Congress (2019- 2020)
Examining DHS' Management of Trusted Traveler Programs
310 Cannon House Office Building
Worldwide Threats to the Homeland
Protecting America's Democracy: Ensuring Every Vote Counts
Virtual Hearing
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Examining the National Response to the Worsening Coronavirus Pandemic: Part II
Defending Against Future Cyberattacks: Evaluating the Cyberspace Solarium Commission Recommendations
Assessing the Threat from Accelerationists and Militia Extremists
Children in CBP Custody: Examining Deaths, Medical Care Procedures, and Improper Spending
Reviewing Federal and State Pandemic Supply Preparedness and Response
Oversight of ICE Detention Facilities: Examining ICE Contractors' Response to COVID-19
Pandemic Response: Confronting the Unequal Impacts of COVID-19
Examining the National Response to the Worsening Coronavirus Pandemic
Examining the Threat from ISIS and Al Qaeda
Climbing Again: Stakeholder Views on Resuming Air Travel in the COVID-19 Era
Business as Usual? Assessing How DHS Can Resume Operations Safely
Confronting the Coronavirus: The Federal Response
Resourcing DHS' Cybersecurity and Innovation Missions: A Review of the Fiscal Year 2021 Budget Request for the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency and the Science and Technology Directorate
Securing America's Transportation and Maritime Systems: A Review of the Fiscal Year 2021 Budget Requests for the Transportation Security Administration and the U.S. Coast Guard
Community Perspectives on Coronavirus Preparedness and Response
Confronting the Coronavirus: Perspectives on the Response to a Pandemic Threat
A Review of the Fiscal Year 2021 Budget Request for the Department of Homeland Security
Building a Diverse and Inclusive Workforce to Meet the Homeland Security Mission
Examining the Effect of the Border Wall on Private and Tribal Landowners
Confronting the Rise in Anti-Semitic Domestic Terrorism, Part II
About Face: Examining the Department of Homeland Security's Use of Facial Recognition and Other Biometric Technologies, Part II
310 Cannon House Office Building, Washington, DC 20515
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Q: Detecting non-negativity of a single constraint by polyhedral constraints - $I$ We consider $$\langle a,x\rangle=b$$ (linear constraints) where $x\in\mathbb R_{\geq0}^n$ and every entry in $a=(a_1,\dots,a_n)$ is in $\mathbb Z_{\geq0}^{n}$ (non-negative) and the entry $b$ is in $\mathbb Z_{\geq0}$ (non-negative) and are of $m=O(1)$ bitlength.

Is there an universal polyhedron $By\leq c$ (depending on $m,n$) satisfying the properties

*

*$B\in\mathbb Z^{q\times(n+1)},c\in\mathbb Z^{q}$ where $q=poly(n)$

*$\log_2\max_{i,j}|B_{i,j}c_i|=poly(n)$

*$\forall a\in\{0,1\}^n, b\in\mathbb Z\cap[1,2^{m}]$
$$B[a,b]'\leq c\implies\exists x\in\mathbb R_{\geq0}^n:\langle a,x\rangle=b$$
satisfied?

If we had a $B,c$ and we are given $Ax=b$ a linear system and are required to identify if no $x\in\mathbb R_{\geq0}^n$ satisfies $Ax=b$ we can check $B[a[i],b_i]'\leq c$ at every $i\in\{1,\dots,\ell\}$ where $\ell$ is number of rows in $A$ and if there is no $x$ at least one of $B[a[i],b_i]'\leq c$ would be not satisfied.

A: By Farkas Lemma $Ax=b,\ x\geq 0$ is solvable if and only if $A^\top y\geq 0,\ b^\top y<0$ is not solvable.
That's the best one can do here, I don't think anything telling you individual solvability of each equation will help - especially if you know already that each individual equation is solvable.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Safari Wilderness in Central Florida offers Pumpkin Safaris in October.
Nikki Calvo, center, holds her son, Drayden, 3, while talking to Amy Hickey, right, while Hickey sits with her son, Jamison, 3, and husband Matt Calvo, left, looking on, all of Naples, aboard Pure Naples' Double Sunshine.
Todd Ruback, center, points out a loggerhead sea turtle on exhibit at the Conservancy of Southwest Florida.


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Q: How to convert AnyPublisher, Never> to AnyPublisher DataResponse is the object of Alamofire. It returns Decodable object and Error in success itself in .
Requirement is to pass on received Decodable object and Error separately. Is it feasible to transform AnyPublisher<DataResponse<T, Error>, Never> to AnyPublisher<T, Error>.
Consider T as any data type object.
func fetchDataViaAlamofire(usingURl url: String) -> AnyPublisher<T, Error> {
        return AF.request(url,
                          method: .get)
        .validate()
        .publishDecodable(type: T.self)
        .map { response in

            // ?
            // Cannot convert value of type 'DataResponse<T?, AFError>' to closure result type 'T'
            response.map { value in
                return response.value
            }

            // ?
            // Any way to convert AFError to Error in AnyPublisher<T, Error>
        }
        .receive(on: DispatchQueue.main)
        .eraseToAnyPublisher()

    }

A: First of all you have to add the generic parameter T in the signature of the method.
AF provides the operator .value() to convert the types. Additionally you have to map/cast AFError to Error
func fetchDataViaAlamofire<T: Decodable>(usingURL url: String) -> AnyPublisher<T, Error> {
    return AF.request(url, method: .get)
        .validate()
        .publishDecodable(type: T.self)
        .value()
        .mapError{$0 as Error}
        .receive(on: DispatchQueue.main)
        .eraseToAnyPublisher()
}


text:
Browse: Home / 2017 / June / 25 / Antarctic Climate Alarm Silenced: Ice Mass Stable, Recently Published Studies Show
Antarctic Climate Alarm Silenced: Ice Mass Stable, Recently Published Studies Show
By P Gosselin on 25. June 2017
The Good News: East Antarctic Ice Is And Remains Stable
By Dr. Sebastian Lüning and Prof. Fritz Vahrenholt
(German text translated, edited by P Gosselin)
In March, 2015 there was a climate alarm at German online news weekly Focus:
Climate warming
Gigantic Antarctic glacier is melting – Holland in an emergency: sea level rise threatens to rise 3 meters
Off the East Antarctic coast, researchers found two underwater valleys. They enable the inflow of warm sea water. beneath the largest glacier of the East Antarctic. That could explain the unusually rapid ice loss. Should the glacier collapse, sea level would rise dramatically."
Could, would: Subjunctive speech is king. Are things really that bad with the Antarctic Totten glacier? We've looked at this at our site before. In May 2016 also Rud Istvan commented on this at Climate Etc. on an alarming paper publsihed at Nature by Aitken et al. 2016. He concluded:
The alarming estimates from this new Nature paper, particularly as represented by the media, are grievously wrong both with respect to the amount of and the rate of sea level rise that might be associated with melting of the EIAS Totten glacier. There is unjustified author spin in the press releases and author's interviews. There are underlying bad assumptions never mentioned except by reference to a previously refuted [here] bad paper by Rignot. A tangled web of deceit, to paraphrase a famous poem."
Perhaps it's not a bad idea not to try to explain the whole globe by using a single glacier, as tempting as it may be. Just last month on May 5, 2017 the University of Bristol reminded us that East Antarctic ice has gown over the past decade, and has not shrunk. Of course the university stated it in the more politically correct "not as strong as previously thought". The press release follows:
New research shows growth of East Antarctic Ice Sheet was less than previously suggested
Scientists have known for over a decade that the West Antarctic Ice Sheet has been losing mass and contributing to sea level rise. Its eastern neighbour is, however, ten times larger and has the potential to raise global sea level by some 50 metres. Despite its huge size and importance, conflicting results have been published on the recent behaviour of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. A study led by a group of NASA scientists, that was published in 2015, suggested that this part of Antarctica was gaining so much mass that it compensated for the losses in the west. Determining what the largest ice sheet on the planet is doing is vital for our understanding of the factors that are influencing present day, and future, sea level rise.
To address this question, a team of scientists led by the University of Bristol and including the University of Wollongong, Australia have studied the problem by combining different satellite observations within a statistical model that is able to separate the processes related to ice mass changes over the continent. Professor Jonathan Bamber from the Bristol Glaciology Centre which is part of the School of Geographical Sciences, said: "We used similar data sets to the NASA team but added other satellite data from a mission called the Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) to help solve for mass gains and losses. "We then conducted different experiments, using similar assumptions made in the NASA study but found that in every experiment, mass loss from the west always exceeded gains in the east." The researchers concluded that over the study period, 2003-2013, Antarctica, as a whole, has been contributing to sea level rise and that the gains in East Antarctica were around three times smaller than suggested in the 2015 study.
Paper: 'Constraining the mass balance of East Antarctica' by A. Martin-Espanol, J. Bamber and A. Zammit-Mangion in Geophysical Research Letters. Plain language summary available at: www.globalmass.eu/constraining-the-mass-balance-of-east-antarctica/"
New studies on the East Antarctic further supports the trend of more ice. A team led by Morgane Philippe published a paper in 2016 in The Cryosphere which examined the coastal strip of the Dronning Maud Land. The result is already given in the title: The abstract:
Ice core evidence for a 20th century increase in surface mass balance in coastal Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica
Ice cores provide temporal records of surface mass balance (SMB). Coastal areas of Antarctica have relatively high and variable SMB, but are under-represented in records spanning more than 100 years. Here we present SMB reconstruction from a 120 m-long ice core drilled in 2012 on the Derwael Ice Rise, coastal Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica. Water stable isotope (δ18O and δD) stratigraphy is supplemented by discontinuous major ion profiles and continuous electrical conductivity measurements. The base of the ice core is dated to AD 1759 ± 16, providing a climate proxy for the past ∼ 250 years. The core's annual layer thickness history is combined with its gravimetric density profile to reconstruct the site's SMB history, corrected for the influence of ice deformation. The mean SMB for the core's entire history is 0.47 ± 0.02 m water equivalent (w.e.) a−1. The time series of reconstructed annual SMB shows high variability, but a general increase beginning in the 20th century. This increase is particularly marked during the last 50 years (1962–2011), which yields mean SMB of 0.61 ± 0.01 m w.e. a−1. This trend is compared with other reported SMB data in Antarctica, generally showing a high spatial variability. Output of the fully coupled Community Earth System Model (CESM) suggests that, although atmospheric circulation is the main factor influencing SMB, variability in sea surface temperatures and sea ice cover in the precipitation source region also explain part of the variability in SMB. Local snow redistribution can also influence interannual variability but is unlikely to influence long-term trends significantly. This is the first record from a coastal ice core in East Antarctica to show an increase in SMB beginning in the early 20th century and particularly marked during the last 50 years.
A paper by Vikram Goel et al further underpins the stability of the Dronning Maud Land ice. The paper discussed at the end of May 2017 in The Cryosphere:
Glaciological settings and recent mass balance of the Blåskimen Island in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica
The Dronning Maud Land coast in East Antarctica has numerous ice rises that very likely control the dynamics and mass balance of this region. However, only a few of these ice rises have been investigated in detail. Here, we report field measurements of Blåskimen Island, an isle-type ice rise adjacent to the Fimbul Ice Shelf. Blåskimen Island is largely dome shaped, with a pronounced ridge extending to the southwest from its summit (410 m a.s.l.). Its bed is mostly flat and about 100 m below the current sea level. Shallow radar-detected isochrones dated with a firn core reveal that the surface mass balance is higher on the southeastern slope than the northwestern slope by ~ 37 %, and this pattern has persisted for at least the past decade. Radar stratigraphy shows upward arches underneath the summit, indicating that the summit position has been stable over at least one characteristic time of this ice rise (~ 600 years). Ensemble estimates of the mass balance using the input-output method show that this ice rise has thickened by 0.07–0.35 m ice equivalent per year over the past decade."
Then on 16 June 2017 yet another paper by Pittard et al. appeared in the Geophysical Research Letters. It went along the same lines. The authors projected that the Lambert-Amery glacial system in the East Antarctic will remain stable also for the next 500 years, and possibly even grow in mass.
Future sea level change from Antarctica's Lambert-Amery glacial system
Future global mean sea level (GMSL) change is dependent on the complex response of the Antarctic Ice Sheet to ongoing changes and feedbacks in the climate system. The Lambert-Amery glacial system has been observed to be stable over the recent period yet is potentially at risk of rapid grounding line retreat and ice discharge given a significant volume of its ice is grounded below sea level, making its future contribution to GMSL uncertain. Using a regional ice sheet model of the Lambert-Amery system, we find that under a range of future warming and extreme scenarios, the simulated grounding line remains stable and does not trigger rapid mass loss from grounding line retreat. This allows for increased future accumulation to exceed the mass loss from ice dynamical changes. We suggest the Lambert-Amery glacial system will remain stable, or gain ice mass and mitigate a portion of potential future sea level rise over the next 500 years, with a range of +3.6 to -117.5 mm GMSL-equivalent."
Posted in Antarctic | 53 Responses
53 responses to "Antarctic Climate Alarm Silenced: Ice Mass Stable, Recently Published Studies Show"
tom0mason 26. June 2017 at 1:26 AM | Permalink
Thank-you Pierre for yet more nails in the coffin of AGW and man-made CO2 control.
That imaginative (and mythical) Global Warming idea has huge, as in continent sized, problem with the Antarctic — darned CO2 just doesn't heat the place up. But then again atmospheric CO2 has not been observed to heat up anywhere else on the planet either.
So far the record is —
No unnatural temperature rise.
No unnatural sea-level rise.
No unnatural rise in storm events or storm intensities.
No unnatural increase deserts or floods.
Ice at both poles just vary naturally as they always have done.
However the minute increase in atmospheric CO2 levels appears to have caused an increase in plant growth, greened the planet better. Thus so far there's only an observed positive effect from CO2 levels increasing.
This planet's climate is still ruled (in the main)by the sun and the ocean cycles.
This planet's weather is still ruled (in the main) by transient effects of the sun, volcanic activity, the seas, and the turbulent motion of the atmosphere.
Oh dear the AGW crowd have no evidence to counter these well studied observations of natural changes, but still they believe. They believe despite their hokum being exposed by those email leaks, and by the tortured sophistry of antiscience nonsense spouted by Cook, Lewandowsky, and Gore (and so many others).
Their belief is all they have because they have no science, no logical reasoning — all they have is —
an unreasonable idea that a consensus means something scientific; that unaccounted for adjustments to temperature records are meaningful or an accurate reflection of reality; that non-validated and unverified climate models can provide anything meaningful; that catastrophic prognostications for the future based on wild extrapolations are somehow logical. But mostly they have a rigid, religious-like belief in the unbelievable power of CO2 gas.
John Chism 26. June 2017 at 2:02 AM | Permalink
I've got nothing… You seemed to cover it all pretty well.
yonason (from my cell phone) 26. June 2017 at 2:33 AM | Permalink
But Tom, if you don't BELIEVE, how will you be SAVED?!😏
http://tammybruce.com/2017/06/al-gore-god-told-me-to-fight-climate-change.html
@yonason (from my cell phone) 26. June 2017 at 2:33 AM
"…if you don't BELIEVE, how will you be SAVED?" by the same means as the bankers? Or maybe not, after I'm not yet too big to fail! 🙂
Given Gore and his family's history in coal and oil trading, why should anyone believe he has any deity's ear? As Gore has(or had?) interests in tobacco trading he knows how to misrepresent any evidence with slick presentations, and maybe small brown envelopes ;).
yonason (from my cell phone) 26. June 2017 at 10:29 AM | Permalink
Quite obviously, he's a fraud.
As to your comments, I concur with John Chism. Keep up the excellent work!
SebastianH 26. June 2017 at 3:44 AM | Permalink
You are one of those skeptics that are too far gone. There is nothing that you convince you, since you believe it is all a big conspiracy. I just hope you are young enough to witness the next 10 to 20 years. You'll hopefully see if your imagination was spot on by then or if everything you have written in that comment is a false statement. Or are you one of those conspiracy guys who are able to adjust their theories when the data changes? Like those hardcore christians do when claiming that dinosaurs roamed the Earth together with mankind/Jesus and the fossil records can only be 6000 years old and everything science says is a lie 😉
Kenneth Richard 26. June 2017 at 4:49 AM | Permalink
"you believe it is all a big conspiracy."
This is an example of a straw man. It is very likely that tom0mason does not believe that all of AGW alarmism is just one big conspiracy. There are many honest people who have been heavily influenced by the argument from authority and who really do believe that humans are the primary cause of climate changes. It's not a conspiracy as much as it is "group think" and aligning with the "accepted" political zeitgeist ("We need to reduce our carbon emissions"). Your attempts to marginalize us as conspiracy theorists is just another example of why you aren't getting anywhere here.
"I just hope you are young enough to witness the next 10 to 20 years."
And what do you believe will happen in the next 10 to 20 years? Will the North Atlantic continue cooling? Will Antarctica finally start warming? Will trends in hemispheric sea ice extent begin declining again (since they haven't since 2005)? Will polar bear numbers decline? How many species will become extinct? What do you believe?
SebastianH 26. June 2017 at 12:35 PM | Permalink
He doesn't exactly call it a conspiracy, you are right. He calls it a religious belief, as do you sometimes, and tries to establish that only he knows the truth. That's very similar to being a conspiracy theorist.
And what do you believe will happen in the next 10 to 20 years?
Continued warming, no warming (continued increase in CO2 forcing and its feedbacks, but with a solar influence decrease, both cancelling each other out) or cooling (by natural causes, Sun, etc and no detectable slowing caused by CO2 forcing).
Also longer timespans of accurate measurements, so outliers don't tempt skeptics to manufactur a stable flat trend when it clearly isn't the case (is the sequence 10 4 8 7 6 showing a stable flat trend in your world?)
AndyG55 26. June 2017 at 10:08 PM | Permalink
"so outliers don't tempt skeptics to manufacture a stable flat trend when it clearly isn't the case "
ROFLMAO.
Your lying and deceit hits new levels .
It is the AGW scammers that use the El Nino events to create a trend.
Away from those events, there is no trend.
You KNOW that, but STILL you attempt your lies and deceit.
Kenneth Richard 26. June 2017 at 10:13 PM | Permalink
"He calls it a religious belief, as do you sometimes, and tries to establish that only he knows the truth. That's very similar to being a conspiracy theorist."
No, that's not a conspiracy theorist. Apparently you don't even know what that is either…in addition to not knowing what a straw man argument is (until you were told what it meant yesterday).
He calls it belief because there is no observational evidence, physical measurements, or real-world controlled scientific experiment that shows that CO2 concentration variations of + or – 0.000001 are the primary control on ocean heat content fluctuations. You believe something is true that has never been observed or measured. It's only been modeled. You believe, without evidence, that humans are acidifying the oceans. You believe, without evidence, that humans are causing the Antarctic Peninsula to warm "ten times faster" than the rest of the planet. That's what faith is.
SebastianH 27. June 2017 at 12:50 AM | Permalink
I see … so large parts of physics are faith in your opinion? Because there is zero evidence for a lot of special cases where no experiment took place to confirm that the laws of physics work in that special case. We generally assume they do work until someone finds an example where they don't work … then the formulas get adjusted and we learned something new.
Have you tried to confirm yet that the known laws of physics, what we know about CO2 molecule and its effects, doesn't apply to ocean water?
"Because there is zero evidence for a lot of special cases where no experiment took place to confirm that the laws of physics work in that special case."
You mean like gravity? We have physical measurements involving gravity. Replication. Empirical observation. We have none of that with CO2 variations determining water temperatures.
"We generally assume they do work until someone finds an example where they don't work"
We have found many examples when the CO2-variations-determine-planetary-temperatures conceptualization doesn't work. For example…
1. The IPCC acknowledged that 111 of 114 climate models failed to simulate temperatures in AR5.
2. Nearly all climate models had Antarctic sea ice declining. It has been growing since 1979, defying the modeling.
3. They used to call the conceptualization of the poles warming faster than the rest of the Earth (due to the greenhouse effect) "polar amplification". Since Antarctica and the Southern Ocean haven't warmed since the 1970s, now they call it "Arctic amplification".
4. The models said that hurricane frequencies and intensities would increase with warming. Hurricanes have become less frequent and there have been no intensification trends — as admitted by the IPCC.
5. The IPCC acknowledged in AR5 that despite models that say otherwise, there have been no trends in increased storm intensities, droughts, or floods.
6. Despite decades of attempting to locate it, no tropospheric "hot spot" has been observed.
7. The models predicted that the atmosphere would warm faster than the surface. The surface has warmed faster than the atmosphere (mostly because it's easier to tamper with surface data, and UHI effects).
8. During the first 8 years of using ARGO, the ocean was cooling. Since this didn't fit the models, they "corrected" ocean cooling. In other words, since the observations didn't fit the models, they changed the observations. Same way with sea level rise. In the early 2000s, it was noticed that sea level rise was not accelerating when considering tide gauge data (and it had decelerated relative to the first half of the 20th century). So they devised a new way to "measure" sea level rise (altimetry), and suddenly 1.5 mm/yr was transformed into 3.4 mm/yr. Again, when the observations don't fit the models, they change the observations.
9. The models can't explain why the Arctic was just as warm during the 1920s to 1940s as it is today. Or why the Arctic cooled for 50 years afterwards.
10. The models can't explain why NH temperatures plunged by -0.5 or -0.6 C during 1940-1970. Since they couldn't, the cooling was made to disappear…and changed into a pause.
11. The models say global warming will cause more than a million animals to go extinct by 2050. Since 2000, only one animal has gone extinct.
12. The IPCC claimed that the Himalayan glaciers would "disappear" by 2035. A recent study indicated they are predominantly stable with very little melting.
13. Large regions of the Earth, including much of the Southern Hemisphere, has not warmed in decades. This shouldn't happen with well-mixed greenhouse gases.
14. With Mann's hockey stick shown to be fraudulent, and 100s of reconstructions showing modern temperatures are only slightly warmer than the coldest centuries of the Holocene (the Little Ice Age) and still cooler than most of the Holocene, climate models cannot explain how or why an anthropogenic signal can be distinguished from natural variability.
This is just off the top of my head. We could go on and on and on. The idea that "we generally assume that they do work until someone finds an example where they don't work" is laughable. We have found many examples of the models and conceptualizations not working. But instead of "adjusting the formulas", your side just pivots to changing the observations, claiming the models were still right after all, and/or denying that the models haven't been working (i.e., claiming there was no pause). Either that, or they just ignore data that contravene their positions. They smear and marginalize those who disagree with them. And they claim that their beliefs are "basic physics" and therefore anyone who disagrees is a "science denier".
For the 248th time, there is no observational evidence, there are no physical measurements, and there are no real-world controlled scientific experiments that show that varying CO2 over a body of water is the determinant of water temperature changes (warming or cooling). It's not "the laws of physics". You can keep claiming and believing that it is, but that doesn't make it true. No matter how many times you call us "science deniers" for not agreeing with you and your beliefs, it's not going to persuade us that your beliefs are truth. So why are you here?
AndyG55 27. June 2017 at 6:02 AM | Permalink
"Because there is zero evidence "
So true that you have produced ZERO EVIDENCE, seb
Finally, you are beginning to realise your untenable, farcical situation.
The Laws of Physics DICTATE that there is no CO2 warming over oceans or in a convective atmosphere.
Its just you don't comprehend the laws of physics, seb.
That is your major problem.
Everything you think you know about physics is minimal at best, or just basically WRONG.
A sort of ANTI-KNOWLEDGE, to go along with your ANTI-CO2 and ANTI-human persona.
yes like gravity or like collision physics. Not every possible combination was tested to conclude that there is a formula describing every possible combination. Yet we have derived one and it seems to work. Until someone finds a combination/situation where it doesn't. They did, and we now have relativistics physics. This is how it works.
CO2s effects have been measured. The effects of backradiation changes have been measured. It behaves like expected. If there would have been a suprise hidden in water interacting with radiation it would have already been found, don't you think? That would be Nobel prize worthy.
To your point:
1) They got the general direction right. Some models estimating a higher temperature increase doesn't mean that the temperature didn't increase. Also that's not connected to CO2 increase resulting in a forcing and forcing resulting in temperature/heat content changes. The latter one is physics and not disputed (except here on this blog), the models describing future climate have to simulate where this surplus heat ends up and how it changes temperature globally.
2) Again, a problem of not properly predicting distribution of that surplus heat. It's very likely that most of it ends up in the ocean and never reaches the Southpole or large parts of the atmosphere. Simulating complicated currents isn't perfect yet, but they show a general direction.
3) So you aren't allowed to change your opinion when you find out new things? Not all of Antartica is warming and the little warming has increased snow causing more ice mass. Scientists noticed it and I bet you current models include that mechanism.
4) https://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/global-warming-and-hurricanes/ I was under the impression that intensity increased in the recent decades.
5) You mean the first paragraph in Chapter 2.6.3 (Tropical Storms)? You should read the whole chapter.
Regional trends in tropical cyclone frequency and the frequency of very intense tropical cyclones have been identified in the North Atlantic and these appear robust since the 1970s (Kossin et al. 2007) (very high confidence).
Intensity measures in historical records are especially sensitive to changing technology and improving methodology. However, over the satellite era, increases in the intensity of the strongest storms in the Atlantic appear robust
(Kossin et al., 2007; Elsner et al., 2008) but there is limited evidence for other regions and the globe.
The limited evidence is because of problems with the observing capabilities (before the satellite era). You probably also read only the first part of this sentence:
More recent assessments indicate that it is
unlikely that annual numbers of tropical storms, hurricanes and major hurricanes counts have increased over the past 100 years in the North Atlantic basin. Evidence, however, is for a virtually certain increase in the frequency and intensity of the strongest tropical cyclones since the 1970s in that region.
6) It has: http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/10/5/054007;jsessionid=82D7B5AE1E4D14C18B0C49B13BE48A90.c1.iopscience.cld.iop.org
7) What models did predict that the atmosphere would warm faster than the surface? As in percentage change of the heat content of the surface layer vs. the upper layers or in absolute values? Isn't it obvious that increased surface temperatures would show a slightly larger absolute increase in 2m above ground temperatures than in hundreds of meters above ground temperatures? I don't know what this means for the percentage change. Satellite data isn't that far off from ground data though: http://www.woodfortrees.org/plot/gistemp/from:1979/mean:12/plot/hadcrut4gl/from:1979/offset:0.14/mean:12/plot/rss/offset:0.30/mean:12/plot/uah6/offset:0.43/mean:12
8) So improving measurement methods is a bad thing? I see. Like when looking at a coast line it becomes longer when you zoom in and measure more details? Is that a fraud too?
9) They can't? People can: https://skepticalscience.com/global-cooling-mid-20th-century-advanced.htm (yeah, you probably don't click on links to sites like these, but they have a pretty good database of skeptics myths).
10) The cooling didn't disappear and 9) explains it. Before you counter with some solar influence that certainly is there, look at the magnitudes of the W/m² forcing caused by cloud cover changes, etc (figure 7 in that paper you like to quote on this topic).
11) Do they say that? I thought they only predict temperatures, sea level, etc … That's more of a conclusion drawn from what models predict. Extinction events could happen, they happened before when climate changed rapidly in Earths history. (I personally don't think that a million species could go extinct by 2050. That seems too near term)
12) Your link only has graphs of the temperature (reconstructions). A quick google search reveals that loss of Himalayan glacier mass has been accelerating from 9(+-4) Gt/year in the 1975-1985 period to 20(+-4) Gt/year in the 2000-2010 period. http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/106/02/0237.pdf
Cumulative loss has been estimated to be 443 (+- 136 Gt) of mass out of total 3600-4400 Gt of mass in the last 4 decades.
13) Well mixed greenhouse gases? There are differences in the distribution, CO2 emitted in Europe doesn't magically teleport to the Southpole: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x1SgmFa0r04 (from a model) or https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=syU1rRCp7E8 (from actual satellite measurements). "Well mixed" means a lot of different things …
14) I don't know about when the "hockey stick" was deemed fraudulent. When searching for temperature reconstructions the same pattern is always visible, a rapid increase in temperatures in the last century. In most graphs this increase is bigger and steaper than the previous temperature levels.
cannot explain how or why an anthropogenic signal can be distinguished from natural variability.
It's a bit old, but just one example of the anthropogenic signal being detected: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11303099
You might think that what I have written in this response is all false and I am blinded by AGW "religion", since you are a convinced skeptic. That doesn't change that you are imaging some of your conclusions being "proof" that AGW isn't happening, espcially when numbers are involved that cause consistent confusion in your argumentation. A recent example would be the first graph in the latest article and the use of a trendline as reason to state that there has been a slight increase in a specific time span, just move the timespan around a few months – both start and endpoint – and you'll get a very different trendline. Even AndyG55 pointed out that problem and no correction happened yet …
Russell 26. June 2017 at 9:54 PM | Permalink
I believe I am visiting one of the world's great epicenters of self-inflicted innumeracy , conspicuous rubber graph paper consumption and the performing art of stand up climate comedy.
If you all persevere, you may end working in D.C.
Nice of you to drop in but please see real scientific and mathematical ignorance on a much larger scale visit any of the many sites spewing out the gospel according to Gore, GISS and genuflect at the altar of CO2 warming.
Do drop by again and learn real something or visit —
wattsupwiththat.com (could become YOUR favorite!)
joannenova.com.au
notalotofpeopleknowthat.wordpress.com/
reality348.wordpress.com/
diggingintheclay.wordpress.com/
http://www.thegwpf.org/
http://www.heartland.org/index.html
http://www.co2science.org/
nofrakkingconsensus.com/
http://www.icecap.us/
or many of the other sites that don't swallow the bilge dressed up as science called 'climate change'.
Poor Russell, a LOSER who's only claim is to a web site full of IGNORANCE and PETULANCE, trying to get attention by naming itself close to the PREMIER SCIENTIFIC web site, WUWT.
So sad.. and so, so PATHETIC.
SO HILARIOUS.
Russell's name links to a DEFUNCT blog. (anyone want to buy a domain name ? roflmao… !
What happened, Russell… no traffic or something ! 😉
You only have your religious belief hence the "big conspiracy" distraction.
I'm glad to see your thought processes proceed as normal with not a gram of real data to maintain them!
Tell me by what means do you discern a "big conspiracy" from what I've written, or are you one of those that would wish to be part of a great conspiracy? 🙂 And yes I deliberately wrote that to confuse your "big conspiracy" issue because as always it is just your usual ineffectual effort, and nothing to do with the main subject my previous comment.
Robert Folkerts 26. June 2017 at 7:33 AM | Permalink
SebH,
what is your explanation for the fossilized footprints of humans and dinosaurs side by side?
The soft tissue in TRex bones?
I guess you know most dating methods are based on assumptions which can not be tested.
What is your take on nearly every culture having a flood story combined with a boat carrying people and animals?
Do you have a rational explanation for most cultures having drawings or carvings etc. of dragons. The legends surrounding these creatures are unlikey made out of nothing.
These dragons clearly are dinosaurs
, you know!
It is NOT "belief," but evidence that convinces us, chatbot-SebH! If you had any, we would acknowledge it.
Like ALL Leftists, you accuse us of what you are guilty of. Only fools like yourselves believe the fact free climate nonsense you spew.
As to your "big conspiracy" b.s., your little mind isn't capable of even a tiny one.
And what motivates you to go SO off-road on evolution? Can't you lose an argument gracefully, without swinging wildly at totally unrelated material? Stay focused, chatbot! As if you haven't beclowned yourself enough already.
GoFigure 27. June 2017 at 9:49 PM | Permalink
What about that missing "hot spot" ? The computer models all assign most of the projected increase to water vapor feedback. However, that greenhouse effect comes with a NECESSARY condition, namely, there must be a warmer region about 10k above the tropics. Despite radiosondes over the past decades, it has never been found. No sign of it.
There have been (debunked) claims by alarmists that it had been found, and claims that if all the temperatures recorded in that prospective region are "homogenized" it would show up. (That last is really laughable ! Start with NOTHING, homogenize it, and wah-la.)
There have been claims that the "hot spot" is so luke warm that weather balloons (not to mention satellites) cannot find it. However, keep in mind that it is water vapor which is supposedly causing that warmer region. If the warmth is insignificant, so is the water vapor feedback.
NOTHING, but NOTHING is helping the alarmist position.
"NOTHING is helping the alarmist position'
seb is great in that way.
Everything is SO DUMB and so ANTI-SCIENCE, that he makes a totally mockery of the AGW religion.
That is why we keep him yapping mindlessly. 😉
And he doesn't even realise it… 🙂 🙂
So funny.
Hasn't the Eastern Antarctica been stable all the time? Why is this news? Temperatures on the Antarctic Peninsula increased 10 times faster than in the rest of the world and temperatures in Western Antarctica increased similarly.
http://www.coolantarctica.com/Antarctica%20fact%20file/science/global_warming.php
"Temperatures on the Antarctic Peninsula increased 10 times faster than in the rest of the world"
Uh, no. Temperatures on the Antarctic Peninsula have been cooling at a rate of almost -0.5 C per decade since 1999, SebastianH. Since 1979, the AP has cooled by a net -0.13 C. Your claims of temperature increasing "10 times faster than the rest of the world" on the Antarctic Peninsula is just the latest example of you making up your own numbers to fit your narrative. AP temperatures increased at a rate of 0.32 C per decade between 1979 and 1997 before it began cooling by -0.47 C per decade between 1999-present. Put together, we have no net warming (and a slight cooling). Even if we were to take your made-up claim at face value and only include the 1979-1997 warming period, that would mean that you are claiming that the rest of the world warmed at a rate of +0.032 C per decade between 1979 and 1997. Do you believe we had less than 0.1 C of warming between 1979 and 1997? If not, where did you get your numbers from?
Oliva et al., 2017
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969716327152
"However, a recent analysis (Turner et al., 2016) has shown that the regionally stacked temperature record for the last three decades has shifted from a warming trend of 0.32 °C/decade during 1979–1997 to a cooling trend of − 0.47 °C/decade during 1999–2014. … This recent cooling has already impacted the cryosphere in the northern AP [Antarctic Peninsula], including slow-down of glacier recession, a shift to surface mass gains of the peripheral glacier and a thinning of the active layer of permafrost in northern AP islands."
" temperatures in Western Antarctica increased similarly [ten times faster than the rest of the world]."
So we've had dramatic increases in temperature in West Antarctica, then, right? So what happened to it?
https://notrickszone.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Holocene-Cooling-Antarctic-Stenni-17-West-Antarctic.jpg
So it's cooled in East Antarctica, the Antarctic Peninsula, and West Antarctica is no warmer now than it was 100 years ago. And the sea ice extent has increased since the late 1970s. And the Southern Ocean has been cooling too since 1979. So where, exactly, is the anthropogenic signal? Have you found it, or are planning to just make that up too?
Your claims of temperature increasing "10 times faster than the rest of the world" on the Antarctic Peninsula is just the latest example of you making up your own numbers to fit your narrative
Not my claim. Straw man alarm? Follow the link in the comment you replied to.
Another good link that explains warming and cooling in Antartica: https://www.carbonbrief.org/natural-forces-overpowering-antarctic-peninsula-warming
So where, exactly, is the anthropogenic signal?
Warming in West Antartica depends on ocean currents from elsewhere (see second link, the nice pictures if you don't want to read). Obviously those currents aren't exactly stable and have changed in the late 90s.
David Johnson 26. June 2017 at 4:03 PM | Permalink
Seb, please stop lying. You keep digging a bigger hole for yourself and I hate to see people making fools of themselves.
Kenneth Richard 26. June 2017 at 9:28 PM | Permalink
"Not my claim"
So you wrote: "Temperatures on the Antarctic Peninsula increased 10 times faster than in the rest of the world and temperatures in Western Antarctica increased similarly."
When you were shown to be (wildly) wrong (again), you pivoted to linking to a web page that has a graph that shows cooling for the Antarctic Peninsula:
https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Screen-Shot-2016-07-20-at-13.41.49.png
And then you claimed that you were right all along.
This is exactly why you have the untrustworthy reputation that you do, SebastianH. When caught making false statements, you deny it, and then proclaim you were right anyway.
Why are you even here? It makes your side look even worse when you have a "spokesperson" who overtly fabricates and then tries to cover it up.
Sorry Kenneth, but I now have to do what you do when being cornered …
The 10 times faster temperature increase was not my claim, that is what the website I linked to said. Don't put words in my mouth I didn't say, I just present to you different view from other sources.
Recognize yourself?
Uh, no. When you make a statement and provide a link to support that statement, it is commonly understood that you are affirming that you think that what you are writing is true. You can't write that West Antarctica has warmed 10 times faster than the rest of the globe, provide a link (an alarmist blog) that says that very thing you just claimed, and then, after being caught writing something that is ridiculously untrue, you say that well, I didn't write that—the authors of the blog did.
"The 10 times faster temperature increase was not my claim"
So when you wrote that West Antarctica's temperatures are increasing 10 times faster than the rest of the globe and provided the blog link that affirmed that what you said was true, you actually meant to say that you don't actually believe that WA's temperatures are increasing 10 times faster than the rest of the globe yourself, but the authors of blog believe that. You only intended to relay to all of us what the bloggers said — but you don't believe it yourself. Do you have a habit of writing things that you don't believe are true and then providing a citation that supports the statement that you don't believe to be true…or is this the first time?
SebastianH, why don't you just admit that you were wrong about Antarctic warming? That would have been better than doubling down on your fabrications with more fabrications. Do you not realize how sophomoric this all is? You're 35 years old, SebastianH. This is the behavior of…someone much younger.
Also I'd like to point out that you should have at least read the post I linked to on the carbon brief site instead of just using the included graph here in an attempt "to rub it under my nose". You'd then understand that this graph shows the temperatur of six stations on the Antarctic peninsula.
That's the average warming per decade from 1957 to 2008:
http://www.coolantarctica.com/Antarctica%20fact%20file/science/Antarctica-warming.jpg
I couldn't find a more current version of this NASA graphic, maybe you use you skills to find one?
This is so amusing. Having been caught fabricating again, this time about the AP and WA temperatures increasing by 10 times the global average, SebastianH links to a webpage to support his claim of 10X warming…that shows the AP cooling (!) since 1979. And then, to top it off, he links to the Mann-ishly infamous data-tampered Antarctica graph from NASA. Read and learn, SebastianH….
https://realclimatescience.com/2016/09/spectacular-antarctic-data-tampering-by-nasa/
I can't wait until the next installment.
AndyG55 26. June 2017 at 9:34 PM | Permalink
"natural forces overpowering Antarctic warming.."
roflmao !
Says it ALL doesn't it.
seb, takes one foot out of his mouth, only to insert the other.
There is NO Antarctic warming. End of story.
"Warming in West Antartica depends on ocean currents from elsewhere"
West Antarctica sits over a hotbed of active geothermal heat. A significant portion of the melting comes from below. Do you deny this too in your frenetic efforts to locate an anthropogenic signal.?
And speaking of ocean currents, the Southern Ocean has been cooling too. Since 1979. That's why the Southern Hemisphere's sea ice has been growing. So there goes that fabricated explanation linking human activity to West Antarctica.
http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/staff/cdeser/docs/fan.antarctic_seaice_trends.grl14.pdf
"Cooling is evident over most of the Southern Ocean in all seasons and the annual mean, with magnitudes approximately 0.2–0.4°C per decade or 0.7–1.3°C over the 33 year period [1979-2011]."
Any other fabrications you can think of, SebastianH?
So you think warm (or cold) ocean currents don't change the temperature in Antarctica?
Are you saying the warming in the last decades came fomr geothermal heat? And the cooling in the last two decades? Did geothermal heat just vanish?
No, they do too. The oceans are heated by the Sun and then that heat is circulated throughout this water planet (ENSO, AMOC, AMO, NAO, PDO…). Geothermal heat flux is also a heavy contributor to warming at specific locations with high activity (the high geothermal flux areas).
Viterito, 2017
The Correlation of Seismic Activity and Recent Global Warming (CSARGW) demonstrated that increasing seismic activity in the globe's high geothermal flux areas (HGFA) is strongly correlated with global temperatures (r=0.785) from 1979-2015.
The mechanism driving this correlation is amply documented and well understood by oceanographers and seismologists. Namely, increased seismic activity in the HGFA (i.e., the mid-ocean's spreading zones) serves as a proxy indicator of higher geothermal flux in these regions. The HGFA include the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, the East Pacific Rise, the West Chile Rise, the Ridges of the Indian Ocean, and the Ridges of the Antarctic/Southern Ocean. This additional mid-ocean heating causes an acceleration of oceanic overturning and thermobaric convection, resulting in higher ocean temperatures and greater heat transport into the Arctic.
"Are you saying the warming in the last decades came fomr geothermal heat?"
Substantial portions of it (especially in the HGFA). Obviously you're attempting to create another straw man here (a habit of yours) by portraying me as saying that the ONLY factor that affects temperatures is geothermal heat. I didn't write that.
"Did geothermal heat just vanish?"
No. You have a lot to learn about heat and the Earth system, SebastianH.
Colorado Wellington 27. June 2017 at 8:06 AM | Permalink
"Not my claim."
Sebastian, you are a weasel.
He is also a deceitful LIAR.
And please, don't insult weasels. !!
They have FAR more integrity and honest than seb will ever have.
"Temperatures on the Antarctic Peninsula increased 10 times faster than in the rest of the world and temperatures in "
roflmao. Antarctic temperature have not changed since a reliable measurement was available (satellites)
Here is a free basic maths lesson for you .. pre-school level… maybe you will cope…. or not
… 10 times nothing is still nothing.
Very strange that you think a mostly fabricated warming over one small patch of the Antarctic (which just happens to be over a strong volcanic region) is "global"
But then, most things you say are totally devoid of any sort of reality or science.
forgot the image link
https://s19.postimg.org/5dm8qkc4z/UAH_SoPol_All.png
NicainHouston 26. June 2017 at 5:59 AM | Permalink
I was reading this thread, and having a scotch on the rocks. I had to stop, because I received a phone call about a technical issue that took more than an hour to resolve.
It is summer here, and the temperature outside is ~32C. The ice in my drink completely melted, and the level of the liquid in the glass did not change one iota.
The ice shelves are gigantic ice cubes floating on the water, and if they melt, won't they behave like my drink? Id est, no change in water (sea) level?
Please, someone of you geniuses explain to me why this wrong?
Correct, melting sea ice has essentially no effect on sea level.
Correct. Only land ice melt increases sea level. Ice that is already floating won't.
RAH 27. June 2017 at 11:16 AM | Permalink
SebastianH
Will a significant amount of sea ice melting relatively quickly more or less insitu result in a temporary local reduction in the salinity of the seawater? That is of course assuming that the water at depth is above 0 C.
I have seen video from Antarctic dives of beautiful streamers of melt water flowing into sea the sea water and then refreezing having frozen before there was enough mixing to increase salinity enough to prevent it from refreezing. In some places in shallow sea water they reach the bottom and freeze there in frazil clumps or lines.
You mean something like this? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y3lnNvyFXUs
Polar sea water freezes at -1.8 °C due to the salinity levels. Fresh water freezes at 0 °C. Here is a paper about salinity levels in sea ice: https://www.igsoc.org/journal/13/67/igs_journal_vol13_issue067_pg109-120.pdf
NicainHouston
What they are trying to claim is that the ice shelf inhibits calving of the glaciers. OR IOW a large sheet of sea ice helps hold back the ice on the land being drive to the shore by gravity and it's own mass at higher elevations. I think it's total BS, but that is what I have read to be their explanation as to why the loss of a large shelf of ice will lead to sea level rise.
A C Osborn 26. June 2017 at 8:20 PM | Permalink
Pierre, this is one for you to look at
https://www.thegwpf.com/green-killing-machines-germanys-coalition-government-makes-killing-animals-easy/
Salvatore Del Prete 26. June 2017 at 10:25 PM | Permalink
https://www.iceagenow.info/sun-might-change-climate/
AGW has ended and the temperature trend from here and for the foreseeable future is down.
@Salvatore Del Prete 26. June 2017
Thanks for the info, very interesting.
garyh845 28. June 2017 at 2:55 AM | Permalink
Ah . . I see a new concerted wave of 'adjusting' in our near future.
Allarme climatico antartico messo a tacere: la massa di ghiaccio è stabile, questo dicono gli studi pubblicati di recente : Attività Solare ( Solar Activity ) 27. June 2017 at 7:01 AM | Permalink
[…] Fonte: notrickszone […]
scogind 27. June 2017 at 5:13 PM | Permalink
A very elementary physics problem demonstrates the short comings physics has with reality.
The problem is there are two trains on the same track 60 miles apart headed towards each other at 30 mph. A bird flying 60 mph goes from one train to the other repeatedly over and over. How may trips can the bird make before the trains collide?
The correct physic answer is an infinite number of trips but reality is the bird will be squashed way before that.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Government Expects That 84% Of 7000 Million Will Go To Micro-SMEs
The Government expects that 84% of the fund of 7,000 million euros for direct aid to viable businesses that have suffered sharp drops in income due to Covid-19 will go to micro-SMEs and that 48% of the beneficiaries, freelancers and companies, will work in the hospitality sector.
His estimate has been included in the 2021-2024 Stability Program sent this Friday to the European Commission together with the National Reform Program and the Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan, and where the reforms and investments planned to improve the economy with charge to the first 69,528 million of the 140,000 million euros that Spain can receive from the European Next Generation EU fund.
Brussels receives the plan from Spain and begins the examination to disburse 25,000 million in 2021
The Directorate of Economic Analysis believes that another 11% of the 7,000 million in direct aid will go to small companies, 2% to medium-sized companies and another 2% to large ones . By sectors, the main recipients would be hospitality businesses (they would receive 48 % of the resources), together with administrative activities and auxiliary services (16%) and commerce (15%).
Other beneficiary sectors
The next largest beneficiaries would be the self-employed and companies involved in artistic , recreational and entertainment activities (12%), the industrial sector (4%) and transportation (4%).
Its breakdown is done by taking stock of the multiple measures deployed to help society, companies, the self-employed, families and workers to face the health and economic crisis caused by the pandemic .
According to their calculations, the wide range of measures have mobilized close to 231,000 million euros between 2020 and 2021 or the equivalent of 20.6% of GDP last year. Of these, he points out that more than 73,000 million or 6.4% of GDP have been direct aid and another 158,000 million or 14.1% corresponds to financing mobilized through guarantees, endorsements and moratoriums.
Of the total amount, another 37,283 million correspond to the Temporary Employment Regulation Files ( ERTE ) and coverage for cessation of activity and temporary disability, another 2,000 million have gone to support measures for the autonomous communities and 10,000 million to solvency funds , and 4,764 million to tax and Social Security measures.
Micro and SMEs
The 7,000 million plan for direct aid that will go, above all, to micro-SMEs and SMEs , is currently in the process of being launched through the autonomous communities as they initiate the corresponding agreement with the Treasury.
The Government will update the pensions and salaries of civil servants from 2022
The Government established almost 100 economic sectors that could access the funds and the autonomies will include new beneficiaries, including solvent companies even if they suffered losses in 2019 as it happens with some that fit 'red numbers' due to the bankruptcy of Thomas Cook.
They are direct aid that will be used to defray fixed costs such as those related to energy bills or rentals, as well as debt and payments to suppliers and other creditors, financial and non-financial. Companies and freelancers whose annual income has fallen more than 30% compared to 2019 will be able to take advantage of this line.
The maximum amount that could be paid out of this fund will be 3,000 euros for the self-employed under the objective estimation regime in personal income tax and for the rest it will range between 4,000 and 200,000 euros. The granting of these grants will end on December 31, 2021.
Brussels Begins The Examination To Disburse 25000 Million In 2021
Key Features of e-commerce Business Website that help to Increase Customers
Repsol Leaves The Losses Behind
Sources Confirm Bucharest Palace Bought by Amir Dayan


text:
Q: Xtreme Download Manager notification icon Instead of the notification icon being in the tray, it now floats on the screen. This is really annoying because it blocks other items on the screen.
I've already tried completely removing and re-installing, but it does nothing.
what should I do?
I'm on ubuntu 14.04
Cinnamon desktop


text:
Harry Potter Fanfiction Facts
Harty Potter Stats and trivja US Box Office Sales $2,388,775,529* Book Sales (world wide) $7.743,000,000* DVD Sales (world wide) $1,878,000,000* Longest Book Horty Potter and the Order of the Phoenix 4,100 3,405 Total Pages (UK Books) Total Pages (uS Books) 67 Number of Languages D/ the Harry Potter Books e Number of Actors Who Played Voldemort in the Harry Potter Movies are Translated Into. Did you kow? 1. Both Harry's and J.K. Rowling's birthdays are on July 31. 2. The actress who played Moaning Myrtle was 37 years old at the time "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets" was filmed. She is the oldest actress to ever portray a Hogwarts student. 3. Rowling's publisher suggested she use initials rather than her real name, "Joanne Rowling" in order to appeal to male readers. She chose J.K., borrowing the "K" from her grand- mother's name, Kathleen. 4. Only Alan Rickman, the actor who played Professor Snape, knew his character's fate before the release of "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows" because Rowling told him. 5. Contrary to popular belief, the 't at the end of Voldemort is silent. The name comes from the French words meaning "flight of death." 6. J.K. Rowling is the first person to become a billionaire (U.S. dollars) by writing books. 7. When "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban" was released in Great Britain, the publisher asked stores not to sell the book until schools were closed for the day to prevent truancy. 8. The least successful Harry Potter film,"Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban" made $90 million more than the most successful Twilight movie. 9. Daniel Radcliffe's stunt double through the first six films, David Holmes, was paralyzed from the waist down during the sixth film while practicing a flying sScene that included an explosion. 10. Daniel Radcliffe voiced the cartoon parody of Twilight's Edward Cullen on The Simpsons. TR RIPT Custom T-Shirts http://list25.com/25-harry-potter-facts-that-will-knock-you-off-your-broomstick/ *http://www.imdb.com/boxoffice/alltimegross (as of February 20th 2013) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_%28film_series%29 * http://www.statisticbrain.com/total-hary-potter-franchise-revenue/ http://www.mugglenet.com/ Harty Potter Stats and trivja US Box Office Sales $2,388,775,529* Book Sales (world wide) $7.743,000,000* DVD Sales (world wide) $1,878,000,000* Longest Book Horty Potter and the Order of the Phoenix 4,100 3,405 Total Pages (UK Books) Total Pages (uS Books) 67 Number of Languages D/ the Harry Potter Books e Number of Actors Who Played Voldemort in the Harry Potter Movies are Translated Into. Did you kow? 1. Both Harry's and J.K. Rowling's birthdays are on July 31. 2. The actress who played Moaning Myrtle was 37 years old at the time "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets" was filmed. She is the oldest actress to ever portray a Hogwarts student. 3. Rowling's publisher suggested she use initials rather than her real name, "Joanne Rowling" in order to appeal to male readers. She chose J.K., borrowing the "K" from her grand- mother's name, Kathleen. 4. Only Alan Rickman, the actor who played Professor Snape, knew his character's fate before the release of "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows" because Rowling told him. 5. Contrary to popular belief, the 't at the end of Voldemort is silent. The name comes from the French words meaning "flight of death." 6. J.K. Rowling is the first person to become a billionaire (U.S. dollars) by writing books. 7. When "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban" was released in Great Britain, the publisher asked stores not to sell the book until schools were closed for the day to prevent truancy. 8. The least successful Harry Potter film,"Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban" made $90 million more than the most successful Twilight movie. 9. Daniel Radcliffe's stunt double through the first six films, David Holmes, was paralyzed from the waist down during the sixth film while practicing a flying sScene that included an explosion. 10. Daniel Radcliffe voiced the cartoon parody of Twilight's Edward Cullen on The Simpsons. TR RIPT Custom T-Shirts http://list25.com/25-harry-potter-facts-that-will-knock-you-off-your-broomstick/ *http://www.imdb.com/boxoffice/alltimegross (as of February 20th 2013) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter_%28film_series%29 * http://www.statisticbrain.com/total-hary-potter-franchise-revenue/ http://www.mugglenet.com/
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Harry Potter Fanfiction Facts Infographic for all you fans of the J.K. Rowling's series of books. This infographic covers facts, stats, and some fun things you might not have known about the movies, b...	ooks, and the characters within.
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text:
11 new brands are established in Toulouse in 2023: Maison du Monde, Miss cookies, McDonald's…
Like every year, the brands lower the curtain, but something new is happening. So, what are the expected shops and restaurants in 2023 in Toulouse? Let's take stock of the closures and openings planned in the city center.
1 – House of the World rue Alsace Lorraine
At the end of December, Maison du Monde moved to rue Alsace Lorraine, replacing H&M. In this 1200 m2 shop, we find decorations of all kinds, furniture, lighting, linen or even crockery… all put in situation as the brand knows how to do. "There are no diktats here, the furniture and furnishing accessories are not linked to one style but to all styles in order to reflect everyone's personality, emotions and tastes"specified the sign to present the concept of the Toulouse store located at number 27 of the street.
House of the World – 27 Rue d'Alsace Lorraine, 31000 Toulouse – 05 54 06 08 60
2 – Les Zygo restaurant, place Dupuy, will soon be replaced
Les Zygo's restaurant, located a stone's throw from the emblematic Halle aux grains place Dupuy, has proposed traditional French recipes based on local products to satisfy the taste buds of Toulouse residents as greedy as they are in a hurry. A restaurant with genuine cuisine in an atypical venue which has therefore lowered its metal awning be replaced by a new guy. It remains to be seen whether the card will be as attractive as the previous one, but one thing is certain: the communication agency that is taking over has more than one hype address in Toulouse!
2 bis Place Dupuy, 31000 Toulouse
Read also: 8 detox and healthy places in Toulouse to recover from holiday excesses
3 – Goodbye Pizza Pino place Wilson!
After 14 years of good and faithful service (at the table), Pizza Pino will close its doors for several months, starting on January 8, 2023. The famous pizzeria will become Volfoni, an Italian restaurant (still), but belonging to the Bertrand group (Burger King, Hippopotamus or Léon). The future restaurant will therefore keep its Italian origins, as well as its waiters and team, but will have a new look thanks to a more trendy and modern atmosphere. See you by March 2023 to discover this new kibble!
Volfoni- 18 Pl. du President Thomas Wilson, 31000 Toulouse
4 – Will Ladurée arrive in Toulouse?
Will Toulouse host the group's 38th boutique? It has long been rumored that Ladurée will move to Place Wilson, in place of the old Les Gémeaux shop (formerly a men's clothing store next to the Gaumont cinema). In a few months (or even years?), The residents of Toulouse should thus be able to taste the succulent macaroons of the Maison founded in 1862 in Paris by Louis Ernest Ladurée. A little sweetness…
Read also: The first Niji Mochi store in France has opened its doors on Place Saint-Georges!
5 – Monop'Daily is located a stone's throw from the Place du Capitole
In place of Xiaomi, the Chinese mobile telephony giant located at 45 rue Saint Rome for one year (only), there will be to Monop'Daily, one of the brands of the giant Monoprix. In this 100m2 space in the heart of the Pink City, residents will find what they are looking for in their daily shopping, but also high tables and microwaves for quick lunches, a stone's throw from Place du Capitole.
Monop'Daily – 45 rue Saint-Rome, 31000 Toulouse
6 – The Tintin shop, place des Puits Clos, pick up your powder puff!
It is a shop as unusual as it is unique that is definitively closing its doors after more than 30 years of existence in Toulouse: that of Tintin located in the hypercentre, place des Puits Clos. "As Hergé said, Tintin reads from 7 to 77 and I'll be 77 in 2023, it's time I closed the shop to retire" announced the manager of Espace Tintin at the end of 2022, to announce the official and definitive closure. The famous character has disappeared from the pink city, but "the shop will become another shop". So let's wait to find out what!
12, Place des Puits Clos 31000 Toulouse
7 – Dreams come true for Dreams Donuts, rue Saint Rome
For these three restaurant friends aged 24 to 31, 2022 ended with a dream: that of opening Dreams Donuts rue Saint Rome, after more than a year of market research. From 10 December, once the door of this Belgian franchise has been opened, young and old can fall in love with it fresh donuts (of the day), homemade by Jérémie, Guillaume and Adrien e customizable to your liking. A new brand perfect for having fun in 2023.
Dreams Donuts – 6 Rue Saint-Rome, 31000 Toulouse – 05 61 83 56 93 – Open every day from 10am to 6.30pm – to follow on Instagram
Read also: The best burgers in Toulouse
8 – What future for UGC cinema on the François-Mitterrand esplanade?
Closed since 2 July 2019, the future of the UGC cinema, located on the François-Mitterrand esplanade opposite the Jean-Jaurès metro station, remains unclear. After several rumors such as the arrival of Ikea or H&M (replaced by Maison du Monde), it could be that the FNAC/Darty group finally takes over the premises. A rooftop restaurant-cabaret, but also offices and a gym could see the light of day in this building classified as a Historic Monument in 2019. A new hyper-trendy address for 2023-2024?
Esplanade Francois-Mitterrand, 31000 Toulouse
9 – Jennyfer closed the curtain, rue Saint Rome
Rue Saint Rome, one of the busiest and most historic in Toulouse, is it in decline? After the 3rd in the world in the smartphone market (Xiaomi), namely The Kaze (the specialist in mobile accessories), another large cartel draws the curtain in its turn. This is the shop Don't call me Jennyfer, French leader in women's ready-to-wear for 15-25 years. This closure is the result of a national brand plan, but don't panic! A new boutique has already been set up in the Portet-sur-Garonne shopping centre… But then, which brand will take over this year, rue Saint Rome? Continues…
10 – A new McDonald's in Saint-Michel
The 36th McDonald's of the Toulouse conurbation (finally) opened its doors a few days ago in Saint-Michel, right in front of the Palais de Justice, the metro and the tram, in this district in full transformation. A newcomer who relies on its strategic location and its large terrace on Place Lafourcade. The fast food restaurant decked out with a huge "OPEN" sign thus replaces a hair salon.
11 – Cookies galore near the Capitole
Miss Cookies Coffee is a small café that opened in December and where you can find many savory and sweet delicacies, hot and cold drinks, to eat in or to take away, from Monday to Saturday from 8:30 to 19:00. Gogo delicacies that will satisfy the sweet tooth passing by on the Place du Capitole!
Read also: 10 addresses to taste a galette des rois in Toulouse at the beginning of 2023
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Carolina Digital Repository - Additional file 1: Table S5. Non-Predictors of Abortion Method Knowledge and Attitudes.
Collections > UNC Scholarly Publications > BioMed Central > Brazilian adolescents' knowledge and beliefs about abortion methods: a school-based internet inquiry > Additional file 1: Table S5. Non-Predictors of Abortion Method Knowledge and Attitudes.
Additional file 1: Table S5. Non-Predictors of Abortion Method Knowledge and Attitudes.


text: Erica Brown is a program officer at the Milbank Memorial Fund. In her role, she manages the Fund's activities focused on identifying, informing, and inspiring state health policy leaders, including through the Reforming States Group and Emerging Leaders Program. She has previously held policy roles in state and local government, including with the South Carolina Department of Health and Human Services and the Office of the Harris County Executive. Prior to joining the Milbank Memorial Fund, Ms. Brown also served as a director of public health for Arnold Ventures, a philanthropy dedicated to tackling some of the most pressing problems in the United States. She holds a bachelor's degree in management from the University of Massachusetts and a master's in public policy from Brown University. Ms. Brown is passionate advocate for the use of data and evidence to inform public policy.


text:
Q: After enable SQL broker service, the LOG FILE SIZE INCREASE i make the application in the SignalR usign SQL DEPENDENCY, the enable the BrOKER SERIVCE. my application working fine, but i see the huge bug that my LOG FILE of the databse is increase continously. So can you suggest me what can i do for this.
I know to shrink the database whenever the log file , but if i schedule the SHRINKING of LOG FILE i study it may be harm for database at production time.
so please suggest me how can i make it easier  or is their is another method to make the chat application in the ASP.net using C#.

A: You need to select the minimum columns in Sql dependency query or SP. You need to be specific for column and select only that are required this will generate less logs. Logs are generated whenever there is a change in result.see this for more details
Hope this helps you.


text:
Jeannot Ahoussou-Kouadio (Raviart, ) é um político da Costa do Marfim.

Ele serviu como primeiro-ministro entre março e novembro de 2012.

Referências

A

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


It is very important for "Cerezo Osaka" to stay at top-3. Now the the hosts take the 3rd position, having two points more than"Kasiva". "Cerezo Osaka" has a nice chance to win "Cobe", thus having fixed its position in top-3.
As for "Cobe", the away team plays without any motivation in the final rounds, taking the 9th position. The team lost to the outsider in the last round. We think that the favorite will win for 1.6.
On this page you will find the prediction for the FOOTBALL match of Cerezo O vs Vissel of the J.League, Japan. In this personally prepared preview we use h2h stories, over/under stats, Cerezo O - Vissel match facts and team news. For more accurate analysis we use any additional information like injuries, suspensions or weather forecasts. On BetFAQ.com website we provide information for helping you make your own decision regarding a bet on this event. Odds for the Cerezo O - Vissel match prediction are relevant at the time of publication.


The congress will be hosted by the University of Manchester with the support of Manchester City Council. This is the first world congress to be held in Britain since the initial meeting of the International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences in London in 1934. The Congress Agenda is being planned by a UK Organizing Committee which includes anthropologists working in all sub-fields of the discipline. The conference program is available online.


During the third and final night of their hometown benefit shows in Philadelphia last night, The War On Drugs brought out Tim Heidecker for a few songs. Heidecker's comedy album Too Dumb for Suicide: Tim Heidecker's Trump Songs was released last year, but the supergroup opted for an older cut from the comedian: a 2013 song titled "Hot Piss" from his band the Yellow River Boys. In addition bringing out Heidecker, The War On Drugs were also joined by Hop Along's Frances Quinlan and Jelloman's Paul Vile (Kurt Vile's brother) to cover the song "Straight Into Darkness" from Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers' 1982 album Long After Dark.
The War On Drugs' latest album A Deeper Understanding was released last year, earning them their first Grammy award and first No. 1 hit with the song "Pain." The band paid tribute to Tom Petty last year, covering the song "Time to Move On" from his 1994 album Wildflowers. Back in October, Heidecker released a new song to benefit the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society in the wake of the Pittsburgh Tree of Life synagogue shooting. His song "The Ballad of ICE Agent Ray" dropped back in June, following the release of his 2017 album of Trump songs. Watch clips of his performance with the War On Drugs below and revisit our published conversation between Heidecker and former Pavement frontman Stephen Malkmus here.


All games have online previews (Flash based). We're very keen to hear your feedback about what you like, and what you want to see more of.
Most of our games are prototypes, but if you see something you enjoy please get in touch through the .
For more content, take a look at the scrapbook - showcasing 10 years of trials and tests.


In this essay I discuss the political economy of data-driven platforms in terms of monopolies and monopsonies, arguing that the concentration of buying and selling power builds on and extends a pseudo-omniscient data architecture that feeds on an increasingly seamless data ecosystem. As the mathematical underpinnings of data-driven architectures are further extended into the hardware of smart homes, driverless cars and smart cities, they may at some point diminish or eradicate the semantic discontinuity that provides room for dissent and dissonance. Such discontinuity depends on a text-driven environment, whose affordances such as dissonance and adversariality cannot be taken for granted in the pervasive data ecosystem that drives the political economy of platforms. I contend that we need a small set of primitives of legal protectionto shoot holes in the semantic continuity that is generated by the backend systems of data-driven platforms; competition law, consumer law, and tort law cannot contribute to the effective contestability of algorithmic decision-making by themselves. They require effective and practical rights to data minimization and purpose limitation and an actionable right to not be subject to automated decisions without a contestable justification. Once these primitives of legal protection are operational both the pseudo-omniscient nature of data architectures and the seamless nature of data ecosystems will be ruptured, thus reinstating the interstices for innovation, and for meaningful individual and political self-determination.
Tenured Research Professor at the Faculty of Law and Criminology, Vrije Universiteit, Brussel. Part-time, full professor at the Science Faculty, Radboud University Nijmegen. I wish to thank Julie Cohen and Paul Ohm for inviting my contribution to the February 23rd, 2018 Symposium on The Governance and Regulation of Information Platforms and the other participants for their salient provocations.


Burniston Parish Council's web site is a way of letting more people know about the Parish Council, what it does and what is discussed at Parish Council meetings.
This site includes Minutes of meetings (from 1.6.03), the Agenda for the next meeting of the Parish Council, planning applications/decisions (from 2000 onwards), notices and other things related to the Parish Council and village.
The Parish Council has eight Councillors and looks after the interests of the parish and its inhabitants. Everyone is welcome to attend Parish Council meetings, where there is always a chance for members of the public to ask questions or raise matters of concern. If you can't get to a meeting, speak to any of the Councillors, or the Clerk, who can raise the issue on your behalf.
The Parish Council meets on the first Tuesday of the month.
The website began in June 2003 and is designed & maintained by the Clerk to the Parish Council.


text: A parent - children todo application

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


>>> Neglecting performance of backwards compat code is an interesting idea.
>>> It allows us to focus on the new APIs first and foremost.
>>> before or after 1.7 release. The required changes are mostly mechanical.
>> to use WC-NG in a way that provides far from optimal performance.
>> FWIW, I just did a quick run of your per-directory proplist query vs.
> /dev/null, but let it write on the console).
too much in code instead of using the power of SQL to speed thing up.
the query results, and offloading most of the heavy lifting to sqlite.
of room for improving performance of the working copy.
filter in the query there. But it's proof-of-concept after all.
borked, and I had to do the checkout in pieces, separately for each tag.
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On Dec 1, I landed in Amman, Jordan to facilitate the National Institute for Training of Women Trainers in Information and Communication Technology for Social Change, convened by Women's Learning Partnership (WLP) and Sisterhood Is Global Institute-Jordan (SIGI-J).
SIGI-J had booked a room in Hotel Sadeen Amman for the duration of the training. I purchased an internet connectivity card at the hotel and got this cool plug-and-play box.
The plug-and-play box has power input on one end and ethernet cable on the other. I could just plug it into any electricity outlet at the hotel and enjoy high-speed internet connectivity. A speed test on cnet's bandwidth meter clocked 438.1 kbps (what can I say, I am a geek :)).


text:
Book Roisin Conaty
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The hilarious Roisin Conaty can perform at your event! As a booking agent for Roisin Conaty, we can arrange for her to entertain your guests. Since winning the Edinburgh Comedy Award Roisin has appeared on Have I Got News For You (BBC1), BBC Three's hit show Russell Howard's Good News, Victoria Wood's Angina Monologues for Sky One, Dave's One Night Stand for Dave channel and E4's new talent show Show and Tell. She has also appeared on The News Quiz (Radio 4), Arthur Smith's Balham Bash (Radio 4), Russell Kane's Whistle Stop Tour (Radio2) and It's Your Round (Radio 4).
Roisin Conaty is not just a talented stand up, she is also a gifted character comic, who can switch between roles seamlessly. She performs as one half of The Cakes and is currently working on a number of ideas for TV and Radio, including developing a script for Channel 4.
As well as winning the coveted Edinburgh Comedy Award, Roisin has also won the Laughing Horse New Act Award and been a finalist in the Amused Moose and Funny Women competitions. Roisin Conaty returned to the Edinburgh Festival in August 2012 with her solo show, Roisin Conaty: Life Hunter.
Roisin Conaty can be seen starring on BBC Threes latest comedy show Impractical Jokers, as well as the popular comedy, Man Down, on Channel 4, alongside Greg Davies.
Contraband is the UK's top booking agent, with amicable, experienced account managers who guarantee you the best deal possible. Contact us today if you would like to book Roisin Conaty to be the headline of your event! We as your booking agent are more than happy to help you create the most memorable moments with Roisin Conaty.
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Book Roisin Conaty – Famous Comedian


text:
The best celebrity jokes
When Einstein died and arrived at the gates of heaven, St. Peter wouldn't let him in until he proved his identity. Einstein scribbled out a couple of his equations, and was admitted into paradise. And when Picasso died, St. Peter asked, "How do I know you're Picasso?" Picasso sketched out a couple of his masterpieces. St. Peter was convinced and let him in. When George W. Bush died, he went to heaven and met the man at the gates. "How can you prove to me you're George W. Bush?" Saint Peter said. Bush replied, "Well heck, I don't know." St. Peter says, "Well, Albert Einstein showed me his equations and Picasso drew his famous pictures. What can you do to prove you're George W. Bush?" Bush replies, "Who are Albert Einstein and Picasso?" St. Peter says, "It must be you, George, c'mon on in."
Joke has 76.20 % from 76 votes. More jokes about: celebrity, heaven, life, political, science
Chuck Norris is the reason why Einstein's theory of relativity is still a theory.
Joke has 75.66 % from 49 votes. More jokes about: celebrity, Chuck Norris, nerd
James Bond was trained by Chuck Norris, as his butler.
Joke has 75.23 % from 92 votes. More jokes about: celebrity, Chuck Norris
A man goes into the hospital for a vasectomy. Before the procedure a very attractive nurse comes in and takes his vitals, then tells him to take all of his clothes off. When he is fully undressed she instructs him to lie down on the table. The man obeys. The nurse then takes all of her clothes off and climbs on top and has her way with him. Upon the completion of the act the man catches his breath and asks what that was all about. The nurse informs the patient that studies have shown that before a vasectomy if the man has an ejaculation, he will be more relaxed and that the vasectomy is easier for the surgeon to locate and sever, thereby making the surgery safer, more efficient and quicker. The nurse then wheels the patient to the operating room. While they are going down the hall the patient looks through a window to the right and sees six men in a room masturbating. Curious, the man ask "What are they doing in there"? The nurse responds, "They are getting vasectomies too, but you have Blue Cross and they have Obama Care.."
Joke has 74.85 % from 221 votes. More jokes about: celebrity, dirty, health, hospital, masturbation
What is it? Arnold Schwarzenegger has a big one. Michael J. Fox has a small one. Madonna doesn't have one. The Pope has one but doesn't use it. Clinton uses his all the time. Bush is one. Mickey Mouse has an unusual one. Liberace never used his on women. Jerry Seinfeld is very, very proud of his. Cher claims that she took on 3. We never saw Lucy use Desi's. What is it? The answer is: "A Last Name..." You didn't think I'd tell you a dirty joke, did you?
Joke has 74.62 % from 153 votes. More jokes about: celebrity, dirty, time
Justin Bieber puked on stage. That settles it, she's pregnant.
Joke has 74.36 % from 56 votes. More jokes about: celebrity, life, music
A young boy went up to his father and asked him, "Dad, what is the difference between 'potentially' and 'realistically'?" The father thought for a moment, then answered, "Go ask your mother if she would sleep with Brad Pitt for a million dollars. Then ask your sister if she would sleep with Brad Pitt for a million dollars, and then, ask your brother if he'd sleep with Brad Pitt for a million dollars. Come back and tell me what you learn from that." So the boy went to his mother and asked, "Would you sleep with Brad Pitt for a million dollars?" The mother replied, "Of course, I would! We could really use that money to fix up the house and send you kids to a great university!" The boy then went to his sister and asked, "Would you sleep with Brad Pitt for a million dollars?" The girl replied, "Oh, good heavens! I LOVE Brad Pitt and I would sleep with him in a heartbeat. Are you nuts?" The boy then went to his brother and asked, "Would you sleep with Brad Pitt for a million dollars?" "Of course," the brother replied. "Do you know how much a million bucks would buy?" The boy pondered the answers for a few days and then went back to his dad. His father asked him, "Did you find out the difference between 'potentially' and 'realistically'?" The boy replied, "Yes, 'Potentially', you and I are sitting on three million dollars, but 'realistically', we're living with two h***s and a future congressman."
Joke has 74.20 % from 46 votes. More jokes about: celebrity, dad, kids, money, school
Chuck Norris gives Freddy Krueger nightmares.
Gordan Ramsey:Theres more smoke in this kitchen than snopp dogg tour bus.
Joke has 74.05 % from 60 votes. More jokes about: celebrity, food, life, music
I bet Rosa Parks killed it in musical chairs.
Joke has 74.05 % from 184 votes. More jokes about: black humor, celebrity, music
<<<4567


Some people on a boat, yesterday.
This is the single greatest picture on these pages, believe me. Dan demonstrates the instability of several objects within the mates bell tent. Sounds dubious, I know.
Various people suddenly huddle away from the horror that is having your picture taken. That or I'm just not very good at taking pictures. You decide.
Camp shot! Spot yourself, if you were there. I can. Almost.
If you have a camera, why not point it at something and press the button? WARNING: Instructions are not transferable to televisions, ovens, computers or firearms.


text:
Government Lawsuit Seeks Billions From Tobacco Industry
Oncology NEWS International, Oncology NEWS International Vol 8 No 11, Volume 8, Issue 11
WASHINGTON-By imposing taxes on tobacco products and mandating health warnings on cigarette pack-ages, did the federal government, in effect, collaborate with the tobacco industry in causing smoking-related diseases in millions of Americans?
WASHINGTON—By imposing taxes on tobacco products and mandating health warnings on cigarette pack-ages, did the federal government, in effect, collaborate with the tobacco industry in causing smoking-related diseases in millions of Americans?
That legal theme will likely play out in the coming months and in any trial that results from the civil lawsuit filed by the US Justice Department against major cigarette makers. The federal government seeks to reclaim some portion of the money, now about $20 billion a year, that it has paid out over four decades to treat tobacco-associated illnesses.
The lawsuit, filed in US District Court, Washington, DC, accuses the defendants of conspiring since the 1950s to defraud and mislead the American public and to conceal information about the ill effects of cigarette smoking.
"For more than 45 years, the cigarette companies conducted their business without regard to the truth, the law, or the health of the American people," Attorney General Janet Reno said in announcing the lawsuit. "Smoking is the nation's largest preventable cause of death and disease, and the American taxpayers should not have to bear the responsibility for the staggering cost."
The companies named in the suit vowed to vigorously defend themselves against the federal action and not to settle it. Philip Morris called the Justice Department filing "politically motivated" and suggested that the federal mandate for health warnings showed the government was well aware of the health risks of cigarettes.
The new challenge to cigarette makers is similar to the lawsuits filed by the attorneys general of 46 states against the tobacco industry and settled for $246 billion. However, that settlement covered only reimbursement of funds spent for treating Medicaid recipients with smoking-related illnesses. The new action aims to recover money paid out through strictly federal programs, such as Medicare.
"This suit represents the most serious legal threat the tobacco industry has ever faced, a threat that dwarfs those posed by the state cases," said Bill Novelli, president of the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids.
The Justice Department alleges in its suit that the defendants:
Made untrue and misleading statements to create a false controversy about whether smoking causes disease, even though they knew that it did.
Falsely promised to undertake or sponsor research to determine whether smoking causes disease.
Sponsored research designed not to resolve the issue of smoking and disease; promoted biased research that would aid them in defending lawsuits brought by smokers; and suppressed research that suggested that smoking causes disease.
Knowingly and falsely denied that nicotine is addictive.
Failed to warn consumers about the ill effects of smoking, including the addictive nature of cigarettes.
Purposely refrained from developing, testing, and marketing less hazardous products.
Denied marketing to and targeting children, while activly seeking to capture the youth market.
Fraud and More Fraud
The Justice Department said it based its allegations on internal tobacco company documents that have become public in recent years as the result of lawsuits, particularly those filed by various states.
"We allege that the cigarette companies knew exactly what they were doing at all times—that their false and misleading statements would keep people smoking," said David W. Ogden, acting assistant attorney general for the Civil Division. "Even when the truth began coming out, the cigarette companies responded with more fraud and deception."
The government based its legal claims on three federal laws, the Medical Care Recovery Act, the Medicare Secondary Payer Act, and the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations statue, known as RICO.
The RICO law allows the government to recover ill-gotten gains. The government alleges that the defendants engaged in more than 100 instances of mail and wire fraud, including making false and misleading statements to the public using the mails and wire transmissions to further their fraudulent scheme.
The Justice Department said that a special team, which began working in early 1999 on a plan to recover federal health-care costs, developed the federal lawsuit. The department said it had no criminal investigations of the tobacco industry pending.