text:
Tornadoes and global warming – still no linkage
tornadoes Weather
While Joe Romm, Bill McKibben, and others follow the fear card script to do everything and anything they can to link severe weather to global warming, they are clearly fighting a losing battle for public opinion on the issue. Now, even Andy Revkin at the New York Times doesn't believe it anymore when it comes to tornadoes.*
You can't exclude climate change, but there's simply no evidence through a half century of tornado history in the United States of a connection to warming.
Of course one of the strongest pieces of evidence has to do with the trend in the frequency of strong tornadoes, as shown in this somewhat dated graph from NCDC:
I'm looking forward to NCDC updating this data and graph. Obviously, there will be a new spike in 2011 rivaling 1974. But clearly, even with improved detection technology, the trend is down.
But this graph only goes back to 1950, and of course if we presented climate data only back that far, critics like the nefarious "Tamino" aka Grant Foster would have a cherry flavored cow, which is the typical M.O. for him. NCDC of course gets a pass.
Fortunately, I have some new tornado data to present that goes back further.
These two graphs below, courtesy of Dr. Indur Goklany, go back to 1900 and show the trend in death rates yearly, and by decade, since 1900:
Clearly death rates per million are down, which is testament to the improved warning technology, plus the skills and dedication of the National Weather Service and volunteer storm spotters at getting "eyes on" tornadoes to provide advance warning.
*UPDATE: Andrew Revkin writes in via email with this comment, which I am happy to reprint at his request – Anthony
You've cast my concerns about overstated discussions of tornadoes in the context of climate change as if this is new.
You must have missed my 2008 piece, including this section:
http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/02/07/climate-roundup-tornadoes-coral-drought/
New Jersey announces intent to pull out of RGGI cap and trade – Christie strikes major blow
Interesting memo from the White House on science and climate collaboration with the UK
sandyinderby
Should that be 2011? in
there will be a new spike in 2001 rivaling 1974.
REPLY: Typo fixed, thanks – Anthony
Scott Bixler
Sadly, my Geography 5 teacher at Santa Monica College is going to pin the increase in deadly tornadoes on climate change and the increase of water temperature of 2 deg. C in the Gulf of Mexico. I should bring this article to class and show then climate change has nothing to do with the increase of the current tornado outbreak. She also doesn't want to admit that volcanoes contribute to global cooling. Go figure.
Torgeir Hansson
Tornadoes, schmornadoes. Where I live we worry about earthquakes, and they are definitely tied to warming. It was warmer in 1989 than in 1906, and there was an earthquake in both years. And both happened on a warm day, at least compared to some of the days when there was no earthquake.
Adam Soereg
Obviously, there will be a new spike in 2001 rivaling 1974. But clearly, even with improved detection technology, the trend is down.
Don't you mean 2011 as comparable to the 1974 spike? This must be a typo.
Al Gored
I think I just realized what may have inspired the movie The Wizard of Oz.
Does the shown graph, outdated as you say, go through 2005 or 2010? Hard to tell.
Scottish Sceptic
It is interesting. I saw the graph on tornado numbers, and said to myself: "if anything they are going down … I wonder why that is … is there any change in the way these are recorded".
Next I wondered whether rising CO2 could have reduced the number of tornadoes at which point a bottomless bit of boiling speculation opened up and I chose not to enter in.
Interstellar Bill
Don't tornadoes need a mass of quite cold air to collide with a 'normal temp' air mass? Slightly warmer Gulf air or not, if there's no frigid air-mass there're no tornadoes, just giant dust devils.
The warmist fear-mongers shouldn't be so eager to trumpet what are actually the results of global colding.
They even gamely tried to pin the cold winter on their fantasies.
A few more cold summers may finally provide something they won't admit even exists, namely, a disproof of AGW, especially when it goes on for decades.
Eyal Porat
If anything, the graph may show we are cooling.
The spike of tornadoes was in 1974 – "we are approaching an ice age" era, remember?
Alan the Brit
The trend seems to be clear! Of course it's all too easy to forget that we live in age of near instantaneous communication of events around the world, that barely 50 years ago would have taken hours or days to establish, & 100 years ago, days & weeks to confirm! Media (& anthrotechnology), if nothing else, has improved speed of communication. Whether the accuracy of same has improved would be considered a moot point IMHO. So we have disaster upon disaster shown to the world at large at lightening speed, as if it were something unusual or even new, with no reference point from which to judge its validity, other than to append the usual "worse for 25/50/100 years" , (tick whichever is appropriate) banal remark.
OT Nice speech by your President, starting with some much shared humour, but of little substance in most of it other than the usual trite statements. I have nothing personal against the man, the Democrats were in their usual turmoil of "who do we run with, the first woman (Clinton) or the first black (Obama) candidate?" AND NO I am neither misogynist or racist, just C of E & an observer of people! Similar traits to President Kennedy he knows how to work a crowd, even if they are the lame-brain dead self-promoting self-enriching (at taxpayers expense) British politicians who couldn't give a damn about anyone but themselves so long as the stupid prols believe they are doing good, but then I am biased, as many of you may deduce I have absolute admiration & respect for our political classes 🙂 Sarc off!
Ian H
I like the fitted straight line predicting negative deaths from Tornadoes about now. I hate the way in climate science every graph gets a straight line drawn on it which is immediately it seems abused to predict calamity a hundred years into the future. This graph provides a great example of what is wrong with this practice.
According to this graph dead people who have not been killed by tornadoes should start popping up out of the ground any day now. Zombie invasion anyone?
In this is what matters – how much do the tornadoes affect you? In the end it doesn't even matter how many tornadoes you are getting when the impact they are having is in permanent decline.
It doesn't matter if glaciers are melting if the sea level isn't rising
It doesn't matter if the air temperature appears higher if the crops keep on growing faster.
RE: Jake says:
It goes through 2007.
P. Solar
Scott Bixler says:
I'm actually starting to doubt this myself, if you are referring to any long term permanent impact.
The short term signal seems quite clearly present for major events but only lasts a few years. Now if you look at *rate of temp change* which is where you will see the effect of a "forcing" (but which few people do ), you will see a negative spike , ie temp dropping followed by temp rising.
This does not match the idea of a heavy permanent drop as seen in GISS-E for example.
Hansen et al are using exaggerated volcano forcing producing a permanent drop in temperatures to have an excuse for an exaggerated CO2 to pump it back up again.
If they stopped playing games with volcanoes they would probably find their models only needed something like the *real* calculated CO2 forcing "based on the science" rather than their fictional sensitivity.
Anthony, using death rate a climate indicator is pretty open to criticism. One obvious comment is that better predicition, warning systems and care of victims would be an important part of that downward trend.
If you want to comment on climate I would have thought climate parameters like force, frequency etc, would make the point more convincingly.
Michael Jankowski
I had someone try to tell me the other day that it was a "proven fact" that tornadoes were "getting larger and stronger every year." Incredible.
There's a list of the "official" worst-of-the-worst F5/EF5s from 1950 onward in the US at http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/f5torns.html – shows a nice downward trend.
By decade, it's:
1950s – 17
1980s – 3
2010s – 4 so far (including Joplin)
Wikipedia lists some other "possible" F5/EF5s, which tallies up for the US to:
2010s – 4 so far
Les Johnson
Anthony: While not a tornado count, this site does track severe thunderstorm days in the US. Its updated daily.
http://www.spc.noaa.gov/exper/archive/events/index-eventdays-online.html
This site gives total tornadoes, but not broken out by severity.
http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/tornadoes/2010/13
Wrong headline – there clearly IS a link between global warming and tornadoes. As it gets warmer, tornadoes get fewer.
The first graph is curious. It shows an isolated spike in the seventies and there will be another one in 2011. But it doesn't seem to match any obvious trend, almost as if these events come out of the blue. I'm reminded of a piece in WUWT afew weeks ago, about the appalling paper in Nature that claimed to establish a link between global warming and the terrible floods in England and Wales, in 2000. The people involved (I refuse to use the term 'scientists' in this connection) used an unending array of computer models to 'prove' the link. But, as Willis pointed out, if you actually look at the data you see a completely different picture. During the last century there was essentially no trend in the rainfall data, but there was an isolated spike in 2000. There was another, slightly larger, spike aropund 1930. Apparently there were two similar spikes in the 19th century.
There does seem to be a similarity between the flood spikes and the tornado spikes: they appear without warning and do not seem to be part of a trend – and certainly don'y correlate with climate change at all.
By chance, a couple of days ago I heppened to see the BBC Horizon program about freak waves. Amazingly, it appears that a ship is lost around the world every week, often with no obvious cause. Freak waves may be the answer. Ironically, according to the consensus view (the so-called 'linear model'), freak waves are impossible – but now we know that freak waves do occur quite frequently – they are observed regularly by satelolits radars. The consensus turned out to be completely wrong – sound familiar?
Tornado outbreaks, flood disasters, freak waves: they all seem to appear out of the blue with no underlying trend. I wonder if there could be a deep, underlying connection?
ScuzzaMan
Yep, by end of next year tornadoes in the US will have given birth to 50 people …
tallbloke
Clearly death rates per million are down, which is testament to the improved warning technology, plus the skills and dedication of the National Weather Service and volunteer storm spotters
Could better housebuilding standards and storm shelters be helping too?
Matt says: (May 27, 2011 at 3:21 am)
Exactly my thoughts, adding to the idea that warmer is better.
Craig S
Ian H says:
Shotgun? Check!
Axe? Check!
Armored V-8 Truck w/Nitro? Check!
I'm ready for the Zombie invasion, anyone else?
Chris Wright says:
The uptick in tornadoes was with warning. Joe Bastardi warned about it many months ago. Like it or not, the earth is now entering a cool phase. Also, there was a lot of snow in the northern US this past winter. When snow is on the ground, nights are colder. So all that snow provides more cold air. Tornadoes are formed with warm and cool air mix. Obviously it is more complex than that, but there is a reason why spring and autumn are tornado season and not summer or winter. This was not a freak wave. A little common weather sense was all that is needed to know this was going to be a bad tornado year.
Jason Calley
P. Solar says: "Anthony, using death rate as a climate indicator is pretty open to criticism. — snip –If you want to comment on climate I would have thought climate parameters like force, frequency etc, would make the point more convincingly."
Yes, good point. Basing tornado analysis on deaths per year leads to the following conclusion. With a continuing decline in deaths per year, we will soon reach a state where we have fewer than zero deaths per year. Anti-tornadoes, spinning backwards, will pass over cemeteries, open the graves and raise people from the dead.
So let me get this straight.. global warming is the cause of extreme weather events (ie. the devastating tornadoes) here in the US this year. According to the alarmist scientists this year has about the same average temperature as last year and the year before that. Then how come the global warming of the previous years did not produce a similar number of extreme tornadoes?
I'd think cold from the north would be a more important variable than warmth from the south. The Gulf doesn't change on a daily basis, but cold penetration does.
I've been trying to find annual temp lists for places like Bismarck, but can't find them. Does anyone have a good NOAA link to derive annual temp lists by season or by month for a city? Seems like that should be on the WUWT reference page in some form.
Might be relevant: the record low for today in Bismarck is -40 in 1974, the most recent mega-twister year.
Pull My Finger
Well according to McClatchey newspapers, (yea, I know, they are like the minor leagues as far as news services), it's all global warming.
http://www.centredaily.com/2011/05/25/2736923/tornadoes-floods-droughts-scientists.html
-40 in MAY? That's nuts.
I've noticed most of our local record highs in the spring date to the 30s and 40s.
Mr. Revkin says: "You can't exclude climate change, but there's simply no evidence through a half century of tornado history in the United States of a connection to warming."
This sentence to me is a nonsense. The first part "You can't exclude" means that you include it. The second part "simply no evidence" means the opposite. Except he left himself and out by using "climate change" in the first part and "warming" in the second.
Climate change maybe included if you count cooling.
Ed Mertin
Karymsky, Kizimen, Shiveluch in Kamchatka are now active regularly pluming high fliers. Kamchatka region has been active well above normal since 2008. Then the Iceland volcanic eruptions, Grimsvotn honking high altitude. Start a storm cellar installations company and you'll do well over the next few years.
Mike Bromley
This link has context now. An astounding public display of emotional disconnectedness:
http://www.npr.org/blogs/13.7/2011/05/26/136676621/what-motivates-climate-change-deniers
A Quote: "I know what motivates my position [climate change causes tornadoes]: the sirens, the polar-bear pictures, the IPCC reports, fear for my grandchildren's future. What motivates the denial?"
Er, Say again? Polar bear pictures?
Doesn't everyone recognize that we have crossed a "tipping point" in 2010 and that now the number of strong tornados is going to skyrocket – just like it did in 2011. (:))
Douglas DC
It was 1975 that I reported a tornado in NE Oregon. seen by an FAA Flight Service station guy in Baker,Or. too. No one including the Pendelton Weather office believed us.
No kidding. If it happened now there would be evidence left -wrecked wind turbines…
That's a down-trend, even though you've added 1 1/2 extra years to the last 'decade'.
Polistra: try this:
http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/research/cag3/cag3.html
Click on "Cities", then either cities in the list on the left, or on the map.
No Bismarck, but Dickinson ND is there.
When I was flying back from Oakland California to get back to Joplin Monday morning (world's shortest vacation to wine country that weekend), a lady at the airport said to me, upon hearing I was from Joplin, "You can't tell me that these tornadoes aren't caused by Global Warming." And I said "They are caused by a strong Pacific ocean current effect from what I can tell, and there's simply no evidence that a slightly warmer temperature would cause these storms." She seemed genuinely shocked that I wasn't prepared to blame the destruction in my town on other people's SUVs I guess.
I wish it were the case that when warmers insist on linear trend lines, all other indices they wish to present must also be fitted with linear trend lines. Then they must use these lines to prove their mathematical case that global warming causes all these slanting up and slanting down statistics.
Bet we haven't heard the last from Grímsvötn. Jön Frìmen, looking at the tremor signal doesn't think so. Go to eruptions@bigthink and download the volcano app for android. It's real cool, you have the location and all the info from the weekly volcanic activity reports (SMITHSONIAN) right there. You can practically see the temperature gradients sharpen from low altitude plumes near the equator and high altitude near the Arctic, or maybe it's just me visualizing it.
Dave Springer
Any correlation between tornado frequency/intensity and solar magnetic or sunspot indexes?
Is it just coincidence that a near record high tornado year followed on the heels of a near record low sunspot year?
There's actually some hypothetical basis to it. Tornadoes need clouds. Solar magnetic field is suspected of throttling cloud formation where a weak field allows greater cloud formation.
While it's true that correlation is not causation a lack of correlation is pretty strong evidence of no causation. Correlation highlights things that deserve a closer look in regard to causation. Lack of correlation pretty much means "nothing going on here, move along now".
Cyber,
You were much too nice to her. Kudos to you for being a nice guy. But I would have explained to her that "global warming" has amounted to only seven-tenths of a degree over 150 years, and that CO2 ["carbon" to the scientifically illiterate] is only 0.00039 of the atmosphere, and that $7 – $8 billion dollars is paid out every year by the federal government to 'study global warming/climate change', and while she was processing that new [to her] information, I would remind her that human nature being what it is, charlatans of all kinds have their snouts in the public trough.
That's the long and the short of it. Money and power are the motivation, and honest science has nothing to do with the CAGW scam.
Kerry Eubanks
As many others have pointed out, fitting a linear trend to this kind of data doesn't make sense. An exponential curve is more appropriate. Excel gave this result:
y = 377.59 * exp(-0.2642x) (R-squared = 0.8944)
Doug Proctor
Denying recent tornadoes are caused by Global Warming will probably provoke a backlash from the warmists that you don't "care" about people. The association of unhappiness and climate change is a prime emotional motivator for the Gore-warmist. Technical relevance is trumped by tears and fears.
I must be dumb as a rock.
If warming was the trigger for tornadoes, then July & August would be the months
with the greatest number of these storms.
However, the storms peak late April to early June in most states.
Florida is a weather laboratory unto itself
Chip Knappenberger
Pat Michaels has an article at forbes.com that has some updated tornado numbers as well:
The Great Tornadoes Of 2011 Put In Perspective
Sorry, I should have pointed out that the equation I gave a few posts earlier was for the death rate per million per year.
P Wilson
from the briefest of view of the graph going back to 1950-it looks like the average has decreased since the global warming scare of the early 1980's onwards
Larry Hamlin
Excellent post. The L. A. Times ran a piece two days ago alleging to discuss the "science" of the recent tornadoes in the U.S. and after addressing the weather factors (warm Gulf of Mexico waters and a lower arctic jet stream) offered pure climate fear conjecture that global warming was creating more intense tornadoes. I wrote the reporter and pointed out that NOAA's EF3-EF5 tornado tracking data from 1950 to the present completely debunked his opinion and that his biased observation had no business being addressed in a piece supposedly discussing the "science" of tornadoes. These climate fear alarmists will do doubt continue to try to make this tornado season akin to what they did to Hurricane Katrina and the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. They are wrong on both counts.
Bill Sticker
More to come I think. Plenty of colder air in the mountains according to this report;
http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/U/US_MEMORIAL_DAY_SNOW?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2011-05-27-04-51-12
No linkage? Tell that to these guys:
"It is almost impossible for us to pinpoint these specific events…and say they were caused by climate change," says William Chamedies, an atmospheric scientist and dean of the Nicolas School of the Environment at Duke University. "On the other hand we do know that because of climate change those kinds of events will very, very likely become more common, more frequent, more intense. So what we can say is that these kinds of events that we are seeing are consistent with climate change. "
http://www.voanews.com/english/news/usa/US-Extreme-Weather-Consistent-with-Climate-Change–122577569.html
How do they "know that because of climate change those kinds of events will very, very likely become more common, more frequent, more intense"?
Nullius in verba applies to you too William Chamedies and the Nicolas School of the Environment at Duke University, unless you believe you are exempt from the scientific method.
http://pathstoknowledge.net/2011/05/26/the-president-of-the-royal-society-wants-scientists-to-abandon-the-scientific-method.
David Falkner
I don't know if you can compare death rates and tornado strength. It's hard to imagine modern warning systems do not save lives and reduce the number of deaths in otherwise comparable storms.
If you believe you're exempt from the scientific method you're stating that you are not a scientist.
Leon Brozyna
Tragedies strike …
Scientists seek to understand.
And then there are those other critters that seek to cash in on tragedies for their own causes.
Tamino has a nicely cherry-picked data set on his site. By just selecting the tornado records for each April over the last 60 years, he has managed to produce a hockey-stick! You could not make it up.
http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/killers.html
Plus, the number of deaths in a tornado season doesn't automatically equate to the quantity of strong tornadoes in that season. You can see from the top 25 deadliest tornado list that 1953 has three of the top 25. The value for tornado strength in the first chart doesn't show 1953 as an extraordinary year in the number of strong storms, but there is a good spike in the death rate.
Wondering Aloud
Darn now all those plans to claim that warming had so reduced cyclonic storms that tornadoes were a thing of the past are shot to heck.
Revkins graphs "Tornado Reports" appears misleading. The number of reports of Tornados is likely to go up as the number of people go up, which increases the chance that a Tornado that does no damage will be spotted.
This is supported by his graph itself which shows a decrease in F2-F5 tornados. So the increased number of reports must be due to more people reporting small tornados (F0-F1) which previously went unreported as they did no significant damage.
S0, what is being graphed is not an increase in damaging Tornados, which the graph shows are decreasing, but an increase in people reporting minor tornados.
CRS, Dr.P.H.
@P. Solar says:
REPLY Exactly! Also, keep in mind the increased migration of the U.S. population towards urban centers and out of rural areas in the past 100 years or so. As we've built more sprawling suburbs & ex-urbs, we've given Mr./Mrs. Tornado quite a bit more of a population concentration to harass. I'd think that would have a direct impact on tornado-induced morbidity/mortality in recent years (1950's onward).
Not to mention the invention of the mobile home, slab-built/stick-built tract housing etc. More/deadlier tornadoes? I doubt it, just a higher population at risk.
Re: what ferd berple says:
You need to click to the Dot Earth piece which has the following caption below the graph:
"Frequency of reports of strong (red) and weak (blue) tornadoes since 1950. Experts say the rise in weak tornadoes is from more reporting, not more storms. (NOAA/NSSL)"
It simply got left out when the graph got displayed here on WUWT.
Say what you will about Revkin, the admittedly few columns I've read of his seem fairly balanced, considering his audience.
Robert Doyle says: (May 27, 2011 at 7:50 am)
Can't disagree with your first line.
These storms are caused by contrasting air masses not warm weather. General warming would make for less contrast between air masses and thus less severe storms. So don't be so eager to disparage rocks.
SteveSadlov
A secular global warming trend would tend to dampen the energy of the Spring jet stream, as the Semi Tropical Highs moved north earlier and earlier in the season. In the case of the current season, the opposite has been true. The Semi Tropical Highs are still "south for the winter" and are only just now starting to creep northward. That is indicative, if anything, of a secular global cooling trend.
Michael Jankowski says:
And don't bother sharing any REAL facts, right?
People's power of self-delusion always amazes me.
James F. Evans
Interstellar Bill says:
This is my suspicion, too.
Normal, warm moist air from the Gulf of Mexico colliding with below normal cold air from the North.
See story of huge snow pack in the western states this Memorial Day weekend:
Heavy snows spoil weekend holiday plans in West, May 27, 2011
Now, I'll acknowledge that "warmer" than normal air could be coming from the Gulf of Mexico, but I haven't seen any reports as such.
Or it could simply be a historical anomaly.
I predict that tornadoes cause earthquakes. And if the world ever has another earthquake, I'll consider that positive proof of my theory.
Yes, I will become a climatologist yet. 😉
We have had all sorts of large weather events recently that look like events in 1974/75.
The big floods in Queensland (Australia) were comparable with 1974 , these tornados in the US, the last time the flood control gates were opened on the lower Mississippi R was in 1974 etc etc. What else happened in 1974 ? Wasn't there a strong La Nina event ? I'm sure others can add to the list.
But I'm just an amateur who stands to be corrected if wrong.
I was just checking out the web cams for Squaw Valley. White out conditions at present. Those going to enjoy the last weekend will be in for a powder day tomorrow.
They could go for at least another month if they wanted to, the lift towers are at minimum safe ground clearances in a number of high accumulation places. I think it's an insurance thing, they buy insurance futures early in the season, if they want to top up later it's very expensive. With a minimal ad budget they can't afford to advertise this late in the season, most flatlanders have no clue it's still snowing in the high country.
"The Cascades blocked any of those warm, moist, refreshing Pacific breezes, harvesting their moisture to carpet ski areas for dewy-skinned Seattleites, and diverting what remained north to Vancouver or south to Portland. Consequently the Palouse had to get its air shipped down in bulk from the Yukon and British Columbia. It flowed across the blasted volcanic scab land of central Washington in […] a more or less continuous laminar sheet that, when it hit the rolling Palouse country, ramified into a vast system of floods, rivers and rivulets diverging around the bald swelling hills and recombining in the sere declivities. But it never recombined exactly the way it was before. The hills had thrown entropy into the system. Like a handful of nickels in a batch of bread dough this could be kneaded from place to place but never removed. The entropy manifested itself as swirls and violent gusts and ephemeral vortices. "
Neal Stephenson quotes are always worth posting. A beautiful description of why tornadoes.
rbateman
The NWS is heading to Durham, Calif, to assess the strength of the tornadoes that touched down in the area. Preliminary looks to be EF-2, one might even fetch and EF-3. Historians are searching records to see if something like it happened in the past.
What is unprecedented from what I see around the North State is the cold air that keeps right on pouring in. It's coming from the N. Pacific, and it says volumes about what is going on out there. Every day this week I have looked out and seen snow stuck to trees up on the Trinity Alps. Mighty cold for end of May.
I heard one comment on the news saying that these tornados were a consequence of the North Pacific Ocean water being abnormally cold this year, increasing the temperature contrast between air coming from the Pacific and air coming from the Gulf. Perhaps this is a delayed consequence of the unusual grand solar minimum of 2008-2010.
On KHB60, I heard a report this week from Stampede Pass (3672 ft) in Washington State that it was 32 degrees and snowing.
Kerry Eubanks says:
Why is that any more "appropriate" ?
That shows that as we go back in time the number of deaths will tend to infinity. Far less credible than a straight line.
You're just pulling an arbitrary equation out of the sack. It has no more validity than a straight line. (Which I agree is not a very suitable model.)
No tornadoes here in western MD, but a series of rainstorms & T-storms. Massive stream flooding yesterday from 1.72″ rain in about 30 minutes. 60 mph winds & hail.
The last 11 days I've measured 8.2″ rain here. Rain-shadowing from the Appalachians doesn't occur here when precip moves from the SE, S & SW instead of the west.
Global Cooling Kills. One of the methods it uses is tornadoes. Be afraid! Be very afraid!
Michael Klein
It is important to remember that the absence of evidence is not the evidence of absence. Global warming might increase the number of tornados in the future, but we can't know for another 50 years. The question we should ask ourselves now is whether it is plausible that global warming could increase the number or severity of tornados.
http://www.drroyspencer.com/2011/05/the-tornado-pacific-decadal-oscillation-connection/
http://www.drroyspencer.com/2011/05/todays-tornado-outlook-high-risk-of-global-warming-hype/
Norman Page
Here is a copy of a post I made on Revkins website in response to his Tornado piece
Here is an excerpt from a Thirty Year Climate Forecast posted on my blog
climatesense-norpag.blogspot.com nearly one year ago which explains and anticipates the recent outbreak of Tornadoes.- the key item is the more meridional Jet Stream path on our cooling world in which the rising temperature trend peaked in 2003 and which has been cooling since then.
"Of particular note in climate forecasting is the negative phase of the PDO which began perhaps five years ago and may well last for another 25years. This suggests that La Ninas will be more frequent than El Ninos during this time span. A general earth cooling is thus more likely as was the case from 1940 to 1970 when similar conditions prevailed. Concurrent changes in the Arctic Oscillation suggest a pattern of meridional atmospheric flow will be more common than the more latitudinal flows of warmer periods.
Policymakers may wish to note the following possible effects on earth's climate for the next 20 – 30 years. A cooler world with lower SSTs usually means a dryer world. Thus droughts will be more likely in for example east Africa with possible monsoon failures in India. In California the PDO will mean less rainfall with more forest fires in the south. However in the Cascades and Northern Sierras snowpack could increase since more of the rain could occur as snow. Northern Hemisphere growing seasons will be shorter with occasional early and late frosts and drought in the US corn belt and in Asia repeats of the harsh Mongolian and Chinese winters of 2009 – 10 . In Europe cold snowy winters and cool cloudy summers will be more frequent
There will be a steeper temperature gradient from the tropics to the poles so that violent thunderstorms with associated flooding and tornadoes will be more frequent in the USA, At the same time the jet stream will swing more sharply North – South thus local weather in the Northern hemisphere in particular will be generally more variable with occasional more northerly heat waves and more southerly unusually cold snaps. In the USA hurricanes may strike the east coast with greater frequency in summer and storm related blizzards more common in winter."
In all modesty, although I say so myself, the forecast looks pretty good so far!!
"Policymakers may wish to note the following possible effects on earth's climate for the next 20 – 30 years. A cooler world with lower SSTs usually means a dryer world. Thus droughts will be more likely in for example east Africa with possible monsoon failures in India. In California the PDO will mean less rainfall with more forest fires in the south."
Norman, I suppose Rivkin posted this prediction mainly assuming that less water vapor would be available due to generally cool temps. However, with a negative PDO, a number of things occur. The temperature differential between the equator and the poles increase. North Pacific storms become more frequent, and a general strenghtening of the Icelandic Low occurs. The NAO will also show an increase in the negative phase due to increase baroclinicity between the poles and the equator. For North America, this means more precip, more snow, and more severe thunderstorms.
For the subtropics, there may indeed be more droughts. But I don't think there is enough daya out there that describes definite trends in the Walker and Hadley Cells in relation to the PDO. We do know that Austrailia suffers through heavy precip events during La Ninas. Much of East Africa is dependent upon changes in the Walker Cell (as is India). During El Ninos, India and East Afric can suffer through droughts (which also affects the Nile Delta). La Nina events would esseintially disrupt these droughts.
JP – I think you misunderstood the post somewhat.The prediction was mine not Revkins.
The specific response in any particular area to a generally cooling world would be highly variable in time and space and requires a really detailed analysis of the the interaction of all the various global pressure system at any particular time and for any particular place. The forecasts I made were meant to be very general – really only suggesting the sort of thing we may expect.You would need a very knowledgeable meteorologist like d'Aleo or Joe Bastardi to work out the details.
One further note- to those blaming the tornadoes on a warm GOM check the current situation at http://weather.unisys.com/surface/sst_anom.gif
The northern Gulf is up to 2degrees cooler than average.
Archwright
Lets compare the two, big destructive storm types Hurricanes and Tornadoes. Hurricanes are different, they are affected by several regional and global weather phenomena. El Niño/La Niña, winds across the Sahara desert, water temperatures, etc. Scientists know approximately how many Hurricanes will happen in a year by performing metrics on these natural phenomena.
The conditions that create tornadoes do not offer the same opportunity for long-term prediction. We know that sort of regional weather phenomena cause tornadoes. Scientists occasionally get a week before a burst of tornadoes in a region. Because the conditions that create tornadoes are on such a small scale (compared to the weather of the world at large), we have no science right now that connects global climate patterns to tornado generation.
So, attempting to connect Tornado occurrence to global climate is foolish.


Compusearch's new name, Unison, reflects the company's focus on helping government agencies, program offices, and contractors align to best achieve government missions.
DULLES, VA. — February 1, 2019 — Compusearch Software Systems, the leading provider of software and insight to government agencies, program offices, and contractors, today announced its rebranding and name change to Unison. The Unison brand encompasses all the brands formerly under Compusearch Software Systems, Inc., including Compusearch, PRISM, SpectrumCLM, FedBid, TopVue, FedConnect, and Virtual Acquisition Office (VAO).
Unison envisions a government that always makes astute, effective decisions, from the line-level to the C-level, across federal agencies and their contractor partners. Its software suites support the four types of professionals vital to the success of government missions — program managers, the acquisition workforce, financial assistance professionals, and government contractors. By fully supporting each type of professional, Unison deeply understands and is uniquely able to address their individual and collective challenges. Unison's software suites are powered by its Insight Platform, which brings advanced, unrivaled intelligence, collaboration, and data integrity.
Unison's secure cloud and on-premise software, marketplace, and information services support more than 200,000 users in all federal agencies, dozens of major DoD programs, and leading prime contractors. All software development and support are done within the USA. For over 30 years, Unison has continually advanced its thinking and software to help federal programs better pursue their missions. Unison is headquartered in Dulles, VA, with offices in Tysons Corner, VA, Clearfield, UT, San Diego, CA, and Los Angeles, CA. For more information, visit www.UnisonGlobal.com.


Recently we had the opportunity to assist one of our customers who is using our SharePoint service to build dashboards. We used Excel Services to take advantage of Excel's charting and Pivot Table functionality to easily allow users to update and create new metrics. Some of the data for their dashboard comes from an applications they host on-premise and some are other cloud services not hosted by us. In order to connect their data we leveraged an ODBC driver from RSSBus.
First the ODBC drive has to be installed on the web front ends in the farm. Our technical support team handles this for our customers since customers don't have access to them (except when the customer is using dedicated SharePoint).
The ODBC connection is then configured as a System DSN.
Next the ODBC driver is added as a Trusted Provider in Central Admin Excel Services as an OLE type.
Next we setup a Secure Store Service Application for the customer using a service account that has permission to execute the ODBC connection. Note, the RSSBus ODBC drivers securely store the credentials to the actual data source so this set of credentials is just for Excel Services to make the connection. If you are in your own environment or a dedicated environment you could also setup the Excel Services Unattended account and that would take the place of the Secure Store Application.
With this in place the rest is up to Excel. In Excel create the Data Connection as an OLE DB type that references the DSN name you created.
There are some options to set here - the most important is Authentication - this should be set to SSS and the name of the Secure Store Application you created needs to go here. Or, if you are using the unattended account you set it to None. There are many ways you can save the connection: inside the workbook or to an ODC file which can be published to a Data Connection library.
It is worth mentioning a basic here: The workbook (Excel file) and, if you decided to use one, the ODC must be in trusted locations as defined in Excel Services.
Save the workbook to your Document Library and then you can use the Excel Web Access web part to show pieces or the entire Excel file. In the web part properties you have options to allow users to initiate data refresh. Since doing this from the web part does not save the file, the data will be updated but the file will display the data as it was the last time it was saved.
You can also set the refresh options in the workbook to refresh on open (which will cause the web part to load current data each time a user views it) or to refresh on a set interval.
In the end you create a dashboard that connects to data and has the ability to be up to date in real-time. Designing the metrics is easy for anyone familiar with Excel and everything is secure and abstracted so users can only see the data you publish and have no direct access to the data source(s).


text:
Die Liste der Explorer-Missionen führt chronologisch geordnet alle Satelliten auf, die im Explorer-Programm der NASA realisiert wurden. Dabei werden auch die Satelliten genannt, die aufgrund des Versagens der Trägerrakete keine Umlaufbahn erreicht haben. Nicht enthalten sind Missionen, die vor dem Start gestrichen wurden oder aus dem Explorer-Programm in ein anderes Satellitenprogramm überführt wurden.

Überblick
Bis zum Jahr 2019 wurden 105 Explorer-Satelliten gestartet, davon 94 erfolgreich. Mindestens vier weitere Missionen mit acht Einzelsatelliten sind für die nächsten Jahre geplant.

Missionen
Stand der Liste: 29. Januar 2021

1950er – 1960er – 1970er – 1980er – 1990er – 2000er – 2010er – 2020er – Geplante Missionen

Startorte
Bislang wurden die Explorer-Satelliten von fünf verschiedenen Startgeländen ins All geschossen:

 CC = Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida
 KSC = Kennedy Space Center, Florida
 Kw = Kwajalein, Marshallinseln
 SM = San-Marco-Plattform, vor der Küste Kenias
 VAFB = Vandenberg Air Force Base, Kalifornien
 WFF = Wallops Flight Facility, Virginia

Literatur
 The R.A.E. Tables of Earth Satellites 1957–1989

Weblinks

 NASA: NASA's Explorer Program Satellites (englisch)
 NASA: Explorers Program (englisch)
 R.A.E. Tables of Earth Satellites mit Ergänzungen (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Explorer
!
NASA

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text:
Home / India / Ayodhya-model cry for Sabari
Ayodhya-model cry for Sabari
The Left and the Congress slammed Yogi for his 'communally polarising' remarks
Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath offers prayers at Bade Hanuman Temple, in Allahabad on Wednesday, February 13, 2019.
K.M. Rakesh | Bangalore | Published 16.02.19, 11:01 AM
Uttar Pradesh chief minister Yogi Adityanath has called for "Ayodhya-model" protests to "save" the Sabarimala temple and its traditions, drawing sharp criticism from the Left and the Congress that accused him of communal polarisation.
Addressing a BJP workers' meeting in Pathanamthitta, the district where Sabarimala is located, late on Thursday, Adityanath accused the Left Democratic Front government in Kerala of coming in the way of the temple's traditions, where women of childbearing age were not allowed in.
"We need Ayodhya-model protests to save Sabarimala," he told party workers.
On a brief visit to the southern state to enthuse booth-level workers, he equated the Sabarimala temple to Ayodhya.
"Ayodhya and Sabarimala are equally important to Hindus. There is a deliberate attempt to insult Sabarimala and its traditions," Adityanath said.
A temple to the "celibate" deity Ayyappan, Sabarimala had been out of bounds for women of childbearing age before the Supreme Court lifted the ban last September and the LDF government decided to implement the order.
Since then, the Sangh parivar has been at the forefront of violent protests and the state's BJP chief has been quoted as saying that the issue is a "golden opportunity" for the party to establish a toehold in Kerala.
The call for "Ayodhya-model" protests didn't go down well with the Left and the Congress, which tore into Adityanath and his "communally polarising" remarks.
"Yogi doesn't know a thing about the social set-up of Kerala. He should first learn a bit about this state before making such obnoxious remarks," CPI Rajya Sabha member Binoy Viswam told The Telegraph on Friday.
He wondered how a man who calls himself a "yogi" could go about spewing hatred. "He is supposed to be an ascetic. But instead, he contests elections and becomes chief minister. Such a man is trying to teach a state like Kerala," Viswam said.
"After igniting communal polarisation in Uttar Pradesh, he now wants to try the same trick in Kerala. But he should understand that Kerala is a different kind of state," the CPI leader added.
Viswam slammed Adityanath for his assessment of Sabarimala. "He should learn that the best friend of Ayyappan was Vavar, a Muslim. This temple itself is a symbol of communal amity and brotherhood," the CPI leader said.
All Sabarimala pilgrims first visit the Vavar mosque, located at Erumeli en route to the temple. The mosque welcomes women from all religions. Sabarimala pilgrims first visit the mosque and circumambulate it before heading to the temple.
"Yogi doesn't even know all this. In fact, the RSS stand belittles the Sabarimala temple and Lord Ayyappan, who wanted his followers to first pray at the mosque," Viswam said.
Kerala Congress spokesperson Pandalam Sudhakaran lashed out at Adityanath's statements and said it was a clear sign that the BJP leader openly supported violence.
"One chief minister goes to another state and openly calls for violence. It's a highly condemnable statement that is against the Constitution," Sudhakaran said.
BJP is creating strife in temples across country: Chandrababu Naidu
Parivar vision 'chillingly clear'
Yogi Adityanath Indian National Congress (Congress) Ram Temple Sabarimala Temple Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) Sangh Parivar Sabarimala Protests Left Front Ayodhya Dispute Hindu

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text:
Industrial Agriculture & Dams Push for the Fitzroy
Back to Campaign News
WA's mighty Fitzroy River faces its biggest threat in decades. An extreme new plan has been released that would turn the National Heritage listed river into a massive Murray-Darling style industrial agriculture hub.
This new plan is also a serious threat to the McGowan Government's election commitment to protect the river.
The report claims that there is 1170 billion litres of water available for irrigation in the catchment. This is more water than flows down the Fitzroy in around once every five years!
Like previous irrigation failures, this would become another black hole for the taxpayer dollar – even the report admits that nearly $1billion in public and private investment would be required to establish such a massive irrigation operation.
Damming the Fitzroy will put at risk the livelihoods and sustenance of thousands of people who rely on the river for food, recreation, and culture. Cotton plantations, sugar refineries and irrigated pastures will steal the life-giving floods and dry-season pools that support endangered freshwater sawfish, barramundi and crocodiles.
The Fitzroy needs development which sustains and protects it, and has the support of the local community. The future of the Fitzroy lies in emerging enterprises like bush foods, carbon, cultural-tourism, and land management, alongside established industries like services, arts, and traditional pastoralism.
The WA Government has committed to protecting the river. We need strong, legal and long-term protection for the mighty Fitzroy River, not another Murray-Darling disaster. Please send a quick message of support here.
UPDATE from September 21, 2018: The WA Government has firmly rejected the Federal Government's plans to dam the Kimberley's Fitzroy River!
Over 2000 Kimberley supporters contacted Premier Mark McGowan rejecting the Federal Government plan and expressing support for the State Government's election commitment to protect the river and support sustainable development. You can read the Premier's response here.
Mass Fitzroy Sawfish Deaths
Over 40 critically endangered sawfish died in the Kimberley this summer in a drying-out creek on a Fitzroy Valley cattle station. This devastating news comes hot...
Gina Rinehart's Murray-Darling Fitzroy Threat
Australia's richest person, mining magnate Gina Rinehart, has just proposed one of Australia's largest ever irrigation properties along the Fitzroy River!
Fitzroy Traditional Owners call for caution on irrigation development
The Martuwarra Fitzroy River Council, representing Traditional Owner Groups of the Fitzroy River (Martuwarra), has called for caution on irrigation development and urged for more...
Aboriginal Enterprise could hold Key to Fitzroy River Future
A new report released today has found that Aboriginal enterprises that are bringing the cultural and environmental heritage of the Kimberley to a diverse range...


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PRACTICA TEMPLATE

Table of Contents

Introducción

Uso de templates

functor

Generalizando el conjunto.

Insert

SE PIDE

Version

v0

Author

Juan F. Huete

Introducción

En la práctica anterior se os pidió la implementación del tipo conjunto de crímenes junto con sus iteradores asociados. En esta práctica, el objetivo es seguir avanzando en el uso de las estructuras de datos, particularmente mediante el uso de plantillas (templates) para la definición de tipos de datos genéricos.

Nuestro objetivo es dotar al TDA conjunto de la capacidad de controlar el criterio que se sigue para ubicar los elementos en el mismo. Para ello, es necesario que sobre el tipo de dato que se instancia el conjunto, en nuestro caso crimen se tenga definido una relacion de preorden total, R, esto es:

Para todo x,y: xRy || yRx

Para todo x,y,z: Si xRy && yRz entonces xRz

Por tanto R es una relación binaria que toma como entrada dos elementos del mismo tipo y como salida nos devuelve un booleano. Ejemplos de este tipo de relaciones son el operator< (o el operator>) que se pueden definir sobre la clase crimen

class crimen {

 public:

  crimen();

  ....

  bool operator<(const crimen & y);

 private:

  ....

};

bool crimen::operator<(const crimen & y){

  return (this->ID < y.ID);

}

El criterio de ordenación será proporcionado a la hora de definir un conjunto, que será gestionado mediante por un objeto de comparación interno (functor de tipo CMP).

template <typename CMP> class conjunto;

La expresion comp(a,b), donde comp es un objeto de la clase CMP devuelve true si se considera que a precede b en la relación de preorden. Esta relación será utilizada por el set tanto para decidir cuando un elemento precede a otro en el contenedor como para determinar cuando dos elementos son equivalentes: para determinar cuando dos elementos serán considerados iguales con respecto a la relacion tendremos en cuenta que

Si (!comp(a,b) && !comp(b,a)) entonces necesariamente a==b.

Uso de templates

Hasta ahora, los crímenes se encuentran almacenados en orden no decreciente de su valor de ID. Este conjunto puede ser de utilidad en muchos casos, sin embargo nos podríamos plantear el ordenar los elementos dentro del conjunto utilizando cualquier otro criterio. Así, podriamos tener

#include "conjunto.h"

...

// declaracion de tipos básicos:

conjunto<less<crimen > > X;  // elementos ordenados en orden creciende  (operator< sobre crimen)

conjunto<greater<crimen> > Y; // elementos ordenados en orden decreciente (operator> sobre crimen)

// declaracion de tipos más complejos:

conjunto<less<crimen> >::iterator itl;

conjunto<greater<crimen> >::iterator itg;

conjunto<greater<crimen> > Desc(X.begin(),X.end()); //los mismos elementos ordenados decrecientemente.

...

if (X.find("1234") == X.end())

   ....

Hay que notar que en este ejemplo X e Y representan a tipos distintos, esto es un conjunto ordenado en orden creciente de ID NO SERÁ del mismo tipo que un conjunto ordenado en orden decreciente de ID. De igual forma, itl e itg tampoco serán variables del mismo tipo, por lo que no podríamos hacer entre otras cosas asignaciones como X=Y o itg=itl.

En este caso, para realizar la práctica, el alumno deberá modificar tanto el fichero de especificación, conjunto.h, de forma que la propia especificación indique que trabaja con parámetros plantilla, como los ficheros de implementación (.hxx) de la clase conjunto. Además deberá de modificar los ficheros crimen.h y crimen.hxx para permitir la definición dels distintas relaciones de orden.

De igual forma se debe modificar el fichero principal.cpp de manera que se demuestre el correcto comportamiento del diccionario cuando se instancia bajo distintos criterios de ordenación, en concreto debemos asegurarnos que utilizamos los siguientes criterios de ordenación:

creciente por id

decreciente por id

creciente por fecha

decreciente por fecha

creciente por IUCR

Para los dos primeros casos, y teniendo en cuenta que tenemos sobrecargado los operadores relaciones para crimen, es suficiente con utilizar las clases genéricas less<T> y greater<T> definidas en functional ( #include <functional> ). Sin embargo, para el resto de casos debemos implementar los functores que nos permitan realizar la correcta comparación entre crimenes.

functor

Para realizar dichas comparaciones utilizaremos una herramienta potente de C++: un functor (objeto función). Un functor es una clase en C++ que actua como una función. Un functor puede ser llamado puede ser llamado con una sintaxis familiar a la de las funciones en C++, pudiendo devolver valores y aceptar parámetros como una función normal.

Por ejemplo, si queremos crear un functor que compare dos crímenes teniendo en cuenta el orden IUCR, podríamos hacer

crimen x,y;

...

ComparacionPorFecha miFunctor;

cout << miFunctor(x,y) << endl;

 Aunque miFunctor es un objeto, en la llamada miFunctor(x,y) la tratamos como si estuviésemos invocando a una función tomando x e y como parámetros.

Para crear dicho functor, creamos un objeto que sobrecarga el operador() como sigue

class ComparacionPorFecha {

 public:

   bool operator()(const crimen &a, const crimen &b) {

     return (a.getDate() < b.getDate()); // devuelve verdadero si el crimen a precede a b en el tiempo

 }

};

Generalizando el conjunto.

Para poder extender nuestro conjunto hemos de dotarlo de la capacidad de poder definir el criterio de ordenación. Para ello vamos a considerar un caso simplificado (que no se corresponde exactamente con lo que se pide en la práctica) donde ilustraremos su uso

template <typename CMP>

class conjunto {

  public:

    ....

    void insert( const crimen & c);

  private:

    vector<crimen> vc; //donde se almacenan los datos

    CMP comp;

};

 Como hemos dicho, el nombre del tipo ahora es conjunto<CMP> y no conjunto. Distintas particularizaciones dan lugar a tipos también distintos. Ahora, en el fichero conjunto.hxx debemos de implementar cada uno de los métodos, recordemos que cada uno de ellos pertenece a la clase conjunto<CMP> y por tanto se implementa considerando

valorReturn conjunto<CMP>::nombreMetodo( parametros ...)

Pasamos a ver la implementación de los métodos:

Insert

El método insert asume como prerequisito que el conjunto está ordenado según el criterio dado por CMP, y por tanto debe asegurar que tras insertar un nuevo crimen dicho conjunto siga ordenado. Por ejemplo, podríamos hacer (recordad que en prácticas se pide hacer la búsqueda binaria) algo del tipo

void conjunto<CMP>::insert( const crimen & s){

        bool insertado = false;

        for (int i =0; !insertado && i < v.size(); )

            if (comp(v[i],s) ) i++;

            else {

              v.insert(v.begin()+i,s);

              insertado = true;

            }

        if (!insertado) v.push_back(s);

     }

En este caso comp(v[i],s) hace referencia a una comparación genérica entre crímenes definida por la relación de orden con la que se haya particularizado el conjunto. Así si hemos definido

conjunto<ComparacionPorFecha> cf;

en este caso comp es un objeto de la clase ComparacionPorFecha, y mediante la llamada comp(v[i],s) lo que estamos haciendo es llamar a la "función" que me compara dos crimenes teniendo en cuenta su campo fecha.

Finalmente, debemos tener cuidado a la hora de realizar comparaciones y la semántica de las mismas, por ejemplo, si queremos implementar la búsqueda binaria en un vector<crimen> que está dentro de un conjunto<less<crimen> > podriamos hacer algo como

bool conjunto<CMP>::busquedaBinaria (const crimen &d ){

    int sup=vc.size()-1;

    int inf = 0;

    while (sup > inf) {

      medio = (inf+sup)/2;

      if (vc[medio] == d) return true;  // comparamos igualdad entre crimen

      else if (vc[medio] < d) inf = medio+1; // comparamos menor entre crimen

      else sup = medio-1;

    }

    return false;

}

 En este caso, estaríamos haciendo la llamada a la comparación de igualdad y menor entre crímenes (definida medianta la comparación de su ID) por lo que podría funcionar correctamente el método. Sin embargo, si el conjunto está definido como conjunto<ComparacionPorFecha>, utilizar el mismo código para realizar la búsqueda binaria no funcionaria correctamente: los elementos están ordenados en orden creciente de fecha. De hecho, no tendría sentido utilizar la búsqueda binaria para buscar un ID pues los elementos no se encuentran ordenados según ID en este conjunto<CompararPorFecha>.

El siguiente código nos permitiría utilizar la búsqueda binaria utilizando el criterio utilizado para ordenar los elementos en el conjunto.

bool conjunto<CMP>::busquedaBinaria (const crimen &d ){

    int sup=vc.size()-1;

    int inf = 0;

    while (sup > inf) {

      medio = (inf+sup)/2;

      if (!comp(vc[medio],d) && !comp(d,vc[medio]) ) return true;  // comparamos igualdad entre crimen

      else if (comp(vc[medio],d)) inf = medio+1; // comparamos menor entre crimen

      else sup = medio-1;

    }

    return false;

}

SE PIDE

Con la idea de reducir la parte de codificación, sólo será necesario entregar la implementacion del conjunto y dos de sus iteradores (la entrega del resto de ellos es opcional).

conjunto<COMP>::iterator

conjunto<COMP>::const_iterator

Además, al TDA conjunto le incluiremos los siguientes métodos:

conjunto<CMP>::conjunto(iterator ini, iterator fin); Constructor de conjunto que contiene los elementos contenidos en el rango [ini,fin)

iterator conjunto<CMP>::find(const crimen & c);

const_iterator conjunto<CMP>::find(const crimen & c)const; Hace la búsqueda binaria del elemento en el conjunto considerando el orden definido por CMP. Devuelve el iterador que apunta a la posición donde se encuetra el elemento o end() en caso contrario.

iterator conjunto<CMP>::find(const long int & id);

const_iterator conjunto<CMP>::find(const long int & id)const; En este caso, como no sabemos cómo están ordenados los elementos será necesario realizar una una búsqueda lineal.

iterator lower_bound (const entrada & x);

const_iterator lower_bound (const entrada & x) const; Devuelven un iterador al primer elemento en el contenedor que no precede a x en el conjunto, esto es, es equivalente a x o le sigue según la relacion de orden definida por CMP. Esta función utiliza el functor interno devolviendo un iterador al primer elemento, e, para el que se satisface que comp(e,x) es falso.

iterator upper_bound (const entrada & x);

const_iterator lower_bound (const entrada & x) const; Devuelven un iterador al primer elemento que sigue a x según la relacion de orden definida por CMP. Esta función utiliza el functor interno devolviendo un iterador al primer elemento, e, para el que se satisface que comp(x,e) es cierto.

Dicha entrega se debe realizar antes del Viernes 27 de Noviembre, a las 23:59 horas.

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Adam Strombergsson-de Nora and Rebecca Jaremko-Bromwich The provincial governments of Ontario and Quebec recently deployed section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms to curtail labour rights and religious freedoms in ways that have surprised Canadian voters and lawyers alike. Criminal lawyers, with their particularly acute sensitivity to state overreach when Charter rights are concerned, have broadly expressed concerns about this type of state action. A popula
Charter Infringements: The Impact on Evidence Exclusion - Harrison Gray
The continued dichotomy of an individual's Charter rights versus the interest of protecting society is an area of much debate and continuous scrutiny. There are a multitude of cases where the decision of whether admitting evidence that was obtained in such a way that may be inconsistent with the accused's Charter right should be done, even if there is an apparent conflict with society's interests. Analysis by the Courts when Charter rights are Infringed In R. v. Grant the Sup
The Reasonable Suspicion Standard: A Green Light towards Racial Stereotyping? - Samantha Onchulenko
This blog will address whether the standard of reasonable suspicion is an appropriate standard. The test relies on the possibility of criminality, and not the probability of criminality. The reasonable suspicion standard facilitates the ability of police officers to stop, detain, and search individuals without the probability of criminal activity, which could validate racial profiling. I will argue that the reasonable suspicion standard allows police officers to legitimize th
Role in the Incident: A Critical Look at the Changes to Self-Defence - Devan Vercaigne
Background Section 34 of the Criminal Code, the section covering "Defence of a person," found itself undergoing major changes in 2013.[1] Justice Martin, in her judgement from R v Khill, explains that Parliament amended this section in an attempt to simplify and unify the defence of self-defence, as well as to make an attempt at "broadening the scope and application of self-defence and employing a multifactorial reasonableness assessment."[2] Specific words were no longer use
Sentencing Considerations: The Importance of Rehabilitation - Steph Lozinski
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text:
Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army (Energy and Sustainability)
Pentagon, Virginia
Serves as Deputy Assistant Secretary of Army, Energy and Sustainability (DASA (E&S)) who is responsible for overall program direction, policy development and supervision of all Army energy security and sustainability initiatives both on installations and in the operational context. Provides strategic guidance and supervision for policies, plans and programs for facility related energy investments, energy security, operational energy, water security, and contingency bases initiatives executed by the Army Staff, including the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff, G-9, Deputy Chief of Staff, G-4, and other Department of Army officials, organizations and commands, including the United States Army Corps of Engineers. Additionally, the DASA (E&S) is responsible for establishing strategic direction for all aspects of the PPBE process in the areas of energy security and operational energy as well as coordinating closely across the Army to advance sustainable procurement and energy focused research and development. Leads relevant Headquarters Department of the Army councils and committees and represents Army at various Office of the Secretary of Defense and inter-agency councils and forums related to operational energy, energy security and sustainability. Briefs all energy and sustainability programs to select Army, Department of Defense, and Congressional leadership on at least an annual basis. Receives direction and guidance on Energy Security and Sustainability programs, as well as advising, informing, and supporting, the Secretary of the Army, Under Secretary of the Army, Chief of Staff, Vice Chief of Staff, and the Assistant Secretary of the Army (Installation, Energy & Environment).
Occasional travel - You may be expected to travel for this position.
You must be a U.S. citizen to be eligible for this position.
You must be able to submit and pass designated and/or Random Drug Testing as required.
You must be able to obtain/maintain a TOP SECRET security clearance and Sensitive Compartmented Information access level.
Male applicants born after December 31, 1959, must complete a Pre-Employment Certification Statement for Selective Service Registration.
You will be required to provide proof of U.S. Citizenship.
Two year trial/probationary period may be required. You will serve a two-year probationary period unless you have previously completed the probationary period in the SES.
Appointment is subject to the completion of a favorable suitability or fitness determination, as determined by a background investigation.
Direct deposit of pay is required.
This position requires you to submit a Public Financial Disclosure Report (OGE 278) upon entry, and annually thereafter.
The incumbent is required to travel on both scheduled and unscheduled aircraft, and other modes as required, under conditions specified under the DoD Joint Travel Regulations.
The incumbent is expected to travel on short notice to attend high level meetings to obtain resolution of problems and gather information to assist in the decision making process.
Mobility: An essential element of the SES is mobility across geographic, organizational and functional lines. Individuals selected for Army SES positions may be subject to reassignment that requires them to be mobile. The U.S. Army senior leadership considers mobility to be an integral part of employment as an SES member with the Department of the Army.
**To meet the minimum qualification requirements for this position, you must show that you possess the five Executive Core Qualifications (ECQs), Technical Qualification, and other qualifications, if applicable (such as Education - see below). Additional information on ECQs is available at http://www.opm.gov/ses/recruitment/ecq.asp .
(1) Executive Core Qualification (ECQ) (MANDATORY SUBMISSION): All applicants must submit written statements (narrative format) describing accomplishments that would satisfy the ECQs. Use the Challenge-Context-Action-Result (CCAR) Model to describe your accomplishments. You must address each ECQ separately. You are required to respond to all ECQs. Failure to do so, will result in an 'ineligible' rating. Each accomplishment should be clear, concise, and emphasize your level of responsibilities, the scope and complexity of programs managed, and results of your actions. Total ECQ write-up should not exceed 10 pages using 12pt, Arial or Times New Roman with 1 inch margins.
Please Note: Current career SES members, former career SES members with reinstatement eligibility, and SES Candidate Development Program (DCP), who have been certified by the OPM do not need to address ECQs.
ECQ 1 - Leading Change: This core qualification involves the ability to bring about strategic change, both within and outside the organization, to meet organizational goals. Inherent to this ECQ is the ability to establish an organizational vision and to implement it in a continuously changing environment.
ECQ 2 - Leading People: This core qualification involves the ability to lead people toward meeting the organization's vision, mission, and goals. Inherent to this ECQ is the ability to provide an inclusive workplace that fosters the development of others, facilitates cooperation and teamwork, and supports constructive resolution of conflicts.
ECQ 3 - Results Driven: This core qualification involves the ability to meet organizational goals and customer expectations. Inherent to this ECQ isthe ability to make decisions that produce high-quality results by applying technical knowledge, analyzing problems, and calculating risks.
ECQ 4 - Business Acumen: This core qualification involves the ability to manage human, financial, and information resources strategically.
ECQ 5 - Building Coalitions: This core qualification involves the ability to build coalitions internally and with other Federal agencies, State and local governments, nonprofit and private sector organizations, foreign governments, or international organizations to achieve common goals.
(2) Technical Qualification (TQ) (MANDATORY SUBMISSION): A supplemental statement must be submitted separately addressing each TQ. Your TQ must provide specific examples that address relevant experience and accomplishments. Total TQ write-up should not exceed 2 pages using 12pt, Arial or Times New Roman with 1 inch margins. Applicants must reflect superior technical qualifications demonstrated through leadership and management in the following:
Ability to develop and implement policies and procedures of large scale energy security and sustainability programs.
FOREIGN EDUCATION: If you are using education completed in foreign colleges or universities to meet the qualification requirements, you must show the education credentials have been evaluated by a private organization that specializes in interpretation of foreign education programs and such education has been deemed equivalent to that gained in an accredited U.S. education program; or full credit has been given for the courses at a U.S. accredited college or university. For further information, visit: http://www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ous/international/usnei/us/edlite-visitus-forrecog.html .
If you have retired from federal service and you are interested in employment as a reemployed annuitant, see the information in the Reemployed Annuitant information sheet.
Veteran's Preference: By law Veteran's Preference does not apply to the Senior Executive Service.
False Statements: If you make a false statement in any part of your application, you may not be hired; you may be fired after you begin work; or you may be subject to fine, imprisonment, or other disciplinary action.
Non Discrimination: All applicants will be considered without regard to race, color, religion, national origin, marital status, political affiliation, age, sex, sexual orientation, disabling condition, membership in an employee organization, or any other non-merit factors.
Adverse Information Screening: Applicants proposed for selection are subject to inquiries as to any incidences of misconduct, malfeasance, neglect of duty, or the appearance thereof. Information gained in this check will be considered in the approval decision.
E-verify: If you are selected for this position, the documentation that you present for purposes of completing the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Form I-9 will be verified through the DHS "E-Verify" system. Federal Law requires DHS to use the E-Verify system to verify the employment eligibility of all new hires, and obligates the new hire to take affirmative steps to resolve any discrepancies identified by the system as a condition of continued employment. The U.S. Department of Army is an E-Verify Participant.
You will be evaluated on the quality and extent of your total accomplishments and experience.
Your resume will be evaluated by an SES rating and ranking panel, and afterwards, highly qualified candidates will undergo the Structured Interview process.
The Executive Resources Board (ERB) will review results and make recommendations on final selections to the appointing authority where final interviews and reference checks may occur.
Sensitive Compartmented Information
Critical-Sensitive (CS)/High Risk
To apply for this position, you must provide a complete Application Package which includes:
1. Your Resume (MANDATORY SUBMISSION): Submit a resume or any other written format you choose to describe your qualifications. Your resume must contain:
Vacancy Announcement number
Full name, email, mailing address, day and evening telephone numbers.
Educational information including the name, city, and state of colleges/universities you attended, as well as the type of any degree received. Report only attendance and/or degrees from schools accredited by accrediting institutions recognized by the U.S. Department of Education. For more information, you may refer to the following U.S. Department of Education website: http://www2.ed.gov/admins/finaid/accred/index.html
Information about paid and nonpaid work experience related to this position including: job title, duties and accomplishments, employer's name and address, duration of employment, and salary. Information about honors, awards, and special accomplishments.
2. Executive Core Qualifications (ECQ) (MANDATORY SUBMISSION): A narrative statement specifically addressing each individual ECQ using the Challenge-Context-Action-Result Model. Each accomplishment should be clear, concise, and emphasize your level of responsibilities, the scope and complexity of programs managed, and results of your actions. Total ECQ write-up should not exceed 10 pages using 12pt, Arial or Times New Roman with 1 inch margins. Additional information on ECQs is available at http://www.opm.gov/ses/recruitment/ecq.asp
In lieu of narrative statement, current career SES members, reinstatement eligible, and SES Candidate Development Program graduates must provide the documentation listed in item #5 - you must load your certificate under the Executive Core Qualification, however please load your SF-50 under the SF-50 option.
3. Technical Qualification (TQ) (MANDATORY SUBMISSION): A separate narrative statement specifically addressing the mandatory technical qualification. This separate statement should not exceed two pages using 12pt, Arial or Times New Roman with 1 inch margins. Applicants must reflect superior technical qualifications demonstrated through leadership and management in the following: Ability to develop and implement policies and procedures of large scale energy security and sustainability programs.
4. Performance Assessment. (MANDATORY SUBMISSION): Submit ONE of the following: A signed letter of recommendation dated within the last three years that assesses your performance; *or* your most recent signed performance appraisal. (Please do not submit any prior appraisals.)
5. Current or former employees MUST provide an SF-50 showing their status or reinstatement eligibility. SES Candidates who have successfully completed an Office of Personnel Management approved SES Candidate Development Program must submit a copy of their ECQ certification.
As described above, your complete application includes your resume, your responses to the online questionnaire, and documents which prove your eligibility to apply. If you fail to provide these documents, you will be marked as having an incomplete application package and you will not be considered any further.
NOTE: Documents submitted as part of the application package, to include supplemental documents, may be shared beyond the Human Resources Office. Some supplemental documents such as military orders and marriage certificates may contain personal information for someone other than you. You may sanitize these documents to remove another person's personal information before you submit your application. You may be asked to provide an un-sanitized version of the documents if you are selected to confirm your eligibility
Langley AFB, Virginia
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Administrative Support Assistant (Office Automation)
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Abstract: (Graph Presented) Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) is an important protein for cellular activity and highly vulnerable to environmental conditions. FGF2 protected by heparin and bovine serum albumin was loaded into the microcapsules by a coprecipitation-based layer-by-layer encapsulation method. Low cytotoxic and biodegradable polyelectrolytes dextran sulfate and poly-l-arginine were used for capsule shell assembly. The shell thickness-dependent encapsulation efficiency was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A maximum encapsulation efficiency of 42% could be achieved by microcapsules with a shell thickness of 14 layers. The effects of microcapsule concentration and shell thickness on cytotoxicity, FGF2 release kinetics, and L929 cell proliferation were evaluated in vitro. The advantage of using microcapsules as the carrier for FGF2 controlled release for enhancing L929 cell proliferation was analyzed (Graph Presented). © 2012 American Chemical Society.


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Invasive Earthworms Denude Forests in U.S. Great Lakes Region
Worms, such as the night crawler, eat leaf litter which acts as a rooting medium for new growth
By Michael Tennesen on March 1, 2009
Cindy Hale, an ecologist at the University of Minnesota, answers e-mails from a lot of distraught citizens of the Great Lakes region. The residents, it seems, have introduced certain earthworms into their gardens, she says, "and now they've got that 'nothing grows here syndrome.'"
Long considered a gardener's friend, earthworms can loosen and aerate the soil. But the story is different in the Great Lakes region. The last Ice Age wiped out native earthworms 10,000 years ago, and ever since the Northeast forest has evolved without the crawlers, Hale says. But now earthworms are back, a product of fishers who toss their worms into the forest, of off-road vehicles and lumber trucks that carry them in the treads of their tires, and of people who bring in mulch—and any worms that might be in it—from other areas.
As invasive creatures, the earthworms wreak the most havoc with hardwood forests, such as those consisting of maple, basswood, red oak, poplar or birch species. (Conifer-dominated forests seem to experience less dramatic impacts.) According to Peter Groffman, a microbial ecologist at the Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies in Millbrook, N.Y., northern hardwood forests have relied on thick layers of leaf litter that serve as a rooting medium. The earthworms, Groffman reports, "come into an area with a thick organic mat, and two to five years later that layer is gone."
As a result, some northern hardwood forests that once had a lush understory now have but a single species of native herb and virtually no tree seedlings. Evidently, earthworms change the forest soils from a fungal to a bacterial-dominated system, which speeds up the conversion of leaf detritus to mineral compounds and thereby potentially robs plants of organic nutrients.
Not all foreign earthworms are destructive. Of the 5,000 species around the globe, only about 16 of the European and Asian varieties do the real damage. One of them is the night crawler (Lumbricus terrestris), a popular fish bait that can measure up to 15 to 20 centimeters (six to eight inches). Another is the Alabama jumper (Amynthas agrestis)—also known as the snake worm or crazy worm—an aggressive Asian worm that lives at high densities and can literally jump off the ground or out of a bait can, according to fishing lore. A voracious eater, it does the most harm to the soil.
The presence of the earthworms affects more than just the plants. John Maerz, a wildlife ecologist at the University of Georgia, says that adult salamanders that consume these earthworms are more successful at reproduction but that earthworms are too big for juvenile salamanders to eat, which leads to a net loss in salamander numbers. The amphibians themselves, Maerz notes, are an important prey species for "snakes, small mammals, turkeys and a host of forest creatures."
Once established, earthworms are impossible to remove from the environment, Hale says. Concerned about their impact, the U.S. Department of Agriculture recently awarded Hale and her fellow biologists a three-year, $397,500 grant to study the ecology of the earthworm invasions in cold-temperate hardwood forests. The scientists also hope to answer questions about nutrient and carbon cycling—including whether the earthworm activity helps to sequester carbon in the soil or releases it back into the atmosphere. "The jury is still out on this issue," Hale explains.
Researchers agree that the best hope is to contain the worms, which spread only five to 10 meters a year on their own. That may mean new regulations governing off-road vehicles, bait disposal by anglers, or equipment hygiene and use in the logging industry. Hale would like to control community mulch piles as well: "I remember when I first heard about them, I thought, what a great idea, but think about it. You take leaves, weed seeds and earthworms from all over, bring them in, mix them up and then disperse them back out. That's a horrible idea."
Editor's Note: This story was originally printed with the title "Crawling to Oblivion"
Michael Tennesen, based near Los Angeles, described how forest sounds could reveal ecological health in the October 2008 issue.
9 hours ago — Leslie Nemo


I ssh into a remote server (lxplus) using xQuartz and run ROOT (as in https://root.cern.ch/) on that server. I was doing this for several months without any issues. However recently I have suddenly started having this issue. Whenever I launch something in ROOT that requires graphics, my entire xQuartz application just quits. However I can test the x11 forwarding while ssh-ed into the remote server (and not running ROOT) with xclock or something similar and it works just fine.
However, this is just a problem with my mac. If I use another computer to login to the remote server and run ROOT (or xclock, etc) the x11 forwarding works just fine.
I have tried uninstalling (using the directions on the XQuartz FAQ page), rebooting my computer, and installing it again. I still have the same problem.
Before I had this issue, I had upgraded the memory on my computer from the 2 2GB that it came with to 2 4GB that I bought. I thought (after trying everything else) that it might be the problem so I put the original memory cards back in and I still have the same problem. I do not know if this is connected to my problem.
I have asked the ROOT forums and they have not been able to help me.
I have asked the help desk associated with the remote server I use and they have not been able to help either.
I am hopeful someone here can help me.
I apologize if I posted this in the wrong place.


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Gemma Arterton tires of weight jibes
M. February 04, 2012
Gemma Arterton is "bored" of being told she looks like Susan Boyle.
The British actress has hit the headlines for her curvy frame in the past, with some people criticising her for putting on weight.
The 26-year-old refuses to bow to pressure though and has no intention of dropping dress sizes just to please others. She thinks it's unfair that people feel they can comment on her shape, especially as occasionally they are very rude.
Being compared to dowdy 50-year-old Scottish singer Susan was a step too far for Gemma.
"There was one reporter on the red carpet who said, 'How does it feel to know the press thinks you're fat?' And I said, 'How does it feel to know you are ugly and unintelligent?' It was the equivalent of me giving him a wallop. I nearly did actually," she told the March edition of UK Vogue.
"Someone else told me I looked like Susan Boyle. At first, you get really upset about it. And then you just get really bored with it. I wish I didn't give a sh*t four years ago. It's not my job to be Miss Perfect. I'm not a model, I'm an actor."
Gemma wasn't always one to turn the other cheek. As a young girl she remembers being furious when a man made sexual overtures to her while she was out with friends.
"I was quite strong-willed and not very good with boys. I was in this sh*t club in Gravesend [in the UK] and this boy pinched my a**e," she recalled. "I turned around a decked him.
"He just didn't know what hit him. Obviously, um, I did."
The actress is now happily settled with her husband Stefano Catelli, who she married in 2010.
The couple spend a lot of time apart due to Gemma's job but make sure they don't go more than three weeks without seeing each other.
He is from Italy and comes from a Catholic background and Gemma gets on well with his family.
"[His mother is] like the anti-Italian mum – very chilled out," she laughed.
"We decided not to have a religious ceremony, and we were worried that it might upset Stefano's family – but they were so happy for us, because they could see we really love each other."
← Happy Birthday, Gemma Arterton! Gemma Arterton: I'll never do a sexy photoshoot again →


Covers clothing style, make-up tips, safety tip for matric dance, checklists for the matric year, what to wear to an interview, how to choose a career, investment tips, tips for getting leaners & divers licence & preparing for exams.
Matriculants & grade 11 learners. Delivered via participating schools.
BW & Spot: per FC. Unchanged 2014.


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IER Settles with Ascension to Resolve Software-Based Immigration-Related Discrimination Claims
April 7, 2022 October 27, 2021 by Bruce Buchanan
The Civil Rights Division's Immigrant and Employee Rights Section (IER) of the Department of Justice (DOJ) has reached a settlement with Ascension Health Alliance (Ascension), a health care organization with more than 2,600 sites, including 146 hospitals, in 19 states and D.C.
The settlement resolves claims that Ascension violated the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) when it discriminated against work-authorized non-U.S. citizens because of their citizenship status by requesting more or different documents than necessary when attempting to reverify their continued work authorization.
Based on its investigation, the IER determined Ascension automatically requested its non-U.S. citizen employees present new documents to prove their continued work authorization, even in situations where it was not required. Ascension utilized a customized employment eligibility verification software program to electronically complete the Form I-9 and track the expiration dates of non-U.S. citizen employee documents. The investigation found Ascension improperly programmed the software to send automated e-mails requesting proof of continued work authorization to all non-U.S. citizen employees, including U.S. nationals, lawful permanent residents, asylees, and refugees, close to the expiration date of the documents they provided when completing the Form I-9. These non-U.S. citizen employees often presented documents that did not require reverification of employment eligibility. In some instances after sending these e-mails, Ascension further required non-U.S. citizen employees to present new documents in order to continue working. In contrast, Ascension did not program the software to send e-mails to U.S. citizens and therefore did not notify U.S. citizens near the expiration of their documents.
Federal law allows all work-authorized individuals, regardless of citizenship status, to choose which valid, legally acceptable documentation to present to demonstrate their identity and authorization to work in the United States. Many non-U.S. citizens, including lawful permanent residents, refugees, and asylees, among others, have work authorization that does not expire, and are eligible for several of the same types of documents as U.S. citizens (such as driver's licenses and unrestricted Social Security cards) to prove their work authorization.
Under the terms of the settlement agreement, Ascension will pay the United States a civil penalty of $84,832.00 and train its employees on the requirements of the INA's anti-discrimination provision, including an IER-provided training. Ascension will also revise its policies to ensure that they prohibit requesting more or different documents, specifying documents, or rejecting valid documents, because of an individual's citizenship, immigration status, or national origin in the recruitment, referral, or hiring processes, and during the Form I-9/E-Verify employment eligibility verification and reverification processes; post IER's poster, "If You Have The Right to Work", in English and Spanish; and be subjected to departmental monitoring and reporting requirements for three years.
This is a major settlement because a number of employers are utilizing their own software for I-9 compliance purposes or are customizing the software. In so doing, the software at times is not complying with the INA. If your company utilizes or customizes software for I-9 compliance purposes make sure it is compliant under the INA. If you want to know more information on issues related to employer immigration compliance, I recommend you read The I-9 and E-Verify Handbook, a book I co-authored with Greg Siskind, and available at http://www.amazon.com/dp/0997083379.
Categories Employment Relationships Tags Legal work status
USCIS Seeking Public Comment on Use of Permanent Remote I-9 Verification
by Bruce Buchanan
DHS/ICE Extend I-9 Virtual Verification through December 31, 2021
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Disability Discrimination (ADA)
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Meals and Breaks
Minimum Wage for Tipped Employees
Payday Requirements
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The Myth of the Two Weeks' Notice Requirement
How does my legal medical marijuana drug test affect my pre-employment and...
Do's and Don'ts of Writing a Warning Letter to an Employee
Drug Testing Do's and Don'ts
School's out for Summer–Child Labor Laws 101
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Workplace Features to Look For to Balance "We" and "Me"
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ICD Code H05.2 is a non-billable code. To code a diagnosis of this type, you must use one of the seven child codes of H05.2 that describes the diagnosis 'exophthalmic conditions' in more detail.
The ICD-10-CM Alphabetical Index links the below-listed medical terms to the ICD code H05.2. Click on any term below to browse the alphabetical index.


text: test spec pod


If you're a Southern California local we're giving away two tickets to the 15th annual Theodore Payne Native Plant Garden Tour that will take place on April 14th and 15th. It's a self-guided trip through 40 gardens in the region and includes 19 new locations (including our neighbor Lora's house!). If you're thinking of including native plants in your garden or pondering a garden re-design, the Theodore Payne Garden Tour is a great way to get ideas.
To enter our contest leave a comment on this post naming your favorite native plant. Please make sure to enter your email in the comment form (your email will not be published nor used for anything else other than contacting you to send the tickets). We'll choose a lucky winner at random and the contest will close on Friday March 23rd at 5pm.
California native plants are beautiful and sustain our wildlife companions. They also help you reduce your water consumption in a climate that is rapidly changing. In addition to the use of plants, the Theodore Payne Garden Tour has a lot of great examples of hardscaping and ways to make the best of small and challenging spaces.
Kelly and I plan on going and we hope to meet the winner of this contest on the tour!
Ludwig's Laundry to Landscape plans.
Root Simple reader MJ pointed out that I neglected to mention greywater as a way to deal with our drought challenged trees here in California. So, on this greywater Monday, I thought I'd round up some previous posts and links on the subject.
International greywater guru Art Ludwig has a set of free plans on his website Oasis Designs for a laundry to landscape system. I've built this system at our house and at a neighbors' and can attest to its ease of construction and functionality. Make sure you read through Ludwig's directions in their entirety or else you'll blow out your machine's water pump. And note that some California cities such as Pasadena have classes and rebates for greyater parts.
The bottom line is that we only trust the detergents and soaps that Ludwig himself designed: Oasis Biocompatible Laundry Detergent and Dishwash soap.
Here are Brad Landcaster's thoughts on soaps and detergents. Let me also note the utility of Landcaster's books and website when it comes to all things water conservation related, especially how to grade and configure tree plantings to optimize rainwater irrigation.
One last and rarely mentioned issue, is if "greywater" should be one word or two or, in the neologistic spirit of "apisoir," perhaps we need to invent a sexier word for reusing our water. Greenwater? Freewater? Leave a comment!


Make-up artist Valeriya Kutsan and photographer Alexander Khokhlov fuse their expertise to create stunning optical illusions transforming women's faces into beautiful canvases. Famous for their "Weird Beauty" and "2D or not 2D" project, the Russian-based photographer duo works on truly unconventional ideas to find visual solutions for art-projects and advertising collages. Collaborating with top-level stylists, make-up artists and image designers, they have made it on top of the world's largest news channels, including CNN, Fox TV, NBC News, USA Today, Scientific American Mind, Huffington Post, Stern and many others. For more information visit their website www.alexanderkhokhlov.com.