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The term community has two distinct meanings:
a group
Group (sociology)
In the social sciences a social group can be defined as two or more humans who interact with one another, share similar characteristics and collectively have a sense of unity...
of interacting people, possibly living in close proximity, and often refers to a group that shares some common values, and is attributed with social cohesion
Social cohesion is a term used in social policy, sociology and political science to describe the bonds or "glue" that bring people together in society, particularly in the context of cultural diversity. Social cohesion is a multi-faceted notion covering many different kinds of social phenomena...
within a shared geographical location, generally in social units larger than a household
The household is "the basic residential unit in which economic production, consumption, inheritance, child rearing, and shelter are organized and carried out"; [the household] "may or may not be synonymous with family"....
. The word can also refer to the national community
A nation may refer to a community of people who share a common language, culture, ethnicity, descent, and/or history. In this definition, a nation has no physical borders. However, it can also refer to people who share a common territory and government irrespective of their ethnic make-up...
or international community
The international community is a term used in international relations to refer to all peoples, cultures and governments of the world or to a group of them. The term is used to imply the existence of common duties and obligations between them...
in biology
Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy. Biology is a vast subject containing many subdivisions, topics, and disciplines...
, a community is a group of interacting living
Life is a characteristic that distinguishes objects that have signaling and self-sustaining processes from those that do not, either because such functions have ceased , or else because they lack such functions and are classified as inanimate...
In biology, an organism is any contiguous living system . In at least some form, all organisms are capable of response to stimuli, reproduction, growth and development, and maintenance of homoeostasis as a stable whole.An organism may either be unicellular or, as in the case of humans, comprise...
s sharing a populated environment
Environment (biophysical)
The biophysical environment is the combined modeling of the physical environment and the biological life forms within the environment, and includes all variables, parameters as well as conditions and modes inside the Earth's biosphere. The biophysical environment can be divided into two categories:...
In human
Humans are the only living species in the Homo genus...
communities, intent
Intention is an agent's specific purpose in performing an action or series of actions, the end or goal that is aimed at. Outcomes that are unanticipated or unforeseen are known as unintended consequences....
, belief
Belief is the psychological state in which an individual holds a proposition or premise to be true.-Belief, knowledge and epistemology:The terms belief and knowledge are used differently in philosophy....
, resources
Natural resources occur naturally within environments that exist relatively undisturbed by mankind, in a natural form. A natural resource is often characterized by amounts of biodiversity and geodiversity existent in various ecosystems....
, preference
-Definitions in different disciplines:The term "preferences" is used in a variety of related, but not identical, ways in the scientific literature. This makes it necessary to make explicit the sense in which the term is used in different social sciences....
s, needs
Need assessment
Needs assessment is a systematic process for determining and addressing needs, or "gaps" between current conditions and desired conditions or "wants". The discrepancy between the current condition and wanted condition must be measured to appropriately identify the need...
, risk
Risk is the potential that a chosen action or activity will lead to a loss . The notion implies that a choice having an influence on the outcome exists . Potential losses themselves may also be called "risks"...
s, and a number of other conditions may be present and common, affecting the identity
Identity (social science)
Identity is a term used to describe a person's conception and expression of their individuality or group affiliations . The term is used more specifically in psychology and sociology, and is given a great deal of attention in social psychology...
of the participants and their degree of cohesiveness.
In sociology
Sociology is the study of society. It is a social science—a term with which it is sometimes synonymous—which uses various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop a body of knowledge about human social activity...
, the concept of community has led to significant debate, and sociologists are yet to reach agreement on a definition of the term. There were ninety-four discrete definitions of the term by the mid-1950s.
The word "community" is derived from the Old French
Old French was the Romance dialect continuum spoken in territories that span roughly the northern half of modern France and parts of modern Belgium and Switzerland from the 9th century to the 14th century...
communité which is derived from the Latin
Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. It, along with most European languages, is a descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language. Although it is considered a dead language, a number of scholars and members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and...
Communitas is a Latin noun commonly referring either to an unstructured community in which people are equal, or to the very spirit of community. It also has special significance as a loanword in cultural anthropology and the social sciences....
(cum, "with/together" + munus, "gift"), a broad term for fellowship or organized society.
Since the advent of the Internet
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite to serve billions of users worldwide...
, the concept of community no longer has geographical limitations, as people can now virtually gather in an online community and share common interests regardless of physical location.
Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft
German sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies
Ferdinand Tönnies
Ferdinand Tönnies was a German sociologist. He was a major contributor to sociological theory and field studies, best known for his distinction between two types of social groups, Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft...
distinguished between two types of human association: Gemeinschaft (usually translated as "community") and Gesellschaft ("society" or "association"). In his 1887 work, Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft, Tönnies argued that Gemeinschaft is perceived to be a tighter and more cohesive social entity, due to the presence of a "unity of will." He added that family
In human context, a family is a group of people affiliated by consanguinity, affinity, or co-residence. In most societies it is the principal institution for the socialization of children...
and kinship
Kinship is a relationship between any entities that share a genealogical origin, through either biological, cultural, or historical descent. And descent groups, lineages, etc. are treated in their own subsections....
were the perfect expressions of Gemeinschaft, but that other shared characteristics, such as place or belief, could also result in Gemeinschaft. This paradigm of communal networks and shared social understanding has been applied to multiple cultures in many places throughout history. Gesellschaft, on the other hand, is a group in which the individuals who make up that group are motivated to take part in the group purely by self-interest
Selfishness denotes an excessive or exclusive concern with oneself, and as such it exceeds mere self interest or self concern. Insofar as a decision maker knowingly burdens or harms others for personal gain, the decision is selfish. In contrast, self-interest is more general...
. He also proposed that in the real world, no group was either pure Gemeinschaft or pure Gesellschaft, but, rather, a mixture of the two.
If community exists, both freedom and security may exist as well. The community then takes on a life of its own, as people become free enough to share and secure enough to get along. The sense of connectedness and formation of social networks comprise what has become known as social capital
Social capital is a sociological concept, which refers to connections within and between social networks. The concept of social capital highlights the value of social relations and the role of cooperation and confidence to get collective or economic results. The term social capital is frequently...
Social capital is defined by Robert D. Putnam as "the collective value of all social networks and species (who people know) and the inclinations that arise from these works to do things for each other (norms of reciprocity)." Social capital in action can be seen in all sorts of groups, including neighbors keeping an eye on each others' homes. However, as Putnam notes in Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community
Bowling Alone
Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community is a book by Robert D. Putnam. It was originally a 1995 essay entitled Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital.-Summary:...
(2000), social capital has been falling in the United States. Putnam found that over the past 25 years, attendance at club meetings has fallen 58 percent, family dinners are down 33 percent, and having friends visit has fallen 45 percent.
The same patterns are also evident in many other western countries. Western
Western world
The Western world, also known as the West and the Occident , is a term referring to the countries of Western Europe , the countries of the Americas, as well all countries of Northern and Central Europe, Australia and New Zealand...
cultures are thus said to be losing the spirit of community that once were found in institutions including churches and community centers
Community centres or community centers or jumping recreation centers are public locations where members of a community tend to gather for group activities, social support, public information, and other purposes. They may sometimes be open for the whole community or for a specialised group within...
. Sociologist Ray Oldenburg
Ray Oldenburg
Ray Oldenburg is an urban sociologist from Florida who writes about the importance of informal public gathering places for a functioning civil society, democracy, and civic engagement...
states in The Great Good Place
The Great Good Place (Oldenburg)
The Great Good Place: Cafes, Coffee Shops, Community Centers, General Stores, Bars, Hangouts, and How They Get You through the Day is a book by Ray Oldenburg,-Notes: ISBN 1-56924-681-5...
that people need three places: 1) the home
A home is a place of residence or refuge. When it refers to a building, it is usually a place in which an individual or a family can rest and store personal property. Most modern-day households contain sanitary facilities and a means of preparing food. Animals have their own homes as well, either...
, 2) the office
An office is generally a room or other area in which people work, but may also denote a position within an organization with specific duties attached to it ; the latter is in fact an earlier usage, office as place originally referring to the location of one's duty. When used as an adjective, the...
, and, 3) the community hangout or gathering place
A gathering place is any place where people are able to congregate. Gathering places may be public; for example, city streets, town squares, and parks; or private; for example, churches, coffee shops, stadiums, and theaters....
. With this philosophy in mind, many grassroots
A grassroots movement is one driven by the politics of a community. The term implies that the creation of the movement and the group supporting it are natural and spontaneous, highlighting the differences between this and a movement that is orchestrated by traditional power structures...
efforts such as The Project for Public Spaces
Project for Public Spaces is a nonprofit organization based in New York dedicated to creating and sustaining public places that build communities. Planning and design rooted in the community form the cornerstone of PPS's work. Building on the techniques of William H...
are being started to create this "Third Place" in communities. They are taking form in independent bookstores, coffeehouses, local pubs, and through new and innovative means to create the social capital needed to foster the sense and spirit of community.
In a seminal 1986 study, McMillan and Chavis identify four elements of "sense of community": 1) membership, 2) influence, 3) integration and fulfillment of needs, and 4) shared emotional connection. They give the following example of the interplay between these factors:
Someone puts an announcement on the dormitory bulletin board about the formation of an intramural dormitory basketball team. People attend the organizational meeting as strangers out of their individual needs (integration and fulfillment of needs). The team is bound by place of residence (membership boundaries are set) and spends time together in practice (the contact hypothesis). They play a game and win (successful shared valent event). While playing, members exert energy on behalf of the team (personal investment in the group). As the team continues to win, team members become recognized and congratulated (gaining honor and status for being members), Influencing new members to join and continue to do the same. Someone suggests that they all buy matching shirts and shoes (common symbols) and they do so (influence).
A Sense of Community Index (SCI) has been developed by Chavis and colleagues and revised and adapted by others. Although originally designed to assess sense of community in neighborhoods, the index has been adapted for use in schools, the workplace, and a variety of types of communities.
Studies conducted by the APPA show substantial evidence that young adults who feel a sense of belonging in a community, particularly small communities, develop fewer psychiatric and depressive disorders than those who do not have the feeling of love and belonging.
Cultural anthropology is a branch of anthropology focused on the study of cultural variation among humans, collecting data about the impact of global economic and political processes on local cultural realities. Anthropologists use a variety of methods, including participant observation,...
(or social
Social Anthropology is one of the four or five branches of anthropology that studies how contemporary human beings behave in social groups. Practitioners of social anthropology investigate, often through long-term, intensive field studies , the social organization of a particular person: customs,...
) anthropology has traditionally looked at community through the lens of ethnographic
Ethnography is a qualitative method aimed to learn and understand cultural phenomena which reflect the knowledge and system of meanings guiding the life of a cultural group...
fieldwork and ethnography continues to be an important methodology for study of modern communities. Other anthropological approaches that deal with various aspects of community include cross-cultural studies
Cross-cultural studies
Cross-cultural studies, sometimes called Holocultural Studies, is a specialization in anthropology and sister sciences that uses field data from many societies to examine the scope of human behavior and test hypotheses about human behavior and culture. Cross-cultural studies is the third form of...
and the anthropology of religion
The anthropology of religion involves the study of religious institutions in relation to other social institutions, and the comparison of religious beliefs and practices across cultures.-History:...
. Cultures in modern society are also studied in the fields of urban anthropology
Urban anthropology
Urban anthropology is a subset of anthropology concerned with issues of urbanization, poverty, and neoliberalism. It is a relatively new and developing field, which became consolidated in the 1960s and 1970s....
, ethnic studies
Ethnic studies is the interdisciplinary study of racialized peoples in the world in relation to ethnicity. It evolved in the second half of the 20th century partly in response to charges that traditional disciplines such as anthropology, history, English, ethnology, Asian studies, and orientalism...
, ecological anthropology
Ecological anthropology
Ecological anthropology is a subfield of anthropology that deals with relationships between humans and their environment, or between nature and culture, over time and space. It investigates the ways that a population shapes its environment and may be shaped by it, and the subsequent manners in...
, and psychological anthropology
Psychological anthropology
Psychological anthropology is an interdisciplinary subfield of anthropology that studies the interaction of cultural and mental processes. The subfield tends to focus on ways in which humans' development and enculturation within a particular cultural group—with its own history, language, practices,...
. Since the 1990s, internet communities have increasingly been the subject of research in the emerging field of cyber anthropology
Cyber anthropology
The anthropology of and in cyberspace or cyberanthropology is a minor subbranch of sociocultural anthropology that deals with cybernetic systems, the culturally informed interrelationships between human beings and technologies...
Archaeology, or archeology , is the study of human society, primarily through the recovery and analysis of the material culture and environmental data that they have left behind, which includes artifacts, architecture, biofacts and cultural landscapes...
of social communities. The term "community" is used in two ways in archaeology, paralleling usage in other areas. The first is an informal definition of community as a place where people used to live. In this sense it is synonymous with the concept of an ancient settlement, whether a hamlet
Hamlet (place)
A hamlet is usually a rural settlement which is too small to be considered a village, though sometimes the word is used for a different sort of community. Historically, when a hamlet became large enough to justify building a church, it was then classified as a village...
, village
A village is a clustered human settlement or community, larger than a hamlet with the population ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand , Though often located in rural areas, the term urban village is also applied to certain urban neighbourhoods, such as the West Village in Manhattan, New...
, town
A town is a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city. The size a settlement must be in order to be called a "town" varies considerably in different parts of the world, so that, for example, many American "small towns" seem to British people to be no more than villages, while...
, or city
A city is a relatively large and permanent settlement. Although there is no agreement on how a city is distinguished from a town within general English language meanings, many cities have a particular administrative, legal, or historical status based on local law.For example, in the U.S...
. The second meaning is similar to the usage of the term in other social sciences
Social science is the field of study concerned with society. "Social science" is commonly used as an umbrella term to refer to a plurality of fields outside of the natural sciences usually exclusive of the administrative or managerial sciences...
: a community is a group of people living near one another who interact socially. Social interaction on a small scale can be difficult to identify with archaeological data. Most reconstructions of social communities by archaeologists rely on the principle that social interaction is conditioned by physical distance. Therefore a small village settlement likely constituted a social community, and spatial subdivisions of cities and other large settlements may have formed communities. Archaeologists typically use similarities in material culture
In the social sciences, material culture is a term that refers to the relationship between artifacts and social relations. Studying a culture's relationship to materiality is a lens through which social and cultural attitudes can be discussed...
—from house types to styles of pottery—to reconstruct communities in the past. This is based on the assumption that people or households will share more similarities in the types and styles of their material goods with other members of a social community than they will with outsiders.
Communitarianism as a group of related but distinct philosophies (or ideologies
An ideology is a set of ideas that constitutes one's goals, expectations, and actions. An ideology can be thought of as a comprehensive vision, as a way of looking at things , as in common sense and several philosophical tendencies , or a set of ideas proposed by the dominant class of a society to...
) began in the late 20th century, opposing classical liberalism
Classical liberalism is the philosophy committed to the ideal of limited government, constitutionalism, rule of law, due process, and liberty of individuals including freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and free markets....
and capitalism
Capitalism is an economic system that became dominant in the Western world following the demise of feudalism. There is no consensus on the precise definition nor on how the term should be used as a historical category...
while advocating phenomena such as civil society
Civil society is composed of the totality of many voluntary social relationships, civic and social organizations, and institutions that form the basis of a functioning society, as distinct from the force-backed structures of a state , the commercial institutions of the market, and private criminal...
. Not necessarily hostile to social liberalism
Social liberalism
Social liberalism is the belief that liberalism should include social justice. It differs from classical liberalism in that it believes the legitimate role of the state includes addressing economic and social issues such as unemployment, health care, and education while simultaneously expanding...
, communitarianism rather has a different emphasis, shifting the focus of interest toward communities and societies and away from the individual. The question of priority, whether for the individual or community, must be determined in dealing with pressing ethical questions about a variety of social issues, such as health care
Health care is the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease, illness, injury, and other physical and mental impairments in humans. Health care is delivered by practitioners in medicine, chiropractic, dentistry, nursing, pharmacy, allied health, and other care providers...
, abortion
Abortion is defined as the termination of pregnancy by the removal or expulsion from the uterus of a fetus or embryo prior to viability. An abortion can occur spontaneously, in which case it is usually called a miscarriage, or it can be purposely induced...
, multiculturalism
Multiculturalism is the appreciation, acceptance or promotion of multiple cultures, applied to the demographic make-up of a specific place, usually at the organizational level, e.g...
, and hate speech
Hate speech is, outside the law, any communication that disparages a person or a group on the basis of some characteristic such as race, color, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, nationality, religion, or other characteristic....
. Gad Barzilai
Gad Barzilai
Gad Barzilai is a scholar of political science and law, famous for his work on the politics of law, human rights and communities. He is a professor of law, societies and justice, and international studies at University of Washington...
has critically examined both liberalism and communitarianism and has developed the theory of critical communitarianism. Barzilai has explicated how non-ruling communities are constructing legal cultures while interacting with various facets of political power. Being venues of identity construction justifies collective protections of communities in law, while the boundaries with other communities, states, and global forces should be sensitive to preservation of various cultures. Gad Barzilai
has accordingly offered how to protect human rights, individual rights, and multiculturalism in inter-communal context that allows to generating cultural relativism
Cultural relativism
Cultural relativism is the principle that an individual human's beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual's own culture. This principle was established as axiomatic in anthropological research by Franz Boas in the first few decades of the 20th century and...
Communication is the activity of conveying meaningful information. Communication requires a sender, a message, and an intended recipient, although the receiver need not be present or aware of the sender's intent to communicate at the time of communication; thus communication can occur across vast...
practices in group and organizational settings are very important to the formation and maintenance of communities. The ways that ideas and values are communicated within communities are important to the induction of new members, the formulation of agendas, the selection of leaders and many other aspects. Organizational communication is the study of how people communicate within an organizational context and the influences and interactions within organizational structure
An organizational structure consists of activities such as task allocation, coordination and supervision, which are directed towards the achievement of organizational aims. It can also be considered as the viewing glass or perspective through which individuals see their organization and its...
s. Group members depend on the flow of communication to establish their own identity within these structures and learn to function in the group setting. Although organizational communication, as a field of study, is usually geared toward companies and business groups, these may also be seen as communities. The principles of organizational communication can also be applied to other types of communities.
In ecology, a community is an assemblage of populations of different species, interacting with one another. Community ecology is the branch of ecology
Ecology is the scientific study of the relations that living organisms have with respect to each other and their natural environment. Variables of interest to ecologists include the composition, distribution, amount , number, and changing states of organisms within and among ecosystems...
that studies interactions between and among species. It considers how such interactions, along with interactions between species and the abiotic environment, affect community structure and species richness, diversity and patterns of abundance. Species interact in three ways: competition
Competition is a contest between individuals, groups, animals, etc. for territory, a niche, or a location of resources. It arises whenever two and only two strive for a goal which cannot be shared. Competition occurs naturally between living organisms which co-exist in the same environment. For...
, predation
In ecology, predation describes a biological interaction where a predator feeds on its prey . Predators may or may not kill their prey prior to feeding on them, but the act of predation always results in the death of its prey and the eventual absorption of the prey's tissue through consumption...
and mutualism. Competition typically results in a double negative—that is both species lose in the interaction. Predation is a win/lose situation with one species winning. Mutualism, on the other hand, involves both species cooperating in some way, with both winning.
The process of learning to adopt the behavior
Behavior or behaviour refers to the actions and mannerisms made by organisms, systems, or artificial entities in conjunction with its environment, which includes the other systems or organisms around as well as the physical environment...
patterns of the community is called socialization
Socialization is a term used by sociologists, social psychologists, anthropologists, political scientists and educationalists to refer to the process of inheriting and disseminating norms, customs and ideologies...
. The most fertile time of socialization is usually the early stages of life, during which individual
An individual is a person or any specific object or thing in a collection. Individuality is the state or quality of being an individual; a person separate from other persons and possessing his or her own needs, goals, and desires. Being self expressive...
s develop the skills and knowledge and learn the role
A role or a social role is a set of connected behaviours, rights and obligations as conceptualised by actors in a social situation. It is an expected or free or continuously changing behaviour and may have a given individual social status or social position...
s necessary to function within their culture
Culture is a term that has many different inter-related meanings. For example, in 1952, Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn compiled a list of 164 definitions of "culture" in Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions...
and social environment
The social environment of an individual, also called social context or milieu, is the culture that s/he was educated or lives in, and the people and institutions with whom the person interacts....
. For some psychologists, especially those in the psychodynamic tradition, the most important period of socialization is between the ages of one and ten. But socialization also includes adults moving into a significantly different environment, where they must learn a new set of behaviors.
Socialization is influenced primarily by the family, through which children first learn community norms
Norm (sociology)
Social norms are the accepted behaviors within a society or group. This sociological and social psychological term has been defined as "the rules that a group uses for appropriate and inappropriate values, beliefs, attitudes and behaviors. These rules may be explicit or implicit...
. Other important influences include school, peer
A peer group is a social group consisting of humans. Peer groups are an informal primary group of people who share a similar or equal status and who are usually of roughly the same age, tended to travel around and interact within the social aggregate Members of a particular peer group often have...
groups, people, schools, mass media, the workplace, and government. The degree to which the norms of a particular society or community are adopted determines one's willingness to engage with others. The norms of tolerance
Toleration
Toleration is "the practice of deliberately allowing or permitting a thing of which one disapproves. One can meaningfully speak of tolerating, ie of allowing or permitting, only if one is in a position to disallow". It has also been defined as "to bear or endure" or "to nourish, sustain or preserve"...
, reciprocity
Reciprocity (social psychology)
Reciprocity in social psychology refers to responding to a positive action with another positive action, rewarding kind actions. People categorize an action as kind by viewing its consequences and also by the person's fundamental intentions. Even if the consequences are the same, underlying...
, and trust
Trust (sociology)
In a social context, trust has several connotations. Definitions of trust typically refer to a situation characterised by the following aspects: One party is willing to rely on the actions of another party ; the situation is directed to the future. In addition, the trustor abandons control over...
are important "habits of the heart," as de Tocqueville
Alexis-Charles-Henri Clérel de Tocqueville was a French political thinker and historian best known for his Democracy in America and The Old Regime and the Revolution . In both of these works, he explored the effects of the rising equality of social conditions on the individual and the state in...
put it, in an individual's involvement in community.
Community development, often linked with Community Work or Community Planning, is often formally conducted by non-government organisations (NGOs), universities or government agencies to progress the social well-being of local, regional and, sometimes, national communities. Less formal efforts, called community building
Community building is a field of practices directed toward the creation or enhancement of community among individuals within a regional area or with a common interest...
or community organizing
Community organizing is a process where people who live in proximity to each other come together into an organization that acts in their shared self-interest. A core goal of community organizing is to generate durable power for an organization representing the community, allowing it to influence...
, seek to empower individuals and groups of people by providing them with the skills they need to effect change in their own communities. These skills often assist in building political power through the formation of large social groups working for a common agenda. Community development practitioners must understand both how to work with individuals and how to affect communities' positions within the context of larger social institutions.
Formal programs conducted by universities are often used to build a knowledge base to drive curricula in sociology and community studies
Community studies
Community studies is an academic field drawing on both sociology and anthropology and the social research methods of ethnography and participant observation in the study of community. In academic settings around the world, community studies is variously a sub-discipline of anthropology or...
. The General Social Survey
General Social Survey
The General Social Survey is a sociological survey used to collect data on demographic characteristics and attitudes of residents of the United States. The survey is conducted face-to-face with an in-person interview by the National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago, of a...
from the National Opinion Research Center
National Opinion Research Center
NORC at the University of Chicago, established in 1941 as the National Opinion Research Center, is one of the largest and most highly respected social research organizations in the United States. Its corporate headquarters are located on the University of Chicago campus...
at the University of Chicago
The University of Chicago is a private research university in Chicago, Illinois, USA. It was founded by the American Baptist Education Society with a donation from oil magnate and philanthropist John D. Rockefeller and incorporated in 1890...
and the Saguaro Seminar at the John F. Kennedy School of Government
John F. Kennedy School of Government
The John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University is a public policy and public administration school, and one of Harvard's graduate and professional schools...
at Harvard University
Harvard University is a private Ivy League university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and the first corporation chartered in the country...
are examples of national community development in the United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
. In The United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
, Oxford University has led in providing extensive research in the field through its Community Development Journal, used worldwide by sociologists and community development practitioners.
At the intersection between community development and community building are a number of programs and organizations with community development tools. One example of this is the program of the Asset Based Community Development Institute of Northwestern University
Northwestern University is a private research university in Evanston and Chicago, Illinois, USA. Northwestern has eleven undergraduate, graduate, and professional schools offering 124 undergraduate degrees and 145 graduate and professional degrees....
. The institute makes available downloadable tools to assess community assets and make connections between non-profit groups
Nonprofit organization is neither a legal nor technical definition but generally refers to an organization that uses surplus revenues to achieve its goals, rather than distributing them as profit or dividends...
and other organizations that can help in community building. The Institute focuses on helping communities develop by "mobilizing neighborhood assets" — building from the inside out rather than the outside in.
Community building and organizing
In The Different Drum: Community-Making and Peace, Scott Peck
Morgan Scott Peck was an American psychiatrist and best-selling author, best known for his first book, The Road Less Traveled, published in 1978.-Biography:...
argues that the almost accidental sense of community that exists at times of crisis can be consciously built. Peck believes that conscious community building is a process of deliberate design based on the knowledge and application of certain rules. He states that this process goes through four stages:
Chaos: When people move beyond the inauthenticity of pseudo-community and feel safe enough to present their "shadow" selves. This stage places great demands upon the facilitator for greater leadership and organization, but Peck believes that "organizations are not communities", and this pressure should be resisted.
Emptiness: This stage moves beyond the attempts to fix, heal and convert of the chaos stage, when all people become capable of acknowledging their own woundedness and brokenness, common to us all as human beings. Out of this emptiness comes
True community: the process of deep respect and true listening for the needs of the other people in this community. This stage Peck believes can only be described as "glory" and reflects a deep yearning in every human soul for compassionate understanding from one's fellows.
More recently Peck remarked that building a sense of community is easy but maintaining this sense of community is difficult in the modern world. Community building can use a wide variety of practices, ranging from simple events such as potluck
A potluck is a gathering of people where each person or group of people contributes a dish of food prepared by the person or the group of people, to be shared among the group...
s and small book clubs to larger–scale efforts such as mass festival
A festival or gala is an event, usually and ordinarily staged by a local community, which centers on and celebrates some unique aspect of that community and the Festival....
s and construction
In the fields of architecture and civil engineering, construction is a process that consists of the building or assembling of infrastructure. Far from being a single activity, large scale construction is a feat of human multitasking...
projects that involve local participants rather than outside contractors.
Community building that is geared toward citizen action is usually termed "community organizing." In these cases, organized community groups seek accountability from elected officials and increased direct representation within decision-making bodies. Where good-faith negotiations fail, these constituency-led organizations seek to pressure the decision-makers through a variety of means, including picketing, boycott
A boycott is an act of voluntarily abstaining from using, buying, or dealing with a person, organization, or country as an expression of protest, usually for political reasons...
ing, sit-ins, petitioning, and electoral politics. The ARISE Detroit!
ARISE Detroit!
ARISE Detroit! is a coalition of community groups in Detroit, banding together in the hopes of making a bigger impact than they each can accomplish separately...
coalition and the Toronto Public Space Committee
Toronto Public Space Committee
The Toronto Public Space Committee is a volunteer-run, non-profit organization located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada that defends the city's public space from corporate and private forces, including cars and outdoor advertising...
are examples of activist networks
Activism consists of intentional efforts to bring about social, political, economic, or environmental change. Activism can take a wide range of forms from writing letters to newspapers or politicians, political campaigning, economic activism such as boycotts or preferentially patronizing...
committed to shielding local communities from government and corporate domination and inordinate influence.
Community organizing is sometimes focused on more than just resolving specific issues. Organizing often means building a widely accessible power structure, often with the end goal of distributing power equally throughout the community. Community organizers generally seek to build groups that are open and democratic in governance. Such groups facilitate and encourage consensus decision-making
Consensus decision-making
Consensus decision-making is a group decision making process that seeks the consent, not necessarily the agreement, of participants and the resolution of objections. Consensus is defined by Merriam-Webster as, first, general agreement, and second, group solidarity of belief or sentiment. It has its...
with a focus on the general health of the community rather than a specific interest group. The three basic types of community organizing are grassroots
organizing, coalition
A coalition is a pact or treaty among individuals or groups, during which they cooperate in joint action, each in their own self-interest, joining forces together for a common cause. This alliance may be temporary or a matter of convenience. A coalition thus differs from a more formal covenant...
building, and "institution-based community organizing," (also called "broad-based community organizing," an example of which is faith-based community organizing, or "congregation-based community organizing").
If communities are developed based on something they share in common, whether that be location or values, then one challenge for developing communities is how to incorporate individuality and differences. Indeed, as Rebekah Nathan suggests in her book, My Freshman Year, we are actually drawn to developing communities totally based on sameness, despite stated commitments to diversity, such as those found on university websites. Nathan states that certain commonalities allow college students to cohere: "What holds students together, really, is age, pop culture, a handful of (recent) historical events, and getting a degree" (qtd. In Barrios 229). Universities may try to create community through all freshman reads, freshman seminars, and school pride; however, Nathan argues students will only form communities based on the attributes, such as age and pop culture, that they bring with them to college. Nathan's point, then, is that people come to college and don't expand their social horizons and cultural tolerance, which can prevent the development of your social community. (Barrios, Barclay. Emerging: Conetmporary Readings for Writers. New York: Bedford St. Martins, 2010.)
Community currencies
Some communities have developed their own "Local Exchange Trading Systems
Local Exchange Trading Systems
Local exchange trading systems , also known as LETSystems, are locally initiated, democratically organised, not-for-profit community enterprises that provide a community information service and record transactions of members exchanging goods and services by using the currency of locally created...
" (LETS) and local currencies, such as the Ithaca Hours
Ithaca Hours
The Ithaca HOUR is a local currency used in Ithaca, New York and is the oldest and largest local currency system in the United States that is still operating. It has inspired other similar systems in Madison, Wisconsin; Corvallis, Oregon; and a proposed system in the Lehigh Valley, Pennsylvania...
system, to encourage economic growth and an enhanced sense of community. Community Currencies have recently proven valuable in meeting the needs of people living in various South American nations, particularly Argentina, that recently suffered as a result of the collapse of the Argentinian national currency.
Community service is donated service or activity that is performed by someone or a group of people for the benefit of the public or its institutions....
is usually performed in connection with a nonprofit organization
, but it may also be undertaken under the auspices of government, one or more businesses, or by individuals. It is typically unpaid and voluntary
Volunteering is generally considered an altruistic activity, intended to promote good or improve human quality of life, but people also volunteer for their own skill development, to meet others, to make contacts for possible employment, to have fun, and a variety of other reasons that could be...
. However, it can be part of alternative sentencing
Sentence (law)
In law, a sentence forms the final explicit act of a judge-ruled process, and also the symbolic principal act connected to his function. The sentence can generally involve a decree of imprisonment, a fine and/or other punishments against a defendant convicted of a crime...
approaches in a justice system and it can be required by educational institutions.
Types of community
A number of ways to categorize types of community have been proposed; one such breakdown is:
Geographic communities: range from the local neighbourhood
A neighbourhood or neighborhood is a geographically localised community within a larger city, town or suburb. Neighbourhoods are often social communities with considerable face-to-face interaction among members. "Researchers have not agreed on an exact definition...
, suburb
The word suburb mostly refers to a residential area, either existing as part of a city or as a separate residential community within commuting distance of a city . Some suburbs have a degree of administrative autonomy, and most have lower population density than inner city neighborhoods...
or city
, region, nation or even the planet as a whole. These refer to communities of location.
Communities of culture: range from the local clique, sub-culture, ethnic group
An ethnic group is a group of people whose members identify with each other, through a common heritage, often consisting of a common language, a common culture and/or an ideology that stresses common ancestry or endogamy...
, religious, multicultural
or pluralistic civilisation, or the global community cultures of today. They may be included as communities of need or identity, such as disabled persons
A disability may be physical, cognitive, mental, sensory, emotional, developmental or some combination of these.Many people would rather be referred to as a person with a disability instead of handicapped...
, or frail aged people.
Community organizations: range from informal family
or kinship
networks, to more formal incorporated associations
Incorporation (business)
Incorporation is the forming of a new corporation . The corporation may be a business, a non-profit organisation, sports club, or a government of a new city or town...
, political
Politics is a process by which groups of people make collective decisions. The term is generally applied to the art or science of running governmental or state affairs, including behavior within civil governments, but also applies to institutions, fields, and special interest groups such as the...
Decision making can be regarded as the mental processes resulting in the selection of a course of action among several alternative scenarios. Every decision making process produces a final choice. The output can be an action or an opinion of choice.- Overview :Human performance in decision terms...
structures, economic
Economics is the social science that analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The term economics comes from the Ancient Greek from + , hence "rules of the house"...
enterprises, or professional associations at a small, national or international scale.
Communities are nested; one community can contain another—for example a geographic community may contain a number of ethnic communities.
Possibly the most common usage of the word "community" indicates a large group living in close proximity. Examples of local community
A local community is a group of interacting people sharing an environment. In human communities, intent, belief, resources, preferences, needs, risks, and a number of other conditions may be present and common, affecting the identity of the participants and their degree of cohesiveness.- Overview...
A municipality
A municipality is essentially an urban administrative division having corporate status and usually powers of self-government. It can also be used to mean the governing body of a municipality. A municipality is a general-purpose administrative subdivision, as opposed to a special-purpose district...
is an administrative local area generally composed of a clearly defined territory and commonly referring to a town
or village
Although large cities are also municipalities, they are often thought of as a collection of communities, due to their diversity.
A neighborhood is a geographically localized community, often within a larger city
or suburb
A planned community
A new town is a specific type of a planned community, or planned city, that was carefully planned from its inception and is typically constructed in a previously undeveloped area. This contrasts with settlements that evolve in a more ad hoc fashion. Land use conflicts are uncommon in new...
is one that was designed
Urban planning incorporates areas such as economics, design, ecology, sociology, geography, law, political science, and statistics to guide and ensure the orderly development of settlements and communities....
from scratch and grew up more or less following the plan. Several of the world's capital cities are planned cities, notably Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, "the District", or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States. On July 16, 1790, the United States Congress approved the creation of a permanent national capital as permitted by the U.S. Constitution....
, in the United States
, Canberra
Canberra is the capital city of Australia. With a population of over 345,000, it is Australia's largest inland city and the eighth-largest city overall. The city is located at the northern end of the Australian Capital Territory , south-west of Sydney, and north-east of Melbourne...
Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area...
, and Brasília
Brasília is the capital city of Brazil. The name is commonly spelled Brasilia in English. The city and its District are located in the Central-West region of the country, along a plateau known as Planalto Central. It has a population of about 2,557,000 as of the 2008 IBGE estimate, making it the...
in Brazil
Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...
. It was also common during the European colonization of the Americas
European colonization of the Americas
The start of the European colonization of the Americas is typically dated to 1492. The first Europeans to reach the Americas were the Vikings during the 11th century, who established several colonies in Greenland and one short-lived settlement in present day Newfoundland...
to build according to a plan either on fresh ground or on the ruins of earlier Amerindian cities.
In some contexts, "community" indicates a group of people with a common identity other than location. Members often interact regularly. Common examples in everyday usage include:
A "professional community" is a group of people with the same or related occupations. Some of those members may join a professional society, making a more defined and formalized group. These are also sometimes known as communities of practice
A community of practice is, according to cognitive anthropologists Jean Lave and Etienne Wenger, a group of people who share an interest, a craft, and/or a profession. The group can evolve naturally because of the members' common interest in a particular domain or area, or it can be created...
A virtual community
A virtual community is a social network of individuals who interact through specific media, potentially crossing geographical and political boundaries in order to pursue mutual interests or goals...
is a group
of people primarily or initially communicating or interacting with each other by means of information technologies, typically over the Internet
, rather than in person. These may be either communities of interest, practice
Virtual Community of Practice
To some a virtual community of practice is a misnomer as the original concept of a community of practice was based around situated learning in a co-located setting. However, with increasing globalization and the continued growth of the Internet many now claim that virtual CoPs do exist...
or communion. Research interest is evolving in the motivations for contributing to online communities.
Some communities share both location and other attributes. Members choose to live near each other because of one or more common interests.
A retirement community
A retirement community, or active adult community, is a very broad, generic term that covers many varieties of housing for retirees and seniors - especially designed or geared for people who no longer work, or restricted to those over a certain age . It differs from a retirement home which is a...
is designated and at least usually designed for retirees and seniors—often restricted to those over a certain age, such as 56. It differs from a retirement home
A retirement home is a multi-residence housing facility intended for senior citizens. Typically each person or couple in the home has an apartment-style room or suite of rooms. Additional facilities are provided within the building, including facilities for meals, gathering, recreation, and some...
, which is a single building or small complex, by having a number of autonomous households.
An intentional community is a deliberate residential community with a much higher degree of social communication than other communities. The members of an intentional community typically hold a common social, political or spiritual vision and share responsibilities and resources. Intentional communities include Amish
The Amish , sometimes referred to as Amish Mennonites, are a group of Christian church fellowships that form a subgroup of the Mennonite churches...
villages, ashrams, cohousing
A cohousing community is a type of intentional community composed of private homes supplemented by shared facilities. The community is planned, owned and managed by the residents – who also share activities which may include cooking, dining, child care, gardening, and governance of the...
, communes
Commune (intentional community)
A commune is an intentional community of people living together, sharing common interests, property, possessions, resources, and, in some communes, work and income. In addition to the communal economy, consensus decision-making, non-hierarchical structures and ecological living have become...
, ecovillages, housing cooperative
A housing cooperative is a legal entity—usually a corporation—that owns real estate, consisting of one or more residential buildings. Each shareholder in the legal entity is granted the right to occupy one housing unit, sometimes subject to an occupancy agreement, which is similar to a lease. ...
s, kibbutzim, and land trust
Land trust
There are two distinct definitions of a land trust:* a private, nonprofit organization that, as all or part of its mission, actively works to conserve land by undertaking or assisting in land or conservation easement acquisition, or by its stewardship of such land or easements; or* an agreement...
Special nature of human community
Definitions of community as "organisms inhabiting a common environment and interacting with one another," while scientifically accurate, do not convey the richness, diversity and complexity of human communities. Their classification, likewise is almost never precise. Untidy as it may be, community is vital for humans. M. Scott Peck
expresses this in the following way: "There can be no vulnerability without risk; there can be no community without vulnerability; there can be no peace, and ultimately no life, without community."
Outline of community
The following outline is provided as an overview of topical guide to community:Community – group of people who interact and share certain things as a group...
Community theatre refers to theatrical performance made in relation to particular communities—its usage includes theatre made by, with, and for a community...
The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
Silverdale Interactive © 2023. All Rights Reserved.


text:
Q: Get JSON Array Value in C# I have the following JSON data:
{
    "start":{
        "lat":14.6687522,
        "lng":120.96757580000008
    },"end":{
        "lat":14.6535607,
        "lng":120.98200010000005
    },"waypoints":[
        [
            14.6655377,
            120.98068660000001
        ]
    ]
}

I'm using JSON.NET and using the code to get the start's latitude value:
JObject data = JObject.Parse(route);
origin_lat = data["start"].First["lat"].ToString();

but I'm receiving an error: Cannot access child value on Newtonsoft.Json.Linq.JProperty.
Am I missing something?

A: data["start"] is an object not an array. Try
data["start"]["lat"]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Red flag petition filed against officer in fatal shooting
DENVER (AP) — A woman whose son was killed by Colorado State University police in 2017 is trying to have the guns of one of the officers involved confiscated under the state's new red flag law, a move the sheriff calls a classic example of how the controversial law can be abused. In her Jan. 9...
Police officers respond to a shooting at Bellaire High School, Tuesday, Jan. 14, 2020, in Bellaire, Texas. (Melissa Phillip/Houston Chronicle via AP)
BELLAIRE, Texas (AP) — A 16-year-old student mistakenly shot his friend in their Houston-area high school's ROTC room before fleeing the building, a prosecutor said Wednesday. Harris County District Attorney Kim Ogg said that based on evidence gathered so far that the shooting was not intentional...
Student fatally shot at Texas high school; suspect arrested
BELLAIRE, Texas (AP) — A 16-year-old student was shot to death Tuesday at a Texas high school, and a suspect was arrested hours later, officials said. Grenita Lathan, interim superintendent of the Houston Independent School District, confirmed the shooting victim at Bellaire High School had died...
BELLAIRE, Texas (AP) — A 16-year-old student was shot to death Tuesday at a Texas high school, and a suspect was arrested hours later, officials said. Grenita Latham, interim superintendent of the Houston Independent School District, confirmed the shooting victim at Bellaire High School had died...
Student fatally shot at Texas high school; suspect at large
BELLAIRE, Texas (AP) — A student was shot to death Tuesday at a Texas high school, and a suspect remained at large, officials said. Grenita Latham, interim superintendent of the Houston Independent School District, confirmed the shooting victim at Bellaire High School had died. She gave no other...
Student shot at Texas high school; suspect still at large
A student was shot Tuesday at a high school in Texas and a suspect remained at large, local officials said. Emergency crews were seen performing CPR as the student was carried on a stretcher to an ambulance outside Bellaire High School, KPRC-TV reports. There were conflicting media reports about...
A student was shot Tuesday at a high school in Texas and a suspect remained at large, local officials said. Emergency crews were seen performing CPR as the student was carried on a stretcher to an ambulance outside Bellaire High School, KPRC-TV reports. The city, a suburb south west of Houston,...
Clouds of volcanic ash rise up from damaged trees in Laurel, Batangas province, southern Philippines on Tuesday, Jan. 14, 2020. Taal volcano is spewing lava half a mile high and trembling with earthquakes constantly as thousands of people flee villages darkened and blanketed by heavy ash. (AP Photo/Aaron Favila)
Philippine volcano trembles more, spews lava half-mile high
TAGAYTAY, Philippines (AP) — A volcano near the Philippine capital spewed lava into the sky and trembled constantly Tuesday, possibly portending a bigger and more dangerous eruption, as tens of thousands of people fled villages darkened and blanketed by heavy ash. Government work was suspended and...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Taken: Alla ricerca di Sophie Parker (Taken: The Search for Sophie Parker) è un film per la televisione americano del 2013 diretto da Don Michael Paul. Il film ha preso in prestito i temi e analogie nel franchising Taken, in particolare Io vi troverò e Taken - La vendetta. Il film è stato trasmesso in onda per la prima volta il 21 settembre 2013, a Lifetime.

Inoltre il film è andato in onda in Francia 14 aprile 2014 e il 24 aprile 2015 su TF1.

Trama
Durante una vacanza a Mosca, la diciottenne Sophie Parker e la figlia dell'Ambasciatore americano vengono rapite. Starà a Stevie, madre di Sophie e detective della Polizia di New York, partire per la Russia per salvare la figlia entro 48 ore.

Accoglienza
Il film TV è stato visto da 1,81 milioni di spettatori durante la sua prima trasmissione.

Note

Collegamenti esterni

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: How to send faxes directly from within LibreOffice? Up to version 4.3, one could use the spadmin tool to setup a fax driver – which worked perfectly for me in OpenOffice and later LibreOffice. Having updated to version 5.x, that fax driver stopped working – and the spadmin tool had disappeared from LibreOffice.1 Simply copying the psprint.conf file to the new location didn't help (as the linked post1 indicates).
As a work-around I currently have to print my faxes and then scan them to the fax printer – which obviously defeats the purpose of a "paperless office".
Is there any (not too difficult) way to restore the direct "print-to-fax" functionality in LibreOffice?
PS: I have a Brother MFC 9120 CN here, the corresponding drivers (LPD, CUPS, FAX) are installed on my Ubuntu 12.04 machine. And before you ask: No discussion please about upgrading to 14.04/16.04, that's not part of this question :)

1: see e.g. spadmin gone from libreoffice

A: On further investigation, several hints led me to a proposed solution1: Brother provides a fax modem driver (brfaxmodem-1.1.3-1.i386.deb) which you can download from their support site (link is for MFC9120CN). Their instructions then say:

*

*have your printer connected via USB

*install the driver: sudo dpkg -i brfaxmodem-1.1.3-1.i386.deb2

*install the efax package: sudo apt-get install efax

*open /etc/efax.rc using a text editor and change "DEV=ttyS1" into "DEV=modem"

Now you should be able adding a new printer: "AppSocket/HP JetDirect" with Hostname: localhost, Port: 9900, printer typ: Generic -> Raw Queue. Having that done, check that /etc/cups/printers.conf contains socket://localhost:9900. efax doesn't start automatically, so you'll have to do that manually when you need it (or create yourself a startup script to have Ubuntu taking care for that at boot).
If LibreOffice/OpenOffice doesn't detect this "fax printer" (which according to the change logs it should), Fax4CUPS might be needed:

… So the current LibreOffice version in Ubuntu 14.04 LTS is obsolete. I've updated my LO to 5.0.1.2 and the fax integration has changed. spadmin no longer exists, and an external script, fax4CUPS is required.

Fax4CUPS is a CUPS backend for efax/hylafax/mgetty-fax. At the URL given you can find a .deb package you again need to install via sudo dpkg -i fax4cups_2.0-1_all.deb. Further instructions then can be found in its man page: man fax4CUPS.

1not yet tested by me due to lack of time – but I don't want to a) lose the notes and b) keep them away from you. I will accept this answer once I've tested it successfully.
2on a 64bit installation, you'll obviously need the 32bit support for that, unfortunately

A:
To send a fax directly from LibreOffice, you need a fax modem and a fax driver that allows applications to communicate with the fax modem.
Sending a Fax Through the Print Dialog

*

*Open the Print dialog by choosing File - Print and select the fax driver in the Name list box.

*Clicking OK opens the dialog for your fax driver, where you can select the fax recipient.

  Configuring LibreOffice a Fax Icon
You can configure LibreOffice so that a single click on an icon automatically sends the current document as a fax:

*

*Choose Tools - Options - LibreOffice Writer - Print.

*Select the fax driver from the Fax list box and click OK.

*Click the arrow icon at the end of the Standard bar. In the drop-down menu, choose Customize. The Toolbars tab page of the Customize dialog appears.

*Click Add Commands.

*Select the "Documents" category, then select the "Send Default Fax" command.

*Click Add and then Close.

*On the Toolbars tab page, click the down arrow button to position the new icon where you want it. Click OK. Your Standard bar now has a new icon to send the current document as a fax.

(Source: LO help page Sending Faxes and Configuring LibreOffice for Faxing)
Sincerely,
Karsten

A: Izzy wrote a brilliant text. This helped me a lot.
It made it work for me the very first time.
Great!
Since I use a different setup (Ubuntu 17.10, V.90 - Modem, XFCE4) I want to share my results:
**
- ** How To send a FAX with Libre Office, Ubuntu 17.10 ... 20.04 Ubuntu, XFCE4, Gnome Wayland, Unity **
**
Send faxes directly from within LibreOffice.
** FAXe direkt aus Libre Office versenden mit Ubuntu 18.10, XFCE4 und unter anderen Versionen (diese Anleitung funktioniert und wird regelmaessig aktualisiert!)
**
**
0) You have a modem installed (external via serial is most easy)
To find out if the modem is connected you may try
sudo dmesg | grep tty

and look for an answer like
[2.301047]: ttyS0 at I/O 0x3f8 (irq = 4, base_baud = 115200) is a 16550A

So here we see it actually is "ttyS0"
Tip:
COM1 = ttyS0 most Modems are connected to ttyS0; modern boards only have one COM1.
You can buy the connector from company "delock" if not provided
1) Install efax-gtk
efax-gtk comes with comprehensive help: F1 !
2) Open efax-gtk GUI from menue
3) Configure Settings.
Params: use default (init is: Z &FE&D2S7=120 &C0 M1L0)
Socket: Run server, defaults
Logging: A name allowed or a user - writable path
Page: choose A4

Setup OS

*Add printer:

Start GUI "system-config-printer"
New Printer
choose Enter URI
paste this:
socket://localhost:9900

Forward "Generic"
Forward "Raw Queue"
Forward choose name
and
finalise.
Check settings in
/etc/cups/printers.conf  (might require sudo)
it should say something like
<Printer SockPrint>
UUID urn:uuid:9z8z3dbe-68b1-3891-5136-96f1cc4b3210
Info socket4FAX-print
Location
DeviceURI socket://localhost:9900
State Idle
StateTime 1519995207
ConfigTime 1519996041
Type 4
Accepting Yes
Shared Yes
JobSheets none none
QuotaPeriod 0
PageLimit 0
KLimit 0
OpPolicy default
ErrorPolicy retry-job
</Printer>

Does not do anything(??):  /etc/efax-gtkrc
 >>> for any explanation look into /usr/bin/fax (!)
 >>> what device is used? COM2 means ttyS1
/etc/efax.rc
looks like this example:
DEV=ttyS0
FROM=" +49 3222 1111111"
NAME=" from Firstname Lastname  "
SPKR="-iM2L3"
PAGE=a4
PAGE_a4="210x295mm"
efax-gtk
writes configs here:
$HOME/.efax-gtkrc, $sysconfdir/efax-gtkrc or /etc/efax-gtkrc  (starts with home!)
5a) Start efax-gtk
.
5b) Start LibreOffice
.
a) Print to the new socket printer
b) Go to efax-gtk GUI, choose
Fax entry method: Socket
Klick "Socket list"
Rest should be obvious ;-)
Otherwise troubleshoot....
Nachtrag:
Damit die Faxfunktion systemseitig  nach jedem reboot zur Verfügung gestellt wird, sollte man efax-gtk automatisch starten lassen.
Eine probate Methode ist der Eintrag efax-gtk -s im GUI Menue "Session and startup" (wie auch immer das in Deutsch übersetzt wird).

A: Time to update, as I didn't use my other proposed solution:
I ended up with a completely different solution, which I also want to share here after using it now for almost 2 years. My Brother MFC isn't involved in it at all.
As I'm using a Fritz!Box to connect my home to the Internet and telephony network, which has fax capabilities integrated, I've set that up there and then used Roger Router – which, among other things, provides a fax interface LibreOffice/OpenOffice can interact with directly. Setup of Roger Router is pretty easy and straight-forward, with each step explained, and your Fritz!Box even detected automatically.

The Assistant starting up // Fax Settings (source: Ubuntu Wiki)
As a side-effect I get a bunch of nice-to-have functionality such as a local protocol (from which one can listen to recorded calls or view incoming/outgoing faxes) and desktop notifications of incoming/outgoing calls. I even can manage my Fritz!Box address book via Roger Router.
Roger Router is available via a PPA:¹
sudo sh -c "echo 'deb http://download.opensuse.org/repositories/home:/tabos-team:/release/xUbuntu_16.04/ /' > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/roger.list"
wget -q http://download.opensuse.org/repositories/home:/tabos-team:/release/xUbuntu_16.04/Release.key -O- | sudo apt-key add -
sudo apt-get install roger

Make sure to adjust the first line according to the Ubuntu version you're using. My example has the latest LTS (16.04). For other available versions (and distributions), please see here (in short, and for this site's topic: 14.04, 16.04, 17.04 and 17.10 are available as of this writing).
Once Roger Router was installed and configured, just select it as default fax in LibreOffice/OpenOffice as described in Karsten's answer.

¹ it seems the PPA will no longer be updated, though, as the developer has switched to FlatPak; if you can read German, see here.


Buchi was sent to our shelter by someone who promised to bear expense of Buchi. she was a little kitten then. so we did not give Buchi up for adoption but the rescuer did not show up later. it happens in many rescue cases. Buchi got adult and no one adopted her. but she is the cuddliest and most talkative cat in shelter. she is our Talking Tom! she will keep talking to you if you call her name. her size is medium. if anyone wants to adopt her they are most welcome. until then she needs a sponsor.


text:
Perugaian is een bestuurslaag in het regentschap Kaur van de provincie Bengkulu, Indonesië. Perugaian telt 597 inwoners (volkstelling 2010).

Plaats in Bengkulu


text:
← KAT the 5, or KAT the Eventual 5?
INBOX: Thoughts on Kris Dunn's Upcoming Rookie Season →
by Andy Grimsrud | July 20, 2016 · 2:23 PM
Tyus Jones: The 1 & Done Who Wasn't?
A few years ago, I heard about a conversation that Rick Pitino had about local prep star, Tyus Jones. I was one layer of hearsay removed from it, and it's been a few years, but here is the general gist of what Pitino apparently said about the Apple Valley prospect:
"Tyus Jones is not a 'one-and-done.' He thinks he's a one-and-done, but he is not a one-and-done."
It wasn't an earth-shattering assessment of Tyus, if you had seen what he looked like — scrawny and maybe not even six-feet tall — but I found the phrasing sort of interesting, especially from somebody in Pitino's position. Pitino probably recruited Jones to play for him at Louisville, and in that process he came away thinking that the kid was more confident about his pro prospects than he should have been. (Also, Pitino's son Richard had recently taken over the University of Minnesota coaching job, and he was definitely trying to recruit Jones. I'm sure father and son compared notes.) Despite his high hopes for himself, thought Pitino, Jones was not going to be ready for the NBA within nine months of stepping foot on whatever campus he chose. (Duke, as it turned out.)
A few years later, was Pitino right or wrong?
I mean, Tyus was, literally, a one-and-done. He went to Duke, won a national championship (and Most Outstanding Player of the Final Four honors) and was selected by Flip Saunders and the Timberwolves in the first round of the 2015 NBA Draft.
In that respect, Pitino was wrong.
But last year as an NBA rookie, in terms of Tyus's actual production and overall readiness as an NBA player, Pitino's assessment was probably validated too. Tyus was overwhelmed in many of his rookie-year stints on the floor. Sam Mitchell remained loyal to the unexpectedly-fallen Flip Saunders and committed to development over "win now" strategies. He played youngsters like Jones the minutes they needed to learn on the job. But in Tyus's case more than anyone else's, there was question of whether those minutes were constructive or discouraging.
Jones shot a miserable 35.9 percent from the field. Worse than his shooting percentage was the drop-off in Timberwolves quality of play when Jones manned the point instead of Ricky Rubio. With Rubio at the helm they actually outscored opponents by 1.1 points per 100 possessions, With Tyus, they were outscored by a whopping 10.0 per 100. That is like dropping from a 7 or 8 seed level of play down to the worst team in the entire league.
But watching Jones, three things stood out that gave some hope that his future might still be bright, even if it would require patience.
First, Jones's struggles were purely physical and he had the look of a teenager who hadn't matured or filled out yet. He looked like the 8th grader playing up on the varsity team. This was not John Wall, Derrick Rose or Russell Westbrook. Physically, Tyus's body looked more like Davidson Steph Curry. He needed time in the weight room before his future could be accurately projected.
Second, Tyus showed off a very advanced understanding of point guard play. Despite his physical inability to play defense or separate himself for efficient shots, Tyus limited his turnovers (2.1 per 36 minutes) and racked up a fair number of assists (6.8 per 36). Tyus would throw a push-ahead pass up the floor if there was a break to be explored. He would hold the ball and reset the offense if the Wolves needed to calm down for a possession. He knew how to play pick-and-roll offense.
Third, he finished the season stronger than he started it. In my season "fourth quarter" report card, I wrote this about Jones (who received a B grade for the fourth quarter):
In the final quarter of the season, Jones had a nice assist-to-turnover ratio of 3.5 to 1, with those precise averages of each per game. Per 36 minutes, those adjusted to 7.1 assists to 1.9 turnovers. His net rating, which was catastrophic for much of the season, improved to a "merely bad" level of (-3.8). It was not the worst among regular Wolves players. His big struggle in the final quarter was three-point shooting: he went on a stretch of 12 games without hitting a 3. (He attempted 18 of them in that streak.) But Jones had nice games when it mattered most, like his 8 points and 6 assists in a win at Washington, and — more impressively — his 7 points and 5 assists in the shocker at Golden State.
Jones is on the Timberwolves fan's mind right now because he just finished his MVP campaign in the Las Vegas Summer League that concluded on Monday night. He was announced as the league MVP before the final game began, and then played one more great game, albeit this time in an overtime loss to the Bulls. As Kyle Ratke laid out in his recent story on Jones, he put up impressive stats across the board in the summer league. 20.4 points, 6.8 assists and 3.8 rebounds per game. He shot over 40 percent from three-point range.
When I watched Jones in the summer league, I was impressed by two things. One was his knack for pulling two defenders his way on pick-and-rolls, and then maximizing the amount of space his next pass's recipient would have to play 4 against 3. He was working angles and outsmarting defenses. The second thing that stood out was the way Tyus was attacking in the lane, drawing contact, and finishing off the glass. This was a stronger player than we saw a few months ago.
But like many of the current players on this Timberwolves roster, we're asking ourselves more about potential than present ability. With Tyus, there seems to be a consensus that his NBA ceiling (already defined despite his 20th birthday occurring two months ago) is a decent backup point guard. I find myself thinking this with some level of certainty. For me, last year, what seemed to temper my enthusiasm for Jones's upside — aside from his shoddy play — was that he just seemed too SMALL to be a dominant NBA point guard. He was not blazing fast either, but I'm chalking up some of that perceived lack of burst to the physical immaturity thing. To me, I just thought he looked small.
Well, that's something that can be measured.
On the indispensable Draft Express website there is an archive of prospect measurements that dates back many years. NBA teams often falsify player heights in game programs and in pregame introductions. To determine true player size, the DX website is something of a go-to source.
In it, Jones is listed at a hair over six feet tall (6'0.25″) without shoes on. With shoes — which until recently I didn't realize is how player height is most often discussed — Tyus stands at 6'2″. Whether this is too short to play point guard effectively in the NBA is most easily analyzed by looking at heights of the game's best point guards.
Here are some other point guard heights (without shoes), per the DX database:
Chris Paul – 5'11.75″
Stephen Curry – 6'2″
Russell Westbrook – 6'2.25″
Mike Conley – 5'11.75″
John Wall – 6'2.75″
Kyrie Irving – 6'1.75″
Kyle Lowry is not listed on the DX archive. According to Google, he is 6′ tall. Ricky Rubio is also absent from the site's listing. He's probably more like 6'3″ without shoes.
It seems that Tyus is about the same height as some of the league's best point guards. He is slightly taller than CP3 and Conley. He's a little bit shorter than Kyrie. He might be taller or shorter than Kyle Lowry.
While Tyus is never going to be a "big" point guard, he might be big enough.
Bringing this back to what Pitino said, it's noteworthy that many of the NBA's best "true" point guards — by this I mean the ones who don't fly to the hoop like Russ Westbrook or Derrick Rose — stay multiple years in college. Steph Curry played three years at Davidson. Chris Paul and Kyle Lowry played two years at their schools. Mike Conley only played for one season at Ohio State, and he struggled as a rookie in the NBA.
So with Tyus, who really knows?
Maybe he is one of the many cases — usually reserved for 'project' big men — who is "ready to be drafted, but not ready to play." Maybe this coming season — which could have been Tyus's junior year at Duke — will be the one where he breaks out into an impressive NBA player, now able to handle the size and pace of the pro game. Or maybe it'll be the year after that. Or maybe it'll never happen.
What we know is that Jones can look like an outstanding player against competition that doesn't physically overwhelm him, and that he was not suited to play in the NBA last year as a 19-year old.
What we don't know is how much stronger he will get, and whether the skills that he shows off when playing with confidence will ever make their way onto the NBA game floor with consistency.
Tagged as Tyus Jones
One response to "Tyus Jones: The 1 & Done Who Wasn't?"
Excited to see what Thibs can do for Tyus. Thibs has a history of getting good to great production out of mighty-mite PGs, and you have to love Tyus' vision of the game. In terms of knowing how to play the game, he was a man amongst boys in SL.
I do want to be clear, tho – Tyus does not represent a PG controversy. I think he represents valuable depth, and especially situational shooting depth. Wouldn't it be nice if you could count on Tyus for some threes and smooth offense facilitation at key moments instead of Dunn (assuming Ricky is resting or out for some reason)?
One other thing that I thought may be an issue with Tyus is short arms. In addition to being 'small', having below average length has doomed many NBA prospects. Interestingly, per DX, he actually stacks up well (wingspan) with the guys you listed:
Curry – 6′ 3.5″
Kyrie – 6′ 4″
Paul – 6′ 4.25″
Tyus – 6′ 5″
Conley – 6′ 5.75″
Westbrook – 6′ 7.75″
Wall – 6′ 9.25″


Singing Act: "Old Fashioned Love Story"
Sometimes it is extremely difficult to find a companion especially when you're looking in all the wrong places. Well this gal is not about to give up, she'll write her own happy ending!
It's not an easy job being the Grim Reaper, but sometimes DEATH is the best girl to bring to the party.
The horrible feeling of loss when someone leaves you is the WORST, but you have to remember to pick yourself up and be the person you intend to be.
A few years ago Queenie was a struggling actress going to audition after audition, this act is a flashback to her thespian days filled with failing optimism.
Singing Act: "Bring On The Men"
This seemingly harmless little black spider is about to show you all her womanly tricks to entice and ensnare your lover!
Singing Act: "Grin and Bare It"
A very tired stripper is on her last gig before heading home and she is down for the count. There is no more fuel in that engine and she's gonna need a lot of help to get moving.
Him, her, them, this woman isn't picky and she'll show you exactly why she can't ever be tied down!
"Give It To Me Right"
Pam Poovey at her finest...booze, food, and a special puppet guest.
Singing Act: "Big, Blonde, and Beautiful"
The anthem of all big beautiful women trying to take up their rightful space with a classic burlesque twist!
Singing Act: "Let it Go"
Singing Act: "If You Hadn't, But You Did"
A very distraught Shakespearean heroine has taken over Miss O'Hart to sing it to the masses of what REALLY happened on the bank of that river in Denmark. Follow this act along to find out how the "crazy" Ophelia narrowly escaped that nunnery for a life of glitter and sin!


text:
Image by Arieh Frosh
Skin Deep Meets 19.11.15
Skin Deep meets Nida Manzoor
Nida Manzoor is a writer and filmmaker. She is currently developing her short 7.2 with Big Talk, into an action comedy series. Nida has won writing competitions with the Guardian, BBC Writersroom, National Youth Theatre & Shine Drama and was selected for Channel 4's Screenwriting Course 2014. She is currently writing for CBBC's Dixie and Jamillah and Aladdin. She made the list for Broadcast Magazine's Hot Shots 2015. This year's list celebrates the best rising BAME talent in the British Television Industry.
Skin Deep: What were some of the films you enjoyed watching when you were younger?
Nida Manzoor: The first thing I remember really getting into was TV, not film. I lived in Singapore until I was ten years old and I was really obsessed with these Singaporean sitcoms. They were brilliantly trashy, with this crazy frenetic energy, with a Fawlty Towers-type vibe, sometimes absurd and farcical. I thought they were hilarious. So I was loving comedy pretty early on. And then it was the standard Asian family thing of lots of Bollywood films. I don't know if I enjoyed it all the time, but there were key moments when I loved it, like when I first saw Lagaan and Kuch Kuch Hota Hai, stuff like that, you know, the classics that my mum would drag me to see, but I secretly loved.
I properly got into film when we moved to London. As a teenager, my sister and I used to go to Blockbuster to rent out teen movies, exclusively teen movies – we wanted to see characters our age on screen. That's when I really started to love film and thought that it belonged to me in some way. So it was stuff like Donnie Darko, The Dangerous Lives of the Altar Boys and Igby Goes Down, that kind of American indie teen stuff, comic and dark – I thought those films were really cool.
Also, I discovered Hanif Kureishi's writing in my early teens. His novel Buddha of Suburbia was so important for me. It was the first time I'd read something written by a brown person that totally ticked all my boxes. It was witty, sexy, subversive – in this great conversational style that I loved. I was so inspired, I started to try and write like him.
SD: Are these still types of films you choose to watch?
NM: I try and watch as much of everything, but there are certain things that excite me. Like films with complicated, messy female characters, films that mix genres, films with great dialogue. I love chatty films; I know those aren't always considered the most 'filmic' of films, but they are my faves. I love watching people interact.
I also really enjoy watching filmmakers' first films. Rian Johnson's film Brick and Tamara Jenkin's film Slums of Beverly Hills are on rotation for me. It's inspiring to watch these because I'm hopefully gearing up to make my first.
SD: So you can relate to what they are doing.
NM: Yeah, and there's a kind of rawness and anarchy which is really exciting to see in first films. There are a lot of films coming out nowadays where you don't feel the filmmaker's personality behind them. All the edges have been shaved off, you don't know how many writers have been rewriting it. Whereas when you watch a filmmaker's first film it has got so much of themselves and their issues in it. It's messy and delicious.
SD: Do you think you are more inclined to watch films by British or American filmmakers?
NM: I've never really broken it down like that. I tend to gravitate towards films of a certain genre and tone rather than thinking about where the film came from. And there is so much exciting stuff coming from all over the world, outside of Britain and the States. But when it comes to my taste in comedy, I would say British. Bruce Robinson's Withnail and I is indisputably the funniest film ever made.
SD: It's one thing to enjoy watching films, but what inspired you to pursue filmmaking as a career?
NM: Watching great films inspired me. You know that feeling you get when you watch a great film that tells an amazing story with style and flair, and then after you've seen it you're floating around like weirdo. I want to make films that could do that: make people float around like weirdos.
SD: Do you call yourself a 'filmmaker'?
NM: I call myself an auteur. I'm joking! Cringe! I never know what to say when people ask 'what do you do?' I feel like a total fraud. I usually have a meltdown and run away. Or I say I write for TV, mumble something about hoping to direct feature films.
SD: Being part of our current multimedia generation changes the definition of film and filmmakers in many ways. Anyone with a smartphone can record and publish their work now. What are your particular points of reference in multimedia filmmaking?
One of the first books I read on filmmaking was Robert Rodriguez's Rebel without a Crew and it was totally inspiring to hear about how he just went out there and did his thing with basically no industry support and the Dogme 95 filmmakers who were making these uber stripped back films in the 90s – it's so badass. I think that this DIY mentality is at the heart of our generation's filmmaking. It's liberating. Now, like you say, we can shoot films on anything – anyone can be a filmmaker. My films (Arcade and Layla) were both shot on a Canon 5D – an awesome stills camera that shoots HD. I got my crew by posting ads online and emailing people whose worked I admired.
When it comes to online viewing, there are some older generation film peeps who say all this online viewing is kind of killing cinema. I just don't feel like that because it's pretty much always been part of my reality. What's that great line from that Lorde song? 'maybe the internet raised us' – it kind of did. I can't pretend to hate it.
I was at a talk recently about film distribution and exhibition, and how difficult and expensive it is – especially for new filmmakers making their first feature – to get your film on at a cinema. I'd rather find a real audience online than have my film shown to a handful of people in a cinema.
SD: What kind of stories do you enjoy telling?
NM: I particularly enjoy telling stories that challenge and play with ideas of masculinity and femininity. Gender is so complicated and growing up I found the 'rules' of femininity really difficult – how you're expected act, speak, think, feel. My work tends to push back against that in some way.
I like telling entertaining stories that have strong elements of comedy – it's just my vibe. I can't do gritty social realism. I'm also loving making action films. After watching these great action films that were all about men when I was a kid, I really wanted to see more women, 'cause women can be equally rude, funny and violent.
SD: Do you have plans to make a feature-length film with these strong female characters?
NM: Yes! I have a script that I am developing with a producer at the moment, which is similar to my shorts in terms of style, tone, character. The shorts were their own stories in their own right, but they were something that I used to build up my experience, to learn, and also figure out what I want to say.
Film is hard though. It's a long slog, especially for a first timer. TV is where I am getting more work so I am splitting my time between the two things.
SD: Can you tell me about 7.2, the short film you just released?
NM: It's a short action comedy about what it means to be a teenage girl today. So this girl wakes up with no memory of who she is, and she has to fight various foes on this epic journey of self-discovery. It has these violent action sequences between schoolgirls, so it's quite a heightened world. Every teenager is Jason Bourne – you don't know who you are, everyone is trying to mess with you. The action and teen genres go together awesomely.
SD: I'm sure there will be aspiring filmmakers reading this. What are the three preceding steps that you took to get to where you are now?
NM: Three steps! More like a hundred tiny steps.
Ok, the major ones were firstly deciding I wanted to do this. Be a filmmaker. It sounds like a dumb step, but it took me a while to convince myself and then convince my parents that this was something I really wanted and needed to do. It's scary. Being a writer, director, filmmaker was just never presented as a career option. Even at uni, although I was studying politics, I was making all these films and still I was thinking 'this is just a fun hobby that kind of consumes my life, but whatever'.
Then I graduated and I was like 'no, I'm doing this'. I drew out an epic spider diagram for myself about why I needed to do this. I was worried about telling my parents, because they were there thinking I was going to be a human rights lawyer – all this education for what?! I know I'm busting out Asian family clichés, but I was bricking it when I decided to tell them. It was difficult, but they came around to it. You can't argue with a solid spider diagram.
Second step. I got a job in the industry as a runner in a post house in Soho. Boom, I was 'in the industry'. That was important for my brain, even though I was making tea and emptying bins, I was in. Kind of. Technically. People could ask me where I worked, and I'd be like 'I work in the film industry, bitches.'
Third and most important step was I was making stuff all the time. Writing scripts, directing stuff, helping out on other people's sets on the weekend. I was entering competitions and festivals where I could and showing my work to people who were interested. You've got to be a bit jammy in a nice, non-annoying way. That led to me getting my agents.
SD: Where do you see yourself in five years time? You have unlimited money and a free ticket anywhere.
NM: Making original work is the dream. So it would be great to be writing and directing original work for TV and film. That would be sweet. I would love to make my first feature in the next five years. It's bursting out of me like a freaking alien.
I also have this dream of making an epic feminist Kung Fu film set in a dystopian future. That might take more than five years. But I'm cooking it in my brain.
SD: What have you got coming up next?
NM: I'm developing a TV series based on my short film (7.2) with some amazing, inspiring people at Big Talk, and I'm adapting this hilarious book to TV with awesome people at ITV studios. As I mentioned, I'm developing my feature with a producer too. It's an action comedy about love and marriage set within a British Pakistani family.
SD: For you I guess that storyline is familiar, but for most of the people that will be watching, it won't be.
NM: It's one of those stories where you could change it to a white family, and the story still works. That is something that was once brought up. I think it's a pretty relatable story. The brown thing is neither here nor there.
A few times I've had a meeting where I've been asked about writing the 'hardships of being a Muslim' – forced marriages, honour killings. First of all, that's not my experience of growing up in a Muslim family and I don't want to normalize such portrayals of Muslim people. These stories are part of our reality but it's not cool for these to be the only stories being told. So I like seeing diverse characters who aren't always having to 'suffer', playing the stereotype.
When I started writing, the first few things I wrote didn't actually have that much diversity in them. It was almost as though I was afraid to be pigeonholed and then only be seen as a filmmaker of a certain kind of thing. Whereas now I've gotten over that – because it's more important to me to see diverse characters than worry about how I might be branded.
SD: What are you reading and listening to at the moment?
NM: I am currently reading Infinite Jest by David Foster Wallace. It's a mammoth of a book. It has inspired me in terms of writing about a school, because he creates this world with really hyper-smart, complicated characters. As he goes into each chapter, he moves into these different voices – it's brilliant writing. I am also reading Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, which I hadn't read before. It's so awesome because she was only nineteen when she wrote it, something that is now so engrained in popular culture. The fact that she could be so young and so influential – I just love that.
Ooh, I'm also reading some graphic novels and comics. I'm reading this Marvel comic called Ms Marvel. It's about a Pakistani-American girl, Kamala Khan, who develops superpowers whilst being a school kid. It's got great action, comedy and characters. G. Willow Wilson, who wrote it, did a phenomenal job. I'm also a big fan of Kelly Sue DeConnick too. She also mixes feminist themes and genre. Her series Pretty Deadly is a Western that has a magical element and is just full of women! I think the second series is coming out this month.
SD: Would you ever write your own graphic novel?
NM: I don't know. I suppose everything I write comes out as a kind of screenplay. That is the medium that I have become really comfortable with.
SD: And music?
NM: I am listening to Off Peak Dreams, the latest Ghostpoet album. I saw him live in Liverpool when I was working there. It's quite mellow and chills me out. Also, loving Kognitif's new album Soul Food. French trip hop is kind of doing it for me right now. It's so good to write to.
SD: As a creative young woman, who is making films about badass women, what do you wish you could see more of in creative spaces like Skin Deep?
NM: I like to hear about different creatives – what have they struggled with, what is difficult for them. Recently, I was at this weekender with some filmmakers, organised by BFI and Creative England, and it was the best weekend ever. They brought in all these amazing speakers, there were a bunch of new filmmakers, and we were all at a similar-ish stage of our careers. There is something about speaking to each other that was mobilising. When you create these rooms for discussion and get people in, it's so powerful. You really feel part of something.
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