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text:
Niszczyciele min typu Hunt – typ trzynastu brytyjskich niszczycieli min zbudowanych dla Royal Navy w  latach 80. XX wieku w stoczniach Vosper Thornycroft oraz Yarrow Shipbuilders. Okręty wykorzystywane są do wykrywania i zwalczania min morskich a także do działań patrolowych.

Okręty weszły do służby w latach 1980-1989 i łączyły początkowo funkcje niszczycieli min oraz trałowców. W latach 90. trzy jednostki – ,  i , zostały przebudowane na okręty patrolowe i oddelegowane do służby w Irlandii Północnej. W 2005 roku wszystkie trzy okręty zostały wycofane ze służby a dwa z nich trafiły na przełomie lat 2010/2011 do litewskiej marynarki wojennej. W 2001 roku ze służby wycofano dwie inne jednostki ( oraz ), sprzedane następnie greckiej marynarce wojennej. W ramach porozumienia ramowego MSDF (Maritime Support Delivery Framework) z 2014 o wartości 600 mln GBP przegląd naprawczy i modernizację przechodzą trzy okręty typu Hunt.

Okręty

  (wycofany ze służby w 2005)

  (wycofany ze służby w 2005 i sprzedany Litwie jako "Skalvis")

  (wycofany ze służby w 2005 i sprzedany Litwie jako "Kursis")
  (wycofany ze służby w 2001 i sprzedany Grecji jako "Europa")

  (wycofany ze służby w 2001 i sprzedany Grecji jako "Kallisto")

 "Europa" (M62) (ex-HMS "Bicester")
 "Kallisto" (M63) (ex-HMS "Berkeley")

 "Skalvis" (M53) (ex-HMS "Cottesmore")
 "Kursis" (M54) (ex-HMS "Dulverton")

Przypisy

Bibliografia

Typy niszczycieli min

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Copyright. Please contact http://BarbaraRath.com or @brathhoover for permission to use photo.
Starting with the most obvious: Dump a bucket of ice water over your head and send ten dollars (or more) to your favorite cancer fighting organization.
Read Funny You Should Ask by T. L. Matteson (see April Book Review) for insight.
Get a mammogram every year. If its been more than a year, make an appointment today.
Search on-line for ways to battle breast cancer. My search yielded 22 Ways to Help A Friend with Breast Cancer.
Call a friend who is fighting, or has fought Breast Cancer and say 'hi'. Bonus points if you offer to give a ride to an appointment.
Take care of your health. The Mayo Clinic provides a list of healthy habits to help prevent cancer.
Take part in a Making Strides Against Breast Cancer event.
This entry was posted in Health and tagged breast cancer, Breast Cancer Awareness Month, Making Strides. Bookmark the permalink.


Heartgard Chewables Plus is to be administered once a month to keep your minute mutt from suffering the terrible effects of an unwanted parasitic invasion. So simultaneously keep your tiny tyke happy and well fed with Heartgard Chewables Plus Brown. Does not prevent Tapeworms or whipworms.
Is this ok for Old English Sheepdogs?
According to its label, it should be safe to use, but if you have a collie, it is always good idea to get advice from your vet before using it.
Do you carry a generic heartguard?
We sell Valuehart which also contains Ivermectin, however this product doesn't cover any other intestinal worm unlike Heartgard.
Is this safe for Greyhounds? What is this preventing?
According the its label this product safe to use on Greyhounds, but we strongly recommend you take advise from your vet before applying any medication to your dog.
Can I cancel auto ship at a later date if I no longer need the product?
Yes, you can cancel auto ship easily from your account page any time.
If you select the 12 month automatic ship will the price be the same as I am paying today?
Yes it will be, unless the manufacturer rises its prices. Even that is the case we guarantee, the price will be the cheapest in the market.
This product provides everything our dogs need for heartworm prevention, recommended by the vet since they were pups, have stuck with it ever since and have never had any issues.
My Goldendoodles love Heartgard. Every month, they think it is a doggy treat. I like that it keeps them healthy!


Caricature is a fun, personal and unique gift for a man who already has everything. How many other gifts are on the wall year after year? This is indeed a unique and unprecedented gift idea when the good options begin to end.
A happy portrayer understands that the gift has to be spent on time. An inexpensive microwave oven or a glass bowl can be given by anyone and they will not signal that the donor would think a lot of the gift item. Nevertheless, caricatures should not be given to anybody now. A sense of humor is required - both from the recipient and from the recipient. Caricature is a unique gift for a man who already has everything!
Caricature is a ridiculous gift, which is also risk-free!
If you are not happy with the draft - you will not pay for anything.
Do you want to stay in mind - positively?
Certainly everyone knows the situation; there are important holidays and you know that an ordinary gift is not an option now. Then you try to remember the contents of a friend's golf bag or hunting equipment ... Gifts related to hobbies are certainly good and they are sure to be used IF you know for sure what you are buying. At least it is embarrassing to take some beginner Chinese golf clubs that would not even be suitable for a child of a lower grade. Such gifts are likely to make a memorable impression - but not in the sense that you hoped.
Caricature is not a cartoon, which may be the first to many people. Caricature is a portrait but an exclamation mark. It takes a look at the person's features and slightly enlarges to a large size and is reduced to a small one. The paintings are always made with good taste, and in particular, in the gift plans, it is not meant to ruin anyone's expense. The caricatures that come into my gift are getting tame, the main part is the head. The body becomes smaller and mainly gives the floor to the other details.
PHOTOGRAPHS. Dig and send some good photos from the hero. At least one kind of eye where the eyes would stand out very well.
DESCRIPTION TEXT. Enter a short descriptive text that also includes the details you want on the board.
COMMENTS DRAFT. I will send a draft comment and make the necessary corrections.
I SEND IMAGE. I'll frame the board and send it as a postal package. You will receive an arrival notice with a text message that you can also retrieve.
What does the picture cost?
Unique caricature is a work of art that is individually tailored to the customer's order and delivered to you. You will also receive a 100% Satisfaction Guarantee for work, so if you do not have a draft after corrections, the order will be canceled and you will not have to pay anything.
Shipping costs according to delivery country. The average completion time is about 3 weeks. In addition, time spent by shipping.
The best possible result is achieved when you are looking for good quality photos from the subject (it would be good to have at least one where your eyes stand out well), you think about the description text so there is some great detail to stick to and it would be good to tell something about clothing ... especially what would not be the person is wearing it. Often, at least it is known if not exactly the type of mind can be described. If a hero has a pet, then it would be good to have pictures even when searching for the net. Similarly, desirable work machines or tools should be accurate data or photographs. With this information it is easier to start thinking about fun details in the picture. There is hope for as much detail as possible on the board, then there is more material to begin to reconcile, even if they all do not.
I always send the draft to the draft comments. Based on them I will make a new bet if necessary. Almost without exception, you need at least 2 to 2 rounds to make the character a good start. Time rarely hits the first block, especially when the subject is completely unknown to me. When the draft is approved, I will draw the picture clean and add the colors. Finally, frame and packet mail to be shipped. According to the figure I also attach a bill. If the board goes directly to the recipient, mention that the invoice is not placed in the box, then send it by e-mail.


text:
Titanium alloys are metals that contain a mixture of titanium and other chemical elements. Such alloys have very high tensile strength and toughness (even at extreme temperatures). They are light in weight, have extraordinary corrosion resistance and the ability to withstand extreme temperatures. However, the high cost of both raw materials and processing limit their use to military applications, aircraft, spacecraft, bicycles, medical devices, jewelry, highly stressed components such as connecting rods on expensive sports cars and some premium sports equipment and consumer electronics.
Although "commercially pure" titanium has acceptable mechanical properties and has been used for orthopedic and dental implants, for most applications titanium is alloyed with small amounts of aluminium and vanadium, typically 6% and 4% respectively, by weight. This mixture has a solid solubility which varies dramatically with temperature, allowing it to undergo precipitation strengthening. This heat treatment process is carried out after the alloy has been worked into its final shape but before it is put to use, allowing much easier fabrication of a high-strength product.
2 Beta-titanium
3 Transition temperature
5 Titanium grades
6 Heat treatment
7 Titanium alloys used biomedically
Categories[edit]
Titanium alloys are generally classified into four main categories:[1]
Alpha alloys which contain neutral alloying elements (such as tin) and/ or alpha stabilisers (such as aluminium or oxygen) only. These are not heat treatable. Examples include:[2] Ti-5Al-2Sn-ELI, Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V.
Near-alpha alloys contain small amount of ductile beta-phase. Besides alpha-phase stabilisers, near-alpha alloys are alloyed with 1–2% of beta phase stabilizers such as molybdenum, silicon or vanadium. Examples include:[2] Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo, Ti-5Al-5Sn-2Zr-2Mo, IMI 685, Ti 1100.
Alpha and beta alloys, which are metastable and generally include some combination of both alpha and beta stabilisers, and which can be heat treated. Examples include:[2] Ti-6Al-4V, Ti-6Al-4V-ELI, Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn, Ti-6Al-7Nb.
Beta and near beta alloys, which are metastable and which contain sufficient beta stabilisers (such as molybdenum, silicon and vanadium) to allow them to maintain the beta phase when quenched, and which can also be solution treated and aged to improve strength. Examples include:[2] Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, Ti–29Nb–13Ta–4.6Zr,[3] Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al, Ti-8Mo-8V-2Fe-3Al, Beta C, Ti-15-3.
Beta-titanium[edit]
Beta titanium alloys exhibit the BCC allotropic form of titanium (called beta). Elements used in this alloy are one or more of the following other than titanium in varying amounts. These are molybdenum, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, zirconium, manganese, iron, chromium, cobalt, nickel, and copper.
The titanium alloys have excellent formability and can be easily welded.[4]
Beta titanium is nowadays largely utilized in the orthodontic field and was adopted for orthodontics use in the 1980s. This type of alloy replaced stainless steel for certain uses, as stainless steel had dominated orthodontics since the 1960s. It has strength/modulus of elasticity ratios almost twice those of 18-8 austenitic stainless steel, larger elastic deflections in springs, and reduced force per unit displacement 2.2 times below those of stainless steel appliances.
Transition temperature[edit]
The crystal structure of titanium at ambient temperature and pressure is close-packed hexagonal α phase with a c/a ratio of 1.587. At about 890 °C, the titanium undergoes an allotropic transformation to a body-centred cubic β phase which remains stable to the melting temperature.
Some alloying elements, called alpha stabilizers, raise the alpha-to-beta transition temperature,[i] while others (beta stabilizers) lower the transition temperature. Aluminium, gallium, germanium, carbon, oxygen and nitrogen are alpha stabilizers. Molybdenum, vanadium, tantalum, niobium, manganese, iron, chromium, cobalt, nickel, copper and silicon are beta stabilizers.[5]
Properties[edit]
Generally, beta-phase titanium is the more ductile phase and alpha-phase is stronger yet less ductile, due to the larger number of slip planes in the bcc structure of the beta-phase in comparison to the hcp alpha-phase. Alpha-beta-phase titanium has a mechanical property which is in between both.
Titanium dioxide dissolves in the metal at high temperatures, and its formation is very energetic. These two factors mean that all titanium except the most carefully purified has a significant amount of dissolved oxygen, and so may be considered a Ti–O alloy. Oxide precipitates offer some strength (as discussed above), but are not very responsive to heat treatment and can substantially decrease the alloy's toughness.
Many alloys also contain titanium as a minor additive, but since alloys are usually categorized according to which element forms the majority of the material, these are not usually considered to be "titanium alloys" as such. See the sub-article on titanium applications.
Titanium alone is a strong, light metal. It is stronger than common, low-carbon steels, but 45% lighter. It is also twice as strong as weak aluminium alloys but only 60% heavier. Titanium has outstanding corrosion resistance to sea water, and thus is used in propeller shafts, rigging and other parts of boats that are exposed to sea water. Titanium and its alloys are used in airplanes, missiles and rockets where strength, low weight and resistance to high temperatures are important. Further, since titanium does not react within the human body, it and its alloys are used in artificial joints, screws and plates for fractures, and for other biological implants. See Titanium#Orthopedic implants.
Titanium grades[edit]
The ASTM International standard on titanium and titanium alloy seamless pipe references the following alloys, requiring the following treatment:
"Alloys may be supplied in the following conditions: Grades 5, 23, 24, 25, 29, 35, or 36 annealed or aged; Grades 9, 18, 28, or 38 cold-worked and stress-relieved or annealed; Grades 9, 18, 23, 28, or 29 transformed-beta condition; and Grades 19, 20, or 21 solution-treated or solution-treated and aged."[6]
"Note 1—H grade material is identical to the corresponding numeric grade (that is, Grade 2H = Grade 2) except for the higher guaranteed minimum UTS, and may always be certified as meeting the requirements of its corresponding numeric grade. Grades 2H, 7H, 16H, and 26H are intended primarily for pressure vessel use."[6]
"The H grades were added in response to a user association request based on its study of over 5200 commercial Grade 2, 7, 16, and 26 test reports, where over 99% met the 58 ksi minimum UTS."[6]
is the most ductile and softest titanium alloy. It is a good solution for cold forming and corrosive environments.ASTM/ ASME SB-265 provides the standards for commercially pure titanium sheet and plate.[7]
Unalloyed titanium, standard oxygen.
Grade 2H
Unalloyed titanium (Grade 2 with 58 ksi minimum UTS).
Unalloyed titanium, medium oxygen.
Grades 1-4 are unalloyed and considered commercially pure or "CP". Generally the tensile and yield strength goes up with grade number for these "pure" grades. The difference in their physical properties is primarily due to the quantity of interstitial elements. They are used for corrosion resistance applications where cost, ease of fabrication, and welding are important.
Grade 5 also known as Ti6Al4V, Ti-6Al-4V or Ti 6-4
not to be confused with Ti-6Al-4V-ELI (Grade 23), is the most commonly used alloy. It has a chemical composition of 6% aluminum, 4% vanadium, 0.25% (maximum) iron, 0.2% (maximum) oxygen, and the remainder titanium.[8] It is significantly stronger than commercially pure titanium (grades 1-4) while having the same stiffness and thermal properties (excluding thermal conductivity, which is about 60% lower in Grade 5 Ti than in CP Ti).[9] Among its many advantages, it is heat treatable. This grade is an excellent combination of strength, corrosion resistance, weld and fabricability.
"This alpha-beta alloy is the workhorse alloy of the titanium industry. The alloy is fully heat treatable in section sizes up to 15 mm and is used up to approximately 400 °C (750 °F). Since it is the most commonly used alloy – over 70% of all alloy grades melted are a sub-grade of Ti6Al4V, its uses span many aerospace airframe and engine component uses and also major non-aerospace applications in the marine, offshore and power generation industries in particular."[10]
"Applications: Blades, discs, rings, airframes, fasteners, components. Vessels, cases, hubs, forgings. Biomedical implants."[8]
Generally, Ti-6Al-4V is used in applications up to 400 degrees Celsius. It has a density of roughly 4420 kg/m3, Young's modulus of 120 GPa, and tensile strength of 1000 MPa.[11] By comparison, annealed type 316 stainless steel has a density of 8000 kg/m3, modulus of 193 GPa, and tensile strength of 570 MPa.[12] Tempered 6061 aluminium alloy has a density of 2700 kg/m3, modulus of 69 GPa, and tensile strength of 310 MPa, respectively.[13]
Ti-6Al-4V standard specifications include:[14]
AMS: 4911, 4928, 4965, 4967, 6930, 6931, T-9046, T9047
ASTM: B265, B348, F1472
MIL: T9046 T9047
DMS: 1592, 1570
contains 5% aluminium and 2.5% tin. It is also known as Ti-5Al-2.5Sn. This alloy is used in airframes and jet engines due to its good weldability, stability and strength at elevated temperatures.[citation needed]
contains 0.12 to 0.25% palladium. This grade is similar to Grade 2. The small quantity of palladium added gives it enhanced crevice corrosion resistance at low temperatures and high pH.[15]
is identical to Grade 7 with enhanced corrosion resistance.[15]
contains 3.0% aluminium and 2.5% vanadium. This grade is a compromise between the ease of welding and manufacturing of the "pure" grades and the high strength of Grade 5. It is commonly used in aircraft tubing for hydraulics and in athletic equipment.
contains 0.12 to 0.25% palladium. This grade has enhanced corrosion resistance.[16]
contains 0.3% molybdenum and 0.8% nickel.[16]
Grades 13, 14, and 15
all contain 0.5% nickel and 0.05% ruthenium.
contains 0.04 to 0.08% palladium. This grade has enhanced corrosion resistance.
Grade 16H
contains 0.04 to 0.08% palladium.
contains 0.04 to 0.08% palladium. This grade has enhanced corrosion resistance.[citation needed]
contains 3% aluminium, 2.5% vanadium and 0.04 to 0.08% palladium. This grade is identical to Grade 9 in terms of mechanical characteristics. The added palladium gives it increased corrosion resistance.[citation needed]
contains 3% aluminium, 8% vanadium, 6% chromium, 4% zirconium, and 4% molybdenum.
contains 3% aluminium, 8% vanadium, 6% chromium, 4% zirconium, 4% molybdenum and 0.04% to 0.08% palladium.
contains 15% molybdenum, 3% aluminium, 2.7% niobium, and 0.25% silicon.
Grade 23 also known as Ti-6Al-4V-ELI or TAV-ELI
contains 6% aluminium, 4% vanadium, 0.13% (maximum) Oxygen. ELI stands for Extra Low Interstitial. Reduced interstitial elements oxygen and iron improve ductility and fracture toughness with some reduction in strength.[16] TAV-ELI is the most commonly used medical implant-grade titanium alloy.[16][17]
Ti-6Al-4V-ELI standard specifications include:[17]
AMS: 4907, 4930, 6932, T9046, T9047
ASTM: B265, B348, F136
contains 6% aluminium, 4% vanadium and 0.04% to 0.08% palladium.
contains 6% aluminium, 4% vanadium and 0.3% to 0.8% nickel and 0.04% to 0.08% palladium.
Grades 26, 26H, and 27
all contain 0.08 to 0.14% ruthenium.
contains 3% aluminium, 2.5% vanadium and 0.08 to 0.14% ruthenium.
contains 6% aluminium, 4% vanadium and 0.08 to 0.14% ruthenium.
contain 0.3% cobalt and 0.05% palladium.
contains 5% aluminium, 1% tin, 1% zirconium, 1% vanadium, and 0.8% molybdenum.
contain 0.4% nickel, 0.015% palladium, 0.025% ruthenium, and 0.15% chromium .[citation needed]
contains 4.5% aluminium, 2% molybdenum, 1.6% vanadium, 0.5% iron, and 0.3% silicon.
contains 45% niobium.
contains 1.5% aluminium.
contains 4% aluminium, 2.5% vanadium, and 1.5% iron. This grade was developed in the 1990s for use as an armor plating. The iron reduces the amount of Vanadium needed as a beta stabilizer. Its mechanical properties are very similar to Grade 5, but has good cold workability similar to grade 9.[18]
Heat treatment[edit]
Titanium alloys are heat treated for a number of reasons, the main ones being to increase strength by solution treatment and aging as well as to optimize special properties, such as fracture toughness, fatigue strength and high temperature creep strength.
Alpha and near-alpha alloys cannot be dramatically changed by heat treatment. Stress relief and annealing are the processes that can be employed for this class of titanium alloys. The heat treatment cycles for beta alloys differ significantly from those for the alpha and alpha-beta alloys. Beta alloys can not only be stress relieved or annealed, but also can be solution treated and aged. The alpha-beta alloys are two-phase alloys, comprising both alpha and beta phases at room temperature. Phase compositions, sizes, and distributions of phases in alpha-beta alloys can be manipulated within certain limits by heat treatment, thus permitting tailoring of properties.
Alpha and near-alpha alloys
The micro-structure of alpha alloys cannot be strongly manipulated by heat treatment since alpha alloys undergo no significant phase change. As a result, high strength can not be acquired for the alpha alloys by heat treatment. Yet, alpha and near-alpha titanium alloys can be stress relieved and annealed.
Alpha-beta alloys
By working as well as heat treatment of alpha-beta alloys below or above the alpha-beta transition temperature, large micro-structural changes can be achieved. This may give a substantial hardening of the material. Solution treatment plus aging is used to produce maximum strengths in alpha-beta alloys. Also, other heat treatments, including stress-relief heat treatments, are practiced for this group of titanium alloys as well.
Beta alloys
In commercial beta alloys, stress-relieving and aging treatments can be combined.
Titanium alloys used biomedically[edit]
Titanium plate for wrist
Titanium alloys has been extensively used for the manufacturing of metal orthopedic joint replacements and bone plate surgeries. They are normally produced from wrought or cast bar stock by CNC, CAD-driven machining, or powder metallurgy production. Each of these techniques comes with inherent advantages and disadvantages. Wrought products come with an extensive material loss during machining into the final shape of the product and for cast samples the acquirement of a product in its final shape somewhat limits further processing and treatment (e.g. precipitation hardening), yet casting is more material effective. Traditional powder metallurgy methods are also more material efficient, yet acquiring fully dense products can be a common issue.[19]
With the emergence of solid freeform fabrication (3D printing) the possibility to produce custom-designed biomedical implants (e.g. hip joints) has been realized. While it is not applied currently on a larger scale, freeform fabrication methods offers the ability to recycle waste powder (from the manufacturing process) and makes for selectivity tailoring desirable properties and thus the performance of the implant. Electron Beam Melting (EBM) and Selective Laser Melting (SLM) are two methods applicable for freeform fabrication of Ti-alloys. Manufacturing parameters greatly influence the micro-structure of the product, where e.g. a fast cooling rate in combination with low degree of melting in SLM leads to the predominant formation of martensitic alpha-prime-phase, giving a very hard product.[19]
Ti-6Al-4V / Ti-6Al-4V-ELI
This alloy has good biocompatibility, and is neither cytotoxic nor genotoxic.[20] Ti-6Al-4V suffers from poor shear strength and poor surface wear properties in certain loading conditions:[8]
Bio compatibility: Excellent, especially when direct contact with tissue or bone is required. Ti-6Al-4V's poor shear strength makes it undesirable for bone screws or plates. It also has poor surface wear properties and tends to seize when in sliding contact with itself and other metals. Surface treatments such as nitriding and oxidizing can improve the surface wear properties.[8]
Ti-6Al-7Nb
This alloy was developed as a biomedical replacement for Ti-6Al-4V, because Ti-6Al-4V contains vanadium, an element that has demonstrated cytotoxic outcomes when isolated.[21]:1 Ti-6Al-7Nb contains 6% aluminium and 7% niobium.[21]:18
Ti6Al7Nb is a dedicated high strength titanium alloy with excellent biocompatibility for surgical implants. Used for replacement hip joints, it has been in clinical use since early 1986.[22]
^ In a titanium or titanium alloy, alpha-to-beta transition temperature is the temperature above which the beta phase becomes thermodynamically favorable.
^ Characteristics of Alpha, Alpha Beta and Beta Titanium Alloys
^ a b c d Titanium – A Technical Guide. ASM International. 2000. ISBN 9781615030620.
^ Najdahmadi, A.; Zarei-Hanzaki, A.; Farghadani, E. (1 February 2014). "Mechanical properties enhancement in Ti–29Nb–13Ta–4.6Zr alloy via heat treatment with no detrimental effect on its biocompatibility". Materials & Design (1980-2015). 54: 786–791. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2013.09.007. ISSN 0261-3069.
^ Goldberg, Jon; Burstone, Charles J. (1979). "An Evaluation of Beta Titanium Alloys for Use in Orthodontic Appliances". Journal of Dental Research. 58 (2): 593–599. doi:10.1177/00220345790580020901. PMID 283089.
^ Vydehi Arun Joshi. Titanium Alloys: An Atlas of Structures and Fracture Features. CRC Press, 2006.
^ a b c ASTM B861 – 10 Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Seamless Pipe (Grades 1 to 38)
^ Titanium | CP Titanium | Bars | Coils | Rods | Sheets | Plates | Tubing | Wire
^ a b c d "Titanium-6-4". Retrieved 2009-02-19.
^ Compare Materials: Commercially Pure Titanium and 6Al-4V (Grade 5) Titanium
^ Titanium Alloys – Ti6Al4V Grade 5
^ Material Properties Data: 6Al-4V (Grade 5) Titanium Alloy
^ Material Properties Data: Marine Grade Stainless Steel
^ Material Properties Data: 6061-T6 Aluminum
^ "6Al-4V Titanium". Performance Titanium Group.
^ a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-04-26. Retrieved 2011-12-19. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
^ a b c d Titanium Grade Overview
^ a b "6Al-4V-ELI Titanium". Performance Titanium Group.
^ ArmyCorrosion.com[dead link]
^ a b Murr, L. E.; Quinones, S. A.; Gaytan, S. M.; Lopez, M. I.; Rodela, A.; Martinez, E. Y.; Hernandez, D. H.; Martinez, E.; Medina, F. (2009-01-01). "Microstructure and mechanical behavior of Ti–6Al–4V produced by rapid-layer manufacturing, for biomedical applications". Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials. 2 (1): 20–32. doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2008.05.004. PMID 19627804.
^ Velasco-Ortega, E (Sep 2010). "In vitro evaluation of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of a commercial titanium alloy for dental implantology". Mutat. Res. 702 (1): 17–23. doi:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2010.06.013. PMID 20615479.
^ a b The fatigue resistance of commercially pure titanium(grade II), titanium alloy (Ti6Al7Nb) and conventional cobalt-chromium cast clasps by Mali Palanuwech; Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Zahnheilkunde der Medizinschen Fakultät der Eberhard-Karls-Universität zu Tübingenvorgelegt; Munich (2003). Retrieved 8 September 2012
^ Titanium Alloys – Ti6Al7Nb Properties and Applications. Retrieved 8 September 2012
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Titanium-based alloys.
http://www.tifab.com/subpages/tech_spec_grades.htm
Datasheet for Beta Titanium
Phase Stability and Stress-Induced Transformations in Beta Titanium Alloys
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Titanium_alloy&oldid=896137597"
Titanium alloys
Articles with dead external links from June 2016

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Family: Warning signs before man set Phoenix home on fire
A man is accused of setting a Phoenix home on fire as revenge against his ex-girlfriend.
By: John Genovese
Two weeks later, six families are still dealing with the aftermath of an arson-caused fire at their multi-unit home near 19th Avenue and Jefferson in Phoenix.
"I don't think there's a day that's gone by that I haven't cried," said property manager and resident Shannon Treen. "It's been heartbreaking."
Police said 30-year-old Saul Resendez used a lighter to set trash on fire in the alley next to a guesthouse at the home. It took 50 firefighters to battle the flames that eventually spread to a nearby warehouse.
See traffic camera video from May 17 below that showed smoke coming from the house fire.
Treen said Resendez was not a stranger; he was a former tenant and Treen's boyfriend filed an order of protection against him after several incidents on the property. Weeks before the fire, surveillance video appears to show Resendez breaking the taillight on a car belonging to Treen's boyfriend.
Witnesses reportedly saw Resendez running from the alley, yelling, "That's what you get b****!"
Treen told ABC15, "He should've been locked up a long time ago."
Power is turned off at the home and the landlord told Treen and other tenants they need to move immediately.
A GoFundMe page has been set up to help the residents with moving expenses.