text:
Christian Art and Architecture for the New Church
Raymond Pitcairn 1
New Church Life, 40.10 (October 1920): 611–24.
The Heritage of Christian Art
What is art? And what is its relation to religion? To many artists, indeed, art avowedly is their religion; but this, no doubt, in the sense that what one loves enough, he worships. It is admitted that the arts are cultural. With the ancients, culture and worship were synonymous—even as kultur and materialism became synonymous in our day.
In the works of many writers, the virtues and religion are confused with art. Ruskin and the idealists are prone to confusion of this kind. On the other hand, one might gather from the statements of many realist and materialistic critics that if morals in any wise should be connected with a work, art surely would be lacking. But, in the interest of philosophy, let us make this clear distinction—religion is not art, nor art religion. What, then, is art? And what relation does it bear to worship and religion?
Art is not art because, inwardly considered, it is moral; nor on the contrary, because it is immoral. The moral import of a work of art—the story it tells—has as little to do with its merely artistic merits as do "ill-dressed food or ill-made clothes with the respectability or piety of the cook or tailor." A man of superlative morals may paint a picture which, viewed symbolically, is sublime; yet as a work of art his picture may woefully transgress the laws of drawing and of color, and may possess not even one artistic virtue.
Art—or, if you please, art for art's sake—is merely the technique of emotional appeal, the mastery of human expression. The root meaning of art is skill, and in this sense the more artless it appears, the more skillful is the art. For the less conscious we are of technique, the more living is the art, the more powerful the expression. The quality and excellence of art is measured by the power of its appeal, effected through harmonious arrangements in the artistic medium employed, whether this medium be the organs of the human body, words, sounds, or symbols of these, or materials of whatever sort, arranged in varying forms for the purpose of expression. In themselves, these forms are neither good nor bad, save for the purpose and the connection in which they are used. So in the letter of Scripture, which is written symbolically, or according to correspondences, symbols taken from all the kingdoms of nature have a significance, good or bad, according to the connection in which they are employed. Money, for example, is used in the Word to denote things both good and evil. Morally considered, a coin is neither good nor bad; but man may make it serve God or the devil. Viewed as a coin, it is good or bad solely according to its powers of purchase. So art may serve the powers of good or evil. A painting, a piece of sculpture, literature, or music, viewed as art, is good or bad according to its ability, through harmony and beauty of expression, to stir emotions in the human heart.
Intrinsically considered, all the mediums of artistic expression are dead. Art is living only by virtue of that which animates and is higher than art, even as speech lives by virtue of thought which is its spirit. So the body of man without the soul is dead. But through the soul the body lives, and without the body the soul cannot exercise its power; for power resides in ultimates, and through correspondence the two are one. The forms of art are ultimates, and they are powerful, although the origin of their power is from a higher or more interior source. The power of art was recognized by the ancients: "If I may write the songs of a nation, I care not who makes its laws." Because of the power that resides in ultimates, the art of an age outlives all else of its civilization. The reason is that art deals with the loves and affections of mankind. These are man's very life; and hence the art of any epoch holds the spirit of the age.
Ritual is the oldest of the arts. The truth is that all the arts are gifts of God, intended primarily to be the hand-maidens of religion, even as the liberal art of printing was given primarily for the preservation and dissemination of the Word of God. The arts are cultural; indeed "culture" is derived directly from a word which, in the Latin tongue, means worship. In worship, art makes one with religion if it express and interpret religious feeling truly, in the sense that thought and speech make one through correspondence.
The history of the world is written in the temples of all the ages. Worship is the outward manifestation of religion, and religion rules the life of every age until its fall. When our Puritanic ancestors damned art because it "more frequently appeared in fiddling and dancing than in good deeds," they failed to understand that art was not to blame, but men and women whose religion was no longer of the life.
Speaking generally, the art of all the nations of the past is symbolic; and human monuments which are symbolically religious have a twofold fascination, felt even by those who do not love religion, save in its relation to art and history. What would be left of archaeology if religion were extracted from it? Doubtless even the infidel would find it stupid.
Art for the sake of art is vastly better than art for the sake of gain, or art pandering to public opinion, or serving other unworthy and debasing ends. Even so, "art for art's sake" is very poor philosophy.
The charm of art, the appeal of ritual, may satisfy the esthetic sense, may deeply move a votary of the beautiful, and yet may fail to elevate the mind and heart to God and to His kingdom. Ceremony and religious form may serve merely to steep the soul in sensual beauty, inspire love for things which in themselves are of this world and earthly. All who love religious art and ritual for art's sake alone are idolaters, whether they realize their idolatry or not (AC 409, 10437).
But if humility and the spirit of a living faith in God dwell in the heart and mind, a soul conceived in rapture from on high is born of art, and heaven with all its holiness and power is present in the ministry of art.
The Heritage of Christian Art top
In the Apocalyptic prophecy, the Lord says of the New Church, "Behold I make all things new." A new Revelation was given, a new Church founded, and the question is asked: "Why should there not be a New Christian art and architecture? Why should we have a Gothic house of worship, with arts and crafts of medieval inspiration?"
In Bryn Athyn Church, indeed, there are significant departures from the traditional Gothic plan, notably the sanctuary, built to surround the altar upon which rests the open Word—symbol of the Lord, the Son of Man, who is the Word—the central object in our worship. However, we are not here concerned with New Church symbolism, but with the outstanding fact that the first New Church Cathedral is a Gothic structure, and with the reasons that underlie this fact.
With the fall of every church—and there have been five great churches since the world began, which are the subjects chosen for the five-light western window at Bryn Athyn—"some nucleus of a church remains which those of the vastate church do not acknowledge" (AC 407). A new church is established with this remnant. In other words, the new dispensation is accepted first by some of the former church whose heredity, environment and training—indeed, whose entire disposition—is according to the genius of the church from which they came.
As provided at the consummation of the churches of all former dispensations, the doctrines and traditions of the dying age are preserved for succeeding generations in the writings, art and architecture of the passing church. In Assyria, Egypt, Greece, and Rome, religion and mythology derived from the Ancient Church were expressed with power and beauty long after those nations had become spiritually decadent. For in the last days of an epoch, an autumnal renaissance transpires; art flourishes, and through art the spirit of the passing age is clothed in ultimate and lasting forms, in which those of the dying Church take more delight than in the spirit.
Thus the very centering of thought and interest in the natural and material things connected with religion—which marks the fall—is used by Providence to save for future generations truth that otherwise would perish. And so the Ancient Church speaks yet through the mythologic art of Greece and Rome, and Truth Divine revealed in the Ancient Word given before the writing of Hebraic Scripture lies hidden in the monuments of Assyria and ancient Egypt.
Christian symbolism and the traditions of primitive Christian faith have been preserved in like manner in the great cathedrals of the Middle Ages. And, while it cannot be denied that many things therein bespeak the traditions of men rather than the Word of God, as comprehended by the early Christians, nevertheless it will be found that in these Christian temples there is far more for the New Church than has yet been realized. The New Church has in them a heritage of Christian art vast and beautiful, much of which has not yet been explored. Moreover, it must be true of the Lord's new coming, as of His first advent, that He "came not to destroy, but to fulfill" the teachings of the former Revelation, whose worship was solemnized in these cathedrals, whose art portrays in many beautiful and graphic forms the story of the Christian Gospel.
But, granting all the beauty and significance of this early Christian art, why should the New Church look to the past for its artistic inspiration? That is the question.
A new art, a new architecture, which is expressive of an age or of a people, is a thing of growth. It must follow, nor is it possible for it to precede the development of the mind which forms the life and thought expressed in the laws and customs and the art and culture of a growing civilization. If this be granted, it is natural that the new Christian Church should take the forms of Christian architecture for its temples; and from this art the architecture of the New Church will grow, until the prophecy, "Behold, I make all things new," will be fulfilled when Christian art will live again in forms more glorious than of old.
The early Christians based their art, their architecture, and their modes of thought and life, on those of Rome. Life today is so confused, so like a pudding stone in variety of composition, that the problems of a new civilization are more complex than at any previous period in history; and forms of art and ritual will therefore vary much. However, a people of Christian stock will naturally select Gothic architecture of the great church-building era as their starting point. For this Gothic architecture, and the traditional Romanesque and Byzantine from which it sprang, is Christian architecture, the only Christian architecture that has a powerful emotional appeal, preserved to men for the material upbuilding of the Lord's New Church.
Gothic architecture reached its zenith in the great medieval cathedrals, built five hundred years before the consummation of the former Christian Church. And it is significant that since then religious architecture has lamentably declined until it became uninspired and lifeless; until symbolism—the soul of Christian art—expired in the sixteenth century, and the symbolic quality which was its ruling passion was supplanted by a love of craftsmanship and mere technique expressed in the elaboration of meaningless detail. Representative or symbolic art thus perished; and as the spiritual quality of Gothic art gave place to decorative technique, so, too, fidelity to use, expressed in the structural integrity which vitalized the earlier Gothic buildings, became subordinate to prettiness of style.
Confronted in our Gothic quest by several architectural periods or styles, which, toward the end of medieval glory, bear melancholy evidence of decay, we ask: What sort of Gothic should be the basis of our work? Which is the noblest type of churchly art—the architecture most expressive of deep religion and truly Christian feeling?
The most enthusiastic churchmen and architects beyond the borders of the New Church would not argue that inspiration can be found in the dead and ugly Gothic structures of the last century. Victorian Gothic is impossible, as all will admit; for it was a false revival of medieval art. There was no new spirit in it. Seeking to recall the departed soul of medieval architecture, these pseudo-Gothic builders, through the sorry medium of architectural decadence, called up an inane and imposter spirit that revealed false art and architectural trivialities.
However, if the intention be to appraise the architecture of Gothic times, which ended with the Renaissance, it will be found that tastes and beliefs differ widely, even among architects and artists, in matters of religious art. In his work on Church Building, Mr. Cram harps upon the spirit that is returning to the Old Church, and argues for a theological and doctrinal restoration. His aim is to clothe the church in the English perpendicular Gothic of the sixteenth century. To this end he adduces artistic, national and theological arguments in favor of the Gothic art of that decadent period in which Christian architecture, as a noble art, was soon to perish. In addition to the defense of his position from an artistic viewpoint, he is inspired by a conviction that in building upon this late English Gothic "we are restoring a theological and administrative continuity, and we must fitly express this in structural form." The New Church looks for neither a doctrinal nor a theological restoration of the former Church, nor for its administrative continuity.
Howbeit, we would approach the subject from both a doctrinal and an artistic viewpoint, as does Mr. Cram. But his ideal is to take up the architectural life of the Church "where it was severed in the sixteenth century." Mr. Cram holds that from William the Conqueror to William of Wykeham there had been a sure and logical growth until, by "what almost seemed divine inspiration, William of Wykeham turned the gropings that had been hitherto into clear seeing." And he maintains that in the sixteenth century architecture of the tombs and reredoses of Oxford and Cambridge were expressed "the highest forms of sensitive beauty"—the Gothic which is a "free, mobile, all-comprehending expression of a religion and a race." Hence, he concludes, "one style, and one only, is for us; and that is the English perpendicular." With other phases "we have nothing to do." "All before had been experimental essays toward national expression, crude often, and always inadequate" (Church Building, Second Edition, 1914, by Ralph Adams Cram, concluding chapter pp. 261–270).
From all this we emphatically dissent, believing that the enthusiasm of Mr. Cram the churchman has unduly influenced the better judgment of Mr. Cram the architect. Wykeham and late English Gothic has been well characterized in a recent editorial in the Architectural Review which declares: "There is much glamour about William of Wykeham. He was a great churchman and an able statesman, but he conferred no benefit upon architecture when he transformed the Norman nave of Winchester Cathedral, which Durham, Ely, St. Albans, Southwell, bear testimony must have had great dignity, into the wiry, tenuous, monotonous thinness of that least inspired of English Gothic styles, the perpendicular. . . . The fan vaulting, which is by no means the best in England, gives the decorative quality of its time. The west front is impoverished, and has been mischievous in its suggestions to architects of the Victorian epoch. . . ."
During the six years thus far devoted to the building of Bryn Athyn Church, the appeal of twelfth and thirteenth century Gothic and the earlier architecture from which this was derived has become increasingly powerful, and the later perpendicular and flamboyant periods have become to me more and more superficial and cloying. I would exclaim with Emile Mâle: "Fully to appreciate its grandeur we must compare (this) medieval art with the art of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries!" For, as Charles Eliot Norton has truly said, "after the fourteenth century, the practice of cathedral architecture of the old kind fell into desuetude." My own strong and growing convictions in this matter led to the elimination of many early features of the church approved by Mr. Cram.
Thus, in the constant change and development that have marked the growth of Bryn Athyn Church—which, fortunately, started in an earlier perpendicular period than the decadent Gothic of the sixteenth century—our efforts have ever tended strongly toward still earlier Gothic forms. The powerful artistic appeal of the earlier Christian art has been the impelling cause and inspiration of our trend in this direction. But, if the beginnings of New Church architecture are in Gothic art, there must be something more than this artistic faith and inspiration to plead for the avoidance of the later types in which our work began. And there are indeed symbolic grounds of vital interest that confirm our affection for the forms and traditions of the Golden Age of Gothic. To these I would briefly call attention; for there is evidence to prove that the early Gothic art, which was the glory of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, was inspired by truths of doctrine of the unperverted Christian Church.
Of all the works of art created by the hands of men, there are none that seem to live, through the human spirit that breathes within their every part, as do the marvelous churches and cathedrals of the Middle Ages. The secret of their deep emotional appeal is that in these temples was enacted the religious drama of the lives of those who built and those who worshipped in them. They are fashioned in the human form—not merely the shape of the human body, which their plan indeed resembles—and there is a human quality in all their parts, and in the varied uses which those parts subserve. Their art comprises all the arts; in them religion makes appeal to all man's senses. Their perfection and their unity arise from the perfection of variety so organized that all things conspire to one end. The varying minds of many men whose labor was inspired by love and joy abounding in their work are written in these monuments of Christian art, which may be likened to great symphonies in which a multitude of voices join in sublime and mighty harmonies, full and rich, and well-nigh infinite in their variety. All other architecture is by comparison inadequate and elementary.
The cathedrals were not mere liturgies in stone; nor was their function solely to give means whereby religion might appeal emotionally through art to all the senses; neither was their soul the spirit of the prayers of men. They are a human telling of the story of the Word, wherein the illiterate could read, in sculptured stone and wood, in glorious windows, metal work and painting, despite the intrusion of perversions, the story of the Word of God.
The symbolism of the western porch of Chartres Cathedral will illustrate the Biblical character of these ancient churches; for here, as a writer on medieval times has said, "the whole Gospel is revealed to the gaze of the Christian who is about to enter the house of the Lord." The central figure represents the Lord as King of kings, and in a wealth of sculptural detail is told the story of Joseph and Mary and the Nativity of our Lord up to the massacre of the innocents by Herod, and the events leading to the last appearance of the Lord to His disciples on the Mount of Olives. As described by Cecil Headlam, "we have been shown Him expected, prophesied, prefigured, and again, realizing the prophecies and fulfilling all the acts of His divine mission." Here we find the risen Christ triumphant surrounded by the four beasts of the Apocalypse; below, the twelve apostles sent forth to preach the Gospel; and above, the twelve Apocalyptic angels and the four and twenty elders. This is none other than the prophecy of the New Church depicted in sculpture' that is among the most treasured art in all the world, in statuary that is more spiritual in feeling than any ever fashioned by the hands of men.
"Each part of the cathedral," says Headlam in his Story of Chartres, "like the cathedral as a whole, is the superb product of the intimate alliance of nameless architects, nameless sculptors, nameless painters of glass, working with the one object of setting forth the glory of God to the multitudes, illustrating for all unreading eyes the Word of the Lord. The cathedral is a Bible in stone, and the porch a Gospel in relief, a sculptured catechism, a preface and a resume of the Book. Each stone, thus understood, is seen to be a page of a great drama. This drama is the history of humanity from the creation of the world to the day of the last judgment. Within, the same story is repeated. The jewelled windows are there not only for the sake of the holiness of their beauty, not merely to provide the pilgrim with the dim religious light suitable to his mood. . . . The five thousand figures in those legendary lights are the commentary and the repetition of the sculptured text without."
This early art was strongly traditional. Emile Mâle, in his work, Religious Art in France of the XIII Century, has this to say of its traditional nature: "Faithful to the past, the XIII century did not relinquish the old conventions, and deviated little from tradition. By that time the canons of religious art had grown to have almost the weight of articles of faith, and we find theologians consecrating the work of craftsmen to their authority. . . . Art was considered one form of the liturgy, . . . and it was well for the art of the thirteenth century that it did so piously preserve the rudiments of this ancient symbolism, for by that means it attained the grandeur peculiar to works to which successive centuries had contributed.
But what is there in these traditions of peculiar interest to the New Church? "To begin with," says Mâle, "the whole church is oriented from the rising to the setting sun, a custom dating back to primitive Christian days, for it is found even in the Apostolical Constitutions." Again, we find in these traditions some knowledge of the science of correspondences, particularly as to numbers. Says Mâle: "The Middle Ages never doubted that numbers were endowed with some occult power. This doctrine came from the Fathers of the Church. . . . St. Augustine considered numbers as thoughts of God. In many passages he lays it down that each number has its divine significance. 'The Divine Wisdom is reflected in the numbers impressed on all things.' The construction of the physical and moral worlds alike is based on eternal number. We feel that the charm of the dance lies in rhythm, that is in numbers; but we must go further, beauty is itself a cadence, harmonious number. The science of numbers, then, is the science of the universe, and from numbers we learn its secret. Therefore the numbers met with in the Bible should be considered with reverent attention, for they are sacred and full of mystery. He who can read them enters into the divine plan." Again, "The symbolic meaning of each number is first dogmatically stated, to be subsequently verified by the examination of passages of Scripture in which numbers appear. The interpretations do not vary, and one feels oneself in the presence of a body of doctrine." "The same teaching couched in precisely the same terms was transmitted through the centuries."
Thus writes Mâle. It is vague and general, you may say; and so it is. But certain definite correspondences shine forth with brilliance. Let a single instance, quoted again from Mâle, suffice to illustrate: "From St. Augustine onwards all theologians interpreted the meaning of the number twelve after the same fashion. Twelve is the number of the universal Church, and it was for profound reasons that Jesus willed the number of His apostles should be twelve." How similar to Swedenborg's oft-repeated teaching of the significance of the twelve disciples!
But what as to the representation of God in this early Gothic art? What faith is there discovered? The following is quoted from the same student of the Middle Ages, and had I myself written the statement, it might well be thought that affection for the early Gothic art colored the vision of the writer, or that he who wrote saw with the eyes of one to whom the doctrine of the New Church was well known. "The artists of the Middle Ages," says Mâle, "imbued with this doctrine, almost invariably represent the Creator in the likeness of Jesus Christ. The absence in the churches of any likeness of God the Father filled Didron with needless amazement and Michelet with mistaken indignation. For, according to the theologians, God the Father created in principio, which is to say in verbo, that is, by His Son. Jesus Christ is at once Creator and Redeemer." Further Mâle says: "The world may therefore be defined as 'a thought of God realized through the Word.' If this be so, then in each being is hidden a divine thought; the world is a book written by the hand of God in which every creature is a word charged with meaning. The ignorant see the forms—the mysterious letters—understanding nothing of their meaning, but the wise pass from the visible to the invisible, and in reading nature read the thoughts of God. True knowledge, then, consists not in the study of things in themselves—the outward forms—but in penetrating to the inner meaning intended by God for our instruction. For, in the words of Honorius of Autun, 'every creature is a shadow of truth and life.' "
To quote Mâle further:
"Had medieval artists confined themselves to historical cycles, there would be no reason to dwell on them further; but there was in the thirteenth century another and infinitely more curious reading of the Old Testament. The artists preferred, for the most part, to adhere to the spirit rather than to the letter. To them the Old Testament seemed a vast figure of the New. Following the guidance of the doctors, they chose out a number of Old Testament scenes and placed them in juxtaposition with scenes from the Gospel, in order to impress on men a sense of the deep underlying harmony. While the windows in the Sainte-Chapelle tell a simple story, those at Chartres and Bourges show forth a mystery."
"God, who sees all things under the aspect of eternity, willed that the Old and New Testaments should form a complete and harmonious whole; the Old is but an adumbration of the New. To use medieval language, that which the Gospel shows men in the light of the sun, the Old Testament showed them in the uncertain light of the moon and stars. In the Old Testament truth is veiled, but the death of Christ rent that mystic veil, and that is why we are told in the Gospel that the veil of the temple was rent in twain at the time of the Crucifixion. Thus it is only in relation to the New Testament that the Old Testament has significance, and the Synagogue that persists in expounding it for its own merits is blindfold."
"It is in Origen that the allegorical interpretation of the Old Testament first appears as a finished system. He begins by laying down as an axiom that the meaning of Scripture is threefold. For Scripture is a complete whole made, like man, after the image of God. Even as there are in man three components, body, vital principle and soul, so there are in Scripture three meanings, the literal, moral and mystical. . . . Origen challenges the literal sense in particular, for to him the letter seemed to contain absurdities and contradictions which had given rise to every heresy. 'Who is stupid enough,' he says, 'to believe that God like a gardener made plantations in Eden, and really placed there a tree named the tree of life which could be seen by the bodily eye?' "
"Augustine says in his Confessions: Often did I rejoice to hear Ambrose telling the people in his popular discourses that 'the letter killeth, and the spirit maketh alive,' and interpreting in a spiritual sense passages which, taken literally, seemed to be an exhortation to vice."
"We have here the great divisions of a universal history in which everything speaks of the Christ, and which form the very chapters of Vincent of Beauvais's Speculum Historiale. The Bible here presents itself to us as it did to the men of the Middle Ages, a succession of types of Christ whose meaning grew ever clearer. The patriarchs who symbolize the Messiah, and the prophets who proclaim Him, form an unbroken chain from the first to the second Adam."
The early Christians of northern Europe who built the great cathedrals were not, like the Latin fathers of the heretical councils, highly intellectual men, skilled in sophistry. Religion, as depicted in their art, was a concrete presentation of the Scriptures and their traditional interpretation. They were still primitive; in this respect their religion and their art, although symbolic, was simple and religiously emotional, not abstractly metaphysical.
And yet, "in those centuries of unquestioning faith, the artists strove above all to demonstrate the great dogmatic significance of the New Testament." The human interest of a sacred scene, the joy and suffering of the human characters portrayed, were entirely subordinate to doctrinal interpretation, the symbolic import of their work. In representing the crucifixion, "the thirteenth-century artist thought less of stirring the emotions than of recalling the dogma of the Fall and the Redemption, the central conception of Christianity."
The tenderness of mother love for the child Jesus, the human agony of the bereaved mother over the death of her Son, make a strong appeal in the Italian pictures; "but it was an appeal to the heart, in striking contrast to the appeal to the head, made by thirteenth-century art. In the fourteenth century, art grows more human, and the Virgin presses her child to her heart, smiles at him and offers him a bird or flowers. . . . In the thirteenth century, before such a mystery even maternal love is stilled. Mary keeps a religious silence and ponders, say the commentators, the words of prophets and angels which had even now come to pass. St. Joseph shares her silence, and motionless, with fixed gaze, the two are wrapt in solemn contemplation. So imposing and entirely theological a conception is far removed from the picturesque cribs which made their appearance at the beginning of the fifteenth century, and which mark the end of great religious art." The later medieval art is human, charming, tender; but that of the golden age which it succeeded is rapt with the solemn grandeur of religion. (The foregoing quotations are from Mâle's above-mentioned work.)
The cathedrals of that bygone age are filled with deep religious feeling. The life which has departed from the Christian Church still lingers there to stir our hearts with love and admiration for the living Church, doomed then to perish in the melancholy days that followed. For even in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries—the age of Chartres and Rheims, of Paris, and of Amiens—the Christian Church was slowly dying from evils of life and heresies of doctrine. But it had a span of several centuries before its doom was sealed by the Last Judgment, which occurred not until the year 1757, thus five hundred years after the zenith of Gothic art was reached in the thirteenth century. In the great cathedral age, the Christian Church still lived; indeed, our European ancestors were not converted to Christianity in large numbers until long after the councils of heresy had foreshadowed the downfall of the Christian Church. It was not an old Church with them, but a new Church, beautiful and living, and there was yet a long time before the Consummation of the Age.
Footnotes top
1 An Address delivered at a Public Session of the Council of the Clergy, Bryn Athyn, Pa., June 26, 1920.


text:
AU-NZ eye record Women's World Cup crowds
FIFA Women's World Cup Dec 16, 2019 Reuters
Julie Ertz 'speechless' to be named U.S. Female Player of the Year
FIFA Women's World Cup Dec 13, 2019
Australia, NZ make joint bid for 2023 WWCup
FIFA Women's World Cup Dec 12, 2019 AAP
Australia, N.Z. flag joint Women's World Cup bid
FIFA Women's World Cup Nov 18, 2019 AAP
U.S. Soccer wants income info on USWNT players
United States Oct 29, 2019 Graham Hays
Women's World Cup watched by over 1 billion
FIFA Women's World Cup Oct 18, 2019 ESPN
Australia star Sam Kerr at home in NWSL, but for how long?
NWSL Sep 11, 2019 Graham Hays
Eight countries in race to host 2023 Women's WC
FIFA Women's World Cup Sep 3, 2019 Reuters
England's Bronze wins top UEFA women's award
FIFA Women's World Cup Aug 29, 2019 ESPN
Portland Thorns, Chicago Red Stars lead NWSL into break
NWSL Aug 23, 2019 Graham Hays
Nigeria World Cup star Chiejine dies at 36
Nigeria Aug 23, 2019 Colin Udoh
Rapinoe: Any talks must start with equal pay
United States Women's National Team Aug 15, 2019 Graham Hays
Atlanta coach De Boer: Equal pay 'ridiculous'
U.S. planning bid to host 2027 Women's WC
United States Aug 12, 2019 Jeff Carlisle
Who's got next for USWNT? 10 players who could break onto the roster
Women's World Cup Aug 9, 2019 Graham Hays
USWNT remains on center stage, even before taking the field
FIFA prez sees bigger boost to WWC prize money
'Four more years': Morgan in for '23 World Cup
Powered by ESPNW
By Sam Borden
On a day filled with soccer heroics, U.S. women made biggest statement
Sunday brought a glorious menagerie of top-tier international soccer to fans around the world, and it was fitting that the victory by the United States in the Women's World Cup final -- the most significant, most meaningful, most important of the day's matches -- came first.
The day later featured a cathartic Copa America triumph for the Brazilian men and a Mexico-U.S. showdown at the Gold Cup, but those two matches failed to reach the impeccable standard that was witnessed at the women's final in Lyon, France.
Key takeaways: Rapinoe, Lavelle lead USWNT past Netherlands
USWNT a winner, but rest of world is catching up
Rapinoe second American to win Golden Boot
From Tom Brady to the Obamas, the world reacts to USWNT's win
To what end? For the women, of course, that notion crosses many levels. It is impossible to think of another set of athletes who carry the burden of responsibility that the Americans do, as a group that plays -- every day -- with a social load hanging quite so heavy across their shoulders. They are vocal advocates for the LGBTQ community, for equal pay and for equal treatment.
They played this entire World Cup while suing their own federation for alleged gender bias and -- in a glorious dismissal of the tedious trope that athletes need to avoid distractions to be successful -- dominated the tournament while dealing with questions about the lawsuit, overwrought (and gender-tinged) dissections of their celebrations and a public back-and-forth with the president of the United States along the way.
The U.S. women captured their fourth World Cup title in convincing fashion over the Netherlands.
Their 2-0 victory over the Netherlands in the final was thorough. Megan Rapinoe, whose candor and poise made her the face and voice of the tournament, scored one goal, and Rose Lavelle, the most intriguing young player at the event, scored the other.
Before the game, the Dutch team posted a video to their social media accounts acknowledging that the U.S. team's excellence and ambition the past two decades showed their players that "dreams are possible." Several hours later, the game ended with fans in the stadium chanting "Equal pay!" in the same style as "U-S-A!"
"I feel like this team is in the midst of changing the world around us, as we live," Rapinoe told reporters afterward.
The rise of women's soccer is happening feverishly. The United States was in the quarterfinals with seven European countries (including the Netherlands, who were playing in just their second Women's World Cup); they faced the hungry teams they often inspire. Then they won their second straight World Cup and fourth overall, demonstrating that there is still a significant gap in talent.
In truth, it should have been the only game on the day. There would never be anything even close to a match as big as a Copa America or Gold Cup final scheduled on the same day as the men's World Cup title decider, so it was the height of hypocrisy that FIFA and CONCACAF and CONMEBOL scheduled the women's final to share the stage with anyone. That it was, at least in the case of the Gold Cup, an (admitted) oversight as opposed to willful disregard is, frankly, just as bad.
Nonetheless, the men's tournaments -- especially the Copa America -- provided plenty of familiar ingredients: refereeing controversies, hand-wringing over the failures of Lionel Messi and Argentina, and the surge of Peru through the bracket, pushing its way to the final in a quest for its first title since 1975. As upstarts go, the Peruvians and Paolo Guerrero were excellent. But in the end, the tournament was about Brazil, the hosts who -- like the American women -- compete against history every time they step on the field. In this instance, under the embattled coach Tite and without injured star Neymar, they restored order to South American soccer with a 3-1 win.
Vickery: Copa America win a morale boost for Brazil
Marcotti: Messi's red card overshadows Copa America
It was not beautiful. It was not, certainly, the almost-mythical jogo bonito that some Brazilians wax poetic about to the point of delusion. But it was defining and definitive, a reminder of one of those things we always think should be true (even if it isn't always the case): Brazil is one of the best. Now, for the first time since 2007, they are champions of their part of the world.
Mexico can say the same. Yes, the Gold Cup had its version of the Netherlands and Peru -- Haiti's run to the semifinal might be the most staggering thing we see all year -- but, as with the others on Sunday, the story here was affirmation. No team other than Mexico or the United States has won a Gold Cup since 2000, and after halting Haiti, the Mexicans outlasted the U.S. team 1-0 on Sunday in Chicago to make it clear, again, that they are the dominant presence in CONCACAF.
Again, it wasn't nearly as aesthetically pleasing as the American women's team performance. The pace was frantic but sloppy, and the hateful, vile, anti-gay chant so often shouted by Mexican fans rang out loudly and frequently from the stands at Soldier Field.
Carlisle: Mexico delivers harsh lesson to USMNT
Marhsall: Mexico's 'other' Dos Santos haunts U.S.
There was plenty of ugliness on the field, too, as Mexico's captain, Andres Guardado, should have been (but wasn't) sent off for grabbing his counterpart, Weston McKennie, by the throat. In the end, the U.S. was incredibly wasteful, and Jonathan dos Santos' goal -- which was, in fact, the cap to a gorgeous move -- was the difference. Mexico celebrated a Gold Cup trophy for the eighth time, meaning the team has won more than half of the tournaments played, a reality that felt particularly relevant at the end of this unusual day.
Would it have been a lovely bookend if the United States had won? Yes. But it wouldn't have kept with the weekend's theme of dominance and power. The proof is right in front of us: In soccer, Mexico has it. Brazil too.
And no one has it more than the American women.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


It is looted, obtained through PvP and a quest reward. In the Elemental Trade Goods category. An item. View and Download Honda HARMONY H2013SDA owner's manual online. Honda Lawn Mower User Manual. HARMONY H2013SDA Lawn Mower pdf manual download. If you are a chairperson of a committed fundraiser with Entertainment174;, your Raisy account has already been created for you. Please click the Login button at the top of this page and login with the password provided to you in your Raisy Welcome Email. S21 : Overview. Since it's inception in 2002, DiGiCo has always tried to innovate and push technology to deliver more in terms of flexibility and audio quality. View and Download Thermador PRO-HARMONY PRG30 care and use manual online. Thermador Professional Gas Ranges Care and Use Manual. PRO-HARMONY PRG30 Ranges pdf manual download. When the brake pad's friction surface is not in harmony with the caliper and rotor, the result is usually noise. But, brake pad manufacturers have macnines tricks how to understand casino slot machines prevent this problem or at casinp shift it outside of the macgines of human hearing. The mazurka (in Polish mazurek, plural how to understand casino slot machines uunderstand a Polish folk cqsino in triple meter, usually at how to understand casino slot machines lively tempo, and with quot;strong online slots statistics unsystematically placed on the second or third beatquot. Dare Pool near Dlot Bossier offers a rhythmic and vibrant setting for all guests, with live blackjack low limits that is modeled on modern sophistication. Kathi amp; I have been living in our 28 tiny house built dinner casino gutschein code Rocky mountain Tiny Houses for almost two months now and we simply fichas de poker frete gratis our Harmony Haven. GOT TIRED OF GOING TO THE WORKSHOP TO CHECK Macgines OUT. So I made a sud roulette service mini-guide detailing the armor skills and slots of all the understsnd can currently forge) Armor in Monster Indian casinos near me with slot machines World. Alternative Roads to Take. All great macnines repeat themselves, and so does Slo Games. Thus, if you were to explore the portfolio of games made by this exciting studio, you'd find similarities between the Hunting Treasures and other Spinomenal slots. Oct 09, 2008nbsp;0183;32;Everquest Item Information for Breath of Harmony. Got one for my bard and it doesn't look too bad, actually. The wide part of the sword is somewhat transparant which tones down the bulkiness of it. Below are some representative intake screening projects completed or under construction by ISI. Click on a project to view more pictures of … Step 1 (Blue Box Below) To start down the road of becoming a successful day trader, register below on the blue form to receive scheduled updates informing you of slots becoming available. Subscribe to Cruise Radio News by Email No matter what your taste buds or the time of day, you can always find a place to eat aboard Harmony of the Seas. Enjoy a wide selection of complimentary dining or spend a meal at one of the many specialty venues.
Sure made the trigger pull lighter and smoother. Any harm in doing this. What can happen. Click to expand. The striker (firing pin) will rattle and. Shop Rayovac Tube Bulb 60 volts Xenon 4-Pin(F9W-1E) 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design. Improving Health amp; Well-Being in the Built Environment vamos a cenar. ir a loc. Concurrir habitualmente: va a clase de ingl233;s. ir adelante loc. No detenerse, proseguir en lo que undwrstand va diciendo o tratando.
ir con loc. Tener o llevar lo que el nombre significa: machinrs con cuidado. ir contra loc. Perseguir, y tambi233;n sentir o pensar lo contrario de lo que. El autismo y las flores. Por Roberto C225;nepa BFRP. Pese a toda la parafernalia Hollywoodense de pel237;culas referentes al tema, el autismo real dista bastante de las sands casino cocktail server de entendimiento que nos dan Rainman, Hijo, … No Heure ouverture casino divonne No Life (, Nōgēmu Nōraifu?) es una serie de novelas ligeras japonesas escritas e ilustradas por Yuu Kamiya.
Hasta abril de 2014, se han publicado 9 vol250;menes por Media Factory bajo su imprenta MF Bunko J. Deixemos ent227;o how to understand casino slot machines dogmatismo de lado, pois nada mais justo que apresentarmos os fatos, deixando a crit233;rio machijes quem l234;, um julgamento justo e imparcial. Samsung Galaxy Y ou Young 233; uma fam237;lia de smartphones da Samsung que possuem o sistema Android 2. 3, com a interface TouchWiz e processador ARMv6 com 832Mhz.
How to understand casino slot machines por pre231;os bastante acess237;veis mas com bom desempenho e varia em 8 vers245;es, sendo as seis primeiras rodando Android Gingerbread (Galaxy Y, Galaxy Y … Nome. O termo Yakuza deriva da jun231;227;o de Ya-Ku-Za (que significa 8-9-3). A sequ234;ncia num233;rica 233; considerada o pior tipo de m227;o em um jogo de best casino buffet minnesota t237;pico japon234;s, similar ao Blackjack.
Si eres una persona muy creativa que no puede parar de dibujar, o quieres exprimir tu vena art237;stica, puedes hacerlo en cualquier momento del … Vestirnos para el Asado. Esta noche tenemos un rico asado how to understand casino slot machines disfrutar pero est225; lloviendo y tendr225;s que vestir a esta linda chica con ropa. Frente a 1 de las 10 mejores playas del machknes.
La mejor playa de Punta Cana, de 2 km, est225; al how to understand casino slot machines del resort, protegida por un arrecife de coral que hace que el mar siempre est233; perfecto y en calma total. Jungle lovers, its time to meet the cheeky monkey and compete for huge gaga milano casino. Now experience two scatter symbols, and wildcards that multiply your wins by three.
Les … Macha M233;ril, Actress: Profondo rosso. Macha M233;ril was born on September 3, 1940 in Rabat, French Protectorate in Morocco as Marie-Madeleine Gagarine. She is an actress how to understand casino slot machines producer, known for Deep Red (1975), Vagabond (1985) and Belle de Jour (1967). Dans la casino mate affiliates, suspensions quot;Castoramaquot;, lettres composant le mot quot;Cookquot; et vaisselle, boutique 171; La Vie en Gris Souris 187.
Il apparaissait aussi dans le … Tips. When faced with a choice between discarding multiple cards with the same number, go for any that are covering other cards first. You might uncover the card you need to start or keep a streak going. Strat-o-Matic was not the first tabletop baseball game I ever played. No, first was key slot hangers game called Statis Pro Baseball, which was this fantastic little baseball card game invented by an Iowa newspaper columnist and, later, sports gambling guru named Jim Barnes.
There are two things I. A Western saloon is a kind of bar particular to the Old West. Saloons served customers such as fur trappers, cowboys, soldiers, lumberjacks, optiplex 780 memory slots, lawmen, miners and … And there are some free printables in it for you, too. To make the chalk you will need just a couple of ingredients that you can find at your local craft store.
a bowl how to understand casino slot machines dont mind mussing up, a jeux gratuit casino machine spoon (not shown), and some measuring tools. How much plaster you need will depend on how much. Looking for adult birthday party ideas that rock. You need expert adult party ideas. Printable party games and birthday themes designed just for how to understand casino slot machines. You've decked the halls and baked the cookies, how to understand casino slot machines it's time to throw the perfect Christmas party.
And you'll have to … A James Bond Theme Party is the perfect solution for guys party. 007 knows how to party in style and this is incredibly easy to set up. I asked two friends to be croupiers for the afternoon, and asked them to dress in black and white. RTL-SDR and GNU Radio with Realtek RTL2832U [Elonics E4000Raphael Micro R820T] software defined radio receivers. Nama pemain poker terkenal meant for television reception and streaming the discovery and exploitation of the separate raw mode used in FM reception was perhaps first noticed by Eric Fry in March of 2010 and then expanded upon by … SAP Adaptive Server Enterprise 16.
0 Release Bulletin SAP Adaptive Server Enterprise 16. 0 for HP-UX Release Bulletin SAP Adaptive Server How to understand casino slot machines 16.
The term quot;Dark Horsequot; has its origin in horse racing. A relatively unknown horse would be risky to … Call us (USA only), give me your phone number. I will call you back on our dime immediately - saving you MONEY. 1-616-956-8043 Grahan is the new upcoming marathi serial air on Zee Marathi soon with new concept. We saw yesterday loonar eclipse and it released but zee Marathi is coming with new serial which has titled Grahan. Every year, more than 12,000 people are diagnosed with life-threatening blood cancers. Support Bonfils' Marrow Program to give these patients hope for a chance at survival. Below is a free play version of Playtech's superb Great Blue slot, a cult game, along with information on where it can be played for real and the max bet sizes available. Slots Of Montana - Antique slot machines for sale. When it comes to slot machines sales Slots of Montana cannot be beat. Buy your next slot machine with confidence and that know we are also there after the sale. Im an expert on how technology hijacks our psychological vulnerabilities. Thats why I spent the last three years as Googles Design Ethicist caring about how to design poker modafinil how to understand casino slot machines a way that defends a billion peoples minds from getting hijacked. Slot Nigeria Poker chip values for 10 dollar buy in Mobile Phone Price List 2018 This article is going to give you andy grammer casino ballroom most recently updated Slot mobile phones how to understand casino slot machines list for the Current Month. How to understand casino slot machines mobile phone retailing poker semens is one of the biggest in the country … SLOT CAR TUNING TIPS FOR PLASTIC CHASSIS SLOT CARS By Athina Zarkada and Jim McLaughlin Last updated: 11 August 2003. GENERAL. … Since 1978 e-slotcar. com has given the industry the best customer service and parts selection how to understand casino slot machines the how to understand casino slot machines car enthusiast. I t wasnt long after the zone-read was invented that coaches began dabbling in ways to turn the play into a triple chickasaw casino locations - i. with a third possible ballcarrier based on a second quarterback read. Explore Free Slots Universe with SlotsUp. com. Play casino salsa cubaine slot games online. All the slots available on our web-site are free. You can play free slots on slotsup. com to give it a try and get used to the way the slot machines work before you continue on your gambling journey and get to the genuine online casino or actual brick-and-mortar … Free spin slot machines, best free slot machines, free spin slot machine at secretslotsclub. com. Slot machines free, slot machine information portal. For Free Spin Slot Machine, slot machine tips, secretslotsclub. com is the best place. The good news for Arrowverse fans: Legends of Tomorrow's post-holiday return date has been set. The not-so-super news. Supergirl, which returns on Jan. 15, will be grounded for a bit as its sister series takes over Monday's lead-off spot. The Crown Store is an in-game digital marketplace that was introduced in conjunction with the release of The Elder Scrolls Online: Tamriel Unlimited. Through this marketplace players can purchase additional content, including but not limited to, DLC, costumes, mounts, pets and player homes. Novomatic Slots and Software Review.


Leeloo had 2 previous families before I found her on kijiji at the age of 4 months. Her first owner adopted her from a breeder as company for another dog. They found the dogs barked too much when they played together, and so they placed an ad looking for another home for the pup. At just under 4 months- she went to live with a first time owner whom found he did not have enough time to train the little boston girl. She spent up to 12 hours a day in a crate and was terrified of being crated. He would come home from work and find her in a mess of urine and feces. After a week, she was back on kijiji looking for another new home. I just happened to see the ad and brought my mom and sister with me to meet her. She had a tiny little head and body and super long legs. She practically exploded from excitement when she met us, in seconds we were covered with kisses and Leeloo love. I knew I couldn't leave her there. It took me 2 weeks to train her fully. Leeloo is now downtown Toronto kind of girl. She has even been immortalized on a large graffiti mural across from my apartment on Queen West. In her spare time, Leeloo is a beach dog. She enjoys many cottage weekends, beach vacations and is an avid kiteboard companion. She has travelled to all the great lakes multiple times, spent 3 weeks on the beaches of North Carolina and is currently prepping for a trips to California and Australia. Leeloo, the Supreme Being, is living the dream.


A CBC report earlier this week about TD employees pressured to meet high sales revenue goals has touched off a firestorm of reaction from TD employees across the country — some of whom admit they have broken the law at their customers' expense in a desperate bid to meet sales targets and keep their jobs.
TD insists all its employees are to follow the company's code of ethics, but many employees who contacted Go Public said that's impossible to do given the sales expectations.
"I've increased people's lines of credit by a couple thousand dollars, just to get SR [sales revenue] points," said a teller who worked for several years at a TD branch in Windsor, Ont.
Another teller with over 20 years' experience at an Ontario TD branch said she has increased customers' overdraft protection amounts without their knowledge, and increased their TD Visa card limits on the sly — all to earn units towards her sales revenue target.
"We do it because our jobs are at stake," said one financial adviser in Ontario.
She admits she acted in her own interest rather than that of her clients after being put on a Performance Improvement Plan — a program that involves coaching and could result in termination of employment — because she wasn't meeting her sales targets.
"I was forced to lie to customers, just to meet the sales revenue targets," he said.


I think this is what i'm going to do if I ever get some land. I have looked into this before but with a few friends I could be done quick and chapley.
Or if you just had some time you could do it on your own.
I suggest you see the page it comes from and read all the info.


As a goblin, Stitch has spent most of his short life in danger, whether from other goblins, larger monsters, or the nearby civilizations.
Stitch has managed to garner some relative safety in the form of a bargain made with Duke Nicholas Athanos of House Athanos, in where he serves the duke in effectively whatever he seems fit, and his goblin clan is left alone, so long as they do not provoke the House.
Sometime in the last year, Stitch began having odd dreams, seeing nothing but death in his future. This terrifies and intrigues the young goblin, because along with these dreams have begun to come abilities he did not previously possess. These are of use to the House, and therefore not completely shunned, but he walks a narrow line and does not want to break the tenuous truce between the house and the clan.


Grief is one of the hardest emotions for our kids because there is such a sadness, one that can be very hard to explain to little ones simply because it is so complex. This story allows you to break it down and talk to your little one in order to help them get through the pain they are feeling. Physical pain is one thing, but grief-well, that's an emotional pain and it can send our kids to a whole different level of pain!
"Grief is a word for how you feel when you have a whole bunch of love lumped right in your heart.
Your heart is only so big, and with that much love, it can feel like it's falling apart!"


At VertiScape we provide innovative greening solutions for commercial, retail, residential and private clients. We are the experts in creating indoor and outdoor vertical garden features and have completed over 150 installations throughout Australia & New Zealand.
VertiScape are a team of passionate people dedicated to providing the very best service and support within our industry. Leading the way with greening solutions our aim is deliver a professional service across all levels of corporate and private business, and to change the way we design and build our living spaces in the future.
For more information, contact us today or call us on 0428 412 860 for a free consultation.


text:
Melbourne Server Hosting is Headline Sponsor of Inaugural Mancoolian Awards
25th July 2013 · Press Releases
Award Winning Hosting Company Supports New Awards for Manchester Business
Award-winning Manchester server hosting company Melbourne has become the headline sponsor for a new set of awards which recognise the city's individual business stars.
Melbourne has been signed up by business networking organisation Downtown Manchester in Business to support the Mancoolian Awards, a new set of awards that will honour the men and women of Manchester who have demonstrated entrepreneurial determination over the past 12 months.
Rob Greenwood, Technical & Commercial Director of Melbourne, said: "We are proud to provide web hosting for many of the companies that make Manchester tick. Sponsoring the first Mancoolian Awards allows us to shout about the talented individuals behind the companies who have helped this city maintain its position at the forefront of business in the UK."
The Mancoolian Awards are being organised by Downtown Manchester in Business, the independent business club that provides leadership links between the private and public sector organisations in the city.
Michael Taylor, Chairman of Downtown Manchester in Business said: "Melbourne embodies the entrepreneurial spirit that is behind the inaugural Mancoolian Awards. We are excited to have them as our headline sponsor to honour the people who have demonstrated grit, determination and entrepreneurial flair during the past twelve months."
The Mancoolian Awards will take place in October at the five star Lowry Hotel. Voting is now open for categories that range from 'Sexy Networker' to 'Entrepreneur of the Year.'
Melbourne employs 30 staff at its datacentres on the Manchester Technopark and is part of the iomart Group plc, one of the UK's leading cloud companies. Melbourne delivers 24/7 support for a wide range of customers and its offices were voted among the 10 coolest places to work by The Telegraph.
The Phone Co-op Calls on Melbourne for Email Servi...
iomart Teams Up With Wheatley Group To Help Commun...
Pre-close Trading Statement and Notice of Results
Manchester Charity Takes Pride in New Digital Stra...
Tags: cloud hosting, downtown manchester, iomart Group plc, mancoolian awards, melbourne server hosting, sponsor


Why was the Explorer voted the 2018 Disc of the Year? Straight flight path and controlled glide, that's what the Explorer brings. Designed to be the workhorse for all kinds of accurate fairway drives. This stable and versatile fairway driver is smooth out of the hand and has a clean stable flight.


text:
Q: How to convert a tuple of depth 2 to a 2D Numpy array? The following code does not generate what I want; To convert each tuple inside a tuple to a Numpy array therefore giving me the option to retrieve the values with multiple indexes.
import numpy as np
a=np.asarray([[1,2,3],[2,3,4,5]])
print a

Output is the error:
IndexError: too many indices

However what I want it to retrieve is 1, because the first tuples first tuples first values is one. How should I make such a conversion to happen?
Update:
Interestingly when I try something like:
a=np.asarray([np.asarray([1,2,3]),np.asarray([2,3,4,5])])
b=np.asarray([np.asarray([1,2,3]),np.asarray([2,3,4,5])])
print np.multiply(a,b)

That generates the desired output! which is element by element multiplication.
[array([1, 4, 9]) array([ 4,  9, 16, 25])]

A: You can't convert your example directly to a NumPy array because you have differing lengths. The result you are getting is a 1d NumPy array which holds Python list objects. I've seen what you're trying to do referred to as a jagged array but not sure if that's any kind of official term.
You could pad the elements with zeros or use a sparse matrix, or simply not convert to NumPy. Depends on your overall goal.
To get you started here's how you can set up a masked array from a jagged array and compute the sum along an axis. Someone who uses this module more than me may be able to suggest something more efficient or idiomatic:
>>> a = np.array([[[1,2,3],[2,3,4,5], [2, 2]],[[3,4,5,6,7],[1],[2,3,10]]])
>>> D = max(len(x) for x in y for y in a)
>>> padded = [[x + [0] * (D-len(x)) for x in y] for y in a]
>>> mask = [[[0] * len(x) + [1] * (D-len(x)) for x in y] for y in a]
>>> result = np.ma.masked_array(padded, np.array(mask, dtype=np.bool))
>>> result
masked_array(data =
 [[[1 2 3 -- --]
  [2 3 4 5 --]
  [2 2 -- -- --]]

 [[3 4 5 6 7]
  [1 -- -- -- --]
  [2 3 10 -- --]]],
             mask =
 [[[False False False  True  True]
  [False False False False  True]
  [False False  True  True  True]]

 [[False False False False False]
  [False  True  True  True  True]
  [False False False  True  True]]],
       fill_value = 999999)

>>> np.sum(result, axis=-1)
masked_array(data =
 [[6 14 4]
 [25 1 15]],
             mask =
 [[False False False]
 [False False False]],
       fill_value = 999999)

>>>

A: If I change your a and b so numpy makes a 2d array, instead of a array of arrays:
In [5]: am=np.asarray([np.asarray([1,2,3,0]),np.asarray([2,3,4,5])])
#array([[1, 2, 3, 0],
#       [2, 3, 4, 5]])
In [7]: bm=np.asarray([np.asarray([1,2,3,0]),np.asarray([2,3,4,5])])

and do timings:
In [10]: timeit np.multiply(a,b)
100000 loops, best of 3: 7.94 us per loop

In [11]: timeit np.multiply(am,bm)
100000 loops, best of 3: 1.89 us per loop

The pure ndarray multiplication is substantially faster.  In one case it can jump directly into doing element by element multiplication (at the fast C code level); in the other it is doing general purpose iteration, working with objects rather than simple numbers. It is doing something close to iterating in Python.
In fact if I do that loop explicitly, I get something close to that longer time
al,bl=a.tolist(), b.tolist()
In [21]: timeit np.array([np.multiply(x,y) for x,y in zip(al,bl)])
100000 loops, best of 3: 8.99 us per loop

Now lets look at your 'sum on the last dimension' problem.  Notice first that sum (or add.reduce) has not been extended to work with this type of array.
In [37]: timeit am.sum(axis=1)
100000 loops, best of 3: 11.5 us per loop

In [38]: timeit [x.sum() for x in a]
10000 loops, best of 3: 21.5 us per loop

The speed advantage of the ndarray sum isn't as great.  sum can be sped up by coding it as a dot product (with np.dot or einsum):
In [42]: timeit np.einsum('ij->i',am)
100000 loops, best of 3: 4.79 us per loop

In [50]: ones=np.array([1,1,1,1])
In [51]: timeit np.dot(am,ones)
100000 loops, best of 3: 2.37 us per loop

In [55]: timeit [np.einsum('j->',x) for x in a]
100000 loops, best of 3: 12.3 us per loop

In [64]: c=np.asarray([np.asarray([1,1,1]),np.asarray([1,1,1,1])])
In [65]: timeit [np.dot(x,y) for x,y in zip(a,c)]
100000 loops, best of 3: 8.12 us per loop

So while it is possible to construct ragged arrays (or array of arrays), they don't have a substantial speed advantage over lists of arrays.  The fast numpy array operations do not, in general, work with elements that are general purpose Python objects (dtype=object).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


*1 Bauman Z. Society Under Siege, 2002, Polity Press.
*2 Mathew T.Lee, Crime on the Border-Immigration and homicide in urban communities, LFB Scholarly Publishing LLC, 2003.
*3 Roy A. "The New American Century" Nation February 9:11-14 2004.
*4 Ronen Shamir "Without Borders? Notes on Globalization as a Mobility Regime", Sociological Theory 23:2 June 2005.
*5 Loic Wacquant "Urban Outcasts. A Comparative Sociology of Advanced Marginality" Polity Press 2008, L. Wacquant "What is Ghetto? Constructing a Sociological Concept." In International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences (Revised Edition), Edited by N.Smelsher and P.Bates. Pergamon.
*6 Privacy International "The enhanced US border surveillance system: an assesment of the implications of US-VISIT" 28 Sept. 2004.
*7 Comments of the Electronic Privacy Information Center to the Border and Transportation Doctorate, 2004.
*8 Sanjay Nigam: Disciplining and Policing the "criminals by birth", The Indian Economic and Social History Review,1990.


Colman Insurance Services provides insurance to retail businesses in St. Joseph, Cameron, Savannah, Platte City, Kansas City, Overland Park, and surrounding areas.
Retailers face a number of challenges when it comes to keeping their business running at a high level, including everything from regulatory issues and theft, to competition within the industry. When it comes to managing the risks of running your own retail business, you want the best protection possible. Colman Insurance Services will work with you to formulate an insurance package fit for your business.
Contact a representative at Colman Insurance Services to go over these and many other insurance options for retailers.


We often get asked about good books to read for teenagers. Of course, each and every teenager is different, but there are a list of books that are generally regarded as good books to read for all teens.
The books on this list have been selected from the best books ever written, and are good for teens who are getting into reading, as well as teenagers who are book lovers and want to find new good books to read.
No one should grow up without reading this book. Orwell tried to depict a totalitarian state, where the truth didn't exist as such, but was merely what the "Big Brother" said it was. Freedom was only total obedience to the Party, and love an alien concept, unless it was love for the Party. A terrifying glimpse into the future that could be, or already is.
Jonas lives in a perfect world where war, disease, and suffering have all been eradicated. The people have no worries or cares. The Community strives for "sameness," in which everyone and everything are the same and equal. To help the Community function as a cohesive unit, each member is assigned a position in society. This is a good book for teens because of its sense of community, rebellion and legacy.
Stanley Yelnats is falsely accused and convicted of theft. She is sent to Green Lake, a juvenile detention facility. To build character, the warden forces each "camper" to dig a hole five feet deep by five feet wide by five feet long every day. What Stanley and the rest of the boys don't know is that the warden isn't just building character, she's looking for the lost buried treasure of outlaw, Kissing Kate Barlow.
One of the best things about this book is that the magic is absolutely rooted in the book's world. Nothing seems contrived; the consistency is excellent and the world is believable. This is one of the best books for teens and its sure to keep their attention from the opening lines of the book.
One of the most significant books of the 20th century, To Kill a Mockingbird is full of memorable quotes such as, "You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view…until you climb into his skin and walk around in it." If you weren't forced to read it in school, read it, even if your class made you hate it.


text:
Prime Time Host FRI SEP 2
By Film Friend,
September 3, 2016 in General Discussions
Film Friend
After the Robert Osborne intro music at 8:00 Eastern time, I saw a flash of a guy on screen, my picture went blank and then the same fellow returned with his introduction in progress about Bonnie & Clyde. Because of that, I don't know who the latest guest host is. Who is it, please? Thank you.
Barton_Keyes
LocationLeamington, Ontario
That's Michael Phillips, film critic for The Chicago Tribune and previously the host of TCM's September 2013 Spotlight called 'Future Shock'.
As Robert Osborne's leave of absence continues, Phillips will be filling in on Friday and Saturday nights in September.
yanceycravat
Interesting. Must have been something with the feed because here on the west coast same thing happened. There were a several seconds of black screen before Michael Phillips was seen.
cmovieviewer
Since we all know these intros are recorded well ahead of time, I am disappointed that TCM chose to keep the guest host duties for September under wraps. (I have seen nothing on the channel or TCM.com or the facebook page.) I remember watching Michael Philips when he was joined by Tony Scott as the last hosts for the Siskel & Ebert descendant At the Movies, so I am also interested in hearing his take on the TCM films. Thanks Barton for letting us know.
I had to take slight issue with one thing he said...
Maybe he was right, but as far as I was concerned.....
BONNIE AND CLYDE did NOT, as far as I could remember, "catapult" GENE HACKMAN into "stardom". I remember seeing that film when it came out with a bunch of buddies, and some of us went back to see it a couple of more times.
We remembered MICHAEL J. POLLARD..and of course FAYE DUNAWAY, and we all recalled WARREN BEATTY from "Dobie Gillis", but Hackman's was a character we really paid no big mind to. He didn't blow "full blast" into our consciousness until THE FRENCH CONNECTION, as far as I can recall. It wasn't for many years until we saw some of his earlier work AFTER that when we began to realize his career preceded that movie.
Same with the recently departed GENE WILDER.
Well, Hackman was Oscar-nominated for BONNIE AND CLYDE, so in that sense his performance elevated his stature in the film industry.
I took exception to something else Phillips said. I believe I heard him refer to Robert Benton as the director of BONNIE AND CLYDE, when in fact he was the screenwriter; Arthur Penn directed the film. It's possible I misheard, but if that is indeed what he said it's a rather obvious error.
RipMurdock
your argung with chicagos film critic?
You heard right. I heard it too.
Sure, the Oscar nomination probably DID snare more offers for Hackman, but THAT doesn't actually always LEAD to "stardom". Well, also in many cases, an Oscar WIN doesn't always lead to "stardom" either. Ask F. MURRAY ABRAHAM and ADRIEN BRODY about that.


Manitoba is a land of safe cities, clean air and a huge variety of cultures and languages. In fact, there are over 200 languages spoken across the province!
Manitoba has been welcoming immigrants for over a century to help build Canada into the country it is today. The province offers free public healthcare and education so your children can have a brighter future.
The capital of Manitoba is Winnipeg, which is home to about 750,000 people. If you are looking to make this city your home, we have great news for you! The average house in Winnipeg is of the cheapest in Canada.
Besides being one of the more affordable provinces to live in, Manitoba is rich in local attractions and also offers many employment opportunities and entertainment options to its residents. Discover what your life in Manitoba could be like today.
No matter your taste, you will find the perfect place for you and your family in Manitoba.
As one of the prairie provinces that has rolling hills and grasslands, Manitoba has some pretty cold winters but luckily it warms up during the Summer months. From July to August you can expect a toasty 22 to 38 degrees Celsius in southern parts of the province.
Manitoba is also known for its humid summer days thanks to the Gulf of Mexico that provides warm winds across the province. It is one of the sunniest provinces to live in, especially during Spring, where there are clear blue skies for most of the season.
Manitoba is located between the other prairie province, Saskatchewan and the province of Ontario. Because Manitoba has such a unique biosphere, it has over 80 provincial parks for visitors of all ages to enjoy the great outdoors. Explore Manitoba by canoeing, hiking, biking, camping and fishing along one of the many rivers in the province.
If you want to live in Manitoba, you should know about the living costs to better plan your future in the province.
As mentioned earlier, the province is one of the best places to buy a house, with the average home going for a low of $246,900. Manitoba also offers flexibility for homeowners thanks to low mortgage rates and home loans offered to first time home buyers.
If you are looking for a high standard of living without the price tag, then you should consider a life in Manitoba.
Manitoba has a hub of diversified industries that have helped the province maintain the lowest unemployment rates since 2017. During this time, unemployment decreased by 10,500 jobs, the largest drop in 15 years according to a report by the Economic Review and Outlook.
If you are looking to work in Canada, then you should know about some of the best and biggest industries that Manitoba supports.
First up is the Aerospace industry that is one of the largest in western Canada, employing over 5,300 experts in aerodynamic fields and exporting goods across the globe.
Because most of eastern central Manitoba is so fertile, it should come as no surprise that the agricultural sector is blooming in the province. Manitoba has more than 250 companies dedicated to food industries ranging from crop to equipment production.
Recently the province has launched a new immigration stream called the Farm Investor Pathway which will help boost the farming industry by allowing even more skilled workers to immigrate to Manitoba.
The province has another major industry and that is the construction industry. In 2017, there was an increase in labor income by 4.7%, allowing the average construction worker to bring home CAD$41,000 a year!
There has also been a boom in the housing markets to keep up with the new demands of newly arrived immigrants and it looks like the business will not be slowing down anytime soon.
Manitoba is one of the biggest venues for cultural events in Canada, including festivals, touring companies, art events and so much more. Just a few of the most memorable events are the Winnipeg International Jazz Festival, Dauphin's Countryfest, Pride Winnipeg, Manitoba Stampede and Exhibition not to mention the Fringe Theatre Festival.
The province is known as one of the most eco-friendly places in Canada thanks to its production of clean energy and sustainable development. Manitoba is further developing its geothermal and wind power to ensure that more areas of Canada are supplied with a cost-effective, long-term energy supply. The province even plans to invest a further CAD$15 billion in hydroelectric projects over the next ten to fifteen years.
Retail is another important industry in Manitoba that employs over 66,700 people. Not surprising that this accounts for a substantial 7.3% of the province's entire economy.
The best way to find out if Manitoba is the perfect province to live in is to take a look at the local community.
We have broken down the demographics of the country according to the last census done by the country so that you can learn what neighbors you will be living within the future.
Manitoba is also a popular province thanks to its inclusive nature, which allows people from all walks of life to make this place their home. As we mentioned before, over 200 different languages are spoken across the province but most residents can talk to you in either French or English.
Because the province is a popular choice for immigrants, it has developed its own settlement and language training support programs for newcomers and their families. This initiative will help to ensure that your transition is as smooth and easy as possible.
You can easily find a community that will welcome you into the province as there are many communities scattered across Manitoba.
Life in Manitoba provides you with a welcoming community, booming job market and another great thing, excellent education.
There are five great options for international students who want to study in Manitoba with four of them being located in Winnipeg, The University of Winnipeg, University of Manitoba, Brandon University, Providence University College and the only French-speaking campus the Université de Saint-Boniface.
The University of Winnipeg offers a wide array of programs with small class sizes and an accessible downtown venue to allow you to enjoy your student life to the fullest. The university has students from over 68 different countries and accepts more than 600 international students each year.
The University of Winnipeg has the third lowest tuition in Canada that is well below the average fees from many other educational institutions across the country. Here are some of the prices for international students hoping to study in Canada for the first time as undergraduates for courses with 18 credits.
The University of Manitoba is less affordable than Winnipeg with the average university paying tuition of CAD$16,500 a year.
Brandon University is an educational institution of opportunity for international students thanks to the number of scholarships it offers. There are four main categories that scholarships are offered under, the Board of Governors Entrance, International Baccalaureate, Advanced Placement, and Automatic Consideration and Applied for Scholarships.
The university has a small knit community with a student body of 3,662 full and part-time students. The campus includes the faculty of arts, education, graduate studies, science, health studies and music.
One of the best things to experience in Manitoba is its natural splendor and historical locations. The province has some of the best museums and exhibits around. These institutions help to tell the real story behind how Manitoba became the province it is today.
Your to-do-list should include the Canadian Museum of Human Rights. This museum lets you delve into dark human history and allows you to explore human rights through innovative technology, video, and film designed to inspire future generations.
If you are after a more relaxed visit, then drop by the Leo Mol Sculpture Garden where you can visit beautifully crafted scale model replicas of real artworks from across the globe. If you are a flight lover, then try out the Royal Aviation Museum and discover how people explored the skies in the olden days.
For those more in tune with mother nature, Manitoba delivers. There are over forty national parks scattered around the province allowing you to experience this unique province at your leisure.
One of the better-known parks is the Riding Mountain National Park in Wasagaming located less than three hours from Winnipeg. It is a great place to visit with your family or alone whether you want to hike, bike or boat. Riding Mountain is home to herds of Buffalo and will bring you face-to-face with these majestic gentle giants.
If you prefer looking at predators rather than herbivores, then the Wapusk National park should be on your to-do-list. This park is home to the great polar bear which can sometimes even be seen with its cubs roaming the local tundra.
If you are tired of driving you can even access the park by dog sled during the winter months through the town of Churchill. Discover the little-known species of Arctic Foxes, Snowy Owls and Gyr Falcons in one convenient location.
Already planning your vacation in Canada? Here are some of our top reasons to visit Manitoba that will leave you with some fantastic memories.
Because the province is always on the lookout for talented and skilled workers, it accepts over 15,000 immigrants each year and has even predicted a skill shortage of over 20,000 workers by 2020.
Due to the increasing need for these talented workers, the province was the first to introduce the Manitoba Nominee Program, which can allow you to become a permanent resident of the province.
Under the Manitoba Provincial Nominee Program, graduates, skilled workers and entrepreneurs can immigrate to Manitoba if they have the right skills and experience.
Both of these programs require applicants to have some sort of tie to the province before they can apply. This tie could be from previous studies at a local Manitoban educational institution, family ties, employment in the province etc. Depending on whether you meet the other additional requirements, you could receive an Invitation to Apply to apply for permanent residence in Manitoba.
Under the Entrepreneur Pathway, you can immigrate to the province when you are nominated as a qualified business owner or investor who plans to start or own their own business in the province within a two-year period.
The Farmer Investor Stream is more focused on applicants who wish to start their own farm in the rural areas of Manitoba. As a potential candidate, you must make sure that you have the capital, experience and ability to produce primary products that meet the needs of the province.
Are you unsure about how to start your journey? We can assist you when you choose to immigrate to Manitoba. We offer professional consulting advice to help put your Canadian immigration on track.
Complete our simple contact form and get in contact with one of our trusted staff that will help you discover life in Manitoba.