text:
\section{introduction}
Controlling the flux of acoustic energy in elastic structures has been a long-standing challenge and an active area of research in engineering. Almost endless are the examples or real-world applications that could greatly benefit from design methodologies capable of synthesizing materials and structures having a high level of control on the propagation of acoustic and elastic waves. Examples range from efficient on-chip devices (such as microfluidic manipulation \cite{droplet,mix}, cell sorting \cite{tumor} on biochips, and signal processing in mobile communication devices \cite{YY,AT,ST}), to vibration and noise control in mechanical systems
\cite{SEMP1, SEMP2, SEMP5, SEMP6, SEMP7, SEMP8, sun,lin,TT}, to vibration-based energy harvesting \cite{SEMP3}. Scientists have long been exploring approaches to design waveguides operating in the scattering regime and capable of guiding acoustic (or elastic) waves around sharp impedance discontinuities (e.g. corners or structural defects), without giving rise to appreciable backscattering.

Some novel directions came in recent years from the field of topological acoustics. Owing to the many similarities (both at mathematical and physical level) between acoustics and the wave nature of electrons, researchers have recently leveraged the groundbreaking discoveries of topological phases of matter \cite{ReviewKaneTI, ReviewNiu} and created their acoustic analogues \cite{TopoPhon-Gyro, TopoGyroExp, TopologicalAcoustics-Flow, TopoSound-Flow, TunableTopoPnc-Flow, MechanicalTI,  AcousticTIPlate, AcousticTIAir, pspin, ValleySonicBulk,  ValleySonicEdge, ValleySonicEdge, Ruzzene1, Ruzzene2, myqvhe, Bistable, diatom, valleyvein}. Among the most significant properties of topological materials, there is certainly the ability to induce chiral and backscattering-immune edge states supported at the boundaries of topologically different materials.

The first implementation of a topological acoustic material was designed after a mechanism analogue to the quantum Hall effect (QHE). In this material, spinning rotors \cite{ TopoPhon-Gyro, TopoGyroExp} or circulating fluids \cite{TopologicalAcoustics-Flow, TopoSound-Flow, TunableTopoPnc-Flow} were embedded within the supporting acoustic or elastic waveguide in order to break time-reversal symmetry (TRS). Although these designs were able to achieve nonreciprocal edge states propagating unidirectionally, their fabrication complexity made them less viable for practical applications. Later studies concentrated on exploiting the acoustic analogue of the quantum spin Hall effect (QSHE) \cite{MechanicalTI, AcousticTIPlate, AcousticTIAir, pspin} which, contrarily to the QHE, does not require TRS breaking. These initial studies were able to show that, by creating acoustic pseudo-spins and pseudo-spin-dependent effective fields, edge states topologically protected from back-scattering could be successfully achieved.

Only in very recent years, researchers have explored the possibility to design both acoustic and elastic topological waveguides by exploiting the acoustic analogue of the quantum valley Hall effect (QVHE; aoustic valley Hall effect, AVHE) \cite{ValleySonicBulk, ValleySonicEdge, Ruzzene1, Ruzzene2, myqvhe, Bistable, diatom, valleyvein,stonely,snowflake,2018avhe}.
The underlying mechanism of the QVHE/AVHE requires only space-inversion symmetry (SIS) breaking in a lattice that possesses Dirac dispersion at the high symmetry points. This condition can be realized fairly easily in an artificial metamaterial. In electronic materials, SIS was broken using different methodologies including graphene-like lattices with staggered sublattice potentials \cite{ValleyContrasting, DomainWall, ControlEdgeStates, SiliceneBrokenSIS,SiliceneDW}, strained lattices \cite{StrainedGraphene}, and multi-layered graphene under electric fields \cite{EdgeStatesMultilayerGraphene,MultilayerGraphene,BilayerGrapheneDW, ValleyChernBilayerGraphene,BilayerGraphene,Highway,GateControl}. The effect of the SIS breaking was to open a topological bandgap between the Dirac cones associated with the \textbf{K} and $\mathbf{K'}$ symmetry points, hence creating the conditions for the existence of edge states. These edge states could not be explained in the context of either QHE or QSHE.
In fact, the lattice still possesses a trivial topology within the context of QHE \cite{ReviewKaneTI, Raghu, PhotonicGraphene} because TRS is intact, and it also possesses a trivial topology from a QSHE perspective because it lacks the spin degree of freedom. However, due to the large separation in $\mathbf{k}$-space of the two valleys \cite{ando1,ando2} and to the localized distribution of non-zero Berry curvature, a valley-dependent topological invariant can be defined and used to classify the topological states of the different lattices.

It is well-known that in a 2D hexagonal lattice structure, having both TRS and SIS intact, the band structure has deterministic degeneracies occurring at the Brillouin zone (BZ) corners (also called valleys), namely the $\mathbf{K}$ and $\mathbf{K}'$ points. In the neighborhood of these points, the band structure exhibits linear and isotropic dispersion with a typical conical profile. Owing to their characteristic geometric shape and to the fact that around these degeneracies the system dynamics maps to the massless Dirac equations \cite{myqvhe,diatom}, these dispersion structures are often referred to as Dirac cones (DC). The Berry curvature associated to the upper and lower branches forming the DC is null everywhere in \textbf{k}-space except in the neighborhood of the degenerate $\mathbf{K}$ and $\mathbf{K}'$ points where it is undetermined. Under these conditions, the Chern number (a topological invariant obtained integrating the Berry curvature around the complete Brillouin zone) is also identically zero, hence confirming the topologically trivial nature of the original lattice.

When SIS is broken due to a perturbation of the original lattice, the degeneracies are lifted and a band gap opens up at the original Dirac points. This condition is associated with two major changes. First, the Berry curvature becomes a smooth function that peaks around each valley. Second, the valley Chern number (that is the Chern number calculated in a finite area around the valley, not over the entire BZ) returns non-zero values, hence suggesting a (local) topological significance of the band structure \cite{ValleyContrasting, myqvhe}.
When lattices having different valley Chern numbers are assembled together, topological edge states can exist at the domain wall (DW), that is the physical interface between topologically distinct phases. These edge states are characterized by a strong (although not complete) chirality which results in partial suppression of defect-induced backscattering. This connection between the topological nature of the bulk and the occurrence of edge modes at the boundaries where the topological transition occurs, is often referred to as the \textit{bulk-edge correspondence}.

The acoustic version of the valley Hall effect was recently investigated for application to mechanical systems. Lu \textit{et al.} \cite{ValleySonicBulk, ValleySonicEdge} proposed a fluidic acoustic design. Later, Pal \cite{Ruzzene1} and Vila \cite{Ruzzene2} theoretically and experimentally showed the AVHE edge state in a tight-binding like (locally-resonant) elastic waveguide. Liu \textit{et al.} \cite{myqvhe} used a fully continuum approach to study AVHE of non-resonant elastic waveguide with different symmetry, and also proposed a method to excite specific unidirectional edge states on the domain wall. Following the approach of this latter study, this paper presents experimental evidence of the existence of AVHE edge states in a non-resonant phononic thin lattice, as well as it validates the corresponding unidirectional edge state excitation. In addition, this paper also presents an interpretation of the AVHE in terms of energy vortices that bears some interesting, although purely qualitative, similarity with the role of spin in QSHE.

More specifically, this work provides several new contributions with respect to the very limited experimental literature available on elastic AVHE waveguides \cite{Ruzzene2,diatom}.
First of all, it should be highlighted that the only experimental evidence of elastic AVHE deals with locally-resonant material systems. This result is a natural consequence of the fact that the theoretical background of AVHE was originally developed in electronic systems based on the tight-binding approximation. Such approximation assumes that electrons localize around the atom sites, which is a good assumption for material systems like graphene and even for locally-resonant phononic structures, given that the eigenstates tend to localize near each resonator. However, the fundamental tight-binding assumption breaks down for non-resonant phononic structures, therefore making the extension of AVHE to non-resonant materials certainly not a foregone conclusion. By using theoretical arguments as well as semi-analytical and numerical methods, Liu et al. \cite{myqvhe} showed evidence that non-resonant phononic crystals could indeed exhibit AVHE topological behavior. However, an experimental validation of these findings was still lacking in the literature.
Although previous experimental works from Vila et al. \cite{Ruzzene2} and Zhu et al. \cite{diatom} performed analysis of elastic AVHE without employing a tight-binding approximation, the phononic lattices in those studies were characterized by strong spatial modulations in mechanical impedance (either via added masses or carved notches, or both). Such strong changes in local impedance makes the acoustic wavefunction strongly localized around the ``atom'' site. This is a feature that is reminiscent of resonant characteristics. In fact, such localization is analogous to what happens to electronic wavefunctions near the nuclear potential and it is a key factor for the application of a tight-binding approach. On the contrary,
the present study provides definitive experimental evidence that elastic valley Hall edge states can also be realized in a non-resonant type phononic crystal,
generalizing the application to a wider range of phononic lattice designs beyond the resonant category.

The use of a non-resonant design has important implications for the development of tunable and reconfigurable materials. In their previous theoretical work \cite{myqvhe}, the authors discussed the possibility to realize real-time tuning by applying internal pressure loading. The numerical predictions suggested that the nonlinear geometric effects associated with the load-induced prestress were negligible and did not affect, modify, or hinder the topological behavior in a significant way. In the present work, the experimental setup was built around these theoretical observations therefore producing SIS breaking not via the application of an external action but by fabricating the lattice already in deformed configuration. The experimental results confirm that the effect of the prestress and of the geometric nonlinearities (stiffening) due to the elastic deformation of the unit cell are indeed negligible and do not alter the performance of the topological material. This result not only confirms previous theoretical predictions but, more importantly, suggests that actively-controlled elastic deformations are a very suitable option to reconfigure and tune topological materials.

Another relevant contribution and notable departure compared to previous experimental works \cite{Ruzzene2,diatom} consists in the underlying mechanism used to break SIS. Previous studies relied on adding or removing localized masses at specific lattice sites in order to break the space inversion symmetry. This was a direct transposition to mechanical systems of the concept of staggered sublattice potentials used in graphene. In mechanical systems, this aspect has two main implications: 1)	the locally-resonant elements have an inertia-driven response which is in net contrast with our design which is instead characterized by a controlled-distribution (via unit cell geometry) of the local stiffness, and 2) the added masses permanently break SIS hence providing a design not suitable for real-time control and reconfiguration of the material. In our proposed design, the lattice in its undeformed state loses any topological property, hence creating a more versatile and reconfigurable system that could potentially switch on and off between different topological states.
This paper also presents experimental evidence of a simple yet effective procedure capable of achieving selective excitation of the unidirectional edge states. The approach is based on a two-transducer setup that was presented and numerically evaluated in our previous study \cite{myqvhe}.
Finally, we report for the first time the numerical and experimental observation of vortices of mechanical energy flux/phase distribution in valley-polarized modes. We use this physical observation to provide an intuitive, although more qualitative, physical insight in the nature of chiral edge modes and of their back-scattering immunity in AVHE.

\section{Topological elastic waveguide}

The test structure considered in this study consists in a reticular aluminum thin plate having hexagonal lattice structure, as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:setup} (a). The reticular plate was obtained by cutting the lattice from a flat aluminum sheet of thickness 0.08 inches. Note that, as explained above, the fabricated plate already represents the SIS-broken lattice (the individual elements already possess a slight curvature). In this configuration, the lattice has $D_{3h}$ symmetry as opposed to the undeformed lattice (i.e. the one having straight trusses) which has $D_{6h}$ symmetry and SIS fully preserved.

\begin{figure}[h]
	\includegraphics[scale=.95]{1_xy.pdf}
	\caption{\label{fig:setup} Experimental setup. (a) Front view of the mesh-like aluminum thin plate with hexagonal lattice structure and $D_{3h}$ symmetry. The plate is partitioned in two subdomains characterized by broken SIS. The two domains are an inverted version of each other and are labeled lattices A and B. The interface between the two lattices is the domain wall (DW), indicated by the yellow dashed line. The two brown rectangles labeled Src.~1 and Src.~set 2 show the location where MFC actuators are bonded on the plate (back side). (b) and (c) show a back side view of the plate where Src.~1 and Src.~set 2 are located.}
\end{figure}

The panel is divided into two different subdomains characterized by inverted geometric patterns and denominated lattice A and B (Fig.~\ref{fig:setup} (a)). The interface between the lattices forms a DW consisting of flat trusses (indicated by the yellow dashed line in Fig.~\ref{fig:setup} (a)). The geometric patterns of the unit cells associated with lattices A and B are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:bs} (a) and (b), respectively. The individual truss elements has width $w=0.1a$ and thickness $h=0.05a$, and the lattice constant is $a=40.64\mbox{ mm}$.

\subsection{Topological band structure analysis}

Given that TRS is intact, the two mirror lattices share identical band structures. Fig.~\ref{fig:bs} (c) shows the band structure limited to the flexural antisymmetric Lamb modes. The SIS breaking induced by the perturbation of the initial hexagonal geometry lifts the degeneracy at the \textbf{K} point and leaves behind a topological bandgap. To further clarify this point, consider a continuous and smooth deformation, for example, of lattice A that gradually morphs it into lattice B. During this continuous transition the bandgap closes (when the lattice matches the undeformed reference pattern having intact SIS) and then it reopens again when the deformation towards lattice B begins. This evolution suggests that a topological phase transition could be taking place when the bandgap closes and reopens. In fact, previous studies showed that by using a semi-analytical $\mathbf{k}\cdot\mathbf{p}$ approach \cite{myqvhe}, the phononic dispersion around each valley of such lattice can be described by the massive Dirac equation and the associated valley Chern numbers switch from $C_{\nu,{\mathbf K}}^\mathrm{A,up}=-1/2$ (the valley Chern numbers of the upper mode of lattice A at the valley \textbf{K}) to $C_{\nu,{\mathbf K}}^\mathrm{B,up}=+1/2$.

Equivalently, switching to the other valley also switches the sign of the valley Chern number; a direct consequence of time reversal symmetry (TRS).
In addition, the Berry curvature of the lower mode carries an opposite sign compared to its upper companion. This observation is consistent with the fact that the sum of the Berry curvatures of all modes must vanish at a given wavevector.

\begin{figure}[h]
	\includegraphics[scale=1.5]{bs_xy.pdf}
	\caption{\label{fig:bs} (a, b) The geometric patterns of the fundamental unit cells of the lattice A and B. The images shows the deformed lattice structure used to induce SIS breaking. The two lattices are inverted images of each other hence they share the same (c) dispersion band structure. A partial band gap opens at the \textbf{K} point as a result of SIS breaking. The inset shows the symmetry points and the irreducible Brillouin zone (grey triangle).}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Topological edge states at the domain wall}

\begin{figure*}[ht]
	\includegraphics[scale=0.85]{DWDisp_xy.pdf}
	\caption{\label{fig:DW} (a) Illustrations of type-1 DW assembled by connecting lattice B above A.  (b) Type-2 DW assembled by connecting lattice A above B. (c) The superlattice used in calculating the edge state dispersion. It is composed of lattice B, bonded in positive and negative $y$-direction with type-1 and type-2 DW configurations accompanied by symmetric and antisymmetric boundary conditions, respectively. (d) The dispersion of the superlattice. The colorbar denotes the $y$-position of the center of strain energy distribution ($y_\mathrm c$) normalized by the ribbon width ($w_\mathrm{rbn}$) in order to emphasize the edge states. Modes in green indicate edge states at type-1 DW, while modes in red indicate edge states at type-2 DW. The valley index is also indicated.}
\end{figure*}

According to the concept of bulk-edge correspondence \citep{ValleyContrasting}, one gapless edge state should be expected at the DW between lattices A and B. In order to confirm this observation, we performed a numerical supercell analysis to determine the edge states dispersion and the corresponding eigenmodes. Depending on the nature of the interface between the two lattices, two types of DWs can be achieved by assembling either lattice B above A or viceversa. The resulting domain walls are labeled type 1 and type 2, respectively (see Fig.~\ref{fig:DW} (a), (b)).

Considering that the DWs are planes of mirror symmetry, the edge states can be either symmetric or antisymmetric with respect to the DW center line. In our calculations, we built a finite ribbon (Fig.~\ref{fig:DW} (c)) composed of lattice B, bonded in both the positive and negative $y$-directions with both type-1 and type-2 DW configurations (in addition to either symmetric or antisymmetric boundary conditions). This modeling choice was made in order to capture all the admissible edge states in a single model.

The edge states at type-1 and type-2 DWs were then calculated and included in the overall band structure (green and red dotted lines in Fig.~\ref{fig:DW}, respectively). The color scheme in Fig.~\ref{fig:DW}(b) represents the $y$-position of the centroid of the strain energy distribution ($y_\mathrm c$), normalized by the ribbon width $w_\mathrm{rbn}$, such that $y_\mathrm c / w_\mathrm{rbn} = \pm 0.5$ indicates the ribbon's edge (or equivalently the two DWs). By inspecting the dispersion curves, it is clear that the modes crossing the topological bandgap are confined at the edges of the ribbon. Note that although there is no complete band gap for the bulk modes, the edge states still possess a non-leaky nature as long as the bulk modes are faster than the edge states at the same frequency \cite{myqvhe}.

It is worth highlighting that, independently of the type of DW, every edge state has its own time-reversal (TR) counter part.
This means that both right and left traveling edge states exist at the same DW, but have wave numbers corresponding to the two distinct valleys (see Fig.~\ref{fig:DW} (d) and arrows in (a) and (b)).
In principle, this would suggest that unidirectional propagation could be achieved on these DWs even when in presence of localized disorder, defects of the lattice, or discontinuities. In practice, as the discontinuity does not induce appreciable intervalley hopping (i.e. the process of steering the wavevector towards the opposite valley after scattering) which would require a large crystal momentum change, reflections are minimized and quasi-uni-directional propagation is effectively achieved.

\begin{figure}[h]
	\includegraphics[scale=1.4]{types_xy.pdf}
	\caption{\label{fig:type} (a) A $60^\circ$ acute DW corner connects DWs of the same type. (b) A $120^\circ$ DW corner is always accompanied by a DW type switching.}
\end{figure}

To understand the behavior of a wave traveling through a discontinuity of the DW (e.g. a change in direction), we first investigate a $60^\circ$ acute corner made entirely of type-2 DWs (see Fig.~\ref{fig:type} (a)). Transmission through this corner requires a 120$^\circ$ deflection of the energy flow (or equivalently, of the group velocity vectors $\mathbf{v}_g^{(1)} \rightarrow \mathbf{v}_g^{(2)}$ as the thick solid arrows shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:type} (c)). We also note that on the first wall segment, the edge state with $+x$-aligned (i.e. right going) group velocity has a wavenumber $k_x=-2\pi/3a$ (see the red dots in the left half of Fig.~\ref{fig:DW} (d)). This wavevector is corresponding to the crystal momentum of the valley \textbf{K}, and it is schematically represented as the thin blue
 hollow arrow $\mathbf k^{(1)}$ in Fig.~\ref{fig:type} (c). Note that here the terminology \textit{crystal momentum} is used to refer to the periodic representation of the wavevector in the reciprocal space that is any two wavevectors differing by an integer number of reciprocal basis vectors are considered equivalent. In other terms, all the \textbf{K} points in the \textbf{k}-space indicate the same crystal momentum.
Once the wave propagates through the corner and it is transmitted to the second segment of the DW, the condition is described in an exactly equivalent way by simply rotating the momentum vectors of 120$^\circ$ (that is, $\mathbf k^{(2)}$ is the thin red hollow arrow in Fig.~\ref{fig:type} (c)). It is found that the crystal momenta of the edge states $\mathbf k^{(1)}$ and $\mathbf k^{(2)}$ are identical (to an added integer number of reciprocal lattice vectors) and they both point at the valley \textbf{K}. Such transmission involves no inter-valley hopping thus the edge state experiences no reflection at the sharp bent.

Consider now a $120^\circ$ corner on the DW ($60^\circ$ deflection of the energy flow as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:type} (b)). In this case, we can show that intervalley hopping does not take place therefore strongly suppressing reflections from the corners. Due to lattice symmetry, a $120^\circ$ DW corner must be accompanied by a change in DW type, as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:type} (b). The edge states associated with different types of DWs exhibit opposite group velocity, as already illustrated in Fig.~\ref{fig:DW} (d). Therefore, the group velocity vector is bent by 60$^\circ$ after passing through the corner, while the crystal momentum vector still points at the same valley. To clarify this condition, we consider a specific example in which the propagating edge state travels on a DW type-2 before the corner and on a DW type-1 after (see Fig.~\ref{fig:type} (b)). When the wave travels on the first wall segment (type-2), the situation is described in an analogous way to the previous case of a $60^\circ$ corner; $\mathbf{v}_g^{(1)}$ and $\mathbf{k}^{(1)}$ are indicated by the blue arrows in Fig.~\ref{fig:type} (d).
For the second segment (type-1), consider first a left-propagating edge state on DW type-1 parallel to the $x$-axis
(green dots in the left half of Fig.~\ref{fig:DW} (d)). We can draw the corresponding arrows $\mathbf{v}_g$ aligned with negative $x$-axis and the wavevector $\mathbf{k}$ pointing at the valley $\mathbf{K}$.
If we rotate clockwise by $120^\circ$ this figure, we obtain the DW of the second segment. The resulting lattice still has $C_3$ symmetry which means that the $120^\circ$ rotation does not change either the lattice or the DW type.
Now, draw $\mathbf{v}_g^{(2)}$ and $\mathbf{k}^{(2)}$ as the red arrows in Fig.~\ref{fig:type} (d).
The initially negatively oriented $x$-axis group velocity after the $120^\circ$ clockwise rotation is shown by the red solid arrow $\mathbf{v}_g^{(2)}$. After the rotation, also the crystal momentum still points at \textbf{K}.
This observation further confirms that $\mathbf{k}^{(1)}$ and $\mathbf{k}^{(2)}$ point at the same valley and transmission through an 120$^\circ$-corner should be expected to be reflection-free.

Full field numerical simulations of edge state transmission through both 60$^\circ$ and 120$^\circ$ corners were carried out and shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:ZDW} (a) and (b), respectively. Edge states concentrate at the DWs and have uniform amplitudes throughout, therefore suggesting that no reflection occurs at the corners.
In these simulations, a point source was placed at one end of the domain wall, and low-reflecting boundary conditions were applied on the model boundaries to suppress unwanted reflections.

\begin{figure}[h]
	\includegraphics[scale=0.85]{ZDW_xy.pdf}
	\caption{\label{fig:ZDW} Full field numerical simulations of edge state transmission through (a) a 60$^\circ$ and (b) a 120$^\circ$ corner. The insets show the lattice types and the shape of the DWs. The yellow dot indicates the position of the harmonic excitation source. Low-reflecting boundary conditions were applied all around to suppress unwanted reflections. Edge states concentrate at the DWs and have uniform amplitudes therefore suggesting no reflection at the corners.}
\end{figure}

In addition to zigzag types of DWs, the edge modes along armchair (parallel to $\Gamma$-M) type of DWs are also investigated. Fig.~\ref{fig:armchair} (b) shows the dispersions of the supercell with armchair type DW connection shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:armchair} (a). The supercell consists lattices A (green) and B (blue) connected by the armchair type interface denoted as DWA. And the elastic wave is assumed propagating in $y$-direction. Since DWA is parallel to $\Gamma$-M, the wavevector is never close to the valleys in the reciprocal space where the topological invariant is defined. In fact the wavevector is always equally distant from the two valleys $\mathbf{K}$ and $\mathbf{K}'$. Therefore considering wave propagating along $\Gamma$-M direction, there is no topological distinction between the two adjacent lattices A/B, and therefore no guaranteed protected edge states. On the other hand, the edge state and its TR counterpart meet near $k_y=0$. Contrasting to the valley edge states along zigzag DWs (see the green (or red) modes in Fig.~\ref{fig:DW} (d)) which they and their TR counterparts are far separated in the $k$-space, the closeness in wavevector and frequency plus no preferred valley polarization make back-scattering easily initiated by disorders. The small gap caused by repulsion between the two TR edge states indicates coupling between them. Similar observation is also reported by Yang \textit{et al.} \cite{2018avhe} in a fluidic acoustic system.

\begin{figure}[h]
	\includegraphics[scale=1]{armchair.pdf}
	\caption{\label{fig:armchair} (a) The supercell with armchair type DW (denoted as DWA). Each lattice (A: green and B: blue) has width of $20a$. Low reflecting boundary conditions are applied on the left and right ends. The wave is propagating along $y$-direction. (b) The dispersion of the supercell. The color denotes the $x$ deviation weighted by $(\textrm{kinetic  energy}+\textrm{strain  energy})$. The edge state is topologically trivial and has a band gap.}
\end{figure}

\section{experimental validation}
The experimental validation was divided in two different phases. In the first phase, we examined the existence and robustness of the edge states. In the second phase, we tested the selective valley injection procedure.

\subsection{Existence of the edge states}

In order to test the propagation conditions on the DWs, guided wave modes were generated using a single micro fiber composite (MFC) thin film transducer glued on the back of the panel (Fig.~\ref{fig:setup} (b)) at the location labeled Src.~1 (Fig.~\ref{fig:setup} (a)). The response of the plate was measured using a Polytec PSV-500 scanning laser Doppler vibrometer which provided the velocity field over the entire panel.
Viscoelastic damping tape (3M 2552) was also applied along the plate boundaries in order to reduce reflections.
Note that, without the tape, the domain wall terminal (i.e. the plate boundary) would give rise to strong reflection of the edge state. This observation is consistent with the fact that the QVHE is a weak topological material and enables back-scattering immune behavior only for so-called light disorder \citep{AllSi}.

Fig.~\ref{fig:Z}(a) shows the averaged amplitude of the measured transfer function (velocity/input voltage) at steady state in the frequency band 16.9-18.3 kHz, which is the range of existence of the edge states. The strongly localized response at the Z-shaped DW confirms the existence of the edge state. Although some bulk modes are supported in the same frequency range (Fig. \ref{fig:DW}(b)), their amplitude decays out quickly from the source ($\propto 1/r$) and becomes negligible compared to the edge states. On the other side, the edge state is non-leaky and maintains its amplitude as it propagates along the DW.
As a comparison, the responses around 16 kHz and 19 kHz are plotted in Fig.~\ref{fig:Z}(b) and (c) to further illustrate the frequency selectivity of the edge sate.

\begin{figure}[h]
	\includegraphics[scale=0.85]{6_xy.pdf}
	\caption{\label{fig:Z} (a) Averaged amplitude of the measured transfer function (velocity/input voltage) at steady state in the frequency band 16.9-18.3 kHz. The highly localized response clearly indicates the existence of the edge state at the Z-shaped DW. (b) The response at 16 kHz. (c) The response at 19 kHz.}
\end{figure}

The amplitude of the velocity spectra of two local areas (area 1: 3-row away from the DW; area 2: right on the DW) are plotted in Fig. \ref{fig:spectrum}. The large difference visible between the two responses, at approximately 17.8 kHz, indicates the edge state response.

\begin{figure}[h]
	\includegraphics[scale=1]{spectrum.pdf}
	\caption{\label{fig:spectrum}The amplitude of the velocity spectra at two different locations on and off the edge state. The large difference between the two responses confirms the selectivity of the edge state response.}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure*}[ht]
	\includegraphics[scale=1]{time_xy2.pdf}
	\caption{\label{fig:time} Measured transient response of a Gaussian sine pulse input. (a) The Gaussian sine pulse as the input signal. (b) The spectrum of the input signal. (c) Selected time instants are provided to show the propagation of the pulse along the DW. Despite the presence of a bulk mode (triggered during the initial transient), no reflections of the edge state are visible as the wave travels through the two corners of the Z-shaped DW.}
\end{figure*}

In order to further investigate the robustness of the edge states (i.e. the topological protection against back-reflections), we performed a time transient measurement. A Gaussian sine pulse (depicted in Fig. \ref{fig:time} (a)) with -3dB bandwidth in the range 16.4 to 19.6 kHz (Fig. \ref{fig:time} (b)) was used as actuation signal to the MFC actuator. Selected time instants from the measured response are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:time}. Note that, in order to shorten the physical length of the pulse so to be entirely contained in each segment of the DW, the resulting frequency band was larger than the topological band gap.
This condition resulted in the excitation of bulk waves, that are visible particularly in the first time instant. Nevertheless, given the different wave speeds and propagation directions the different modes separate quickly therefore making the edge state very visible.
The time sequence clearly shows that the edge state does not reflect off the corners while traveling along the Z-shaped DW. A more intuitive interpretation of these results can be obtained based on the supplementary material \citep{supp}.

\begin{figure*}[ht]
	\includegraphics[scale=1]{reflctionZ.pdf}
	\caption{\label{fig:reflectionZ.pdf} Sequence extracted from the transient response of an ordinary (i.e. non-topological) Z-shaped waveguide. The strong backscattering from the 60 degree corner is evident and in net contrast with the topological response.}
\end{figure*}

In order to provide further evidence of the largely suppressed back reflection, we conducted a time-domain numerical analysis of a Z-shaped ordinary waveguide made of aluminum embedded in a steel background. From a geometric perspective, this Z-shaped waveguide was equivalent to the topological waveguide. The transient analysis shows unequivocally a strong backscattering from the 60 degree corner, hence drawing a net contrast with the topological waveguide.
Fig. \ref{fig:reflectionZ} shows snapshots taken at different time instants illustrating the reflection. The entire video of the transient response was uploaded as electronic supplemental material \cite{supp}.

\subsection{Selective valley injection}
Finally we show that, despite TRS is intact, the two valley-dependent edge states can be selectively excited in order to achieve unidirectional excitation. Consider a \textbf{K}-polarized edge mode ($k_xa=-2\pi/3$, see Fig.~\ref{fig:DW} (b)), from Bloch's theorem we know that for any two points in physical space separated by $a$ (for example, $x$ and $x+a$, see Fig.~\ref{fig:vinj} (a)) the phase of the particle displacement at $x+a$ differs from that at $x$ by $-2\pi/3$. Equivalently, a phase difference of $+2\pi/3$ is obtained if considering a $\mathbf{K}'$-polarized edge mode. Fig.~\ref{fig:vinj} (b) and (c) show a schematics of the displacement vectors (double arrows) at position $x$ and $x+a$ in a complex plane.

Based on the above considerations, we could use two harmonic point excitations located at $x$ and $x+a$ and actuated according to a prescribed phase difference related to the specific valley in which the injection is sought. For example, let the point excitation at $x+a$ have a phase $-\pi/3$ difference from that at $x$ (as the single red arrow $\mathbf{f_K}$ shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:vinj} (c)). The two-point source excites only a \textbf{K}-polarized edge mode, because it injects zero net energy to the $\mathbf{K}'$-polarized edge mode (equal amount but opposite signs, at points $x$ and $x+a$, respectively). Similarly a two-point source having phase difference $+\pi/3$ excites the $\mathbf{K}'$-polarized edge mode only (see the blue single arrow in Fig.~\ref{fig:vinj} (c)). An extensive description of the procedure can be found in \cite{myqvhe}.

\begin{figure}[h]
	\includegraphics[scale=2]{7.pdf}
	\caption{\label{fig:vinj}
Illustration of the valley injection procedure. (a) Two identical actuators are installed on the DW at two locations separated by a distance $a$. The phase between the actuator input and the displacement at the two points can be schematically visualized in a complex plane. (b) Choosing the location $x$ as the reference, we can assume that the force $\mathbf{f}^{(x)}$ (the single arrow) and the corresponding particle displacements $\mathbf{u_K}(x)$ and $\mathbf{u_{K'}}(x)$ (the double arrow) are initially in phase. (c) The phase of the \textbf{K}- and $\mathbf{K}'$-polarized modes (the red and blue double arrows, respectively) and that of the harmonic forces at $x+a$ necessary to create pure \textbf{K}- and $\mathbf{K}'$-polarized modes (the red and blue single arrows, respectively). The forces produce negative work on the modes with different subscripts, therefore canceling the work done by the force at $x$ and realizing single-mode excitation.}
\end{figure}

In the experiment, two identical MFC actuators separated by a distance $a$ were glued on the DW (see label Src.~set 2 in Fig.\ref{fig:setup} (a),(c)).
Fig~\ref{fig:oneway} (a) and (b) show the velocity amplitude response, resulting from an input phase difference of $-\pi/3$ and $+\pi/3$, respectively. The input frequency was fixed at 17.8 kHz.

\begin{figure}[h]
	\includegraphics[scale=0.84]{8_xy.pdf}
	\caption{\label{fig:oneway}
	Experimental results showing the performance of the valley injection procedure. Targeted excitation of the uni-directional edge states is achieved by two harmonic sources with phase difference (a) $-\pi /3$ and (b) $+\pi /3$.}
\end{figure}

The experimental results show clear evidence of unidirectional excitation and further confirm the robustness of the edge states across discontinuities, since no appreciable response is visible in the remaining half of the DW.
The successful valley injection can also be confirmed by taking
the Fourier spectrum of the velocity response presented in Fig.~\ref{fig:oneway} (a). By visually inspecting the spectrum (Fig.~\ref{fig:FFT} (a)) the points corresponding to the valleys (and its reciprocal lattice duplication) exhibit have the highest velocity amplitude. The white arrows indicate the three $\mathbf{K}$ points on the boundary of the first BZ. The low-amplitude circular profiles are due to the presence of the bulk mode. A similar pattern would be obtained for data in Fig.~\ref{fig:oneway} (b).
This excitation scheme can have remarkable engineering significance, not only because it is simple to implement but also because it can be applied universally to all AVHE systems.

Note that, in our experiment, we used MFC$^{\textregistered}$ thin film actuators. MFCs are 300$\mu$m thin interdigitated piezo fiber transducers that are very flexible in bending (similar to traditional strain gauges) and have low in-plane stiffness (E = 30GPa) compared with the supporting aluminum plate. These transducers were selected to minimize the mechanical impedance mismatch at the actuation point.

\begin{figure}[h]
	\includegraphics[scale=0.45]{9_raster.pdf}
	\caption{\label{fig:FFT}
The Fourier spectrum of the velocity response corresponding to the \textbf{K} valley injection (Fig.~\ref{fig:oneway} (a)). Only the points corresponding to the \textbf{K} valleys and their reciprocal lattice duplication show high amplitude response. This result confirms accurate valley injection on the DW. The low-amplitude circles are due to the excitation of the bulk mode.}
\end{figure}

\section{Chiral vortices of energy flux}

\begin{figure*}[ht]
	\includegraphics[scale=1]{spin.pdf}
	\caption{\label{fig:spin}
Numerical results showing the chiral vortex of the energy flux of the two modes at the \textbf{K} point of lattice B. (a, b) The phase of the $z$-component of the displacement field, and (c, d) the energy flux, for the upper mode (a, c) and the lower mode (b, d), respectively.}
\end{figure*}

\begin{figure}[h]
	\includegraphics[scale=0.75]{exp_phase.pdf}
	\caption{\label{fig:exp_phase}
The phase distribution extracted from the experimental measurements corresponding to Fig. \ref{fig:oneway} (b). The close-up view near the DW shows that the phase distribution is symmetric with respect to the DW, therefore leading to counter-circulating flux within the lattices separated by the DW.}
\end{figure}

In this section, we perform an in depth analysis of the eigenmodes in order to provide additional physical insight into the robustness of the edge states.
Although the local topological nature of the material is already indicated by the valley Chern numbers, a further indication of the topologically non-trivial nature of the medium is confirmed by the existence of chiral edge states supported in the topological bandgap at the valleys. Taking lattice B as the example, Fig.~\ref{fig:spin} shows the phase of the $z$-component (the most significant component associated with the flexural mode) of the displacement field (a, b), and the corresponding energy flux (c, d) associated with the two nondegenerate modes at the \textbf{K} point (namely, the upper mode (a, c) and the lower mode (b, d)).

Observing the phase distribution in Fig.~\ref{fig:spin}(a,b), we note the presence of a branch point at the center of the unit cell (i.e. the intersection of the trusses) either for the upper or lower modes. Each branch point is characterized by opposite phase winding numbers that take the value $+1$ or $-1$.
This parameter represents the number of complete turns (module $2\pi$) of the phase change accumulated along a small closed loop enclosing the singular point, for a fixed time instant.

In addition, similar energy flux patterns are observed for both the upper and lower \textbf{K}-polarized modes (see Fig.~\ref{fig:spin} (c) and (d)). Clockwise energy flux circulates in each upright triangle (another possible choice for the primitive unit cell).

Concerning the other two modes at the $\mathbf{K}'$ point, they possess opposite chirality for both the phase and the energy flux distributions. This is a direct consequence of TRS being intact.
Based on the above observations, it is suggested that the sign of the winding number around the inversion center in physical space is connected to the sign of the valley Chern number. Also, given a topological lattice and a selected valley point, the eigenmodes associated to the edge states exhibit valley-dependent chiral vortices of the energy flux.
Modes with opposite chirality supported by different valleys do not couple unless in presence of defects that strongly perturbs the chirality of the energy flux. It is merely suggested here that the valley index ($\mathbf{K/K}'$) in our lattice are reminiscent, from a purely qualitative point of view, of the spin index in the QSHE topological insulators.

Obviously, the valley and spin indices are two independent quantities connected to separate mechanisms. This difference is also reflected in their mathematical modeling when comparing the terms introduced into the corresponding Dirac Hamiltonian \cite{ReviewKaneTI}. However, we observe that the direction of the energy flux vortices in our system is connected to the valley index. It follows that back-scattered modes are less likely to happen (assuming inter-valley hopping is prohibited) for a valley-polarized mode unless the back-scattering process can produce a change in the energy chirality. This mechanism can be further clarified by the fact that the a back-scattered edge mode is the time-reversed counter part of the incident (forward propagating) mode, therefore the reflection process would require also a sign inversion of the valley index (hence of the energy vortex chirality). This idea recalls, from a very qualitative perspective, the condition occurring in QSHE systems in which the reflection of edge states requires inversion of the spin index (which, being prohibited, leads to robust edge states).

In addition, consider the energy flux associated with the edge states. Figures~\ref{fig:spin} (e) and (f) provide a schematic view of the energy flux for the \textbf{K}-polarized edge state ($k_xa=-2\pi/3$) in the lattice cells neighboring to the interface (orange dashed lines). Although the energy flux direction in each truss is similar to those of the \textbf{K}-polarized bulk states (shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:spin} (c, d)), in the edge states the energy flux does not give rise to complete circulations, but instead travels along meandering paths along the DW. This mechanism is reminiscent of the semi-classical interpretation of the integer QHE where the magnetic field induces a cyclotronic motion of the electrons in the bulk (the insulating phase), and a typical \textit{skipping orbit} motion of the electrons along the edges (which gives rise to the uni-directional edge states). Similarly in our elastic AVHE, the bulk is characterized by a locally circulatory energy flux which result in an \textit{acoustically insulating} material, while the edge states are formed and can propagate uni-directionally due to the interruption of the energy flux circulation at the DW. Note that, unlike QHE materials in which the existence of gapless edge state is allowed in a single nontrivial insulator, the AVHE requires assembling two materials with opposite valley Chern number (or, equivalently, single material with selected boundary conditions) \cite{myqvhe}.

Fig. \ref{fig:exp_phase} shows the phase response extracted from the same measurement of Fig. \ref{fig:oneway} (b). The close-up view near the DW shows that the phase distribution is symmetric with respect to the DW, therefore leads to counter-circulating directions in the two lattices separated by the DW.

\section{conclusions}

This experimental study presented evidence of the existence and robustness of topological edge states in non-resonant phononic elastic waveguides, hence extending the applicability of the AVHE concept beyond the conventional locally-resonant phononic crystals.
The test sample consisted in a reticular aluminum thin plate designed according to the acoustic analogue of the quantum valley Hall effect. Edge states were obtained by contrasting two slabs of the lattice having broken and inverted SIS.
The experimental data provided strong evidence of the existence of the edge states and, more interestingly, of a highly suppressed inter-valley mixing. This latter characteristic is of extreme importance to achieve unidirectional waveguides. In fact, even if TRS is intact and reciprocal modes are simultaneously supported by the domain wall, the weak coupling between edge modes strongly suppresses the scattering of the edge states when interacting with discontinuities. Such behavior was also further supported by the numerical and experimental observation of a chiral flux of energy whose direction is determined by the valley polarization. The two lattices forming the DW show opposite directions of chirality (from an energy flux perspective) which is one of the effects contributing to the suppressed back-scattering. These chiral vortices of the energy flux also share interesting qualitative similarities with the inter-valley hopping and the skipping orbit motion characteristic of the quantum Hall effect.
Finally, this study also provided experimental evidence in support of a selective-valley injection method which enables accurate excitation of unidirectional edge states.

\begin{acknowledgments}
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Air Force Office of Scientific Research under Grant No. YIP FA9550-15-1-0133. The authors also thank Mr. Janav Udani and Dr. Andres Arrieta for help with the electronic equipment.

\end{acknowledgments}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Nursing attendants help nurses to monitor patient health.
Nursing attendants, sometimes referred to as nursing aides, work in nursing homes, hospitals and other health-care facilities. Nursing attendants support the nursing staff by providing direct care to patients. Duties include assisting patients with everyday tasks such as bathing, eating and using the bathroom, as well as monitoring their vital signs and overall health. While nursing attendants perform many of the same duties as orderlies, nursing attendant positions require some postsecondary training and certification.
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, nursing attendants working in the United States earned an average hourly wage of $12.22 and an average annual salary of $25,420 as of May 2011. Half of nursing attendants reported annual salaries falling between $20,000 and $30,000 per year, and earned between $10 and $14 per hour. The 10 percent of nursing attendents earning the lowest pay reported an annual salary of $18,000 or less, whereas the top 10 percent of earners for this occupation earned $35,000 or more per year.
Figures released by the BLS indicate that nursing attendants in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas earned comparable annual salaries as of May 2011. Nursing attendants working along the northeast Atlantic coast, the West Coast and in Alaska tended to report the highest annual salaries. Alaska reported the highest average salary by state, $34,700 per year. New York, Nevada, Connecticut and Hawaii all reported high average salaries of $30,000 or more per year. The lowest-paid jobs occurred in the South, with Mississippi reporting the lowest average salary, $19,890 per year.
According to the BLS, over 40 percent of all nursing attendants were employed in nursing-care facilities as of May 2011, earning an average hourly wage of $11.76 and an average annual salary of $24,460. Those employed in community-care facilities for the elderly and home health-care services earned slightly less, an average of around $23,500. Nursing attendants employed at general hospitals earned somewhat higher wages, averaging $27,290 per year. Nursing attendants employed at colleges and universities reported wages significantly higher than the national average, about $32,200 per year. Nursing attendants on the public payroll also fared relatively well; state government workers averaged $29,130 per year, while those employed by the federal government averaged $35,850 per year.
The BLS predicts that employment of nursing attendants and orderlies will grow at a rate of 20 percent between 2010 and 2020, higher than the average growth rate for all occupations but more slowly than the projected rate for the majority of occupations in the health-care industry. The strong job growth rate combined with the high rate of turnover common to this occupation means that job prospects should be good for qualified applicants. The BLS predicts that prospects for employment will be best for those looking to work at long-term care facilities.
Time, Forest. "Nursing Attendant Salary." Work - Chron.com, http://work.chron.com/nursing-attendant-salary-2688.html. Accessed 25 April 2019.
How Much Will I Get Paid As a Houskeeper at a Nursing Home?


Single-use disposable technologies for biopharmaceutical manufacturing.
A disposable picolitre bioreactor for cultivation and investigation of industrially relevant bacteria on the single cell level.
Disposable bioreactors: maturation into pharmaceutical glycoprotein manufacturing.
Comparison of usability and patient preference for the new disposable insulin device Solostar versus Flexpen, lilly disposable pen, and a prototype pen: an open-label study.
Peroral transgastric organ resection: a feasibility study in pigs.
A comparison of the forces exerted during laryngoscopy using disposable and non-disposable laryngoscope blades.


text:
Chess World Cup
List of strong tournaments
List of world championships
Checkmate patterns
Chess strategy
Chess tactics
Chess theory
Pawn structure
Problems/Compositions
Computer chess
Chess engines
Cheating in chess
Chess prodigy
List of Grandmasters
Grandmasters by country
Top player comparison
Chess titles
Correspondence chess
List of chess variants
Xiangqi
Rules of chess
Chess notation
Outline of chess
Timeline of chess
Home :: Chess :: Tournaments
Time trouble
In chess played with a time control, time trouble, time pressure, or its German translation Zeitnot, is the situation where a player has little time to complete the required moves. When forced to play quickly, the probability of making blunders is increased, so handling the clock is an important aspect of chess playing. The last move of the time control (often move 40) is especially prone to blunders if players only have a few seconds to play it, and many games have been lost due to poor time management in time pressure.
Practical aspects
Players often spend large amounts of time after the opening as they consider their plans and calculate various tactical variations. In many cases, spending this time to find the correct path is worth the risk of time trouble later on if the position is simplified to a point where it can be played quickly. However, spending large amounts of time in simple positions on non-forcing matters is often excessive.
In time trouble, players are usually focused on maintaining the integrity of their position. Lars Bo Hansen's principles are to ensure that pieces remain protected, avoid unnecessary pawn moves, and avoid analyzing unnecessary tactics. Webb advises players to keep track of the number of moves played, and work out a provisional response to each of the opponent's moves on the opponent's time. This trick is called "permanent brain" or "pondering". When the opponent is in time trouble, Webb advocated the barrage technique which involves planning two or more moves ahead, and then playing them in rapid succession. The idea is to give the opponent little time to prepare for the second move, increasing the probability of that move being a mistake. Playing a barrage of moves does increase the chance of a blunder from the barrager as well, and the technique is inadvisable in a winning position where a player should focus on winning on the board.
Rules governing time trouble
FIDE has some additional rules regarding players in time trouble.
The first rule regards the recording of moves. A player with less than five minutes remaining, in a game where there is not a 30-second or greater time increment per move, is not required to keep score as usual. However if the player makes the time control, he must update the scoresheet before making a move as soon as the flag falls, marking expiry of the first, and now passed, time control. If only one player is in time trouble and not recording moves, the opponent's scoresheet may be used to update the score. In the case of mutual time pressure, where both players have stopped recording the moves, the tournament director or an assistant should be on hand to record the moves as they are played, and their notes can be used to update the scoresheets upon passage of the time control. If the game score is not recorded by anybody during the time pressure period, the players shall endeavor to reconstruct the moves of the game, under the control of the tournament director, if this is not possible the game continues with the next move being regarded as the first move of the next time control.
The second rule regards the arbiter's possibility of ending a game as drawn due to a player's lack of effort in winning the game by "normal means". Occasionally it happens in a sudden death time control without increments that a player has trouble in physically executing an indefinite series of moves in the time remaining. The opponent could try playing on this, and continue to play on in the hopes of winning by time forfeit, rather than by winning the position on the board. To prevent this FIDE has article 10.2. A player with less than two minutes remaining can claim a draw and summon the arbiter, if he believes that the opponent is no longer trying to win the game by normal means, or that the position is such that it is impossible for the opponent to try and win by normal means. The opponent may accept the claimant's draw request, which ends the game by agreement. If the opponent does not agree to the draw, the arbiter may accept the claim (which ends the game immediately as a draw), reject the claim (after which the game continues, with the opponent receiving two additional minutes), or postpone the decision. In this case the opponent may be given two minutes extra, and the game continues until the arbiter makes a call or the claimant's flag falls after which the arbiter makes a decision. Decisions made by the arbiter under 10.2 are final.
The rules allowing an arbiter to declare a game drawn do not apply to blitz chess. Several high level blitz tournaments, such as the 2009 World Blitz Championship, are played with a two-second increment which allows players time to execute moves and discourages attempts to win on time in trivially drawn positions such as king and knight versus king and knight.
USCF version
Tournaments governed under the rules of the United States Chess Federation have a similar rule to FIDE's 10.2, called the "insufficient losing chances" rule. A player with less than two minutes remaining without time delay or increment can petition the tournament director for a draw on the grounds that the opponent has no reasonable chance of winning the position, had both players had ample time. In USCF's guidelines, this would mean an average tournament player (class C) having a less than a 10% probability of losing the position against a master, with both players having sufficient time. The tournament director may accept the claim (ending the game as drawn), reject the claim and penalize the claimant with one minute less time, or postpone the decision. If the tournament director postpones the decision, there is the option of substituting a non-delay clock with a delay clock with the claimant having his remaining time halved. Since the insufficient losing chances rules calls upon discretion from the tournament director, clocks with the time delay or increment feature are preferred over clocks without them.
Game clock

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
är ett sidscrollande plattformsspel av Hudson Soft, ursprungligen utgivet till PC Engine 1992 och återutgivet till Virtual Console 2006 och till Playstation Network 2011. Spelet är det fjärde i Adventure Island-serien, och släpptes strax efter Super Adventure Island till SNES, men före Adventure Island 3 till NES.

Handling
Higgins gifter sig med Tina, då plötsligt den elake baron Bronsky dyker upp under bröllopsceremonin, och kidnappar Tina medan Bronskys hantlangare kidnappar de sex barnen. Higgins måste rädda dem. Varje barn finns på en ö, medan Tina tagits till ett slott.

Källor

Fotnoter

Datorspel 1992
PC Engine-spel
Plattformsspel
Playstation Network-spel
Virtual Console-spel till Wii U
Virtual Console-spel

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Ecuador Mexico Peru Uruguay Venezuela
Cape Town Johannesburg Durban
Namibia Botswana Zimbabwe
Population: 35 000 000
Area: 3,761,274 kilometres
Electricity: 220 volts, 50 Hz
Currency: Argentina Pesos and US Dollars
Holidays: May 8; June 15; 01 Jan; April 9/10; July 9; Aug 17; Oct 12; Dec 25. In some cases if the holiday falls on a Tuesday or Thursday it is changed to Monday or Friday.
Times: Banks Monday to Friday 10am to 3pm; Shops 9am to 7pm; Downtown shops and shopping centres every day up to 10pm. Coffee shops and restaurants till very late at night.
Climate : Mostly moderate except some areas in the north, which get very hot and some
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A country with a diverse climate and topography, Argentina is the eighth largest country in the world and approximately one third the size of Europe.
On the East it is bordered by Uruguay and the Atlantic, on the North by Bolivia and Paraguay and on the West by Chile and Antarctic waters. It is 2300 miles long and measures 980 miles at its widest point. It is indeed a beautiful country with an interesting and colourful history.
All of Argentina's features are superlative: Thick forestland in the north (Misiones) and the great heights of the breathtaking Iguazú Falls. The Cuyo vineyards and soft rolling hills of Cordoba, the imposing majesty of the snow-capped Andes overlooking the dazzling beauty of the lake district, and lastly the crystal valleys of Patagonia and the silent channels of Tierra del Fuego, all together make up a land of passion and diversity.
Buenos Aires Bariloche The Iquazu Falls Los Glaciares National Park
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This is the place where the Tango was born! One of the ten most important cities in the world, the bustling and flourishing Capital of the Argentine Republic, is suitable for tourism, business, meetings and conventions. This cosmopolitan city can be mistaken for any European capital.
Known as the Paris of the Southern Hemisphere and the city that never sleeps. This elegant city lives up to its reputation by offering international retail outlets like Channel, Polo, Christian Dior, five-star cuisine, theatres, cinemas, art galleries, fascinating antiques, green parks, wide tree-lined boulevards, museums, casinos, cabarets, tango houses, high class and trendy night-clubs, restaurants and bars which stay open all night.
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At a distance of 1700km from Buenos Aires, lie "the South American Switzerland" and the oldest Ski resort in Argentina. San Carlos de Bariloche is a place to visit all year round. Apart from its natural beauty and out-door activities, the city of Bariloche offers restaurants, cafes, shopping centres, shows, casinos, an intense night-life and much more.
The landscape provides a framework for excursions and many sporting activities that have made the city an international tourist centre with an intense social and cultural life. Lakes, woods and mountains offer you limitless adventure and the beauty of Bariloche leaves the visitor speechless.
THE IQUAZU FALLS - "The Great Waters"
Iguazú means 'great waters' in the language of the ethnic group of the area called Guarani. The falls of Iguazú consists of 275 falls in the shape of a half moon plummeting down from a height of 70 meters into La Garganta del Diablo (The Devil's Throat).
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Deep flowing rivers, tree filled plains and the back drop of the Andes make this area an ideal spot for the traveller keen on nature, fishing and adventurous excursions.
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In the extreme south-west of the country, a large area known as the Patagonian Ice Field constitutes the most beautiful marvels of Southern Argentina. There are 47 glaciers descending from it, 13 of which are on the Atlantic side and flow into the Viedma and Argentino lakes. UNESCO has declared this fantastic landscape of snow-capped peaks and glaciers a Natural Heritage of Humanity. Activities include boat excursions, trekking on the glaciers, horse-riding etc.
The Perito Moreno Glacier is the most famous of the 13 glaciers. It is one of the few glaciers in the world that continues to advance. It has a leading edge of 4000 meters wide and 60 meters high. Every 4 or 5 years the pressure of the water breaks over the edge in a deafening spectacle, although, during the year, towers of ice fall and break into multiple icebergs.
Select an Itinerary below to view details
Half day and day tours
Tour Iguazú Falls (3 days)
Tour of Bariloche (4 days)
Crossing of Andean Lakes & Santiago (4 days)
Perito Moreno Glacier (3 days)
Highlight Tour Buenos Aires - (7 NIGHTS/8 DAYS)
BUENOS AIRES & BARILOCHE - Golf or Leisure tour- 7 Nights/8 Days)
BARILOCHE SKI SPECIAL - Including "Exciting" Buenos Aires 4 nights (11 days/12 nights)
"CROSSING THE ANDES"BIKE- BUS TOURS ARGENTINA 2003 (9 Days)
PEUMA HUE - EXCLUSIVE RANCH - NORTHERN PATAGONIA ANDES LAKE DISTRICT, ARGENTINA
Buenos Aires & RIO (7Nights)
MENDOZA SKI TRIP - 2004 Including "Exciting" BUENOS AIRES 4 NIGHTS
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Ushuaia -The city at the end of the world
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Northwest Argentina - Indian Territory
Crossing the Andes - Salta to Atacama
Aconcagua - Highest mountain in America
Mendoza - Farming and wine territory
Skiing - Las Leñas, Bariloche, Chapelco


Used Sipa machine. PET Stretch Blow Molding, PET Injection Blow Molding for the Bottles, PET Preforms & Closures industry. Available SFR 16, PPS 56, ECS FX 20/48, SFL 4/4, ECS32/40, SFR 12, SFL 8/4, ECS HS 12/32, SF 12/8, PPS 72, SFR 20, TOP 2000-8, SF 1400, SF 8/4, PPS72 models. Great opportunities at the best price for sale.


There was a question about making a true 6 DOF system like Descent in UE4 as it was difficult in UDK. I thought, "I could do that in Blueprints in under an hour!" I was right! It's pretty rough and the camera clips a lot, etc. but it's a start for those looking to make a space flight sim or something similar.
3) Modify the damping values to your liking!


So I spent a few days in Trieste with my family and Marc's family. It was great fun to get to know each other on this more personal basis. The trip itself was mixed with some mishaps, an almost car breakdown that turned out to be a blessing and generally... stuff. I'm really not sure how I could write about it all here. Maybe a summary in a few words would be: Although we felt stressed and somethings went not too well at the time,. in hindsight we had a really great time :) You could maybe call it a challenge that worked out really well.
And this trip was special in another way too: it was the first real test for my 'extended family' to do something together (three adults and two kids), to see if we can actually share and enjoy the responsibilities and time together as a larger than normal family. All in all that went very smooth I think. There will always be personal problems, grumpiness, stress related moods... but it's always more important how the family deals with it anyway. We did good there.
We had air condidtioning in out appartment!
Our car sort of broke down on the trup to Trieste (it seems the turbo charger went bad) so there was a 'bit' of anxiety at the beginning of the vacation about that.
With the car being away at the 'repair' shop, we avoided quite extreme parking costs! If we'd had the car around we would have had to deal with updating the parking tickets once every two hours during the day etc.
We were at the beach most of the afternoons. This was great fun for all the kids, and a lot of organisation and schlepping of stuff for the adults. Once we learned to pull back a bit and focus more on actual relaxation we all had a good time.
Ah, yes. I realized once again that 'location' really does matter much to me personaly. While one would expect me to be interested in Trieste as such, which I am to a degree, I was much more interested in the features, athomsphere and happenings of where I was that actually the *where*. It could have been anywhere really. The sunm the beach, and most importantly the people I was there with. That'S what counts for me. The place really is only the setting. I wouldn't go to Trieste because it was *Trieste*. If Marc had been somewhere else, and I could have gone there withe the people I went with, that would have been the same thing to me.


text:
So, I love to watch scary movies……
…….and the spookier, the better, like Carnival of Souls (1962), The Haunting (1963), or Suspiria (1977). Haunting, surreal, these films engage your imagination and get under your skin. They're scary because you're emotionally involved with the characters and you root for them to escape until the very end.
Suspiria is an interesting film because the actors spoke their native language (English, German and Italian). Since they knew the script, they simply responded as if they understood. When the film went into post-production, the German and Italian languages were dubbed into English. The film would be dubbed in other languages for release in foreign markets.
I also discovered Japanese horror films, starting with Ringu (after seeing the American remake, The Ring) and then Ju-on (The Grudge). I was delighted – they are surreal and spooky and go in directions you don't quite expect. Nor are the stories wrapped up in a tidy bow – there are loose ends that don't get explained and an unsettling feeling that even happiness has an underlying sense of sorrow.
From my experience, Japanese horror films have an ambiguity to them that modern American horror films do not. I find that ambiguity fascinating, which is present in The Haunting – is the house haunted or is it Eleanor? – because with each viewing, you feel closer to uncovering the answer to the question, even as it ends. This kind of story-telling isn't as present in American horror as it used to be, and I wish it would make a come-back.
Because I enjoy their horror films, I want to learn Japanese. This is due to the fact that a lot can get lost in translation. There may not be an English equivalent to specific word, so the line or meaning gets changed. Language is important – emphasis on the wrong syllable or vowel, and it can turn a compliment into an insult. One word can have multiple meanings, depending on context.
Thus, learning the language. Besides, it's good for the brain, it's a useful skill (because you never know when you'll need it) and it makes it easier when traveling to a country where that language is spoken.
A small portion of my foreign language dictionary collection.
jjbrownwordslinger
horror, Language, movies, skills, surreal
© J. J. Brown and J. J. Brown, Wordslinger, 2014-2019. Unauthorized use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this site's author and/or owner is strictly prohibited. Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full and clear credit is given to J. J. Brown and J. J. Brown, Wordslinger with appropriate and specific direction to the original content.


Welcome to the official website of The Hemel Hempstead School Alumni, dedicated to connecting, celebrating and engaging with ex-students and staff of The Hemel Hempstead School.
Its aim is to reach out to all HHS alumni and develop opportunities for them to connect and support each other, and the school. Wherever you are in the world and whatever stage of life you're at; the chances are that there's an alumnus of The Hemel Hempstead School who could help you with your next step, or who would benefit from sharing your experiences since leaving school.
Marc Bircham, ex-professional footballer who represented Millwall F.C., Queens Park Rangers and Yeovil Town, and now coaches the QPR Youth Team.
Genista McIntosh,Baroness McIntosh of Hudnall, labour peer who was casting director of the Royal Shakespeare Company, director of the Royal National Theatre and CEO of the Royal Opera House.
You can join the HHS Alumni by registering your details here.


Need support to tackle the daunting challenge of potty training and/or separation anxiety? We will discuss how you can positively support your child through both of these important transitions. Learn how to make a plan to help ensure a successful and smooth experience from diapers to potty chairs, and then onto the exciting world of preschool!


text:
Baltimore police will investigate video that shows school officer hitting young man
School police chief, officers on administrative leave
Updated: 10:50 AM EST Mar 4, 2016
A video obtained by 11 News appears to show a police officer slapping and kicking a young man. City school officials told 11 News that the district got word of the incident late Tuesday afternoon along with a copy of the cellphone video.
A video obtained by 11 News, which appears to show a Baltimore City Schools Police Department officer slapping and kicking a young man, will be investigated by the Baltimore Police Department.Download the WBAL appCity school officials told 11 News that the district got word of the incident late Tuesday afternoon along with a copy of the cellphone video.The district official said the incident took place some time Tuesday morning at The REACH Partnership School, which is in the old Lake Clifton school complex.The Baltimore Police Department's special investigation team will act as the primary investigators. The request for the criminal investigation was made by Akil Hamm, the acting chief of the Baltimore City Schools Police."This is the right thing to do in a case like this and I have assigned S.I.R.T. to handle all aspects of this criminal investigation," said Baltimore Police Commissioner Kevin Davis.School officials initially said the young man in the video was not a student at the school. But on Friday, the district released a statement, saying, "The young man is believed to be a student on the school's roster."The district said school staff couldn't identify the young man, but an investigator and media coverage helped them to identify him. He and his parents have been scheduled for an interview.A lawyer for the young man told the 11 News I-Team Wednesday afternoon that the young man is a student at the school and they have school records to prove it. The lawyer said they believe officers made a mistake identifying the 16-year-old as an intruder, calling the incident an "unprovoked assault" that resulted in facial injuries.Baltimore City School Police Union President Clyde Boatwright said Tuesday night that he met with the officer shortly after the video was made public."It is in the early stages of the investigation, and we look forward to a full and complete investigation and at this point we're just waiting for those results," Boatwright said.By email, a Fraternal Order of Police lawyer for the officer said the young man became belligerent when asked to leave the property. He said there's more to the story than what the video shows, but he offered no detail.11 News has confirmed that Baltimore City Schools Police Chief Marshall Goodwin has been placed on administrative leave as the school district investigates.Both officers seen in the video have been placed on administrative leave with pay.In a statement, district CEO Gregory Thornton said, "I am completely appalled and disappointed by what is depicted in the video. Our school police officers are entrusted with ensuring the safety of our students and staff, and I know that most of them take this job seriously while maintaining a high level of professionalism. The behavior in the video is completely unacceptable. We are confident that the process required by the Law Enforcement Officers' Bill of Rights will lead to a thorough review of the conduct."School police say excessive force was usedSchool police said what took place at the school was "excessive force."Explaining his reaction to the video, Hamm said the video is "troubling, very troubling being a father of two teenage sons. It's troubling for me.""According to our use of force continuum, definitely excessive force was used, and we are looking at that force that was used. We are working with the State's Attorney's Office to try and look at everything and see how it transpired," Hamm said.VIDEO: Lawmakers call for external reviewOfficer's background shows he was fired from previous jobThe 11 News I-Team reported Thursday that the officer is Anthony Spence, 44, according to multiple sources.Spence is in his 12th year as an officer with the Baltimore City School Police force. He was on full duty at the time of the incident and was fully armed.Last Christmas Eve, there was an incident involving Spence and a family member at an east Baltimore rowhouse that resulted in city police being called. According to a police report, the family member claimed Spence threatened him with a gun during an argument. Other witnesses said that didn't happen. No one was arrested.In 2011, a woman filed a temporary protective order against Spence in a domestic violence case. She withdrew it before a final order was entered.In 2002, Spence and the president of the school police FOP were fired while working as deputy sheriffs in Baltimore. They had tried to arrest the wrong man at Lexington Market, who was injured in the fray. Both went on to be hired by the Baltimore City School Police.The 11 News I-Team has learned that Spence's connection to Goodwin wasn't just professional. For nearly 10 years, Spence was thought to be the father of a girl who is the granddaughter of Goodwin's ex-wife. Recently, a DNA test proved Spence wasn't the father.City school police force again under scrutinyThe videotaped incident again puts the city school police force under scrutiny, and the school system's ability to handle investigating its own.This is the second time in 13 months that a school police officer has been caught on video using force.Last January, an 11 News I-Team investigation revealed an incident in which school police Officer Lakisha Pulley hit and injured a middle school student with her baton. Pulley was criminally prosecuted.At City Hall on Wednesday, the video brought an audible groan from the mayor."As a parent of a Baltimore City school student, I was appalled by what I saw. The behavior that was demonstrated on the video is certainly something you never want to see," Mayor Stephanie Rawlings-Blake said.The mayor said the incident hurts the cause of repairing trust between police and communities."Anytime there is a person with that level of authority that seems to be abusing that authority, it impacts all of us," Rawlings-Blake said.In Annapolis, Delegate Curt Anderson, a Baltimore Democrat, wants an outside investigation of the incident on the video."I don't know if I have the authority, but I'm asking the Maryland State Police to investigate. Right now, with the police chief being suspended, I am not so sure the Baltimore City school police can investigate this incident properly," Anderson said.In tweet Wednesday, state Sen. Bill Ferguson, also a Baltimore Democrat wrote: "It's time for a top-to-bottom review of the Baltimore City Schools Police Department -- $8 million per year for police, yet $2.5 million per year on college advising."The video brings up another hot topic because the officer was armed. State law prohibits officers from having guns in school. It's unclear exactly where this incident occurred.WBAL-TV 11 News I-Team lead investigative reporter Jayne Miller and 11 News reporter Tim Tooten contributed to this story. Refresh wbaltv.com and our app, and watch 11 News for late-breaking updates.22874254
A video obtained by 11 News, which appears to show a Baltimore City Schools Police Department officer slapping and kicking a young man, will be investigated by the Baltimore Police Department.
Download the WBAL app
Jury returns verdict for officer in videotaped assault of student
Officer caught slapping student on video takes plea deal
City schools CEO to address police-school relations
Baltimore schools CEO continues investigation into officer slapping incident
Lawmaker calls for change at Baltimore schools after video incident
Video appears to show officer hitting person
City school officials told 11 News that the district got word of the incident late Tuesday afternoon along with a copy of the cellphone video.
The district official said the incident took place some time Tuesday morning at The REACH Partnership School, which is in the old Lake Clifton school complex.
The Baltimore Police Department's special investigation team will act as the primary investigators. The request for the criminal investigation was made by Akil Hamm, the acting chief of the Baltimore City Schools Police.
"This is the right thing to do in a case like this and I have assigned S.I.R.T. to handle all aspects of this criminal investigation," said Baltimore Police Commissioner Kevin Davis.
School officials initially said the young man in the video was not a student at the school. But on Friday, the district released a statement, saying, "The young man is believed to be a student on the school's roster."
The district said school staff couldn't identify the young man, but an investigator and media coverage helped them to identify him. He and his parents have been scheduled for an interview.
A lawyer for the young man told the 11 News I-Team Wednesday afternoon that the young man is a student at the school and they have school records to prove it. The lawyer said they believe officers made a mistake identifying the 16-year-old as an intruder, calling the incident an "unprovoked assault" that resulted in facial injuries.
Baltimore City School Police Union President Clyde Boatwright said Tuesday night that he met with the officer shortly after the video was made public.
"It is in the early stages of the investigation, and we look forward to a full and complete investigation and at this point we're just waiting for those results," Boatwright said.
By email, a Fraternal Order of Police lawyer for the officer said the young man became belligerent when asked to leave the property. He said there's more to the story than what the video shows, but he offered no detail.
11 News has confirmed that Baltimore City Schools Police Chief Marshall Goodwin has been placed on administrative leave as the school district investigates.
Both officers seen in the video have been placed on administrative leave with pay.
In a statement, district CEO Gregory Thornton said, "I am completely appalled and disappointed by what is depicted in the video. Our school police officers are entrusted with ensuring the safety of our students and staff, and I know that most of them take this job seriously while maintaining a high level of professionalism. The behavior in the video is completely unacceptable. We are confident that the process required by the Law Enforcement Officers' Bill of Rights will lead to a thorough review of the conduct."
School police say excessive force was used
School police said what took place at the school was "excessive force."
Explaining his reaction to the video, Hamm said the video is "troubling, very troubling being a father of two teenage sons. It's troubling for me."
"According to our use of force continuum, definitely excessive force was used, and we are looking at that force that was used. We are working with the State's Attorney's Office to try and look at everything and see how it transpired," Hamm said.
VIDEO: Lawmakers call for external review
Officer's background shows he was fired from previous job
The 11 News I-Team reported Thursday that the officer is Anthony Spence, 44, according to multiple sources.
Spence is in his 12th year as an officer with the Baltimore City School Police force. He was on full duty at the time of the incident and was fully armed.
Last Christmas Eve, there was an incident involving Spence and a family member at an east Baltimore rowhouse that resulted in city police being called. According to a police report, the family member claimed Spence threatened him with a gun during an argument. Other witnesses said that didn't happen. No one was arrested.
In 2011, a woman filed a temporary protective order against Spence in a domestic violence case. She withdrew it before a final order was entered.
In 2002, Spence and the president of the school police FOP were fired while working as deputy sheriffs in Baltimore. They had tried to arrest the wrong man at Lexington Market, who was injured in the fray. Both went on to be hired by the Baltimore City School Police.
The 11 News I-Team has learned that Spence's connection to Goodwin wasn't just professional. For nearly 10 years, Spence was thought to be the father of a girl who is the granddaughter of Goodwin's ex-wife. Recently, a DNA test proved Spence wasn't the father.
City school police force again under scrutiny
The videotaped incident again puts the city school police force under scrutiny, and the school system's ability to handle investigating its own.
This is the second time in 13 months that a school police officer has been caught on video using force.
Last January, an 11 News I-Team investigation revealed an incident in which school police Officer Lakisha Pulley hit and injured a middle school student with her baton. Pulley was criminally prosecuted.
At City Hall on Wednesday, the video brought an audible groan from the mayor.
"As a parent of a Baltimore City school student, I was appalled by what I saw. The behavior that was demonstrated on the video is certainly something you never want to see," Mayor Stephanie Rawlings-Blake said.
The mayor said the incident hurts the cause of repairing trust between police and communities.
"Anytime there is a person with that level of authority that seems to be abusing that authority, it impacts all of us," Rawlings-Blake said.
In Annapolis, Delegate Curt Anderson, a Baltimore Democrat, wants an outside investigation of the incident on the video.
"I don't know if I have the authority, but I'm asking the Maryland State Police to investigate. Right now, with the police chief being suspended, I am not so sure the Baltimore City school police can investigate this incident properly," Anderson said.
In tweet Wednesday, state Sen. Bill Ferguson, also a Baltimore Democrat wrote: "It's time for a top-to-bottom review of the Baltimore City Schools Police Department -- $8 million per year for police, yet $2.5 million per year on college advising."
The video brings up another hot topic because the officer was armed. State law prohibits officers from having guns in school. It's unclear exactly where this incident occurred.
WBAL-TV 11 News I-Team lead investigative reporter Jayne Miller and 11 News reporter Tim Tooten contributed to this story.
Refresh wbaltv.com and our app, and watch 11 News for late-breaking updates.


If you like to keep things organized, then the Atlanta Braves Ripple Zip Wallet is a great addition to your wallet collection! Two zippered sections have card holders, an id slot, and a +pocket for your smart phone. Designed in team colors, this wallet from Little Earth is finished with an applique team logo.


text:
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Shepherd's Beaked Whale
Scientific name: Tasmacetus shepherdi
Alternative name/s:
Tasman Whales
shepherdi
Tasmacetus
Ziphidae
Odontoceti
The maximum length, recorded for a male specimen, is 7.1m and weight 2.0-2.7 tonnes.
Shepherd's Beaked Whales, are known only from less than thirty stranded animals and a few unconfirmed sightings of live animals.
Alternative name/s
The species was described by W. B. B. Oliver in 1937 from a nearly complete skeleton collected by Mr G. Shepherd, a curator at the Wanganui Alexander Museum in New Zealand. The skeleton of this whale is now on display in the Wanganui Regional Museum.
Shepherd's Beaked Whales are dark brownish-black above and paler on the sides and belly. There may be a light patch on the front of the head. A pale area, continuous with the belly colouration, extends onto the sides above, and in front of, the flippers. The body and flanks may also have light longitudinal or diagonal patches on each side. Shepherd's is the only species of beaked whale with a full set of functional teeth in the upper and lower jaws of both sexes. There are 17-21 teeth in the upper jaw and 17-28 in the lower jaw. Adult males have an additional larger pair of teeth near the tip of the lower jaw. Based on comparisons with other beaked whales, the calves should be about 3m in length at birth. The dorsal fin is about 0.3m high, hooked, and positioned far back on the body, between 60 and 70% of the distance from the beak, to the tail flukes. The beak is distinct from the forehead and is slender at the tip, almost pointed. The melon is moderately developed and has a broad, steep front. The flippers are short and tapered.
Accurate species identification is difficult for this and most other species of beaked whale, even for stranded animals. Identification of females and juveniles can be particularly problematic. Generally, while cranial anatomy and tooth morphology are useful, the distinguishing features may apply only to adults. However, the presence of a full set of teeth in both sexes makes the identification of stranded Shepherd's Beaked Whales comparatively straightforward.
Recently, molecular genetic techniques have been applied to the identification of beaked whales. A database of mitochondrial DNA sequences has been compiled for all known species, making it possible to reliably assign individual animals to a particular species.
Shepherd's Beaked Whales are found only in the Southern Hemisphere, in deep, cool offshore waters between 30°S and 50°S. Most strandings have occurred in New Zealand, with others found in Western Australia, South Australia, South America and South Africa.
Feeding and diet
Little is known about the diet of this species. The stomach of one stranded female from Argentina contained bottom-dwelling fish and crabs. They probably also feed on squid, and possibly echinoderms (sea urchins and starfish) found on the sea floor.
Life history cycle
These whales are mainly known from stranded dead animals. They are rarely seen at sea due to their deep-ocean distribution, elusive behaviour, and possible low numbers, so virtually nothing is known of the breeding and general behaviour of this species. The female found in Argentina was 6.6m long and seemed to be reproductively mature.
Baker, A. N. 1999. Whales and Dolphins of Australia and New Zealand: an identification guide. Allen & Unwin, St Leonards.
Bryden, M., Marsh, H. & Shaughnessy, P. 1998. Dugongs, Whales, Dolphins and Seals. A guide to the sea mammals of Australasia. Allen & Unwin, St Leonards.
Carwardine, M. 2000. Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises. Dorling Kindersley, London.
Dalebout, M. L., van Helden, A. van Waerebeek, K, and Baker, C. S. 1998. Molecular genetic identification of Southern Hemisphere beaked whales. Molecular Ecology 7: 687-694.
Mead, J. G. 1989. Chapter 12. Shepherd's beaked whale Tasmacetus shepherdi Oliver, 1937. In Handbook of Marine Mammals. Pp. 309-320. (Eds S. H. Ridgeway and S. R. Harrison.) Academic Press, London.
Menkhorst, P. 2001. A Field Guide to Mammals of Australia. Oxford University Press, Melbourne, Australia.
Reeves, R. R., Stewart, B. S., Clapham, P. J. and Powell, J. A. 2002. Shepherd's Beaked Whale. In National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World. Pp. 264-265. Chanticleer Press, Inc., New York.
Help us to protect our vital natural and cultural heritage for generations to come. With your support, our scientists, explorers and educators can continue to do their groundbreaking work.
Neophoca cinerea
Parma Wallaby
Notamacropus parma
Phascolarctos cinereus
Ginkgo-toothed Beaked Whale
Mesoplodon ginkgodens
Yellow-footed Rock-wallaby
Petrogale xanthopus
Drop Bear
Danger to humans
Physeter macrocephalus
Flying-Foxes – The bush refugees
Eastern Pygmy Possum
Cercartetus nanus
Mountain Pygmy Possum
Burramys parvus
Delphinus delphis
Black-striped Wallaby
Notamacropus dorsalis
Longman's Beaked Whale
Longman's Beaked Whales are the least well known of all cetaceans. Until recently, this species was known from only two specimens, including a skull and lower jaw found at Mackay in northern Queensland in 1822.
Indopacetus pacificus
Cuvier's Beaked Whale
Cuvier's Beaked Whale has a wide distribution and has been observed at sea more often than many other beaked whale species.
Ziphius cavirostris
Blood and Bone
Australian Museum Research Institute scientist Dr Sandy Ingleby describes the evolving art of cleaning a whale carcass.
Digging for whale bones
Australian Museum scientists are in the process of excavating three complete whale skeletons from Lord Howe Island.
Strap-toothed Whale
The common name of the Strap-toothed Whale refers to the unusual strap-like teeth of adult males.
Mesoplodon layardii
Arnoux's Beaked Whale
One hundred and fifty years ago a skull collected from a 9.7m whale stranded in Akaroa Harbour, Banks Peninsula, New Zealand was found to represent a new species of beaked whale.
Berardius arnuxii
The Common Dolphin is a slender streamlined dolphin with a moderately long beak, tall dorsal fin and large tapering flippers.
Southern Bottlenose Whale
The Southern Bottlenose Whale was described by William Flower in 1882 from a beach-worn skull found on Lewis Isle in the Dampier Archipelago of north-western Australia. This remains the most northerly record for this species.
Hyperoodon planifrons
True's Beaked Whale
So excited by his discovery of True's Beaked Whale, Frederick True gave it the species name 'mirus', meaning 'wonderful'.
Mesoplodon mirus
Gray's Beaked Whale
Gray's Beaked Whale is the second-most commonly stranded of the beaked whales in Australia, and is the most common beaked whale to strand in New Zealand.
Mesoplodon grayi
Hector's Beaked Whale
This species of beaked whale was named in 1871 after the James Hector, the curator of the Wellington Museum in New Zealand (now the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa).
Mesoplodon hectori
This species was described by Japanese scientists, Nishiwaki and Kamiya, in 1958 from an animal stranded on a beach near Tokyo.
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text:
Q: Unity Standard Physics Materials Please tell me how I can add standard physical materials to the project? like wood,metal,ice,etc..
in one guide I saw that as follows Standard Assets → PhysicsMaterials but I can't find the Standard Assets tab. (probably, this guide is no longer relevant)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange