text:
\section{Introduction} \label{sec.intro}

The study of granular matter have attracted a large attention not only because of its numerous applications to describe natural and industrial processes, but also because it serves as an excellent prototype of non-equilibrium systems, where it is possible to test different hypothesis and models. For example, and to simply mention a few, it has been possible to study in detail the fluctuation theorems~\cite{aumaitre2001power, PhysRevLett.92.164301, PhysRevLett.108.210604}, the extension of kinetic theory when the spatio-temporal scales are not completely separated~\cite{kadanoff1999built,goldhirsch2003rapid,PoschelKT}, the effect of correlations in the development of giant density fluctuations~\cite{Narayan105}, or the formation of patterns and structures~\cite{AransonPattern}.

Of particular interest is the quasi-two-dimensional (Q2D) geometry, where grains are placed in a shallow box, which is  vertically vibrated. Here, if the box height is smaller than two grain diameters, it is possible to follow experimentally the motion of all grains. Together with the possibility to manipulate the interparticle interactions, this access to the global response and motion at the grain scale, make this geometry particularly relevant to build the statistical thermodynamics of non-equilibrium systems~\cite{Review2016}. Q2D systems have been extensively analyzed both numerically and through simulations~\cite{Olafsen,Losert,Prevost,Melby,Reyes,Clerc,Argentina}. In the pioneer works of Olafsen and Urbach~\cite{Olafsen}, and Losert \textit{et al.}~\cite{Losert}, it was shown that a Q2D granular gas presents both clustering and ordering transitions for low vibration amplitudes. For large vibration amplitudes, it was shown that when the vibration amplitude or filling density surpasses  a certain threshold, a solid-liquid-like transition takes place, and furthermore, different solid phases appear depending  on the filling fraction and box height~\cite{Prevost,Melby}.
This phase separation is produced by a negative compressibility in the associated 2D state equation and it was shown that in the transition, the pressure as a function of the density reaches a plateau as in the van der Waals case~\cite{Clerc}.
Other aspects of the dynamics of Q2D as  the effect of forcing, dissipation, and inelasticity, together with the implementation of effective 2D models have been studied in detail as well (see review~\cite{Review2016} and references therein).

Using two Q2D configurations of different heights and global densities, it was shown experimentally that the liquid to solid transition could be either continuous or discontinuous for the crystalline order parameter when increasing the vibration amplitude~\cite{PhysRevLett.109.095701}. In the continuous case, five critical exponents were measured, which present universality properties when compared to other experiments where the plate mechanical properties were changed~\cite{PhysRevLett.109.095701,PhysRevE.91.012141}.
Our objective in this article is twofold: on one hand, we aim to reconcile the fact that the transition has two different characters  when changing the height and, on the other hand, to test the universality of the exponents found experimentally. To do so, we analyze the system through molecular dynamics (MD) simulations~\cite{MRC,poschel2005computational}. This approach has an inherent advantage: the parameters,  particularly the height of the box, can be varied continuously unlike in the experimental counterpart. It is found that a tricritical point appears in the amplitude--height parameter space, where the continuous and discontinuous transitions converge.
The universality is analyzed by considering dissipation coefficients that are quite different to those used experimentally.
We observe, also, that two is the lower critical dimension for the existence of the tricritical point as quasi-one-dimensional systems do not show continuous transitions.

The plan of the paper is as follows. In Section~\ref{sec.setup} we describe the configuration under study, the order parameter that characterizes the liquid to solid transition and its main properties. Section~\ref{sec.simuq2d} describes the simulation method and parameters, and presents the results for quasi-two-dimensional systems. The case of  quasi-one-dimensional systems, where larger wavelengths can be achieved, is analyzed in Section~\ref{sec.simuq1d}. Finally, a discussion on the results is given in Section~\ref{sec.discussion}.

\section{Liquid to solid transition in Q2D systems} \label{sec.setup}

Figure~\ref{Q2D system} presents the quasi-two-dimensional geometry under study. $N$ monodisperse spherical grains of diameter $\sigma$ are placed in a shallow box of large lateral dimensions, $L_x,L_y\gg \sigma$, while the height is limited to the range $\sigma<h<2\sigma$. The whole box is vibrated vertically with angular frequency $\omega$ and amplitude $A$, in presence of a gravity acceleration $g$. In experiments, the oscillation waveform is sinusoidal, while in simulations  a bi-parabolic waveform is used for higher accuracy \cite{godoy2008rise}. The collisions between grains and with the top and bottom walls are inelastic and frictional. For fixed geometrical and mechanical parameters, and keeping constant the frequency, a transition takes place when increasing the amplitude. Below the threshold amplitude a homogeneous (except for boundary effects near the lateral walls) fluid-like state develops and above this threshold, a solid-like cluster forms surrounded by the liquid phase. Depending on the height and the amplitude of oscillation, the solid cluster presents  crystalline phases of different symmetries~\cite{Melby}. In the range of parameters used in Refs.~\cite{PhysRevLett.109.095701,PhysRevE.91.012141}, the crystal consists on two intercalated layers of square symmetry.

 \begin{figure}[htb]
 \includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{caja_revisado.pdf}
 \caption{Shallow box system of lateral dimensions $L_x,L_y\gg \sigma$ and height in the range $\sigma<h<2\sigma$. A grain is shown as reference. The whole box is vibrated vertically with amplitude $A$ and angular frequency $\omega$ in presence of gravity.\label{Q2D system}}
 \end{figure}

Experimentally, the density fluctuations did not reveal any critical behavior near the transition. However, the transition manifests when analyzing the fourfold bond-orientational order parameter: for each particle $j$, we compute
\begin{equation}
\chi_4^j=\frac{1}{N_j}\sum_{s=1}^{N_j}e^{4i \alpha _s^j},
\end{equation}
where $N_j$ is the number of nearest neighbors and $\alpha_s^j$ is the angle of the two-dimensional projection of the relative vector $\textbf{r}_s-\textbf{r}_j$ with respect to an arbitrary fixed axis. Note that $0\le|\chi_4^j|\le1$, reaching its maximum value when the particle is in a perfect square lattice. The time average of the module of $\chi _4$
\begin{equation}
\left<|\chi _4| \right>=\left< \frac{1}{N}\sum_{j=1}^N|\chi_4^j|\right>,
\end{equation}
computed in the steady state, is an order parameter that measures the fraction of particles in the ordered phase. Two configurations were used in Ref.~\cite{PhysRevLett.109.095701}:  C1, with $h=1.83\sigma$, and C2, with  $h=1.94\sigma$. In both cases, for amplitudes larger than a threshold, $\left<|\chi _4 |\right>$ increases its value. For C1 there is a discontinuous jump, while for  C2 the order parameter changes continuously although with discontinuous (apparently diverging) derivative.

Below the threshold amplitude, still in the liquid phase, small crystalline patches with square symmetry, of finite size and lifetime, coexist  with the liquid environment. Their existence is evidenced by the analysis of the Fourier components of $\chi _4$, \begin{equation}
\widehat{\chi}_4\left(\bm k,t \right)=\sum_{j=1}^N\chi_4^je^{i\bm k \cdot\bm r_j(t)},
\end{equation}
where their fluctuations are computed with the fourfold bond-orientational structure factor
\begin{equation}
S_4(\bm k)=\frac{\left<|\widehat{\chi}_4(\bm k,t)-\left< \widehat{\chi}_4(\bm k,t)\right>|^2 \right>}{N}.
\end{equation}
For both configurations, it was found that $S_4$ showed an Ornstein-Zernike-like behavior in the limit $k\sigma\ll1$, $S_4(k)\approx S_4(0)/[1+(\xi _4 k)^2]$, where  $\xi_4$ is the fourfold correlation length and $S_4(0)$ is the associated static susceptibility. While no critical behavior was found for C1, for C2 two critical exponents were found, associated to the divergence of $\xi_4$ and $S_4(0)$ at the transition.

\section{Simulations of quasi-two-dimensional systems} \label{sec.simuq2d}

We study the system through three-dimensional MD simulations, using the inelastic hard sphere model \cite{MRC,poschel2005computational}, with identical spherical grains and using periodic boundary conditions for the lateral walls.
The fixed parameters of the simulation are the Q2D number density $\phi _{2D}\equiv N\sigma^2/L_xL_y=0.9875$, with $L_x=L_y$, and the normalized frequency of oscillations of the container $\omega \sqrt{\sigma/g}=5$. Also fixed are the grain-grain and grain-wall friction coefficients $\mu = 0.03$ and restitution coefficients $\alpha=0.998$, respectively. These values were chosen by inspection to ensure the appearance of clusters with square symmetry in the range of heights $1.73\sigma\leq h\leq 1.85\sigma$.

We remark that the friction coefficients chosen in this work are one order of magnitude below the experimental values. This difference has its origin in that in simulations, particles are perfectly spherical and the plates are also perfectly flat, contrary to experiments, where slight roughness and imperfections are present. Hence, in simulations using dissipation coefficients similar to the experimental ones, the particles reach states with no horizontal motion~\cite{AbsorbingState}.
For a quantitative comparison with experiments at comparable densities, simulations had to include explicitly these effects, which allow to achieve fluidized states in experiments even for low particle concentrations~\cite{PhysRevLett.106.088001}.

Nonetheless, using perfect spheres and flat walls, our simulations reproduce the geometrical properties of the solid cluster and are therefore appropriate for the purposes declared in the Introduction. Figure \ref{fig.squarecluster} shows a cluster in its stationary regime. Its size and shape remain approximately constant unlike its orientation, which displays Brownian rotation.

 \begin{figure}[htb]
 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth]{mapachi4periodico5.pdf}
 \caption{Cluster with square symmetry obtained in simulations in a system of $N=1580$ particles in box with lateral size $40\sigma\times40\sigma$ and height $h=1.8\sigma$. The amplitude is $A=0.2\sigma$. The color code indicates the absolute value of $\chi_4$ for each particle. Grains have been drawn at a smaller size, with diameter $\approx 0.8\sigma$, to appreciate the crystalline structure of the cluster. Had they been depicted with their real size, the two layers would have overlapped when projected in 2D~\cite{Prevost}.}
\label{fig.squarecluster}
 \end{figure}

\subsection{Fourfold Bond-Orientational Parameter: Phase Space}

As in the experiments, depending on the height $h$ we found two kinds of transitions for $\left<|\chi _4|\right>$ as a function of the amplitude $A$ (see Fig.~\ref{fig.transition}). For the continuous transition, $\left<|\chi _4|\right>$ can be modeled as $\chi_4^L+\Delta \chi_4$, where $\chi_4^L=aA+b$ is the linear trend observed prior the transition, and
\begin{align}
\Delta \chi_4=c\left(A-A_c\right)^{\beta} \label{eq.powerlaw}
\end{align}
is the power-like behavior observed after the transition. Fitting the results to the model as described in Ref.~\cite{PhysRevLett.109.095701}, we obtain $\beta=0.56\pm0.18$ and the non-universal parameters  $a$, $b$, $c$, and $A_c$; the fitted parameters for different heights and system sizes are presented in Table~\ref{table.fitvalues}.

 \begin{figure}[htb]
 \includegraphics[width=0.8\columnwidth]{{transicion_primerorden_h1.74_v2}.pdf}\\
 \includegraphics[width=0.73\columnwidth]{{transicion_segundoorden_h1.8_v2}.pdf}
 \caption{Liquid to solid transition as evidenced by the order parameter $\left<|\chi _4| \right>$ when increasing the amplitude. Above the transition amplitude, stable solid clusters form. The error bars indicate the standard deviation. Top: discontinuous transition for $h=1.74\sigma$, where the inset evidences the existence of bistability. Bottom: continuous transitions for $h=1.8\sigma$. The solid line is the fit close to the transition to determine the critical exponent.}
 \label{fig.transition}
 \end{figure}

\begin{table}[htb]
\caption{Critical exponent $\beta$ and amplitude $A_c$ for different values of system sizes and box heights in the region of the continuous transition. The values are obtained using the fitting protocol described in Ref.~\cite{PhysRevLett.109.095701}.}
\begin{tabular}{cccD{.}{.}{1.3}D{.}{.}{1.6}D{.}{.}{1.7}}
$L_x/\sigma$ & $L_y/\sigma$ & $N$ & \multicolumn{1}{c}{$h/\sigma$} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{$\beta$} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{$A_c/\sigma$}  \\
\hline
  40  & 40 & 1580 & 1.8 & 0.56(18) & 0.093(1)\\
  60  & 60 & 3555 & 1.82 & 0.51(1) & 0.094(1)\\
  71  & 71 & 5000 & 1.82 & 0.40(1) & 0.091(1)\\
  71  & 71 & 5000 & 1.825 & 0.44(1) & 0.094(1)\\
  80  & 80 & 6320 & 1.83 & 0.50(1) & 0.095(1)\\
  90  & 90 & 7999 & 1.83 & 0.44(1) & 0.094(1)\\
  90  & 90 & 7999 & 1.84 & 0.52(1) & 0.101(1)\\
 100 & 100 & 9875 & 1.84 & 0.52(1) & 0.099(1) \\
 100 & 100 & 9875 & 1.85 & 0.54(2) & 0.109(1)
\end{tabular}
\label{table.fitvalues}
\end{table}

Analyzing $\left<|\chi _4|\right>$ it is possible to build the transition diagram in the amplitude--height phase space, which is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig.phasespace} for $N=1580$, together with typical configurations in the vicinity of the transition line. Increasing the amplitude, the liquid to solid transition takes place, where a solid cluster forms. For small heights the transition is discontinuous with a small region of bistability, while for larger heights the transition is continuous. A tricritical point  separates the two cases. In the explored region of parameters, the discontinuous transition does not show a lower critical point and apparently the transition exists up to large values of $A$. The continuous transition, on the other hand, ends in an upper critical point. The position of the transition line and the critical points are identified with adequate order parameters. The discontinuous transitions line is characterized noting that the solid-like cluster remains with finite size until the transition. Computing the probability distribution function for $\left<|\chi _4|\right>$ it is found that it presents two peaks, one corresponding to the homogeneous liquid phase and another, at higher values, associated to the cluster. The order parameter $P_c$ is the area below this second peak (the probability to get a cluster), which vanishes continuously when decreasing $h$ for fixed amplitude, with a power law $P_c\sim(h-h_1)^{0.66}$,  marking the position of the transition line (see Fig.~\ref{fig.orderparameters}-top). The bistability region is recognized by direct observations of the configurations at different instants of time for fixed parameters.
The position of the tricritical point is determined by analyzing $\Delta$, the jump of $\left<|\chi _4|\right>$ at the discontinuous transition, when increasing $A$ at fixed heights (see Fig.~\ref{fig.transition}-top). Figure \ref{fig.orderparameters}-middle shows $\Delta$, which vanishes at the tricritical point, with a power law $\Delta\sim(h_2-h)$. Finally, the upper critical point that ends the continuous line is determined by the study of the fitting parameter $c$ in Eq.~(\ref{eq.powerlaw}), which measures the amplitude of the ordered phase, and vanishes at the upper critical point as $c\sim(h_3-h)$ (see Fig.~\ref{fig.orderparameters}-bottom).

We also analyzed different system sizes, keeping all the intensive parameters fixed. Similar qualitative behaviors are found up to largest studied case, $N=9875$, finding the same values for the critical exponent $\beta$ and similar values for the two critical points   (see Tables~\ref{table.fitvalues}  and \ref{table.criticalpoints}). In particular, the tricritical and upper critical points remain always at finite distance along the transition line and converge to finite values in the thermodynamic limit.

 \begin{figure}[htb]
  \includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{DiagFaseconMapas5.pdf}
 \caption{Amplitude--height phase space of the transition for $N=1580$ particles, where the shaded region represents the bistablilty of the system. The dashed lines denote the discontinuous transitions, whereas the solid lines the  continuous ones. The tricritical point is indicated by an empty circle while the upper critical point at the end of the continuous transition by a black circle. The arrow indicates that up to the highest values of $A$ the discontinuous transition is present, without any evidence of a lower critical point. In all cases we explore the phase space until no transition was found.  The position of the tricritical and critical points for other values of $N$ are indicated in Table~\ref{table.criticalpoints}. Typical configurations for special points in the parameter space are displayed.
 }
\label{fig.phasespace}
 \end{figure}

\begin{figure}
 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth]{{plotPcvsHN1580A0.108toA.148_wHistogram_v4}.pdf}\\
 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth]{{deltaVsHN1580}.pdf}\\
 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth]{{cVsHN1580}.pdf}
 \caption{Order parameters $P_c$ to the power $\gamma$ (top), $\Delta$ (middle), and $c$ (bottom) as a function of the box height $h$, for $N=1580$ particles, where $P_c$ has been averaged over the range $A=0.108$ to $A=0.148$. The discontinuous transition line, the tricritical point, and the upper critical point are identified by the vanishing of  $P_c$, $\Delta$, and $c$, respectively. The inset (top) shows the probability density function for $h=1.615$ as an example. The exponent $\gamma$ has been fitted to 1.5, for which $P_c^\gamma$ vanishes linearly. }
 \label{fig.orderparameters}
\end{figure}

\begin{table}[htb]
\caption{Position (amplitude $A$ and height $h$) of the tricritical and upper critical points in Q2D systems for different system sizes, indicated by the number of particles $N$. The thermodynamic limit $N=\infty$ is obtained extrapolating all measured values with  $X(N)=X_\infty - X_1/N$.}
\begin{tabular}{p{4em}p{4em} p{4em} p{4em} p{4em} }
$N$ &  $A_{\text{tri}}/\sigma$ & $h_{\text{tri}}/\sigma$ & $A_{\text{up.cri}}/\sigma$ & $h_{\text{up.cri}}/\sigma$ \\
\hline
 1580 & 0.077  & 1.770  & 0.090 & 1.800\\
 3555 & 0.086  & 1.805  & 0.102 & 1.830\\
 5000 & 0.088  & 1.815  & 0.105 & 1.840\\
 6320 & 0.086  & 1.815  & 0.119 & 1.850\\
 7999 & 0.088  & 1.822  & 0.113 & 1.850\\
 9875 & 0.089  & 1.825  & 0.109 & 1.850\\
$\infty$ & 0.091(1) & 1.834(1) & 0.117(3) & 1.861(2)
 \end{tabular}
\label{table.criticalpoints}
\end{table}

\subsection{Fourfold Structure Factor} \label{sec.Sk}

We analyze the fourfold bond-orientational structure factor, $S_4(k)$, to obtain the critical properties when approaching the transition. For both kinds of transitions, an Ornstein-Zernike behavior is found in the limit of small wave number $k\sigma\ll 1$, $S_4(k)\approx S_4(0)/\left[1+(\xi_4 k)^2\right]$, as shown in Fig.~\ref{Lorentzian}. We focus our interest in the continuous case since it was found experimentally that both $S_4(0)$ and $\xi _4$ diverge, following a power law just before the transition. In order to have the largest amount of data, we analyzed the biggest system ($N=9875$) considering that $\Delta k$ scales as $1/L_{x/y}$.
Nevertheless, neither $S_4(0)$ nor $\xi_4$ reveal any critical behavior close to the continuous transition and only present a rapid increase after the transition, due to the presence of a stable cluster, which does not correspond to critical fluctuations. Figure~\ref{s4xi4_vsk} presents both $S_4(0)$ $\xi_4$ for a box height close to the upper critical point. Similar figures are obtained for all values of $h$ between the tricritical and upper critical point.  We interpret this suppression of critical fluctuations as resulting from crossover effects of the tricritical point, which is always close to the upper critical one (see Table~\ref{table.criticalpoints}).
The same phenomena are found for the smaller systems with the exception of the smallest one ($N=1580$) for which it was not possible to fit $S_4(k)$ due to the large value of $\Delta k$.

 \begin{figure}[htb]
 \includegraphics[width=0.8\columnwidth]{OrnsteinZernikeN3555wArrow.pdf}
 \caption{Fourfold structure factor $S_4(k)$ for $N=3555$ and $h=1.82\sigma$, before (blue) and after (red) the transition, for increasing values of a amplitude as indicated by the arrow. The critical amplitude is $A_c\approx 0.094 \sigma$. }
 \label{Lorentzian}
\end{figure}

 \begin{figure}[htb]
 \includegraphics[width=0.49\columnwidth]{{S4zeroajusteh1.8500_3}.pdf}
 \includegraphics[width=0.49\columnwidth]{{xi4ajusteh1.8500_3}.pdf}\\
 \includegraphics[width=0.49\columnwidth]{{loglogS4zeroajusteh1.8500_2}.pdf}
 \includegraphics[width=0.49\columnwidth]{{loglogxi4ajusteh1.8500_2}.pdf}\\
 \caption{Static susceptibility $S_4(0)$ and correlation length $\xi _4$ for $N=9875$ and $h=1.85\sigma$ as a function of the amplitude $A$ (top) and the reduced amplitude $\epsilon=(A_c-A)/A_c$ in log-log scale with $A_c=0.109\sigma$ (bottom). The vertical dashed lines indicate the position of $A_c$.}
 \label{s4xi4_vsk}
 \end{figure}

\section{Simulations of quasi-one-dimensional systems} \label{sec.simuq1d}
We investigate whether the lack of critical behavior in $\xi_4$ and $S_4(0)$ is due to finite size effects. To limit the computational costs of the simulation, we use a rectangular systems of dimensions $L_x=180$ and $L_y=40$, with $N=7110$, keeping  the same value for $\phi _{2D}$ as in the square systems. At the same time, this allows us to achieve smaller wavenumbers, obtaining more accurate Lorentzian fits to $S(k)$. Figure~\ref{rectangularCluster} reveals the nature of the clusters that appear in this system: they are rings in this toroidal geometry (due to the periodic boundary conditions). Rotation is practically forbidden since it would imply the rupture of the cluster, which is energetically costly.
 \begin{figure}[htb]
 \includegraphics[width=1\columnwidth]{cluster_cinta4.pdf}
 \caption{Typical cluster in the rectangular geometry for $h=1.8\sigma$ and $A=0.1\sigma$. The cluster consists of a rectangular strip that crosses the periodic boundary.}
 \label{rectangularCluster}
 \end{figure}

Performing the same analysis as in the previous section, we sketch the phase space associated to the transition in Fig.~\ref{ps1D}. It is found that the continuous transition is absent, and that the discontinuous one ends up abruptly in an upper critical point. Thus, no information could be obtained regarding the critical behavior in this geometry. Other choices of the simulation parameters give consistent results.

 \begin{figure}[htb]
 \includegraphics[width=0.8\columnwidth]{espParN7110Rectangular_3.pdf}
 \caption{Phase space of the rectangular system. The dashed line indicates a discontinuous transition, ending in a critical point (gray circle). The arrow indicates that  the discontinuous transition is present up to the highest $A$, without any evidence of a lower critical point.}
 \label{ps1D}
 \end{figure}

\section{Discussion} \label{sec.discussion}

The compatibility between the discontinuous and continuous liquid to solid transitions obtained in the experiments is understood by analyzing the amplitude-height phase space using molecular dynamics simulations. A tricritical point is found in this space, where the two types of transitions merge. For heights smaller than the tricritical value, the transition is discontinuous, while for higher values the transition is continuous presenting some critical properties (with five critical laws measured in experiments, while in simulations we achieved to measure only one). The continuous transition ends in an upper critical point. For the studied parameters, the distance between tricritical and upper critical points is not large enough, resulting in important crossover effects that for large systems blur any critical behavior related to the fourfold bond-orientational structure factor $S_4(k)$ in the continuous transitions.

In this article we have also given evidence of the universality of the critical behavior associated to the fourfold bond-orientational parameter $\left<|\chi _4| \right>$. Varying the system size and the box height, and using friction coefficients different to experiments, we obtained a very robust value of the exponent $\beta =1/2$, in total agreement with the experimental results. Nevertheless, the situation is totally different regarding the fourfold structure factor, for which no critical dynamics is found near the transition point. In fact, both $S_4(0)$ and $\xi _4$ do not present divergences close to the transition.

Rectangular systems revealed a different situation. The new topological nature of the clusters changes the type of transitions obtained in the system, eliminating the continuous one. This modification of the phase-space can be related to the effective dimensional reduction, as the rectangular geometry behaves like a quasi-one-dimensional system. We can speculate therefore, that  two is the lower dimension  in order to have a tricritical point.

\begin{acknowledgments}
This research was supported by the Fondecyt Grant No.~1140778. M.G.~acknowledges the  CONICYT PFCHA Magister Nacional Scholarship 2016--22162176.
\end{acknowledgments}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
\section{Introduction}

Recent laboratory experiments with ultracold gases of fermionic atoms
allow to investigate dense Fermi systems with their coupling strength
tunable via Feshbach resonances by applying external magnetic fields.
After the preparation of fermionic dimers in 2003,
now also their Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC)
\cite{Greiner:2003,Zwierlein:2003zz} and superfluidity of these dimers has
been observed \cite{Zwierlein:2005,Greiner:2003a}.
Besides this strong coupling regime, for weak attractive interactions
at low enough temperatures the condensation of bosonic correlations
(Cooper pairs) in the continuum of unbound states occurs
according to the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) theory.

The BEC-BCS crossover is physically related \cite{Calzetta:2006}
to the bound state dissociation or Mott-Anderson delocalization transition
\cite{Mott:1968zz} where the modification of the effective coupling strength is
caused by electronic screening and/or Pauli blocking effects.
The Mott transition is a very general effect expected to occur in a wide
variety of dense Fermi systems with bound states
such as
deuterons in nuclear matter \cite{Schmidt:1990,Stein:1995,Schnell:1999tu}
or diquarks in quark matter
\cite{Kitazawa:2001ft,Blaschke:2004cs,Blaschke:2005uj,Ebert:1992ag}.
Below a critical temperature, bosonic correlations form a condensate and this
transition appears as BEC-BCS crossover, which in quark matter is of particular
theoretical interest due to the ultrarelativistic regime for massless
(Goldstone) bosons \cite{Abuki:2006dv,Deng:2006ed,Sun:2007fc}.

A systematic treatment of these effects is possible within the path integral
formulation for finite-temperature quantum field theories.
This approach is rather general as it is relativistic and is especially suited
to take into account the effects of spontaneous symmetry breaking.
In this contribution we sketch the basics of this approach on the
example of a model field theory of the Nambu--Jona-Lasinio type for a
relativistic strongly interacting Fermi system, see \cite{Buballa:2003qv}
for a recent review.
These investigations are also motivated by the analogies of the strongly
coupled quark-gluon plasma (sQGP) at Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC)
in Brookhaven \cite{Shuryak:2006ap} with the experiments on BEC of atoms in
traps.
The further development of the approach may provide qualiative insights
into the phases of QCD at high densities like the recently suggested
quarkyonic phase
\cite{McLerran:2007qj,McLerran:2008ua,Abuki:2008nm}.
Possible evidence for a triple point related to this new phase
comes from hadron production in heavy-ion collision experiments
\cite{Andronic:2009gj} to be further investigated at upcoming dedicated
facilities, e.g., CBM @ FAIR Darmstadt, NICA @ JINR Dubna.

\section{Formalism}
\subsection{Model Langrangian and mean field approximation}
Our starting point is a NJL-type Lagrangian for three colors and two flavors,
motivated from Fierz transformed one-gluon exchange
\begin{multline}
\mathcal{L} = \bar{q}(  {\rm i}\partial_\mu\gamma^\mu - m_0)q
+ G_S\big[\left(\bar{q}q\right)^2
+\left(\bar{q}{\rm i}\gamma_5{\bf \tau}q\right)^2\big]
\\
+ G_D \sum_{A=2,5,7}(\bar{q} {\rm i}\gamma_5 C \tau_2 \lambda_A \bar{q}^T )
       (q^T {\rm i}C\gamma_5 \tau_2 \lambda_A  q)~,
\end{multline}
with $C={\rm i}\gamma_2\gamma_0$ being the charge conjugation matrix,
$\tau=(\tau_1,\tau_2,\tau_3)$ and $\tau_i$ the Pauli matrices in flavor space
and $\lambda_A$ the anti-symmetric Gell-Mann matrices in color space.
The parameter choice $m_0=5$ MeV, $G_S\Lambda^2=2.1$ and $\Lambda=653$ MeV
reproduces the vacuum pion mass and decay constant.

For this model Lagrangian we can give the partition function in its bosonized
form
\begin{eqnarray}
	\mathcal{Z}=
\int {\mathcal D}\Delta^*{\mathcal D}\Delta {\mathcal D}\sigma {\mathcal D}\pi
\exp\left\{
-\int^\beta d^4x \frac{\sigma^2+\pi^2}{4G_S}+\frac{|\Delta|^2}{4G_D}
\right\}
\det S^{-1}~,
\end{eqnarray}
where diquark ($\Delta^*,~\Delta$) and meson ($\sigma,~\pi$) degrees of freedom
appear as collective fields instead of the quark ones which have been
integrated out leading to the determinant of the quark propagator $S$ in
Nambu-Gorkov representation.
For details of the further calculation we refer to \cite{Blaschke:2008uf}.
By minimizing the thermodynamical potential, we obtain gap equations which need
to be solved self-consistently.
The corresponding order parameters then characterize the phase structure of
the model.

\subsection{Gaussian fluctuations and polarization matrix}
We expand around the mean field Nambu-Gorkov quark propagator
$S_{MF}
	\equiv
	\Bigl(
	\begin{smallmatrix}
		G^+&
		F^-
		\\
		F^+&
		G^-&
	\end{smallmatrix}
	\Bigr)~,
$ up to second order in the  matrix
$
	\Sigma
	\equiv
	\Bigl(
	\begin{smallmatrix}
		-(\sigma+\pi^+)&
		\delta^-
		\\
		\delta^+&
		-(\sigma+\pi^-)&
	\end{smallmatrix}
	\Bigr)~,
$
and obtain
\begin{eqnarray}
	\ln\det S^{-1}
	=
	\Tr\ln S_{MF}^{-1}
	+
	\Tr\Big(S_{MF}\Sigma-\frac{1}{2}S_{MF}\Sigma S_{MF}\Sigma\Big)
	+ {\mathcal O} (\Sigma^3)~.
\end{eqnarray}
The fluctuations of the collective fields can be decomposed according to:
$\pi^{+/-}\equiv {\rm i}\gamma_5\tau^{/t}\cdot\pi$,
$\delta^{+/-}\equiv {\rm i}\gamma_5\tau_2\lambda_2\delta^{*/}$,
and their amplitudes can be arranged in the vector
$\vec{\phi} \equiv \{\pi,\sigma,\delta, \delta^{*}\}$.
Performing the trace operations over Nambu-Gorkov, flavor, color, Dirac and
momentum space we introduce the elements of the polarization matrix
$\Pi(k_0,{\bf k})$
(for details see \cite{Zablocki:2008sj,Blaschke:2010})
\begin{eqnarray}
  \frac{1}{2}\Tr\Big(S_{MF}\Sigma S_{MF}\Sigma\Big)=\phi_i \Pi_{ij} \phi_j~,
\end{eqnarray}
with $i,j=\{\pi,\sigma,\delta,\delta^*\}$ denoting the channels.
Some matrix elements are pairwise equal, e.g.,
$\Pi_{\sigma\delta}=\Pi_{\delta^*\sigma},
\Pi_{\delta\sigma}=\Pi_{\sigma\delta^*}$
and for real $\Delta$ even $\Pi_{\delta\delta}=\Pi_{\delta^*\delta^*}$.
Thus, the pions are degenerate, as expected for isospin symmetric matter.
We explicitly include the mixing terms between the $\sigma$ and the diquarks
in our investigation, which has been omitted in the literature so far
\cite{Blaschke:2004cs,Ebert:1992ag,Ebert:2004dr}.
Performing the gaussian path integral over the fluctuation fields results in
an expression for the thermodynamical potential
\begin{eqnarray}
\Omega(T,\mu)=-T\ln Z
=\ln\det S_{MF}
+\ln \det\left[\delta_{ij}/(2G_i)-\Pi_{ij}(\omega,{\bf k})\right]~,
\label{BSE}
\end{eqnarray}
where  $G_i=\{G_S,G_S,G_D,G_D\}$.
The mass spectrum of quasiparticle modes can be found from the condition
of the vanishing determinant in Eq. (\ref{BSE}) at ${\bf k}=0$ for
$\omega=\omega_i({\bf k}=0)=\{m_\pi,m_\sigma,m_\delta-\mu,m_{\delta^*}+\mu\}$.

\section{Results and Discussion}

We want to discuss first the vacuum case $\mu=T=0$, where diquark and
anti-diquark are degenerate, the general discussion will be given in \cite{Blaschke:2010}.
In the normal phase, for the dimensionless diquark coupling strength
$\eta_D=G_D/G_S$ in the range \cite{Sun:2007fc}
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{\pi^2}{4G_S\big(\Lambda\sqrt{\Lambda^2+m^2}
+m^2\ln \frac{\Lambda+\sqrt{\Lambda^2+m^2}}{m}\big)}
\le\eta_D\le
\frac{3}{2}\frac{m}{m-m_0}=\eta_D^*~,
\end{eqnarray}
the polarization matrix is diagonal and thus \eqref{BSE} for the
diquarks gives
\begin{eqnarray}
1=8G_D\int\frac{{\rm d}^3p}{(2\pi)^3}\bigg(\frac{1}{E_{\bf p}+m_D/2}+\frac{1}{E_{\bf p}-m_D/2}\bigg)~.
\end{eqnarray}
If $\eta_D>\eta_D^*$ the matrix is not diagonal anymore.
Neglecting the mixing terms, we get two solutions for \eqref{BSE}, namely
\begin{eqnarray}
1&=&8G_D\int\frac{{\rm d}^3p}{(2\pi)^3}\bigg(
\frac{1}{E_{\bf p}^\Delta+m_D/2}+\frac{1}{E_{\bf p}^\Delta-m_D/2}
\bigg)
\\
1&=&4G_D\int\frac{{\rm d}^3p}{(2\pi)^3}
\bigg(1+\frac{E_{\bf p}^2-\Delta^2}{E_{\bf p}^2+\Delta^2}\bigg)
\bigg(\frac{1}{E_{\bf p}^\Delta+m_D/2}+\frac{1}{E_{\bf p}^\Delta-m_D/2}\bigg)
\end{eqnarray}
where $E_{\bf p}^\Delta=\sqrt{E_{\bf p}^2+\Delta^2}$,
$E_{\bf p}=\sqrt{{\bf p}^2+m^2}$.
A Goldstone mode $m_D=0$ solves the first equation, which in this case
coincides with the gap equation for the pairing gap.
The solution of the second equation gives a massive mode.
The results are shown in the left panel of Fig.~\ref{figures} as a function
of $\eta_D$.
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\includegraphics[width=.4\textwidth,angle=-90]{mDeta.ps}
\includegraphics[width=.4\textwidth,angle=-90]{PhaseDiaCoupl.ps}
\caption{
{\it Left panel:}
Vacuum diquark masses $m_D$ and threshold energies
$E_{\rm thr}=2\sqrt{m^2+\Delta^2}$ as function of the
coupling strength $\eta_D$.
{\it Right panel:}
Phase diagram for different values of the coupling strength
$\eta_D=0.9,1.2,1.5,1.8$.
First and second order phase transitions are indicated by solid and dashed lines respectively.
Dotted lines denote crossover transitions.
The black dot for $\eta_D=0.9$ indicates the critical endpoint for first order phase transitions.
For the discussion see text.
}
\label{figures}
\end{figure}
In the right panel of Fig.~\ref{figures} the phase structure of the
model is shown for four cases of coupling strenths: $\eta_D=0.9,1.2,1.5,1.8$.
While for $\eta_D<0.9$ there is no coexistence of chiral symmetry breaking and
diquark condensation, in the range $0.9<\eta_D<\eta_D^*$ one obtains
Bose condensation of bound diquarks in such regions of coexistence.
At $\eta_D>\eta_D^*$ a still more spectacular effect occurs: the vacuum state
itself is a Bose condensate of diquarks!
While this model description of a relativistic Fermi system at arbitrary
coupling is surely of methodological interest in the context of experiments
with Bose condensates of atoms in traps, its relevance for the discussion of
the phase structure of QCD requires a careful analysis of the
corresponding hadron spectrum.

{\bf Acknowledgements: }
D.Z. acknowledges the Heisenberg-Landau program for supporting his stay
at the JINR Dubna where most of this work has been carried out.
D.B. and D.Z. received support from the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher
Education (MNiSW) under grant No. NN 202 231837.
D.B. received funding from the Russian Fund for Basic Research under grant
No. 08-02-01003-a. This work was supported in part by CompStar, a Research
Networking Programme of the European Science Foundation.


text:
Advice, Blog, Faith, Lifestyle, Marriage, Relationships
How to Use Love Languages to Better Love Your Spouse
November 4, 2017 January 8, 2018 by courtneynicoleheathcock
Brad and I celebrated two years since our very first date on Monday and we celebrated four months of marriage on Thursday! What a week?! I wanted to share something that I really believe in and truly think makes a huge difference in any kind of relationship, but especially marriage relationships. What I'm talking about is love languages. I truly believe that knowing and understanding the love languages of the people around you could help you be more intentional, foster healthier relationships, and have more life-giving, encouraging relationships.
What are love languages?
Love languages work two ways. First, your love language is the way that you feel most the most loved. To make things a little more clear, let me tell you what the 5 love languages are. They are Acts of Service, Words of Affirmation, Quality Time, Physical Touch, and Receiving Gifts. (I'll explain these in more detail shortly!) Now, we all like each of these to some degree, but which one do we desire to have the most. For me, mine are Words of Affirmation and Quality Time. My friends describe it as, "you need to hangout with her and then when you aren't hanging out with her, tell her how much you love her." That isn't all the way true, but it's not a lie either. I really feel appreciated, cared for, and wanted when someone spends time with me or takes the time to affirm, encourage, or empathize with me.
The second way that love languages work is the way that you show love the best. For instance, I am really good at giving gifts. I wouldn't necessarily say that it's my number one way to show someone I love them, but it's up there. I enjoy putting a really meaningful gift together for someone, BUT that is not my love language at all. I love getting gifts just as much as the next person, but it's not as important to me as quality time, words of affirmation, and even physical touch. I also love writing notes of affirmation to others. This tiny piece of love languages still really depends on the person, because the goal is to show love based on the persons love language. So, I'm not going to be touching on this aspect of love languages in this post, but I wanted to briefly show you that it's also a part of what love languages are.
I believe it's also important to note that love languages can change over time and to be mindful about it. Talk about love languages with your spouse and about how you can better use them to enhance your marriage. I truly believe when we understand love languages and implement them into our day-to-day, maybe weekly, routines, our marriages will be more meaningful, life-giving, and last much longer.
If you're reading this post and are completely lost or have NO idea what your love language is, you can take the test here. I would also strongly recommend reading the book The Five Love Languages: The Secret to Love that Lasts, and it's only $9.00 if you click that link!
Here is How to Use Love Languages to Better Love Your Spouse
*I am using some of the material from the How to Speak Your Spouse's Love Language graphic by Fierce Marriage, so not all the material in this next section is my own*
Acts of Service: doing something for your spouse that you know they would like for you to do
How to communicate:
Use phrases like "I'll help.." They want to know that you're with them, partnered with them.
Actions to take:
Do chores together or make them breakfast in bed. Go out of your way to help alleviate their daily workload. If you can't exactly alleviate their workload, help them conquer it together.
Things to avoid:
Making the request of others a higher priority, lacking follow-through on tasks big and small.
Quality Time: giving your spouse your undivided attention
Uninterrupted and focused conversations. One-on-one time is crucial.
Create special moments together, take walks and do small things with your spouse. Weekend getaways are huge.
*I will say that this can get tricky. I think a huge tip is to realize what type of quality time they enjoy and doing that with them. Some people like quality time, but it could even mean just being around their spouse, like on a car ride. For others, it means doing something together. Figure out what quality time means to them and implement that into your weekly routine.
Distractions when spending time together. Long stints without one-on-one time.
Receiving Gifts: giving your spouse a gift with love, thoughtfulness, and effort
Thoughtfulness, make your spouse a priority, speak purposefully.
Give thoughtful gifts and gestures. Small things matter in a big way. Express gratitude when receiving a gift.
Forgetting special occasions, unenthusiastic gift receiving.
Physical Touch: touching your spouse physically in a tender way
Non-verbal, use body language and touch to emphasize love.
Hug, kiss, hold hands, show physical affection regularly. Make intimacy a thoughtful priority.
Physical neglect, long stints without intimacy, receiving affection coldly.
Words of Affirmation: giving your spouse unsolicited compliments and the reasoning behind them
Encourage, affirm, appreciate, empathize. Listen actively.
Send an unexpected note, text, or card. Encourage genuinely and often.
Non-constructive criticism, not recognizing or appreciating effort.
When we know these things we are able to love our spouse in the way that they feel the most loved, adored, needed, wanted, and appreciated. When we take the time to learn how to use love languages to better love our spouse, that's when true intimacy can happen. It's also just as important to understand your own love language and be able to communicate with your spouse what that looks like for you. Everyone is different, but taking that time and effort to really understand one another will benefit your marriage later on down the road.
Now, this was just a brief overview on love languages and how to use them to benefit your marriages. If you want to dive deeper into this, click the links in the begging of the post! I promise you it's worth it and you will learn so much and really begin to understand your spouse, as well as yourself, in the process. I would highly recommend reading them together!
Meet My People: Desiree Natali
November Goals & 7 Ways to Create Helpful, Reachable…yet Challenging Goals
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Nature Tag
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Exhibition: 'On the Last Afternoon' at Adam Art Gallery
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Festival: 'ecocinema' at TAXISPALAIS (Innsbruck, Austria)
In today's age of ecological crisis, can we find an optimistic and empathetic way of engaging with our environment? To shed our human-centric attitudes and…
Digital Culture, News
CLOT Magazine recommends: SEPTEMBER
»Seasons of Media Arts«, ZKM Karlsruhe, until 15 September 2019 Today's cities are subjected to constant yet invisible change, as thousands of data streams are…
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Interviews, Series, Sound, Unsound
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Pregnancy is an underlying motive in The Flower & The Vessel, Félicia Atkinson´s just-released new album. A theme that has historically been neglected in arts,…
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NATHAN KENSINGER, documenting the climate crisis
Nathan Kensinger is an interdisciplinary artist working most often in photography and installation. Born in San Francisco and currently based in Brooklyn, for the past…
Exhibition: 'Olafur Eliasson: In real life' at Tate Modern
Olafur Eliasson is a Danish-Icelandic artist who, through his art, aims to raise awareness about environmental and social crises. His work ranges across various media…
CLOT Magazine recommends: JULY
GAMMA Festival, various locations Saint Petersburg, 11-14 July 2019 The 4th edition of GAMMA festival will be held this year from July 11th to July…
Editor's Pick: Installation 'Displuvium'
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Exhibition: 'Hydrosphären' at STATE Studio Berlin
STATE Studio is devoted to exploring the synergies between science, art, and innovation. To celebrate 70 years of Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft STATE collaborates with Fraunhofer-Netzwerk für Wissenschaft,…
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Exhibition: 'In a world where immortality is the norm, the future is my future', Galeria Duarte
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Event: 'Entangled Matter' by ELASTIC NATURE at The Crypt Gallery London
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A small startup can bypass the Mask and Zuckerberg, linking our brain to a computer
Modern technology such as Autonomous vehicles and definitely the world. But nothing will affect our future as a technology that connects the human brain with a computer. It is known that on this task, I Elon Musk and mark Zuckerberg, but they are still very far from the realization of their ideas. But the young startup Nuro may require significantly less time.
Imagine all the information you can find online, and all of the possibilities your smartphone or laptop are in your head and are controlled by the brain. We cease to forget anything. We get information instantly and also instantly will be able to share it. We don't even have to write the text or speak.
Obviously, the first person who implements this technology and give it to the people, will be released on the high-speed development. If all this is implemented in the framework of one country, it will be impossible to catch up. Elon Musk and mark Zuckerberg understand this and are working on a secret project Neuralink and Building 8. The problem is that their development is based on invasive intervention. In other words, the future will require brain surgery. It makes such a future too far. You will need a lot of time to deploy the technologies that people willingly implanted in your body through a brain surgery.
What can speed up the process? Technology that does not require invasive intervention. This technology is at Nuro. In April, the company introduced its own software called Nuos. It was created in order to give the opportunity to people who have suffered spinal cord injuries and other serious illnesses that affected their ability to communicate with the outside world.
The Company has had their instrument for at least one person and showed how the Nuos user interacts with the system using conventional tablet. On the tablet screen displayed icons with an expression like «I want water» or «I am cold». Focusing on a particular icon, the user can select it. The system monitors brain activity. In Nuro has created an interface based on brain waves.
Today Nuro work in the direction of medicine and create a product to help people with disabilities. However, the company's CEO Francois GAND believes that in the future their technology can go beyond medical institutions. Using brain waves to control your smartphone, smart home and even the car. It is known that Nissan was already interested in such way of interaction between human brain and technology.
Francois GAND sees a variety of ways to use technology Nuro. For example, he imagines faster keyboard, which will work in conjunction with applications, adapting to their capabilities. Gund is ready to collaborate with app developers who want to use technology to Nuro.
He wants the same thing and Mask the Cheese, but ready to do it a safer way. By the way, while the founders of Tesla and Facebook will test their designs on animals, technology, like Nuro, will be able to link our brain with a computer. Even if the solution is not very elegant, it will be a big step to the future.
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Every spring as the school year began to wind down, I began to gear up for summer school, or Extended School Year (ESY), which is specifically for students with special needs. Sometimes my teacher friends questioned my sanity for signing up for ESY in special education every summer, but I truly enjoyed it!ESY was the perfect opportunity for students to work on their academic and social/emotional/behavioral skills based on the needs outlined on their Individual Education Plans (IEPs) in a small, laid-back summertime setting.
Please allow me to take you through a typical summer school/ESY morning.
The topic of minimalism has been popping up all around me the past few years. According to the website The Minimalists, "minimalism is a tool to rid yourself of life's excess in favor of focusing on what's important—so you can find happiness, fulfillment, and freedom." Eager to find out how this movement could impact my own life, I picked up some books on the subject from the local library and set out on a journey to downsize, declutter, and make way for more living. I'd like to share with you what I learned and how these concepts might help you as teachers design more organized, vibrant classrooms!
Managing make-up work can be a daunting task for both students and teachers. Learn how to create a homework station for students to access in your classroom to ensure students have the materials and information they need when they return to school.
Late spring is a time when teachers typically wrap-up and pack-up classrooms for summer break. The school year has been a whirlwind (I'm 100% sure about this) and students are buzzing with energy for "movin' on" with their lives. Teachers begin to feel a faint sense of relief tinged with a hint of hope that all their Herculean efforts to instruct and inspire have impacted their beloved students. Soon year-end testing will be checked-off the list, report cards will be completed, and then it's "School's out for summer!"  But not until classrooms are cleared and cupboards and closets filled with materials and random left-overs from learning….
It's the start of a new school year and that means you have a blank slate in terms of setting up your classroom. This is a great opportunity to reflect on what worked well and what you want to change. Well-run classrooms begin with the room's physical layout. Keep these teacher-tested tips in mind as you work on this year's classroom design.


text:
Freshwater or Saltwater: Which One to Choose for Your Russell Gardens, NY Custom Fish Tank
Fluid Dynamics International specializes in the creation, installation, and maintenance of fully customized, premium-quality custom fish tanks. Internationally recognized and offering more than 7 decades of combined experience, we're hailed as the foremost experts in the industry. We are highly skilled in all types of aquariums, and we can design and build virtually any type of setup you can imagine to create a visually stunning, truly one-of-a-kind centerpiece for your Nassau County home or business. If you're planning on installing an aquatic display, when you choose Fluid Dynamics International, you can feel confident that you'll be working with the most talented Russell Gardens, NY custom fish tank designers.
How to Decide Between a Freshwater and a Saltwater Setup for Your Russell Gardens, NY Custom Fish Tank
An aquarium is an excellent way to add interest to your Nassau County home. It can create a stunning visual impact, not to mention the fact that it's incredibly soothing and elicits an instant sense of calmness. If you're planning on installing a custom fish tank, however, there are several factors to take into consideration when it comes to the type of tank you'd like. One of the first decisions you'll need to decide is whether you want a freshwater or a saltwater aquarium.
Both options can offer a ton of variety and can make an impactful statement; however, there are some distinct differences to think about before you decide which one will best suit your needs. To help you decide which option to choose for your Russell Gardens, NY custom fish tank, keep on reading for a basic overview of freshwater and saltwater aquariums, including some of the pros and cons of each one.
Freshwater vs Saltwater: What's the Difference?
The difference between a freshwater and saltwater aquarium is the type of water that each one contains – and thus, the type of aquatic flora and fauna that each type can support.
Freshwater refers to bodies of water that are naturally occurring in ponds, rivers, lakes, and other sources that do not contain salt water. As such, freshwater aquariums can only house fish and plants that naturally live in freshwater habitats. There are some species of tropical freshwater fish that thrive in warm water. If you opt for freshwater, some examples of the species of fish that could be included in your Russell Gardens, NY custom fish tank include guppies, mollies, platties, plecos, angelfish, and tetras.
Saltwater, as the name describes water that contains high salt content. Oceans, sounds, bays, and seas are all saltwater bodies of water, and these types of aquariums can house fish and plants that naturally reside in these bodies of water. Saltwater tanks are a bit more specialized than freshwater aquariums, which means that there tend to be more varieties; fish-only, fish and live rock, and reef tanks are some of the different types of saltwater setups. Examples of aquatic animals that can reside in a saltwater habitat include clownfish, tangs, gammas, blennies, and dragonets.
For Beautiful Custom Fish Tank Displays in Nassau County, Contact Fluid Dynamics International
Freshwater or saltwater; whichever you choose, you can count on the experts at Fluid Dynamics International to create a stunning display for you. Call 631-208-5302 to schedule an in-home consultation today!
Freshwater vs Saltwater: Pros and Cons
Now that you have a basic understanding of the differences between freshwater and saltwater, let's take a look at the pros and cons of each one to help you decide which option to choose for your Nassau County custom fish tank.
Freshwater Pros and Cons
Cost. While the price will vary and depends on several different factors, including the type of freshwater (cold or tropical), the size and the design of the tank, and the amount and type of aquatic flora and fauna the tank will house, generally speaking, freshwater tanks tend to be less costly, both in terms of setup and maintenance. Additionally, freshwater fish tend to be hardier, so they're less expensive than saltwater species, and they aren't as sensitive, so they tend to last longer.
Fish varieties. While there are numerous types of freshwater fish, including many tropical varieties, and though they can be quite beautiful and come in an assortment of colors, freshwater fish aren't as showy as their saltwater counterparts.
Maintenance. Whether you have a cold or warm freshwater tank, the water will need to be held at a consistent temperature. The pH and oxygen levels of both types of tanks will need to be maintained, too. However, maintaining both cold and warm freshwater aquariums tends to be easier than saltwater aquarium maintenance.
Saltwater Pros and Cons
Cost. Like freshwater, the cost of setting up a saltwater Russell Gardens, NY custom fish tank will vary and depends on several factors, including the type of tank, the design and size of the tank, and the type and amount of aquatic flora and fauna the habitat will house. With that said, however, saltwater aquariums do tend to be more expensive than freshwater, as they require more complex systems, and they need more maintenance, and the fish are more delicate, therefore, they tend to cost more.
Fish varieties. Saltwater fish are much more unique and are a lot showier than their freshwater counterparts. They come in endless colors, and they're much more vibrant. While there are a lot of freshwater fish, many of which are quite beautiful, if you really want your Russell Gardens, NY custom aquarium to make an attention-grabbing statement, saltwater would likely be the better choice.
Maintenance. Saltwater aquariums require a lot more maintenance than freshwater tanks. The temperature, pH, salinity, and various other water levels will need to be closely monitored and maintained. Also, saltwater fish tend to be more delicate and may require more care, such as special diets.
Russell Gardens is a village on the Great Neck Peninsula in the Town of North Hempstead, in Nassau County, on the North Shore of Long Island, in New York, United States. The population was 945 at the 2010 census.
Russell Gardens was originally developed by Francis H. Knighton, who had previously played a small role in the Rickert-Finlay Realty Company, which developed the nearby community of Kensington.
The majority of the 135-acre (55 ha) area now encompassing the village was originally part of the estate of Captain Frederick Russell. The estate had previously been owned by the Schenck family and subsequently by the Haviland family. Other areas were purchased from Arthur Cushman, as well as from others. After purchasing the land, Knighton quickly started to develop it, and chose to name his development after Captain Russel by naming it Russell Gardens; the name would become Russell Gardens, Incorporated when Knighton opted to incorporate the syndicate which had been assisting him in the financing of his endeavors.
The group would continue developing the community, laying out streets, utilities, and parkland. They opted to place all of the community's wiring underground and had landscaper J.J. Levinson landscape for the community.
Learn more about Russell Gardens.
Useful links for Russell Gardens, NY
Open a Russell Gardens, NY map
Find the Russell Gardens, NY United States Post Office
Locate nearby Russell Gardens, NY pharmacies
View the current Russell Gardens, NY weather report
Browse a list of Russell Gardens, NY public and private schools
Russell Gardens, NY is located in Nassau county in New York State


text:
Backdoor Broadcasting Company
Contact / Enquiries
Desert Island Pics: Simon Roberts
London Art Fair
Business Design Centre
London N1 0QH
photoworks presents:
Award-winning British photographer Simon Roberts is best known for his expansive large-format photographs and an approach to creating wide-ranging surveys of our time, communicating on social, economic and political issues with projects such as Pierdom (2010-13), The Election Project (2010), We English (2007-8) and Motherland (2004-5).
Desert Island Pics is an ongoing series of Photoworks talks, loosely based on the format of Radio 4's Desert Island Discs. Previous castaways including Martin Parr, Alison Jackson and Jeremy Deller.
In this talk for London Art Fair 2015, Simon will reveal the eight photographs he'd like to have with him if castaway on a desert island. He'll discuss his choices and how they reflect his life and career with with our regular Desert Island Pics host Stephen Bull.
We are a mobile audio webcasting service, which concentrates on recording academic research. We are hired by universities, learned societies and research institutes to record their research as presented at conferences, symposia, workshops, public lectures and seminars and to disseminate it to a ready-made world-wide audience.
a testimonial…
'On personal recommendation, I used Backdoor Broadcasting to record a podcast of the conference on the city of Granada I organized recently in Cambridge and I am absolutely delighted with the result. The recording was carried out to the highest standard, discreetly and efficiently. The podcast was up and available upon my departmental website within hours, and it looks terrific. I was particularly pleased that the Powerpoint slides used by the speakers can also be viewed via the podcast. Backdoor Broadcasting is excellent value for money, and provides a unique service in allowing cutting-edge research to be widely available online for the duration, and I would recommend it enthusiastically.'
Lecturer in Spanish, Peterhouse
Lorna Close Fellow in Spanish
Director of Studies in Spanish and Portuguese
Affiliated Lecturer, Department of Spanish and Portuguese,
Dr Elizabeth Drayson
Copyright © 2008-2017 Backdoor Broadcasting Company. All Rights Reserved.


CHACOTT & FREED OF LONDON Grand Opening At Mandarin Gallery!
World renowned brand, Chacott and Freed of london are finally in Singapore! They have just opened their first flagship store in Southeast Asia at Mandarin Gallery (03-21A) in April, and I'm so honoured to be invited by Camy from Beauty Direct, to be one of the first visitors to the lovely store!
Chacott and Freed of London are well-renowned brands in the ballet world. They are known producing quality handcrafted pointe shoes, quality Ballet apparels, as well as equipment for Rhythmic Gymnastics.
Once you are in the store, you cannot missed the astonishing mannequins decked in amazingly crafted Ballerina performing costumes. Although I do not know anything about Ballet, but these costumes somehow bear a beautiful fairytales within each of them.
There are beautiful shelves full of elegant pointe shoes and flats for different dancers' needs.
I believe that this must be the Ballerina's ideal walk-in "shoe"robe.
Most of us aren't ballerinas, or trained dancers. So we were fortunate to witness the demonstration of how Ballerinas choose their perfect pair of pointe shoes.
As you can see, the gold pointe shoe is a perfect fit, as the dancer are able to balance her leg in a straight line, allowing her to perform her dance moves with confidence.
Whereas for the pink pointe shoes below, the loose fit causes the dancer to bend her leg backwards, losing balance.
A pair of perfectly fitted pointe shoes is crucial for every ballerinas in assisting them to give in their best performances on stage.
Other than ballet apparels, they have also extended their line to jazz and yoga wear as well!
Remember my previous detailed post on Chacott Professional Makeup?
Chacott Professional Makeup are resistant to sweat and liquids, not only is this great for the dancers, it's also great for everyone of us who are struggling in our humid weather!
Once again, congratulations to CHACOTT & FREED OF LONDON for opening the first flagship store in Southeast Asia (Singapore)!


text:
European Commission Approves mAbxience's Bevacizumab For The Treatment Of Certain Types Of Cancer
Enerkon Solar International (ENKS) Names New Board and Scientific Committee Members and Announces New FARA Filing in Support of Commercial Aspirations
Delic's Acquisition Target, Complex Biotech Discovery Ventures Ltd., Receives First Research Orders Through Online Payment Platform
FSD Pharma Inc. Management Wasting Company Money by Seeking to Further Delay Shareholder Meeting
PsyBio Therapeutics Initiates Process Development of Proprietary Biosynthetic Norbaeocystin
Biotech Market Reporter
Know First, Act First
BIOTCHNO Financing
Gold Mountain Mining Announces $5.0 Million Brokered Private Placement
February 1, 2021 April 15, 2021 RJ
Canada NewsWire
/NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION TO U.S. NEWSWIRE SERVICES OR FOR DISSEMINATION TO THE UNITED STATES/
VANCOUVER, BC, Feb. 1, 2021/CNW/ – Gold Mountain Mining Corp. ("Gold Mountain" or the "Company") (TSXV: GMTN), (Frankfurt: 5XFA) is pleased to announce that it has entered into an engagement letter with Canaccord Genuity Corp. and Gravitas Securities Inc. (collectively the "Agents") in connection with a private placement of up to 5,155,000 units of the Company (the "Units") at a price of$0.97per Unit (the "Issue Price") for gross proceeds to the Company of$5,000,350(the "Offering"). Each Unit consists of one common share of Gold Mountain ("Common Shares") and one-half of one Common Share purchase warrant (each whole warrant, a "Warrant"). Each Warrant will be exercisable to acquire one Common Share at a price of$1.25for 36 months from the closing date of the Offering.
Pursuant to the agreement, Gold Mountain has granted the Agents an option to offer for sale an additional 3,100,00 Units at the Issue Price for additional gross proceeds of up to$3,007,000.
In addition, the Company has received an institutional lead order from Crescat Capital LLC ("Crescat"). A Participation Right (the"Right") granted by Gold Mountain will provide Crescat the Right to purchase in future offerings of equity securities, or debt securities convertible into equity securities of the Company, the number of such securities necessary to enable the Subscriber to maintain the aggregate ownership percentage of the issued and outstanding common shares of the Company immediately prior to the closing of such future offering.
The Company intends to use the proceeds from the Offering to advance the Elk Gold Project as well as for working capital and general corporate purposes.
The Offering is scheduled to close on or about February 23, 2021and is subject to regulatory approval. Resale of the securities distributed in connection with the Offering will be subject to a hold period of four months and one day following the closing date of the Offering.
The Warrants shall be callable by the Company should the daily volume-weighted average trading price of the common shares of the Company on the TSX Venture Exchange exceedC$2.25for a period of 10 consecutive trading days, at any time during the term of the Warrants ("Call Trigger"). Following a Call Trigger, the Company may give notice in writing ("Call Notice") to the holders of Warrants that any Warrant that remains unexercised by the holder thereof shall expire 30 days following the date on which the Call Notice is given.
It is anticipated that certain directors, officers and other insiders of the Company will acquire Units under the Offering. Such participation will be considered to be "related party transactions" within the meaning of TSX Venture Exchange Policy 5.9 and Multilateral Instrument 61-101- Protection of Minority Security Holders in Special Transactions ("MI 61-101") adopted in the Policy. The Company intends to rely on the exemptions from the formal valuation and minority shareholder approval requirements of MI 61-101 contained in sections 5.5 (a) and 5.7(1)(a) of MI 61-101 in respect of related party participation in the Offering as neither the fair market value (as determined under MI 61-101) of the subject matter of, nor the fair market value of the consideration for, the transaction, insofar as it involves interested parties, is expected to exceed 25% of the Company's market capitalization (as determined under MI 61-101).
NO U.S. REGISTRATION
The securities referred to in this news release have not been, and will not be, registered under the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the"U.S. Securities Act"), or any applicable securities laws of any state of the United States, and may not be offered or sold within the United States or to, or for the account or benefit of, U.S. persons (as such term is defined in Regulation S under the U.S. Securities Act) or persons in the United States unless registered under the U.S. Securities Act and any other applicable securities laws of the United Statesor an exemption from such registration requirements is available. This news release does not constitute an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy any of these securities within any jurisdiction, including the United States.
ABOUT GOLD MOUNTAIN MINING CORP.
Gold Mountain is a BC-based gold and silver exploration and development company focused on resource expansion at the Elk Gold Project, a past-producing mine located 57 km fromMerrittin South Central British Columbia.
Neither the TSX Venture Exchange nor its Regulation Services Provider (as that term is defined in the policies of the TSX Venture Exchange) accepts responsibility for the adequacy or accuracy of this release.Cautionary Statements Regarding Forward Looking Information
This news release includes certain "forward-looking statements" under applicable Canadian securities legislation. Forward- looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements with respect to: the ability of the Company and the agent to close the Offering, Closing Date, Use of Proceeds, and TSXV approval. Forward-looking statements are necessarily based upon a number of estimates and assumptions that, while considered reasonable, are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which may cause the actual results and future events to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Such factors include, but are not limited to: general business, economic, competitive, political and social uncertainties; delay or failure to receive board, shareholder or regulatory approvals; the price of gold; and the results of current exploration. There can be no assurance that such statements will prove to be accurate as actual results and future events could differ materially from those anticipated in such statements. Accordingly, readers should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. Gold Mountain disclaims any intention or obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law. For a comprehensive overview of all risks that may impact the Company, please see the Filing Statement filed on Gold Mountain's SEDAR profile on December 15, 2020.
SOURCE Gold Mountain Mining Corp.
View original content: http://www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/February2021/01/c2541.html
February 1, 2021 – 5:04 AM PST
News by QuoteMedia
www.quotemedia.com
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1415 South Voss Road Suite 110-431 Houston, TX 77057


text:
Q: Does iOS support vibration? I'm creating a PWA with JavaScript and shake.js
First I allow DeviceMotion by clicking the button. Then when the phone detects a shake event, it will pick a random item from an array and display it.
I wanted to add a vibration when an item is displayed on the screen as feedback for the user.
I'm testing the app on my iPhone XR in a Chrome browser, but the vibration doesn't seem to work. Does iOS support the vibration API?

window.onload = function () {
    var myShakeEvent = new Shake({
        threshold: 15
    });

    const activities = [
        "Watch a movie",
        "Play cards",
        "Bake a dessert",
        "Have a picnic",
        "Have a photo competition",
        "Go jog with friends",
        "Climb a mountain",
        "Try out a new cuisine you never had before"
    ];

    myShakeEvent.start();

    window.addEventListener('shake', shakeEventDidOccur, false);

    function shakeEventDidOccur() {
        const random = Math.floor(Math.random() * activities.length);
        deviceMotion.innerHTML = activities[random];
        deviceMotion.style = "font-size: 20px; margin-top: 20px; color: blue"
        alert.innerHTML = "Shake again for a new activity suggestion!";
        window.navigator.vibrate(200);
    }
}

var deviceMotion = document.getElementById('deviceMotion');
var alert = document.getElementById('alert');

function permission () {
    if ( typeof( DeviceMotionEvent ) !== "undefined" && typeof( DeviceMotionEvent.requestPermission ) === "function" ) {
        // (optional) Do something before API request prompt.
        DeviceMotionEvent.requestPermission()
            .then( response => {
            // (optional) Do something after API prompt dismissed.
            if ( response == "granted" ) {
                window.addEventListener( "devicemotion", (e) => {
                })
            }
            deviceMotion.innerHTML = "Shake your phone!"
        })
            .catch( console.error )
    } else {
        alert( "DeviceMotionEvent is not defined" );
    }
}
const btn = document.getElementById( "request" );
btn.addEventListener( "click", permission );
<!DOCTYPE html>

        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, shrink-to-fit=no">
        <meta name="theme-color" content="#252A5C">
        <link rel="stylesheet"href="src/styles.css">
        <link rel="manifest" href="manifest.json">
        <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="img/logo192.png">

        <title>Device Motion</title>

        <button id="request">Allow Device Motion Tracking</button>

Device Motion not allowed yet

A: Since you're using javascript to build your app, you can integrate with capacitor which is pretty good to use native resources. In your case you can use the Haptics Capacitor Plugin. And it's compatible with iOS

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
package com.rodrigodev.xgen4j.model.information.error;

import com.rodrigodev.xgen4j.model.common.template.FreemarkerClassTemplate;
import com.rodrigodev.xgen4j.model.error.ErrorClassFile;
import lombok.NonNull;

import java.util.Optional;

/**
 * Created by Rodrigo Quesada on 10/07/15.
 */
public class ErrorInfoClassTemplate extends FreemarkerClassTemplate<ErrorInfoClassTemplateModel, ErrorInfoClassDefinition> {

    private static final String TEMPLATE_FILE_NAME = "error-info-class-def.ftl";

    public ErrorInfoClassTemplate(
            InjectedFields injectedFields,
            ErrorInfoClassFile errorInfoClassFile,
            @NonNull ErrorClassFile rootErrorClassFile
    ) {
        super(
                injectedFields,
                TEMPLATE_FILE_NAME,
                ErrorInfoClassTemplateModel.builder()
                        .errorInfoClassFile(errorInfoClassFile)
                        .rootErrorClassFile(rootErrorClassFile),
                errorInfoClassFile,
                Optional.empty()
        );
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Die Kirche Saint-Pierre-aux-Nonnains (deutsch Sankt Peter auf der Zitadelle oder St. Peter zu den Nonnen) liegt im Zentrum der lothringischen Stadt Metz an der Rue de la Citadelle. Sie gilt als das älteste noch existierende Kirchengebäude Frankreichs.

Geschichte
Das Bauwerk ist gallo-römischen Ursprungs. Es wurde im 4. nachchristlichen Jahrhundert errichtet und war zunächst Teil römischer Thermen. Im 7. Jahrhundert wurde es zur Kirche eines Benediktinerinnen-Klosters geweiht, dessen erste Äbtissin Walrada von St. Pierre war. Wenig später wurde dem Gebäude eine Chorapsis angefügt. Weitere Änderungen erfuhr die Kirche im 10., 15. und 16. Jahrhundert. Im 16. Jahrhundert erhielt das Kirchenschiff gotische Gewölbe. 1552, als Metz von Truppen Karls V. belagert wurde, wurde die Kirche teilweise zerstört; danach wurde das Kloster aufgelöst. Das Gebäude war Teil der militärisch genutzten Zitadelle und diente bis ins 20. Jahrhundert hinein als Lagerraum. Nach mehreren erfolglosen Anläufen zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts und im Jahr 1942 wurde die Kirche seit den 1970er Jahren umfassend restauriert. Gegenwärtig dient sie als Saal für Ausstellungen und Konzerte; sie steht organisatorisch in Verbindung zum Metzer Veranstaltungsgebäude Arsenal.

Architektur
Die Architektur der Kirche ist spätantik mit späteren Veränderungen. Das Kirchenschiff weist eine Länge von 36,8 Metern auf. In östlicher Richtung schließt sich die halbrunde Apsis an, deren äußere Form vieleckig ist. Ihr gegenüber befindet sich der zentrale Eingang.

Literatur
 Emil Knitterscheid: Die Abteikirche St. Peter auf der Citadelle in Metz, ein Bau aus merowingischer Zeit. In: Jahrbuch der Gesellschaft für lothringische Geschichte und Altertumskunde, 9. Jahrgang 1897, S. 97–111.
 Emil Knitterscheid: Die Abteikirche St. Peter auf der Citadelle in Metz. In: Jahrbuch der Gesellschaft für lothringische Geschichte und Altertumskunde, 10. Jahrgang 1898, S. 120–152.
 Friedrich Oswald: Vorromanische Kirchenbauten. Katalog der Denkmäler bis zum Ausgang der Ottonen. München 1969, S. 214 f. (als unveränderter Nachdruck: Prestel, München 1990, ISBN 3-7913-0125-X)
 Susanne Böttcher (Hrsg.): Elsass-Lothringen. (= Michelin. Der Grüne Reiseführer.) München 2006, ISBN 3-8342-8996-5, S. #.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Pierre-aux-Nonnains
Pierre-aux-Nonnains
Erbaut im 4. Jahrhundert
Ottonische Architektur
Ehemaliges Benediktinerinnenkloster in Frankreich
Frühchristliche Kirche
Metz, Peter
Metz
Monument historique seit 1909

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


It's a cold Tuesday morning and I'm clutching my notepad in the dressing room of Dara O Briain, one of my favourite comedians. He has kindly taken time out of filming the latest series of 'Mock the Week' to talk to yours truly. Even taller than you would expect, he's an engaging and friendly interviewee, and unsurprisingly an excellent raconteur.
Before you were a comedian you studied maths and theoretical physics. When did you decide that you wanted to study science?
But your passion for science has still been part of your career. You met Stephen Hawking for a BBC documentary earlier this year.
How do fans react when they meet you?
Yep, I saw a warm-up at the Pleasance recently.
Not that I remember. Does that often happen?
I hear you're an Arsenal fan. How long have you been a supporter?
Yeah, but it's been quite recent for me. Four years ago I suddenly got really into it. I haven't quite picked a team yet.
What were your first impressions when you came to London?
How are gigs here compared to the rest of the country?
Why are those the hardest?
Finally, do you have a favourite science joke?
I'm sure someone reading Time Out will get it.
'Dara O Briain: Crowd Tickler' is at the Eventim Apollo Hammersmith, Sat Sep 26 and Oct 15-17. A DVD of the show is released on Nov 23.


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CNIB urges Government of Ontario to change provision which requires a driver's license to update an Ontario Health Card
It has been nearly two years since CNIB first alerted the Government of Ontario that Ontarians who are blind, partially sighted or Deafblind are currently unable to renew their Ontario Health Card online through the Government of Ontario website because the renewal form requires a driver's license number.
Recently, our most significant discussions have been with the Ontario Ministry of Government and Consumer Services around transforming the online health card renewal services to ensure they are accessible and available to Ontarians who are blind, partially sighted, and Deafblind.
The requirement that an Ontarian hold a valid driver's license disproportionately affects Ontarians with sight loss because people who are blind, partially sighted or Deafblind are not legally permitted to drive or possess a driver's license. The Ministry also indicated that they have heard from many other communities that are impacted by this policy.
With the closure or restriction of in-person services across the province during the pandemic, this has also meant that Ontarians who are blind, partially sighted or Deafblind have had no recourse to renew this important government document either in person or online. As in-person services resume, this still puts Ontarians with sight loss at an unfair disadvantage of having to visit a government office during a global pandemic.
Through our discussions, the Ministry has told us they are working on making it easier to renew health cards online. It is also looking into expanding the ways that customers can confirm their identity and Ontario residency, including determining whether it is possible to use an Ontario Photo Card, utility bill, or bank statement. However, there are some concerns that the upcoming provincial election next year may further delay this work into 2023.
In early 2022, CNIB will be commissioning a research project to look at the accessibility barriers that currently exist across all ServiceOntario services, including in-person, telephone, and online. We hope to use this data to inform ServiceOntario of the barriers that exist in all areas of their services, and provide recommendations to remedy these issues. CNIB will publish additional details about this project in early 2022.
As information becomes available, we will share with the community.
Clearing Our Path – 2022 Virtual Summit
In 1999, CNIB developed the first edition of Clearing Our Path to help create accessible environments for people who are blind or partially sighted. Based on national and international standards, the document provides accessibility guidelines for public spaces.
With updates in 2009 and 2016, Clearing Our Path has become a valuable resource, but a lot has changed. CNIB, with funding from Accessibility Standards Canada, has embarked on a project to update the guidelines, and we'd love your help.
Ottawa E-scooter Pilot 2021
Following the Ontario government's announcement which outlined plans to permit Ontario municipalities to introduce electronic kick scooter (e-scooter) pilots in the province, the City of Ottawa passed a by-law to run an e-scooter pilot project. In its second year, the City partnered with three e-scooter companies to provide 1,200 rental e-scooters from May 28 to November 30, 2021.
In November 2021, CNIB held a townhall to gather feedback from members of the sight loss community on their experiences with e-scooters in Ottawa. This feedback has been compiled into a report to be shared with City staff and other stakeholders. Read the full report.
Applications for the 2022-2023 term of the CNIB National Youth Council are officially open!
Applications for the 2022-2023 term of the CNIB National Youth Council are officially open! Find out the specific responsibilities and tasks required of National Youth Council members and learn how to apply.
Uber Canada commits to accessibility and inclusion of persons with sight loss
CNIB is pleased to announce a partnership with Uber Canada. Under this partnership, Uber Canada is reaffirming their commitment with CNIB over the next three years to create and support ongoing awareness campaigns around service animal policies. This includes sponsoring a CNIB guide dog, who will be raised, trained, and matched to support a Canadian with sight loss. The future guide dog is expected to be born in the spring.
Bayer Canada Inc. commits to eye health in rural and remote communities in Northern Ontario
CNIB and Vision Loss Rehabilitation Ontario are pleased to recognize support from Bayer Canada Inc. to develop an Indigenous health strategy for its vision rehabilitation services. This funding will reduce systemic barriers and disparity in vision care experienced by Indigenous communities in Northern Ontario and ensure vision rehab services are culturally appropriate.


text:
Monograph Reports
>MR-1469
U.S. Commercial Remote Sensing Satellite Industry
An Analysis of Risks
by Kevin M. O'Connell, John C. Baker, Beth E. Lachman, Steven Berner, David R. Frelinger, Kim E. Gavin
Commercial Satellites,
Homeland Security and Public Safety,
American firms have begun to operate their own imaging satellite systems, aiming to become an important part of the U.S. commercial remote sensing industry. To succeed over the long run, these new U.S. commercial remote sensing satellite firms need a combination of reliable technologies, government policies that encourage U.S. industry competitiveness, a strong international presence, and sound business plans to ensure their competitiveness in both the domestic and international marketplaces. The greatest risks for the these firms come from the challenge of transforming themselves from imagery data providers to strong competitors as information age companies; the need to master the technical risks of building and operating sophisticated imaging satellite systems; and the requirement to operate effectively in a complex international business environment. In addition, the government's policymaking process has yet to achieve the degree of predictability, timeliness, and transparency that the firms need if they are expected to operate effectively in a highly competitive and rapidly changing global marketplace. The authors conclude with six recommendations that the U.S. Department of Commerce should adopt to best fulfill its responsibilities for promoting the U.S. commercial remote sensing industry and for encouraging the competitiveness of new private imaging satellite firms.
Market Developments
International Context: Competition and Cooperation
Policy and Regulatory Issues
Emerging U.S. Commercial Remote Sensing Satellite Firms: An Overview
Title II of the Land Remote Sensing Policy Act of 1992
U.S. Statement on Foreign Access to Remote Sensing Space Capabilities
GIS and Geospatial Technologies Merging into Broader IT Marketplace
The research described in this report was performed under the auspices of RAND's National Security Research Division.
This report is part of the RAND Corporation monograph report series. The monograph/report was a product of the RAND Corporation from 1993 to 2003. RAND monograph/reports presented major research findings that addressed the challenges facing the public and private sectors. They included executive summaries, technical documentation, and synthesis pieces.
Paperback ISBN/EAN: 0-8330-3118-X
Document Number: MR-1469-DOC
Series: Monograph Reports
Commercial Satellites
O'Connell, Kevin M., John C. Baker, Beth E. Lachman, Steven Berner, David R. Frelinger, and Kim E. Gavin, U.S. Commercial Remote Sensing Satellite Industry: An Analysis of Risks. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2001. https://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1469.html. Also available in print form.
O'Connell, Kevin M., John C. Baker, Beth E. Lachman, Steven Berner, David R. Frelinger, and Kim E. Gavin, U.S. Commercial Remote Sensing Satellite Industry: An Analysis of Risks, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, MR-1469-DOC, 2001. As of July 18, 2019: https://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1469.html


text:
Home Bulgarski Ezik i Literatura-Bulgarian Language and Literature Content of Bulgarian Language and Literature, 2020
in Content of Bulgarian Language and Literature, 2020
Linguistic Knowledge, Communicative Competence, Functional Literacy
Abstract. The main aim of the article is to discuss the relationship between the three key areas related to the tasks of Bulgarian language teaching. Linguistic knowledge is the traditional core of teaching Bulgarian at school. The knowledge of language units and rules is the basis upon which the communicative skills to apply them in various situations are developed. Functional literacy is related to the transition from pattern drills and "artificial" textbook's materials to real cases from different functional areas.
Keywords: linguistic knowledge; communicative competence; functional literacy; language teaching
Prof. Dr. Yovka Tisheva
Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski"
Research Approach in Bulgarian Language Training: Between Tradition and Innovation
Abstract. The text focuses on the research approach in preparing teachers of Bulgarian language as one of the main ways to solve the controversy between the accumulation of a huge amount of knowledge in university education and the inability of trainees to put it into practice. The focus is on the problems which trainee-teachers of Bulgarian language face in view of the modern teaching requirements.
In this context, research competence is seen as one of the most important components of a teacher's professional and pedagogical expertise. Its formation is traced in the process of research activity carried out by future teachers during their studies at the university. An example of a pilot model for classroom and extracurricular work in the foundation discipline Introduction to General Linguistics shows the effect of students conducting research on the formation of the competencies and skills that underlie their development as specialists in Bulgarian, and the development of their professional self-esteem.
Keywords: university education; teaching Bulgarian language; research approach
Prof. Dr. Velka Popova
University of Shumen (Bulgaria)
Does the National Matriculation Exam in Bulgarian Language and Literature Have an Impact on the Grammatical Competence
Abstract. The report presents the results of a nationally representative sociolinguistic survey of language attitudes in relation to proficiency in 9 grammatical norms. The answers of the respondents are divided into two groups according to the attribute educational activity: students and non-learners. Since the same standards are verified by the National matriculation exam in Bulgarian standard language, it is possible to verify, through the examination of the data, whether this educational practice has an impact on grammatical competence. The analysis shows that National matriculation exam in Bulgarian standard language has a positive influence on the knowledge and application of grammatical norms in dynamics – a feedback that has not been studied so far.
Keywords: National matriculation exam in Bulgarian standard language and Bulgarian Literature; grammatical competence; nationally representative survey
Dr. Ruska Stancheva
Institute for Bulgarian language Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
Prof. Dr. Krasimira Aleksova
Grammar Games. "The MeSiZa's Questions", a Syntactic Game: Creation and Expectations
Abstract. The paper presents an attempt to gamify the process of teaching Bulgarian syntax. It is based on a university course in Modern Bulgarian Syntax for the philological and educational programs in the Department of Philology at the University of Plovdiv. The theoretical model of the sentence follows the rules of the phrase structure. The main principle of language analysis, which is presented as a game, is focused on the sentence structure in Bulgarian. The skills for presenting structural graphic representations are being developed. The function of words as parts of the sentence are presented through syntactic projections which are being configured by the students and this develops their critical thinking. The authors provide students with a completely new educational tool by creating the pilot version of 'The MeSiZa's Questions' /grammar game for Meta Language Symbolic Representation/. Scientifically, the implications belong to the e-Science paradigm. The authors offer a further collaboration and partnership to the teachers in Bulgarian language to apply this innovative approach, i.e the use of grammar games, into school teaching practice.
Keywords: grammar games; structural graphics; configurational syntactic analysis; school practice
Dr. Petya Bаrkalova, Assoc. Prof.
University of Plovdiv Plovdiv, Bulgaria
Iva Nedeleva
Language Aggression in Political and Student Speech
Abstract. In recent years, more and more often in the scientific literature and in the mass media is written and talked about language aggression and its manifestations in various formats and different communities. The actuality of the topic is determined by the fact that the phenomenon is spreading more and more and is pervading various social spheres. Not only linguists show interest in language aggression but also wide circle of sociologists, anthropologists, philosophers and journalists among others. In the article are examined some of the main ways language aggression is expressed in the political speech and are presented some of the basic lexical and topical groups. The data on school students' speech is extracted from a survey on language aggression conducted in several Bulgarian schools. A brief review of key concepts related to theoretical linguistic and psychological definitions of the term language aggression is also included.
Keywords: language aggression; political speech; school students speech; lexical means for expression of language aggression
Dr. Vladislav Milanov
Sofia University
Dialectics and Absurd in Jean Dormeson's "Glory of Empire"
Abstract. In the present paper, we set our goal to analyze the usage of dialectics in "Glory of the Empire" of Jean D'Ormesson as a weapon against the very idea of Platonic and Hegelian dialectics. Our main thesis is that D'Ormesson projects the dialectics in a formal logical space, which creates artificial contradictions and inconsistencies, which are object to his satire. This is the reason some parts of his critique towards historiography and religion to be inconsistent themselves.
Keywords: literature, history; philosophy; Jean d'Ormesson; probability theory; religion; scientific method; mathematics
Dr. Latchezar Tomov
New Bulgarian University
PERSONALITIES AND EVENTS
On 60th Anniversary of Prof. Dr. Angel Petrov
Maya Padeshka
About the Dictionary of French Words in Bulgarian and its Application in Language and Literary Education
Prof. Rositsa Penkova, DSc.
Конкурси за заемане на длъжността "Директор" на институции в системата на предучилищното и училищното образование
Philosophy, Number2/2019, Volume 29
Strategies for Policy in Science and Education, Number 3/2020, Volume 28
History, issue 3/2020, Volume 28


text:
Q: Interpreting this headline: "Split 7 Ways, Immigrant Neighborhood Seeks to Unify Its Political " The Headline is:

Split 7 Ways, Immigrant Neighborhood Seeks to Unify Its Political Power (source)

I can't figure out "Split 7 Ways" is it a reference to something locally  known OR a variation to that reference?

A: The usage "split [a number] ways" means "split into [that many parts]."
Even knowing that, the meaning of the headline overall is not immediately obvious (as is often true with headlines); I had to check the article to find exactly what it's referring to.
The article is about a neighborhood that feels like one whole, where political maps have divided it into seven different regions that vote separately for government positions.


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The Rafiki African Festival is a one-of-a-kind multi-dimensional event dedicated to providing a cross-cultural experience locally through music, cuisine, fashion, stories, and cultural education.
Click here for more information on the Rafiki African Festival website.