text:
<?php

/**
 * Catalog Product Abstract model
 *
 * @category    Ash
 * @package     Ash_Cacheboost
 * @author      August Ash Team <core@augustash.com>
 */
class Ash_Cacheboost_Model_Type_Catalog_Product_Abstract
    extends Ash_Cacheboost_Model_Type_Catalog_Abstract
{
    /**
     * Get cache key informative items
     *
     * @return  array
     */
    public function getCacheKeyInfo()
    {
        $keys   = $this->getBlock()->getCacheKeyInfo() + parent::getDefaultKeys();
        $keys[] = (int)Mage::app()->getStore()->isCurrentlySecure();
        $keys[] = Mage::app()->getStore()->getCurrentCurrencyCode();
        $keys[] = (Mage::getSingleton('customer/session')->isLoggedIn() ? 'loggedin' : 'loggedout');
        $keys[] = $this->getBlock()->getNameInLayout();
        $keys[] = parent::getParamKey('p');
        $keys[] = 'product_' . $this->getProductId();
        $keys[] = 'catalog_product_abstract';

        return $keys;
    }

    /**
     * Get tags array for saving cache
     *
     * @return  array
     */
    public function getCacheTags()
    {
        $tags   = parent::getDefaultTags();
        $tags[] = Mage_Catalog_Model_Product::CACHE_TAG . '_' . $this->getProductId();

        return $tags;
    }
}


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\begin{document}
\title{Behavior  of Totally Positive Differential Systems Near a Periodic Solution}

\author{Chengshuai Wu, Lars Gr\"une, Thomas Kriecherbauer, and Michael Margaliot\thanks{
CW and MM are  with the  School of Electrical Engineering, Tel Aviv
University, Israel. LG and TK are  with the
Mathematical Institute, University of Bayreuth, Germany. This research is partially supported by a research grant from the ISF. Correspondence: michaelm@tauex.tau.ac.il}}

\maketitle

\begin{abstract}
A time-varying nonlinear dynamical system is called a  totally positive differential system~(TPDS)
if its Jacobian admits  a special sign pattern: it is tri-diagonal with positive entries on the super- and sub-diagonals. If the vector field of a~TPDS is $T$-periodic then
 every bounded trajectory
converges to a $T$-periodic solution. In particular, when the vector field is time-invariant
every bounded trajectory of a TPDS
converges to an equlbrium.
Here, we use the spectral
 theory of oscillatory matrices to analyze the behavior near a periodic solution of a TPDS.  This yields information on the perturbation directions     that lead to the fastest and slowest convergence to or divergence
 from the periodic solution. We demonstrate   the
   theoretical results  using   a model from  systems biology called the ribosome flow model.
\end{abstract}

\section{Introduction}

Consider the time-varying  nonlinear system:
\begin{equation}\label{eq:tpds}
\dot x(t)=f(t,x(t)),
\end{equation}
where~$f: {\mathbb R}_+ \times \Omega \to {\mathbb R}^n$ is   continuously differentiable and~$\Omega$ is a convex subset of~${\mathbb R}^n$.
For~$t\geq t_0 \geq 0$ and~$a\in\Omega$,
let~$x(t,t_0,x_0)$ denote the solution of~\eqref{eq:tpds}
at time~$t$
with the initial condition~$x(t_0)=x_0$.
From here on we always take~$t_0=0$ and write~$x(t,x_0)$ for~$x(t,0,x_0)$.
We assume throughout that   for any~$x_0\in \Omega$ the solution~$x(t,x_0) \in \Omega$  for all~$t\geq 0$.

Let~$J(t,x):=\frac{\partial }{\partial x}f(t,x)$ denote the Jacobian of the vector field~$f$.
Let~${\mathbf M}^+  \subset {\mathbb R}^{n\times n}$ denote the set of $n\times n$ tri-diagonal
matrices with positive entries of the super- and sub-diagonals, i.e. the subset of Jacobi matrices.
 System~\eqref{eq:tpds} is called a \emph{totally positive differential system}~(TPDS) if~$J(t,x)\in {\mathbf M}^+ $  for all~$(t,x)$.
In particular,~$J(t,x)$ is a  Metzler matrix (i.e. a matrix whose
  off-diagonal entries are all non-negative), and also an irreducible matrix. This   implies that~\eqref{eq:tpds} is strongly cooperative~\cite{hlsmith}, i.e. if~$a,b\in\Omega$, with~$a\not =b$, and
	\[
	a-b\in{\mathbb R}^n_+ :=\{x\in{\mathbb R}^n: x_i\geq 0,\; i=1,\dots,n  \}
	\]
  then
	\[
	x(t,a)-x(t,b) \in {\mathbb R}^n_{++}:= \{x\in{\mathbb R}^n: x_i >  0,\; i=1,\dots,n  \}
	\]
	 for all $t >  0$.
Cooperative systems
play an important role in models from  biology and neuroscience, where it is known that the state-variables represent quantities that can never attain negative values, e.g. concentration of molecules, average number of spikes in a neuron, etc.
Cooperative systems enjoy
  a well-ordered behavior. By Hirsch's quasi-convergence theorem~\cite{hlsmith}, almost every bounded trajectory of a time-invariant (i.e.~$f(t,x)=f(x)$) cooperative system converges to the   set of equilibria.

 TPDSs require a stronger condition on the Jacobian
 and consequently enjoy stronger properties.
 Smillie~\cite{smillie} proved that if   the  vector field is time-invariant then
\emph{every} bounded trajectory   converges to  an equilibrium.
Smith~\cite{periodic_tridi_smith} generalized
this result and showed that if
 the vector field~$f$ of a TPDS  is~$T$-periodic, that is,
 \[
 f(t,z)=f(t+T,z) \text{ for all } t \geq 0,z\in{\mathbb R}^n
 \]
then  {every} bounded trajectory   converges to  a~$T$-periodic solution of the system.
These results found many
    applications in fields such as  systems biology and
		neuroscience~\cite{RFM_stability,chua_roska_1990,Donnell2009120},
as well as several  generalizations
(see, e.g.~\cite{fgwang2013,weiss-cdc57}).

The proofs of Smillie and Smith  are based
on using the number of sign changes in the vector of derivatives~$\dot x(t)$ as an integer-valued Lyapunov function.
Recently, it was shown that these results are closely related to the sign-variation diminishing property of totally positive matrices~\cite{fulltppaper}.

Recall that a  matrix~$A\in{\mathbb R}^{n\times n }$ is called totally non-negative~[TN]
if all its minors are non-negative, and totally positive~[TP] if they are all positive.
Such matrices have a rich and beautiful structure~\cite{pinkus,total_book}.
For example,  if~$A\in{\mathbb R}^{n\times n}$ is~TP and~$v\in{\mathbb R} ^n\setminus\{0\}$, then
  the number of sign variations in~$Av$ is smaller or equal to  the number of sign variations in~$v$.

  Schwarz~\cite{schwarz1970}
  introduced and analyzed \emph{linear} TPDSs.
	He showed in particular that  the following two conditions are equivalent: 1)~$A\in {\mathbf M}^+$; 2) the transition matrix~$\exp(At)$ of the linear time-invariant~(LTI) system~$\dot x=Ax $
	is TP for any~$t>0$.
	Unfortunately, his results were
	almost forgotten.

  In many dynamical systems  it
  is important to understand
how a small perturbation affects the behavior
near a periodic solution (and, in particular, near an equilibrium).
In general, this is a difficult problem, as
there is little explicit information on the periodic solution.
Here, we use the spectral theory of~TP matrices to analyze   trajectories
of the~$T$-periodic
   TPDS~\eqref{eq:tpds} in the vicinity of a periodic solution (and  in the special case of a time-invariant vector field, near an equilibrium).
   Our main result characterizes the sign pattern of  the ``most stable''
and ``most unstable'' perturbation directions near a periodic solution. We also provide an intuitive explanation for the structure of these sign patterns.
We   demonstrate an application of
 these theoretical
 results to an important model from systems biology called the ribosome flow model~(RFM)~\cite{rfm_chap}.

We note that when~$n=2$ and~\eqref{eq:tpds} is a  strictly  cooperative system
then it is also a TPDS (as a~$2\times 2$ matrix is always tri-diagonal), so our results hold in this special case as well.

The remainder of this note  is organized as follows.
The next section briefly reviews several  known definitions and results that are used
later on. Section~\ref{sec:main} presents our main results, and  describes an application of these results to the~RFM.
The final section concludes.
We use standard notation. Vectors  [matrices] are denoted by small [capital] letters.
For~$A\in {\mathbb R}^{n\times m}$, $A^T$ is the transpose of~$A$.

\section{Preliminaries}
We begin by briefly reviewing
 known results that will be used later on.

\subsection{Sign variation diminishing property}
An important property of TP matrices is that multiplying a vector by a~TP matrix can never increase  the number of sign variations.
To explain this, we recall two definitions for the number of sign changes in a   vector. For~$z\in{\mathbb R}^n\setminus\{0\}$,
let~$s^-(z)$ denote the number of sign changes in the vector~$z$, after deleting all the zero entries (with~$s^-(0)$ defined as zero). For example,~$s^-(\begin{bmatrix}   1& -2 &0&0&3 \end{bmatrix}^T)=2$.
For~$z\in{\mathbb R}^n$, let~$s^+(z)$ denote the maximal possible number of sign changes in the vector~$z$, after replacing every zero entry by either plus one or minus one.
For example,~$s^+(\begin{bmatrix}   1& -2 &0&0&3 \end{bmatrix}^T)=4$. Note that these
definitions imply that
\begin{equation}\label{eq:smsp}
0\leq s^-(z)\leq s^+(z)\leq n-1,\text{ for any }z\in{\mathbb R}^n.
\end{equation}

The next result describes the sign variation diminishing
property of TP matrices.
\begin{proposition}\label{prop:svdp}\cite{total_book}
Let~$A\in{\mathbb R}^{n \times n}$ be TP. Then
$
s^+(Ax)\leq s^-(x)$  for all $ x\in{\mathbb R}^n\setminus\{0\}$.
\end{proposition}

\subsection{Oscillatory matrices}
  A   matrix~$A\in{\mathbb R}^{n\times n}$ is called oscillatory if it is~TN and there exists an integer~$k>0$ such that~$A^k$ is~TP~\cite{gk_book}.
	The smallest such~$k$ is called the exponent of the oscillatory matrix~$A$~\cite{exp_osci}.
	A TN matrix is oscillatory if and only if~(iff) it is non-singular and irreducible~\cite{gk_book}. Oscillatory matrices have special
spectral properties: their eigenvalues are all real, simple, and positive, and the corresponding eigenvectors have a special sign pattern~\cite{pinkus}.
The next result summarizes this
spectral structure.
\begin{proposition}\cite{pinkus}\label{prop:specs}
If~$A\in{\mathbb R}^{n\times n}$ is oscillatory then all its eigenvalues are real, positive, and simple.
Denote these eigenvalues as~$\alpha_1>\alpha_2>\dots>\alpha_n>0$, and let~$v^k\in{\mathbb R}^{n}\setminus\{0\}$ denote an eigenvector corresponding to~$\alpha_k$. For any~$1\leq i\leq j\leq n$,
let~$V^{ij}:=\operatorname{span} \{v^i,v^{i+1},\dots,v^j\}$. Then
\[
										i-1\leq s^-(z)\leq s^+(z) \leq j-1 \text{ for any } z\in V^{ij}\setminus\{0\}.
\]
\end{proposition}

\begin{Remark}
Note that this implies in particular that
\begin{equation}\label{eq:zewy}
	  s^-(v^i) = s^+(v^i) =i-1,\text{ for any } i\in\{1,\dots,n\}.
\end{equation}
In general, the eigenvectors may include zero entries. However, the zeros must be  located such that~\eqref{eq:zewy} holds.
In particular,~$v^1$ cannot include any zero entries because~$s^+(v^1)=0$,
and~$v^n$ cannot include any zero entries because~$s^-(v^n)=n-1$.
\end{Remark}

 \begin{Example}
Let~$A=\begin{bmatrix}  3& 2 &0 \\ 1& 3& 1\\ 0.1&1 &4\end{bmatrix}$.
All the $1\times 1$ minors of~$A$ (i.e., its entries) are non-negative. The~$2\times 2$ minors
are~$7, 3, 2, 2.8, 12, 8, 0.7, 3.9, 11$,
and the single~$3\times 3$ minor is~$\det(A)=25.2$. Thus,~$A$ is~TN.
Calculating all the  minors of~$A^2$ shows that they are all positive, so~$A^2$ is~TP. Thus,~$A$ is oscillatory.
Its eigenvalues  are
$\alpha_1=5.03851$, $\alpha_2=  3.55435 $, $\alpha_3=1.40714$, (all numerical values in this paper are to 5-digit accuracy)
with corresponding   eigenvectors:
$v^1=\begin{bmatrix} 0.55898& 0.569742& 0.602442     \end{bmatrix}^T $,
$v^2=\begin{bmatrix}
0.746782 & 0.206989& -0.632038\end{bmatrix}^T $,
and $v^3=\begin{bmatrix}   0.765516& -0.609679& 0.205614  \end{bmatrix}^T $.
Note that~$s^-(v^i)=s^+(v^i)=i-1$, $i\in\{1,2,3\}$.
\end{Example}

For our purposes, it is important to know when a tri-diagonal matrix is an oscillatory matrix.
\subsection{Tri-diagonal oscillatory matrices}
Consider the~$n\times n$ tri-diagonal  matrix
\begin{equation}\label{eq:defT}
T(a_i,b_i,c_i):=
 \begin{bmatrix}
a_1 & b_1 & 0 &\dots& 0 & 0& 0\\
c_1 & a_2 & b_2 &\dots& 0 & 0& 0\\
0&c_2 & a_3  &\dots& 0 & 0& 0\\
\vdots &\vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots\\
0 & 0 & 0 &\dots& c_{n-2} & a_{n-1}& b_{n-1}\\
0 & 0 & 0  &\dots& 0 & c_{n-1}& a_n
\end{bmatrix}.
\end{equation}
Assume that~$b_i,c_i\geq 0$, and that the entries satisfy the \emph{dominance condition}:
\begin{equation}\label{eq:domcon}
a_i \geq b_i + c_{i-1},\quad i=1,\dots,n,
\end{equation}
with~$b_n:=0$, and~$c_0:=0$.
Then all the minors of~$T$ are non-negative, i.e.~$T$  is~TN~\cite[Chapter~0]{total_book}.
If, furthermore,~$T$ is non-singular and irreducible
then it is oscillatory~\cite{gk_book}.

\subsection{Linear TPDSs}
Schwarz~\cite{schwarz1970}
considered the system
\begin{equation}\label{eq:lintpds}
\dot x(t)=A(t)x(t),
\end{equation}
with~$t\to A(t)$  continuous.
The system is called a linear TPDS
if the corresponding transition matrix~$\Phi(t,t_0)$ (i.e, the matrix such that~$x(t)=\Phi(t,t_0)x(t_0)$ for all~$t\geq t_0\geq0$
and~$x(t_0) \in {\mathbb R}^n$)  is~TP for any~$t>t_0\geq 0$.
Schwarz showed that this holds iff: 1)~$a_{ij}(t)\equiv 0$ for all~$|i-j|>1$,
2)~$a_{ij}(t)\geq 0$ for all~$|i-j|=1$, and
3)~any of the functions in~2) does not vanish  identically on any interval of positive length.
In particular, if~$A(t)\equiv A$ is constant then the system is a TPDS iff~$A\in {\mathbf M}^+$.
One important property of a linear~TPDS, that follows
 from Prop.~\ref{prop:svdp}, is that for any non-trivial solution~$x(t)$,
\begin{equation}\label{eq:seinw}
s^+( x(t_2) ) \leq s^- (x(t_1)) , \text{ for all } t_2>t_1\geq 0.
\end{equation}
Thus, the number of sign variations along a solution of the system is   non-increasing. Furthermore,  it can be shown  that~$s^-(x(t))=s^+(x(t))$
except perhaps at up to~$n-1$ isolated points~\cite{fulltppaper}.

One implication of this is that if~$\gamma(t)$ is a $T$-periodic solution of a linear TPDS  (that is not the trivial solution~$\gamma(t)\equiv 0$)
then
\[
s^-(\gamma(t)) =  s^+(\gamma(t))=  s^-(\gamma(0 ))  \text{ for all } t\geq 0.
\]

 The next section describes our main results.
 It is useful to begin with  case of a linear TPDS, and then consider the nonlinear case.

\section{Main Results}\label{sec:main}

\subsection{  $T$-periodic linear  TPDS}

Consider the linear-time varying~(LTV) system~\eqref{eq:lintpds}
with~$A(t)$   a continuous and~$T$-periodic matrix.
We also assume that~$A(t)\in{\mathbf M}^+$ for all~$t\in[0,T)$, so~\eqref{eq:lintpds} is a linear~TPDS.
Then any trajectory with an initial condition in~$\Omega$ converges to a $T$-periodic
solution of~\eqref{eq:lintpds} (that is not necessarily unique).

The transition matrix satisfies~$\Phi(0)=I$  and  by Floquet theory~\cite{chicone_2006},
$
\Phi(t+T)= \Phi(t) \Phi(T)$,  for all~$t\geq 0$.
 Let~$B:=\Phi(T)$.
 The eigenvalues of~$B$ are called the
 characteristic multipliers of~\eqref{eq:lintpds}. Since~$A(t)\in {\mathbf M}^+$, $\Phi(t)$ is TP for any~$t>0$ and in particular
 $B$ is~TP. Let
 \begin{equation}\label{eq:lamp}
 \lambda_1>\lambda_2>\dots>\lambda_n>0,
 \end{equation}
 denote the eigenvalues of~$B$, and let~$v^i\in{\mathbb R}^n$ denote the eigenvector corresponding to~$\lambda_i$.

 Let~$\gamma(t)$ denote a $T$-periodic solution of~\eqref{eq:lintpds} with~$\gamma(0)\not = 0$.
Then~$\gamma(T)=B\gamma(0)$ and since~$\gamma(T)=\gamma(0)$, this implies that
there exists~$p\in\{1,\dots,n\}$ such that
 \begin{equation}\label{eq:lamporef}
 \lambda_1>\lambda_2>\dots>\lambda_p=1>\dots > \lambda_n>0,
 \end{equation}

 Fix a ``perturbation direction''~$w\in{\mathbb R}^n$ and consider the difference
 \begin{equation}\label{eq:zz}
 z(t):=x(t,\gamma(0)+w)-x(t,\gamma(0) ).
 \end{equation}
 Then for any integer~$k>0 $,
 \begin{align*}
                        z(kT)&=\Phi(kT)z(0)\\
                        &=B^kz(0) \\
                        &=   B^k w.
 \end{align*}
 Let~$c_i\in{\mathbb R}$ be such that~$w=\sum_{i=1}^n c_i v^i$. Then
\begin{equation}\label{eq:zz2}
z(kT) = \sum_{i=1}^n c_i \lambda_i^k v^i.
\end{equation}
Combining this with~\eqref{eq:lamporef}
implies  the following result.
\begin{proposition}\label{prop:linearcase}
Consider the linear TPDS~\eqref{eq:lintpds}, and assume that it   admits a~$T$-periodic solution~$\gamma(t)$ with~$\gamma(0)\not = 0$.
There are two possible cases.

\noindent Case 1. If~$\lambda_1>1$ then the periodic solution is not orbitally  stable,
$v^1$   is the ``worst''  perturbation direction
in the sense that
this perturbation takes the state  away from~$\gamma$ as quickly  as possible.
Also,~$\lambda_n \leq  1$, and if~$\lambda_n<1$ then~$v^n$  is the ``best''  perturbation direction  in the sense that
this perturbation takes the state  back to~$\gamma$  as  quickly    as possible.

\noindent  Case 2. If~$\lambda_1=1$ then~\eqref{eq:lamporef} implies that
the   periodic solution is stable and orbitally asymptotically stable,
and that~$v^2$ [$v^n$] is the ``worst'' [``best''] perturbation direction
in the sense that
this perturbation takes the state  back to~$\gamma$   as slowly [quickly] as possible.
\end{proposition}

Note  that for  a TPDS, even if we do not have an explicit expression for~$\gamma(t)$,
we always know that the eigenvalues~$\lambda_i$ of~$B=\Phi(T)$ are real, positive,  and distinct, and also the
special    sign pattern of each of the eigenvectors~$v^i$.

 The next simple example demonstrates Prop.~\ref{prop:linearcase}.

 \begin{Example}
 Consider~\eqref{eq:lintpds}
 with~$n=2$ and
 \[
 A(t)=\begin{bmatrix}
  -2&2+\sin(t)  \\ 2+\sin(t) &-2
 \end{bmatrix}.
 \]
 Note that~$A(t)\in{\mathbf M}^+$ for all~$t\geq 0$, and that~$A(t)$ is~$T$-periodic for~$T=2\pi$.
The transition matrix is
 \[
 \Phi(t)=\exp(-2t)\begin{bmatrix}
 \cosh(c(t))& \sinh(c(t))\\  \sinh(c(t))&\cosh(c(t))
 \end{bmatrix},
 \]
with~$c(t):= 2 t - \cos(t)+1$.  Note that every entry of~$\Phi(t)$ is positive and that~$\det(\Phi(t))>0$ (i.e. $\Phi(t)$ is TP) for all~$t> 0$. Here,
\[
B=\Phi(2\pi)= \exp(-4\pi) \begin{bmatrix}
 \cosh( 4 \pi) & \sinh( 4 \pi )\\  \sinh( 4 \pi )&\cosh( 4 \pi)
 \end{bmatrix}.
\]
The eigenvalues of~$B$ are
\[
\lambda_1=1 ,\quad \lambda_2=\exp(-8 \pi),
\]
with corresponding eigenvectors
\[
v^1=\begin{bmatrix}1&1 \end{bmatrix}^T ,\quad v^2=\begin{bmatrix}-1&1 \end{bmatrix}^T .
\]
Hence, a~$2\pi$-periodic solution is
\begin{align*}
\gamma(t)&:=x(t,v^1) \\
&= \Phi(t)v^1\\
&= \exp(-2t) ( \cosh(c(t))+\sinh(c(t))  )v^1\\
&=\exp( 1-\cos(t) )v^1.
\end{align*}

As expected,~$v^1$ [$v^2$] has zero [one] sign changes.
To demonstrate~\eqref{eq:zz2} in this case,
define~$z$ as in~\eqref{eq:zz}.
Any~$w\in{\mathbb R}^2$ can be written as
$
w=\frac{w_1+w_2}{2} v^1+ \frac{w_2-w_1}{2} v^2,
$
so
\begin{align*}
z(kT)&= B^k w\\
&= \frac{w_1+w_2}{2}    v^1 +  \frac{w_2-w_1}{2}\exp(-8k \pi )  v^2.
\end{align*}
 \end{Example}

\subsection{$T$-periodic nonlinear TPDS}

Consider the nonlinear system~\eqref{eq:tpds} with a~$T$-periodic vector field.
Assume that its trajectories evolve on  the state-space~$\Omega \subseteq {\mathbb R} ^n $, and that
\begin{equation} \label{eq:oft}
J(t,z)\in {\mathbf M}^+ \text{ for all } t\in[0,T), z \in \Omega,
\end{equation}
that is,~\eqref{eq:tpds}  is a TPDS.

 We first consider the case where~$f$ is time-invariant (and hence~$T$-periodic for any~$T$).
The next result describes
 the special spectral structure of~$J(z)$ at any point~$z\in\Omega$.

\begin{proposition}
\label{thm:jspectpds}
Fix~$z\in \Omega$.
The eigenvalues of~$J(z)$ are real and simple. Denote these eigenvalues
by
\[
\alpha_1(z)>\alpha_2(z)>\dots>\alpha_n(z) ,
\]
 and let~$v^k(z)\in{\mathbb R} ^n $ denote the eigenvector corresponding to~$\alpha_k(z)$. For any~$1\leq i\leq j\leq n$, let~$V^{ij}(z):=\operatorname{span} \{v^i(z),v^{i+1}(z),\dots,v^j(z)\}$.
 Then
\begin{equation}\label{eq:speiv}
										i-1\leq s^-(y)\leq s^+(y) \leq j-1,\quad \text{for any } y\in V^{ij}(z)\setminus\{0\}.
\end{equation}
\end{proposition}
\begin{proof}
Fix~$z\in  \Omega$. Then~$J(z)$ is a Jacobi matrix.
Pick~$s>0$ large enough so   that~$sI+J(z) $ satisfies the dominance condition~\eqref{eq:domcon}, and is nonsingular.
 Then~$sI+ J(z)$
is~TN, nonsingular and irreducible, so it is oscillatory.
Applying Prop.~\ref{prop:specs}  completes the proof.
\end{proof}

In particular, if~$e$ is an equilibrium then the  set of eigenvalues and eigenvectors of~$J(e)$
provides a rather complete picture of the dynamical behavior near~$e$.
Indeed, the  Hartman–Grobman theorem~\cite{chicone_2006} asserts that
  the phase portrait near~$e$ (assuming that~$J(e)$
	has no eigenvalues with a zero real part)
 is the same as the phase portrait of the LTI  system~ $\dot y=J(e)y$, up to a continuous change of coordinates~$x=p(y)$, with $p:{\mathbb R}^n\to{\mathbb R}^n$ satisfying~$p(0)=e$.

Suppose for example that all the eigenvalues are negative. Then the eigenvector~$v^1(e)$ [$v^n(e)$]
corresponds to the ``slowest'' [``fastest'']
 eigenvalue~$\alpha_1(e)$ [$\alpha_n(e)$].
 A perturbation of the steady-state in the form~$e\to p(\varepsilon v^1(e))$ [$e\to p(\varepsilon v^n(e))$], with~$|\varepsilon|$ small,
will be ``compensated'' at the slowest [fastest] possible rate.

\begin{Example}
Consider the system:
\begin{align}\label{eq:neuro}
\dot x_1&=-2x_1+\tanh(x_1)+2\tanh(x_2),\nonumber \\
\dot x_2&=- x_2+ (1/2) \tanh(x_1)+ \tanh(x_2).
\end{align}
Such  systems appear in models of neural networks with~$\tanh(\cdot)$ as the  activation function.
It is straightforward to verify
that there are three equilibrium points in~${\mathbb R}^2$:
$e^1=\begin{bmatrix} 0&0 \end{bmatrix}^T$,
$e^2= \begin{bmatrix} 1.28784&1.28784 \end{bmatrix}^T$,
and~$e^3= -e^2$.
The Jacobian  of~\eqref{eq:neuro} is
\begin{align}\label{eq:jacon}
J(x)=\begin{bmatrix}
					-2+\cosh^{-2}(x_1) & 2\cosh^{-2}(x_2)\\
			(1/2)	\cosh^{-2}(x_1)& -1+  \cosh^{-2}(x_2)
\end{bmatrix},
\end{align}
so~$J(x) \in {\mathbf M}^+$ for all~$x\in{\mathbb R}^2$.
The eigenvalues of~$J(e^1)$
are
\[
  (\sqrt{5}-1)/2, \quad  (-\sqrt{5}-1)/2,
\]
with corresponding eigenvectors
\[
\begin{bmatrix} \sqrt{5}-1 & 1  \end{bmatrix}^T, \quad
 \begin{bmatrix} -\sqrt{5}-1 & 1 \end{bmatrix}^T.
\]
The eigenvalues of~$J(e^2)$ (and of~$J(e^3)$)
are
\[
-0.672232,\quad   -1.80202,
\]
with corresponding eigenvectors
\[
\begin{bmatrix}  0.442698 & 0.896671   \end{bmatrix}^T,\quad
 \begin{bmatrix}  0.992469 & -0.122499    \end{bmatrix}^T.
\]
As expected, the eiegnvalues are real and distinct,
and the eigenvectors have the specified sign pattern.~\hfill{$\square$}
\end{Example}

We now turn to consider the case where the nonlinear system is time-varying, and~$T$-periodic with a minimal period~$T>0$.
For~$x_0 \in \Omega$, let
\[
H(t,x_0):=\frac{\partial}{\partial x_0 }x(t,x_0),
\]
that is, $H$ maps a change
in the initial condition at time~$0$ to the change in
the solution at time~$t$. Then
$
H(0,x_0)=I,
$
and
\begin{align}\label{eq:potdd}
 \dot H(t,x_0)&:=\frac{d}{dt} H(t,x_0) \nonumber\\
 &= \frac{\partial}{\partial x_0 }f(t,x(t,x_0))\nonumber\\
 &=J(t,x(t,x_0)) H(t,x_0).

\end{align}
 Since~$J \in M^+$, this is a linear time-varying TPDS. Let~$a:=
 \gamma'(0) $,
 where~$\gamma(t)$ is a~$T$-periodic solution  of~\eqref{eq:tpds}. Then for~$x_0=a$ the linear TPDS~\eqref{eq:potdd} is also~$T$-periodic, so~$ \Phi(t): = H(t,a) $ satisfies
  $
  \Phi(t+T)=\Phi(t)B,
  $
with~$B:=\Phi(T)$. We conclude that
\[
\frac{\partial} {\partial x_0}
x(kT,a)=B^k .
\]

For~$\varepsilon>0$
and~$\omega \in {\mathbb R}^n$,  let
$
z(t):=x(t,a+\varepsilon \omega)-x(t,a).
$
Then for a fixed time~$t\geq 0$,
$
z(t)= \varepsilon \Phi(t) \omega +o(\varepsilon),
$
so for a fixed~$k$,
\begin{align*}
    z(k T)&= \varepsilon \Phi(k T) \omega +o(\varepsilon) = \varepsilon B^k \omega +o(\varepsilon).
\end{align*}
Thus, as in the cases described above,   $B$ always has $1$ as an eigenvalue and a corresponding eigenvector~$a$. The eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the TP matrix~$B$ determine the response to a small perturbation~$a\to a+\varepsilon \omega $.

The special  sign pattern of the eigenvectors~$v^1$ and~$v^n$ of~$B$
can be explained intuitively using the cooperative and tridiagonal
structure of the Jacobian  of a~TPDS.
We demonstrate this using a model from systems biology called the ribosome flow model~(RFM).

\subsection{Application: the RFM}
The RFM
is a phenomenological  model for the flow of ``material'' along a~1D chain composed of~$n$ consecutive sites.
The RFM is the dynamic mean field approximation of a
fundamental  model from
statistical mechanics called the \emph{totally asymmetric simple exclusion process}~(TASEP)~\cite{solvers_guide,Kriecherbauer_2010}. This model describes the stochastic motion of
particles hopping along  a~1D  chain of sites while restricted
   by the simple exclusion principle, namely,  two particles
cannot occupy the same site at the same time.

The RFM, and more generally networks of interconnected~RFMs, has been extensively used   to model
the flow of ribosomes along the mRNA during translation~\cite{rfm_concave,RFM_feedback,RFM_stability,RFMR,RFMEO,RFM_model_compete_J,rfmnets,rfmdr,mexdenrfm,RFM_RANDOM}, and  also
other important processes such as   the transfer of
the phosphoryl group from the sensor kinases to the ultimate target during phosphorelay~\cite{EYAL_RFMD1}.

  The RFM  is a set of~$n$ ODEs:
\begin{equation}\label{rfm}
\dot x_i(t)= \lambda_{i-1}x_{i-1}(t)(1-x_{i}(t))-\lambda_{i}x_{i}(t)(1-x_{i+1}(t)),
\end{equation}
with $i=1,\dots,n$, $x_{0}(t)\equiv 1$, and $x_{n+1}(t)\equiv 0$.
The state-variable~$x_i(t)$ represents the density at site~$i$ at time~$t$, normalized such that~$x_i(t)=0$
[$x_i(t)=1$] corresponds to site~$i$ being empty [full] at time~$t$.
The positive parameter~$\lambda_{i}$ represents the transition rate from site~$i$ to site~$i+1$.
In particular, $\lambda_0$ [$\lambda_n$]
is called the initiation [exit] rate, and the other~$\lambda_i$s are the elongation rates.

To explain~\eqref{rfm}, consider the equation for~$\dot x_2$, namely,
\[
\dot x_2 =\lambda_{1}x_{1} (1-x_{2} )-\lambda_{2}x_{2} (1-x_{3} ).
\]
This asserts that the change in the density at site~$2$
is the flow from site~$1$ to site~$2$
minus the flow from site~$2$ to site~$3$.
The flow from site~$1$ to site~$2$, given by~$\lambda_{1}x_{1} (1-x_{2} )$,
is proportional to the density at site~$1$, the amount of ``free space''~$(1-x_2 )$
at site~$2$, and the transition rate~$\lambda_{1}$ from site~$1$ to site~$2$.
In particular, as the density in site~$2$ increases, the flow from site~$1$ to site~$2$
decreases. This is a ``soft version'' of the simple exclusion principle in~TASEP.

An important property of the RFM, ``inherited'' from~TASEP,
 is that allows to study the generation of ``traffic jams'' along the chain.
Indeed, if some~$\lambda_i$ is very small w.r.t. the other rates then
the exit rate from site~$i$  will be small. Then the density at site~$i$ will increase, and consequently, the transition rate from site~$i-1$  will decrease. In this way, a traffic jam of
high density sites will evolve ``behind'' site~$i$.
The dynamic evolution and  implications of   traffic jams of ``biological particles'' like ants, ribosomes, and  molecular motors
 are  attracting  considerable interest (see, e.g.~\cite{Ross5911,tuller_traffic_jams2018,neurojams,ants_jams}).

The output flow from the last site is~$R(t):=\lambda_n x_n(t)$.
This represents the rate at which ribosomes exit the mRNA, i.e. the protein production rate.

The state space of RFM is the unit
cube $ [0,1]^n$. For~$a \in[0,1]^n$, let~$x(t,a)$ denote the solution  of the~RFM
at time~$t$  with~$x(0)=a$. The flow possesses a unique  globally
 stable~(GAS) equilibrium~$e\in  ( 0,1) ^n$~\cite{RFM_stability,cast_book}, that is,
$
\lim_{t \to\infty }
x(t,a)=e$,   for all~$a\in[0,1]^n$.
This steady-state represents a set of densities~$e_1,\dots,e_n$ for which
  the flow into each site is equal to the flow out of this site.
	In  physics, this is sometimes referred to as a nonequilibrium stationary state.

	Let~$R:=\lambda_n e_n$.
This	is the  flow
  of ribosomes out of the chain, and thus the protein production rate,
at equilibrium.
It follows from~\eqref{rfm} that
\begin{equation}\label{steady_rfm}
\lambda_{i}e_{i}(1-e_{i+1})=R,\quad i=0,\dots,n,
\end{equation}
where~$e_0:=1$ and~$e_{n+1} :=0$.

Let~$J(x)$ denote the Jacobian of the vector field in the~RFM.
Then~$J(x)$ admits the tridiagonal structure~$J(x)=T(a_i(x),b_i(x),c_i(x))$ in~\eqref{eq:defT}
with
$
a_i(x)=-\lambda_{i-1} x_{i-1} -\lambda_i(1-x_{i+1})$, $
b_i(x) =  \lambda_i x_i $, and $
c_i(x)  =\lambda_i (1-x_{i+1}) $,
where~$x_0:=1$, and~$x_{n+1}:=0$. Thus,  the RFM is a~TPDS on the invariant set~$ (0,1)^n$, and
  Theorem~\ref{thm:jspectpds} implies that  the eigenvalues of~$J(e)$ are
real and simple and the corresponding eigenvectors satisfy the sign pattern~\eqref{eq:speiv}.
Furthermore, since the~RFM is contractive~\cite{cast_book},
the eigenvalues of~$J(e)$ are all
real, simple, and negative.

 The sign pattern of the eigenvectors corresponding to the slowest [fastest] eigenvalue~$\alpha_1(e)$
[$\alpha_n(e)$]
  can be explained as follows. Recall that~$v^1(e)$
has zero sign variations. We may assume that~$v^1_i(e)>0$ for all~$i$. Then $e\to e+\varepsilon v^1(e)$ is difficult to compensate  because it increases all the densities in the chain. This corresponds a to very congested situation, and returning to the steady-state~$e$ takes more time.

On the other-hand, a perturbation in the form~$e\to e+\varepsilon v^{n}(e)$ is easier to compensate  because~$v^{n}(e)$ has an alternating sign pattern, that is, we may assume that~$v^{n}_i(e)>0$  for~$i$ odd, and
$v^{n}_i(e)<0$ for~$i$ even.  This represents  a positive addition to~$e_1$, a negative addition to~$e_2$, a positive addition to~$e_3$, and so on.
The~RFM dynamics compensates for this variation quite naturally: the additional density in an odd site   generates an increased flow to the consecutive site and in this way also ``automatically'' takes care of
the lower  densities in the even sites.

The next example considers specific values for the rates for which~$e$ (and thus~$J(e)$)
 is known explicitly  for any~$n$.
\begin{Example}\label{exa:mavp}
Consider the RFM with~$\lambda_0=\lambda_n=1/2$,
 and~$\lambda_i=1$ for~$i=1,\dots,n-1$.
It can be shown using the spectral representation of~$e$~\cite{rfm_concave}
  that in this case~$e_i=1/2$, $i=1,\dots,n$. This implies that~$J(e)=T(a_i(e),b_i(e),c_i(e))$
 is an~$n\times n $ Toeplitz tridiagonal  matrix with~$-1$ on the main diagonal, and~$1/2$ on the sub- and super-diagonals.
It is well-known~\cite{Yueh2005EIGENVALUESOS} that the   eigenvalues of such a matrix
are
\[
\alpha_k=-1+\cos(k\pi /(n+1)) , \quad k=1,\dots,n,
\]
and the eigenvector  corresponding to~$\alpha_k $ is
$
v^k=\begin{bmatrix}  \sin( \frac{k \pi}{n+1} ) & \sin(\frac{2k   \pi}{n+1} ) &\dots &\sin( \frac{n k   \pi}{n+1} )   \end{bmatrix}^T
$.
In particular,
\[
v^1:=\begin{bmatrix}  \sin( \frac{ \pi}{n+1} ) & \sin(\frac{2   \pi}{n+1} ) &\dots &\sin( \frac{n \pi}{n+1} )   \end{bmatrix}^T.
\]
and
\[
v^n:=\begin{bmatrix}  \sin( \frac{n \pi}{n+1} ) & \sin(\frac{2n   \pi}{n+1} ) &\dots &\sin( \frac{n^2   \pi}{n+1} )   \end{bmatrix}^T.
\]

As expected, all the eigenvalues are real, negative and simple,   all the entries of~$v^1$ are positive,
and the entries of~$v^n$ have the sign pattern~$(+,-,+,-,\dots)$.
The maximal eigenvalue is
$
\alpha_1=-1+\cos(\pi /(n+1)) .
$ Thus,
\begin{align}\label{eq:asym}
\lim_{n\to \infty} \frac{\log(-\alpha_1(n))}{\log(n)} &=
\lim_{n\to \infty} \frac{\log(
\frac{\pi^2}{2(n+1)^2}-\frac{\pi^4}{24(n+1)^4}+\dots )}{\log(n)}\nonumber  \\
&=-2.
\end{align}
Thus, the relaxation time of the system   behaves like~$n^2$ for large~$n$.

The minimal  eigenvalue is
$
\alpha_n=-1+\cos(\pi n /(n+1)) ,
$
so
\begin{align*}
\lim_{n\to \infty} \alpha_n   &=-2
\end{align*}
Thus, the fastest convergence rate to~$e$, corresponding to a perturbation in the form~$e+\varepsilon v^{n }$,  is independent of~$n$ for large~$n$.~\hfill{$\square$}
\end{Example}

\begin{Remark}
The asymptotic behavior described in~\eqref{eq:asym}
 seems to hold  for  other rates as well. For example,
Fig.~\ref{fig:maxee} depicts $ \log(-\alpha_1(n))$ as a function of~$\log(n) $
 for the case where~$\lambda_i=1$ for~$i\in\{0,\dots,n\}$.
It may be seen that for large values of~$n$ the graph behaves like a line with slope~$-2$.
\end{Remark}

\begin{figure}[t]
 \begin{center}
   \includegraphics[scale=0.4]{log_max_eig.eps}
\caption{ $ \log(-\alpha_1(n)) $ as a function of~$\log(n)$.  }\label{fig:maxee}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusion}
Any bounded solution
of a~$T$-periodic TPDS converges to a~$T$-periodic solution of the TPDS.
If the~$T$-periodic vector field represents  a $T$-periodic excitation then this implies that the dynamical system entrains to the excitation.
In particular, any bounded solution of
a time-invariant  TPDS converges to an equilibrium~\cite{fulltppaper}.

It is important to
understand how a perturbation  from a  periodic solution affects the dynamics and, in particular, what  are the convergence or divergence rates associated with different perturbation directions.
In general, Floquet theory  does not provide explicit answers to theses questions.
We used the spectral theory of TP matrices
to analyze this question for TPDSs and showed that the ``best'' and ``worst'' perturbation directions have special sign patterns that admit an intuitive interpretation.

An interesting topic for future research
is to use this information to design appropriate
control algorithms for~TPDSs.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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The former head of the Australian Charities and Not-for-profit Commission has been elected as president of the nation's peak-body for aid and international development non-governmental organisations.
It was announced on Wednesday that Susan Pascoe AM, will serve a two-year term leading the Australian Council for International Development (ACFID)'s board which is comprised of leaders from across the peak-body's membership.
She told Pro Bono News it was an "honour" to be appointed as ACFID's new president and her decision to accept the role was "as much a heart as a head thing".
"I've always been impressed with the work of the overseas aid organisations, and the focus that they take generally on global, they do some local initiatives aswell, but that commitment to assisting people who have not had the benefits that most Australians have had, to have access to better services, and ultimately have a better life," Pascoe said.
Pascoe paid tribute to her predecessor Sam Mostyn, who she said had been "a powerful advocate for Australia's international aid and development and for Australia to play a leading role in fulfilling the Sustainable Development Goals".
She said as the new president of ACFID she was "feeling quite excited" about seeing the self-directed code operate up close.
"As commissioner, I was very familiar with ACFID's work as a global standard bearer for good practice in aid and development – a reputation built-up over 50 years as a peak-body," Pascoe said.
"As president, I am looking forward to becoming a champion for the ACFID Code of Conduct and foremost, working with every ACFID member to learn from their rich policy and practice experience in aid and international development.
Pascoe said there were a number of issues facing the international aid and development sector.
"There is always a need for an emergency response and a capability to have an emergency response, but in addition to that is the ongoing interest of the overseas aid and development organisations in trying to support the local communities to be more sustainable and to assist them, whether it is with capacity building or skills development or initial seed funding to get initiatives off the ground, but to support them to their own self empowerment.
"So I think they're recurring matters and the importance of the overseas aid organisations communicating the plight of others from time to time and in many ways being a voice for the dispossessed and those without a voice, I think that is also quite important.
She said there would also always be a need for governance training.
"With many of these issues, it is like when I was with the ACNC, I was always conscious that there will always be a need for governance training because there are always new board members, so that's not a bad thing, that is just the reality and the circumstances," she said.
Pascoe said she thought ACFID had a role to play in discussions around advocacy that were coming to the fore.
"I have just come back from an international meeting and it is fair to say this [advocacy] is an issue in the Commonwealth countries and I suspect in all countries, it's just that the Commonwealth countries get together in relation to charities because they adopt essentially the same law, and so it is an issue that sometimes come to the fore in a country and then it recedes a bit," she said.
Her appointment, which was backed by ACFID's members, was announced following the peak-body's annual general meeting at the start of its annual conference in Melbourne.
ACFID CEO Marc Purcell said Pascoe, who was appointed Member of the Order of Australia in 2007 for service to education, was one of "Australia's most influential advocates for charities" and would bring a wealth of experience to the role.
"Her exceptional leadership at the Australian Charities and Not-for-profits Commission (ACNC) was integral in building trust in the charitable sector," Purcell said.


text:
Home » Statistical Information » Songs » Songs =- N -= » Nebraska
Track 1 of Nebraska, 1982.
Released on Album
Released as Live Download
On The Tracks
Bruce Springsteen: vocals, guitar, harmonica, mandolin, glockenspiel, tambourine, organ, synthesizer
Performed live 115 times (not including snippet performances).
2020-10-27 Springsteen Residence, Colts Neck, NJ
2016-07-11 AccorHotels Arena, Paris, France
2013-07-20 King's Hall, Belfast, Northern Ireland
2010-05-06 Dreyfuss Theater, Madison, NJ
2005-11-21 Sovereign Bank Arena, Trenton, NJ
2005-11-09 Wachovia Spectrum, Philadelphia, PA
2005-10-21 Dunkin' Donuts Center, Providence, RI
2005-10-15 Veterans Memorial Coliseum, Madison, WI
2005-08-07 Bradley Center, Milwaukee, WI
2005-07-20 Arena At Harbor Yard, Bridgeport, CT
2005-07-18 HSBC Arena, Buffalo, NY
2005-06-13 Olympiahalle, Munich, Germany
2005-06-06 PalaLottomatica, Rome, Italy
2005-06-01 Pavelló Olímpic De Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
2005-05-30 Forest National, Brussels, Belgium
2005-05-27 Royal Albert Hall, London, England
2005-05-24 Point Theatre (The), Dublin, Ireland
2005-05-19 Theater At The Continental Airlines Arena, East Rutherford, NJ
2005-05-10 Xcel Energy Center, Saint Paul, MN
2005-05-05 Paramount Theatre, Oakland, CA
2005-04-04 Joan And Robert Rechnitz Theater, Red Bank, NJ
2003-02-20 Somerville Theatre, Somerville, MA
1997-05-26 Palais Des Congrès De Paris, Paris, France
1997-05-19 Zénith Oméga, Toulon, France
1997-05-09 Sala Kongresowa, Warsaw, Poland
1997-05-06 Austria Center Vienna, Vienna, Austria
1997-02-16 Palais Theatre, Melbourne, Australia
1997-02-04 Concert Hall (The), QPAC, Brisbane, Australia
1997-01-30 Forum Hall, Tōkyō Kokusai Fōramu, Tokyo, Japan
1996-12-06 Birmingham-Jefferson Civic Center Concert Hall, Birmingham, AL
1996-10-21 Grady Gammage Memorial Auditorium, Tempe, AZ
1996-10-16 Paramount Theatre, Denver, CO
1996-10-15 Abravanel Hall, Salt Lake City, UT
1996-10-03 Northrop Auditorium, Minneapolis, MN
1996-10-01 Braden Auditorium, Normal, IL
1996-09-26 Hill Auditorium, Ann Arbor, MI
1996-09-25 E.J. Thomas Performing Arts Hall, Akron, OH
1996-09-19 Providence Performing Arts Center, Providence, RI
1996-09-16 Benedum Center For The Performing Arts, Pittsburgh, PA
1996-05-08 Palacio De Congresos Y Exposiciones, Madrid, Spain
1996-05-06 Teatro Tívoli, Barcelona, Spain
1996-05-02 Zürich Kongresshaus, Zurich, Switzerland
1996-05-01 Palais Des Beaux-Arts, Brussels, Belgium
1996-04-30 Salle Erasme, Strasbourg, France
1996-04-19 ICC Berlin, Saal 1, Berlin, Germany
1996-04-13 Teatro Carlo Felice, Genoa, Italy
1996-04-10 Auditorium Santa Cecilia, Rome, Italy
1996-03-16 Falkonersalen, Copenhagen, Denmark
1996-03-14 Oslo Spektrum, Oslo, Norway
1996-03-13 Cirkus, Stockholm, Sweden
1996-03-03 Edinburgh Playhouse, Edinburgh, Scotland
1996-02-29 Symphony Hall, Birmingham, England
1996-02-25 Doelen (De), Rotterdam, The Netherlands
1996-02-21 Zénith De Paris (Le), Paris, France
1996-02-18 Philipshalle, Düsseldorf, Germany
1996-02-15 Rudi-Sedlmayer-Halle, Munich, Germany
1996-02-14 Kulturpalast, Dresden, Germany
1996-02-12 Alte Oper, Frankfurt, Germany
1996-01-28 Fox Theatre, Atlanta, GA
1996-01-25 Austin Music Hall, Austin, TX
1996-01-23 Jesse H. Jones Hall For The Performing Arts, Houston, TX
1996-01-22 Saenger Performing Arts Center, New Orleans, LA
1996-01-18 Fox Theatre, St. Louis, MO
1996-01-10 Fox Theatre, Detroit, MI
1996-01-08 Massey Hall, Toronto, ON
1996-01-07 Salle Wilfrid-Pelletier, Montreal, QC
1995-12-17 Beacon Theatre, New York City, NY
1995-12-15 Orpheum Theatre, Boston, MA
1995-12-08 Tower Theater, Upper Darby, Philadelphia, PA
1995-12-05 DAR Constitution Hall, Washington, DC
1995-12-03 Rosemont Theatre, Rosemont, IL
1995-11-30 Berkeley Community Theatre, Berkeley, CA
1995-11-27 Wiltern Theatre, Los Angeles, CA
1995-11-21 State Theatre, New Brunswick, NJ
1990-11-17 Shrine Auditorium, Los Angeles, CA
1985-03-31 QE II Jubilee Sports Centre, Brisbane, Australia
1984-12-13 Mid-South Coliseum, Memphis, TN
1984-12-09 Murphy Center, Murfreesboro, TN
1984-11-25 Reunion Arena, Dallas, TX
1984-11-23 Frank Erwin Center, Austin, TX
1984-11-19 Kemper Arena, Kansas City, MO
1984-11-18 Bob Devaney Sports Center, Lincoln, NE
1984-11-16 Hilton Coliseum, Ames, IA
1984-11-12 McNichols Sports Arena, Denver, CO
1984-11-04 Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena, Los Angeles, CA
1984-10-22 Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum Arena, Oakland, CA
1984-09-12 Spectrum, Philadelphia, PA
1984-09-08 Hartford Civic Center, Hartford, CT
1984-09-05 Centrum In Worcester, Worcester, MA
1984-08-26 Capital Centre, Largo, MD
1984-08-16 Brendan Byrne Arena, East Rutherford, NJ
1984-07-31 Joe Louis Arena, Detroit, MI
1984-07-24 CNE Grandstand, Toronto, ON
1984-07-18 Rosemont Horizon, Rosemont, IL
1984-07-13 Alpine Valley Music Theatre, East Troy, WI
1984-07-09 Richfield Coliseum, Richfield, OH
1984-07-05 Riverfront Coliseum, Cincinnati, OH
1984-07-02 St. Paul Civic Center, Saint Paul, MN
Performed live 1 times as a snippet.
Performed multiple times during the following shows:
Released on Nebraska (1982).
A live version is released on Live/1975–85 (1986) (recorded August 6, 1984).
Live versions are available on the following official live downloads:
STARKWEATHER - V1 1:09 LM-1 / HNWB
STARKWEATHER - V3 take 1 uncirculating
STARKWEATHER - V6a take 4 m 4:25 LM-1
NEBRASKA - V6b take 4 mix 1 4:25 NEBRASKA / ESSENTIAL: 2003
NEBRASKA - V6c take 4 mix2 early fade 4:25 uncirculating
NEBRASKA - V6d take 4 mix 3 bad harp 4:25 uncirculating
NEBRASKA - V6e take 4 mix 4 glock 4:25 uncirculating
NEBRASKA - V6f 4:16 NEBRASKA (stereo mix)
NEBRASKA - V7 uncirculating
Note: The first song recorded, and the first song in the final running order, for Nebraska. V1 and V2 are takes of the introduction and first two lines, recorded in late 1981 at Springsteen's home in Colts Neck, NJ. Six takes were recorded on January 3, 1982, including V6b take 4, the title track of the album. V6 above are alternate mixes. Mix #1 is complete, with a 12-string guitar. #2 fades early, #3 is noted as "bad harp no good". Take #4 is with glock. Listed as "Starkweather" in an early song line-up, the song is about the Charles Starkweather murder spree in the 1950s. "Nebraska" was later recorded over three days at Power Station on April 27, 28 and 30, 1982; these recordings could be either solo or with the band, or possibly both.
Studio Sessions: Nebraska / Born In The U.S.A.
I saw her standing on her front lawn
Just twirling her baton
Me and her went for a ride, sir
And ten innocent people died
From the town of Lincoln, Nebraska
With a sawed off .410 on my lap
Through to the badlands of Wyoming
I killed everything in my path
I can't say that I'm sorry
For the things that we done
At least for a little while, sir
Me and her we had us some fun
Now the jury brought in a guilty verdict
And the judge he sentenced me to death
Midnight in a prison storeroom
With leather straps across my chest
Sheriff, when the man pulls that switch, sir
And snaps my poor head back
You make sure my pretty baby
Is sitting right there on my lap
They declared me unfit to live
Said into that great void my soul'd be hurled
They wanted to know why I did what I did
Well sir I guess there's just a meanness in this world
Visit SpringsteenLyrics.com for other versions of this song.
_infonnebraskanebraskasnipr_l7585r_nbrskr_strtllrssongtour_bitusatour_ddtour_gotjtour_notour_rvr16tour_wb

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Hardcover, 9.25 x 11.25 in. / 120 pgs / 96 color / 24 bw.
Published on the occasion of the 2010 Lyon Biennial of Photography, A New American Photographic Dream focuses on contemporary photography in the United States. The theme of this biennial explores the leading role that the United States continues to occupy in the global cultural imagination, for better and for worse. It highlights the work of 20 contemporary photographers: Paul Fusco, Nina Berman, Andrew Bush, Elinor Carucci, Jessica Dimmock, Terry Evans, Brad Harris, Elisabeth Heyert, Todd Hido, Alex S. Maclean, Luis Mallo, Suzanne Opton, Victoria Sambunaris, Martin Schoeller, Paul Shambroom, Alec Soth, Andrea Stern, Jonathan Torgovnik, Jeffrey A. Wolin and Katherine Wolkoff. The role that America has played in the development of modern photography is examined critically in essays by Jean-Louis Poitevin, Gilles Verneret and Gilles Morat.
Backyard Pools, made in Frankfort Square, Illinois by Terry Evans, is reproduced from A New American Photographic Dream.
"Two hundred portfolios were consulted, along with dozens of photo galleries and websites gone through with a fine toothed comb to make a first selection of around fifty photographers, plus the thirty contemporary ones under the guardianship of Paul Fusco which were later brought down to twenty, when the framework of a documentary vision was decided. To round off with a trip to New York allowed us to see some of the artists and/or their galleries in the flesh and bone, and to put the final touches by blending the themes and the works. At the end of this long trek on the cloudy routes of the internet, the title A New American Photographic Dream naturally emerged..."
Gilles Mora, excerpted from A New American Photographic Dream.
FORMAT: Hbk, 9.25 x 11.25 in. / 120 pgs / 96 color / 24 b&w.


As a result of the suspicious leadership of the former state of Solea and Rift Auspikitan and association of members to the Moltenian Empire, user atomic7732 hereby declares the independence of his regions Solea, Rift Auspikitan, and Fykisel as Amalthea. As a supporter of LADO, run by mudkipz/vh, he is openly invited into the nation. Provided he accepts, the union will be Kallistmalthea, and he will be a joint partner in the union.


The South African story, the country's breathtaking beauty, friendly people and impressive wildlife continue to charm people around the globe. The popular media network Where Are You Now (WAYN) recently hosted a contest to find the world's dream destination. Among the top seven destinations were attractive competitors: Fiji, Indonesia, Brazil, Turkey, Dubai and South Africa. The network's members, hailing from popular cities to unknown suburbs, casted their votes in search of paradise. The world's dream destination? South Africa.
The media network's dream destination search correlates well with local statistics. Looking at the past decade, it is nothing short of astonishing to hear the increases in country's popularity among travelers. Since 1993, the number of travelers visiting the country grew by a striking 300%. Last month, it was announced that the number of international visitors to South Africa exceeds global travel trends. The number of travelers to South Africa increased by 10.2% over the past year, which is head and shoulders above the UN World Tourism Organization's statistics of an average tourism growth rate of 4%.
So what are the travelers hoping to find in South Africa, I hear you ask. The country's top attractions are as colorful and diverse as the country itself. From the roaring wildlife of the Kruger National Park, the world class city of Cape Town with landmark Table Mountain, Durban with its color, flair and surf culture, Johannesburg, the pulsing City of Gold, the western and eastern coastline beaches, tranquility of the Garden Route, the classic and gracious Winelands, the Kalahari and Namaqualand open spaces and last but not least, the dramatic Drakensberge. And do not forget the sunshine! Most cities around the country bask in sunshine for around 70% of daylight hours; no wonder 9.2 million international travelers flocked to the country in 2012. And according to the country's statistics, in 2013 even more travelers will make their way over oceans, mountains and roads to enjoy some of South Africa's splendor.
To add to the country's favor, a number of South African hotels and destinations featured under Travel & Leisure's latest "World Best Awards." Here's the deal: three Cape Town hotels grabbed top places for the "World's Best Service." These three hotels are in first place, the Twelve Apostles Hotel & Spa, second place, the Cape Grace Hotel and in fourth place the One & Only. The fourth place was shared with Johannesburg's Saxon Boutique Hotel, Villas and Spa. For the wildlife enthusiast, two local game parks were announced under the World's Best Resort & Lodges category. The popular Singita Kruger National Park was awarded second place and the Singita Sabie Sand in fifth place.
As a country of immense biodiversity and where emphasis is place on environmental protection, eco-tourism is widely offered in South Africa and travelers are encouraged to be part of this sustainability movement. Industry leaders tell that separating travelers and the country's natural environment is in anyway literally impossible – the majority of travelers visit South Africa for this specific reason – to experience unspoilt African nature. For this reason, South Africa is fast developing as a world eco-destination. Nature and its resources are respected, communities and cultures valued and supported in responsible and sustainable development while offering the opportunity to share and create awareness amongst international visitors.
And if all of the above is not yet convincing enough to plan your trip to the southern tip of the African continent, there is one last piece of information to win you over: the City of Cape Town ranks at 16th place in TripAdvisor's Top 25 World Destinations for 2013. Be sure to be part of the country's success story and place South Africa on top of your travel destination list!


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"Ethical Issues in Human Stem Cell Research: Executive Summary" (1999), by the US National Bioethics Advisory Commission
Ethical Issues in Human Stem Cell Research: Executive Summary was published in September 1999 by The US National Bioethics Advisory Commission in response to a national debate about whether or not the US federal government should fund embryonic stem cell research. Ethical Issues in Human Stem Cell Research recommended policy to US President William Clinton's administration, which advocated for federal spending on the use of stem research on stem cells that came from embryos left over from in vitro fertilization (IVF) fertility treatments.
Subject: Legal, Ethics
The Excommunication of Margaret McBride (2009–2010)
In 2010, the Catholic Church excommunicated Margaret McBride, a nun and ethics board member at St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center in Phoenix, Arizona. McBride was excommunicated latae sententiae, or automatically, for approving a therapeutic abortion, which is an abortion that is required to save a pregnant woman's life. McBride approved an abortion for a woman who was twenty-seven years old, eleven weeks pregnant with her fifth child, and suffered from pulmonary hypertension, a life-threatening condition during pregnancy. Following McBride's decision, St.
Subject: Ethics
Leon Richard Kass (1939- )
A PhD and medical doctor turned ethicist, Leon Kass calls himself an unlicensed humanist. Throughout his unique career he has sought to impact others and engage important cultural issues. This he has accomplished over the course of many years by studying biochemistry, teaching humanities, writing articles and books on ethics, and serving as chair of the President's Council on Bioethics.
Subject: People, Ethics, Reproduction
The US President's Council on Bioethics (2001-2009)
The US President's Council on Bioethics was an organization headquartered in Washington D.C. that was chartered to advise then US President George W. Bush on ethical issues related to biomedical science and technology. In November 2001, US President George W. Bush created the President's Council on Bioethics (PCB). Convened during a nationwide cloning and embryonic stem cell research debate, the Council stated that it worked to address arguments about ethics from many different perspectives.
Subject: Organizations, Legal, Ethics
Mills v. Board of Education of District of Columbia (1972)
In Mills v. Board of Education of District of Columbia (1972), the United States District Court for the District of Columbia held that students with disabilities are entitled to an education, and that education cannot be denied based on the accommodations' additional cost to the school. Mills was a class action lawsuit brought to the court on behalf of seven children denied public education by the District of Columbia School District because of their disabilities and the cost of accommodations the school would incur to educate them.
Subject: Legal, Ethics, Disorders
Free Hospital for Women Scrapbook by Harvard University Library
This scrapbook is part of the Harvard University Library's collection on "Working Women, 1800-1930," which is itself part of the Open Collections Program. The print version is located at the Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine. It contains information about the hospital, including articles from newspapers, magazines, and other publications; photographs of the hospital, employees, and special events; lecture announcements; letters and other forms of correspondence; ration cards; tickets; forms; certificates; posters; programs; and playbills.
Subject: Organizations, Ethics, Reproduction
In re Agent Orange Product Liability Litigation (1979-1984)
In the legal case In re Agent Orange Product Liability Litigation of the early 1980s, US military veterans of the Vietnam War sued the US chemical companies that had produced the herbicide Agent Orange, and those companies settled with US veterans out of court. Agent Orange contains dioxin, a chemical later shown to disrupt the hormone system of the body and to cause cancer. As veterans returned to the US from Vietnam, scientists further confirmed that exposure to Agent Orange caused a variety of cancers in veterans and developmental problems in the veterans' children.
Quickening
Quickening, the point at which a pregnant woman can first feel the movements of the growing embryo or fetus, has long been considered a pivotal moment in pregnancy. Over time, this experience has been used in a variety of contexts, ranging from representing the point of ensoulment to determining whether an abortion was legal to indicating the gender of the unborn baby; philosophy, theology, and law all address the idea of quickening in detail. Beginning with Aristotle, quickening divided the developmental stages of embryo and fetus.
Subject: Processes, Ethics, Reproduction
Thesis: The Hwang Woo-Suk Scandal and the Development of Bioethics in South Korea
In 2004, the South Korean geneticist Woo-Suk Hwang published what was widely regarded as the most important research finding in biotechnology that year. In the prestigious American journal Science, he claimed that he had succeeded in cloning a human blastocyst, which is an embryo in its early developmental stages (Hwang et al. 2004). A year later, in a second Science article, he made the earth-shattering announcement that he had derived eleven embryonic stem cell lines using his cloning technique (Hwang et al. 2005). The international scientific community was stunned.
Format: Essays and Theses
Subject: Ethics, People
Henrietta Lacks (1920–1951)
Henrietta Lacks, born Loretta Pleasant, had terminal cervical cancer in 1951, and was diagnosed at The Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, where researchers collected and stored her cancer cells. Those cells went on to become the first immortal human cell line, which the researchers named HeLa. An immortal cell line is an atypical cluster of cells that continuously multiply on their own outside of the organism from which they came, often due to a mutation.
Subject: People, Ethics
Stump v. Sparkman (1978)
On March 28, 1978, in Stump v. Sparkman, hereafter Stump, the United States Supreme Court held, in a five-to-three decision, that judges have absolute immunity from lawsuits involving any harm their judicial decisions cause. Linda Sparkman, who was unknowingly sterilized when she was fifteen years old in 1971, sued Harold Stump, the county circuit court judge who signed the petition to allow Sparkman's mother to have her sterilized. Sparkman's mother stated to Stump that she wanted her daughter sterilized because of Sparkman's alleged mental deficiencies and sexual promiscuity.
Subject: Legal, Ethics, Reproduction
Revive & Restore's Woolly Mammoth Revival Project
In 2015, Revive & Restore launched the Woolly Mammoth Revival Project with a goal of engineering a creature with genes from the woolly mammoth and introducing it back into the tundra to combat climate change. Revive & Restore is a nonprofit in California that uses genome editing technologies to enhance conservation efforts in sometimes controversial ways.
Subject: Theories, Technologies, Organizations, Ethics
Dissertation: A Fetus By Any Other Name: How Words Shaped the Fetal Personhood Movement in US Courts and Society (1884-1973)
The 1973 Supreme Court case Roe v. Wade was a significant event in the story of fetal personhood—the story of whether embryos and fetuses are legal persons. Roe legalized abortion care in the United States (US). However, the story of fetal personhood began long before the 1970s. People have been talking about embryos, fetuses, and their status in science, the law, and society for centuries.
Subject: Reproduction, Ethics, Legal
Sergio Cereceda Stone (1942- )
Sergio Cereceda Stone was born 16 April 1942 in the coastal city of Valparaiso, Chile. Stone's mother Luz was a housewife and caretaker for Sergio and his younger brother Lionel; his father Sergio served among the country's twenty appellate court judges. In the early 1950s Stone's father relocated the family to Santiago to further his law career.
Abortion is the removal of the embryo or fetus from the womb, before birth can occur-either naturally or by induced labor. Prenatal development occurs in three stages: the zygote, or fertilized egg; the embryo, from post-conception to eight weeks; and the fetus, from eight weeks after conception until the baby is born. After abortion, the infant does not and cannot live. Spontaneous abortion is the loss of the infant naturally or accidentally, without the will of the mother. It is more commonly referred to as miscarriage.
Ethics of Designer Babies
A designer baby is a baby genetically engineered in vitro for specially selected traits, which can vary from lowered disease-risk to gender selection. Before the advent of genetic engineering and in vitro fertilization (IVF), designer babies were primarily a science fiction concept. However, the rapid advancement of technology before and after the turn of the twenty-first century makes designer babies an increasingly real possibility.
Subject: Ethics, Reproduction
Eugenical Sterilization in the United States (1922), by Harry H. Laughlin
Eugenical Sterilization in the United States is a 1922 book in which author Harry H. Laughlin argues for the necessity of compulsory sterilization in the United States based on the principles of eugenics. The eugenics movement of the early twentieth century in the US focused on altering the genetic makeup of the US population by regulating immigration and sterilization, and by discouraging interracial procreation, then called miscegenation.
Subject: Outreach, Legal, Ethics, Publications
The Singapore Bioethics Advisory Committee
Established in tandem with Singapore's national Biomedical Sciences Initiatives, the Bioethics Advisory Committee (BAC) was established by the Singapore Cabinet in December 2000 to examine the potential ethical, legal, and social issues arising from Singapore's biomedical research sector, and to recommend policy to Singapore's government.
Subject: Organizations, Ethics, Legal
United States v. Georgia (2006)
In United States v. Georgia, the United States Supreme Court held, in a unanimous decision, that the rights protected under the Americans with Disabilities Act, or the ADA, extended to inmates held in state prisons. The Court also abolished sovereign immunity in cases where the Eighth Amendment is involved. The case came about as a result of Tony Goodman, a paraplegic man in a Georgia state prison, who attempted to sue the state under Title II of the ADA.
Medical Vibrators for Treatment of Female Hysteria
During the late 1800s through the early 1900s, physicians administered pelvic massages involving clitoral stimulation by early electronic vibrators as treatments for what was called female hysteria. Until the early 1900s, physicians used female hysteria as a diagnosis for women who reported a wide range of complaints and symptoms unexplainable by any other diagnosis at the time. According to historian Rachel Maines, physicians provided pelvic massages for thousands of years to female patients without it being considered erotic or sexually stimulating.
Subject: Reproduction, Technologies, Ethics
"The Science and Ethics of Making Part-Human Animals in Stem Cell Biology" (2006), by Jason Scott Robert
In 2006, bioethicist Jason Scott Robert published "The Science and Ethics of Making Part-Human Animals in Stem Cell Biology" in The FASEB Journal. There, he reviews the scientific and ethical justifications and restrictions on creating part-human animals. Robert describes part-human animals, otherwise known as chimeras, as those resulting from the intentional combination of human and nonhuman cells, tissues, or organs at any stage of development.
Subject: Ethics, Publications, Organisms
Bowen v. Kendrick (1988)
On 29 June 1988, in Bowen v. Kendrick, the US Supreme Court ruled in a five-to-four decision that the 1981 Adolescent Family Life Act, or AFLA, was constitutional. Under AFLA, the US government could distribute federal funding for abstinence-only sexual education programs, oftentimes given to groups with religious affiliations. As a federal taxpayer, Chan Kendrick challenged the constitutionality of AFLA, claiming it violated the separation of church and state.
Subject: Legal, Ethics, Outreach
National Association for Down Syndrome (1960–)
The National Association for Down Syndrome, or NADS, is an organization that was founded in 1960 by Kathryn McGee in Chicago, Illinois, to support people with Down syndrome and their families in improving their quality of life. Originally named the Mongoloid Developmental Council, NADS is one of the oldest organizations serving people with Down syndrome and their families in the United States. According to NADS, Down syndrome is a genetic condition that occurs in one in every seven hundred ninety-two people and that causes delays in physical and intellectual development.
Subject: Disorders, Organizations, People, Ethics


text:
Denver Police arrest man in restaurant knife attack

Police say they have arrested someone in connection to a seemingly random attack at a restaurant on Tuesday.

By: Robert Garrison
DENVER -- An arrest has been made after a West Highlands restaurant patron was the victim of a seemingly random knife attack Tuesday evening.
Police did not release the identity of the suspect Wednesday night, citing "investigatory purposes."
The victim, whose throat was cut in the attack, is a regular at the Mead St. Station Bar and Grill on West 32nd Avenue near Lowell Boulevard. He sustained serious injuries and continued to recover at the hospital.
The victim was sitting at the bar at the time of that attack. A bartender saw the suspect walk in and immediately attack the victim from behind.
Police said they were looking for a 6-foot-3 tall black male who weighed approximately 200 to 250 pounds. He was wearing a green shirt and khaki shorts at the time of the attack.
Paul Burke, the owner of the restaurant, said the suspect has been seen in neighborhood bars and restaurants on several occasions prior to Tuesday's attack.
"There was [sic] kids in the restaurant, and it was just a very terrible, random act of violence," said Burke. "Hopefully, they catch the guy as quickly as possible."
Mead St. Station was closed Wednesday as restaurant staff gathered to discuss the attack and talk about grief counseling options.
A sign posted at the restaurant states the business will reopen Thursday.


The Observations of Jaco | Oh Lord, please don't let me be misunderstood!
Don't worry kids, It is really chocolate syrup.
There is a new film on the horizon, originally created in the mind of Alfred Hitchcock. I cannot wait to see what unfolds.
Director André Singer brings us 'Night Will Fall', allowing insight behind Mr. Hitchcock's vision. To read more and see some clips click here.
Do you love scary movies. Check out this list.
Did you just see what I saw?
Your journey is yours. No one is going to follow you the whole time but you will have a lot of people who stay close. These people, and others, will give you advice based on their experiences and their understandings throughout all of it. It is important to respect the wisdom and perspective of other people but do not let it overshadow your own perspective. These people have been places that you have not and they have had experiences that you have never imagined. Your wisdom and experiences are equally valuable to other people and even more valuable to you. Only you are familiar with the path that you have traveled and what your senses have revealed to you. Sometimes advice is well meaning but it is unfitting for where we are. Do not cast aside wisdom that you do not understand today. Every experience you have had has lessons wrapped inside. They will unfold over the days and years of your life. Some lessons are not realized for years. It is often hard to learn from an experience that we cannot accept, question or are afraid to relive.
Perspective is an interesting thing and it distorts the reality from one person to the next. Two people can look at the exact same event and takeaway very separate and different accounts of what happened and both are accurate.
Look at the picture below. What do you see? Can you read the work at the top of the page? What is in the background? Examine this picture.
Even upon close inspection, this image seems fairly simple. Now, close your eyes. Clear your mind. Look away from the picture. Look again. Do you see anything different?
Well, sometimes we need guidance to gain a new perspective. This is where the advice from other people comes in handy. You clearly see that there is a picture of a fish on a plate, right? What if I told you that this was not a picture of a fish at all and there is no plate. In fact, the word at the top of the page does not say FISH. Do you believe me?
Tilt your head toward your right shoulder. The image looks a little different. It kind of looks like there is something else there. The letters even change. Do you see that?
Look at the image again from a different perspective.
Isn't that something? She is winking at you now because you just figured it out. Even if you saw it earlier, the transformation of the perception of the image is astounding. You may have seen it but I can guarantee that someone else did not.
Maybe you can have multiple perspectives at the same time. One thing is for sure, nothing ever changes if you always look at it from the same perspective.
Can 'Mad Maps' Offer Patients a Way to Take Charge of Their Psychiatric Care?
This is a perspective that is difficult to obtain and a battle no one wants to fight on either side.
Like advanced directives for the dying, DuBrul explained, mad maps allow psychiatric patients to outline what they'd like their care to look like in future mental health crises. The logic is: If a person can define health, while healthy, and differentiate health from crisis, that person can shape his or her own care. The maps are not intended to be rejections of psychiatry, though they could be that. The maps are designed to force patients and family members to plan ahead—to treat a relapse as possible or even likely—in order to avoid, or at least minimize, future mistakes.
What is in a word? How do we express a message? The message that is sent usually is different to the receiver than we think.
I recognize it and have spent years crafting away around it, a lifetime actually. My greatest frustrations drive from not being able to communicate a message the way I intend it. It is a hurdle that has challenged me everyday of my life for as far back as I can remember, which contains a great deal of my days and moments in high level detail of my senses.
I studied Communications and Social Sciences at the University of Washington. I studied Cultural Anthropology in Africa. I spent most of the last 10 years working for a multinational corporation as a Divisional Human Resources representative and Corporate Liaison responsible to communicate messages to and from the employee population of ~1100 through the Regional and Divisional Officers to and from Corporate. It was one of my responsibilities to determine which messages needed to get to which people in which offices and how to convey those messages. I had to determine when to combine and when to separate memorandums. I facilitated timelines for additional information seeking, discussions and implementation. This was a very structured world that allowed me to compartmentalize everything and put everything I needed to understand on a chart, graph or table. I became highly effective at delivering the messages that were intended both by the company and me. I built strategies to understand the messages that came to me, highlight key details and communicate them back. If I disagreed with a message or the intent of the message, it was essential that I communicate it as the company wanted it received to not influence the the response while keeping the message separate from me.
This resulted in very long emails from me. Each word, sentence, paragraph and section completed with an appropriate font, accent, style, size and color to convey the message that I intended. I am an observer and data collector. I build my understandings with pictures words and charts so that every detail is broken down into its components. My subject line needed to catch the attention of the audience that needed it. Inside, it could be brief, it that was best for the message, or more often, it had sections. I would either bold a sentence or add a summary. I would design and sculpt away. I had legal obligations, obligations to policy practice and intent. I had to know that the message would communicate enough to people who were only interested in the first sentence and enough to people who were very technical and cared about greater detail than I did. It had to be clear enough to not get 100 responses back seeking clarification, really I was disappointed if there were more than two, unless it was more high level information than I wanted to convey to the general population of recipients. It also resulted in my entire communication system to revolve around structured details carefully extracted and placed in a design of my choosing.
It kills me when I catch a typo in anything that is not instant message. If I can correct it, I really should. Part of my message will be lost or distorted if there isn't a comma there. Someone will notice it and be distracted. They will then lose focus on the message and a detail will be overlooked or missed. I look to Elsa in instant message as I cannot change it and I try to let it go because I understand that people are more annoyed and distracted by a line that says (*the) instead of reading a sentence that says teh. Teh is a word that my hands refuse to type differently unless I really pay attention.
My body is a gift provided to me from the creator. It belongs to the creator but it is my vessel and the only thing that I can take with me on my journey. It is my responsibility to preserve it and provide for it as I see fit with the understanding that it is the only physical gift I will received. It will not be replaced. I must return it when I am done. I need it to last my entire journey. With that understood, I may do with it whatever I choose. When it is returned, it may be any size or shape and it may be in any condition. The creator has created many other objects and beings that I may discover and/or interact with. I may take from the earth and the creator with the promise to return everything I process. We all come from the creator and we all return back to creation in our end. There is no guarantee of longevity despite care and attention to my vessel.
My spirit will not forever be chained or bound or contained. There is no forever; there is only now and always.
The power of my spirit must be demonstrated with the physical tools of this world and the observational and practical skills afforded to me. These words are my demonstration of my power. I must determine how to use my body and mind to impact existence. If I want my thoughts or ideas to exist beyond my presence, I must express and preserve them in some other temporary physical form and determine how long it may be relevant and what tools I use to create and record them.


text:
Beatie Edney
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. (June 2013)
Beatrice Edney
(1962-10-23) 23 October 1962 (age 56)
Beatrice "Beatie" Edney (born 23 October 1962) is an English television actress.
Born in London, she is the daughter of actress Sylvia Syms, her sister is Benjamin Edney and her cousin, musician Nick Webb. Edney first came to audiences' attention as Heather MacLeod in the 1986 film Highlander, the first film in the Highlander series. She returned to the role again in the 2000 film Highlander: Endgame. In 1987 Edney performed the title role in the TV production of The Dark Angel with Peter O'Toole. In 1990, she appeared in Bruce Beresford's film Mister Johnson alongside Pierce Brosnan and Edward Woodward.
Her many television appearances include a leading role in the TV series Lost Empires, based on the novel by J.B. Priestley, with Colin Firth in 1986. She has also appeared in episodes of a host of successful British TV dramas such as, Rosemary & Thyme, A Touch of Frost, Prime Suspect, Inspector Morse, Lewis (the spin off from Inspector Morse), Agatha Christie's Poirot adaptation of The Mysterious Affair at Styles and Wallander. In 1994, she played the role of Louisa Gradgrind in the television adaptation of Charles Dickens]Hard Times. In 1995, she had a starring role in the Channel 4 sitcom Dressing for Breakfast. In 2012 she played Queen Charlotte in The Madness of King George III, at the Apollo Theatre London.
Film and television appearances[edit]
A Day at the Beach (1970) - as Winnie
Lost Empires (1986 TV Series) - as Nancy Ellis
Highlander (1986) - as Heather MacLeod
Diary of a Mad Old Man (1987) - as Simone
A Handful of Dust (1988) - as Marjorie
Inspector Morse, "The Last Enemy" (1989) - as Deborah Burns
Frederick Forsyth Presents: Just Another Secret (1989) - as Anneliese
Mister Johnson (1990) - as Celia Rudbeck
Agatha Christie's Poirot - "The Mysterious Affair at Styles" (1990) and "The Clocks" (2011) - as Mary Cavendish and Mrs. Hemmings (respectively)
In the Name of the Father (1993) - as Carole Richardson
MacGyver: Trail to Doomsday (TV) - as Natalia
Hard Times (1994) (TV) - as Louisa Gradgrind
Dressing for Breakfast (1995) - as Louise
Prime Suspect: "The Lost Child" (1995) - as Susan Covington
The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1996) - as Annabella
Highlander: Endgame (2000) - as Heather MacLeod
Murder Rooms: "The White Knight Stratagem" (2001) - as Lyla Milburn
A Touch of Frost, "Hidden Truth" (2003) - as Sheila Hadley
Rosemary & Thyme, "The Gooseberry Bush" (2006) - as Penelope
Kenneth Williams: Fantabulosa! (2006) - as Joan Sims
New Tricks, "Last Laugh" (2009) - as Janet Spencer
Wallander: The Fifth Woman (2010) - as Adela Blomberg
Law & Order: UK: Duty of Care (2010) - as Megan Parnell
Lewis: Down Among The Fearful (2013) - as Justine Skinner
Poldark (2015- present) - as Prudie Paynter
The Coroner (2015-20p16, 2018-) - as Judith Kennedy
Beatie Edney on IMDb
Satellite Award for Best Cast – Television Series
Joshua Malina
Amber Benson
Marc Blucas
Nicholas Brendon
Emma Caulfield
John Scurti
Mike Lombardi
Andrea Roth
Callie Thorne
Adam Ferrara
T. R. Knight
Anne Dudek
Maggie Siff
Aaron Staton
Mehcad Brooks
Alexander Skarsgård
Sarah Wayne Callies
Melissa McBride
Michael Rooker
David Morrissey
Laura Prepon
Michael Harney
Clive Owen
André Holland
Jeremy Bobb
Eve Hewson
Michael Angarano
Chris Sullivan
Cara Seymour
David Fierro
Maya Kazan
Leon Addison Brown
Richard Cabral
Benito Martinez
Elvis Nolasco
Johnny Ortiz
Tobias Menzies
Lotte Verbeek
Steven Cree
Duncan Lacroix
Grant O'Rourke
Graham McTavish
Stephen Walters
Simon Callow
Dominique Pinon
Stanley Weber
Andrew Gower
Rosie Day
Clive Russell
Frances de la Tour
Ruby Bentall
Caroline Blakiston
Jack Farthing
Sean Gilder
John Nettles
Luke Norris
Heida Reed
Harry Richardson
Josh Whitehouse
Édgar Ramírez
Finn Wittrock
NKC: pna2009482623
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beatie_Edney&oldid=897573494"
Alumni of Bretton Hall College
People educated at Lady Eleanor Holles School
English film actresses
English television actresses
Actresses from London
Articles needing additional references from June 2013
Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers


Award-winning Imaging Director John Frost of FrostBytes, USA is raving about the KIX FX Library by Sticky FX.
The new KIX FX package has separate folders for Impacts, Starters, Fx, Beats, Drones, Separators and statics which makes it easy to work with in a wide range of formats. It blends with lots of musical styles from pop to rock and from alternative dance to eclectic.


Another Joker Movie On The Way?
Can I rant for a minute? Because I feel like ranting. Every other blog writer for geek stuff gets to do it, so why not me?
Overall, it has been a bad year for fandom. Not just DC fandom, mind you– all of fandom. Star Wars fans turning on each other and bullying individuals involved in a movie they didn't like, Marvel fans using success as a weapon instead of an invitation for improvement, and Snyder fans turning every possible scenario into an opportunity to harass and belittle individuals who were only doing their job. The rest of us are left in the cold trying to fend for ourselves.
The reality is that we have created this mess. Our feverish desire for more of our geek-flavored product has caused a cheapening of what we once held precious. This is why we get a Han Solo movie that no one asked for (regardless of whether you liked the film or not, can we at least admit it's still a little bizarre?) and its why we have Warner Bros. now scrambling to find Jared Leto's Joker something to do.
Suicide Squad 2 is in apparent limbo, and Matt Reeves doesn't want anything to do with Joker, and with Margot Robbie now attached to the moving train that is Birds of Prey, there isn't really an obvious landing place for the character that for some reason, Warner Bros. has deemed a priority. Thus, we get the announcement today that Jared Leto will be starring in his own film as the Joker.
We may not have asked for this, but we absolutely asked for this.
The only thing that is currently known about this film is that Leto will star and produce. No writer, no director, and no production date have been given. So, in essence, its a concept without any skeleton.
I have done my best to remain positive regarding DC Films. As a matter of fact, I have liked to even loved every single entry to this point (yes, I liked Suicide Squad, Leto included). But it is becoming increasingly difficult to stand behind a studio that doesn't seem to understand why these characters matter in the first place. Joker exists to challenge Batman. Without that dynamic, it is difficult to comprehend what the draw will be. Add that to the fact that Leto's Joker was not particularly well received. It makes me wonder who exactly this film will be aimed at.
Time will tell if this will even be made (I have my doubts), but it seems like this is what happens when we push these studios for content. Long gone are the days when we were happy we had just one great comic book franchise. Now we need ten, plus.
And all this… and still no Superman movie. Explain that.
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More information on Aquatter (https://forums.storm8.com/showthread.php?100805-Fantasy-Creatures-Guide&p=1453379&viewfull=1#post1453379) in Creatures Guide.
I think that's you spell it.
Okay. Does anyone have good breeding formulas for it?
Well there's never a sure thing for any animal. Much of it is chance and persistence, but you can improve your chances by using JUST water & leaf combinations. You can keep trying frostfang and pandoffil over and over or use one of them with another water/leaf animal you have like Turtleisle; ocean owl; hydro yak; sea horse; chilly goat; maid mareon; and keep your fingers crossed. If you happen to have a unicorn and an aquatter, then breed that. Good odds there. But many of us don't have both. I'm not particularly lucky at this breeding just a rare creature when you need one. But stick to the water leaf formula and breed non stop. Good luck.
Thx. I finally got him but I can't complete Virgo.
Oh Ababau I'm sorry you can't complete Virgo after finally getting an aquatter. No justice in that. I couldn't get an aquatter either. And I tried everything. I did spend the gems (I've learned to save them for the monthly zodiac as I cannot seem to breed just the needed rare animal). I wish you better fortune in the upcoming event next month.
I kind of agree they monkey with the odds. I remember two trios, where I breed 14 days straight with #1&#2 and could not get #3. Likewise nearly a week of breeding with out wasting time and no rare aquatter.


Description: This seminar discussion will launch SCoPE's Professional Reading Group Series. The book, Knowing Knowledge, is an exploration of knowledge - what it is, how it is changing, and what it means to our organizations and society. For information about the book visit KnowingKnowledge.com.
George Siemens and Paul Stacey kicked off our seminar with an Elluminate session hosted at BCcampus Learning Communities on January 10, 2007. Access the recording for the session. A Knowing Knowledge Part II Interactive Live session was held on January 24, 2007. Access the recording for Part II.
After the discussion . . .
◄ Would you like to be involved in writing a book about blogging?


When getting into video production, there's a lot of factors to consider, not the least of which is the camera you'll use to shoot video.
We benefit from living in an age in which there are plenty of DSLRs and mirrorless cameras that have incredible video features. One only needs to look at the likes of the Nikon Z7 or the Canon EOS R for that.
So the question becomes, what are the best mirrorless cameras for video?
In this guide, I offer up my suggestions for three can't-miss cameras for your video work.
Editor's Tip: Frustrated with overly complex and expensive video-production software? See how easy it can be to create professional-looking videos.
The Panasonic Lumix GH5 is a Micro Four Thirds camera that is capable of 4K recording at 60fps and 1080p recording at a whopping 180fps.
What's more, the swivel screen on the GH5 is a great asset to have because it gives you the ability to frame up low-angle and high-angle shots without losing the ability to fully see the LCD to check composition and framing.
Panasonic has loaded this camera with professional video tools as well.
That includes waveform monitoring, focus peaking, and zebras. In-camera slow motion recording and playback is a nice touch too.
For serious shooters that want the ultimate in post-production possibilities, Panasonic offers a V-log profile that creates a flat look that allows you to add custom color touches to the footage that you shoot. The camera's 10-bit color profile also helps in that department.
Add to that two extra stops of dynamic range with V-log, which allows you to bring blown out highlights down and dark shadows up.
While the GH5 doesn't have the best low-light performance of the cameras on this list, the deep list of other top-shelf features makes this an ideal camera for videographers of all skill levels. See sample footage taken on a GH5 here.
What makes the Sony Alpha a6500 such a great camera for video work is that it has many of the same features as the higher-end Sony a7 series of full frame cameras. That includes 5-axis in-body image stabilization and S-log profiles.
The APS-C sensor has 24-megapixels, which makes it a great combination for photography and videography.
The impressive autofocus system - which sports 425 phase-detect points - also makes this a great hybrid camera for both still photography and videos.
The a6500 will shoot 4K video at up to 30fps while HD video at 1080p can be achieved at up to 120fps.
Something else to bear in mind about this camera is that it is very small and very light.
Measuring just 15.7 x 2.8 x 2.1 inches and weighing just 16 ounces, this is the smallest camera on our list.
You get a 3-inch tilting touchscreen, an extended ISO range up to 51200, a weather-sealed body, and more!
Editor's Tip: The gear you use to shoot video is only part of the equation. Learn how to produce beautiful videos without spending a ton of money.
Like the Sony a6500, the FujiFilm X-T2 is an ideal camera for shooters that need excellent photo and video capabilities.
This camera shoots in 5K, giving you highly resolute videos with rich details. It also has dual SD card slots so you don't have to worry about SD card problems with a backup option.
The F-Log gamma profile on the X-T2 means a greater dynamic range in your video footage, and with Fuji's Film Emulsion Simulation and in-camera color processing features, you have much greater control over the reproduction of colors.
Like the Sony outlined earlier, this camera features an APS-C sensor, only this one is slightly higher resolution at 24.3-megapixels.
This little Fuji also has a 3-inch tilting touchscreen LCD, just like the other cameras on this list.
What this camera lacks, however, is in-camera stabilization. Paired with a native ISO range that goes to just 12800, this is the least capable camera on this list in terms of low-light performance.
However, this isn't to say that this is a poor camera. Quite the contrary! Instead, it's an excellent choice for beginner videographers that need a highly capable still camera as well.
Creating gorgeous videos certainly depends on a lot more than the camera you use, but having a nice camera for videography sure doesn't hurt!
Something else to consider is the software you use to produce your videos.
Some, like Final Cut Pro, for example, are phenomenal programs with tons of features. The problem with programs like that tend to be both expensive and difficult to learn how to use.
Now, there are all kinds of budget-friendly video-making programs out there that allow you to create incredible videos.
I personally use Kizoa because it's an easy interface for me to use to create awesome videos, complete with a variety of texts, special effects, and transitions.
I often use the free Kizoa iOS app to make quick videos right on my phone, but I also use the online platform on my computer from time to time (as shown in the screenshot above). Either way, it's a painless process!
Perhaps the best of all was the price I paid for my lifetime Kizoa membership - just $30! So unlike Adobe products that require a yearly subscription fee, I have access to all of Kizoa's video editing tools for life.
I'm not saying that Kizoa or these cameras will turn you into Steven Spielberg, but having the right gear will definitely help you in your endeavor to create beautiful, professional-looking videos!


variety of applications. Water-Reels are compact, highly mobile and offer many benefits. They are ideal for irrigation areas up to 35 acres.
When precipitation is not adequate, irrigation can be beneficial.
Athletic Fields and Golf Courses will have a professional and improved playing surface.
The enhanced surface will help minimize player injuries due to ground contact.
Landscaping, Cemeteries and Parks maintain their symbolism and conservation.
Vegetable and Fruit harvests will maintain constant growth, resulting in increased yields.
Irrigated crops can generate higher revenue by enabling a faster marketplace opportunity.
Arenas will have safer footing with less dust.
Paddocks and Pastures will recover more quickly from grazing.
Provides Polo fields a safer, less costly alternative than standard in-ground systems.
*The irrigated width is normally 70-80% of the wetted diameter.


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HomeNIGERIAN FOOTBALLFeatured
Most Remarkable Day! Pinnick Lauds Passage of NFF Bill
Brila 0	June 1, 2017 3:50 pm
This week's landmark vote on the NFF Bill in Nigeria's Senate has been described as the "most remarkable in the history" of the FA by its President, Amaju Pinnick.
In a statement issued by the Federation on Wednesday, Pinnick praised the Senate of the Federal Republic after the Red Chamber passed the much –awaited NFF Bill following a third reading on Tuesday.
He said, "Today will go down as one of the most remarkable in the history of the Nigeria Football Federation. I am very excited. With the passing of this Bill, we now await the very important assent of Mr. President. Once Mr. President gives assent, I assure you the NFF can achieve so much.
"I am not only thinking of what the present NFF administration can do; I am thinking of what subsequent NFF Boards after our tenure will be able to do, as the Bill is futuristic as well. For us, the passing of the NFF Bill means we can now make our programme even more robust and proceed apace with our vision of building a sustainable football culture for our dear country, through driving private sector involvement and investment," Pinnick said on Tuesday evening.
The key highlights of the NFF Bill include legislations to ensure the entrenchment of the enabling environment for the development of football in Nigeria and to drive private sector participation and investment at all levels.
Fundamentally, the Bill has now domesticated the NFF Statutes, recognizing its sanctity, as approved by the NFF Congress and endorsed by FIFA as the supreme laws for governance of the functioning, organization, administration and operations of the Federation, as well as recognition of football by the Federal Government as a national asset entitled to special privileges and concessions to foster its growth at all levels.
The Bill further provides for special concessions and tax holidays by the Government to sponsors of football in Nigeria and has clear financial reporting provisions to further entrench transparency in the activities of the NFF, such as publishing of accounts annually.
These will set the NFF on a path of sustainable growth and ensure it operates within international best practices and as a business to strengthen the social and economic impact of football to the nation's economy.
On Tuesday, on the floor of the Senate, Chairman of the Senate Committee on Sports and Youth Development, Senator Joseph Obinna Ogba, presented the report of his committee, which was followed by a clause-by-clause consideration of the Bill and a voice vote by the senators.
"All these court cases against football do not augur well for our country. It is important that we repeal the Act (2004) and enact the NFF Bill to sanitise football administration in this country," Ogba said.
The former NFF Vice President went further: "It has become necessary to repeal the Extant Act. This is because it requires a lot of amendments to bring it into agreement with FIFA –required international best practices. It is to give it the required boost.
"The Bill has no financial implication because it is only seeking for a change in the name of the football body in order to achieve greater and better results in the future. It seeks to ensure that only those who are actually involved in competitive football matches are members of the Federation and not just organizations and establishments as contained in the Extant Act.
"Also, the Bill makes provision for the professional development of football at all levels in accordance with international best practices and to enable the credible participation of our teams in international competitions. The committee strongly believes that through this piece of legislation, the objectives as expressed in the long title of the Bill and explanatory memorandum will be achieved."
In his contribution, Senate President Abubakar Bukola Saraki praised the committee for a great job.
"The message here is for us to bring Nigeria in line with best practices and best ways to administer football in the country. This has been an embarrassment over the years, but with the passage of this Bill, the grey areas will be taken care of."
The country's football ruling body was founded as Nigeria Football Association in 1945. However, at its Annual General Assembly in Makurdi, Benue State on 24th July 2008, Congress approved the change of name to Nigeria Football Federation.
The Act of Parliament 2004 as the legal instrument for administering the game in Nigeria replaced the Decree 101 of 1992.
Featured 9081 NIGERIAN FOOTBALL 8029 Stylist 166 Amaju Pinnick 124 Nigeria Senate 1
AUTHOR: Brila
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