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On the Contribution of Philosophical and Geoscientific Inquiry to Geoethics (Qua Applied Ethics).Thomas Pölzler - 2017 - Annals of Geophysics 60 (7):1-6.details
This paper is about the methodology of geoethics qua applied ethics. In particular, I investigate the contributions of philosophical and geoscientific inquiry. My investigation is based on a general model of geoethical research. For each stage of this model I explain the expected contribution of "the philosopher" and "the geoscientist" (assuming that they are different persons). These general considerations are illustrated by the example of a particular geoethical research question that is currently addressed in the Austrian Academy of (...) Sciences project EE-Con. It turns out that geoethical research is a complex multi-step process that is highly contingent on philosophical assumptions. In advancing this research it will be helpful for philosophers and geoscientists to work together more closely than they have done so far. (shrink)
Applied Ethics: Strengthening Ethical Practices.Peter Bowden (ed.) - 2012details
The claim is made in the book, Applied Ethics, published under the auspices of the Australian Association for Professional and Applied Ethics (AAPAE), that it can strengthen ethical behaviour. That claim, embodied in the subtitle, is based on more than a half dozen practices set out in the book. In total, they are drawn from an examination of ethical practices across fourteen different disciplines. The purpose of this paper is to outline and support that claim, drawing (...) primarily on chapters of the book, but also drawing on a small amount of additional information. The research on the ethical issues in each of these disciplines, and the writing of the chapters, were undertaken by members and associates of AAPAE. The fourteen disciplines were Marketing, Business, Accounting, Pharmacy, Nursing, Medicine, Veterinary & Animal Ethics, Engineering, Information and Communications Technology (ICT), Journalism, Policing, Politics, the Law and the Sciences. The findings have significance for the teaching of ethics by moral philosophers, for not all ethics classes follow the practices suggested by these findings. A few of the practices are even rejected by some moral philosophers. That the practices will improve ethical behaviour is the principal position taken by this paper. -/- . (shrink)
Applied Ethics - Perspectives From Romania.Shunzo Majima & Valentin Muresan (eds.) - 2013 - Center for Applied Ethics and Philosophy, Hokkaido University.details
The volume Applied Ethics. Perspectives from Romania is the first contribution that aims at showing to the Japanese reader a sample of contemporary philosophy in Romania. At the same time a volume of contemporary Japanese philosophy is translated into Romanian and will be published by the University of Bucharest Press. -/- Applied Ethics. Perspectives from Romania includes several original articles in applied ethics and theoretical moral philosophy. It is representative of the variety of research (...) and the growing interest in applied ethics in the last few years in Romania. The philosophy practised here is at the same time an international activity, but also a kind of research deeply involved in Romanian realities. The contributors to the volume are Romanian philosophers from the most important Universities in the country, including members of the Romanian Academy, but also junior researchers. -/- This volume was made possible thanks to the relationship established between the Applied Ethics Centres of the University of Bucharest, Romania, and Hokkaido University, Japan. (shrink)
What is Moral Application? Towards a Philosophical Theory of Applied Ethics.Fabio Fossa - 2017 - Applied Ethics. The Past, Present and Future of Applied Ethics.details
The aim of this paper is to offer some philosophical remarks concerning the concept of moral application in applied ethics. In doing so, I argue in favour of a philosophical approach towards applied ethics as a unitary form of moral experience. In fact every form of applied ethics, no matter how specific, moves from a problem of application and tries to fill a gap between moral theory and practice. This essential unity of applied (...) ethics as a moral phenomenon is of great philosophical interest, since it belongs to the core problem from which moral thinking itself originates. For this reason, what applied ethics may reveal to a philosophical inquiry could provide valuable insight into the nature of moral experience itself. This is why it is important to reflect on what applied ethics is and whether the way in which application is usually framed be ts the properties of moral experience or not. In the first section I submit some preliminary remarks concerning the theoretical requirements to any philosophical approach to applied ethics. In the second section I present how application is commonly understood in the applied ethics debate by discussing the deductive and the procedural models of application. Both models, however, draw upon a technological conception of application which fails to t the structure of moral experience. Finally, I brie y sketch out the main features and the future tasks of what seems to me to be the most promising approach to the issue, i.e., the hermeneutic concept of application. (shrink)
Recent Work in Applied Virtue Ethics.Guy Axtell & Philip Olson - 2012 - American Philosophical Quarterly 49 (3):183-204.details
The use of the term "applied ethics" to denote a particular field of moral inquiry (distinct from but related to both normative ethics and meta-ethics) is a relatively new phenomenon. The individuation of applied ethics as a special division of moral investigation gathered momentum in the 1970s and 1980s, largely as a response to early twentieth- century moral philosophy's overwhelming concentration on moral semantics and its apparent inattention to practical moral problems that arose in (...) the wake of significant social and technological transformations. The field of applied ethics is now a well established, professional domain sustained by institutional research centers, professional academic appointments, and devoted journals. As the field of applied ethics grew and developed, its contributors predominantly advocated consequentialist and deontological approaches to the problems they address; but lately a significant number of moral philosophers have begun to bring the resources of virtue ethics to bear upon the ever-evolving subject matters of applied ethics. (shrink)
Malthus on Sex, Procreation, and Applied Ethics/Sobre Sexo, Procriação E Ética Aplicada Em Malthus.Sergio Volodia Cremaschi - 2016 - Pensando: Revista de Filosofia 7 (14):48-75.details
I argue that Malthus's Essay on Population is more a treatise in applied ethics than the first treatise in demography. I argue also that, as an ethical work, it is a highly innovative one. The substitution of procreation for sex as the focus makes for a drastic change in the agenda. What had been basically lacking in the discussion up to Malthus's time was a consideration of human beings' own responsibility in the decision of procreating. This makes for (...) a remarkable change also in the approach, namely, the discussion becomes an examination of a well-identified issue, taking cause-effect relationships into account in order to assess possible lines of conduct in the light of some, widely shared and comparatively minimal, value judgements. This is more or less the approach of what is now called applied ethics, at least according to one of its accounts, or perhaps to the account shared by a vast majority of its practitioners. In a sense, both the subject matter, sexuality, was substituted with a more restricted issue, namely reproduction, and the traditional approach, moral doctrine, was substituted with a more modest approach, in Malthus's own words, the 'moral and political science'. Such a drastic transformation brought about a viable framework, for a discussion of ethical issues that were still unforeseen by Malthus, namely those having to do first with the technical feasibility of eugenics programs and secondly with the scientific discovery of genetics as a field of study but also of possible intervention. Malthus's ethics had obviously enough nothing to say on those unforeseen issues in so far as it was meant to treat just the 'quantitative' dimension of procreation, that is, 'how many'. Later discussions and controversies will arise around different dimensions, that is, not just 'how many' but also 'how healthy, how strong, how far empowered'. Yet, what Malthus's lesson can still teach to proponents of opposite views is that the mentioned questions can be construed in such a way as to avoid unending controversy. (shrink)
Etiche applicate / Applied Ethics.Luca Bertolino (ed.) - 2016 - Edizioni ETS.details
Monographic issue of "Teoria" (Vol. 36, No. 2) devoted to the so-called "applied ethics". It offers an introduction to the main studies, while providing precise theoretical proposals about them, thanks to the contributions of valid specialists.
Teaching Applied Ethics to the Righteous Mind.Peter Murphy - 2014 - Journal of Moral Education 43 (4):413-428.details
What does current empirically informed moral psychology imply about the goals that can be realistically achieved in college-level applied ethics courses? This paper takes up this question from the vantage point of Jonathan Haidt's Social Intuitionist Model of human moral judgment. I summarize Haidt's model, and then consider a variety of pedagogical goals. I begin with two of the loftiest goals of ethics education, and argue that neither is within realistic reach if Haidt's model is correct. I (...) then look at three goals that can be achieved if his model is correct; but each of these goals, I argue, lacks significant value. I end by identifying three goals that are of significant value and also realistically attainable on Haidt's model. These should be the focus of applied ethics pedagogy if Haidt's model is correct. (shrink)
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Applied Ethics Series.Anne Schwenkenbecher - 2011 - Centre for Applied Ethics and Philosophy, Hokkaido University.details
It is widely accepted that industrialized or wealthy countries in particular have moral obligations or duties of justice to combat world poverty or to shoulder burdens of climate change. But what does it actually mean to say that a state has moral obligations or duties of justice? In this paper I discuss Toni Erskine's account of moral agency of states. With her, I argue that collectives such as states can hold (collective) moral duties. However, Erskine's approach does not clarify what (...) moral duties of collectives entail for their members. I suggest that these duties entail corresponding (contributory) duties for the members of the collective. I propose three criteria for determining the magnitude of an individual agent's or sub-group's contributory duty to a collective duty: capacity, moral correlation, and commitments of oneself and other agents. (shrink)
Natural Law Ethics in Disciplines Abstract to Applied.James Franklin - manuscriptdetails
Language suggestive of natural law ethics, similar to the Catholic understanding of ethical foundations, is prevalent in a number of disciplines. But it does not always issue in a full-blooded commitment to objective ethics, being undermined by relativist ethical currents. In law and politics, there is a robust conception of "human rights", but it has become somewhat detached from both the worth of persons in themselves and from duties. In education, talk of "values" imports ethical considerations but hints (...) at a subjectivist view of them. In the psychology and sociology of drug use, ethically thin concepts of "harm minimisation" and "selfimage" dominate discussion and distract attention from the virtue of temperance and the training of character. A more forceful assertion of an ethics based on the worth of persons in these cases would be most desirable. Arguments against objectivity in the fundamentals may be replied to by examining the parallel between ethics and the discipline whose objectivity has been least challenged by relativist arguments, mathematics. (shrink)
Roboethics: Ethics Applied to Robotics.Gianmarco Veruggio, Jorje Solis & Machiel Van der Loos - 2011 - IEEE Robotics and Automation Magazine 1 (March):21-22.details
This special issue deals with the emerging debate on robo- ethics, the human ethics ap- plied to robotics. Is a specific ethic applied to robotics truly neces- sary? Or, conversely, are not the gen- eral principles of ethics adequate to answer many of the issues raised by our field's applications? In our opin- ion, and according to many roboticists and human scientists, many novel issues that emerge and many more that will show up in the immediate (...) future, arising from the upcoming marketed robotics products, demand the development of new cultural and legal tools that can provide the crucial answers to the most sensitive questions. (shrink)
Applied Ethics Series (Center for Applied Ethics and Philosophy).Jacob Blair - 2011details
Martin Peterson, "The Ethics of Technology: A Geometric Analysis of Five Moral Principles." Reviewed By. [REVIEW]Brendan Shea - 2019 - Philosophy in Review 39 (2):94-96.details
Martin Peterson's The Ethics of Technology: A Geometric Analysis of Five Moral Principles offers a welcome contribution to the ethics of technology, understood by Peterson as a branch of applied ethics that attempts 'to identify the morally right courses of action when we develop, use, or modify technological artifacts' (3). He argues that problems within this field are best treated by the use of five domain-specific principles: the Cost-Benefit Principle, the Precautionary Principle, the Sustainability Principle, the (...) Autonomy Principle, and the Fairness Principle. These principles are, in turn, to be understood and applied with reference to the geometric method. This method is perhaps the most interesting and novel part of Peterson's book, and I'll devote the bulk of my review to it. (shrink)
Designing in Ethics. [REVIEW]Steven Umbrello - 2019 - Prometheus: Critical Studies in Innovation 35 (1):160-161.details
Designing in Ethics provides a compilation of well-curated essays that tackle the ethical issues that surround technological design and argue that ethics must form a constitutive part of the designing process and a foundation in our institutions and practices. The appropriation of a design approach to applied ethics is argued as a means by which ethical issues that implicate technological artifact may be achieved.
Limitations on Applying Peircean Semeiotic. Biosemiotics as Applied Objective Ethics and Esthetics Rather Than Semeiotic.Tommi Vehkavaara - 2006 - Journal of Biosemiotics 1 (1):269-308.details
This paper explores the critical conditions of such semiotic realism that is commonly presumed in the so-called Copenhagen interpretation of biosemiotics. The central task is to make basic biosemiotic concepts as clear as possible by applying C.S. Peirce's pragmaticist methodology to his own concepts, especially to those that have had a strong influence on the Copenhagian biosemiotics. It appears essential to study what kinds of observation the basic semiotic concepts are derived from. Peirce had two different derivations to the concept (...) of sign, both having a strong logical character. Therefore, it is discussed at length what Peirce's conception of logic consists of and how logical concepts relate to the concepts of other sciences. It is shown that Peirce had two different perspectives toward sign, the 'transcendental' one and the objective one, and only the latter one is executable in biosemiotic applications. Although Peirce' theory of signs seems to appear as twofold (if not even manifold), it is concluded that the ore conception has been stable. The apparent differences are presumably due to the different perspectives of consideration. Severe limitations for the application of Peirce's semiotic concepts follow from this analysis that should be taken into account in biosemiotics relying on its Copenhagen interpretation. The first one concerns the 'interpreter' of a suggested biosemiotic sign — whether it is 'we' (as a 'meta-agent') or some genuine biosemiotic 'object-agent'. Only if the latter one is determinable, some real biosemiotic sign-action may occur. The second one concerns the application of the concept of the object of sign — its use is limited so that a sign has an object if and only if it seeks a true conception about it. This conclusion has drastic further consequences. Most of the genuinely biosemiotic sign-processes do not tend toward truth about anything but toward various practical ends. Therefore, the logical concept of sign, e.g. the one of Peirce's semeiotic, is an insufficient concept for biosemiotics. In order to establish a sufficient one, Peircean theoretical ethics and esthetics are introduced. It is concluded that they involve simpler and more general but still normative concept of sign — the concept of anticipative or constructive representation that does not represent any object at all. Instead, it is a completely future-oriented representation that guides action. Objective ethics provides the suitable concept of representation, but it appeals to objective esthetics that provides a theory of (local) natural self-normativity. The concepts of objective logic form the special species of objective ethics. The conclusion is that biosemiotics should be based on applied objective ethics and esthetics rather than on (Peircean semeiotic) logic and its metaphysical application. Finally, the physiosemiotic over-generalization of the concept of sign is shortly discussed. It is suggested that it would be more appropriate to rename such controversial generalizations than to adhere to semiotic terminology. Here, again, Peirce appears as a healthy role model with his 'ethics of terminology'. (shrink)
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Ethics for Fish.Eliot Michaelson & Andrew Reisner - 2018 - In Anne Barnhill, Mark Budolfson & Tyler Doggett (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Food Ethics. New York, USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 189-208.details
In this chapter we discuss some of the central ethical issues specific to eating and harvesting fish. We survey recent research on fish intelligence and cognition and discuss possible considerations that are distinctive to questions about the ethics of eating fish as opposed to terrestrial and avian mammals. We conclude that those features that are distinctive to the harvesting and consumption of fish, including means of capture and the central role that fishing plays in many communities, do not suggest (...) that eating fish is less morally problematic than eating terrestrial of avian animals. (shrink)
Virtue Ethics in the Military.Peter Olsthoorn - 2014 - In Stan van Hooft (ed.), The Handbook of Virtue Ethics. Acumen Publishing. pp. 365-374.details
In addition to the traditional reliance on rules and codes in regulating the conduct of military personnel, most of today's militaries put their money on character building in trying to make their soldiers virtuous. Especially in recent years it has time and again been argued that virtue ethics, with its emphasis on character building, provides a better basis for military ethics than deontological ethics or utilitarian ethics. Although virtue ethics comes in many varieties these days, (...) in many texts on military ethics dealing with the subject of military virtues the Aristotelian view on virtues is still pivotal. Developing virtues is by some authors seen as the best way to prevent misconduct by military personnel, it being considered superior to rules or codes of conduct imposed from above. The main argument these authors offer is that these solutions are impotent when no one is around, and lack the flexibility often thought necessary in today's world. Finally, rules and codes try to condition behavior, leaving less room for personal integrity. At first sight, then, there is a great deal to say in favor of virtue ethics as being the best way of enhancing the chances of soldiers behaving morally. -/- However, this preference for steering conduct by means of promoting certain desirable dispositions is not without any problems that, as it stands, are hardly ever addressed. To begin with, there are a few practical concerns. For instance, even if we assume that military virtues can assist military personnel to do their work in a morally sound manner, it is still not clear to what extent virtues can, in fact, be taught to them. It is an assumption of virtue ethics that they can, but is this really the case? And if so, how should they be taught? – virtues are supposedly developed by practicing them, yet how much room is there for practicing virtues in for instance the ethics education as followed in military academies and school battalions? -/- Secondly, it appears that the traditional military virtues, such as honor, loyalty, courage, and obedience, are, especially in their common interpretation, mainly beneficial to colleagues and the organization, not so much to the local population of the countries military personnel are deployed to. Changes in the military's wider environment have led to a shift from traditional of self-defense tasks to new, more complex tasks, and especially in today's missions one could expect that the proper virtues are not necessarily solely the more martial ones. (shrink)
Empathy, Asymmetrical Reciprocity, and the Ethics of Mental Health Care.Andrew Molas - 2018 - Journal of the Canadian Society for the Study of Practical Ethics 2 (1):51-77.details
I discuss Young's "asymmetrical reciprocity" and apply it to an ethics of mental health care. Due to its emphasis on engaging with others through respectful dialogue in an inclusive manner, asymmetrical reciprocity serves as an appropriate framework for guiding caregivers to interact with their patients and to understand them in a morally responsible and appropriate manner. In Section 1, I define empathy and explain its benefits in the context of mental health care. In Section 2, I discuss two potential (...) problems surrounding empathy: the difficulty of perspectivetaking and "compassion fatigue." In Section 3, I argue that these issues can be resolved if examined through the lens of an ethics of care. Reciprocal relationships between patients and caregivers are an important element in the development of an ethics of care. In Section 4, I introduce two models of reciprocity that can be applied to a health care context: Benhabib's symmetrical reciprocity and Young's asymmetrical reciprocity. In Section 5, I demonstrate how asymmetrical reciprocity cultivates empathy and, in Section 6 and Section 7, I show how it overcomes the objections of empathy and improves therapeutic relationships. (shrink)
The Four Cultures: Hybridizing Science and Humanities, East and West.Michel Puech - 2010 - In Center for Applied Ethics and Philosophy (ed.), Applied Ethics: Challenges for the 21st Century. , Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan. pp. 27--35.details
The purpose of this paper is to elaborate hypotheses and to indicate research tracks. It leads to a research program and not to final conclusions. It tries to inspire and comfort philosophers who do not feel at ease in a compartmentalized culture. 1. Four Cultures, One Predicament 2. Resources 3. Domains 4. Concluding Remarks: Applied Ethics, Wisdom Ethics.
Safe-(for Whom?)-By-Design: Adopting a Posthumanist Ethics for Technology Design.Steven Umbrello - 2018 - Dissertation, York Universitydetails
This research project aims to accomplish two primary objectives: (1) propose an argument that a posthuman ethics in the design of technologies is sound and thus warranted and, (2) how can existent SBD approaches begin to envision principled and methodological ways of incorporating nonhuman values into design. In order to do this this MRP will provide a rudimentary outline of what constitutes SBD approaches. A particular design approach - Value Sensitive Design (VSD) - is taken up as an illustrative (...) example given that it, among the other SBD frameworks, most clearly illustrates a principled approach to the integration of values in design. -/- This explication will be followed by the strongest arguments for a posthumanist ethic, primarily drawing from the works of the Italian philosophers Leonardo Caffo and Roberto Marchesini and Francesa Ferrando. In doing so I will show how the human imperative to account for nonhuman values is a duty and as such must be continually ready-to-hand when making value-critical decision. (shrink)
Cops, Cameras and the Policing of Ethics.Meg Stalcup & Charles Hahn - 2016 - Theoretical Criminology 20 (4):482-501.details
In this article, we explore some of the roles of cameras in policing in the United States. We outline the trajectory of key new media technologies, arguing that cameras and social media together generate the ambient surveillance through which graphic violence is now routinely captured and circulated. Drawing on Michel Foucault, we suggest that there are important intersections between this video footage and police subjectivity, and propose to look at two: recruit training at the Washington state Basic Law Enforcement Academy (...) and the Seattle Police Department's body-worn camera project. We analyze these cases in relation to the major arguments for and against initiatives to increase police use of cameras, outlining what we see as techno-optimistic and techno-pessimistic positions. Drawing on the pragmatism of John Dewey, we argue for a third position that calls for field-based inquiry into the specific co-production of socio-techno subjectivities. (shrink)
The "Four Principles" at 40: What is Their Role in Introductory Bioethics Classes?Brendan Shea - manuscriptdetails
This is the text of a paper (along with appendixes) delivered at the 2019 annual meeting of the Minnesota Philosophical Society on Oct 26 in Cambridge, MN. -/- Beauchamp and Childress's "Four Principles" (or "Principlism") approach to bioethics has become something of a standard not only in bioethics classrooms and journals, but also within medicine itself. In this teaching-focused workshop, I'll be doing the following: (1) Introducing the basics of the "Four Principles" approach, with a special focus on its relation (...) to the common morality and the importance to weighing and balancing of competing norms. (2) Comparing and contrasting this to other potential approaches, such as those provided by virtue ethics, act utilitarianism, casuistry, and competing versions of principles-based ethics. (3) Considering the ways in which the principles-based approach can best be implemented for lower-level, introductory bioethics classes, where the average student may have little background knowledge in either philosophy or medicine. I'll be presenting sample activities, case studies, and lesson plans. There will be considerable time reserved for discussion at the end, so that participants can exchange ideas relating to the teaching of both bioethics and other varieties of applied ethics. (shrink)
The Structural Links Between Ecology, Evolution and Ethics: The Virtuous Epistemic Circle.Donato Bergandi (ed.) - 2013 - Dordrecht, Netherland: Springer.details
Abstract - Evolutionary, ecological and ethical studies are, at the same time, specific scientific disciplines and, from an historical point of view, structurally linked domains of research. In a context of environmental crisis, the need is increasingly emerging for a connecting epistemological framework able to express a common or convergent tendency of thought and practice aimed at building, among other things, an environmental policy management respectful of the planet's biodiversity and its evolutionary potential. -/- Evolutionary biology, ecology and ethics: (...) at first glance, three different objects of research, three different worldviews and three different scientific communities. In reality, there are both structural and historical links between these disciplines. First, some topics are obviously common across the board. Second, the emerging need for environmental policy management has gradually but radically changed the relationship between these disciplines. Over the last decades in particular, there has emerged a need for an interconnecting meta-paradigm that integrates more strictly evolutionary studies, biodiversity studies and the ethical frameworks that are most appropriate for allowing a lasting co-evolution between natural and social systems. Today such a need is more than a mere luxury, it is an epistemological and practical necessity. -/- In short, the authors of this volume address some of the foundational themes that interconnect evolutionary studies, ecology and ethics. Here they have chosen to analyze a topic using one of these specific disciplines as a kind of epistemological platform with specific links to topics from one or both of the remaining disciplines. Michael Ruse's chapter, for instance, elucidates some of the structural links between Darwinismand ethics. Ruse analyzes the Evolutionism vs. Creationism debate, emphasizing the risks run by scientists when they ideologize the scientific content of their studies. In the case of the contributions of Jean Gayon and Jean-Marc Drouin, which respectively deal with the disciplines of evolutionary biology and ecology, some central connections have been developed between these two disciplines, while reserving the option to consider in detail their topic in order to discover essential features ormeanings. Gayon analyzes the multilayered meanings of "chance" in evolutionary studies and the methodological implications that accompany such disparatemeanings. Froma similar analytical perspective, Drouin's contribution focuses on the identification and critical evaluation of the different conceptions of time in ecology. Chance and time, factors of evolution in species and ecological systems, play a very important function in both disciplines, and these chapters help to capture their polysemous structure and development. Bryan Norton's chapter, on adaptive environmental management, is set within an epistemological context where the Darwinian paradigm, ecological knowledge and ethical frameworks meet to give rise to practical, conservationist policies. In his contribution, Patrick Blandin pleads for the necessity of an eco-evolutionary ethics capable of fully encompassing humanity's responsibility in the future determination of the biosphere's evolutionary paths. Our value systems must recognize the predominant place that humanity has taken in the evolutionary history of the planet, and integrate the ethical ramifications of scientific advances in evolutionary and ecological studies. The chapter by J. Baird Callicott introduces us to a metaphorical ecological reversion with direct consequences for our moral conduct. If ecology showed that ecosystems are not organisms, recognizing organisms as a kind of ecosystem could be the basis for a new post-modern ecological ethics that lays the foundation for a better moral integration of humans with the environment. The contributions of Robin Attfield and Tom Regan delve into some of the classical issues in environmental ethics, situating them within a broader ecological and evolutionary context. Attfield's chapter tackles the confrontation between individualistic and ecologically holistic perspectives, their different approaches to the issue of intrinsic value, and their tangled relation to monism and pluralism. Regan's contribution ponders the criteria that allow individual beings, human and non-human, to own moral rights, the role of the struggle for existence in the relationship between species, and the logical difficulties involved in attributing intrinsic value to collective entities (species, ecosystems). Catherine Larrère's chapter discusses the opposition between two environmental and ethical worldviews with very different philosophical centers of gravity: nature and technology. These opposing perspectives have direct consequences not only for the perception of the problems at hand and for what entities are deemed morally significant, but also for the proposed solutions. -/- To set out some foundational events in the history of evolutionary biology, ecology and environmental ethics is a first necessary step towards a clarification of their major epistemological orientations. On the basis of this inevitably nonexhaustive history, it will be possible to better position the work of the different contributors, and to build a meta-paradigm, i.e. a connecting epistemological framework resulting from one common or convergent tendency of thought and practice shared by different disciplines. (shrink)
Ethics for an Uninhabited Planet.Erik Persson - 2019 - In Konrad Szocik (ed.), The Human Factor in a Mission to Mars – An Interdisciplinary Approach. Springer. pp. 201-216.details
Some authors argue that we have a moral obligation to leave Mars the way it is, even if it does not harbour any life. This claim is usually based on an assumption that Mars has intrinsic value. The problem with this concept is that different authors use it differently. In this chapter, I investigate different ways in which an uninhabited Mars is said to have intrinsic value. First, I investigate whether the planet can have moral standing. I find that this (...) is not a plausible assumption. I then investigate different combinations of objective value and end value. I find that there is no way we can know whether an uninhabited Mars has objective end value and even if it does, this does not seem to imply any moral obligations on us. I then investigate whether an uninhabited Mars can have subjective end value. I conclude that this is very plausible. I also investigate whether an uninhabited Mars can have objective instrumental value in relation to some other, non-Mars related end value. I find also this very plausible. It is also highly plausible, however, that spreading (human or other) life to a presently uninhabited Mars can also have subjective end value, as well as objective instrumental value. I mention shortly two ways of prioritising between these values: (1) The utilitarian method of counting the number of sentient beings who entertain each value and determining the strength of the values to them. (2) Finding a compromise that allows colonisation on parts of the planet while leaving other parts untouched. These methods should be seen as examples, not as an exhaustive list. Also, I do not take a definitive stand in favour of any of the two approaches, though it seems at least prima facie that the second approach may have a better chance of actually leading to a constructive result. (shrink)
Mental Time-Travel, Semantic Flexibility, and A.I. Ethics.Marcus Arvan - forthcoming - AI and Society:1-20.details
This article argues that existing approaches to programming ethical AI fail to resolve a serious moral-semantic trilemma, generating interpretations of ethical requirements that are either too semantically strict, too semantically flexible, or overly unpredictable. This paper then illustrates the trilemma utilizing a recently proposed 'general ethical dilemma analyzer,' _GenEth_. Finally, it uses empirical evidence to argue that human beings resolve the semantic trilemma using general cognitive and motivational processes involving 'mental time-travel,' whereby we simulate different possible pasts and futures. I (...) demonstrate how mental time-travel psychology leads us to resolve the semantic trilemma through a six-step process of interpersonal negotiation and renegotiation, and then conclude by showing how comparative advantages in processing power would plausibly cause AI to use similar processes to solve the semantic trilemma more reliably than we do, leading AI to make better moral-semantic choices than humans do by our very own lights. (shrink)
The Ethics of Eating Meat.David Sobel - 2017 - Philosophic Exchange 46 (1).details
I explore the ethical issues involved in eating meat.
Ethics and the Potential Conflicts Between Astrobiology, Planetary Protection and Commercial Use of Space.Erik Persson - 2017 - Challenges 8 (1).details
A high standard of planetary protection is important for astrobiology, though the risk for contamination can never be zero. It is therefore important to find a balance. If extraterrestrial life has a moral standing in its own right, it will also affect what we have to do to protect it. The questions of how far we need to go to protect extraterrestrial life will be even more acute and complicated when the time comes to use habitable worlds for commercial purposes. (...) There will also be conflicts between those who want to set a world aside for more research and those who want to give the green light for development. I believe it is important to be proactive in relation to these issues. The aim of my project is therefore to identify, elucidate, and if possible, suggest solutions to potential conflicts between astrobiology, planetary protection, and commercial use of space. (shrink)
The Law and Ethics of K Street.Daniel T. Ostas - 2007 - Business Ethics Quarterly 17 (1):33-63.details
This article explores the law and ethics of lobbying. The legal discussion examines disclosure regulations, employment restrictions,bribery laws, and anti-fraud provisions as each applies to the lobbying context. The analysis demonstrates that given the social value placed on the First Amendment, federal law generally affords lobbyists wide latitude in determining who, what, when, where, and how to lobby.The article then turns to ethics. Lobbying involves deliberate attempts to effect changes in the law. An argument is advanced that because (...) law implicates the use of force and because law ideally reflects the values of a democratic society, seeking to slant the law to serve a client's narrow interests cannot provide an adequate ethical end for a lobbyist. On the contrary, a lobbyist has an affirmative moral duty to seek reasonably balanced and just laws. The article examines, refines, and defends this proposition in a number of settings. (shrink)
Food Ethics.Robert K. Garcia - 2015 - In Robert Audi (ed.), Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, 3rd Edition.details
The Ethics of Trigger Warnings.Wendy Wyatt - 2016 - Teaching Ethics 16 (1):17-35.details
Trigger warnings captured national attention in 2014 when students from several U.S. universities called for inclusion of the warnings on course syllabi and in classrooms. Opinions spread through news outlets across the spectrum, and those weighing in were quick to pronounce trigger warnings as either unnecessary coddling and an affront to free speech, or as a responsible pedagogical practice that treats students with respect and minimizes harm. Put simply, the debate about trigger warnings has followed the trajectory of many debates (...) in the public sphere: The issue has largely been framed by highly committed opponents and proponents whose positions represent the extremes of the spectrum. Lost has been the nuance that an issue like trigger warnings necessarily requires. This article examines trigger warnings—particularly the call for trigger warnings on university campuses—from a pluralistic ethical perspective and addresses the question: When, if ever, are trigger warnings ethically appropriate? (shrink)
Architecture, Ethics and the Personhood of Place.Tom Spector - 2009 - Environmental Ethics 31 (1):101-104.details
Moral Case for Legal Age Change.Joona Räsänen - 2019 - Journal of Medical Ethics 45 (7):461-464.details
Should a person who feels his legal age does not correspond with his experienced age be allowed to change his legal age? In this paper, I argue that in some cases people should be allowed to change their legal age. Such cases would be when: 1) the person genuinely feels his age differs significantly from his chronological age and 2) the person's biological age is recognized to be significantly different from his chronological age and 3) age change would likely prevent, (...) stop or reduce ageism, discrimination due to age, he would otherwise face. I also consider some objections against the view that people should be allowed to change their legal age and find them lacking. (shrink)
Improving Epistemological Beliefs and Moral Judgment Through an STS-Based Science Ethics Education Program.Hyemin Han & Changwoo Jeong - 2014 - Science and Engineering Ethics 20 (1):197-220.details
This study develops a Science–Technology–Society (STS)-based science ethics education program for high school students majoring in or planning to major in science and engineering. Our education program includes the fields of philosophy, history, sociology and ethics of science and technology, and other STS-related theories. We expected our STS-based science ethics education program to promote students' epistemological beliefs and moral judgment development. These psychological constructs are needed to properly solve complicated moral and social dilemmas in the fields of (...) science and engineering. We applied this program to a group of Korean high school science students gifted in science and engineering. To measure the effects of this program, we used an essay-based qualitative measurement. The results indicate that there was significant development in both epistemological beliefs and moral judgment. In closing, we briefly discuss the need to develop epistemological beliefs and moral judgment using an STS-based science ethics education program. (shrink)
Police Ethics.Mark A. Lauchs - 2012 - In Peter Bowden (ed.), Applied Ethics: Strengthening Ethical Practices. pp. 167--176.details
POLICE ETHICS – Abstract Mark Lauchs -/- Police are an essential part of the justice system. They are the frontline actors in keeping the peace, social stability and cohesion. Thus good governance relies on honest policing. However, there will always be at least a small group of corrupt police officers, even though Australians are culturally averse to corruption (Khatri, Tsang, & Begley, 2006). There have been many cases where the allegations of police corruption have reached to the highest levels (...) of a state police force (Blanch, 1982) and, in the case of the Fitzgerald Inquiry (Fitzgerald, 1989), ended in a commissioner being convicted of corruption. -/- Any public official who places their own interests before those of the public have corrupted a system in which they are supposed to act as agents of the public, will undermine the good governance of a society (Lauchs, 2007). Police officers attract offers of corruption because of their ability to enforce or ignore the law. Police who are unethical or in financial stress are vulnerable to offers of illicit payments. Longstanding arrangements of corruption within a police branch can lead to a corruption network between police and criminals. Organised police corruption constitutes "social behaviour, conducted in groups within organisations, that is powerful enough to override the officer's oath of office, personal conscience, departmental regulations and criminal laws." (Punch, 2000) it is an even greater threat to the community because the damage done has more impact than the sum of the individual acts of corruption. This chapter will discuss the types of police corruption and focus on the organisation as the source of core police culture. -/- . (shrink)
Imaginative Value Sensitive Design: Using Moral Imagination Theory to Inform Responsible Technology Design.Steven Umbrello - 2019 - Science and Engineering Ethics 5 (25):1-21.details
Safe-by-Design (SBD) frameworks for the development of emerging technologies have become an ever more popular means by which scholars argue that transformative emerging technologies can safely incorporate human values. One such popular SBD methodology is called Value Sensitive Design (VSD). A central tenet of this design methodology is to investigate stakeholder values and design those values into technologies during early stage research and development (R&D). To accomplish this, the VSD framework mandates that designers consult the philosophical and ethical literature to (...) best determine how to weigh moral trade-offs. However, the VSD framework also concedes the universalism of moral values, particularly the values of freedom, autonomy, equality trust and privacy justice. This paper argues that the VSD methodology, particularly applied to nano-bio-info-cogno (NBIC) technologies, has an insufficient grounding for the determination of moral values. As such, an exploration of the value-investigations of VSD are deconstructed to illustrate both its strengths and weaknesses. This paper also provides possible modalities for the strengthening of the VSD methodology, particularly through the application of moral imagination and how moral imagination exceed the boundaries of moral intuitions in the development of novel technologies. (shrink)
Buddhism and Animal Ethics.Bronwyn Finnigan - 2017 - Philosophy Compass 12 (7):1-12.details
This article provides a philosophical overview of some of the central Buddhist positions and argument regarding animal welfare. It introduces the Buddha's teaching of ahiṃsā or non-violence and rationally reconstructs five arguments from the context of early Indian Buddhism that aim to justify its extension to animals. These arguments appeal to the capacity and desire not to suffer, the virtue of compassion, as well as Buddhist views on the nature of self, karma, and reincarnation. This article also considers how versions (...) of these arguments have been applied to address a practical issue in Buddhist ethics; whether Buddhists should be vegetarian. (shrink)
La strana idea di applicare la teoria etica.Sergio Volodia Marcello Cremaschi - 2008 - In Christoph Lumer (ed.), Etica normativa – Principi dell'agire morale. Roma, Italy: Carocci. pp. 167-188.details
In this paper I argue that applied ethics is a phenomenon spontaneously emerged between the Sixties and the Seventies and resulting from interbreeding of theoretical discussion in ethics and public discourse of liberal-democratic societies. I contend that the phenomenon's novelty is in a peculiar relationship it has helped in establishing between ethical theories and real-world issues, and besides that the true nature of applied ethics is that of deliberation, whose tool is the faculty of judgment, (...) or casuistry, understood the Kantian way. (shrink)
Alcuni motivi della ripresa dell'etica economica nella seconda metà del Novecento.Sergio Volodia Marcello Cremaschi - 2005 - Bollettino Della Società Filosofica Italiana (186 (nuova serie)):5-19.details
I reconstruct a few themes of the early twentieth-century discussion that headed to the claim of a value-free character of economic theory and of the subsequent discussion that headed to a resumption of a rich discussion of economic ethics and of applied ethics with regard to economic practices. I examine the discussion on value-freedom from classical political economy to Robbins, the role played by utilitarianism in economic theory and the puzzles connected to the idea of utility and (...) several recent discussions on social choice, welfare, and collective choice. I end by discussing a few good reasons for the revival of business ethics. (shrink)
How Can Neuroscience Contribute to Moral Philosophy, Psychology and Education Based on Aristotelian Virtue Ethics?Hyemin Han - 2016 - International Journal of Ethics Education 1 (2):201-217.details
The present essay discusses the relationship between moral philosophy, psychology and education based on virtue ethics, contemporary neuroscience, and how neuroscientific methods can contribute to studies of moral virtue and character. First, the present essay considers whether the mechanism of moral motivation and developmental model of virtue and character are well supported by neuroscientific evidence. Particularly, it examines whether the evidence provided by neuroscientific studies can support the core argument of virtue ethics, that is, motivational externalism. Second, it (...) discusses how experimental methods of neuroscience can be applied to studies in human morality. Particularly, the present essay examines how functional and structural neuroimaging methods can contribute to the development of the fields by reviewing the findings of recent social and developmental neuroimaging experiments. Meanwhile, the present essay also considers some limitations embedded in such discussions regarding the relationship between the fields and suggests directions for future studies to address these limitations. (shrink)
Inclusive Education and Epistemic Value in the Praxis of Ethical Change.Ignace Haaz - 2019 - In Obiora F. Ike, Justus Mbae & Chidiehere Onyia (eds.), Mainstreaming Ethics in Higher Education Research Ethics in Administration, Finance, Education, Environment and Law Vol. 1. Geneva: Globethics. net. pp. 259-290.details
In many universities and related knowledge transmission organisations, professional focus on empirical data shows as in vocational education that preparation for real life technical work is important, as one would expect from "career education". University is as the name shows on the contrary focusing on the universality of some sort of education, which is neither a technical one, nor much concerned by preparing oneself for a career. The scope of this chapter is to propose an analysis of inclusion as the (...) very essence of an ethics of reformation of education, which in our opinion cannot come from the institution of education as much as from a common basis between everyday learning capacities and curriculum based learning methods. Inclusive vision and values should be theoretically explained by philosophers in order to be refined and adapted into our current experience of values, pointing out issues about method and knowledge parameters. In particular a focus on epistemic values should bring good indications on how to empower others, and leave a more inclusive life, assuming the somehow paradoxical and surprising idea that knowledge is as important in real life outside the university as it is in the classroom, being the real universal value and currency across disciplines, times and contexts. University learns from being inclusive, i. e. by bringing not only a higher point of view on technical education but also a wider view on the human being. (shrink)
Psicoética. Ética para Psicólogos.R. Cuenca & Arevalo (eds.) - 2014 - Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (Ecuador).details
Estudio y guía didáctica sobre una ética aplicada: Ética para Psicología. -/- Applied Ethics study: Psychoethics .
Global Ethics for Leadership. Values and Virtues for Life.Christoph Stückelberger, Walter Fust & Obiora Ike (eds.) - 2016 - Globethics.net.details
The need for global values in a globalised world is combined with the need for contextual identity. New nationalisms, protectionisms and fundamentalisms are mixed with a globalised pluralistic relativism. Are global values threatened by particular values? Find answers within the 32 articles of this book. In each of the articles the authors, who are all in one way or another linked to Globethics.net, writing from one of four continents, focus and develop on a particular value or virtue in a specific (...) geographic, cultural or religious context. Many of them also give an input to the understanding of the value-basis of the UN-Sustainable Development Goals SDGs and give orientation for "values-driven leadership", a key vision and mission of Globethics.net. (shrink)
There is No 'I' in 'Robot': Robots and Utilitarianism (Expanded & Revised).Christopher Grau - 2011 - In Susan Anderson & Michael Anderson (eds.), Machine Ethics. Cambridge University Press. pp. 451.details
Utilizing the film I, Robot as a springboard, I here consider the feasibility of robot utilitarians, the moral responsibilities that come with the creation of ethical robots, and the possibility of distinct ethics for robot-robot interaction as opposed to robot-human interaction. (This is a revised and expanded version of an essay that originally appeared in IEEE: Intelligent Systems.).
Introduction: The Fogarty International Research Ethics Education and Curriculum Development Program in Historical Context.Joseph Millum, Christine Grady, Gerald Keusch & Barbara Sina - 2013 - Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics: An International Journal 8 (5):3-16.details
In response to the increasing need for research ethics expertise in low and middle income countries (LMICs), the NIH's Fogarty International Research Ethics Education and Curriculum Development Program has provided grants for the development of training programs in international research ethics for LMIC professionals since 2000. This collection of papers draws upon the combined expertise of Fogarty grantees, trainees, and other experts to assess the state of research ethics in LMICs, and the lessons learned over 12 (...) years of international research ethics education; to assess future needs; and to chart a way forward to meet those needs. In this introductory paper we briefly sketch the evolution of research ethics as applied to LMIC research, the underpinning and evolution of the Fogarty bioethics program, and summarize key conclusions from the other papers in the collection. (shrink)
The Relationship of Ethical Decision-Making to Business Ethics and Performance in Taiwan.Chen-Fong Wu - 2002 - Journal of Business Ethics 35 (3):163-176.details
This paper examines the relationship of ethical decision-making by individuals to corporate business ethics and organizational performance of three groups: SMEs, Outstanding SMEs and Large Enterprises, in order to provide a reference for Taiwanese entrepreneurs to practice better business ethics. The survey method involved random sampling of 132 enterprises within three groups. Some 524 out of 1320 questionnaires were valid. The survey results demonstrated that ethical decision-making by individuals, corporate business ethics and organizational performance are highly related. (...) In summary, then, high levels of organizational performance were directly attributable to high levels of applied corporate and individual ethics. Furthermore, there is a demonstrable tendency for Outstanding SMEs to reject ethically unsound practices such as padded expense accounts, tax evasion and misleading advertising. The measurement criteria used to assess organizational performance, however, did not include an objective evaluation of financial performance. (shrink)
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Ethics, Logical Consistency and Practical Deliberation.Nancy Matchett - 2011 - Theoretical and Applied Ethics 1 (3).details
Moral conflicts are real, and while a deontic logic containing a modified "agglomeration rule" may be able to accommodate this fact, even the most sophisticated logic will still overlook much of what everyday normative reasoning involves.
Beyond Serving a Purpose: Additional Ethical Focuses for Public Policy Agents.Vanessa Scholes - 2011 - In Jonathan Boston, Andrew Bradstock & David Eng (eds.), Ethics and public policy: contemporary issues. Victoria University Press.details
From the point of view of a theorist in ethics, the interest in public policy usually centres on the policy outcomes. But this point of view does not take much account of the roles and practices through which public policies are enacted. What additional ethical focuses for the policy agent might these entail? I outline four features of policy making, centred on the agent's performance of their role in the process, that raise ethical issues. These features are: the nature (...) of the policy process; the definition of the public; the treatment of policy agents; and accounting for public policy decisions. Brief examples are used to illustrate the nature of the issues and support the conclusion that these present additional ethical focuses for agents in public policy roles. (shrink)
The Philosophical Case for Robot Friendship.John Danaher - forthcoming - Journal of Posthuman Studies.details
Friendship is an important part of the good life. While many roboticists are eager to create friend-like robots, many philosophers and ethicists are concerned. They argue that robots cannot really be our friends. Robots can only fake the emotional and behavioural cues we associate with friendship. Consequently, we should resist the drive to create robot friends. In this article, I argue that the philosophical critics are wrong. Using the classic virtue-ideal of friendship, I argue that robots can plausibly be considered (...) our virtue friends - that to do so is philosophically reasonable. Furthermore, I argue that even if you do not think that robots can be our virtue friends, they can fulfil other important friendship roles, and can complement and enhance the virtue friendships between human beings. (shrink)
Poetry and Ethics: Inventing Possibilities in Which We Are Moved to Action and How We Live Together.Obiora Ike, Andrea Grieder & Ignace Haaz (eds.) - 2018 - Geneva, Switzerland: Globethics Publications.details
This book on the topic of ethics and poetry consists of contributions from different continents on the subject of applied ethics related to poetry. It should gather a favourable reception from philosophers, ethicists, theologians and anthropologists from Africa, Asia, Europe and Latin America and allows for a comparison of the healing power of words from various religious, spiritual and philosophical traditions. The first part of this book presents original poems that express ethical emotions and aphorism related to (...) a philosophical questioning of the grounding of our values for life. The poems are written by twelve authors coming from four continents, for whom poetic emotions are sources of artistic inspiration and that can be used for conflict resolution. In the second part, which features short essays, nine authors tackle how poems, symbolic representations, metaphorical narratives and lies impact the space of possibilities, in which we are moved to action, knowledge formation, and how we imagine the world together. (shrink)
The Torture Debate and the Toleration of Torture. [REVIEW]Jessica Wolfendale - 2019 - Criminal Justice Ethics 38:138-152.details
One of the questions raised by this important and thought-provoking collection of essays on torture is how and why the consensus that torture is wrong - a consensus enshrined in international law for decade - has become so fragile. As Scott Anderson writes in the introduction to this volume, "how did abusing and torturing prisoners suddenly become so popular?" The chapters in this volume offer insights into this question from the perspectives of history, psychology, law, philosophy, and sociology. This interdisciplinary (...) approach highlights important and often overlooked aspects of the torture debate. Yet, the questions that the authors take to be important (for example, about whether the justification of torture should even be contemplated) reflect different and sometimes incompatible normative assumptions about what torture is and about what matters in the torture debate. These assumptions, I shall argue, are shaped by, and play a role in shaping, the moral, political, and social narratives that contribute to or resist the toleration of torture in the US and elsewhere. Thus, while the disparate nature of the contributions (perhaps inevitably) undermine the cohesiveness of the volume as a whole, it illuminates, even if it does not resolve, larger questions about the place and function of academic debate in the history and use of torture. (shrink)
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"Mentally retarded persons . . . are individuals whose abilities and behavioral deficits can vary greatly depending on the degree of their retardation, their life experience, and the ameliorative effects of education and habilitation." So spoke the Supreme Court in upholding the death penalty for individuals who share the single commonality of a low IQ. Yet, despite this recognition by our country's highest court, that the term "mentally retarded" does not define a distinct class, states continue to view intellectually disabled people as a homogenous group for the purpose of terminating parental rights. They are, in fact, a group of people whose abilities may differ widely, especially in the area of parental abilities.


If you have questions about Hodgkin lymphoma, you are not alone. There is a lot of uncertainty regarding this condition, mainly because its causes are not yet well understood. For expert advice, you can turn to the multispecialty team in the Malignant Hematology Program at Moffitt Cancer Center. We are here to provide the accurate information you need and deserve. Perhaps the most important thing you should know is that lymphoma can often be effectively treated and even cured, especially when it is detected in an early stage.
What does a rash from Hodgkin lymphoma look like?
If you have further questions about Hodgkin lymphoma, we'd be happy to address them during a personal consultation. You can request an appointment with an oncologist at Moffitt by calling 1-888-663-3488 or completing our new patient registration form online. Referrals are welcome but not required.


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text:
Die Lithium-Iod-Batterie (Li-I2-Batterie) ist eine nicht wiederaufladbare Lithiumbatterie mit Lithium als Anode und einer Kombination basierend auf Iod und Poly-2-vinylpyridin (P2VP) als Kathode. Als fester Elektrolyt dient Lithiumiodid, das die Eigenschaft hat, Lithiumionen von der Anode zu Kathode gut leiten zu können, während es für Iodionen in umgekehrter Richtung undurchlässig ist. Dieser Batterietyp wird primär im Bereich bei elektrisch betriebenen Implantaten wie Herzschrittmachern als langlebige und eigensichere Energiequelle eingesetzt.  Zwischen der Markteinführung 1972 und dem Jahr 1997 wurden in Herzschrittmachern 3,5 Millionen Lithium-Iod-Batterien genutzt.

Eigenschaften

Lithium-Iod-Batterien sind Feststoffbatterien ohne flüssige Bestandteile und zeichnen sich durch eine sehr geringe Selbstentladung um 0,6 % pro Jahr aus. Die Leerlaufspannung variiert je nach Typ und liegt bei handelsüblichen Zellen für Herzschrittmacher bei 2,8 V. Die Li-I2-Zellen können aufgrund des hohen Innenwiderstandes nur geringe Entladeströme liefern. Übliche Lastwiderstände liegen über 10 kΩ, die entnehmbare Leistung unter 1 mW. Die Zellen sind kurzschlussfest und es kommt in keinem Betriebsfall zu einer Gasbildung in der Zelle. Damit kann eine Leckage der Batterie sicher verhindert werden, was für Implantate ein wesentliches Kriterium ist.

Reaktionen
An der Anode gibt das Lithiummetall Elektronen ab. Es wird zum Lithiumion Li+ oxidiert, das in den LiI-Festelektrolyten aufgenommen wird:

Anodenreaktion:

Aufgrund der Elektronenabgabe ist das der Minuspol der Batterie.

An der Kathode (Pluspol) wird das elementare oder komplex gebundene Iod reduziert, d. h., es bildet unter Aufnahme von Elektronen Iodidanionen I−. Diese reagieren mit dem durch den Festelektrolyten kommenden Lithiumionen zu Lithiumiodid:

Kathodenreaktion:         bzw.

Gesamtreaktion:         bzw.

Historisches
Erste Batterien mit einer festen Iodidelektrode wurden von einer Arbeitsgruppe am Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) entwickelt, sie veröffentlichte ihre Ergebnisse 1967. Sie verwendete aber keine Lithiumelektrode, sondern vor allem Magnesium- und Calciumanoden. Die Lithium-Iod-Batterie wurde 1970/1971 von James Moser und Alan Schneider zum Patent angemeldet.

In der DDR wurden Lithium-Iod-Batterien zur Versorgung von Herzschrittmachern entwickelt (Typ LIS2300) und 1984–1989 80000 Stück hergestellt. Die Herzschrittmacher konnten ohne Importe aus dem Westen hergestellt werden, waren die mit der längsten Laufzeit weltweit und wurden auch nach Polen, Ungarn, Bulgarien und China exportiert. Batterien, die nicht die medizinischen Spezifikationen erfüllten, wurden für andere Geräte eingesetzt – z. B. im Taxameter BOTAX 80, im Mobilen Fahrscheindrucker FABUS 1 und im Mehrkanalschreiber PMM100.

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Primärbatterie
Implantat
Lithium
Iod

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Triple point/warm front play across southeast Nebraska. Targeted Fairmont area for late afternoon tornadic supercells initiating on the triple point and riding the warm front. Intercepted severe warned supercell near Clay Center noting multivortex tornado under large bowl funnel. Escaped east trying to stay out of path and ahead of gust front. Noted gustnado interacting with updraft base near Grafton. Able to get into inflow notch north of Beaver Crossing noting later confirmed large rain wrapped tornado and satellite tornado. Chased HP gust front structure to Lincoln before heading east for home.
Chase partners: Jennifer Brindley Ubl, Victor Gensini. Equipment: Canon 60D, Canon t2i, Canon EFS 10-22, Canon EF 50mm, Sony HDR-xr500v..
Mother's Day was looking like 2014's biggest Great Plains tornado event yet. Brindley initially couldn't chase, but her photography clients cancelled at the last second, so she was in. Victor Gensini, a met professor at the College of DuPage, teamed up with us for this run too. Victor and I both had to be back by Monday morning, so this was going to be a marathon type chase, straight to the target area, and straight back. Luckily we had three people to split the drive.
A triple point was forecast over southeast Nebraska, with a warm front bowing north into central Iowa and a dryline extending down into Kansas and Oklahoma. Strong instability in the warm sector and impressive shear profiles prompted the Storm Prediction Center to issue a moderate risk for tornadoes across southeast Nebraska, where storms interacting with the warm front were likely to produce tornadoes. Targeting was pretty straight forward on this chase, and we agreed to head toward Fairmont for ourinitial intercept point, where storms were forecast to fire by mid to late afternoon on the triple point. The only negatives to the setup appeared to be questions about storm mode and storm coverage. Would we be dealing with messy high precipitation supercells that were interfering with each other, or cyclical tornado machines riding the warm front? The morning convection cleared out early, setting the stage for a big afternoon supercell show.
I met up with Brindley and Victor at the Quad Cities airport and we all piled into the van and started making our way west down 80 to get into position. We made great time across Iowa and even had time to stop near our target area for lunch, finding a Subway in the tiny town of Wilbur, NE just as storms started to pop on the triple point.
A supercell went up like a bomb in the explosively unstable atmosphere. We raced west out of Wilbur for the intercept, hoping to catch the cell near Clay Center. It appeared to still be maturing and was north of the warm front, so we weren't too worried about arriving late and missing the tornado show, figuring that the storm would need some time to root to the boundary and cycle. Besides, the storm wasn't even tornado warned yet.
Approaching Clay Center, the horizon grew dark as if the afternoon sky was turning to night. We continued west, pushing deep into the storm's inflow notch trying to get a view of the structure underneath. Immediately north of the warm front, the cool temperature made for extremely low bases and the moisture laden air was soupy and hazy. You had to get real close to see what was happening underneath the storm.
Just before Clay Center we turned off our county highway to watch the storm. The few trees blocking our view cleared up and we were greeted by a huge bowl lowering hanging underneath the updraft base of the storm. The sight was awesomely creepy.
We weren't really expecting a tornado yet. The last scan of the base reflectivity showed that the hook was still north of the frontal boundary, which suggested the storm might still be elevated. Within moments of us stopping, fuzzy, wispy fingers started kicking up underneath the ground scraping bowl: a tornado. The storm still had no tornado warning.
Small condensation funnels rapidly condensed and whipped around the edge of the bowl with plumes of dust, each a small sub-vortex of one large tornado. The developing tornado is how many wedges begin, the area between the suction vortices filling in with condensation.
Victor got the updated base reflectivity scan, and the boundary was being pulled into the storm's inflow notch, a clear indication that this supercell had surface based inflow and was interacting favorably with the boundary.
The suction vortex funnels dissipated but a huge plume of dust remained underneath the large bowl. The stark contrast, low bases, and lack of reference made it very difficult to gauge the scale of the features we were looking at and our proximity to them. It was apparent we were in the path of the large bowl shaped feature, however. We'd have to immediately execute our escape route away from it. With the tornado still to our southwest, we turned east on to the county highway, blasting east to get ahead of the storm with a few other chasers behind us. Victor dashed off a report via Spotter Network of the tornado, as the storm was still not warned for tornadoes.
Once clear of the base we stopped to watch the storm from the clear air out ahead of it. Contrast was so low we couldn't see much of what was happening underneath. We'd have to get back into the inflow notch if we were going to see anything on this supercell.
We started stair stepping east and north on the road grid trying to keep up with the storm and get our contrast back from within the inflow notch. The storm was cycling, undergoing periods of inflow and outflow as it interacted with the frontal boundary to the south. This cyclical supercell seemed to command the environment around itself, rather than being a subject of it. North of the boundary, the hook would extend southward, and the storm's impressive inflow would draw the boundary north. As if it were alive, the storm would then take a huge inhaling breath, impressive amounts of inflow screaming into the base. There was an eerie calm at the top of the breath, and then the storm would let it go. Huge amounts of outflow would flood out from the storm, the rear flanking gust front surging eastward at impressive speeds. The hook would undergo occlusion and then get drawn north back into the forward flank of the storm. Then the process repeated. We stepped east and north and then east and east as the RFD gust front surged and north and north as the hook occluded. The rapidly surging RFD and turn to the left was not unlike the motion we had seen on the deadly El Reno storm last year, also a monstrous HP, and we were careful to avoid getting caught in it.
Running north near Grafton to try and get into the notch once more before the RFD overtook us, Victor spotted a debris cloud in the field to our west, a smaller circulation with a tube of dust above it. We slowed the van down to a halt to watch it and make sure we were in a safe position. The clouds above the dusty circulation seemed to swirl and twist with it, another tornado. But after a few more moments of watching it, the feature seemed to lose its connection with the base of the storm, with only turbulent motion above it. Other little dust plumes kicked up beside it and we realized we were most likely watching a gustnado, a small, brief eddy that spins up in the storm's outflow winds. The edge of the gust front hit us with a blast of inflow, but surprisingly we were also greeted by strong vertical updraft winds. Bits of gravel and grass were coming up off the ground, flying into the van up towards the storm. The gustnado was likely being directly influenced and pulled by the storm's updraft, stretching it vertically toward the base in a kind of gustnado-landspout hybrid tornado. We didn't count the circulation as a tornado, but it was interesting to see its interaction with the updraft. The gust front starting to overtake us. It was obvious that we weren't going to be able to get into the notch heading north without getting blasted by the storm, so we turned around for the next east road and started stair stepping again.
The HP state of the storm persisted and for a while we debated whether or not it was elevated again, as it still appeared to be north of the warm front. We got several miles east of the storm before we hit a paved north county highway. We finally had a decent way to get back into the inflow notch without being overtaken. We raced north down the highway, passing a mean looking green rear flanking precipitation core to our west. A huge beaver tail fanned out to the north of the storm's updraft base, the vaulted region above and behind it a sickly pea green. North of Beaver Crossing we turned east and stopped to watch the storm. We were in the notch again and could look directly into where the storm was drawing its inflow winds. The inflow winds screamed into the storm, and I had trouble opening the van's door. Victor had gotten reports of significant damage with the storm. A tornado was likely in progress, rain wrapped within the core of the storm, but we couldn't see it. The impressive inflow winds were all funneling into its location, however.
Then a cone tornado appeared just right of the RFD precip core. It condensed to the ground with amazing speed, probably in a couple seconds or less. It was still partially rain wrapped, but we finally had a more classic looking tornado.
The rain cleared out a bit and we had a better look at the dark the condensation funnel. Streaky bands of rain danced around it, the bars of the "bear's cage" as it's known, the precipitation that wraps around the supercell's mesocyclone.
The winds were screaming into the storm, not toward the tornado, however, and that got my attention. The winds were funneling into the rainy green area to the left of the tornado. Something much bigger and more menacing was lurking inside the core of the storm. I suspected that this cone tornado was actually a satellite tornado, orbiting a much larger rain wrapped tornado.
A 1.5 mile wide EF-3 was hiding in the rain. You can just make out the right edge of it in this wider angle view of the storm, the gradual slope of the condensation funnel marking the edge of a huge tornado as the small satellite moves around the edge of the bear's cage.
The RFD region containing the large tornado was moving northeast, and while the mass was still well to our south, the forward edge was starting to get ahead of us to the east. The last thing I wanted was for this mass to overtake us, or for us to fall behind it within the core of the storm, so we escaped east out of the notch once more. We moved down the gravel as the rotating mass of rain and wind crossed behind us by about a mile or two. We cleared the core of the storm getting only a few drops of rain from the rear flank.
We were able to get well ahead of the storm using the interstate and we stopped at various exits to watch the structure behind us from the elevated off ramps. I made one last attempt to get into the inflow notch heading north at one of the exits. The huge green core loomed just to our west. It was five miles to our east road where we could get ahead of the storm, and I raced the core trying to make the road before it overtook us. We made it about a mile or so before I realized we probably weren't going to make it. If I kept going, we'd just get run over by the storm's mean green core, which was potentially hiding a tornado. I stopped the van and swung a U-turn and we went back to the interstate.
The hook was becoming sloppier and the notch was filling in with rain. Getting into the inflow notch safely and with any sort of high contrast view seemed highly unlikely at this point. We caught up with I-80 and decided to use it to keep ahead of the storm and transition into more of a structure chase.
We went north a short ways just west of Lincoln to get a view of the structure, and we found a nice unpaved road atop a hill with a great view. The rear flanking gust front stretched to the south as a big shelf cloud with a beaver tail extending far off to the north. All the roads were lined with cars at this point, lots of chasers, but a huge number of locals out watching the storm too. A couple locals parked next to us asked if there was going to be a tornado, and I told them that there were several already and perhaps some ongoing within the storm. One of them had a shirt streaked with blood stains. Brindley asked if he was alright, fearing that he might have been injured in the storm. He apologized and explained that he had been slaughtering lambs a few hours ago.
Victor and I were still optimistic about seeing tornadoes at this point. We had decent visibility into the storm from the southeast, some of the best we had all day, and the inflow was still strong and warm at our location.
The base of the storm eventually passed to our north. We drove into a residential subdivision looking for an elevated view and got lucky. There was a gap between a couple houses atop a hill. The storm's gust front and ominous lowering were framed above residential Lincoln.
The storm was falling apart and heading for metro Omaha, so we decided to call it a chase and make for home before the flanking line of storms overtook us. We departed east on I-80, Victor chatting with the College of DuPage vans as they caught up with us.
We drove straight through to the Quad Cities to get everyone back to their cars. We made great time, and actually had time to stop so Brindley and I got a room for the night so we could get some rest before finishing the drive the next day. We had done 1100 miles in 18 hours, a personal record.
Several chasers were again impacted by this storm, which in several ways was not unlike the El Reno storm with its huge rain wrapped, HP tornado. A tour van was impacted by a large sprinkler that tipped over in severe winds within the bear's cage, and several other chasers received damage to their vehicles as power lines came down over them within the rear flanking downdraft.
This chase was a big success for us. Our target verified nicely and we were able to intercept a few decent tornadoes. Ultimately the HP storm made this a very difficult, dangerous even, chase, and kept the tornadoes from being more photogenic. Perhaps if the storm could have anchored to the warm front and rooted to the warm moist inflow south of it instead of transitioning between elevated, outflow dominant states between cycles north of the front, this storm might have been a more visible classic supercell. We were able to safely play the inflow notch on this storm, but we had to be on our toes to take our escape routes to avoid the RFD core with rain wrapped tornadoes and RFD gust front, which several chasers got caught in resulting in damage to their vehicles. The large rain wrapped tornado tracked from Cordova to east of Beaver Crossing, was rated EF-3 and had a maximum width of 1.5 miles, making it very large, yet difficult to see wedge tornado.
Don't core punch the RFD on a large tornadic HP.
Be ready to take an escape route directly away from the tornado, which does not cross its path, when playing the inflow notch on an HP.


A student's ingenuity in redesigning the internal gear pump mechanism inside whipped-style ice cream machines has earned him top prize in a prestigious innovation award.
Second year BSc Product Design Nottingham Trent University student, Alexander Bordino, has won the annual Design Innovation in Plastics competition organised by the Institute of Materials, Minerals & Mining (IOM3) and the Worshipful Company of Horners.
The competition's headline sponsor is Bayer MaterialScience, one of the world's largest producers of polymers and high-performance plastics, with sponsor support from market leaders in the fields of design and innovation.
Alex wins a week with Bayer MaterialScience, in Leverkusen, Germany, to see the company's manufacturing facilities and talk to the people behind the products. In addition to a cash prize of £1,000 he will also have a work placement at PriestmanGoode, the leading global design and brand experience agency specialising in aviation, transport and product design.
Chairman of the judging panel, Richard Brown, Managing Director of G&A Moulding Technology, said: "Alex took a product that has remained untouched for years due to the dominant market position of the manufacturer. The judges were impressed by his approach of re-engineering the product by reducing the part count and changing the components to suitable polymer materials.
"Alex's research of the market demonstrated an understanding of the challenges the end users faced and he took account of this in his redesign. His use of material selection and approach to manufacturing to provide a total solution was well thought through and executed."
Mike Stuart, Technical Service Engineer at Bayer MaterialScience, added: "Overall the standard of entries this year was very good, and many students came up with creative ideas. However we were not just looking for great ideas: we wanted to see if they had given careful thought to manufacturing method and costs. Our six finalists did this, and these were among the factors which helped to ensure they made the final shortlist."
Commenting on his new product, Alex said: "My family has been involved in ice cream sales for quite a long time, so the pump is a device I was familiar with. I could see it was bulky and I felt something could be done with it. Also, because the competition brief was so broad, I wanted to design a niche product which the vast majority of people won't have come across."
It is now possible that some of the finalists will want to take their ideas further. All of them are offered post-award mentoring support with the goal of helping them take their design ideas closer to commercial realisation, along with a year's free membership of IOM3.


Royal Caribbean's flagship Voyager of the Seas is no ordinary ship. At 142,000 gross tons, she currently holds the title of the world's largest cruise ship. Imagine the Eiffel Tower in Paris tipped on its side, and you have some idea of her length. With a capacity of around 1,800 crew and over 3,100 passengers, she can carry the population of a small town. Ships such as this have broken the boundaries of convention in terms of their concept, their design and their sheer size. IMO is undertaking a global consideration of the safety issues pertaining to large passenger ships, as the cruise industry giants vie for prestige and passengers.
Safety, of course, is a vital concern for passenger ship designers and operators. These vessels have the highest of profiles and their success could be undermined entirely if the public were to lose confidence in them. Although it cannot be denied that a number of incidents in recent years have indicated the vulnerability of these ships, it is also true that overall, their safety record is good. By and large, they avoid the worst excesses of the weather. Passengers demand that they should do so and a typical power installation capable of providing 25-knots enables them to outrun a hurricane. But while the modern cruise giants have the power and speed to dodge the weather, they are particularly vulnerable to fire. Every passenger is a potential ignition source and the hotel services clearly have an inherent risk.
A recent study highlighted the difficulty in safely evacuating some passengers, such as the elderly and injured, from lifeboats to rescue vessels. It is clear that the difficulties would not end, even with successful evacuation. Thousands of people, unfamiliar with ships and the sea, crowded into lifeboats and liferafts, would present a unique search-and-rescue challenge. What has now emerged is from IMO is a plan for a body of work that will constitute one of the largest ever investigations into the safety-related aspects a particular ship type ever carried out. The guiding philosophy of the work hinges on the following five elements.
The regulatory framework should place more emphasis on the prevention of a casualty from occurring in the first place.
Future large passenger ships should be designed for improved survivability so that, in the event of a casualty, persons can stay safely on board as the ship proceeds to port.
The regulatory framework should permit alternative designs and arrangements in lieu of the prescriptive regulations, provided that at least an equivalent level of safety is achieved.
large passenger ships should be crewed, equipped and have arrangements to ensure the safety of persons on board for survival in the area of operation, taking into account climatic conditions and the availability of SAR functions.
Large passenger ships should be crewed and equipped to ensure the health safety, medical care and security of persons on board until more specialized assistance is available.


text:
Q: Optimized caching via spark I am working on a solution to provide low latency results using spark. For this, I was planning to cache the data beforehand on which a user wants to query.
I am able to achieve good performance on the queries. One thing I noticed is that the data on cluster (parquet format) explodes when caching. I understand this is due to deserializing and decoding the data. I am just wondering if there is any other options to reduce the memory footprint.
I tried using
sqlContext.cacheTable("table_name")  and also
tbl.persist(StorageLevel.MEMORY_AND_DISK_SER)

But nothing is helping reduce the memory footprint

A: Perhaps you want to try orc ?  There have been improvements in orc support recently (more here: https://www.slideshare.net/Hadoop_Summit/orc-improvement-in-apache-spark-23-95295487).   I am not an expert, but I heard that orc uses in memory columnar format...  This format gives opportunities for doing things like compressing via techniques like run length encoding  of repeated values -- which tends to lower memory footprint.

A: It also explodes when not caching.
cache has nothing do with reducing memory footprint. You do not state RDD or DF, but I presume latter. This RDD Memory footprint in spark gives an idea for RDDs and the improvements for DFs / DSs: https://spoddutur.github.io/spark-notes/deep_dive_into_storage_formats.html.
You cannot reuse the data for different users. What you could consider is Apache Ignite. See https://ignite.apache.org/use-cases/spark/shared-memory-layer.html

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
COMPLETE ENGLISH VERSION COMING SOON
Associated project
Beauviatech
Lectures and panel discussions
Conferences and study days
Zotero Bibliography
3D Representations
Comitees
Newsletters and press releases
Connaissance du cinéma episodes now available online
On 1 October 2019
The first five episodesof the educational series Connaissance du cinéma, conceived by André Habib, professor in the Département d'histoire de l'art et d'études cinématographiquesat the Université de Montréal and produced by TECHNÈS in collaboration with the Laboratoire multimédia (LaM) of the Faculté des arts et des sciencesat the Université de Montréal, are now freely available on the site of Canal Savoir. The final episode will be posted in the coming weeks.
View the five episodesof Connaissance du cinéma
Les projectionnistes
Guests: Guy Fournier, expert projectionist at the Cinémathèque québécoise, and Julie De Lorimier, projectionist.
Le film de famille
Guests: François Auger, specialist in transferring archival films, and Annie Hardy, co-organiser of the event Journée du film de famille.
Les collectionneurs (part 1)
Guests: François Lemai, collector, and Louis Pelletier, film historian and collector.
Les métiers du son
Guests: Marcel Carrière, sound engineer, film director, editor and scriptwriter, and Stephen de Oliveira, boom operator, sound engineer and musician.
Enjoy the series!
Connaissance du cinéma referenced in the Toronto Film Review
Connaissance de cinéma, the new program by TECHNÈS broadcast on Canal Savoir
The international research partnership on film techniques and technologies, TECHNÈS, aims to rethink film history and its methods by examining the techniques and technologies that have accompanied the medium since its beginnings. For this ambitious program, TECHNÈS is dedicated to the creation of a space for dialogue between universities, archives, cinematheques, and film schools, as well as between scholars and industry technicians.
©2019 TECHNÈS - Partenariat international de recherche sur les techniques et technologies du cinéma

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text:
China's lunar lander detects water on the moon for the first time in history
When China's Chang'E-5 probe visited the moon in December 2020, it didn't just collect a sample of lunar material to return to Earth. While he was there, the mission made observations of the surrounding lunar rock – data vital to contextualizing the sample in future exploration.
These observations turned out to be a treasure. In spectroscopic images of the lunar regolith, scientists have found evidence of the existence of water on the moon.
According to measurements made with the Chang'E-5 lunar mineralogical spectrometer, water can be found in abundance up to 120 ppm in the Procellarum Northern Ocean, where the spacecraft has landed.
While we've seen evidence of water on the Moon before, it was either orbiting or passing spacecraft, or samples returned to Earth. This new evidence is the first to be obtained from on-site measurements.
The breakout confirms previous findings that the Moon may have relatively much water associated with minerals in the lunar regolith, the upper layer of dust and rubble on the Moon's surface.
The abundance is incredibly dry by Earth standards, and extracting water will not be easy, so this does not mean that future missions to the Moon will have an available source of water.
But, interestingly, measurements of the Chang'E-5 boulder in its vicinity showed a higher water content – about 180 ppm.
Lunar Wednesday view of the lander. (Chang'E-5)
This boulder is light and bubbly (pitted with many cavities), which is convincing evidence of its underground volcanic origin. In turn, this suggests that there may be an additional source of water in the bowels of the Moon.
"Compositional analysis and orbital remote sensing shows that rock can be extracted from an older basalt strata and ejected into the Chang'E-5 landing site," explains geologist Honglei Lin of the Institute of Geology and Geophysics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
"Thus, the lower water content in the soil compared to the higher water content in the rock fragment may indicate degassing of the mantle reservoir under the ChangE-5 landing site."
This interpretation is consistent with the history of the extensive volcanism of Oceanus Procellarum. This story was backed up by analysis of the Chang'E-5 sample returned to Earth, which showed that the region has been volcanically active for much longer than we previously thought.
In turn, this suggests that certain volcanic deposits may be necessary for human life support on long-term lunar bases in lower latitudes, where ice deposits are less likely to form.
Future studies of the rock's water content will be required to determine if it is made up of water from the interior of the moon, the researchers said. They also hope that their results will be compared with future studies of the returned sample to learn more about water in the lunar regolith.
"It remains unclear whether the water we found is hydroxyl or molecular water," they write in their article.
"Future research requires analysis of water and other volatiles, as well as the composition of hydroxyl and molecular water of lytic fragments of vesicular rocks in returned samples."
The study was published in Scientific achievements…
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