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USP <1211>: The Compendial Informational Chapter on Sterility Assurance
Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutical Technology-05-01-2009, Volume 2009 Supplement, Issue 2
The author provides a history of the information chapter USP ‹1211› "Sterilization and Sterility Assurance of Compendial Articles," from the early 1900s to the current version.
In 1900, the eighth revision of the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) was recast from its traditional focus of how to make medicines to the role it would eventually take as a book that describes the safe making of medicines. The US Pharmacopeial Convention resolved to "append assay processes to as many of the potent drugs and preparations made therefrom as may be found possible, provided that the processes of assay are reasonably simple and lead to fairly uniform results in different hands" (1). This publication was followed shortly by the Federal Food and Drugs Act of 1906, which elevated the position of USP and increased its authority dramatically. It was against this background that the first informational chapter about sterilization appeared.
The original chapter. The original chapter on sterilization appeared in USP IX, which became official in September 1916 (2). Although this chapter was sparse on technical detail, it provided a background discussing the need to sterilize various medicines, containers, and stoppers with recommendations as to how to achieve this sterilization. Part of this early emphasis stems from USP's focus at that time on the practicing pharmacist and the need to put procedures in place that were accessible to the practitioner (1).
Bear in mind, that this chapter was published more than 20 years before the passage of the Food Drug & Cosmetic (FD&C) Act of 1938, which gave the US Food and Drug Administration the authority to require proof of a product's safety before marketing, and almost 50 years before the first good manufacturing practice (GMP) was finalized (3–5). As an aside, the importance of sterilization and sterility assurance continues to be a grave issue to this day. It was the 1972 Devonport incident involving lax control of a sterilization process and the resultant damage that drove modern concepts of sterility assurance as an operational imperative (6, 7).
The 1947 revision. The 1916 informational chapter was extensively revised in 1947 (and increased in length by approximately sevenfold) to provide a great more detail about many types of sterilization methods, several of which are no longer in use (8). This version provided information about what would probably be called "compendial conditions" for sterilization by dry heat (>1 h at >170 °C), for "steam under pressure" (115.5 °C for 30 min, 121.5 °C for 20 min, or 126.5 °C for 15 min), and for "free-flowing steam." This last technique was used in a series of exposures to kill vegetative cells with respites to allow spore germination before repeated exposure to steam. Also known as tyndallization, this method of sterilization is no longer recommended (9). The informational chapter also included a discussion of "fractional moist-heat sterilization at low temperatures" (inspissation), in which the medicine is heated at 60–80 °C for 4–7 days, as well as a discussion of sterilization by boiling in an oil bath. Interesting methods all, although on the whole this author is glad that validation and demonstration of efficacy has become the expectation. This 1947 chapter has some specific recommendations for sterilization by filtration and aseptic processing (along with a direction that the label is to state "Prepared by Aseptic Manipulation").
Revisions in the 1960s. The title of the chapter was changed back to "Sterilization" for USP XVI (10). This version was a complete rewrite of the chapter. It included a special note that while the "fractional sterilization" methods might work well for bacterial growth media, it is not appropriate for pharmaceutical preparations because spores may not germinate in them (not mentioned is the issue of metabolic byproducts created by the germinating spores if the process works).
This version includes a greatly expanded section about filtration and aseptic manufacturing, including an emphasis on the control of the fill environment. A strong suggestion is included to the pharmacist and operators to perform aseptic manipulations under hoods or shields in an area protected from visitors. A new section was added to the chapter on the need to monitor the environment, with settle plates and media fills recommended. Finally, the chapter states that making sure the janitorial staff cleans the area after the shift. leaving a full overnight period before the next day's fill, is considered very important. This chapter was rewritten for USP XVII (11). Although most changes were editorial, specific instructions for types of sterilization methodologies were included as separate sections and new methods–sterilization by ethylene oxide and sterilization by irradiation–were included for the first time.
Revision of 1970s. The chapter "Sterilization" was amended again for USP XVIII (12). In addition to extensive editorial changes, two important new sections were added. The first section dealt with biological indicators and the need for appropriate selection of the indicator (one for heat may not be a suitable species for irradiation) as well as the need for competent manufacture of the indicator itself to maintain its relevant properties (e.g., heat resistance or similar property). The second new section dealt with the sterility test. The opening paragraph of this section is so entertaining that I have to share it:
The significance to be attached to a demonstration by test that a drug or device has been rendered sterile is determined largely by the extent of the control exerted during the manufacturing and sterilization processes. The object of the sterilization process is to make the article safe for use, but the tests may be expected to reveal only that living organisms have been removed or destroyed to the extent where they no longer multiply in appropriate culture media under favorable conditions. Interpretations of the results of sterility tests must allow for the possibility that the degree of contamination is of a low order of magnitude. Confidence in the results of the tests with respect to a given lot of articles is based upon knowledge that the lot has been subjected to a sterilization procedure of proven effectiveness. Where feasible, the effectiveness of the process should be demonstrated each time it is carried out by including marked, intentionally contaminated controls, or indicators, which are examined under the conditions of the tests.
This passage is somewhat ironic because speakers to this day insist that USP created a flawed test for sterility that should have been fixed long ago. Although this argument is undoubtedly true, this test was first entered in the British Pharmacopoeia of 1930, then in USP of 1932 with no significant improvements in the intervening 77 years. One would think someone would have come up with a better assay by this time.
The 1970 version of the USP chapter provides some instruction about change control (not in those terms, of course) and the need to control the sterility test environment. Although no one can doubt the importance of some guidance about how to perform and interpret the sterility test, the inclusion of this information in the chapter would create difficulties lasting to the present. The 1970 revision of the chapter continued and expanded somewhat the discussion of aseptic processing with monitoring by settle plates and media fills that was introduced in 1960.
The version of the chapter that appeared in USP XIX (13) reintroduces the major section about sterilization methods, establishes biological indicators as a major section, and creates a major section entitled "Sterility Testing of Lots." The sections contain a great deal of detail. For example, the biological indicators section provides a method to confirm heat lethality of the spores. In addition, the section "Sterility Testing of Lots" contains recommendations about the media to be used, sample plans, and number of units to be tested. The particulars described in the chapter "Sterilization" were not necessarily in agreement with the contemporary referee chapter "Sterility Tests" (14).
Revision of 1980s. The chapter was further revised for USP XX (15). The major organizational scheme from 1975 remains, but much of the detail has been removed. In particular, the section on biological indicators now uses the parameter of "D-value" to describe the desired heat resistance of the different spores, and the section about sterility testing has been toned down dramatically and is no longer conflicting with the "Sterility Tests" chapter. In addition, this version clearly states that ‹71› "Sterility Tests" is the official referee test. For those interested in the history of the sterility test chapter, USP XX included the first mention of "First Retest" and "Second Retest" in the then 48-year-old test (16). It should also be noted that USP XX is the first volume that uses the chapter numbering system where "Sterilization" carries the chapter number ‹1211›.
The current version
USP XX generated controversy in the industry, and given the emphasis placed on control of the sterilization process, additional detail was proposed in 1982 (17) for addition to the introductory section of the chapter, which was proposed to undergo a name change to "Sterilization and Sterility Assurance of Compendial Articles." This section described sterilization process validation as having an installation qualification, an operational qualification, a confirmatory stage, and a final stage (for completion of documentation). Selection and control of biological indicators for sterilization validation are described, as is a general review of process control subjects. Each method of sterilization included in the chapter is expanded to include at least a short discussion of validation concerns. There is a great deal of material added to the ionizing radiation and the filtration sections in this regard.
The 1982 Pharmacopeial Forum in-process revision draft also expanded the sterility testing section. Among the additions was a definition of product "lot" for sterility-test purposes and the assertion that a 1–2% false-positive rate was acceptable for the sterility test. This addition was viewed as justification for a second-stage test if the first-stage test failed.
A further revision (with extensive editorial rewrites) appeared in the May–June 1983 Pharmacopeial Forum (18) followed immediately by a second rewrite in the Sept.-Oct. Pharmacopeial Forum (19). The second draft of 1983 contained modest editorial changes, with the exception of the removal of a description of minimum standards for an aseptic manufacturing facility and some of the more onerous requirements for sterility testing (e.g., requiring the test facility be fully validated and the use of negative controls on the test). It was this version that appeared in USP XXI (20).
Refinements to the basic chapter were proposed in 1986 (21) to clarify some points regarding filtration and aseptic processing and to keep pace with changes in the contemporary sterility test chapter, primarily clarification of the bacteriostasis/fungistasis test (22). This version appeared in USP XXII (23).
Concerns were raised in the field about the handling of sterilization by filtration in the revised chapter and a proposed revision to address these concerns appeared in 1990 (24). These changes were accepted and appeared in USP 23 (25). The chapter has not changed appreciably since.
Revisions currently under consideration
The sterilization chapter is significantly, and obviously, in need of revision (26, 27). This task was attempted with a proposed short-term revision published in 2004 for review (28). The major changes proposed in the 2004 revision were:
Elimination of references to the old sterility test ‹71› and to first- and second-stage testing
Updating the names of microorganisms to current taxonomy
References to units of measure (Mrad) currently in use
Elimination of references to discontinued standards (especially Fed Standard 209)
Reference to new consensus standards (ISO 13408-1)
Discussion of contemporary aseptic processes.
These changes were intended to be a short-term correction to eliminate the more glaring concerns in ‹1211›. However, there was significant comment from the field in this proposal. The chapter was thought to need reorganization to keep the focus within individual sections on process, equipment, and product more tightly directed. The chapter as a whole needed closer conformance to existing consensus standards in terms of moist heat under pressure, dry heat, and aseptic processes. As with many documents about sterilization, readers felt that clarification of ambiguous terms was needed as well as a clarification of definitions. There was also strong sentiment that the sterility test should not be discussed at all in this chapter because it is a separate chapter in its own right. Finally, there was a request for more detail about the use of isolators for aseptic processing.
Clearly, this version did not help clarify the situation. Therefore, no further action was taken, and this version did not become official. A proposal for a partial rewrite is expected in Pharmacopeial Forum before summer 2009. This rewrite will remove obviously incorrect information about sterilization and bring the chapter in line with the current sterility test chapter. This revision will therefore address the most egregious points of the current chapter ‹1211›.
On a longer timeframe, serious changes to the organization of the chapter are under consideration. Among the changes being discussed are an increased focus on concepts and principles of quality control for sterile articles, an expanded discussion of process equipment capability, and operational abilities within the established parameters as well as information about other aspects of process validation.
The different methods of sterilization may be removed to different (new) chapters; specifically,
Chemical sterilization: The chapter may include discussions on aldehydes, oxidizers, halides, acids, and bases.
Dry-heat depyrogenation: This method will be described as predominantly used for glass and stainless-steel items that can withstand the applied temperatures (usually in the >200–300 °C range). This chapter will be used with a planned endotoxin monograph that has been drafted.
Sterilization by filtration: This chapter will be a complete revision from the current text in ‹1211› to bring it more in line with current thought on filtration validation.
Gas sterilization: This chapter is envisioned as applicable to single-phase gaseous processes only and uses ethylene oxide sterilization as a model for all the systems. The chapter will probably describe two different validation approaches: the traditional half-cycle method and a bracketing method. Gases expected to be included are ethylene oxide, ozone and chlorine dioxide. These systems will be described as differing from vapor systems in that condensation is not a consideration.
Dry-heat sterilization: A distinction will be made between dry-heat sterilization and depyrogenation because of major process differences. This chapter will most likely identify Bacillus atrophaeus spores as an appropriate biological indicator for sterilization by dry heat and define a temperature range for effective cycles while citing the mathematical correlation between physical data and microbiocidal activity.
Radiation sterilization: Methods to be included in this chapter will be gamma rays, electron beams, and the minor contributors (i.e., x-rays, microwaves, and visible light). These processes have the potential to damage the product but provide precise parameters, and dose-setting and dose-substantiation procedures can be used to validate the radiation dose required to achieve sterility assurance level.
Steam sterilization: This chapter may be separated into two parts (steam and terminal sterilization) to allow for differences, and greater clarity, or remain in one chapter that will list the "overkill approach" as the method of choice. This chapter will also stress the importance of clearly recognizing processes where over-processing is not a concern from those processes where over-processing can damage the product.
Vapor sterilization: This chapter will be intended for condensing vapor systems (gas and liquid phases present simultaneously) such as hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid systems. The presence of multiple phases that are present simultaneously complicates concentration determination at the point of sterilization, thereby making D-value determination problematic. The approaches for validation will be described as a hybrid of the liquid- and gas-sterilization methods. Two validation strategies will be presented: the traditional half-cycle method and the bracketing method.
USP has had the opportunity to contribute to sterility assurance since the early 1900s. The ability of USP to assemble experts and allow them to propose guidance on the basis of their experience and knowledge is a unique strength of the compendium in its role as a safeguard of the public's health. That the actions taken by the committee will change over time as our knowledge increases and the pharmaceutical and pharmacy industries change should not be a surprise.Indeed, this flexibility is a particular and planned strength of the USP system of "continuous improvement." As with many other chapters, evidence from the development of USP ‹1211› suggests that this process works best with a motivated committee and an industry engaged in the process.
The author would like to acknowledge and thank the contributions of Radhakrishna Timuralai and James Agalloco to the completion of this article.
Scott Sutton, PhD, is a consultant at Vectech Pharmaceutical Consultants, tel. 585.594.8273, scott.sutton@microbiol.org
1. L. Anderson and G.J. Higby, The Spirit of Volunteerism: A Legacy of Commitment and Contribution. The United States Pharmacopeia 1820–1995 (US Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, MD, 1995).
2. USP IX, "Sterilization," pp. 616–617 (1916).
3. W.M. Heller, "USP and the Drug Regulation Reform Act," PDA J. Paren. Drug Assoc. 33 (2), 55–60 (1979).
4. B. Immel, "A Brief History of the GMPs," BioPharm 15 (8), 18–24 (2000).
5. "Drugs: Current Good Manufacturing Practice in Manufacture, Processing, Packing or Holding," Federal Register 28 Part 133, p. 6385 (June 20, 1963).
6. P. Shadle, "Overview of GMPs," Biopharm Intl. 18 (11), 8–14 (2004).
7. B. Matthews, "The Devonport Incident, the Clothier Report, and Related Matters: 30 Years On," PDA J. Pharm Sci. Technol. 56 (3), 137–149 (2002).
8. USP XIII, "Sterilization Processes," pp. 692–699 (1947).
9. S. Sutton, "Sterilization" in Pharmaceutical Quality Control Microbiology: A Guidebook to the Basics (DHI Publishers, 2007).
10. USP XVI, "Sterilization," pp. 839–841 (1960).
11. USP XVII, "Sterilization," pp. 810-814 (1965).
12. USP XVII, "Sterilization," pp. 830–835 (1970).
13. USP XIX "Sterilization," pp. 709–714 (1975).
14. USP XIX "Sterility Tests," pp. 592–595 (1975).
15. USP XX Chapter ‹1211›, "Sterilization," pp. 1037–1040 (1980)
16. USP XX Chapter ‹71›, "Sterility Tests," pp. 878–882 (1980).
17. "‹1211› Sterilization and Sterility Assurance of Compendial Articles," Pharm Forum 8 (3), 2073–2088 (1982).
18. "‹1211› Sterilization and Sterility Assurance of Compendial Articles," Pharm Forum. 9 (3), 2958–2971 (1983).
19. "‹1211› Sterilization and Sterility Assurance of Compendial Articles," Pharm Forum. 9 (5), 3513-3526.
20. USP XXI Chapter ‹1211›, "Sterilization and Sterility Assurance of Compendial Articles," pp. 1347–1352 (1985).
21, "‹1211› Sterilization and Sterility Assurance of Compendial Articles," Pharm Forum. 12 (2), 1221 (1986).
22. "‹71› Sterility Tests," Pharm Forum. 12 (4), 1604–1605 (1986).
23. USP XXII Chapter ‹1211›, "Sterilization and Sterility Assurance of Compendial Articles," pp. 1705–1710 (1990).
24. "‹1211› Sterilization and Sterility Assurance of Compendial Articles," Pharm Forum. 16 (4), 687–689 (1990).
25. USP 23 Chapter ‹1211›, "Sterilization and Sterility Assurance of Compendial Articles," pp. 1976–1981 (1995).
26. J.E. Akers and J. Agalloco, "Sterility and Sterility Assurance," PDA J Pharm Sci Tech. 51 (2), 72–77 (1997).
27. S.V.W. Sutton, J.E. Knapp, and R. Dabbah, "Activities of the USP Microbiology Subcommittee of Revision During the 1995–2000 Revision Cycle," PDA J Pharm Sci Technol. 55 (1), 33–48 (2001).
28. "‹1211› Sterilization and Sterility Assurance of Compendial Articles," Pharm Forum. 30 (5), 1729–1739 (2004).
ManufacturingQuality SystemsCompendial CompliancePharmaceutical Technology-05-01-2009
FDA Seeks to Simplify COVID-19 Vaccination Program


These are our art/craft caddys that we move around the house depending on where my eldest wants to work. My eldest likes to either work at the dining table, the low kids table or outside. The contents are changed according to interest but there is always scissors, glue, coloured and lead pencils and a clip board. Our other craft items such as paper and stickers and treasures are kept on a high shelf that my eldest can currently reach but my toddler can't.
Here is an example of some items my eldest chose to work with from the shelf. We don't yet have the perfect set-up for the storage of our art items. Always a work in progress.


The 2020 Lincoln Navigator will represent the third production year of the current generation, which came with pretty revolutionary changes. Therefore, we don't expect to see bigger changes for the next year. Some reports were suggesting updates, mainly due to the fact that the biggest rival, Cadillac Escalade is coming completely new this year, but the fact is that the Navigator is great enough to stand all potential threats of rivals.
Also, keep in mind that Lincoln is currently busy working on the new Aviator. So, the company's designers and engineers shouldn't touch anything for the next year. However, a mid-cycle refresh could be scheduled all ready for the next year. Until then, the 2020 Lincoln Navigator will carry on in the same way, with all those great novelties that were introduced a couple of years ago. Therefore, expect to see it sometime late in the year.
Simply said, the new Navigator is an amazing SUV and there are many reasons for such claims. Of course, its luxury is always in the focus, but the fact is that this is a very driveable and efficient vehicle. It shares the platform with the F-150. This means all that use of lightweight materials, which are of a significant help not just in terms of fuel economy, but driving characteristics. The Navigator offers amazing handling, considering its size, so you would definitely enjoy its ride quality.
Of course, there is a unique styling as well. The recent redesign has brought some revolutionary changes in terms of aesthetics and the new model finally looks good. As it is heavily based on the concept version from a couple of years ago, its luxurious appearance is so transparent that this model looks almost like a yacht on wheels. The 2020 Lincoln Navigator should continue in the same way. We don't expect to see any important exterior changes, though a couple of new color options seems possible.
The Navigator features one of the nicest cabins around, thanks to not just excellent quality but plenty of style as well. The first thing that you'll notice is that the cabin offers an amazing combination of classic design and modern technologies. Plush materials and a lot of wood surfaces make this cabin look like a genuine vintage car. On the other side, numerous tech features are here to make the drive more comfortable and more convenient. Speaking of comfort and convenience, the 2020 Lincoln Navigator will continue to be one of the most spacious SUVs around.
With plenty of leg and headroom, this model can accommodate any adult person in all three rows of seating. The driving position is perfect, while the cargo area is among the biggest in the class. You can count on more than 19 cubic feet behind the third row, more than 63 cubic feet behind the second row, and more than 103 cubic feet of overall cargo capacity. A long-wheelbase version is also available. It adds for about 15 cubic feet of cargo space.
Already in base trims, the 2020 Lincoln Navigator will come with pretty much everything you could ask from a luxury vehicle. A 10-inch touch screen, navigation, Android Auto, Apple CarPlay, Wi-Fi hotspot, wireless charging a 14-speaker Revel audio system, satellite radio, and six USB ports are some of the highlights. Of course, there is much more in higher trims, including premium 20-speaker Revel audio system, rear-seat entertainment and more.
When it comes to safety features, things like blind spot monitoring, rear cross traffic alert are standard features, as are parking sensors and a rearview camera. That doesn't sound impressive for a luxury car at all. However, the fact is that there's a long list of available systems, so you can get pretty much everything. Some of the highlights are a 360-degree camera, emergency brake assist, adaptive cruise control, forward collision warning, pedestrian detection, a head-up display, parallel and perpendicular park assist etc.
The recent redesign brought a big change under the hood, as the new model features "only" six cylinders. It comes with a 3.5-liter V6 engine, which is good for about 450 horsepower. With such output, you can count on great driving dynamics, while a 10-speed automatic transmission works perfectly. Interestingly, this "lack of cylinders" doesn't prevent the Navigator to be one of the class-leaders in terms of towing capacity, which goes all-away up to 8.700 pounds. When it comes to fuel economy, you can count 16 mpg in the city and 23 mpg on the highway.
Since there are no bigger changes to come for the next year, we expect to see 2020 Lincoln Navigator sometime late in the year. Also, the price should remain pretty much the same, which would mean around 73.000 dollars for base models.


The Leah shoulder bag is a new favorite at Mar Y Sol HQ! Handmade from crocheted raffia, its neutral color palette compliments every summer ensemble.
Crocheted raffia with cotton lining, leather strap and tassel, snap closure.
12"w x 9.5"h x 3"d with a 16" strap drop - Approximate dimensions, each piece is handmade.


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Mandell Maughan & David Henrie Sign With Abrams Artists Agency; Dallas Liu Inks With CAA
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Mandell Maughan (Bajillion Dollar Propertie$) and David Henrie (How I Met Your Mother) have signed with Abrams Artists Agency.
"Mandell and David are incredibly talented actors whose work across television and film speaks for itself," said Abrams Artists Agency president Brian Cho. "We are excited to have them on board and surround each one with a team of expert agents who can help them reach the next stage of their careers."
Maughan is best known for her roles on the hit Seeso show Bajillion Dollar Propertie$ and CBS comedy Me, Myself and I, starring Bobby Moynihan. Her work in television also includes shows such as Sean Saves the World on NBC, The Millers on CBS, House of Lies on Showtime, and Undateable on NBC.
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Born and raised in San Diego, Maughan graduated from the University of Arizona with a BFA in Professional Acting Training from The Arizona Repertory Theatre Company. After graduating, she moved to LA, where she studied at The Upright Citizens Brigade and completed the conservatory and graduate program at The Second City Training Center. Maughan currently resides in LA and can be seen performing at UCB, IOWest and The Second City.
Henrie is best known for his roles on Fox's How I Met Your Mother and Disney Channel's Wizards of Waverly Place. He recently appeared in the independent drama Warrior Road and acted alongside Thomas Hayden Church and Terrence Howard in Cardboard Boxer.
Henrie starred in the biographical drama Walt Before Mickey and the independent drama Little Boy opposite Tom Wilkinson and Emily Watson. He was also featured in Columbia Pictures' Mall Cop 2. Henrie will make his feature directorial debut with the coming-of-age movie This Is the Year. The pic follows a nebbish high school senior and his best friends as they embark on a road trip to attend the greatest music festival of the year in a last-ditch effort to win over the girl of his dreams. The film is produced through Henrie's Novo Media Group.
Maughan is managed by Silver Lining Entertainment, and Henrie by Untitled Entertainment.
Dallas Liu, one of the stars of Hulu's PEN15 streaming series, has signed with CAA Liu is currently shooting season 2 of PEN15 and also can be seen in the Snapchat series Privacy. His previous credits include recurs on Who Was and No Good Nick on Netflix . Liu continues to be repped by LVL UP Management and Matt Rosen at Stone, Genow, Smelkinson, Binder & Christopher.
Abrams Artists Agency
Dallas Liu
Mandell Maughan

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Apple Valley Lake is reporting an impressive increase in the number of homes that are selling already this year! This is significant because January is not what most people would consider the peak home selling time of the year for a typcailly frozen over Apple Valley Lake. However, this year is different than most other years because we are experiencing historical low interest rates and an outstanding supply of available homes for salea at the Apple Valley Lake in Central Ohio.
We also have an amazing selection of Apple Valley Lake homes for sale organized in price order for easy viewing. If you are in the market to buy or sell a home or lot at the Apple Valley Lake be sure to connect with Sam Miller and his real estate team at REMAX Stars Realty 740-397-7800 AppleValleyOhio.com.
If you are a Facebook user you can receive updated information including photos, videos, community events and out latest real estate information if you "Like" our Apple Valley Lake Ohio Facebook page and you will be able to view weekly Apple Valley Lake community and real estate updates.


Canada and the United States are at the forefront of leading the cannabis revolution. At the rate cannabis use is being defined in their respective legislation it is only logical their economic benefits are following suit. With states like Washington and Colorado paving the way for the future of cannabis use, and Canada having legalized it on the federal level, we're left with wanting to understand fully the dynamics of cannabis supply at the retailer level. The days of waiting on independent dealers is behind us, now that buying marijuana is as easy as dropping by the store on our way home from work. At the dispensary level, there is money to be made, and unlike any other store, dispensaries will typically have specialized policies governing their operations. However, this does not exclude the fact that marketing is important, especially, if you want to be the store with the best repeat customer base.
Marketing at this level is still subject to restrictions. Depending on where you are, at this point, marijuana marketing might only be a little more legal than marketing tobacco or alcoholic products. With that said, we want to offer universal tips any retailer can take advantage of to bring their store to the top of any consumer's priority list. In this article we are going to touch on some marketing techniques that will benefit your store and some that may be detrimental. Our aim is to provide fresh ideas to the table so you, the business owner, can flesh out, and discuss with your team, to provide the best service, experience, and exposure, for your customer base.
As we stated earlier, depending on where you are the restriction can differ. For the most part, everyone is going to face some sort of restriction and it is important that you know the law and play by its rules. Being well versed in your state or country's governing policies is where you want to start for anyone looking to run a dispensary. For starters being the most knowledgeable on the law builds your credibility like no other. This is advantageous but it's benefits do not guarantee any immediate returns. The point is to provide a legitimate space where your customers are comfortable to come in and shop on a regular basis. This could be anywhere from the college stoner down the street to the soccer mom shopping for the first time. Whatever the case is, understanding the law and being able to explain and enforce it to your staff and customers ensures your clients will be comfortable knowing they are in good hands. These benefit spreads via word of mouth. Candice, mother of three, looking to pick up some party favors for her garden party this Saturday, is going to choose your store because her friend told her your shop was the place to go to be informed on the law and treated with friendly professional service. Especially in smaller communities, you want to be known as the store owner families can trust not to be doing any shady business.
SEO (Search engine optimization) is a dynamic marketing process characterized by conscious efforts to increase your business' exposure via google or other search engines. SEO is a full-time job in itself and any business worth its name should at least have this concept in the back of their mind at all times. Know how you rank up by typing your dispensary's name into google and seeing what comes up. If you are not the first result for your exact name than there is definitely room for improvement. There is no one-size fits all solution to developing your SEO because of it being so dynamic in nature.
Google ranks your website based on its credibility. To understand this concept, think: Google knows a bad website better than it knows a good one. You can follow the two pronged rule system. Rule 1: be a good website. Rule 2: don't be a bad website. Things like, spelling mistakes, bad reviews, inaccessibility, hasty code all come into account. Here are some things to consider when thinking about SEO. It's easy to forget that Google is a business too. Their model is to provide their users with high quality information. So it will benefit you to be that high quality information. Remember, Google keeps track of how many people enter your website and hit the back button.
It's often said about cooking, people eat with their eyes first. This can be applied to running a dispensary. Credibility, legitimization, notability happen by the appearance of your business. Appearance is another multifaceted avenue of exploration. This include what your store looks like on the inside and out. How your staff looks, how you look as an individual, it is all relative but it is all important. Just because you think it's nice doesn't mean your customers will. You want to be able to put yourself in your customer's shoe and b empathetic to their experience.
If you are getting by successfully being the friendly neighborhood pot shop with bob Marley posters and dreadlocks then more power to you. That is an image, and if its successful it's an image, you'll want to maintain it. In larger urban areas, this may not necessarily be the case. Chances are your clientele may be more diverse in their lifestyle so your image should provide a neutral ground for anyone to feel comfortable in. Think about government service buildings. Their lack of appearance is done on purpose to create an easy to digest environment so no one feels intimidated or offended. However, you also don't want to make your customer feel like they are waiting at the DMV.
When in doubt, clean it out. If you're not sure what direction to take with your image, clean cut is always a full-proof starting point. Maintained personal grooming, a clean/organized store, clean outwards appearance is important to build credibility. As budget allows, you can take your store appearance in different directions. Here you can learn more about interior design tips and tricks.
A lot of businesses take off for their ability to relate to their customer and community. Rapport refers to the effort you take to build a relationship with a potential customer. This can also be applied to the community as a whole. Take the bar industry for example, if you've ever been to a bar you'll know for the most part a lot of bars keep the same beers on tap and customers usually order the same drink. So why do they go back to a specific bar? A large part of that industry is based on the relationships the customer builds between the staff and other customers. In the case of a dispensary, it might not matter so much how the customer relates to other customers, but if they are in good standing with the staff, it is going to prompt them to return more often. While it seems so minimal, getting to know your clients is not a bad thing. Asking them about their day, how that issue at work is going, what their plans are for the weekend are great ways to building lasting relationships with your customers. You never know what is going on in someone's life but shooting a smile at someone and asking them how they are doing can go mile's.
Moreover, you can build good rapport and exposure with your community by getting involved into the community. It still possible, depending on where you are, some communities may be apprehensive. The best way to curb this is to kill it with kindness. Increase your exposure and credibility by running community events or services. Green initiatives go hand in hand with dispensary management. Why not be the dispensary actively involved with cleaning up litter in the community or raising awareness to environmental issues.
Building your business is an on-going process and you should never settle with your success. There is always more to be done to grow and improve your business. Following these tips are great for a starting point or building point if you are already established and looking for ways to branch out. As well, learn more about marketing your dispensary using social media. Always keep progress on your mind and never become complacent with how your business is doing if you feel like there is room for improvement.


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Bush calls nation to 'new duties' in terrorism fight
Mike Allen / The Washington Post
Thursday, November 8, 2001 9:00pm
Local NewsNation / world
ATLANTA — President Bush, urging the nation to avoid both a state of panic and a state of denial, said Thursday night that individual citizens will be responsible for personally confronting terrorism in coming years despite a government pledge to protect American soil.
Bush said the government remains on high alert and asked viewers of the nationally televised address to add their eyes and ears to the effort. He said the nation has "entered a new era," with "new responsibilities, both for the government and our people."
"This is a war that must be fought not only overseas but also here at home," Bush said. "We must be vigilant, inspect our mail, stay informed on public health matters. We will not give in to exaggerated fears or passing rumors. We will rely on our good judgment and our common sense."
His announced theme was homeland defense, but Bush used the occasion to deliver a broad message that ranged from calls for personal vigilance and community service, to a progress report on anthrax investigations, to a renewed commitment to destroying Osama bin Laden and his al-Qaida terrorist network. Looking relaxed and confident, Bush said the United States and the international coalition he has assembled "are deliberately and systematically hunting down these murderers, and we will bring them to justice."
"We are at the beginning of our efforts in Afghanistan, and Afghanistan is only the beginning of our efforts in the world," he said. "No group or nation should mistake America's intentions: Where terrorist groups of global reach exist, the United States and our friends and allies will seek it out and destroy it."
Bush compared international terrorists to the reviled tyrants of past eras, and although he didn't explicitly mention Hitler and the Nazis, the reference was unmistakable. "We are the target of enemies who boast they want to kill all Americans, kill all Jews and kill all Christians. We have seen that type of hate before. And the only possible response is to confront it and defeat it," he said.
Bush called the mailed anthrax "the second attack against America," but pointed out that anthrax has been found in just three of the 30 billion pieces of mail that have been processed since Sept. 11. He acknowledged that the government still doesn't know the source of the anthrax attacks. "We do not know whether this attack came from the same terrorists," Bush said. "But whoever did this unprecedented and uncivilized act is a terrorist."
Bush began Thursday night by saying that the time since the hijackers crashed airliners into the World Trade Center and the Pentagon has been "two of the most difficult, and most inspiring, months in our nation's history."
"We wage a war to save civilization itself," Bush said. "We did not seek it, but we will fight it and we will prevail. … We have refused to live in a state of panic — or a state of denial. There is a difference between being alert and being intimidated, and this nation will not be intimidated."
White House officials had hoped to win coverage of the speech by the broadcast networks, announcing that it would begin 30 seconds after 5:01 p.m. PST, leaving time for an anchor introduction. But on the East Coast, NBC stuck with "Friends" and CBS showed "Survivor: Africa."
Bush, updating a theme of his inaugural address, urged each listener to "become a September the 11th volunteer" by committing to community service. "You can serve your country by tutoring or mentoring a child, comforting the afflicted, housing those in need of shelter and a home," he said. "Through this tragedy, we are renewing and reclaiming our strong American values."
You can tell us about news and ask us about our journalism by emailing newstips@heraldnet.com or by calling 425-339-3428.
If you have an opinion you wish to share for publication, send a letter to the editor to letters@heraldnet.com or by regular mail to The Daily Herald, Letters, P.O. Box 930, Everett, WA 98206.
More contact information is here.
The Massacre
Pacific Avenue overpass to open
No right turns on red gets a look, a bid to expand sports betting arrives
It's a new week. Here's what's happening on Day 22 of the 2023 session of the Washington Legislature
Woman dead, man burned in Marysville RV fire
The Snohomish County Fire Marshal's Office and Marysville Police Department were investigating the cause of the fire.
'Still jaw-dropping': Last Boeing 747 takes the stage in Everett
Thousands, including actor John Travolta, gathered at Boeing's Everett factory to bid goodbye to the "Queen of the Skies."
Lobbyist barred from WA Capitol after ruling he stalked representative
State Rep. Lauren Davis, D-Shoreline, obtained a domestic violence protective order against longtime lobbyist Cody Arledge.
Charges dropped for Lake Stevens teacher accused of harassing student
Prosecutors won't pursue misdemeanor sexual assault charges against Mark Hein, who "has been absolved of wrongdoing," his attorney said.
Former state Rep. Karla Wilson, 88, remembered as 'smart, energetic'
Wilson served the 39th Legislative district from 1985 to 1991. She died Dec. 31.
Leader of Snohomish County fentanyl, meth ring gets federal prison
A search of Cesar Valdez-Sanudo's property in Arlington unearthed kilos of drugs and hundreds of thousands of dollars.
Port of Coupeville to make offer on Oak Harbor airport
The Port of Coupeville continues to pursue ownership of the A.J. Eisenberg Airport near Oak Harbor.
COVID still 'simmering' in the county, while booster uptake remains low
Meanwhile, flu and RSV cases have plummeted, suggesting the "tripledemic" could — emphasis on "could" — be fading.
Charges: Arlington drug trafficker masqueraded as a pastor
Prosecutors say Steve Parker led a double life, helping people in addiction while dealing drugs across Western Washington.
With 747 out, Boeing to open new 737 Max line at Everett's Paine Field
Since the last 747 rolled out of the factory, speculation has been rife that Boeing might move some 737 Max production to Everett.
Incoming superintendent says he's 'done homework on Monroe'
Shawn Woodward has faced issues of racism, equity and inclusion as the leader of the Mead School District near Spokane.
Boil water advisory in effect for 75 Snohomish homes
A water main break resulted in outages and possible contamination Sunday. Service was expected to return by Wednesday.
Driver in fatal I-5 crash in Arlington gets 10 years
Ismael Cruz-Sanchez had a lengthy history with impaired driving. He pleaded guilty to killing Jason Vogan, 45.
Charges: Everett bar shooting suspect faces up to 50 years in prison
Francisco Cuahutemoc Vazquez has a violent history that dates to 2015, when he was involved in gangs.
© 2023, Everett Herald and Sound Publishing, Inc.


text:
Lewałd Wielki () ist ein Dorf in der polnischen Woiwodschaft Ermland-Masuren. Es gehört zur Gmina Dąbrówno (Landgemeinde Gilgenburg) im Powiat Ostródzki (Kreis Osterode in Ostpreußen).

Geographische Lage
Lewałd Wielki liegt im Südwesten der Woiwodschaft Ermland-Masuren, 29 Kilometer südlich der Kreisstadt Ostróda ().

Geschichte
Erstmals erwähnt wurde das Dorf Lewald (bis vor 1820 ohne Zusatzbezeichnung) im Jahre 1410. 1874 wurde der Gutsbezirk Groß Lehwalde in den neu errichteten Amtsbezirk Elgenau (polnisch Elgnowo) im Kreis Osterode in Ostpreußen aufgenommen. Am 9. Februar 1876 wandelte man den Gutsbezirk Groß Lehwalde in eine Landgemeinde gleichen Namens um.

Im Jahre 1910 zählte Groß Lehwalde 671 Einwohner. Ihre Zahl belief sich 1933 auf 590 und 1939 auf 585.

1945 wurde Groß Lehwalde in Kriegsfolge mit dem gesamten südlichen Ostpreußen an Polen überstellt. Das Dorf erhielt die polnische Namensform "Lewałd Wielki" und ist heute eine Ortschaft im Verbund der Gmina Dąbrówno (Landgemeinde Gilgenburg) im Powiat Ostródzki (Kreis Osterode in Ostpreußen), bis 1998 der Woiwodschaft Olsztyn, seither der Woiwodschaft Ermland-Masuren zugehörig. Im Jahre 2011 zählte Lewałd Wielki 205 Einwohner.

Kirche
Bis 1945 war Groß Lehwalde in die evangelische Kirche Gilgenburg in der Kirchenprovinz Ostpreußen der Kirche der Altpreußischen Union, außerdem in die römisch-katholische Kirche eben dieser Stadt im Bistum Ermland eingepfarrt.

Heute gehört Lewałd Wielki katholischerseits weiterhin zu Dąbrówno, jetzt dem Erzbistum Ermland zugehörig. Evangelischerseits orientieren sich die Einwohner nach Gardyny ((Groß) Gardienen) mit der Filialkirche der Heilig-Kreuz-Kirche Nidzica (Neidenburg) in der Diözese Masuren der Evangelisch-Augsburgischen Kirche in Polen.

Verkehr
Lewałd Wielki liegt an der Nebenstraße 1256N, die von Dębień (Eichwalde) in der Gmina Rybno bis zur Nebenstraße 1255N wenige Kilometer vor Dąbrówno führt. Eine Anbindung an den Bahnverkehr besteht nicht.

Weblinks

Bildarchiv Ostpreußen: Diashow Groß Lehwalde

Einzelnachweise

Ersterwähnung 1410
Ort der Woiwodschaft Ermland-Masuren
Gmina Dąbrówno

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
(-) Remove Birds - Nectar Eaters filter Birds - Nectar Eaters
(-) Remove Tree filter Tree
Adansonia digitata
(Baobab)
The enormously fat trunk is the hallmark of the mature tree, the effect being enhanced by the comparatively sparse branches. This is a protected tree in South Africa. Beautiful large, 12 cm , waxy, sweetly scented white flowers with delicately crumpled petals and big yellow stamens occur and are followed by bulbous, egg shaped, woody fruits with a velvet look. The flowers open at night in summer and attract fruit bats and bush babies. It is very drought hardy and it can grow in clay soil. It is a very useful tree as the bark is used for rope, paper, fishing lines, nets, cloth and beautiful baskets. The wood is soft and fibrous and is used for ceiling boards and paper. The wood is salty when burnt and this is added to food. The leaves are edible either raw or cooked as a spinach.They are also medicinal and used to treat fevers or as a poultice on sores and scratches. The pith of the fruit is made into a porridge for mothers with insufficient breast milk. It is fire resistant. The fruits contain tartaric acid and are delicious and the fruit pulp makes a refreshing drink which is high in vitamin C. They contain more calcium than milk, more iron than red meat, more potassium than a banana and more magnesium than spinach.The seeds are eaten raw, or dried and are also roasted and used as a coffee substitute.The seeds are also rich in Vitamin D and are used in beauty products. The fruit is eaten by baboon and monkeys. Superstitions: It is believed that if one drinks the water in which the seeds have been soaking, one is protected from crocodiles. An acid porridge is made from the pith and this makes one strong and brave. It is believed that the evil spirits that live in the flowers will tell the lion to eat whoever picks a flower. In Zambia the women are forbidden to eat the fruit during the beer brewing as it would cause the beer to go bad. It attracts birds, bees, butterflies and mammals. It is a good fodder tree for impala, kudu, nyala and elephant. The roots and trunk can be tapped as a source of water and one tree can supply 1000 gallons of water. The young roots are cooked and eaten. The bark is pinkish - grey. The Champion tree in South Africa is the Sagole Baobab which is in the Big Tree Nature Reserve, 100 km north of Thohoyandou in Limpopo. It has a trunk diameter of 10,47 meters, a height of 22 meters and a crown diameter of 38,2 meters. It is estimated to be several thousand years old. In 1862 Thomas Baines commented on a fallen Baobab near Nxai Pan in Botswana. He painted that group of trees and they are now called 'Baines Baobabs'. That fallen one is still growing after all these years. Recently Prince Charles asked to be taken there as he wanted to paint them in watercolour. Warning - this tree grows in the hot areas of South Africa with minimal rain and is not suited for a Highveld garden. It would need to be protected if planted here. Mankind has used hollow Baobabs for storage, domes, prison at the Kasane police station, bars like the Muchison Club, burial sites and hideaways. During world war 2 Major Trollip built an operating toilet in a Baobab at Katima Mullilo and it is now known as The Toilet Tree.The wood is very soft and is used in the manufacture of paper. Birds such as Rollers, Hornbills, Parrots and Barn Owls nest in the trunk recesses. The tree is also used by Leopard and Spotted Genet. It was named after Michael Adanson 1727-1806 who was a French botanist and naturalist. He published monographs of the Baobab. Digitata comes from the Latin digitus=finger which refers to the composition of the leaflets.The origin of the word Baobab is found in the Egyptian name Bu hobab given to it by Cairo merchants who dealt in exotic products during the 16th century. David Livingstone referred to it as "that giant upturned carrot". It is also referred to the "upside down tree." It is used medicinally to treat fevers and diarrhoea.
Read more about Adansonia digitata
Albizia adianthifolia
(Flatcrown)
This is a fast growing, deciduous, large tree with a clean straight trunk and branches that arch upwards and outwards, so that the feathery foliage forms a flat spreading crown. The flowers are white and fluffy and the flowering time is autumn. It grows up to a metre per year and does well in sun or shade. It is very frost tender and therefore is not suitable for Highveld gardens. The wood is used for turning, making drums, carving spoons, the poles are used for building and the bark is used medicinally for skin complaints. It is also used for firewood. The leaves are used to make a tea to treat dysentery. A bark infusion is used to treat toothache. It attracts birds like Forest Weavers that tear open the seed pods in search for parasites. It is also the larval host plant for several butterflies like the Kerstens Hairtail, Blue-spotted Emperor, Satyr Emperor and the Common Sailor. Elephants eat the leaves and young shoots. A lovely tree for a large, warm garden. This tree was introduced to the Seychelles where it has now become an invader specie.
Read more about Albizia adianthifolia
Aloe now Aloidendron barberae (bainesii)
(Tree Aloe)
This well-known tall Aloe is a favourite with landscapers who want to make a statement in a garden. It is an architectural plant that can grow as tall is 18 meters with a trunk of 1m in the wild. It is fast growing and likes water. The flowers are pinky orange and occur during winter. These flowers attract the sunbirds. The plant is also used for nesting sites of other birds. Protect them from frost for the first few winters. It is successful if planted in a succulent or Aloe garden or rockery. They are susceptible to leaf scale which is a grey. I use Spray and cook which suffocates them. One could also use an insecticide. They can then be removed from the leaves with a soft brush or cloth. Medicinally the sap is used to treat burns, skin irritations and insect bites. Don't plant it too close to walls, pathways or decking as the stem expands with age. The word Aloe comes from the Greek and refers to the bitter leaf gel.Robert Allen Dyer (1874) named this Aloe in honour of Mary Elizabeth Barber 1818-1899 who was a botanist, entomologist, painter and poet. She was a noted authority on South African flora. This is a protected plant in South Africa.
Read more about Aloe now Aloidendron barberae (bainesii)
Bauhinia galpinii
(Pride of De Kaap)
A small, evergreen tree which is water wise, has non-invasive roots and grows in the sun. The brick red/orange flowers are eye catching and occur in summer lasting for six months. They attract insect and nectar eating birds as well as butterflies as it is the larval host plant for Emperor and Playboy butterflies. It is also host to several moth species. It is a fodder plant for mammals like black rhino, kudu, bushbuck and grey duiker. The louries eat the flower buds and some butterfly species breed in the pods and others feed on the leaves. It is useful for formal pruned hedging or informal hedging or screening. The flexible stems are woven into baskets and used for roofing. It is both frost and drought resistant.A decoction of the seed is taken to stimulate menstruation. Named after Casper Bauhin 1560-1624 and Johan Bauhin 1541-1613 who were Swiss-French botanists and herbalists.
Read more about Bauhinia galpinii
Bauhinia natalensis
(Natal Bauhinia)
This lovely ornamental, rounded evergreen shrub is relatively fast growing and within a few years reaches its mature size of 2.5 x 3m. It occurs in the north-eastern Cape and the Transkei. It has butterfly-shaped leaves and produces delicate, pretty white flowers that have maroon-stripes in summer. Plant it in full sun or semi-shade and it will thrive. It is undemanding and will grow in poor soil. The flowers also attract birds, bees and butterflies. Named after Casper Bauhin 1560-1624 and Johan Bauhin 1541-1613 who were Swiss-French botanists and herbalists.
Read more about Bauhinia natalensis
Bauhinia tomentosa
(Yellow Tree Bauhinia)
This small deciduous tree is evergreen if planted in a mild climate. It grows moderately fast and has non-aggressive roots. They grow naturally in the Transvaal and Natal. It is both frost and drought resistant. It grows happily in semi-shade or full sun. The marvellous yellow flowers have a brown throat and they open in summer. They are rich in pollen and nectar and are enjoyed by grey louries. They attract various insects such as butterflies and bees. The stems are used for baskets and hut rafters. It responds well to pruning and makes a successful hedge. I've seen them hedged at about 1 meter and 2-3 meters. The leaves are browsed by black rhino, grey duiker and kudu. It has non aggressive roots and is great in a small townhouse garden, in a pot on a patio or next to a swimming pool. It is used medicinally as the bark is used as a vermifuge, the stems are used as an astringent gargle and the flowers are used for dysentery and diarrhea. A light annual pruning encourages flowering. It is the larval host plant for the Orange-barred Playboy butterfly.
Read more about Bauhinia tomentosa
Buddleja auriculata
(Weeping Sage)
A small evergreen tree that is frost resistant, water wise, fast growing in the sun or semi-shade. It produces masses of fragrant cream flowers in autumn. This is a great tree for a bird garden as it attracts the insect, fruit and nectar eaters. It also attracts butterflies and is a host plant for moths. It is a tree with many uses from informal hedging or screening, graceful if planted near a pond and would be perfect for a small garden. The leaves are used as a tea. Named for Adam Buddle 1660-1715 an English amateur botanist, vicar and plant collector. He created Britain's first herbarium.
Read more about Buddleja auriculata
Dombeya rotundifolia
(Wild Pear)
This deciduous tree can reach 5 to 10 meters. The stem is often crooked and the rough bark is dark grey-brown. It produces lovely white pinkish scented flowers in early spring and is a striking sight. These flowers attract bees and butterflies. One of it's common names is "Bruidjie van die bosveld" because it looks like a bride clad in white. It likes summer rain and a dry winters. The leaves are thick, rough and hairy. The word rotundifolius means having round leaves. They are browsed by game, elephant, giraffe, kudu, nyala, sable and steenbok and the inner bark is used for twine. The bark is stripped, soaked for 2 days and then pounded with round rocks till soft and smooth. These fibres are twisted into string and rope . They are also used to bind dressings in place. The heavy wood is termite proof and is used for implement handles, fence posts and ornaments. The bark is traditionally used to relieve headaches, heart palpitations, nausea, to hasten labour and for abortions. Roots are used for abdominal upsets, colic, diarrhea and rheumatism. Root decoctions are rubbed into the body to dispel the effects of witchcraft. Makes a lovely bonsai and is cold and fire resistant. Very good street tree as it does not have aggressive roots so plant it about 3 meters from buildings and pools. Dried flowers are used in floral decorations. This is the larval host plant for the Ragged Skipper butterfly as well as 9 moth species. Named for Joseph Dombey 1742-1794, a French naturalist, physician, botanist and traveller. He researched the cinchona plant which produces quinine for malaria. He wrote numerous books that were only published once he had died. Sometimes his specimens were captured and sent to the British Museum instead of the French one. They were also confiscated. On a trip to the USA they were struck by a storm and never arrived. He was captured and imprisoned, for a ransom, in the West Indies where died in jail.
Read more about Dombeya rotundifolia
(Kei Apple)
This small 5m evergreen tree is frost resistant, water wise, fast growing in the sun or semi-shade. The cream flowers are rich in nectar, which attracts butterflies, and are produced in spring and are followed by apricot fruit which attract birds - insect and fruit eaters like the Louries and black eyed Blackeyed Bulbuls. It should produce fruit when about 3 years old.It makes a safe nesting site. It is useful for an informal hedge/screen or a thorny security barrier as they retain their lower branches and can be planted close together as they do not have aggressive roots. The fruit is also useful as it is rich in vitamin C and although sour it is tasty and is eaten raw or used for jelly and jam making. It is eaten by Monkeys and Baboon. The trees are also browsed by game. The Kei Apple will do well in a container and is popular for bonsai. The branches are also used in flower arrangements.The oval leaves are shiny, dark green with a smooth margin. It is successful if planted in a coastal garden or in a Highveld garden. This tree was first grown in Europe in 1870 but is now grown worldwide, in California, the Mediterranean and Australia. Plant it 2 meters from buildings and pools. The name is derived from the Greek dovyalis = spear refering to the long thorns.
Read more about Dovyalis caffra
Erythrina humeana
(Dwarf Coral Tree)
They occur in the Transvaal and Swaziland. This small, deciduous tree has few branches and the striking flowers occur in mid-summer. They only grow to about 2 or 3 meters tall. They are custom-built to attract birds being red and tubular and as the flowers mature over an extended period of time there are always some in prime condition for the birds, sunbirds, black-eyed bulbuls, Cape White-eye, louries and brown-headed parrots. It is suitable for a small garden and on the Highveld it needs to be against a sunny north-facing wall to prevent frost damage. It grows to its maximum size within two years and prefers a warm summer with moderate rainfall. The bark and the roots are used medicinally. An excellent choice for a bird garden. It has non aggressive roots so can be planted in a pot. It is the larval host plant for the Giant Emperor and the Protea Emperor butterflies and 11 moth species. The name is derived from Greek erythros=red, referring to the red flowers. The seed pods are black and burst open to disperse the red seeds. The seeds are considered to be toxic but no deaths are recorded. The leaves are sometimes covered in bumps which are caused by psyllids which are insects that that live under the bumps. They cause no damage to the tree. They lose their leaves in winter and the new leaves in spring are enjoyed by many worms and caterpillars. Woodpeckers search the bark for wood boring insects.
Read more about Erythrina humeana
Erythrina lysistemon
(Common Coral Tree)
Occurs on the Witwatersrand, Swaziland, Transkei and Natal. It is a lovely, small to medium-sized, deciduous tree with a spreading crown and brilliant red flowers in winter-spring. It is a handsome tree at any time of the year, and its dazzling flowers have made it one of the best known and widely grown South African trees. The red flowers are show stoppers and are loved by nectar feeding birds and bees and butterflies. It is the larval host plant for the Giant Emperor and the Protea Emperor butterflies and 11 moth species. Monkeys eat the flower buds. The roots are aggressive therefore plant it 6 meters from buildings, pools and roads. Plant it in full sun and be aware that it is frost sensitive when young so do protect them from frost. This tree is antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and analgesic. The bark is medicinal for toothache, to treat wounds, arthritis, earache and strips of the bark are used to tie bundles of herbs. Chiefs use the bark mixed with the root of the Cussonia as a purifying emetic. A branch is planted on the deceased's grave as this is said to protect the person in the afterlife. There are trials underway as the seed is said to be a painkiller. The leaves are used to ease the healing of sores, or boiled in water to make ear drops. The fresh leaves are also placed in the shoes to treat tired feet and cracked heels. The leaves are browsed by Black Rhino, Elephant, Kudu, Nyala, and Klipspringer, so it's great for a game farm. The seeds are eaten by Cape Parrots and Brown-headed Parrots. The wood is prone to wood-borer so the woodpeckers enjoy them.The roots are eaten by bushpigs and porcupines. The Lucky Bean seeds are put into wallets to bring luck. Branches can be cut and planted as living fence poles. Drought resistant. This is a popular bonsai subject. We planted one next to a Dombeya rotudifolia and as they flower simultaneously in early spring, it is a joy to behold! The name is derived from Greek erythros=red, referring to the red flowers. The seed pods are black and burst open to disperse the red seeds. The seeds are considered to be toxic but no deaths are recorded. The leaves are sometimes covered in bumps which are caused by psyllids which are insects that that live under the bumps. They cause no damage to the tree. They lose their leaves in winter and the new leaves in spring are enjoyed by many worms and caterpillars. Woodpeckers search the bark for wood boring insects.
Read more about Erythrina lysistemon
Ficus ingens
(Red-Leaved Rock Fig)
This is an evergreen tree which is briefly deciduous and grows to 10 m, with a rounded or spreading crown and with a spread of up to 30 m wide. All the parts have milky latex which is visible when a leaf is broken. The bark is grey, smooth and becomes cracked in older specimens.The heart-shaped or lanceolate, dull green leaves are hairless and leathery, with conspicuous yellow veins running parallel from the midrib. New leaves are coppery or reddish. It has an aggressive and invasive root system and should therefore not be planted near buildings, swimming pools, drainage or sewerage systems. It is popular as a container plant and as a bonsai. Because it is such a lovely shade tree and is fast growing, it is suitable for large gardens. The leaves are reportedly toxic but the new leaves are eaten by kudu, nyala and grey duiker. The fruit is edible but not always as palatable as Ficus carica, although mammals like dassies, monkeys, squirrels baboons and bushbabies eat the fruit while fallen fruit is eaten by nyala, bushpig, waterhog, suni and grey duiker. Pigeons, parrots, louries, starlings, barbets and bulbuls enjoy the fruit. It is the larval host plant for the Common Fig-tree Blue and the Lesser Fig-tree Blue butterflies. It is pollinated by a wasp. Extracts of the bark are administered to cows with a low milk production. The latex is used as a substitute disinfectant for iodine. It is medicinal as the bark decoction is used for anemia.The wood is strong and is used for timber on the farms. It is fast growing but needs to be protected from the frost when young. The name is derived from the Hebrew fag or the Persian fica referring to the edible figs.
Read more about Ficus ingens
Halleria elliptica
(Wild Fuchsia)
A beautiful, fast growing, evergreen shrub with an average size of 2.5m tall and a 1.5m spread. The purple leaves in winter that contrast well with dark red, tubular flowers which appear between winter-summer. Although it is semi-drought resistant, it responds well to regular watering and it grows in any kind of soil. It does prefer sunny conditions but does well in semi-shade. It would look good in a pot as it flowers for most of the year. Keep it pruned to retain a neat shape. It attracts birds and butterflies.
Read more about Halleria elliptica
Halleria lucida
(Tree Fuchsia)
This small, evergreen tree, is frost resistant, drought resistant, fast growing in sun or semi-shade. The word lucida means bright and it refers to the shiny, bright leaves. In summer the orange flowers attract bees and birds - insect, fruit and nectar eaters and it is used for nesting sites so it's a great choice for a bird garden. The berries attract pigeons, louries, parrots, thrush, bulbuls, robins and white-eyes. The flowers are full of nectar and this gives rise to the Xhosa name that means 'free food'. or 'birds beer'. This attracts sunbirds, white eyes and even weavers. It also attracts butterflies. It is useful for formal pruned hedging or informal hedging/screening. It has a lovely drooping habit. It is medicinal as the leaves are soaked in water which is then dripped into the ears for earache. It is also magical and is used as a charm against evil, lightening and bad weather. This is done by burning the trees and using the ash mixed with fat to rub onto sticks cut from Rhamnus prinoides. These are driven into the soil. Twigs are burnt when offering sacrifices to the ancestors. On a river walk in the Cape I struggled to identify the Halleria and it was only when I saw the black fruit did I realize what it was. I have never seen them that tall in Gauteng. It is useful on a game farm as the leaves are browsed by eland, kudu, nyala, bushbuck and grey duiker. The wood is hard and is used for spear shafts and to start a fire.The roots are non aggressive so you can plant it 2 meters from a building or a pool.
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Kigelia africana
(Sausage Tree)
This large deciduous tree grows to 18m and it is very fast growing. The trunk has light brown sometimes flaky bark and supports a dense rounded to spreading crown of leathery slightly glossy foliage. The leaves are browsed by kudu and elephant. The sausage tree produces long open sprays of large wrinkled maroon or dark red trumpet–shaped flowers that are velvety on the inside and that virtually overflow with nectar. The flowers have an unpleasant smell at night which attracts the bats which pollinate them. Baboon and monkeys eat the flowers and the fallen flowers are eaten by kudu, nyala, porcupine, impala and grey duiker. Nocturnal animals like bushpig, civets also eat the flowers. The fruits are unique, huge, grey–brown and sausage like and weigh about 4- 10 kg. Plant where falling fruit will not do damage to cars. They have antibacterial properties and is said to cure skin cancer. The fruit pulp is used in the production of cosmetics. Seeds from the ripe fruit are edible if roasted but are only used as famine food. Some say that the fruit is inedible and that the seeds are poisonous when green. Hippo and giraffe also eat the seed pods. The fruit are hung in a hut to protect against whirlwinds and evil. Birds eat the seeds. It has a rather aggressive root system, so it must be planted far from buildings and swimming pools. Plant alongside rivers and dams on farms and game farms. It is also suitable for large estates and municipal parks. It attracts birds and has numerous medicinal uses from snake bite treatment, ulcers, syphillis, rheumatism, pneumonia, ulcers, epilepsy, toothache to stomach and kidney complaints. Also used to ward off evil. It is also said to be an aphrodisiac and is used to fatten babies!. Lactating mothers rub the fruit on their breasts to stimulate milk production. The boiled fruit produces a red dye. The ripe fruit is mixed with honey and the bark of the tree to ferment beer. The hard wood is used for canoes as it does not crack. The mokoro's used in the Okavango Delta are carved from straight tree trunks. It is not a good firewood but the pods are burnt during times of wood scarcity. It is a larval host to the Coast Glider butterfly and one moth specie. The tree is regarded as holy and church services are held in the shade of these magnificent tree-cathedrals. It is a protected tree in South Africa. The Mozambican name is kigeli-keia. In his diary, David Livingston described the Sausage Tree under which they camped before seeing the Victoria Falls. This was at Kazangulu where Botswana, Zimbabwe, Zambia and the Caprivi meet. Kazangulu was named after this famous Sausage Tree. One African name means 'the fat tail of the sheep' and the Arabic name means 'the father of kit bags'. If somebody dies away from home, then the family bury a fruit in their memory.
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Summary Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) is defined by infiltration of activated and malignant T cells in the skin. The clinical manifestations and prognosis in CTCL are highly variable. In this study, we hypothesized that gene expression analysis in lesional skin biopsies can improve understanding of the disease and its management. Based on 63 skin samples, we performed consensus clustering, revealing 3 patient clusters. Of these, 2 clusters tended to differentiate limited CTCL (stages IA and IB) from more extensive CTCL (stages IB and III). Stage IB patients appeared in both clusters, but those in the limited CTCL cluster were more responsive to treatment than those in the more extensive CTCL cluster. The third cluster was enriched in lymphocyte activation genes and was associated with a high proportion of tumor (stage IIB) lesions. Survival analysis revealed significant differences in event-free survival between clusters, with poorest survival seen in the activated lymphocyte cluster. Using supervised analysis, we further characterized genes significantly associated with lower-stage/treatment-responsive CTCL versus higher-stage/treatment-resistant CTCL. We conclude that transcriptional profiling of CTCL skin lesions reveals clinically relevant signatures, correlating with differences in survival and response to treatment. Additional prospective long-term studies to validate and refine these findings appear warranted.


Searching the restaurants on the basis of location is nowadays very much common. Almost every restaurant location is available on the Google Maps. Although, by adding distinct functionality features your restaurant app can become remarkable and notable among users.
Here, we have shared some enhanced features that can be added while developing a mobile application of restaurant. By considering these aspects, the app can be made more engaging and appealing to the audience.
1. Chatbots: For the quick conversation with a user the restaurant app can also provide the functionality feature of adding a chatbot. Through it, a human-made conversation can be done with the computer programs. It assists the user by answering the relevant answers. Adding, it also helps in browsing and searching any item in the entire application.
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4. Taking Orders: With the aid of an app, the customer can place the order themselves from the table. The order taker person doesn't need to come to your desk for taking orders. It saves the time for taking the order and sending the same to the crew of workers working in the kitchen. Directly, the order will be received by the cookers and reduce the labor man-work. By taking orders online the user can view their order number, rejection/acceptance of an order or any update on order completion.
5. Online Payment System: The world is getting digitized and people no longer like to carry cash in the pocket. Simply, by entering the secret pin number and debit/credit card details the payment can be processed up. It makes the customer feel free from the hassles of exchanging notes and giving tip to the servant at the time of payment.
Apart from the above-discussed methods, there are references, referral code and other unique ways to allure the customer towards the app. Different types of custom apps for restaurants can be created. Like as app for managing distinct things by restaurant owners, application for delivery boys or restaurant app only for users. Depending upon the vital things specification of the restaurant app do varies and it's costing.


Vintage Stanley combination planes have always intrigued me. Hand plane technology progressed through the centuries with wooden planes making way for metal-bodied planes. Molding, grooving and dado planes, including plow, dado, beading, etc., have historically been dedicated wooden planes with the profile and pre-set offset from the edge of the board built-in. This translated to having a different wooden plane for each application, and could get cumbersome for the cabinetmaker of the time. The Stanley No.45 and No.55 combination planes were at the end of the evolutionary line of hand planes. Stanley developed this combination plane with an adjustable fence which is capable of accepting an assortment of straight blades, beading planes, and match groove blades. This design removed the need for multiple wooden planes for different sized grooves, dadoes, rabbets and beads.
This particular series of plane, the Stanley No. 45 - 55, was developed at the peak of the metal hand plane design era ( late 1800's). It is interesting that if one were to develop a similar-featured plane today, the design would probably look not too much different than the Stanley No. 45. This particular model, the Stanley No. 45 has been in production from the late 1800's to the middle of the 1900's with many different variants along the way. Each variant was either adopted for manufacturing efficiency or to implement a new feature into the plane.
The type I have (Type 7B) is very likely early 1904-06 vintage. The Patrick Leach "Blood and Gore" web site is a great site to determine the vintage of your Stanley or Record plane. Certain small features are either part of the Stanley 45 or not, enough to narrow down the production dates of Stanley planes to within a few years of each other.


text:
Is Chappelle-Nadal right when she says 'radioactive waste is killing our residents?'
By Tateanna McCaskill November 12, 2017
By Riley Newton November 12, 2017
On Oct. 19, a group of residents from north St. Louis County met with the Environmental Protection Agency to discuss health concerns. The town of Bridgeton is also home to the West Lake Landfill, which has been getting a lot of attention from Missouri Sen. Maria Chappelle-Nadal.
Chappelle-Nadal, a Democrat, has been vocal about radioactive waste problems in her district since she was first elected to the Missouri Senate back in 2010.
On Aug. 11, Chappelle-Nadal announced via a Facebook post, "Radioactive waste is killing our residents."
We wanted to see evidence of whether radioactive waste is killing residents in Bridgeton. What we found isn't completely convincing one way or the other, so we'll withhold a rating on the Truth-O-Meter. But our research still helps explain what's going on.
Although Chappelle-Nadal did not respond to a request for evidence to this claim, we know she is referring to two different incidents near the West Lake Landfill in Bridgeton.
The first incident is an underground fire burning within an area of the West Lake Landfill, according to a nine-page report released in 2015 by then-Missouri Attorney General Chris Koster. The fire is only separated from nuclear waste by a little over 1,000 feet. The fire has been burning since 2010, and although this is an issue that has been cause for safety discussion in the past, it isn't directly affecting any residents' health, at least not until the fire meets any radioactive waste.
When Chappelle-Nadal discussed residents dying of cancers, she is directly referring to the residential area around the West Lake Landfill.
The site, which was historically used for agriculture, became contaminated with waste in 1973 according to a report by the Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services. Waste material, coming from Mallinckrodt Chemical Works, contained approximately 8,700 tons of leached barium sulfate cake residue. This material, mixed with 39,000 tons of soil, was disposed of at the site.
Republic Services, the waste management company that owns the landfill, said multiple times that the landfill is safe and that it has done everything the Environmental Protection Agency has asked of it.
However, residents of Bridgeton disagree. Residents of Bridgeton and EPA officials discussed the safety of the West Lake Landfill at a meeting on Oct. 19.
Residents argued the radiation exposure from the landfill was causing health issues and called for the removal of the radioactive waste, said Ed Smith, policy director of the Missouri Coalition for the Environment, who attended the meeting.
"The site has been determined as an EPA Superfund site, which means doing nothing will present an unacceptable risk to the public health," Smith said.
A Superfund site is an area that requires a long-term response to clean up hazardous material. These locations are placed on the EPA's National Priorities List. As of February 2014, there were 1,322 Superfund sites nationwide, including 38 in Missouri, according to the EPA's website.
Jeffrey Dimond, a spokesman for the registry, pointed us to an Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry report about the safety of West Lake Landfill that was released in 2015. In it, the agency "reviewed groundwater, air, and soil data from the West Lake Landfill to determine whether the site posed a threat to the health of the public."
While on-site groundwater was found to have potential effects, off-site water, the agency found, did not have a complete pathway to residential areas since the direction of the water traveled northwest. The groundwater is also not a part of public water supply. The report concluded, "Radiation in the groundwater will not harm people's health as there is no indication that contamination is migrating off the site."
Air-related pathways presented a different result. The report found that air presents a potential pathway to residential areas. However, the agency concluded, "Although elevated, these out-door levels are not expected to cause harm to people as the levels are below the levels associated with increased lung cancer."
Soil data collected along the haul roads bordering the landfill showed no evidence of contamination along roads leading to the landfill property.
Beginning in January 2017, the Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, using air monitoring data, conducted weekly reports in the Bridgeton landfill area.
January reports concluded, "Gamma radiation rates continue to be indistinguishable from natural background levels and were below levels of public health concern." The same result was found in Julyof this year.
According to Benjamin Washburn, an EPA spokesperson, the agency's primary concern is radionuclides.
"While there is no current unacceptable off-site health concerns, if individuals in the future were to be exposed to radionuclides, it could result in an increased risk of developing cancer," Washburn said.
Washburn went on to say the likelihood of cancer is based on a number of factors, which include the levels of radiation emitted, duration of exposure and distance from the source of radiation. He added that the distance between the landfill and the nearby community of Spanish Village is approximately one-half mile and the distance between Terrisan Reste mobile home park is approximately one-quarter mile from the landfill.
In 2016, a couple in Spanish Village filed a lawsuit, which prompted residents to express their health concerns. In response, EPA personnel and contractors, sampling and screening two residential homes in Spanish Village, concluded "all of the laboratory results were below EPA's residential screening levels."
The EPA, potentially responsible parties and other government agencies have taken a number of steps to combat short-term health concerns and are in the process of developing a long-term remedial plan. A list of actions since 2008 can be found on its website.
"While there is no current unacceptable off-site health concern arising from the radiological waste contained at the West Lake Landfill, the EPA is overseeing the investigations and, ultimately, the implementation of a remedy that will protect human health and the environment over the long-term," Washburn said.
Are people dying?
So if the area is safe, like governmental research studies claim it is, why would Chappelle-Nadal make a claim like this?
The Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services found in a 1996-2004 cancer study for residents adjacent to the West Lake Landfill "several types of cancer were found at significantly higher incidence rates than expected, including female breast, colon, prostate and kidney."
The study also mentions, "while female breast cancer can be associated with radiation, there is minimal evidence for low to moderate level environmental radiation exposure as a risk factor share." The study concludes that higher cancer rates are more likely caused by common risk factors, such as smoking, physical inactivity, unhealthy diets and diabetes.
In an aggregate study about cancer rates in Missouri counties from 2003-2013, St. Louis County, which includes Bridgeton, contained the highest rates of cancer. St. Louis County includes Bridgeton.
So while levels of cancer are higher in this area, there is no way to tell if this is directly due to the West Lake Landfill, nor is there any way to prove higher cancer rates have anything to do with the radiation from the landfill.
Following the October meeting, EPA officials said they expect to complete a final remedy proposal in the coming months. The agency has collected reports from potentially responsible parties; the reports contain site investigations describing the extent of radiologically-impacted material. The EPA has also reviewed initial drafts of Remedial Investigation Addendum and Final Feasibility Study reports. These documents and community input are needed to support the final remedy decision. More information on draft documents can be found on the EPA's website.
Our conclusion
Chappelle-Nadal said, "Radioactive waste is killing our residents" in the town of Bridgeton.
West Lake Landfill is an ongoing battle among the EPA, Republic Services, Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services and Bridgeton residents.While Republic Services, the owner of the landfill, and governmental studies say the air, soil and groundwater surrounding the West Lake Landfill is safe for the most part, Bridgeton residents say the area and the radiation from the landfill causes everything from asthma to cancer.
Although cancer levels are higher in the St. Louis County area which contains Bridgeton, there is no way to tell if this is due to the West Lake Landfill.
U.S Department of Health and Human Services Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Division of Community Health Investigations, An Evaluation of Radiation in Groundwater and Air, Sep. 27
Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Cancer Study for Coldwater Creek 1996-2004, Oct. 3
Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, DHSS Follow-Up Review of Air Monitoring Data from the Bridgeton Landfill Area, January 30, 2017 – February 2, 2017
Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, DHSS Follow-Up Review of Air Monitoring Data from the Bridgeton Landfill Area, July 3, 2017 – July 6, 2017
St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Residents urge EPA to excavate Bridgeton landfill, relocate neighbors, Oct. 23
Interview, Ed Smith, Oct. 25, 2017
Email exchange, Jeffrey Dimond, Oct. 13, 2017
Email exchange, Benjamin Washburn, Oct. 25, 2017
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Search for Superfund Sites, Oct. 31
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, West Lake Landfill - Additional Details About Site Status, June 2017
U.S Environmental Protection Agency, Spanish Village Subdivision, Bridgeton, Missouri - Fact Sheet, June 2017
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