Question game. You answer the question of the previous participant and ask a question yourself.
I like pop music. What kind of person are you?
Friendly, honest, punctual, insecure, obstinate at times, impatient quite often.
If you could meet a celebrity, who would it be?
It would be Christiano Ronaldoo. I adore him. What is your opinion about Japanese people?
The forces of nature caused a terrible disaster in Japan. It goes without saying, I'm awfully sorry about lost lives, injured people and all the damage.
I am learning my lessons at the same time communicating with you *in your wonderful *group. What can you tell me about United Kingdom?
Should I give you a geography lesson? I'm afraid, I'm not a geography genious. Let me just say, it's the first country I'd visit, if I had an opportunity.
If the group is wonderful (Thank you for your kind words!), how can we attract more people in the group?
I can invite my friends who are *somehow good at English and can communicate.


text:
Fullmetal Alchemist OVA collection set to be Released Later this Year
The North American anime distributor Funimation has confirmed at the Ohayocon event on Saturday that it has acquired the Fullmetal Alchemist: Premium Collection original video animation (OVA) set. Funimation will release the set on a single DVD in late 2009. According to Funimation's Adam Sheehan, the DVD will include "everything that was on the Japanese DVD release — uncut, subbed, and dubbed."
The Premium Collection's Japanese release features the "Seven Homunculi VS State Alchemists" short and three DVD shorts that shipped after the 2005 Fullmetal Alchemist movie: "Live Action," "Chibi Party," and "Kids." These shorts were the last animated footage created for the Fullmetal Alchemist "dark fantasy" franchise — at least, until this coming April, when the new television adaptation of Hiromu Arakawa's original manga premieres. Extras include a picture gallery, bonus clips from the Universal Studios Japan amusement park's Fullmetal Alchemist Premiere Tour, and closing credits that feature a dancing Alphonse Elric character.......Read More
Source: Anime News Network
I think this I pretty cool although these OVA seem kind of short. Anyways, I would probably buy this collection anyways just to have it because I just that way XD. I actually have not see these Fullmetal OVAs yet and may have to check them out. Anyways I thought this was something I would share with anyone read this blog. Also post on my updated web site here: https://www.thoughtsofeverything.org/anime/fullmetal-alchemist-ova-collection-set-to-be-released-later-this-year/
Labels: Anime DVD, anime/manga products, Fullmetal Alchemist, FUNimation, new releases, news
Anime Currently Watching & Manga Currently Readin...
Fullmetal Alchemist OVA collection set to be Relea...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
UK Supreme Court Blog
EDITORS: Dan Tench, Emma Cross, Rose Falconer, Adam Kosmalski, James Warshaw, Natalie Haefner and Jessica Eaton (CMS) Hugh Tomlinson QC, Matthew Ryder QC, Ross Ludlow and Rebecca Khan (Matrix)
The UKSC
Table of Cases (2009-2019)
Table of Cases (2020 – Present)
Case Preview: SM (Algeria) v Entry Clearance Officer, UK Visa Section
20 Thursday Apr 2017
ASAD KHAN Case Previews
Three years ago in AA (Somalia) v ECO (Addis Ababa) [2013] UKSC 81, the Supreme Court considered whether a Somali child in her brother-in-law's care under the doctrine of Kafalah – a process of legal guardianship and the Islamic equivalent to adoption – was an adopted child under the Immigration Rules, paragraph 352D relating to leave to enter or remain as the child of a refugee. The court held that paragraph 352D did not extend to AA's case. Last month Lady Hale and Lords Kerr, Wilson, Reed and Hughes considered the question whether an Algerian child known as "SM" adopted under the Kafalah system is a direct descendant or extended family member of her sponsor within the meaning of the Immigration (European Economic Area) Regulations 2006, regs 7 & 8 which transpose Directive 2004/38/EC, arts 2 & 3. Mr and Mrs M are French nationals exercising free movement rights in the UK. They have been resident here for many years and Mr M has a permanent right of residence. In 2009 they went to Algeria and became SM's legal guardians pursuant to Kafalah in 2011.
SM was refused entry clearance as a visitor. She subsequently relied on EU law but her application for admission to the UK as a family member of an EEA national exercising free movement rights under the 2006 Regulations was refused. The Upper Tribunal (UTJ Allen and DUTJ Bruce) allowed her appeal against the First-tier Tribunal's decision. FK and MK (EEA Regulations: 'Descendants' meaning) Sierra Leone [2007] UKAIT 00038 precluded SM from being a direct descendent because she was not legally adopted. She was also not a family member. However, the UT was attracted to interpreting EU law purposively and found that she was an extended family member.
The Court of Appeal
Allowing the ECO's appeal, Laws, Kitchin and Christopher Clarke LJJ held that SM was not entitled to entry clearance because under the provisions of the 2006 Regulations she could not be categorised as a family member, extended family member or relative of her adoptive parents. Applying Human Rights Act 1998, s 3(1), the UT construed reg 8 in conformity with ECHR, art 8. The ECO rightly complained that this was unnecessary because the UT did not find a breach of art 8 and so s 3 was not engaged.
The issues in the appeal were (i) whether SM was her sponsor's family member upon a true construction of art 2 and reg 7 and (ii) whether SM was an "other family member" under art 3 and consequently an "extended family member" under reg 8. Laws LJ found against SM on both points.
"Direct descendant" under the Citizens' Directive, art 2(2)(c) ordinarily means a natural descendant in the direct line, i.e. a child, grandchild etc. Notably, the Adoption and Children Act 2002, s 67(1) conceptualised the term as extending to someone who was a descendant by adoption. However, different regimes existed in different states regarding adoption and the Directive does not articulate the types of adoption that are covered by the "family member" provisions. EU law does not prescribe the type of relationship required for a child to qualify as a family member under art 2. Consequently, member states are free to produce their own arrangements which need to respect numerous international obligations regarding children's welfare.
The Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in respect of Intercountry Adoption 1993 sets out the comprehensive requirements for inter-country adoptions and safeguards children's interests. Four avenues for entry to the UK under the Immigration Rules in relation to an adopted child had been articulated in MN (India) [2008] EWCA Civ 38. Notably, paragraph 310 caters for the entry of a child who has been adopted by force of a decision of the competent authority in his country of origin or residence. But coverage is provided only to countries specified in the Adoption (Recognition of Overseas Adoptions) Order 2013 because the UK recognises that they meet international standards and Algeria is not included. De facto adoptions (paragraph 309A), adoptions under UK law (paragraph 316A), Hague Convention adoptions (paragraph 316D) present other avenues under the rules.
Laws LJ observed that protection is provided to children's rights under the Treaty on European Union, art 3(5) and the Charter of Fundamental Rights, art 24. The European Commission's guidance on the Directive's transposition and implementation states that family membership in the direct line "extends to adoptive relationships" and calls on member states to secure children's best interests in accordance with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989. The court accepted the submission that these materials could not be interpreted to mean that the European legislature intended that member states should be required to recognise overseas adoptions as a matter of course, irrespective of the quality of the procedures followed. More significantly, member states would risk breaching of their obligations under the international instruments cited. As Laws LJ remarked:
… I greatly doubt whether the terms of the European Communities Act 1972 would have effect to give any such rule the least legal validity in the United Kingdom. There is, however, plainly no such rule.
The court concluded that the UK's rules regarding inter-country adoptions are wholly consistent with EU law and are a reasonable and proportionate means of giving effect to international obligations relating to children's welfare. SM was not a family member.
Equally, the other/extended family member provisions failed to save SM's case. Since art 2 permits member states to restrict the forms of adoption to protect children's interests under international law, interpreting art 3 of the Directive to require other forms of adoption to be accepted would disturb and undermine that equilibrium. For Laws LJ, "family member" and "other family members" – as defined in art 2(2)(c) and art 3(2)(a) respectively – are not distinct on the basis of any legal formalities defining either group's relationship to the EEA national but of either group's relative proximity to the EEA sponsor.
By finding that SM must be her sponsor's "relative" under reg 8(2) because of existing family life, the UT not only failed to grapple with the true structure of arts 2 and 3 but also failed to give weight to the Directive's distinct purpose:
… which is not to promote family life as a self-standing value but … to strengthen and support "the right of free movement and residence of all Union citizens".
The court was not satisfied that a reference to the CJEU was necessary for the interpretation of "family member". It was untenable to claim a breach of art 8 and in that context Laws LJ found that the First-tier decision was "unappealed and unappealable".
Mr M expressed a preference for his daughter to be identified. In the hearing Lady Hale remarked that it is "always much more satisfactory to think of the child as a real person and name the child". An anonymity order will not be made in SM's case.
This post was originally published here.
Leave a reply on "Case Preview: SM (Algeria) v Entry Clearance Officer, UK Visa Section"
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If you are looking for a nightshade free salsa alternative then look no further than this beast of a concoction! Radishes are an ideal replacement for spicy hot flavors associated with nightshades like chillis and peppers and are under utilized in the kitchen in my opinion. This is a cracking dish and one I use regularly as a dip and side dish.
Place all ingredients into a medium-sized bowl and toss together.
Many thanks to nourishing meals for this brilliant salsa recipe and image. Enjoy!


Those who were still in school when computers first became mainstream in education probably remember exchanging files using flash drives, CDs or, in the nineties, floppy disks. At the time, the typical computing environment was characterized by bulky beige desktops, low-resolution screens, and for those at the very cutting edge, a dial-up connection to the internet.
Times have changed. Cutting-edge technology is available not just to Ivy-league universities and other well-funded institutions, but also to every other entity in the education sector. Thanks to the recent shift towards a subscription-based computing model, the rise of portable devices, and the ubiquity of internet connectivity and cloud-hosted solutions, any organization in the education sector can now take advantage of the newest technologies.
Gone are the days when education was restricted to the classroom desk. Thanks to mobile technology and internet connectivity almost everywhere, students now have the freedom to study at home or on the move. With cloud-hosted applications and storage at their fingertips, educators and students alike can manage their entire digital workflows no matter where they are or what device they're using. All they need is an internet connection.
Before the cloud changed everything, one of the biggest barriers to teamwork was the lack of technology that allowed for collaboration among team members in different locations. Teamwork allows several people to bounce ideas off one another and collaborate over complex projects that simply cannot be handled by one person alone. With the cloud on their side, people can now work together on the same projects in real time. For example, Office 365 allows for co-authoring of documents, while other apps in the suite provide full video- and audio-conferencing and easy sharing of information.
Before, only the largest and most generously funded educational institutions had access to the latest technology. They could afford to maintain expensive in-house data centers, high-end workstations, and other hardware. And almost all software commanded a high investment not just up front, but also for every major upgrade thereafter. Today, the subscription model is the norm, eliminating much of the unpredictability of spending for technology. The cloud allows you to have your computing workloads, applications, and data storage hosted in off-site data centers instead of on-premises hardware, which is often more expensive to purchase and maintain compared to cloud-hosting.
As with every industry using the cloud, cybersecurity has become of primary importance to the education sector. Because educational institutions hold large amounts of personal data belonging to minors, they need to make sure their IT systems are safe and secure from outside threats. Unfortunately, cybersecurity systems and expertise don't come cheap, especially if you're relying on in-house systems. Using the cloud for your security and compliance needs, however, gives you best-in-class, real-time protection that proactively protects against threats for a predictable monthly fee.
Technology should not be an obstacle for any organization's future growth. However, relying on in-house IT has inherent constraints. Scaling up will demand more space and bigger budgets. Fortunately, cloud providers have access to as many computing resources as their clients need. By partnering with cloud providers, educational institutions can scale effortlessly with demand without having to pay for resources they don't need.
Online Computers provides industry-leading IT solutions and expertise to education providers and other businesses in and around Hanover, Morristown, and Madison, New Jersey. Call us today to arrange your first consultation.


text:
#import "UIView.h"

@interface SBHomeScreenPreviewView : UIView
{
}

+ (void)cleanupPreview;
+ (id)preview;
- (id)initWithFrame:(struct CGRect)arg1 iconController:(id)arg2;

@end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Thread: 2876: Eat, Cry, Love w/ Richie Tolway
Lord of the Cock Rings
Location: Fitzwalkerstan
There's a lot of misunderstanding about what the Supreme Court ruling on this Colorado cake case really means. It's not a crushing blow for same sex couples or an endorsement of religious bigotry as it's being portrayed. It's totally understandable why there is confusion because the press reports of it don't really clarify what the ruling MEANS.
The SC made a very specific ruling about the procedure used by the civil rights council (or whatever) in Colorado. SCOTUS did NOT strike down the law that was used to punish the baker. Basically they said that the council didn't follow the law as it was written and that the case against the baker has to be reheard. They just kicked the issue back down a step.
It's all pretty technical legal shit which is why regular people (and reporters without any legal training) don't really understand the meat of the issue.
"The Supreme Court acknowledged that LGBTQ people are equal and have a right to live free from the indignity of discrimination," said Chad Griffin, president of the Human Rights Campaign. "Anti-LGBTQ extremists did not win the sweeping 'license to discriminate' they have been hoping for."
The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) noted in a statement that the court's decision was based on "concerns unique in the case" and that it "reaffirmed its longstanding rule that states can prevent the harms of discrimination in the marketplace," in the words of ACLU Deputy Legal Director Louise Melling.
The unique issue in the Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission case concerned statements made by commissioners about Phillips' assertion of a right to freely exercise his religious faith in accordance with his beliefs.
Writing for the court majority, Justice Anthony Kennedy said some commissioners "disparaged Phillips' faith as despicable and characterized it as merely rhetorical, and compared his invocation of his sincerely held religious beliefs to defenses of slavery and the Holocaust."
Such statements, Kennedy wrote, indicated "clear and impermissible hostility" toward his religious beliefs...
In the Colorado case, Kennedy noted that other bakers in the state were not punished for refusing to make cakes with messages condemning homosexuality and same-sex marriage.
"The state can't play favorites," said ADF Senior Counsel Waggoner, speaking on a conference call with reporters. "I think that's what the court said loud and clear today. Because it did play favorites, because it expressed hostility towards [Phillips], that's why the case was reversed."
Unresolved in the Supreme Court decision was whether disputes over same-sex weddings and religious freedom objections might be seen differently if they were handled by civil rights commissions in a more neutral manner.
"There is no helpful national standard," says John Inazu, a professor of law at Washington University Law School who specializes in religious freedom claims. "The court's jurisprudence means that we're going to have state-by-state norms that vary quite a bit ... about what counts as protections for religious freedom."
Quoted From
"A quarter of you are doing coke... Somebody got a dick attached"--Keet #1287
"The Adam's apple is like the balls of the throat" --Keet #904
"I understand I'm punchin a guy in his sleep, but that's when I have to punch him" -- Keet #839
"I'll Judge you all day. It's why I woke up"--Patrice #796
"Tell me there's peppers and I'll gut myself like a Japanese"--Keet #671
"I yell, I make kids cry. I get into it" --Keet #590
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I was wondering if there is any way to, when the mouse hovers over a specific data input in the cell, for a small display to come up showing prior entries into that cell with a timestamp? Perhaps maybe even clicking on that same input would show a graph with changes over time and progress? If so, how would it be possible to create? I'm relatively new to Microsoft word, but I feel like I'm proficient enough to post with some degree of certainty that this is possible..
I was hoping for a different answer but perhaps I shall make a feature request. I'll have to devise a workaround for the client.
Probably the most popular is by way of a newsreader (e.g. Outlook Express). For that reason you have to include things like the details from the submit to which you happen to be replying, so newsreaders can interpret them accurately.


Second edition, revised and altered. Completly new scale plans of almost each G-6 subversion and new colour profiles. Shown development of the most famoust German WWII fighter. It contains: Scale plans * photos and drawings from Technical Manuals * Superb colour illustrations of camouflage and markings, b+w archive photographs. Colour photos of the preserved aircraft* Essential reading for aviation enthusiasts & scale aeromodellers.
Reviewed By Doug Hamilton, #21985 Perhaps no other aircraft during WW II has been the subject of more detailed information then the Bf 109. Developed during the final stages of production of the 109 F series, the G's, or Gustav's saw many improvements intended to enhance both performance and combat capabilities. This paperback book traces the development of the series in 120 pages of text, photos, and drawings. All G variants are covered in this second edition, showing developmental lineage, major modifications, and operational paint schemes. This book is directed at the modeler wishing to construct an accurate 109 G, and provides the reader with accurate information while being easy to read. The text is laid out in logical progression from the early G-1/ G-2 all the way to the final G-10 airframes. Also covered are the two seat G-12 trainer aircraft. It should be noted that in developing this aircraft series, not all variants were created in numerical order. A chart is shown on page 4, outlining which variant begat proceeding models. One would think that the –5 came before the –6, but this isn't always the case. Also not all modifications resulted in a new variant mark. Explanation of the Luftwaffe modification system is described in good detail. The Luftwaffe utilized three main types of modification, depending on complexity. Referred to as Rustatz, which were modifications undertaken at the squadron level, Rustzustand, a depot level modification, and Umbvausatz, factory level modification, each type is shown, and explained. Modifications could be as simple as adding a bomb rack, or as complex as a new wing shape. Of interest to modelers are the detailed line drawings of each variant. All in 1/72 scale, the drawings show the differences between each variant in good detail. Each variant has it's own chapter, and explains the sub-variants within each division. Night fighter, tropical, and high altitude types are covered within their respective versions. Serial block numbers, version, factory of manufacture dates of production, and number of produces aircraft for each version are included. Following the section on individual versions are detailed photographs from many surviving airframes. As well as a few contemporary photos taken in the field. Most are in color, and are quite clear and in focus. Some show aircraft in the process of restoration, while the balance show aircraft that have been restored to their original luster. Of particular interest to modelers are the detail photos. These are very high quality pictures showing off under carriage details, armament, cockpit details, and many other areas of interest to modelers. The final section is a series of color profile drawings showing the Gustav in various paint schemes, both German and foreign user, including captured airframes repainted in the colors used by the capturing countries air forces. All are accurate in color choices, and are quite welcome. The author and publisher should be commended for producing a high quality work focusing on a fine aircraft. The work involved in producing this volume is evident in reading the text and examining the photos and drawings. I think it's a "must have" for anyone wanting to construct an accurate 109 G, historians, or those interested in WW II aviation. I recommend this book highly. And wish to thank the publisher, Mushroom Model Publications, the author, Robert Peczkowski, IPMS Vive President John Noack for supplying this sample for review.
Reviewed by Matt Bittner The Mushroom book on the Messerschmitt Bf 109G was a good one, so good in fact that I missed it the first time around. Thankfully, the good folks at Mushroom have deemed this title worthy of a second release, and not satisfied to rest on their laurels, they have added quite a bit to the original. This time around, the book is 40 pages longer, with more color profiles and more color photos. This means over fifty color illustrations and over forty pages of detail photos, most in color. If you missed the first issue when it came out, here's what's inside. The book is broken down into sections centered on the main Bf 109G variants. These include the G-1 & G-2; G-4; G-3; G-5, G-6, & G-14; G-8; AS Engine Versions; G-12; and G-10. Each section includes 1/72 scale drawings showing the general arrangement of the type, with callouts pointing to areas of interest, such as filler caps and various bulges and scoops. At the beginning of the book is a small section covering the various Rüstsatz, which could be found on many different Bf 109G marks. Together with the separate type sections this book provides a complete picture of the Bf 109G family. Following this very detailed breakdown of Bf 109G types comes a thorough photo walkaround of several Bf 109Gs in museums, including the Bf 109G-2 at Hanover, the Bf 109G-2/Trop "Black 6," the Bf 109G-6 at the Smithsonian Air and Space Museum, the Bf 109G-14 preserved in Australia, the Bf 109G-10 "Black 2," and a few others. With this broad of coverage, there is no corner left unturned here, providing the modeler with plenty of detailing material. Concluding the book are the excellent color profiles, covering Luftwaffe and foreign subjects. This is a very welcome reprint of Mushroom's earlier book, and the added information makes this book a must-have for Bf 109 aficionados.
It was bound to happen, an updated edition of one of MMP's more favorite editions on the Bf-109G. The previous edition sold out quickly so the opportunity was taken to enlarge what had previously been done. 40 extra pages have been added, most of which are more color in the form of photographs and profiles. All of the previous material is still there, which includes a copious number of drawings in 1/72 of all the variants of the G from G-1 to G-14. This includes many period photographs and pages taken from the official manual. If you want to increase your knowledge of the 109G and want a handy ready-reference, then this is it. Highly recommended for all Luftwaffe and 109 enthusiasts.


Written for all students of engineering, materials science and design, Materials Selection in Mechanical Design describes the procedures for material selection in mechanical design in order to ensure that the most suitable materials for a given application are identified from the full range of materials and section shapes available.
Solution Manual for Materials, engineering, science, processing and design 3rd Edition, Michael Ashby, Hugh Shercliff, David Cebon, ISBN-10: 0080994342, ISBN-13: 9780080994345, ISBN 9780080982816. This is not an original TEXT BOOK (or Test Bank or original eBook). You are buying Solution Manual.


text:
The fish family Psychrolutidae (commonly known as blobfishes, toadfishes, flathead sculpins, tadpole sculpins,) contains over 35 recognized species in 8 genera. This family consists of bottom-dwelling marine sculpins shaped like tadpoles, with large heads and bodies that taper back into small, flat tails. The skin is loosely attached and movable, and the layer underneath it is gelatinous. The eyes are placed high on the head, focused forward closer to the tip of the snout. Members of the family generally have large, leaf-like pectoral fins and lack scales, although some species are covered with soft spines. This is important to the species as the depths in which they live are highly pressurized and they are ambush/opportunistic/foraging predators that do not expend energy unless they are forced to. The blobfish has a short, broad tongue and conical teeth that are slightly recurved and are arranged in bands in irregular rows along the premaxillaries; canines are completely absent. Teeth are nonexistent on the palatines and vomer; which make up the hard palate. The blobfish also has a set of specialized pharyngeal teeth that are well developed and paired evenly along the upper and lower portions of the pharyngeal arch. These specialized teeth may aid in the breakdown of food due to the very strategic dependency on whatever food falls from above.

They are found in the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean. Psychrolutes phrictus have been reported near the Mexican Pacific coast, which extends the southern range by 1,733 km.  Myoxocephalus thompsonii, deepwater sculpin, have even been reported in Lake Ontario which were once thought to be extirpated. Psychrolutidae species tend to habituate the northern most region of the Pacific ocean due to lower temperatures, and Indian Oceans. They are found in depths ranging from 300–1,700 meters. The adults live on the sea floor, between  deep, The intense biological pressure to conserve energy within deep sea fish seems to be true across many species; most of them are long lived, have a slow rate of reproduction, growth, and aging. In this case the blobfish can live to be roughly 130 years old. Categorized as the predator of the deep sea they have no real predatory issues; a big help to aid in their energy saving. Their diet also helps in their energy saving abilities. They feed on small crustaceans, sea pens, sea worms, and any other small organisms that swim right in front of them.  Their name is derived from the Greek psychrolouteo, meaning "to have a cold bath". They tend to live in colder waters, although some range into warm-temperate seas.

The blob sculpin, Psychrolutes phrictus, exhibits complex nesting behaviors complete with egg guarding. Reproductively the blobfish have been seen gathering in large numbers to lay their pinkish eggs in a single surrounding nesting area. The number of eggs laid within one nest can range from 9,000 to 108,000. Another observation of the parental care of the blobfish is that their eggs resemble being cleaned. It is believed that as the female blobfish hover around the nests they also clean them and remove any sand or dirt.

Subfamilies and genera
Psychrolutidae is divided into two subfamilies in the 5th edition of Fishes of the World as follows:

 subfamily Cottunculinae Regan, 1913
 Ambophthalmos K. L. Jackson & J. S. Nelson, 1998
 Cottunculus Collett, 1876
 Dasycottus T.H. Bean, 1890
 Eurymen Gilbert & Burke, 1912
 Malacocottus T.H. Bean, 1890
 subfamily Psychrolutinae Günther, 1861
 Ebinania Sakamoto, 1932
 Gilbertidia Berg, 1898
 Neophrynichthys Günther, 1876
 Psychrolutes Günther, 1861

Other authorities include many of the genera of marine sculpins from the family Cottidae in the Psychrolutidae, leaving the Cottidae as a largely freshwater family. For example, the Catalog of Fishes classifies the family as follows:

 subfamily Psychrolutinae Günther, 1861
 Alcichthys Jordan & Starks, 1904
 Ambophthalmos Jackson & Nelson, 1998
 Andriashevicottus Fedorov, 1990
 Antipodocottus Bolin, 1952
 Archistes Jordan & Gilbert, 1898
 Artediellichthys Fedorov, 1973
 Artediellina Taranetz 1941
 Artedielloides Soldatov, 1922
 Artediellus Jordan, 1885
 Ascelichthys Jordan & Gilbert, 1880
 Astrocottus Bolin, 1936
 Atopocottus Bolin, 1936
 Bero Jordan & Starks, 1904
 Bolinia Yabe, 1991
 Chitonotus Lockington, 1879
 Cottiusculus Jordan & Starks, 1904
 Cottunculus Collett, 1875
 Daruma Jordan & Starks, 1904
 Dasycottus T.H. Bean, 1890
 Ebinania Sakamoto, 1932
 Eurymen Gilbert & Burke, 1912
 Gilbertidia Berg, 1898
 Leiocottus Girard, 1856
 Lepidobero K. J. Qin & X. B. Jin, 1992
 Malacocottus T.H. Bean, 1890
 Micrenophrys Andriashev, 1954
 Neophrynichthys Günther, 1876
 Ocynectes Jordan & Starks, 1904
 Phallocottus Schultz, 1938
 Phasmatocottus Bolin, 1936
 Pseudoblennius Temminck & Schlegel, 1850
 Psychrolutes Günther, 1861
 Radulinopsis Soldatov & Lindberg , 1930
 Ricuzenius Jordan & Starks, 1904
 Ruscarius Jordan & Starks, 1895
 Sigmistes Rutter, 1898
 Stelgistrum Jordan & Gilbert, 1898
 Synchirus T.H. Bean, 1890
 Taurocottus Soldatov & Pavlenko, 1915
 Thyriscus Gilbert & Burke, 1912
 Trichocottus Soldatov & Pavlenko, 1915
 Triglops Reinhardt, 1830
 Vellitor  Jordan & Starks, 1904
 Zesticelus Jordan & Evermann, 1896
 subfamily Myoxocephalinae Gill, 1908
 Argyrocottus Herzenstein, 1892
 Enophrys Swainson, 1839
 Megalocottus Gill, 1861
 Microcottus Schmidt, 1940
 Myoxocephalus Tilesius, 1811
 Porocottus Gill, 1859
 Taurulus Gratzianov, 1907
 subfamily Oligocottinae Hubbs, 1926
 Artedius Girard, 1856
 Clinocottus Gill, 1861
 Furcina  Jordan & Starks, 1904
 Icelinus Jordan, 1885
 Oligocottus Girard 1856
 Orthonopias Starks & Mann, 1911
 Stlengis Jordan & Starks, 1904
 subfamily Icelinae Jordan, 1923
 Chitonotus Lockington, 1879
 Gymnocanthus Swainson, 1839
 Icelus Krøyer, 1845
 Rastrinus Jordan & Evermann, 1896
 subfamily Radulinae Taranetz, 1941
 Asemichthys Gilbert, 1912
 Radulinus Gilbert, 1890

References

Glubokov, A.I., Glubokovskii, M.K. & Kovacheva, N.P. New Data on Soft Sculpin Malacocottus zonurus (Psychrolutidae) from the Northwestern Bering Sea. J. Ichthyol. 59, 435–438 (2019). Retrieved 23 March, 2021.

External links
Photo of a Fathead trawled near New Zealand

Cottoidea
Ray-finned fish families

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Park Geun-hye: The Supreme Court of South Korea has upheld the 20-year prison sentence for a former leader
Park was in the beginning Sentenced to 24 years in prison After being convicted of multiple counts of abuse of power, bribery and coercion. Those accusations related to a massive power acquisition case that sparked widespread protests, implicated some of the country's most powerful figures, and saw her dismissal from her post in 2017.
Park's sentence in 2018 was reduced to 20 years last July after a retrial. Prosecutors appealed the ruling and demanded a tougher sentence, but on Thursday, South Korea's Supreme Court upheld Park's 20-year prison sentence, according to a press release from the court.
The Supreme Court is South Korea's highest court, which means Thursday's decision is expected to be the end of Park's legal avenues to appeal the ruling.
Park will have to serve 22 years behind bars – she faces an additional two-year prison sentence for conviction in 2018 of interfering with the nomination of candidates for the Signori Party, the conservative political party she previously leads.
"This is the conclusion of the state corruption case following the candlelight people's revolution, the removal of parliament, and a judicial decision. It is a manifestation of the constitutional spirit of our democratic republic and indicates the progress and maturity of Korean democracy." The Blue House said in a statement Thursday. "We must make sure that this unfortunate event – the imprisonment of the former president – is considered a historical lesson and avoided repeating it," he added.
Corruption scandal in South Korea
Park Geun-hee, daughter of former dictator Park Chung-hee, became South Korea's first female president when she came to power in 2013.
But her tenure was marred by controversy and In 2017, Became the state The first democratically elected leader forcibly removed from office After the country's Constitutional Court A parliamentary vote was supported To isolate it.
The vote came after millions of South Koreans took to the streets over several months to demand the ouster of Park, after discoveries emerged about the undue influence of her advisor and confidant, Choi Sun-sil, the daughter of a sect leader.
Soon after Park was stripped of her office, she was Arrested And bring them to trial for soliciting bribes from major conglomerates in the country, including Samsung. In 2018, she went to trial over separate accusations that she had received illegal money from the National Intelligence Service.
Several other people were also involved in the scandal. In 2018, Park's close associate Choi was sentenced 20 years in prison 18 counts including abuse of power, coercion, fraud and bribery, and a fine of $ 16.6 million.
In 2017, Samsung CEO Lee Jae Young was found guilty of bribery and corruption charges and sentenced to five years in prison. In 2018, a supreme court commuted his sentence and suspended him for four years, although he has since undergone a retrial on this charge and a verdict is expected next week. at Related issue, He was indicted last year over a controversial 2015 merger that helped him tighten control of the company.
CNN's Paula Hancock, Young Seo Seo and James Griffiths contributed to this report.
READ Drop charges against teenager in a biker attack in the city center; The police make a new arrest
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Intel is merging its business units Nordic and Benelux to become Intel Northern Europe.
Intel Northern Europe will include Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Norway, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. Head of the new business unit will be Roger Benson who has worked for Intel since 1993 most recently as a manager for the Benelux region.


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Q: What's the difference between the operation Ctrl+Shift+F and the operation double Shift in PyCharm? It's said that the operation double-shift can search just as Ctrl+Shift+F does. But why I can't find the file destination with the same string by using double-shift? If it's my problem, how can I find my file destination by using double-shift?
I am searching for a long time on net. But no use. Please help or try to give some ideas how to achieve this.
I'm using PyCharm community edition 2020.1 on windows 10 64bit.

A: Double Shift is Search Everywhere, where you can search also outside your project, or in the help, or for actions.
Control-Shift-F is Find in Path, is a more classic find, but on all files (depending the file filter).

A: Double shift navigate to the following destinations:
types, symbols, files, recent files, actions, tool windows, run configurations, preferences, Git branches, commits, tags, messages, and so on.
Note that this command is not a replacement for textual search — use Shift+F to search text in the current document, and Control+Shift+F to search text in the entire solution.
Source: JetBrains-Manual

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Share this Story: Hundreds of thousands families live in daycare 'deserts,' report says
Hundreds of thousands families live in daycare 'deserts,' report says
Jordan Press
Children's backpacks and shoes are seen at a CEFA (Core Education and Fine Arts) Early Learning daycare franchise, in Langley, B.C., on Tuesday May 29, 2018. An estimated 776,000 Canadian children live in areas of the country parched of available daycare spaces, suggests a new report that outlines the statistical flip side of high child care costs in some parts of the country. Photo by DARRYL DYCK /THE CANADIAN PRESS
OTTAWA — An estimated 776,000 young Canadian children live in areas of the country parched of available daycare spaces, suggests a new report that outlines the statistical flip side of high child care costs in some parts of the country.
The study by the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, being released Thursday, says 44 per cent of all non-school-age children — under the age of 5 — live in so-called "child care deserts" where the number of children outstrips the available spaces in licensed homes and centres.
Hundreds of thousands families live in daycare 'deserts,' report says Back to video
The study didn't take into account unlicensed daycare because there is no exhaustive list of spaces Canada-wide.
Researchers found cities in provinces that take a more active role in regulating child care were more likely to have broader coverage, compared with those provinces that took a hands-off approach to regulation and let the market dictate prices and locations of spaces.
As a result, the report concludes, fewer than five per cent of children in Charlottetown and Quebec cities were under-served, compared with Saskatoon, where every child lived in a child care desert.
"Most of the patterns in the market system reflect what providers want; they don't reflect what parents want because providers locate where they want to locate," said David Macdonald, a senior economist at the centre and author of the study.
"It illustrates the other side of child care."
Spaces were also crowded around urban cores, and less prevalent in suburbs and rural areas of the country.
Toronto's child care spaces were concentrated around the Yonge Street corridor heading right up to Highway 401. beyond that stretch, coverage rates dropped, meaning that parents may be doing a double commute daily — to and from daycare, and then to and from the office.
The same wasn't true in Quebec. On the island of Montreal, there were enough spaces for the number of children and the same was true in the surrounding areas.
"Quebec shows a bit of a different model, and that's in part due to the fact that the province is much more involved in child care there — not only setting the fees, but also planning where these centres should go," Macdonald said. "You end up with a lot fewer deserts."
The Trudeau Liberals are providing federal cash for child care to the provinces and territories over the next 10 years, the first three of which are subject to funding agreements.
Plans submitted by most provinces and territories show that approximately 9,700 new spaces will be created over the next three years as a result of federal funding. The number doesn't include Ontario and Quebec, whose plans don't break down the precise impact of federal funding.
Of the spaces to be created, some will target under-served communities, while others will target marginalized populations like those living in low-income and recent immigrants. Other spending will create daycare spaces for parents working irregular hours like shift work.
The report says smart public policy is needed if the federal and provincial governments want to meet their grand promises on child care.
— Follow @jpress on Twitter.


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Director Woody Allen's love letter to New York City stars Allen as frustrated television writer Isaac Davis, a twice-divorced malcontent facing middle age alone after his wife, Jill (Meryl Streep), leaves him for a woman. Isaac is dating fresh-faced Tracy (Mariel Hemingway), a high school girl he knows is wrong for him, and begins to wonder if he and brainy writer Mary (Diane Keaton), the mistress of his best friend, Yale (Michael Murphy), might make a better couple.
Screenplay Opening Scene Examples — 6 Ways to Begin a Script
Of all of the parts of a screenplay, the opening scene is perhaps the most important – not only because it has to establish the world of the story, but because it also has to grab the attention of the script-reader. We're going to look at a few different ways you can start your screenplay… Continue reading Screenplay Opening Scene Examples — 6 Ways to Begin a Script
What is Pan and Scan? Full Frame vs. Widescreen Explained
Do you remember what pan and scan is? Did you ever rent or own movies on VHS tape, or even on DVD, that filled the entirety of your 4:3 aspect ratio tube television? If the answer to all this is yes, then you experienced "pan and scan" firsthand. But what is pan and scan, how… Continue reading What is Pan and Scan? Full Frame vs. Widescreen Explained
Rafael Abreu August 22, 2021
What is the Setting of a Story — Elements of Storytelling
What is the setting of a story? Is it simply the time and place of a story? Or is it something more? We're going to look at some examples of setting in literature and film to see how writers and directors communicate time, place, and more in their works. But before we jump into some… Continue reading What is the Setting of a Story — Elements of Storytelling
55 Best Movie Directors of All Time and Their Greatest Films
The best movie directors of all time — the idea of such a list sparks immediate debate. Rather than try to impose any sort of definitive or objective best directors list, consider this more of a celebration of the entire medium. Woefully underrepresented on this list are women. While women have been an integral part… Continue reading 55 Best Movie Directors of All Time and Their Greatest Films
Brent Dunham November 8, 2020


Need a wedding party taxi / shuttle / transfers from Malaga Airport?
Organising a wedding on the Costa Del Sol? Need to get the bridal party or guests to the venue?
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Why get married on the Costa Del Sol?
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To the west of Malaga you will find the stunning coastline of the Costa del Sol. This area has developed into one of the most sophisticated regions in Spain with miles of white sandy beaches, along with beautiful towns that are modern and vibrant. Marbella and the Costa del Sol have easy access due to the excellent motorway network and close vicinity of Malaga international airport where all budget airlines have flights arriving from all over Europe. All local towns and villages have beautiful churches and magical locations for your wedding ceremony.


Understanding patterns in the distribution and abundance of functional traits across a landscape is of fundamental importance to ecology. Mapping these distributions is particularly challenging for species-rich groups with sparse trait measurement coverage, such as flowering plants, insects, and microorganisms. Here, we use likelihood-based character reconstruction to infer and analyze the spatial distribution of unmeasured traits. We apply this framework to a microbial dataset comprised of 11,732 ketosynthase alpha gene sequences extracted from 144 soil samples from three continents to document the spatial distribution of putative microbial polyketide antibiotic production. Antibiotic production is a key competitive strategy for soil microbial survival and performance. Additionally, novel antibiotic discovery is highly relevant to human health, making natural antibiotic production by soil microorganisms a major target for bioprospecting. Our comparison of trait-based biogeographical patterns to patterns based on taxonomy and phylogeny is relevant to our basic understanding of microbial biogeography as well as the pressing need for new antibiotics.
Data Availability: All sequences are available in Genbank accessions KC223620 - KC235351.
Funding: H.M. acknowledges support from the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and the Agence Nationale de la Recherche ANR-CHEX grant ECOEVOBIO. This project was supported by grant DEB 0743885 from the National Science Foundation awarded to J.L.G and B.J.M.B. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
How and why the functional traits of organisms (characteristics of an organism that are linked with its fitness or performance) vary across communities, space, and environmental gradients remains an important unanswered question [1–6]. A trait-based perspective on biogeography can reveal which processes shape the composition and function of ecological communities, help forecast how communities will respond to environmental change, and guide bioprospecting efforts. While interest in trait-based biogeography has motivated efforts to compile global trait databases, traits are poorly sampled in species-rich and ecologically important groups such as plants, plankton, insects, and microorganisms [4, 6, 7]. The current incompleteness of trait databases is a major limitation, impeding our ability to build global ecosystem, bioclimatic, and biogeochemical models.
In this paper, we apply likelihood-based character reconstruction techniques to the emerging field of trait-based microbial biogeography [6–9]. Microbes play fundamental roles in ecosystem function, in particular through mediating global biogeochemical cycles ; yet we know very little about how and why microbial functional diversity varies spatially. This is due in part to difficulty in assessing trait diversity for the majority of microbes that cannot be easily cultivated in the laboratory.
Current cultivation-independent approaches to estimating microbial functional biogeography include analysis of groups thought to play an important role in ecosystem processes, such as ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, amplified with the 16S rRNA taxonomic gene , analysis of PCR-amplified target genes mediating specific steps in biogeochemical cycles , microarray-based genomic technology such as the GeoChip [8, 9, 13], and genomics-enabled approaches such as metagenomics and metatranscriptomics [14, 15]. These methods can identify broad functional categories, such as nitrogen fixation or photosynthesis strategies, but cannot easily identify trait states within these broad categories. For example, these methods can't identify whether organisms perform denitrification optimally at different pHs, temperatures or substrate concentrations. Another limitation of commonly used cultivation-independent approaches is that function can often be assigned only to characterized genes.
Using our phylogenetic approach, we investigate the trait-based biogeography of soil microbes. We focus on a class of antibiotic production genes—type II polyketide synthases (PKSs, )—that have great relevance to human health, as they are the ultimate source of a number of important antibiotics used to combat pathogenic infections. We analyze the diversity and biogeography of potential antibiotic production at unprecedented spatial scales, ranging from centimeters to thousands of kilometers and spanning three continents. We anticipate that our results will help guide bioprospecting strategies for the discovery of new antibiotics .
One of the biggest limitations in trait-based biogeography for species-rich groups is the paucity of trait databases [4, 6]. Here we present an approach based on phylogenetic character inference methods that can help circumvent this problem (Fig 1). This approach can be applied to any phylogenetic tree describing the relationship among sequences, individuals, or species (thereafter referred to as "clades"). We assume, as is the case in most trait databases, that the trait of interest for some of these clades has been characterized (the "reference" clades), but the trait of others has not (the "uncharacterized" clades, Fig 1A). We infer the traits of the uncharacterized clades using the traits of characterized clades and likelihood-based character reconstruction methods (, Material and Methods, Fig 1B). When uncharacterized clades form isolated clusters with no characterized members, no trait can be assigned, indicating that the clade potentially represent new traits. Focusing on such clades can thus guide the discovery of entirely new functional traits.
Fig 1. Illustration of the methodological approach used to investigate trait-based biogeography.
A) Given a phylogenetic tree with characterized "reference" members (denoted Ref) and uncharacterized members (denoted Clade or C; "clades" can design sequences, individuals or species depending on the study), B) the traits of uncharacterized members can be estimated. C) After rarefying the samples to standardize sampling intensity, the inferred traits can be used to estimate pseudo abundance values for each trait in each community. If the "clades" design sequences or individuals (such as in the present study), the community abundance matrix is in fact a simple presence-absence matrix. D) These pseudo-abundances can then be used for biogeographic analyses. The approach, illustrated here for discrete characters, can readily be adapted to continuous ones. In B, the discrete suite of probability values representing the probability that clade i codes for each type would then be replaced by a continuous probability distribution ϕi(x) representing the probability that clade i has character x. In C, multiplication of the probability distributions corresponding to each clade with the community matrix yields for each community j a continuous distribution ϕj representing the estimated number of clades with character x. For community 1 for example, this distribution would be given by ϕ1(x) = 9ϕ1(x) + ϕ2(x) + 5ϕ3(x).
The uncertainty associated with phylogenetic character reconstruction is often high, particularly when examining microbial phylogenies where reference organisms are scarce. To overcome this difficulty, we adopt a probabilistic approach: instead of assigning a single trait to uncharacterized clades, we describe the trait by a suite of values, each of which represents the probability that the clade has the corresponding trait (Material and Methods, Fig 1B). Next we estimate the abundance of each trait in each community. If the phylogeny represents relationships among higher groupings (e.g. species in the case of macroorganisms or clades of related genes in the case of microorganisms), the estimate is obtained by summing the probabilities associated with the trait across groups from the community, weighted by their abundance (Fig 1C and 1D). Alternatively, if the phylogeny represents relationships among individuals or sequences, the estimate is obtained by summing the probabilities associated with the trait across individuals or sequences from the community, to account for intraspecific variability . The resulting pseudo-abundance community matrix can then be used for community analyses, such as computing trait diversity within and between samples (Fig 1D).
We applied the general phylogenetic approach above to analyze the potential diversity of type II polyketide antibiotics in soils. Soil microorganisms, in particular Actinomycetes, produce a variety of type II polyketide antibiotics that are thought to play a major role in microbial defense and communication . Such antibiotics can directly affect an organism's fitness, and thus antibiotic production can be considered a "trait" in the classic sense [2, 7]. Ketosynthase alpha (KSα) is a requisite part of type II PKS gene clusters that encodes suites of enzymes responsible for producing spore pigments and a wide variety of polyketide antibiotics. KSα is commonly used to estimate type II PKS diversity in soil [16, 20–24].
We sampled soil cores in the Mediterranean climate shrublands of Australia, Chile, and South Africa. Fifty samples were taken on each continent, separated by geographic distances ranging from 1 cm to 170 km (Material and Methods). We measured a variety of environmental variables characterizing the environmental conditions in which the soil samples were collected (Material and Methods) and recorded the presence-absence of woody plants in 20 x 20 m quadrats surrounding the soil cores (see  for details). In contrast to several recent studies [23, 24], we sampled in similar habitats across continents to increase the power to detect biogeographic patterns due primarily to geographic distance. KSα genes were amplified from our soil samples using PCR, cloned, and sequenced (Material and Methods). This resulted in a total of 11,732 KSα sequences, 573 bp long, evenly distributed across 144 samples.
Following the general phylogenetic approach outlined above, we assembled a database of KSα reference sequences. We found 70 KSα reference sequences with structurally characterized products: 7 are involved in spore pigment synthesis, and 63 are involved in the synthesis of a set of 58 unique antibiotic molecules that can be grouped into 20 different chemotypes (or groups of related chemical structures , Material and Methods & S1 Table).
We constructed a phylogenetic tree describing the evolutionary relationships among the environmental sequences and those of the reference database (Fig 1A, Material and Methods, S2A Fig). The environmental sequences span the entire reference database phylogeny, suggesting that the set of primers we used did not miss any major part of the known KSα diversity. Using the phylogenetic tree of environmental and reference sequences, we assigned putative product chemotypes to each environmental sequence (Fig 1B, Material and Methods). We first identified sequences that most likely encode for spore pigments (S2B Fig) and, since our principal interest is in describing the biogeography of polyketide antibiotic production, we excluded these putative spore pigment sequences (235 out of 11,732) from further analyses. We then assigned putative chemotypes to each remaining KSα sequence (S2C Fig).
The majority of sequences (7,317 out of 11,497) formed a well-supported clade with KSα genes from antibiotic-producing PKS clusters (S2A Fig, top part of the tree, reproduced in Fig 2). In this part of the tree, most sequences (80%) could be assigned to a given chemotype with ≥ 0.75 confidence. The assignment was robust to uncertainties in phylogenetic construction (Material and Methods, S3 Fig). The top third of the phylogeny did not include many reference sequences, which may have led to the high probabilities of the angucycline trait. Some clades in this region of the tree are substantially divergent from reference members and therefore may produce bioactive molecules with novel molecular structures instead of angucycline.
Fig 2. Estimating putative antibiotic production.
A) Phylogeny of reference sequences, obtained by pruning environmental sequences from B. Tips are labeled by the polyketide produced and colored by polyketide chemotype. n denotes the number of reference sequences of the given chemotype, and P reflects the clustering of the chemotype on the phylogeny (computed as a z-score, see Material and Methods). The clustering is significant or marginally significant for almost all chemotypes for which it could be computed. B) The phylogeny of environmental KSα genes (black), along with reference sequences (colored), allows estimating for each environmental sequence and each chemotype the probability that the sequence codes for the chemotype. C) Each colored stripe indicates the inferred probability that the corresponding sequence codes for the chemotype represented by the color.
Another group of sequences formed a large, globally distributed clade (comprised of more than 4,000 sequences) that had no antibiotic-producing reference members (S2A Fig, bottom part of the phylogeny). Sequences in this clade had BLAST matches within both cultured and uncultured bacteria, but not outside of bacteria. Hits to cultured bacteria were typically Actinomycetes, and most often Streptomyces. Sequences in this clade likely belong to PKS gene clusters for which the products have yet to be characterized. We conducted biogeographic analyses both with and without this large uncharacterized clade.
We focused our analysis on three aspects of PKS community composition: sequence similarity groups, phylogeny, and traits. The composition in terms of sequence similarity groups (thereafter referred to as "sequence groups") refers to groups defined on the basis of KSα sequence similarity, as described by Reddy et al. , and does not account for the phylogenetic relationships among these groups. This composition is summarized by the community matrix describing the presence/absence of sequences across communities with the matrix describing the assignment of each environmental sequence to a specific sequence group. Phylogenetic composition accounts for the phylogenetic relationships among the sequence groups . This composition is summarized by the community matrix and the phylogeny describing the evolutionary relationships among sequence groups. Trait composition refers to the putative chemotypes present across communities; this composition is summarized by the "trait community matrix" obtained by multiplying the matrix describing the presence/absence of sequences across communities with the matrix describing the chemotype estimation for each environmental sequence, derived from the assignment technique described above (Fig 1C and 1D). Different sequence groups can encode the same chemotype, such that the diversity of chemotypes is typically lower than the diversity of sequence groups.
Our probabilistic, phylogenetically-informed approach to estimating traits differs from other methods of inferring polyketide production from KSα sequences. eSNaPD  and NaPDoS  use sequence homology (either BLAST e-values or % identity) to predict the polyketide products of input sequence, without an indication of assignment confidence. The idea of placing environmental KSα sequences on a phylogeny of reference sequences with known chemotype has been used before in order to identify sequences potentially encoding new chemotypes [29, 30], but it had not yet been developed into a systematic, quantitative estimation of the chemotype produced by environmental sequences.
We characterized beta-diversity, i.e. the turnover in community composition across our samples, for these three dimensions of diversity. We used abundance-weighted dissimilarity metrics (Material and Methods) to measure differences in the sequence groups, chemotypes, and phylogenetic composition (i.e. an overall measure of the phylogenetic uniqueness of communities) identified at each sampling site.
Dissimilarity values were higher for sequence groups (0.94 +- 0.06, mean and s.d. across all pairwise comparisons) than phylogenetic diversity (0.63 +- 0.08) and higher for phylogenetic than trait diversity (0.34 +- 0.15, S4 and S5 Figs). This ranking of dissimilarity values was consistent across continents and spatial scales (S4 Fig). Microbial communities in Australia and South Africa were slightly more similar to one another than communities in Australia and Chile or South Africa and Chile (S5 Fig), mirroring patterns observed in the aboveground plant communities . Rarefaction analyses showed that phylogenetic and trait dissimilarity values changed little with increasing sequencing effort (i.e. sampling effort) while dissimilarity values in sequence groups decreased slightly (S6 Fig). The shape of the rarefaction curves suggests that the ranking of dissimilarity values across diversity measures would remain robust with increasing sequencing depth. Thus, communities tend to be more similar in terms of phylogeny than in terms of sequence groups, reflecting the fact that sequence groups share a common evolutionary history, and more similar in terms of traits than phylogeny, reflecting the fact that different evolutionary paths can lead to similar chemotypes.
We observed a significant clustering of communities by continent (Fig 3 and S7 Fig, p<0.0001 in each continent). Communities clustered most strongly when examined with sequence groups; the strength of clustering decreased when community composition was measured with phylogenetic and trait-based diversity metrics (Fig 3 and S7 Fig). This trend is conservative with regards to sequencing depth, given that undersampling is expected to weaken patterns of sequence groups more than phylogenetic and trait-based ones (with equal sequencing effort, traits and phylogenies are more thoroughly sampled than sequence groups). We observed more spatial structure in phylogenetic diversity relative to trait diversity, and more spatial structure for diversity of sequence groups relative to phylogenetic diversity. Uncertainty in trait assignment leads to a homogenization of trait-based beta-diversity values across sites, which may at least in part explain the weak trait-based patterns we observed. Despite this noise, the clustering remained significant for all three measures of biodiversity, demonstrating spatial structure at the global scale.
Fig 3. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordinations based on abundance-weighted dissimilarity metrics reveal that samples cluster by continents.
The strength of the clustering is the highest for composition in terms of sequence groups (A), intermediate for phylogenetic composition (B), and the lowest for trait composition (C). Significance values refer to analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) test for differences in community composition among continents. Analyses excluding the large uncharacterized clade (see also S7 Fig).
To quantify the effect of geographic separation on the turnover in community composition, we analyzed the increase in community dissimilarity with geographic distance (Material and Methods, Table 1, S3 and S8 Figs). The increase was most pronounced at the global scale (i.e. when considering cross-continents comparisons) than within-continents, suggesting that the effect of geographic separation is the greatest at large spatial scales. This result should be robust to sequencing depth: undersampling may weaken but not bias spatial patterns. Recent studies suggest that increasing sequencing depth is not crucial to beta-diversity studies . The slope of the increase was generally weak, likely reflecting that we sampled in a relatively homogeneous flora and environment within each Mediterranean-type ecosystem. Despite weak geographic structure, communities were far from demonstrating phylogenetic and trait homogeneity: at least one fourth of the diversity encompassed by any two samples was unique to one of them.
Table 1. Drivers of bacterial geographic structure.
Previous analyses have demonstrated a correlation between KSα diversity and geographic distance or environmental variables, but the relative importance of these factors has not been explicitly tested. We investigated the relative importance of geographic distance, the environment, and plant community composition on bacterial spatial turnover (Material and Methods, Table 1). When accounting for plant and environmental dissimilarity, the effect of geography on bacterial community dissimilarity was no longer significant, even at the global scale. Plant community composition was the strongest predictor of bacterial community composition. Plant community composition was a significant predictor at the global scale and in all continents (except for trait diversity in South Africa and all diversity measures in Chile, where none of the predictors were significant). The combined effect of the environment was the second strongest predictor, but—after accounting for plant dissimilarity and geographic distance—it remained significant only in Australia (all diversity measures) and at the global scale (for diversity in terms of sequence groups). When evaluating the separate effect of individual environmental variables (Material and Methods), plant composition was the only variable standing out as a consistent significant predictor of bacterial community structure.
It is possible that plant community composition has a direct effect on bacterial communities. However, since we collected presence-absence plant data in the distant (20 x 20 m) rather than local surroundings of each bacterial community, it is more likely that the marked correlation between plant and bacterial communities reflects the joint effect of a third geographically-structured component on these communities. We cannot exclude the possibility that this third component corresponds to environmental variables we did not measure, a limitation inherent to beta-diversity studies . However, we measured the main environmental variables thought to have a significant influence on bacterial community composition. Hence, our results suggest that bacterial communities respond to long term, time-integrated environmental conditions (e.g. climate) that may be better reflected by surrounding plant community composition than short-term measures of soil characteristics .
Our results suggest that it is more effective to focus bioprospecting efforts on sampling broadly (e.g. across continents) rather than intensively in homogeneous environments spanning only few hundred square kilometers. We identified a large and globally distributed clade distantly related to sequences from known biosynthetic clusters, and smaller clades with only few characterized members. While these clades add uncertainty to our trait-based biogeographic analysis, they are one of our most exciting results: we identified what could be a natural source of novel antibiotics and should be an attractive target for bioprospecting. Heterologous expression of gene clusters with KSα sequences from the least characterized parts of the phylogeny could reveal new antibiotics [34, 35].
The phylogenetic approach for estimating unmeasured traits presented here should support future microbial trait-based biogeography studies. Phylogenetic character reconstruction techniques have been developed to identify microbial populations and their habitat preferences , and to analyze the structure and function of ancestral proteins . Our use of character reconstruction differs from these approaches as we use character reconstruction techniques to infer extant rather than ancestral trait states. The authors of PICRUSt  also infer extant trait states, although they use an average of the known extant and inferred ancestral traits (weighted by phylogenetic distance) rather than the model-based expectation we use here ; in addition, the method is tailored specifically to estimate gene family abundance rather than traits.
Our approach allows for working with a phylogenetic tree rather than genes, contrary to sequence homology techniques. This is particularly useful when phylogenies are built from a series of phylogenetically rather than functionally informative genes, which is often the case in studies of both macro- and microorganisms. Whereas sequence homology would infer traits based on the reference sequence most closely related to the query, our approach considers the integrity of the phylogenetic neighborhood of the query sequence into account and quantifies assignment uncertainty. This vastly improves accuracy, particularly when there are several equally closely related reference sequences with fairly different traits.
A similar approach could be used to assess the biogeography of other important discrete or continuous microbial traits . For example, the trait of interest could be the potential rate of enzyme activity of a particular functional gene variant, although a fair amount of microbial and genetic work is still needed to establish a reference database for enzymatic rates. Genetic variants of mcrA, amoA, nirS or nifH reflect different efficiencies of methanogenesis, nitrification, denitrification and N-fixation, respectively. Microbial rhodopsin genes would also lend themselves well to these types of analyses. These genes are distributed across a variety of aquatic and terrestrial environments, and code a suite of different traits important for cell survival, including proton transport (energy generation), chloride transport (maintenance of osmotic balance) and light sensing (phototaxis or gene expression). The approach could also be used to estimate a variety of prototypical microbial functional traits, such as ribosomal copy number , GC content, or genome size (see Table 1 from  for other examples).
Our phylogenetic approach also has many potential applications in trait-based biogeography in general. Indeed, major trait databases for rich groups such as flowering plants  and marine plankton  are very sparsely sampled. Approaches to filling in the gaps in these databases are sorely needed . Our approach, based on phylogeny, provides a new angle to the question . Future work aimed at comparing and potentially integrating these different approaches will be highly valuable. Such methods will help infer missing values in trait databases for both macro and microorganisms and map the diversity of traits at large spatial scales. In comparison with traditional biogeographic patterns based on sequence similarity groups, trait-based patterns may be less sensitive, as observed here. However, they also inform much more directly about potential function and responses to environmental change.
Analyzing the distribution of traits across communities is crucial to understanding both community assembly processes and ecosystem functioning. A solid understanding of microbial trait-based biogeography is particularly relevant for microorganisms, given the key role they play in antibiotic production and biogeochemical cycling. Using phylogenetic information and reference sequences of characterized polyketide synthases, we predicted the putative chemotype of environmental sequences and analyzed the resulting trait-based biogeographic patterns. This allowed us to compare microbial biogeographic patterns based on sequence groups, phylogeny and traits at the global scale. Similar approaches, applied to a variety of taxonomic groups and traits, will ultimately improve our understanding of the spatial distribution of traits, and of ecosystems function, services, and potential response to environmental change.
We sampled soil in the Mediterranean climate shrublands of Australia, Chile, and South Africa. GPS coordinates are provided in S1 Material & Methods. No specific permissions were required to sample in these locations and sampling did not involve endangered or protected species. These sites were chosen to reduce environmental heterogeneity while sampling at the global scale. On each continent, we collected 50 15-cm deep, 1-cm wide soil cores (150 soil cores total), separated by geographic distances ranging from 1 cm to 170 km (S1 Material & Methods). We also collected a larger amount of soil adjacent to each soil core for analysis of soil texture (% sand, silt and clay). Each soil core was homogenized and stored at -80°C. We measured a total of 15 environmental variables using subsamples of the homogenized soil cores. These variables included moisture, pH, and the concentration of micronutrients (Mg, Al, P, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn), and macronutrients (e.g. total N, total C and NO3), measured using standard protocols.
We extracted DNA from 4 replicates of 200 mg wet mass of each soil core, using a modified version of the protocol by Zhou et al. (, S1 Material & Methods). We then combined equal volumes of the 4 DNA extracts together for PCR amplification. We performed amplification of the type II PKS KSα gene using primers developed by Metsä-Ketelä et al. . We performed 3 replicate PCRs on the pooled DNA, using 1 μL template pooled-DNA per reaction. Details of PCR conditions, DNA clean-up, cloning and sequencing are presented in S1 Material & Methods. Primer and PCR conditions were consistent across all samples, such that potential primer bias shouldn't influence our results.
Reference sequences were found by searching the nucleotide database of GenBank for many variants of the phrase "polyketide synthase" or "ketosynthase alpha", then manually inspecting results for KSα genes, and finally using a BLAST search to find related sequences. Only sequences that had been experimentally implicated in the production of structurally characterized polyketides were included in subsequent analyses, resulting in a total of 79 reference sequences (S1 Table).
We used Clustal through the program BioEdit to align the 11,732 environmental KSα sequences, the 79 structurally characterized reference sequences, and a fabH outgroup (, S1 Material & Methods). We then used FastTree 2.1.0  to build a phylogeny of these sequences (GTR branch swapping as suggested by jModelTest 0.1.1 ; all other parameters default). This resulted in the construction of a phylogenetic tree with characterized "reference" and uncharacterized "environmental" members (Fig 1A).
The core set of enzymes in a type II polyketide synthase includes a ketosynthase (KSα), a chain length factor (CLF or KSβ), an acyl carrier protein (ACP), and a malonyl-CoA:ACP transacylase (MAT), all of which contribute to the final structure of the polyketide product. Therefore, KSα diversity does not correlate one-to-one with polyketide diversity; nevertheless, closely related KSα sequences tend to contribute to the production of structurally, and potentially functionally similar polyketides (, see also our Fig 2). By leveraging this trait conservatism and a maximum likelihood-based trait reconstruction framework, we estimated the characteristics of polyketides produced by our environmental sequences (Fig 1B). We first classified the reference sequences into those coding for spore pigmentation and those coding for antibiotic production. Then, we classified the polyketide products of the reference sequences coding for antibiotic production into chemotypes based upon structural characteristics, chain size, primer unit, and cyclization patterns (S1 Table).
We then estimated the traits of environmental sequences following the method of Garland & Ives : to estimate the traits of an environmental sequence (ei), the global phylogeny was pruned to include only ei and annotated references. We first tested the clustering of chemotypes on the phylogeny, using a randomization test. For each chemotype, we compared the total phylogenetic diversity (Faith's PD ) spanned by the sequences coding for this chemotype to the PD of 10,000 random draws of the same number of sequences. The significance of the clustering was assessed by computing the 'z-score', defined as the rank of the observed PD within random draws, divided by the number of draws + 1. These 'z-scores', reported in Fig 2A for each chemotype, indicate that closely related sequences tend to encode the same chemotype, suggesting that phylogeny is informative to predict chemotype (see also ). The phylogeny was rerooted at the ancestor of ei and its closest relative in the reference phylogeny. After rerooting, the states at ei was estimated using the discrete ancestral character state reconstruction method of Pagel  implemented in ape. This likelihood-based method relies on a continuous-time Markov model in which characters evolve with fixed transition rates. We used the "equal-rates" model in which the probabilities to transition from any state to any other state are all equal. For any given environmental sequence, the method provides a suite of probability values, each of which is the probability that the sequence codes for each type.
We tested the robustness of the trait assignment procedure to phylogenetic uncertainty by performing sensitivity analyses on a Bayesian posterior distribution of trees (S1 Material & Methods). Since the trait assignment of a given environmental sequence is computed from a tree containing only that environmental sequence (and all reference sequences), the uncertainty in trait assignment will not increase as more environmental sequences (e.g. arising from next generation sequencing) are included. Rather, the uncertainty will decrease as more reference sequences are included.
All phylogeny manipulations and statistical analyses were performed in the R statistical computing environment version 2.14.1 (R Development Core Team) using functions from the packages picante  version 1.2, vegan  version 2.0–2, and ape  version 2.8. The ancestral state imputation method is implemented in the function phyEstimateDisc, available in version 1.6 of the picante R package .
We defined sequence similarity groups based on the previously built phylogenetic tree of KSα sequences. Specifically, given a fixed % sequence identity cut-off value (x), we traversed the tree from the tips to the root and collapsed all nodes for which all descendant sequences were at least x% similar (R codes are available from the authors). This criterion corresponds to the criterion used in the classical furthest neighbor-clustering algorithm (used, e.g., in mothur, ). Although we used the phylogeny to define sequence similarity groups, our measure of diversity in terms of sequence groups does not account for the phylogenetic distance among these groups, as in classical diversity measures based on sequence similarity groups.
Sequences were binned into groups at multiple sequence identity cutoffs to identify the level at which a group included only sequences likely to be involved in production of related polyketides of a single chemotype. Note that the goal here is not to estimate the polyketide products of environmental sequences (which is more accurately done using the ancestral reconstruction approach described above), but rather to quantify the diversity of sequence groups. Below a 90% binning threshold, sequence groups included reference sequences belonging to multiple chemotypes; we thus selected this 90% identity as our threshold to construct groups. Binning the sequences at the 90% level resulted in 2,970 groups. Similarity values for reference KSα sequences associated with the same polyketide product ranged between 99.7 and 100% within sequence groups and between 79.9 and 92.5% among distinct sequence groups.
Communities were rarefied to the minimum number of sequences across samples; the samples that had too few sequences had to be discarded. In the analyses excluding sequences assigned to spore pigment production, this resulted in a rarefaction to 67 sequences per sample across 142 samples (48 samples from Australia, 44 from Chile, and 50 from South-Africa). In the analyses also excluding sequences from the uncharacterized clade, this resulted in a rarefaction to 45 sequences per sample across 95 samples (43 samples from Australia, 20 from Chile, and 32 from South Africa). Analyses were also performed at lower rarefaction levels with more sites included and the results were qualitatively similar. Beta-diversity in terms of sequence groups was measured with Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index, calculated in vegan. Phylogenetic beta-diversity was quantified with the weighted UniFrac metric, computed in PyCogent v 2.6.1 . Trait beta-diversity was computed as the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index, using the pseudo-abundance matrices resulting from the trait assignment procedure (Fig 1C and 1D). We did not account for variation in PKS copy number variation among bacteria, since our focus was the diversity of KSα gene diversity rather than taxonomic diversity (S1 Material & Methods).
The clustering of samples by continents was analyzed using non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination (NMDS) completed with an analysis of similarities (ANOSIM). The relationship between community similarity and geographic distance was analyzed using Mantel tests. p-values were obtained using 999 permutations in each test and the 95% confidence intervals for the slope of the relationship were computed following Manly .
We investigated the relationship between bacterial community similarity, plant community similarity, geographic distance, and environmental distance. Bacterial community similarity and geographic distances were log-transformed before analyses to achieve normality. We scaled environmental variables from 0 to 1, checked them for normality, and transformed them when necessary. Based on the varclust procedure, we dropped the % sand and % silt variables, which were highly correlated with % clay values (ρ2 = 0.7). We then used the bioenv procedure to select relevant variables. We computed environmental distances between samples with these variables, using the Euclidian distance. We computed a composite distance of selected environmental variables, and also individual distances corresponding to each variable. To analyze the determinants of bacterial community composition, we used partial Mantel tests  and multiple regressions on distance matrices . The procedure was run with the composite environmental measure and each individual environmental variable, for each continent and the global dataset. We used the Bonferroni correction to account for multiple testing. All statistical analyses were performed with the ecodist, Hmisc and vegan R packages.
S1 Fig. Overview of location and spread of sampling sites.
S2 Fig. Estimating putative antibiotic production.
A) Phylogeny of all environmental KSα genes (black lines), along with antibiotic producing reference sequences (colored dots) and spore pigment producing reference sequences (black dots). B) Each bar indicates the inferred probabilities that the corresponding sequence codes for antibiotic production (in grey) or spore pigment production (in black). For example, a completely grey bar represents a sequence which probability to code for antibiotic production is 1. C) Each bar indicates the inferred probabilities that the corresponding sequence codes for each chemotype represented by the color (i.e. the length of a given colored band is proportional to the probability that the sequences codes for the chemotype represented by the color). Black bars indicate sequences which probability to encode spore pigmentation is greater than 0.5. Sequences from the top part of the tree encode diverse chemotypes. Most sequences from the bottom part of the tree likely encode yet-to-be discovered antibiotics rather than the inferred trait, given the lack of reference sequences in this part of the tree.
S3 Fig. Robustness to phylogenetic uncertainty.
The trait assignment procedure is robust to phylogenetic uncertainty. A) Distribution across environmental sequences of the proportion of posterior distribution trees assigning the sequence to the most commonly assigned chemotype. For most sequences the most probable chemotype is consistent across phylogenies. B) Boxplot across posterior distribution trees of the number of sequences most probably coding for the given chemotype. "none" indicates that no chemotype was inferred with more than 0.5 confidence. The partitioning of sequences among chemotypes is consistent across phylogenies.
S4 Fig. Increase in community dissimilarity with geographic distance within each continent.
S5 Fig. Community dissimilarity across continents.
Boxplots of pairwise dissimilarity values, for measures of diversity based on sequence groups (top panel), phylogeny (middle panel) and traits (bottom panel). A-C: Australia / Chile; A-S: Australia / South Africa; C-S: Chile / South Africa.
S6 Fig. Effect of sampling depth on dissimilarity values.
Plotted are mean (and 95% CI based on 50 replicate rarefactions) dissimilarity values (across all samples with at least 60 sequences) for taxonomic, phylogenetic and trait-based dimensions of biodiversity, as a function of the rarefaction level. CIs are very tight and can hardly be seen. Dissimilarity values asymptote very quickly with an increasing number of sequences.
S7 Fig. NMDS for the full dataset.
Results are consistent with results excluding sequences from the uncharacterized clade.
S8 Fig. Increase in community dissimilarity with geographic distance within each continent for the full dataset.
S1 Table. Accession number, antibiotic name, chemotype, chain length, first cyclization and priming unit of the reference sequences used in the study.
H.M. acknowledges support from the CNRS and grants ECOEVOBIO from ANR-CHEX and PANDA from the ERC. This project was supported by NSF grant DEB 0743885 awarded to J.L.G and B.J.M.B.
Conceived and designed the experiments: HM TO JAB KMD SK JLG BJMB. Performed the experiments: HM TO JAB LKC KMD EJ SWK JLG BJMB. Analyzed the data: HM TKO. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: HM TKO SWK. Wrote the paper: HM TKO JAB LKC KMD SWK JLG BJMB.
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Stade Rouibah Hocine – wielofunkcyjny stadion w Dżidżalu, w Algierii. Obiekt może pomieścić 40 000 widzów. Swoje spotkania rozgrywają na nim piłkarze klubu JS Djijélienne.

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Multiple jihadist attacks kill more than 30 in Iraq
BAGHDAD – Agence France-Presse
Jihadist gunmen and bombers killed at least 12 people in a busy market area of Baghdad, while a double blast at a cafe north of the Iraqi capital claimed another 20 lives.
An attack claimed by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and involving suicide explosions, gunfights and hostage-taking wreaked chaos in the eastern neighborhood of Baghdad al-Jadida.
"A car came... gunmen came out of it and spread out. They started shooting, killing people, there were lots of dead people," said a witness, Salman Hussein.
The shocked young man recounted how one of the attackers held a shop owner and spoke on a mobile phone before detonating his suicide belt.
"The car they came in was laden with explosives and also blew up," he said.
The head of Baghdad Operations Command, Lieutenant General Abdelamir al-Shammari, insisted to reporters on the scene that the situation was quickly brought under control.
He denied reports by several officials in the Baghdad police and in the interior ministry that the attackers held several people hostage in the nearby Zahrat Baghdad mall.
But a senior police officer gave a different account, saying the attackers sprayed gunfire and blew up a car bomb on the street before entering the mall and taking hostages.
"When the security forces got too close, they killed three hostages," he said. Several other sources gave a similar account.
Police and hospital sources put the casualty toll from the attack, one of the worst to hit Baghdad in months, at 12 dead and more than 30 wounded.
Almost simultaneously, bombings killed at least 20 people at a cafe in the town of Muqdadiyah northeast of Baghdad, security officers said.
A bomb exploded at the cafe and a suicide bomber detonated an explosives-rigged vehicle after people gathered at the scene, a police captain and an army colonel said.
ISIL also claimed the Muqdadiyah attack and named the suicide bomber as Iraqi Abu Abdallah.
Four police officers killed
On Jan. 12, a suicide bomber detonated an explosives-rigged vehicle at a checkpoint north of Baghdad, wounding a senior intelligence officer and killing four police, security officials said.
The bomber attacked the convoy of Colonel Qassem al-Anbaki, the head of police intelligence in Diyala province, at a checkpoint, army and police officers said.
The blast in the Jdaidat al-Shatt area, south of Diyala capital Baquba, also killed four policemen, including a first lieutenant, and wounded nine other police, the officers said.
A doctor at Baquba General Hospital confirmed the toll.
There was no immediate claim of responsibility for the attack, but suicide bombings are a tactic frequently used by Sunni militants in Iraq, including ISIL.
The attack followed two blasts, one of them a suicide bombing, that targeted a cafe north of Baquba the day before, killing 20 people.
Meanwhile, at least seven Sunni mosques and dozens of shops in eastern Iraq were firebombed on Jan. 12, security sources and local officials said.
At least two Sunni mosques south of Baghdad were attacked last week after a Shi'ite cleric was executed in Saudi Arabia, triggering angry reactions in Iraq and neighboring Iran.


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Adapting its popular HGR 1 rafter bar, the Black Country business supplied roof lanterns for the restoration of the house conservatory, a significant feature of the south side of the house.
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