text:
\section{The model}
\label{sec:model}
\setcounter{equation}{0}

In the flavor-universal coloron model  \cite{newint}, the strong gauge
group is extended to $SU(3)_1 \times SU(3)_2$.  The gauge couplings
are, respectively, $\xi_1$ and $\xi_2$ with $\xi_1 \ll \xi_2$.  Each
quark transforms as a (1,3) under this extended strong gauge group.

The model also includes a scalar boson $\Phi$ transforming as
a $(3,\bar 3)$ under the two $SU(3)$ groups.  The most
general\footnote{As noted in  \cite{newint} this model can be grafted
onto the standard one-doublet Higgs model.  In this case, the most
general renormalizable potential for $\Phi$ and the Higgs doublet
$\phi$ also includes the term $\lambda_3 \phi^\dagger\phi
\tr(\Phi^\dagger\Phi)$.  For a range of $\lambda$'s and parameters in
the Higgs potential, the vacuum will break the two $SU(3)$ groups to
QCD and also break the electroweak symmetry as required.} potential for
$\Phi$ is
\be
U(\Phi) = \lambda_1 \tr\left(\Phi\Phi^\dagger - f^2 {\rm I}\right)^2 +
\lambda_2 \tr\left(\Phi\Phi^\dagger - \frac 13 {\rm I} \left(\tr
\Phi\Phi^\dagger\right)\right)^2
\ee
where the overall constant has been adjusted so that the minimum of $U$
is zero.  For $\lambda_1,\,\lambda_2,\,f^2 > 0$ the scalar develops a
vacuum expectation value $\langle\Phi\rangle = {\rm diag}(f,f,f)$
which breaks the two strong groups to their diagonal subgroup.  We
identify this unbroken subgroup with QCD.

The original gauge bosons mix to form an octet of massless gluons and
an octet of massive colorons.  The gluons interact with quarks
through a conventional QCD coupling with strength $g_3$.  The colorons
$(C^{\mu a})$ interact with quarks through a new QCD-like coupling
\be
{\cal L} = - g_3  \cot\theta J^a_\mu C^{\mu a} \iic
\ee
where  $J^a_\mu$ is the color current
\be
\sum_f {\bar q}_f \gamma_\mu \frac{\lambda^a}{2}q_f \iip
\ee
and $\cot\theta = \xi_2/\xi_1\, $.  Note that we expect $\cot\theta
>1$.  In terms of the QCD coupling, the gauge boson mixing angle and
the scalar vacuum expectation value, the mass of the colorons is
\be
M_c = \left( \frac{g_3}{\sin\theta \cos\theta} \right) f \iip
\ee
The colorons decay to all sufficiently light quarks; assuming
there are $n$ flavors lighter than $M_c/2$, the decay width is
\be
\Gamma_c \approx \frac n6 \alpha_s \cot^2\theta\, M_c
\label{eqwid}
\ee
where $\alpha_s \equiv g_3^2/4\pi$. We take the top quark mass to be
175 GeV so that n = 5 for $M_c \lae 350$ GeV and n = 6 otherwise.

Thus far, we have described the Higgs phase of the model, in which
$SU(3)_1\times SU(3)_2$ breaks at an energy scale where neither gauge
coupling is strong.  If the $SU(3)_2$ gauge coupling becomes strong
while the gauge symmetry is intact, the model enters a confining phase
instead.  As discussed in  \cite{newint}, if the strong coupling does
not break the chiral symmetries of the quarks, then it will bind the
quarks and the scalar $\Phi$ into $SU(3)_2$-neutral states.
These composite fermionic states would correspond to the
`ordinary quarks' seen at low energies.  The remainder of this paper
will concentrate on the phenomenology of the Higgs phase of the model;
for more on the confining phase's phenomenology see ref.
 \cite{newint}.

\section{Partonic cross-sections involving colorons}
\label{sec:partonic}
\setcounter{equation}{0}

Production and exchange of the massive colorons will affect hadronic
cross-sections.  To quantify this observation, we need to
calculate the effect of the colorons on each partonic scattering
sub-process.  Two-body scattering involving external gluons remains the
same as in QCD; the relevant cross-sections may be found in
 \cite{QCDcr}.  Processes involving external quarks are modified by
coloron exchange and the cross-sections are given below.

For each two-body parton scattering cross-section, we write
\be
\frac{d\sigma}{d \tha} (a b \to c d) = \frac{\pi \alpha_s^2}{\sha^2}
\Sigma(a b \to c d)
\ee
to define the $\Sigma(a b \to c d)$, which conventionally include
initial state color averaging factors and are written in terms of the
partonic Mandelstam invariants $\sha, \tha,$ and $\uha$.  For
scattering of light quarks, whose masses may be neglected, we have
\be
\Sigma(q q^\prime \to q q^\prime) = \frac 49 (\sha^2 + \uha^2)
\left[ \frac{1}{\tha^2} + \frac{2 \cot^2\theta (\tnum)}{\tha\ \tden} +
\frac{\cot^4\theta}{\tden} \right]
\ee
\be
\Sigma(q \bar q \to q^\prime {\bar q}^\prime) =
\frac 49 (\tha^2 + \uha^2)
\left[ \frac{1}{\sha^2} + \frac{2 \cot^2\theta (\snum)}{\sha\ \sden} +
\frac{\cot^4\theta}{\sden} \right]
\label{eqsig}
\ee
\bea
\Sigma(q q \to q q) &=& \frac 49 (\sha^2 + \uha^2)
\left[ \frac{1}{\tha^2} + \frac{2 \cot^2\theta (\tnum)}{\tha\ \tden} +
\frac{\cot^4\theta}{\tden} \right]  \\
&+& \frac 49 (\sha^2 + \tha^2)
\left[ \frac{1}{\uha^2} + \frac{2 \cot^2\theta (\unum)}{\uha\ \uden} +
\frac{\cot^4\theta}{\uden} \right] \nonumber \\
&-& \frac{8}{27} \sha^2 \left[ \frac{1}{\tha\uha} + \frac{\cot^2\theta
(\tnum)}{\uha\ \tden} + \frac{\cot^2\theta (\unum)}{\tha\ \uden}
\right. \nonumber\\
& &\ \ \ \ + \left.\frac{\cot^4\theta \left[ \tunum\right]}{\tden
\uden}\right] \nonumber
\eea
\bea
\Sigma(q \bar q \to q \bar q) &=& \frac 49 (\sha^2 + \uha^2)
\left[ \frac{1}{\tha^2} + \frac{2 \cot^2\theta (\tnum)}{\tha\ \tden} +
\frac{\cot^4\theta}{\tden} \right] \\
&+& \frac 49 (\tha^2 + \uha^2)
\left[ \frac{1}{\sha^2} + \frac{2 \cot^2\theta (\snum)}{\sha\ \sden} +
\frac{\cot^4\theta}{\sden} \right] \nonumber \\
&-& \frac{8}{27} \uha^2 \left[ \frac{1}{\sha\tha} +
\frac{\cot^2\theta (\snum)}{\tha\ \sden} + \frac{\cot^2\theta
(\tnum)}{\sha\ \tden}
\right.
\nonumber \\
& &\ \ \ \ + \left. \frac{\cot^4\theta \left[\stnum\right]}{\sden\
\tden} \right] \nonumber
\eea
where $q^\prime$ denotes a quark of a flavor other than $q$, and where
$\sha_c \equiv \shac$ and similar definitions hold for $\tha_c$ and
$\uha_c$.  In the above expressions, $\Gamma(s)$ is the $s$-dependent
width of the coloron
\bea
\Gamma(s) &\approx& \frac{n}{6}\cot^2\theta \sqrt{\sha}\ \ \ \ \ \
\sha < M_c^2  \nonumber \\
&=& \Gamma_c \ \ \ \ \ \ \sha > M_c^2
\eea

The top quark is heavy enough to warrant
separate treatment.  The proton's top quark content is negligible and
we need not consider processes involving initial-state top quarks.
Furthermore, top quarks are produced in quark-quark scattering with a
mass-dependent cross-section  \cite{combr}; when the contributions of
colorons are included, we find
\bea
\Sigma(q\bar q \to t \bar t) &=& \frac 49 (\tha^2 + \uha^2 +
4 m_t^2\sha - 2 m_t^4) \ \times \\
& & \ \ \ \ \ \ \left[ \frac{1}{\sha^2} + \frac{2 \cot^2\theta
(\snum)}{\sha\ \sden} + \frac{\cot^4\theta}{\sden} \right]\iip \nonumber
\eea
The cross-section for $gg \to t\bar t$ is the same as in QCD and may
be found in ref.  \cite{combr}.

\section{Existing limits on colorons}
\label{sec:lim-now}
\setcounter{equation}{0}

We now describe the limits that may already be placed
on the mass and mixing angle of the colorons.  Scattering data from
hadron colliders and measurements of the weak-interaction $\rho$
parameter provide experimental input.  The condition that the model
be in the Higgs phase imposes a further bound on the mixing angle.

\subsection{dijets}

A sufficiently light coloron would be visible in direct production at
the Tevatron.  Indeed, the CDF Collaboration has searched for new
particles decaying to dijets and reported  \cite{CDFdij} an
upper limit on the incoherent production of such states.
Accordingly, we calculated $\sigma \cdot B$ for colorons with various
values of $M_c$ and $\cot\theta$; the results for $\cot\theta = 1, 1.5$
are shown in figure \ref{dijetlim} together with the CDF limit.  In
calculating $\sigma\cdot B$, we followed the example of CDF in using
CTEQ structure functions and in requiring $\vert\eta\vert < 2$ and
$\vert\cos\theta^*\vert < 2/3$.  For $\cot^2\theta < 2$, the coloron's
half-width falls within the dijet mass resolution of 10\%; for larger
$\cot\theta$ we counted only the portion of the signal that falls
within a bin centered on the coloron mass and with a width equal to the
resolution.

Values of $M_c$ and $\cot\theta$ which yield a theoretical prediction
that exceeds the CDF upper limit are deemed to be excluded at 95\%
c.l.  \cite{CDFdij}. We find that for $\cot\theta = 1$, the range $200
{\rm GeV} < M_c < 870 {\rm GeV}$ is excluded; at $\cot\theta = 1.5$, the
upper limit of the excluded region rises to roughly 950 GeV; at
$\cot\theta = 2$, it rises to roughly 1 TeV.  As the coloron width
grows like $\cot^2\theta$, going to higher values of
$\cot\theta$ does not appreciably increase the upper limit of the
excluded range of masses beyond 1 TeV.

\begin{figure}[hb]
\vspace{-3.5cm}
\epsfxsize 10cm \centerline{\epsffile{plotone.ps}}
\vspace{-3.5cm}
\caption[dijetlim]{Experimental  \cite{CDFdij} upper limit on the
cross-section times branching ratio for new particles decaying to dijets
(points) is compared to theoretical predictions for colorons with
$\cot\theta = 1$ (lower dashed curve) and $\cot\theta = 1.5$ (upper
dashed curve).  Both jets are required to have pseudorapidity
$\vert\eta\vert < 2.0$ and the dijet satisfies $\vert\cos\theta^*\vert
< 2/3$. The experimental curve is based on 19pb$^{-1}$ of data.}
\label{dijetlim}
\end{figure}

We can extend the excluded range of coloron masses to values below
those probed by CDF by noting two things.  First, $\sigma$ increases
as $\cot\theta$ does, so that exclusion of $\cot\theta = 1$ for a given
$M_c$ implies exclusion of all higher values of $\cot\theta$ at that
$M_c$.  Second, $\sigma \cdot B$ is the same for a coloron with
$\cot\theta = 1$ as for an axigluon\footnote{Axigluons \cite{axig} are
the strongly coupled massive gauge bosons that remain in the spectrum
after spontaneous breaking of an $SU(3)_L \times SU(3)_R$ gauge group
to the vector subgroup identified with QCD.} of identical
mass\footnote{Thus our limit on $M_c$ with
$\cot\theta = 1$ agrees numerically with the limit CDF \cite{CDFdij}
gives for the axigluon mass.}, as one may verify by comparing our
equations (\ref{eqwid}) and (\ref{eqsig}) with equations (1.1) and
(2.2) in ref.
 \cite{axigphenom}.  Axigluons with masses between 150 and 310 GeV have
already been excluded by UA1's analysis  \cite{ua1} of incoherent
axigluon production; by extension, colorons in this mass range with
$\cot\theta \geq 1$ are also excluded.

\medskip

The  combined excluded ranges of $M_c$ are
\bea
150 \gev < &M_c& < 870 \gev \ \ \ \ \ \ \cot\theta = 1\nonumber \\
150 \gev < &M_c& < 950 \gev \ \ \ \ \ \ \cot\theta = 1.5 \\
150 \gev < &M_c& < 1000 \gev \ \ \ \ \ \cot\theta \gae 2\iip\nonumber
\eea
They are summarized by the shaded region of figure \ref{allcurlim}

\subsection{b-tagged dijets}

Because the colorons couple to all flavors of quarks, they should also
affect the sample of b-tagged dijets observed at Tevatron
experiments.  The CDF Collaboration has reported  \cite{bbdij} limits on
certain new particles decaying to b-tagged dijets, based on the 1992-3
run.   Their limit on narrow topgluons indicates the kind of limit that
the data would provide for colorons.

Briefly, topgluons \cite{topglu} belong to an $SU(3)_1 \times SU(3)_2$
model in which light quarks transform as (3,1)'s while $t$ and
$b$ are (1,3)'s.  When the $SU(3)_1\times SU(3)_2$ breaks to its
diagonal QCD subgroup, an octet of gauge bosons becomes massive.  These
topgluons, $B^{\mu a}$, couple to quarks as  \cite{topglu}
\be
{\cal L} = -\left[g_3 \cot\theta_t \left( \bar t \gamma_\mu
\frac{\lambda_A}2 t + \bar b \gamma_\mu \frac{\lambda_A}2 b \right) -
g_3 \tan\theta_t J^a_\mu \right] B^{\mu a}
\ee
where $q_i$ are light quarks, $\theta_t$ is the mixing angle between
topgluons and ordinary gluons, and $\cot\theta_t \gg 1$. Because of the
factor of $\cot\theta_t$ in the first term and $\tan\theta_t$ in the
second, the process $\ q\bar q \to topgluon \to b\bar b\ $ is
independent of
$\theta_t$ (except where it enters through the topgluon width).  This
contrasts with
$b\bar b$ production through coloron exchange, which grows as
$\cot^4\theta$.  Furthermore, heavy topgluons decay essentially only to
$t\bar t$ or $b\bar b$, while heavy colorons decay to all six quark
flavors.   In other words, (e.g. for topgluons and colorons heavier
than $2m_t$)
\bea
\sigma_{topgluon} &\approx& {\sigma_{coloron}}/{\cot^4\theta}
\nonumber \\
B_{topgluon \to b\bar b} &=& 1/2 \\
B_{coloron \to b\bar b} &=&  1/6 \nonumber
\eea
which implies that $(\sigma \cdot B)_{topgluon}$ and $(\sigma\cdot
B)_{coloron}$ are equal for equal-mass bosons when $\cot^4\theta
\approx 1.7$.   Using equation (\ref{eqwid}), this corresponds to $
\Gamma_c/M_c \approx 0.13$.

CDF's range of excluded masses for narrow ($\Gamma/M = 0.11$)
topgluons of $200\, {\rm GeV} < M_{topgluon} < 500\, {\rm GeV}$
therefore provides a rough idea of the limit for colorons with
$\cot^2\theta \approx 1.7$.  It appears that the limit on colorons from
b-tagged dijets will be weaker than that from the full dijet sample.
This contrasts with the case of topgluons, which can be more strongly
constrained by the b-tagged dijet sample because they decay almost
exclusively to third-generation quarks.

\subsection{the $\rho$ parameter}

An additional limit on the coloron mixing angle may be derived from
constraints on the size of the weak-interaction $\rho$-parameter.
Coloron exchange across virtual quark loops contributes to $\Delta\rho$
through the isospin-splitting provided by the difference between the
masses of the top and bottom quarks.  Limits on this type of
correction  \cite{cdt} imply that
 \cite{newint}
\be
\frac{M_c}{\cot\theta} \gae 450 {\rm GeV} \iip
\label{rhoweq}
\ee
This excludes the hatched region of the $\cot^2\theta$ -- $M_c$
plane shown in figure \ref{allcurlim}.  Note that this excludes an
area of small $M_c$ that the dijet limits did not probe, as well as an
area at larger $M_c$ and large $\cot\theta$.

\subsection{critical value of $\cot\theta$}

Finally, we mention a theoretical limit on the coloron parameter
space.  While the model assumes $\cot\theta > 1$, the value of
$\cot\theta$ cannot be arbitrarily large if the model is to be in the
Higgs phase at low energies.   Writing the relationship between the
couplings $\xi_1$ and $\xi_2$  of the original gauge groups and the QCD
coupling $g_3$ as
\be
\xi_1 \cos\theta = g_3 = \xi_2 \sin\theta
\ee
confirms that $\xi_2$ is large when $\cot\theta$ is large.  If
$\cot\theta$ is large enough, then $\xi_2$ exceeds its critical value,
and the low-energy theory is in the confining phase rather than the
Higgs phase.

Writing the low-energy interaction among quarks that results
from coloron exchange as a four-fermion interaction
\be
{\cal L}_{4f} = - \frac{g_3^2 \cot^2\theta}{M_c^2} J^a_\mu J^{a \mu}
\label{fourff}
\ee
we use the NJL approximation to estimate the critical value of
$\cot^2\theta$ as\footnote{In more conventional notation (see e.g.
\cite{topglu}), one would write the coefficient of the four-fermion
operator as $-(4\pi\kappa/M^2)$ and find $\kappa_{crit} = 2 \pi/ 3$.}
\be
(\cot^2\theta)_ {crit} = \frac{2\pi}{3 \alpha_s}  \approx 17.5
\ee
This puts an upper limit on the $\cot^2\theta$ axis of the coloron's
parameter space, as indicated in figure \ref{allcurlim}.

\begin{figure}[htb]
\vspace{-3.5cm}
\epsfxsize 10cm \centerline{\epsffile{plottwo.ps}}
\vspace{-3.5cm}
\caption[allcurlim]{Current limits on the coloron parameter space: mass ($M_c$)
vs. mixing parameter ($\cot^2\theta$).  The shaded region is excluded
by the weak-interaction $\rho$ parameter \cite{newint} as in equation
\ref{rhoweq}.  The vertically-hatched polygon is excluded by searches
for new particles decaying to dijets \cite{CDFdij,ua1}. The
horizontally-hatched region at large $\cot^2\theta$ lies outside the
Higgs phase of the model.  The dark line is the curve $M_c /
\cot\theta = 700$ GeV for reference.}
\vspace{-.5cm}
\label{allcurlim}
\end{figure}

\section{Prospective limits}
\label{sec:lim-when}
\setcounter{equation}{0}

Data from run IA and IB at the Tevatron, from future Tevatron runs,
and eventually from the LHC have the potential to shed further light on
the flavor-universal coloron model.  We suggest below what sort of
analysis may prove useful.

\subsection{jet spectra at the Tevatron}

Both the inclusive jet  spectrum ($d\sigma/ d E_T$) and the dijet
invariant mass spectrum ($d\sigma / d M_{jj}$) measured in CDF's run IA
and IB data  \cite{CDFexc} appear to show excesses at high energy end of
the spectrum.  The dijet limits we derived earlier imply that the
coloron is heavy enough that it would not be directly produced in
the existing Tevatron data.  Therefore, it is useful to start studying
the data in terms of the four-fermion approximation (\ref{fourff}) to
coloron exchange. Comparison with the run IA CDF inclusive jet spectrum
already  \cite{newint} indicates that $M_c / \cot\theta = 700$ GeV is not
obviously ruled out, as figure \ref{diffc} illustrates. Figure
\ref{allcurlim} indicates where the curve $M_c / \cot\theta = 700$ GeV
falls relative to the limits on the parameter space discussed earlier.
Detailed analysis including both systematic and statistical errors
should be able to determine a lower bound on $M_c / \cot\theta$.

\begin{figure}[htb]
\vspace{-3.5cm}
\epsfxsize 10cm \centerline{\epsffile{plotthree.ps}}
\vspace{-3.5cm}
\caption[differ]{Difference plot ((data - theory)/theory) for the
inclusive jet cross-section ${1\over{\Delta\eta}} \int
(d^2\sigma/d\eta\, dE_T) d\eta $ as a function of transverse jet
energy $E_t$, where the pseudorapidity $\eta$ of the jet falls in the
range $0.1 \leq \vert\eta\vert \leq 0.7$. Dots with (statistical)
error bars are the recently published CDF data \protect\cite{CDFexc}.
The solid curve shows the LO prediction of QCD plus the contact
interaction approximation to coloron exchange of equation
(\protect\ref{fourff}) with $M_C/\cot\theta = 700$ GeV.  Following
CDF, we employed the MRSD0' structure functions \protect\cite{mrs_pak}
and normalized the curves to the data in the region where the
effect of the contact interactions is small (here this region is $45 <
E_T < 95$ GeV).}
\label{diffc}
\end{figure}

For colorons weighing a little more than a TeV -- those that are
just above the current dijet mass bound -- it is more appropriate to
use the cross-sections for full coloron exchange (see section
\ref{sec:partonic}) when making comparisons with the data.   Such
colorons are light enough that their inclusion yields a
cross-section of noticeably different shape than the four-fermion
approximation would give (see figure 4).  Once the full
coloron-exchange cross-sections are employed, the mass and mixing angle
of the coloron may be varied independently.  In particular,  one may
study the effects of light colorons with small values of
$\cot^2\theta$.  This can expand the range of accessible parameter
space beyond what one would have reached by using the four-fermion
approximation.

\begin{figure}[htb]
\vspace{-3.5cm}
\epsfxsize 10cm \centerline{\epsffile{plotfour.ps}}
\vspace{-3.5cm}
\caption[shape]{Difference plot for $d\sigma / d E_T$ (see
figure 3) showing the effects of colorons of different masses when the
ratio $M_c / \cot\theta$ is fixed at 700 GeV.  Here full one-coloron
exchange is included, rather than the contact interaction
approximation.  The solid curve is for a light coloron: $M_c = 1050$
GeV, $\cot\theta = 1.5$.  The dotted and dashed curves correspond to much
heavier colorons ($M_c = 1750$ GeV and 2000 GeV) with correspondingly
larger values of $\cot\theta$ (2.5 and 3.0).  The cross-section for
the heavier colorons is well-approximated by the contact interaction
approximation at Tevatron energies; the cross-section for the lighter coloron
is not.}
\label{shape}
\end{figure}

\subsection{dijet angular distributions at the Tevatron}

Another means of determining what kind of new strong
interaction is being detected is measurement of the dijet angular
distribution.  Some new interactions would produce dijet angular
distributions like that of QCD; others predict distributions of
different shape.  In terms of the angular variable
$\chi$ %
\be
\chi = \frac{1 + \vert\cos\theta^*\vert}{1 - \vert\cos\theta^*\vert}
\ee
QCD-like jet distributions appear rather flat while those which are
more isotropic in $\cos\theta^*$ peak at low $\chi$ (recall that
$\theta^*$ is the angle between the proton and jet directions).   The
ratio $R_\chi$
\be
R_\chi \equiv \frac{N_{events}, 1.0 < \chi < 2.5}{N_{events}, 2.5 < \chi
< 5.0}
\ee
then captures the shape of the distribution for a given sample of
events, e.g. at a particular dijet invariant mass.

The CDF Collaboration has made a preliminary analysis of the dijet angular
information in terms of $R_\chi$ at several values of dijet invariant
mass \cite{rmh}.  The preliminary data appears to be consistent either with
QCD or with QCD plus a color-octet four-fermion interaction like
(\ref{fourff}) for  $M_c/\cot\theta = 700$ GeV.  Our calculation of
$R_\chi$ including a propagating coloron gives results consistent with
these.  It appears that the measured  angular distribution can allow the
presence of a coloron and can help put a lower bound on
$M_c/\cot\theta$.

\subsection{heavy colorons at the lhc}

Measurement of the inclusive jet and dijet spectra at the LHC will
probe higher values of the coloron mass.  The existence of a critical
value of the mixing angle discussed earlier has an interesting
implication for LHC experiments.  Suppose analysis of Tevatron
inclusive jet and dijet data finds that the best fit comes from
including a four-fermion interaction of the form (\ref{fourff}) with
$M_c/\cot\theta = X$ GeV.  This four-fermion interaction can
self-consistently be described as the low-energy manifestation of
exchange of a massive coloron only if $M_c
\le X \cdot \cot\theta_{crit}$.   Thus the Higgs-phase coloron model
would predict that experiments at the LHC should find a coloron
resonance at or below that mass.  For example, figure 3 shows how a
four-fermion interaction with $X = 700$ GeV compares with the CDF
inclusive jet data; that would correspond to a coloron weighing no
more than about 3 TeV.

\section{Conclusions}
\label{sec:concl}
\setcounter{equation}{0}

The flavor-universal coloron model can accommodate an excess
at the high-$E_t$ end of the inclusive jet spectrum at Tevatron
energies without contradicting other data.  Previous measurements of the
weak-interaction $\rho$ parameter and searches for new particles
decaying to dijets imply that the coloron must have a mass of at least
870 GeV.  Ongoing and future experiments at hadron colliders have the
power to test the model further.  In particular, if Tevatron
experiments identify a preferred value of the ratio $M_c/\cot\theta$,
then the upper limit on $\cot\theta$ in the model's Higgs phase would
yield an upper limit on the coloron mass to guide searches at the LHC.

\bigskip
\centerline{\bf Acknowledgments}
\vspace{12pt}

We thank R.S. Chivukula and R.M. Harris for useful conversations and
comments on the manuscript.
E.H.S. thanks the Aspen Center for Physics and the Fermilab Summer
Visitors Program for hospitality during the completion of this work.
E.H.S. also acknowledges the support of the NSF Faculty Early Career
Development (CAREER) program and the DOE Outstanding Junior Investigator
program. {\em This work was supported in part by the National Science
Foundation under grant PHY-95-1249 and by the Department of Energy
under grant DE-FG02-91ER40676.}


ICD Code J15.2 is a non-billable code. To code a diagnosis of this type, you must use one of the three child codes of J15.2 that describes the diagnosis 'pneumonia due to staphylococcus' in more detail.
The ICD-10-CM Alphabetical Index links the below-listed medical terms to the ICD code J15.2. Click on any term below to browse the alphabetical index.


text:
Communication deviance (CD) occurs when a speaker fails to effectively communicate meaning to their listener with confusing speech patterns or illogical patterns. These disturbances can range from vague linguistic references, contradictory statements to more encompassing non-verbal problems at the level of turn-taking.

The term was originally introduced by Lyman Wynne and Margaret Singer in 1963 to describe a communication style found among parents who had children with schizophrenia. According to Wynne, people are able to focus their attention and identify meaning from external stimuli beginning with their interactions, particularly with their parents, during their early years of life. In family communication, deviance is present in the way members acknowledge or affirm one another as well as in task performance.

A recent meta-analysis reported that communication deviance is highly prevalent in parents of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia  and adoption studies have reported significant associations between CD in the parent and thought disorder in the offspring, however, the mechanisms by which CD impacts on the offspring's cognition are still unknown. Some researchers theorize that, in the case of a high degree of egocentric communication in parents where the sender and the receiver do not speak and listen according to each other's premises, the child develops uncertainty.

The research of psychiatrists and psychoanalysts Lyman Wynne and Theodore Lidz on communication deviance and roles (e.g., pseudo-mutuality, pseudo-hostility, schism and skew) in families of people with schizophrenia also became influential with systems-communications-oriented theorists and therapists.

See also
 Stilted speech
 Alogia
 Schizophrenia
 Psychosis

References

Communication disorders

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The 12th Annual World Shen Long Day and conference, was held in the UK from 3rd–6th August in 2015. Participants from all over the world including Taiwan, Malaysia, the USA, Australia, New Zealand, Indonesia, Singapore and, of course England attended under the direction of Grandmaster Wu Kuo Chung, already in his eighties. This was the first time the event has been held outside Asia.
The venue for the event was the University of Sussex in Brighton, which has a dedicated conference facility on campus. Participants from other countries stayed at the university's prime dormitory which was located across from the conference centre. Early each morning, Tai Chi sessions were held in the grounds of the university.
On the first day, the opening ceremony included speeches by Grandmaster Wu and Shen Long officials as well as the Mayor of the City of Brighton & Hove, Councillor Lynda Hyde, and Dr. Liu Chih Kung, (劉志攻大使) Ambassador of The Republic of China, Taiwan. They were entertained by Tai Chi performances and a special demonstration by Grandmaster Wu.
For local Tai Chi students it was a unique opportunity to meet and practice under the tutelage of Grandmaster Wu, and to see with their own eyes what until then had just been told in stories about his prowess. As most had never attended this event before, they were finally able to meet and share ideas with other Shen Long brothers and sisters, and it was also a chance for the public at large to learn about Shen Long Tai Chi. The conference also attracted media coverage by the city's main newspaper, a local TV station and the BBC.


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The EMU after the euro crisis: Insights from a new eBook - Findings and proposals from the Horizon 2020 ADEMU project
Ramon Marimon, Thomas Cooley 01 May 2018
The Horizon 2020 ADEMU project has aimed to reassess the fiscal and monetary framework of the Economic and Monetary Union in the wake of the euro crisis. This column introduces a new VoxEU ebook which presents the main findings from the project, including the lessons we can extract from the crisis and the policy response. It also outlines the two main proposals arising from the project relating to the European Stability Fund and a European Unemployment Insurance System.
How to reconcile risk sharing and market discipline in the euro area
Agnès Bénassy-Quéré, Markus K Brunnermeier, Henrik Enderlein, Emmanuel Farhi, Marcel Fratzscher, Clemens Fuest, Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas, Philippe Martin, Jean Pisani-Ferry, Hélène Rey, Isabel Schnabel, Nicolas Véron, Beatrice Weder di Mauro, Jeromin Zettelmeyer
The euro crisis has been a major stress test for the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). Among other things, the crisis turned into a recession for all the euro area 'stressed countries' (except for Ireland). In fact, for the EA15 (excluding Portugal, Italy, Greece, and Spain), the recovery has followed a similar pattern to (or slightly better than) the US and Japan (Figure 1). This reminds us of Jean Monnet's old quip that Europe "will be forged in crises". Whether it will or not depends crucially on whether we have learned the lessons of the euro crisis and, in particular, whether there is the political will and wisdom to transform these lessons into improved policies and institutions. However, the fact that the crisis experience has been very different across euro area countries suggests that Jean Monnet may be getting different answers this time.
Download the Vox eBook The EMU after the Euro Crisis: Lessons and Possibilities - Findings and proposals from the Horizon 2020 ADEMU project here.
Find out more about the ADEMU project, funded by the European Commission under the first call of the Horizon 2020 programme, at http://ademu-project.eu/
Figure 1 The comparative euro area performance over the last 20 years
Notes: PIGS = Portugal, Italy, Greece and Spain; Non-PIGS = remaining 15.
In view of the changing political environment and the challenges the monetary union faces, it has become even more important to be clear about the lessons one should extract from the euro crisis, and to provide proper research to assess the current EMU framework and propose new ways to strengthen the Union. It is in this context that the Horizon 2020 ADEMU project has been very timely. The project started in June 2015, when the most critical moments of the euro crisis had already unfolded and just before the Five Presidents' Report (Jucker et al. 2015) was released providing their view of the roadmap to "forge Europe from the euro crisis". It was not just a declaration of intentions since, following the 2012 Four Presidents' Report (Van Rompuy et al. 2012), some important steps had already been taken along the roadmap. The European Banking Union was starting to take shape and the ECB and the new European Stability Mechanism (ESM) were already beginning to play a role in resolving the euro crisis.
Nevertheless, viewing the euro crisis in light of the presidents' roadmap raises many questions. Some of these questions can be more precisely addressed with modern macroeconomics and finance. Definitive answers will be slow to emerge, but using the tools of modern economics and finance can improve our understanding of the weak points in the EMU as it exists today. Reassessing the fiscal and monetary framework of the EMU also raises important and interesting legal issues and political economy concerns. Addressing these questions, and providing some answers, has formed the ADEMU research agenda. Now, after three years, it is the time to report on its findings and policy proposals. A new eBook provides an overview of the research that addresses these important issues (Marimon and Cooley 2018).
The Horizon 2020 ADEMU Project
ADEMU (A Dynamic Economic and Monetary Union) has been funded by the European Commission under the first call of the Horizon 2020 programme. Its network has been coordinated by the European University Institute, with a group of economists and lawyers, along with seven other groups of economists at the Barcelona GSE, Cambridge University, CERGE - Charles University in Prague, Toulouse School of Economics, University of Bonn, Universidade Católica Portuguesa and University College London. With its seminars, workshops, conferences and other events, ADEMU has also involved many more researchers – including political scientists and historians – from other universities and research centres worldwide, as well as policymakers (in particular, the IMF, the ESM, the Banco de España and the Deutsche Bundesbank have co-sponsored some of these events). In sum, it has been a lively forum for research and policy debate on the euro crisis and the future of the EMU, resulting in more than 100 working papers and several PhD theses, among other things (the ADEMU webpage provides a complete account: ademu-project.eu).
The research that has emerged from the project covers various topics. The findings contribute to the related literatures and help us to better understand the euro crisis and recession, and, most importantly, to make a reassessment of EMU in 2018. They also allow us to conclude with two proposals that can help to strengthen it.
Understanding the crisis and recession, and policy responses
In his chapter, Giancarlo Corsetti extracts several lessons from the euro experience, such as the failure to properly assess risks resulting in misallocation of resources before and after the crisis; the absence of proper countercyclical fiscal policies in good and bad times; the need to draw the lines between private and public liabilities; and the severity of the 'debt overhang' legacy problem. But he also emphasises the stabilising role played by the ECB from 2012 onwards and the successful lending practices of the ESM, beyond the standard practices of the IMF (Corsetti et al. 2017)
Macroeconomics – the systematic study of macroeconomic aggregates – was established by Keynes, Kuznets et al. after the Great Recession of the early 20th century, and the aggregation through a 'representative agent' became the workhorse of dynamic macro (real business cycle and New Keynesian) in the second part of last century. A new generation of quantitative dynamic models with heterogeneous agents and financial frictions have become the leading models for studying the recessions of the early 21st century (e.g. Huo and Rios-Rull 2018). ADEMU research has built and further developed these models where the interaction of demand and supply effects in times of crisis can trigger a recession. In particular, Morten Ravn studies models with nominal frictions (HANK), where this interaction can result in a 'liquidity trap', while Paul Beaudry, Dana Galizia and Franck Portier study models without nominal frictions in which theinterplay of Keynesian 'deficient aggregate demand' and Hayekian 'excessive supply of capital' (e.g. housing) gives rise to (locally) unstable business cycles. This new generation of models provides new insights on the – negative and positive – effects of stimulus policies in times of crises.
Fiscal multipliers are the classical quantitative measure of the effect of expansionary or contractionary fiscal policy and, not surprisingly, there has been renewed interest in studying them. For example, in their chapter in the eBook, Martial Dupange and Patrick Feve show that stimulus policies are not effective, as to stimulate private investment, unless they are persistent. Evi Pappa et al. (2016) show that fiscal consolidations through public austerity measures (public wage or employment) have no stimulus on the private sector in a low inflation environment. Ferriere and Navarro (2018) show that in an economy with heterogeneous agents, the effect of government spending policies crucially depends on the progressivity of the taxes that finance the expenditure; in particular, the more progressive they, are the larger the effect. Similarly, Hagedorn et al. (2018) show that in a HANK model the fiscal multiplier can be quite large – larger in a 'liquidity trap' – and very sensitive to whether government expenditures are financed by taxes or by debt.
In his chapter, Pedro Teles also vindicates progressive taxation for this motive. He also reviews the ADEMU research on the design of tax policies and their coordination, paying special attention to optimal taxation policy in global economies, as well as in automated economies, showing that in contrast with standard results on optimal taxation, if it is not possible to tax-discriminate by the type of jobs, it is efficient to 'tax robots'.
Radim Boháček reviews the ADEMU research on the role of financial frictions in exacerbating crises and of macroprudential policies in helping to achieve financial stability, including the important role that funding liquidity (i.e. funding against collateral) has played in euro area financial crises (for example, in Ireland); the possible misallocation of resources due to differences in asset liquidity; the role of procyclical macroprudential capital controls in alleviating overborrowing; the role of international cooperation in designing effective macroprudential policies; the weak effect of attempting to reduce mortgage debt with inflation; and the role of intermediation costs in explaining observed asset price patterns.
Reassessing the EMU in 2018
The euro area in 2018 is part of a different EU from that envisioned at the time the presidents' reports were written (2012 and 2015). Brexit has not only transformed the euro area into the predominant player within the EU, it also has shown that one cannot ignore dissatisfaction with the EU and the leading role of the states within the union. These factors enhance the need to take into consideration legal and political economy perspectives in assessing the three unions that conform the EMU in the presidents' roadmap – the Monetary Union, the Economic and Fiscal Union, and the Financial Union (Banking + Capital Markets Unions) – as well as their possible reforms.
In their contributions to the eBook, Giorgio Monti discusses the legal basis of ESM reforms; Hugo Rodriguez discusses the financial-economic, as well as the legal, shortcomings of the Banking Union and the role of the ECB in it; while David K. Levine and Andrea Mattozzi develop a political economy theory to address issues such as rent seeking in the banking sector.
Ramon Marimon's overall reassessment of the EMU's fiscal and monetary framework on the one hand emphasises the two main weaknesses of the EMU in 2018: the incompleteness of the Banking Union to guarantee financial stability and the limited capacity of EFU to guarantee economic stability. On the other hand, it also recognises the leading role of the euro area institutions: the stabilising role – not just of prices – played by the ECB, from 2012 onwards, and the successful lending practices of the ESM (Corsettiet al. 2017). In response to the need to strengthen the EMU, and vindicating the role that credible institutions can play, two proposals emerge based on ADEMU research.
Two proposals
The European Stability Fund (ESF) as a constrained efficient mechanism
In Chapter 2 of the eBook, Ramon Marimon discusses how it is possible to substantially, and voluntarily, improve the risk-sharing capacity across heterogeneous European countries without incurring in undesired transfers or moral hazard problems and, in doing so, enhance the resilience of EMU to new crises and better confront the 'debt overhang' problem and the need for 'safe assets'. ADEMU provides the theory and software showing how things would have been very different (indeed, better) if a European Stability Fund – which can be built out of the ESM – had been in place during the euro crisis.
A European Unemployment Insurance System (EUIS), a topic of discussion going back to the Marjolin Report (European Commission 1975).
In Chapter 3, Árpád Ábrahám, João Brogueira de Sousa, Ramon Marimon and Lukas Mayr show just how different labour markets, and unemployment insurance policies, across Europe are. They also show, however, that in spite of these differences, there can be unanimity among euro area countries – and among the employed, the unemployed and the inactive within countries – with regards to a common European unemployment insurance scheme (EUIS) with undefined coverage and a low replacement rate (around 15% of wages), provided that stable labour taxes to cover unemployment benefits vary across countries in order to avoid permanent transfers. However, reaping the gains of such reform would require coordinated action.
Both proposals are based on a basic principle: the EU is a long-term self-enforcing partnership, but not a federal state. Consequently, the proposals share common features. They take into account the diversity of the EU and, for example, preclude persistent transfers across countries. They do not require eligibility criteria, although being 'experience-rated', countries will need to raise different revenues (in a stable or, preferably, countercyclical manner) to achieve the same insurance coverage. Conditionality is ex postnot ex ante(a key element in ESF contracts). Participation is voluntary, although coordinated action may be required (for the EUIS). They define clear rules or contracts, without the need for discretionary central intervention. However, they do require transparency as well as professional and independent risk assessments.
In sum, even if the euro crisis experience has been very different across euro area countries, the ESF and the EUIS proposals are designed to make it possible for countries with different experiences and perceptions to agree on improving the EMU policies and institutions to forge Europe after the euro crisis. In fact, the same principle and features can be applied to other EMU designs, such as an 'experience-rated' (i.e. country risk-adjusted) euro area deposit insuranceto help complete the Banking Union.
The ADEMU research project has contributed to the current policy debate on the future of the EMU, based on basic research. This, in turn, makes contributions to the modern macroeconomics and finance literature from which it has built. It has also benefited from a fruitful collaboration with a EUI Law research group. In sum, it is an example of what EU (UK included) funded social research can provide.
Editors' note: ADEMU is a European Union Horizon 2020 research project under grant agreement No.649396.
Corsetti, G, A Erce and T Uy (2017), "Debt Sustainability and Terms of Official Support", ADEMU Working Paper No. 2017/070.
European Commission (1975), Report of the Study Group "Economic and Monetary Union 1980", Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs, Brussels
Ferriere, A and G Navarro (2018), "The Heterogeneous Effects of Government Spending: It's All About Taxes", ADEMU Working Paper (forthcoming).
Hagedorn, M, I Manovskii and K Mitman (2018), "The Fiscal Multiplier", ADEMU Working Paper (forthcoming).
Huo, Z and J-V Ríos-Rull (2018), "Financial Frictions, Asset Prices, and the Great Recession", ADEMU Working Paper (forthcoming).
Juncker, J-C, D Tusk, J Dijsselbloem, M Draghi and M Schulz (2015), The Five Presidents' Report: Completing Europe's Economic and Monetary Union, European Commission.
Marimon, R and T Cooley (2018), The EMU after the Euro Crisis: Lessons and Possibilities - Findings and proposals from the Horizon 2020 ADEMU project, a VoxEU.org eBook.
Pappa, E, R Sajedi and E Vella (2016), "Fiscal Consolidation in a Disinflationary Environment: Price- vs. Quantity-Based Measures", ADEMU Working Paper No. 2016/003.
Van Rompuy, H, J M Barroso, J-C Junker and M Draghi (2012), The Four Presidents' Report: Towards a Genuine Economic and Monetary Union, European Commission.
Topics: EU institutions EU policies
Tags: EMU, ADEMU, euro area
Ramon Marimon
Professor of Economics and Pierre Werner Chair at the European University Institute (EUI); on leave from UPF - Barcelona GSE
Thomas Cooley
Professor of Economics, Stern School of Business and Faculty of Arts and Science, New York University

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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What is wrong with using Amazon?
Amazon are Union Busters
Amazon have a little-reported, but undeniable record of preventing their work force from unionising. In 2001, Amazon.co.uk hired a US management consultancy organisation, The Burke Group, to assist in defeating a campaign by the Graphical, Paper and Media Union (GPMU, now part of Unite the Union) to achieve recognition in the Milton Keynes distribution depot. It was alleged that the company sacked four union members during the 2001 recognition drive and held a series of captive meetings with employees.
Also In 2001, 850 employees in Seattle were laid off by Amazon.com after a unionisation drive. The Washington Alliance of Technological Workers (WashTech) accused the company of violating union laws, and claimed Amazon managers subjected them to intimidation and heavy propaganda.
UK union organiser Peter Lockhart said: "Behind the shiny facade of Amazon and the internet are poor pay, poor conditions, poor communications and poor management. It is anything but 'new age' inside that distribution centre."
According to Unite the Union, Amazon continues to this day to see trade union representation as illegitimate.
Amazon treat their staff appallingly
In December 2008, a Sunday Times reporter went undercover to their Marston Gate warehouse near Milton Keynes and uncovered the workers were:
– Warned that the company refuses to allow sick leave, even if the worker has a legitimate doctor's note. Taking a day off sick, even with a note, results in a penalty point. A worker with six points faces dismissal.
– Made to work a compulsory 10½hour overnight shift at the end of a five-day week. The overnight shift, which runs from Saturday evening to 5am on Sunday, means they have to work every day of the week.
– Set quotas for the number of items to be picked or packed in an hour that even a manager described as "ridiculous". Those packing heavy Xbox games consoles had to pack 140 an hour to reach their target.
– Set against each other with a bonus scheme that penalises staff if any other member of their group fails to hit the quota.
– Made to walk up to 14 miles a shift to collect items for packing.
-Given only one break of 15 minutes and another of 20 minutes per eight-hour shift and told they had to notify staff when going to the toilet. Amazon said workers wanted the shorter breaks in exchange for shorter shifts.
Meanwhile in Germany,Amazon was recently accused of using neo-Nazi guards to intimidate the workforce in its warehouse in Germany.
Amazon squeeze publishers and writers
The prices on Amazon's website may seem amazingly cheap, but these savings come primarily from publishers, who are squeezed for every penny, as Amazon forces them to supply them at rates so low that it leaves authors and publishers out of pocket – particularly damaging smaller publishing houses. Amazon's dominance of the market means that publishers have little choice but to comply with their demands. Aside from the ethical considerations, this affects readers in reduced output from small presses, and diminished availability of radical titles.
Housmans has spoken to several publishers who have felt forced into offering huge discounts to Amazon, but who do not wish to go on record with their grievances. The less money publishing houses make, the less there is for writers, and it creates an even tougher environment to publish in.
This battle is now extending to ebooks, where Amazon are again fighting hard to maximise profits at the expense of publishers.
Amazon are not cheap
Housmans cannot compete with Amazon on price, and nor would we want to. Amazon achieves its low prices by paying its workers the bare minimum and making it impossible for workers to unionise in order to struggle for better conditions. It also achieves its low prices by using its position of market dominance to squeeze small publishers, forcing them to offer their books to them for as little as possible, with the threat that if they don't Amazon won't stock them. The savings made by a customer using Amazon comes from the pockets of publishers, authors and Amazon staff.
Amazon want to monopolise the market
Amazon are a company on a mission: to completely dominate the online shopping marketplace. Not content with selling books, DVDs, music, DIY tools, electronic equipment and clothes, Amazon have also recently started selling groceries in bulk. But that's not all – Amazon has also taken on online payment companies such as PayPal with its 'Amazon Payments' service, further extending its attempt to control all aspects of online retail. Monopolies are always a dangerous thing – the more power they have, the more they will use it get their own way at the expense of workers rights.
Amazon are tax dodgers, paying zero tax in the UK despite £7.5bn of annual sales
"What singles Amazon out as a consumer-facing tax avoider is not just its size and market power, but the fact that its whole business model appears to be built around tax avoidance as a way of competing on price.
The Guardian ran a series of articles on Amazon's approach to tax in April this year. Evidence showed that the company which sold one in four books in the UK, and generated £7.5bn from sales here in the last three years, did so without attracting any corporation tax on the profits from those sales.
This position was engineered by the transfer in 2006 of ownership of the main UK business to the Luxembourg-based company Amazon EU Sarl. Luxembourg is number three on the Tax Justice Network's list of damaging secrecy jurisdictions.4 The Guardian estimated that the company may have avoided paying a tax bill of around £100 million in the last three years.
The problem with Amazon's approach is just as pronounced elsewhere. On May 25th this year, one hundred protesters gathered outside Amazon's shareholder's meeting in Seattle calling on Amazon to pay more taxes and treat its workers better.
The world's largest internet retailer collects sales taxes from only five out of fifty US states, exploiting a court ruling requiring a physical presence in a state for sales to be taxable.
In order to escape this liability Amazon apparently "has a map of the US with each state coloured red, yellow or green. Executives travelling to red states need company permission before entering, in case their actions trigger laws that force Amazon to collect taxes there."
In 2008, Business Week found that Amazon paid a lower percentage of its profits in tax (around 4%) than 488 of the 500 biggest companies in the USA.
And unsurprisingly, Amazon is not averse to using its profits to campaign against tax liabilities. In 2011, it apparently spent over $5 million collecting signatures to a proposition to amend a new sales tax law in California to its advantage."


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Biochemical Reagents Market - Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends and Forecast 2017 - 2022
Biochemical Reagents Market – Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends and Forecast 2017 – 2022
Global Biochemical Reagents Market: Overview
The global biochemical reagents market is expected to attract focus due its participation in the development of the future of laboratory medicine alongside other markets in the same category. Biochemical reagents could refer to organic compounds or biological materials related to medical research, clinical diagnostics, and life science research reagents. The basic components of organisms chemically synthesized or extracted from the organism could be engaged for biological products manufacturing and biological component identification. Biological reagents could develop into a sizable class of chemical reagents with the development of life sciences. As a result, there could be thousands of types of commodities available.
With a complete analysis of the global biochemical reagents market, readers could be confident of making a strong progress in their individual businesses. The authors of the report explain some of the most crucial factors deemed significant and that could impact the growth of the market.
Global Biochemical Reagents Market: Dynamics
The world biochemical reagents market is prophesied to be motivated for an enduring growth due to a wide range of products finding application in the differentiation between bacteria and identification of specific metabolisms. Classical biochemical tests could be often employed for the identification of microorganisms. Most of the time, detection could be based on how an enzyme reacts with a particular substrate. Besides this, there could be complex building techniques or methods put to practice for detecting specific metabolites through chemical reaction. The result could help to achieve a better cognition of the unidentified organism.
Methyl Red solution for microbiology, for instance, could be used to visualize the difference between bacteria that form enormous amounts of acid and those that produce less or no free acid as a result of the pH value of the medium falling distinct.
Global Biochemical Reagents Market: Segmentation
The international biochemical reagents market is envisaged to be classified according to product and end user. As per product segmentation, the market could be divided into five segments, viz. polymerase chain reaction (PCR) reagent kits, cell and tissue culture reagents, electrophoresis reagents, chromatography reagents, and others. Out of these segments, chromatography reagents are projected to hold a larger share in the market by the end of 2022. In 2017, this market was valued at a US$6.3 bn.
By end user, the international biochemical reagents market could be segregated into hospitals, diagnostic centers, academics and research, pharma and biotech companies, and contract research organizations (CROs).
By region, the international biochemical reagents market is envisioned to see a classification into Europe, North America, the Middle East and Africa (MEA), Asia Pacific except Japan (APEJ), and Latin America. Japan could be another market for biochemical reagents as per geography. Amongst these, North America is forecasted to take a leading share in the market. In 2017, it earned a US$5.4 bn.
Global Biochemical Reagents Market: Competition
The analysts profile some of the chief players of the worldwide biochemical reagents market, viz. Beckton, Dickinson & Company, Merck & Co., Inc., Abbott Laboratories, Agilent Technologies, Inc., Waters Corporation, Siemens Healthineers, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Bio-Rad Laboratories, Roche Holding AG, and Johnson & Johnson.


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Frandor Shopping Center, in Lansing, Michigan, is located at the very eastern edge of the city bordering the neighboring city of East Lansing and freeway US Highway 127. It is a  strip center anchored by a Kroger supermarket, HomeGoods, Michaels, Jo-Ann Fabrics, Guitar Center, and Cost Plus World Market.

History
Frandor was the first shopping center in Lansing and the second in Michigan, opening in 1954, shortly after Northland Center in Southfield, Michigan. The shopping center was originally owned by Francis J. Corr, and was named using a conjunction of his and his wife Dorothy's name.

Before beginning construction, Corr secured Sears as Frandor's anchor store. Corr negotiated a swap with the Sears in Lansing, buying the old store and selling the south 14.5 acres of the Frandor site to Sears. Corr then built and "fixtured" the new Sears store.

In 1972, the formerly open-air center was enclosed, and several new storefronts were added. This enclosure was removed in 1998, while adding several big-box stores to either end of Kroger, then the center's western anchor.

On November 7, 2019, it was announced that Sears would be closing this location a part of a plan to close 96 stores nationwide. The store closed in February 2020.

Current development
Frandor has a variety of options for incoming businesses, allowing start-ups to lease a small space with the option to expand.  The Frandor Merchant Association has a high participation level and meets regularly.

Theatres

Spartan Twin
In 1967 the Spartan Twin (later Spartan Triplex) opened in the Frandor Shopping Center.  The theater played the Rocky Horror Picture Show on Saturday nights. The establishment was closed in February 1994 and later used as a Discovery Zone.

The Odeon
The Odeon was a small film house in Frandor owned by Frank Leahey that featured foreign and independent films.  It is no longer open.

References

External links
Frandor Shopping Center web site

Shopping malls in Michigan
Buildings and structures in Lansing, Michigan
Shopping malls established in 1954
1954 establishments in Michigan


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MUJI Is Opening Its Largest Store in the Philippines in 2021
Tiffany Conde February 19, 2021 0 0
Brace yourselves, pen and planner collectors. Minimalist Japanese retail brand MUJI is about to open its largest store in the Philippines thus far, and we couldn't be more ready for it. (Whether our bank accounts are equally ready for this, however, is another matter.)
On 17 Jan 2021, MUJI Philippines released the announcement on their official Facebook page. According to a recent post on their Instagram page, we finally have a date to pin on our calendars: 5 March 2021.
The biggest branch of MUJI Philippines will open at the fourth floor of the East Wing of Shangri-La Plaza in Mandaluyong City. The store will cover 1,400sqm and have approximately 4,000 items available, as well as exclusive products and services.
Selling good-quality apparel, home décor, and accessories that are elegant in their simplicity, the Japanese retail brand is famous for its minimalist, "no-brand" aesthetic.
Also read: This Former Sari-Sari Store in Rizal is Now a Japanese-Inspired Coffee Shop
In the meantime, you can still order your favourite stationery, household supplies, and other select items at MUJI's online catalog for delivery nationwide.
All images credited to MUJI Philippines | Official Facebook Page
Tiffany Conde
Tiffany is a writer who covers travel, food, shopping, and pop culture. While she waits patiently for her next adventure, she enjoys writing about the coolest places to stay around the world and where to find them.
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From humble beginnings to distant worlds: How JRPGs changed my life
Andrew McKissock | March 19, 2020
Categories: Editorials, Nerd Culture, News, PlayStation, Retro Gaming
Indecision. Anguish. Betrayal. These are just some of the feelings that surface when someone asks about your favourite film, game, or band.
How can you choose between God of War and Animal Crossing? How could you forget about Suikoden II? Yet, ask me what my favourite genre of video game is and I will tell you without hesitation: JRPGs.
You couldn't tell lately, though. I've yet to play the likes of Fire Emblem: Three Houses or Dragon Quest XI. Both Nier: Automata and Octopath Traveller didn't grab me the way I had hoped. The two exceptions are Persona 5 and Final Fantasy XV – the latter bearing more resemblance in setting and combat to a Western RPG.
It's a testament to the influence of JRPGs on my formative years, despite the fact it's no longer my go-to. Whilst Sonic, Rayman, and Crash Bandicoot were engaging introductions to the potential of the medium, it wasn't until Final Fantasy VIII released in 1999 that my interest in video games truly transformed.
After Saturday morning football, I wandered down to Blockbuster to rent a game for the weekend. I would scour the shelves for the latest releases before lingering on Final Fantasy VIII. The red and orange design of the two main characters embracing, sketched in the centre of a white background with the title's formal font stamped atop the design. In fact, I still remember the sun baking one side of my body through the main window because I had stood in one place examining the back of the case.
"Final Fantasy VIII – the journey of a lifetime," I told the boys I was with at the time. "I've heard good things about it."
In fact, I hadn't, but perhaps that was my insecurity talking. Nobody else seemed fussed. Could games be more than FIFA and platformers?
"Realistic, detailed characters and background graphics enhanced by a breathtaking musical score," the back of the box pledged. Despite Squall's face looking like it might be held together with barbed wire, it delivered on that promise.
The combat system allowed for the kind of simplicity that enabled ten-year-old me to bash my way through the game with all the subtlety of Barrett Wallace, whom I'd later encounter in Final Fantasy VII, chasing miscreants out of a train cart with his machine-gun arm. Yet, upon returning to these games, you discover they offer the type of precision and customisation which shaved hours off my potion spamming, summon-reliant playtime.
"Nothing worth fighting for was ever won without sacrifice."
JRPGs were my gateway to experiencing storytelling in video games, particularly in the so-called "Golden Generation" of Final Fantasy. You interact with and control diverse casts of characters across myriad settings and time periods. It opened my mind at a young age to a number of philosophical concepts that feel even more pertinent today.
For instance, FFVI's environmental struggle led to questions. What are the limits of eco-activism and what are the acceptable casualties? Meanwhile, Star Ocean 2 dabbled with colonialism. What happens when an advanced civilisation interferes with one in its infancy? Xenogears, among many other things, questioned the value of bloodlines.
As someone who is environmentally conscious, has had to reconcile with the privilege granted by the British Empire's past and has no love for our country's royal family – it's clear these notions resonated.
What helps to make some of those concepts digestible for a ten-year-old? Serenading them with some of the most revered soundtracks in gaming.
The success of the early JRPG soundtracks – specifically Nobuo Uematsu's work – helped break down the barriers into mainstream classical music. The popularity of his work has seen the concert 'Distant Worlds: Music from Final Fantasy,' tour for over thirteen years. Orchestral performances of video game music are now commonplace, with music from the likes of Nier, Halo, Kingdom Hearts, The Legend of Zelda and Assassin's Creed all following in Uetmatsu's footsteps.
Uematsu's tracks followed me from Walkman to Winamp in my early teens. It was during this time that I befriended someone through an MMORPG, reaching out over a common interest of JRPGs. Whilst this friendship remained in the online realms for years, we've since been to several Distant Worlds concerts together. One of my closest confidants – a friendship which has helped me through all manner of strife – can be traced back to renting a video game.
The genre also encouraged me to learn about Japan and, in particular, the media that it produced. Naturally, this led me to Studio Ghibli movies. It's a pilgrimage that many have taken, stopping at the likes of Akira and Ghost in the Shell along the way. It opened my mind to different cultures at an early age. It dispelled an irrational fear of subtitles, encouraging exploration into the architecture and sculptures found in the likes of Wutai.
"This is so typical. Adults always reminisce on what they couldn't do or wouldn't do."
Similar to the branching narrative games I'm more accustomed to playing these days, had I shelved Final Fantasy VIII all those years ago, I wonder how different things might be. Existing exclusively in the hyper-masculine world of football would have changed my sensibilities. Would I have forged the same friendships? Probably not. What might that mean for me as a person?
It's not possible to answer these questions. In life, there is no reloading a save file and choosing a different path. However, what Cloud and Squall helped convey in those early years was that tenderness and masculinity weren't mutually exclusive, that it's okay to shed the façade society expects you to wear.
Whilst my love of JRPGs began with the games, the personal growth they helped to unlock and the experiences tied to that will always make them my favourite genre. The combat, the music, the characters – they form a package which lures you in with levity before exposing you to the profound. Much like Squall's transformation from insular teen to compassionate leader, opening up to media from different territories and cultures will only help broaden our understanding, empathy, and horizons.
Tags: Final Fantasy VII, Final Fantasy VIII, JRPG, PS1, Square-Enix
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Samantha | November 30, 2020
Saga Frontier Remastered announced
Drew | October 31, 2020
Final Fantasy XVI gets a load of new info
Dexter | October 14, 2020
Trials of Mana update adds difficulty setting, level reset option in New Game Plus


I'm not a huge fan of free web design stuff, mostly because its either hard to modify, or low quality, or if you can tailor it to your needs, you can probably do whatever you need yourself. I also prefer not to use others' designs since it takes away my sense of identity, but in some cases I'm willing to be more flexible, like in the case of LogoInstant.com.
They offer 25 designs right now, not a big deal quantity-wise, but the designs are extremely good and nice and web 2.0 in a good way. You also get layered PSD files, which means you can modify these images easily (and freely). Plus, they say new ones will be added periodically, which seems to be true, since earlier today when I checked they only had 23 designs I think (a new page was definitely added).
As a web designer I hate using pre-fabricated termplates, but I have to say this is an exception and I'll be looking into some logos for my own stuff, it's rare that you get such high quality in this area of the open source market, enjoy!
Logo Instant is still offering its services on the Internet. The free logo collection has increased in the past years and has grown to more than 60. Each logo can be downloaded free of charge to the local computer. They come as compressed files that include both psd and ai files, so that you can load them in your favorite image editing tool to modify them to your needs. At the very least, you may want to change the name shown on the logo to your business or website's name.
The majority of logos offered by Logo Instant have a size of about 2 Megabytes in compressed form. The resulting images that you need to create separately on the other hand are usually a lot smaller than that.
Doesn't really have a big selection but the ones it does have look good.
Yes, the selection is not huge, but I would exchange quality for quantity any day. Even if they add only 10 a year that's great, I'm looking forward to some new stuff!
Happy New Year ! I have discovered few days ago this blog.


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Home/News/Games/Rainbow Six Siege's First "Mini Battle Pass" Now Available For Free
Rainbow Six Siege's First "Mini Battle Pass" Now Available For Free
By Farhan Ali October 15, 2019
Rainbow Six Siege - Mini Battle Pass
Earlier this year, Ubisoft announced a battle pass for Rainbow Six Siege. Four years after its launch, the first person shooter is finally getting its own tiered progression system. Ubisoft previously mentioned that the battle pass would launch in two phases: the first phase bringing a free "mini" battle pass, and a full-fledged variant in the second phase. Half way through operation Ember Rise, the first mini battle pass is now available for all players.
Mini Battle Pass
The first mini battle pass is titled "Call Me Harry", and is available to all players for free. Running from October 15th until October 22nd, the mini battle pass is basically a test run for both players and the developers. There isn't much in the way of cosmetics, but considering that it's free, I wouldn't complain too much.
Unlike the normal battle pass formula where there's a separate premium path, the mini battle pass only has one path which offers a handful of cosmetic rewards. Players can progress through the pass by playing games and earning Battle Points. As long as you finish them completely, both casual and ranked games will earn players Battle Points. The point distribution depends on the match result, the number of round wins, and whether or not it was a ranked match.
Mini Battle Pass Rewards
"This Mini Battle Pass is a test for us, and we would love to hear the community's feedback and comments," writes Ubisoft.
Phase two of the battle pass is scheduled for launch in Rainbow Six Siege's next season, which is expected to release near the end of 2019. The next version of the battle pass will offer both a free path and a premium path featuring better rewards. Expect to see a more fleshed out lineup of cosmetics, boosters, and other exclusive rewards with the next battle pass. More details about Rainbow Six Siege's next season and phase two will be revealed at the pro league finals in November.
Farhan Ali
Reporter (Gaming) |
Farhan is a passionate writer with an undying love for games, PC hardware, and technology. With nearly 5 years of experience in blogging and over 14 years of experience in gaming, this is what he loves and does best.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub