Last month, I visited Hong Kong on a quest to get a taste of the territory's thriving JDM car culture. In the process, I met Alan Chan, the most badass mechanic I've ever met.
Upon arriving in Hong Kong, my brother told me he'd arranged for me to go to a racing shop somewhere in Sha Tin, Hong Kong, and that I'd have to somehow get there on my own. So, after hopping on Hong Kong's Mass Transit Railway, and then getting lost on the streets for about a half an hour with no map, no data connection and not a lick of Cantonese in my vocabulary, I eventually spotted some pretty sheetmetal out of the corner of my eye. I neatly turned into a small industrial area filled with shops and gorgeous Japanese and German cars.
Eventually, I saw "Turn Three," the shop I was supposed to visit, and was greeted by a man named Alan Chan who promised to show me his operations. Just before the tour, I spotted some pictures of a 1990s R33 on the wall and asked about them. "That's me," Alan told me.
I then asked Alan a bit more about his background, and he told me humbly that had studied in Canada, and then worked as an engineer for Japanese tuning company Auto Select prior to setting up shop here.
"A successful race car driver with an engineering background runs this shop? This should be good," I thought. And it was. It was very good.
I looked into the garage, which had a bright yellow G-Wagon sitting out front, and right in front of my eyes sat four gorgeous GT-Rs: a beautiful blue R34 and three R35s.
On the left side, up top on a hoist was a monster R35 that Alan says one of his customers uses solely for racing. Alan showed me the enormous intercooler used to lower the temps created by that giant new twin turbo system that, of course, he had installed. He also gave me a glimpse of bracing on the rear differential that he had to bolt up after his customer somehow managed to break the differential casing.
Alan told me he had to throw straight-cut gears into the transmission to handle the car's ridiculous 1,000 horsepower after the customer kept breaking every damn gear in the gearbox. On the hoist to the right was another beastly R35, which we didn't talk about much, perhaps because it only makes a measly 960 horsepower. Not worth our time.
But there's more than only GT-Rs in Alan's shop. Squeezing back through the Skylines, I ran into a white RX-7 sitting on a hoist, a car that Alan says needs to have a new wiring harness installed.
In front of that car under some plastic wrap, sat an RB26 twin-turbo inline-six out of an R32 GT-R that Alan had rebuilt himself in the upstairs portion of his tiny shop.
Squeezed in just behind the Mazda was this, a Lotus Exige V6 Club, whose engine Alan had rebuilt with new connecting rods, camshafts, bearings, and polished heads.
That he has both an engineering and a racing background makes him a hero in my book. How Alan managed to do so much work in such a small shop, though, absolutely amazes me.


I got my new GPSMAP 66ST 1 weeks ago.
Until now everything was working, but today I wanted to navigate to an address here in Hungary.
I can browse /drill down the address COUNTRY > CITY > Street > Number, but it gives "NONE FOUND" and can not start the navigation.
I used my official Naviguide Hungary and City Navigator Europe maps, but none of them are working.
No problem with same maps on GPSMAP 64S.
Is there anyone else having the same "feature" ?
This forum is about Express. You could try posting here http://forums.gpsreview.net/categori...ness-gps-forum or contact Product Support as there are no forums here for your device.


text:
Dry Cleaning releases Stumpwork, announces Vancouver concert
Reviews and recommendations are unbiased and products are independently selected. Postmedia may earn an affiliate commission from purchases made through links on this page.
When: Jan. 17, 2023, 7 p.m.
Where: Rickshaw Theatre, 254 E. Hastings
Tickets/info: $25 at ticketweb.ca
London-based crew Dry Cleaning has followed up its career-launching debut New Long Leg with Stumpwork.
Released in the UK in late Oct., buzz is building around the sophomore effort from lead singer Florence Shaw, drummer Nick Buxton, guitarist Tom Dowse and bassist Lewis Maynard. With the album's release, the group is embarking on a North American tour that sees it land in Vancouver at the Rickshaw Theatre on Jan. 17.
Songs such as Kwenchy Kups, Don't Press Me and the title track draw upon the indie rock/pop sound of the debut as well as adding in some more of the psychedelic and progressive rock influences that appear to be the thing in UK post punk for 2023. Diving into difficult subject matter ranging from family dynamics to politics, self-loathing to love, the 11 song album is crackling with energy.
Source link https://vancouversun.com/entertainment/local-arts/dry-cleaning-releases-stumpwork-announces-rickshaw-concert
SIU Investigating After Halton Officers Shot Man in Milton

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I love Christmas and so was super excited when the wonderful Vickie over at A Pocketful of Dandelions tagged me in her Christmas Tag post!
I am mad about Christmas movies, I think we own about fifteen! There are a few that I really enjoy, like Miracle on 34th Street, The Santa Clause and The Grinch, but my favourite has got to be Elf! Will Ferrell is just brilliant!
Christmas morning of course! We have small stockings and when we were younger we would all clamber onto mum and dad's bed first thing to open the little presents inside that were from Father Christmas. Then, once we were washed and dressed and had finished breakfast, we would open our presents from family and friends that had been left around the Christmas tree. This is how we will do Christmas with Rosalie too.
I do love mince pies, so I think I'm going to have to choose them. Although I'm not a fan of shop ones, I like the family recipe made with rough puff pastry.
Hmmm, tricky. I do like to receive stuff for the kitchen – pans, utensils, recipe books – anything like that. Cute cupcake cases are lovely!
It's got to be cinnamon and cloves, the smell of wine being mulled!
Growing up we would watch the Snowman animation and White Christmas on Christmas Eve. We'd then have a family sing-song, and my sisters would always do a rendition of 'Walking in the air' from the snowman on flute and piano! We'd finish with Dad reading The Night Before Christmas before putting out a mince pie and a glass of sherry for Santa and a carrot and bowl of water for Rudolf. Hopefully we can carry on most of these traditions with Rosalie.
I'm sure my parents would say there were loads, but I can't really remember. We were quite into our imaginary horses at one stage, so I expect I asked for a pony. I used to avidly read the Argos catalogue so I probably asked for way more stuff then I ever knew I would get!
I love the fact that everybody is celebrating together – it's all about the good food, good company and good fun in our house. I can't wait for Rosalie to understand what Christmas is, it's going to be brilliant!
I'd love it if my #HappyDaysLinky friends Becky and Louise joined in (no pressure ladies, only if you fancy it), and anyone else who is feeling festive and wants to share their Christmas secrets!
Thank you for joining in Jess! You're the second person to say Elf is their favourite movie so I really think I'm going to have to watch it now.


Pluto, the icy, rocky body formerly known as a planet, is back in the news. Scientists from all corners seem to have an option on whether it should be re-classified as a planet. There may finally be some resolution to the fuzzy debate — or, maybe not.
Pluto was discovered at Flagstaff's Lowell Observatory in 1930, and it was considered a planet until it was de-listed by the International Astronomical Union in 2006.
That's when the technology was good enough to see that Pluto was actually part of what's called the Kuiper Belt, a large array of gas and dust particles. If you compare the size of Pluto to Earth, it's like a speck on a basketball.
Kevin Schindler, the communications director at Lowell, said the debate may be settled next year when the spacecraft New Horizons flies near Pluto.
"It's going to get unprecedented images of Pluto, and you know, there are certainly things that scientists expect to find, but who knows what else they might find? Pluto could have a ring system, for instance," Schindler said.
He said could expand the debate around Pluto, rather than settle it.


Confectionery brands have ramped up promotions ahead of Halloween and Christmas.
Six out of the top 10 brands increased featured space promotions in the major mults last month, with seasonal deals accounting for the increase in offers from Cadbury, Nestle and Mars [Promodynamic Brands 4 w/e 17 October 2016].
"Whilst Halloween period is relatively short lived, some brands continue to invest in rebranding their products to maximise the sales opportunities," says Assosia director Kay Staniland.
McVitie's Halloween range includes its Jaffa Orange Fantastic bars and Bonfire Toffee Cakes, while Cadbury has Screme Eggs and a range of biscuits, including Animals Halloweenies and Cadbury Crunchy Spiders.
Nestle has it Milkybar Ghosts on promotion, while Mr Kipling's range includes Halloween Fiendish Fancies, Toffee Terror Twirls and Chocolate and Slime Slices.
As the mults continue their drive towards everyday low prices, multibuys have fallen by 21.4 percentage points to account for just 15.6% of branded featured space promotions. Half-price deals have also been scaled back further, down 2.87 percentage points to just 4.3% of total branded offers.
As a result, average % savings have fallen again – down 1.8% year on year across branded featured space promotions.
Colgate saw the biggest drop in average % savings, down 6.9% year on year. However, McVitie's, Coca-Cola, Mr Kipling and Kellogg's bucked the trend by giving consumers a large average % saving compared with last year. "McVitie's shows the biggest increase in % savings, up 5.8% year on year, says Staniland.
Featured Space Promotional Analysis conducted by Assosia.


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A view on ICT, Business, Agile, Scrum & Software Development
Google is buying Pointy, a startup that helps brick-and-mortar retailers list products online
Google has been on a long-term mission to build inroads into the world of e-commerce by working more closely with brick-and-mortar retailers, and now it looks like it plans to extend that work a little further. The search giant is acquiring Pointy, a startup out of Dublin, Ireland, which has built hardware and software technology to help physical retailers — specifically those that might not already have an extensive e-commerce storefront — get their products discoverable online without any extra work.
We're told that Google will be making a formal announcement in about an hour, but Pointy has already posted the news on its own site while we were digging around for details after getting pinged by a source. The deal is expected to close in the coming weeks, pending "customary closing conditions."
Pointy is continuing to operate post-acquisition. "We look forward to building even better services in the future, with the backing of Google's resources and reach," the company writes.
Terms of the acquisition are not being disclosed but I am trying to find out. Pointy is six years old and had raised just under $20 million from a variety of investors including Frontline Ventures, Polaris, LocalGlobe and individuals like Lars Rasmussen (the former Google Maps supremo who went on to build search and enterprise products at Facebook).
Pointy was co-founded by Mark Cummins (CEO) and Charles Bibby (CTO). Notably, this is Cummins' second exit to Google. His first company, the visual search startup Plink, was the Google's first-ever acquisition out of the UK.
For Google, Pointy is a known quantity for more than the fact that it's transacted with a Cummins startup before: Pointy and Google have been working together since 2018, when the former was part of a bigger push that the search giant was making into building tools for brick-and-mortar merchants.
At that time, Pointy's primary product was a piece of hardware that plugged a company's point of sale/barcode scanning units, so that every time a retailer scanned its products either to enter them into their inventory system, or to sell them at the point of sale, it would upload the products online (including quantities of those items), and then keep stock numbers up to date with every subsequent purchase that was made and scanned in.
Then, a user who might be searching for that product online might come across those details through Google's search results ("See What's In Store", which come up in Google's Knowledge Panels and on Google Maps), or via advertisements. The aim: these listings could potentially result in shoppers buying those products from the retailer in question, ideally getting them to come into the store, where they would buy even more.
The hardware retails for around $700, but Pointy also has a free app that integrates with specific POS devices from Clover, Square, Lightspeed, Vend, Liberty, WooPOS, BestRx, and CashRx POS, removing the need for the hardware.
Google's initial partnership with Pointy in 2018 was part of a push to build out Google's search portal with more e-commerce tools, and it was coming not a moment too soon: Amazon was both ramping up its own efforts with physical retail, and becoming a bigger threat to Google as a first port-of-call for online shoppers. Two years on, those themes have only grown bigger with Amazon's rise, perhaps one reason why Google was keen to bring Pointy in-house. Now, it can more deeply integrate the tech, and build upon it.
We'll update as we learn more.
via Click on the link for the full article
This entry was posted in Uncategorized and tagged News, TechCrunch by admin. Bookmark the permalink.
CNN Technology
Driverless 'Roborace' car makes street track debut November 18, 2016
It is a car kitted out with technology its developers boldly predict will transform our cities and change the way we live.
How to outsmart fake news in your Facebook feed November 18, 2016
Fake news is actually really easy to spot -- if you know how. Consider this your New Media Literacy Guide.
Revealed: Winners of the 'Oscars of watches' November 18, 2016
It's the prize giving ceremony that everyone's on time for.
Flying a sports car with wings November 18, 2016
Piloting one of the breed of light aircraft is said to be as easy as driving a car
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Last Watched
The Great Math Mystery
What is One Degree
The Union The Business Behind Getting High
The Corporation
The Beatles Eight days a week
Enchanted Kingdom
The Genius of Charles Darwin: The Fifth Ape
History of the Eagles 2
Fleetwood Mac Live in Boston 1of2
Through the Wormhole Season 6: Are We Here for a Reason
Game Over Kasparov and the Machine
Pill Poppers
Earthflight Africa
Series: In Search of
2018 Culture
The Series 'In Search of' conducted investigations into the controversial, paranormal and mysterious. The producer's purpose is to suggest some possible explanations, but not necessarily the only ones, to the mysteries examined. The 2018 revival is presented by Zachary Quinto.
In this episode, Zach wants to understand how a person can be superhuman. He meets a man who bent the metal frame of a car door with his bare hands in a moment of crisis; a man who can feel no pain; and a Shaolin warrior monk, who teaches him how to harness superhuman powers of his own.
The Aliens
2018 Technology
Quinto sets out to discover whether aliens exist and what evidence we have to prove it. He meets with several who say they have encountered extra-terrestrial life–a man who has been abducted by aliens several times since childhood; a man who claims to have extracted an alien implant; and a woman who shows Zachary what it feels like to be abducted into a spacecraft.
Zachary also meets with the world's leading scientists at SETI in Green Banks, West Virginia. There, utilizing the world's largest telescope, they show him the methods they employ to communicate with potential other-worldly visitors and what this research has taught them about a mysterious radio signal they picked up 3 billion light years away.
Monsters of the Deep
2018 Nature
Zachary Quinto sets out to research the strangest creatures dug up from the depths of the ocean and to see how much they lend to the monsters that are depicted in myth and legend. Starting in Australia, he meets with a teenager who was savagely attacked by a swarm of mysterious flesh-eating monsters, only to jump into the water himself the next day amongst highly venomous sea creatures.
From the carnivorous fish of American rivers to the eyeless monsters of the Atlantic Ocean, Zachary finds some merit in these old monster stories and is starting to understand just what we mean when we say that we know less than 1% of what waits in the depths below.
Zachary Quinto embarks on a journey to understand how artificial intelligence may already be a threat to humanity. He visits Facebook headquarters where he learns about a failed AI experiment where two chat boxes created a language that only they could understand. Zach also gets a firsthand look at the world's latest technology, including life-like dolls programmed with advanced AI, robots that learn and communicate telepathically, highly intelligent drones of war, and Uber self-driving cars.
Time Travels
2018 Science
Zachary Quinto charts a journey to determine whether time travel is possible. He meets a man who claims to have traveled back in time due to a secret government program and a group of people living in Liverpool known as 'time slippers'.
Zachary makes a visit to the CERN headquarters in Geneva, where he attempts to understand the origins of the universe and the dimension of time. Equipped with this new knowledge, Zachary tests his own perception of time with an elaborate skydiving experiment to see if he can slow down time itself.
Fleetwood Mac Live in Boston
The Life of Mammals
The Real History of Science Fiction
Through the Wormhole Season 5
The Secrets of Quantum Physics


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You are here: Home / News / Community News / Features / Citizenship Day in Seattle has a turnout
Citizenship Day in Seattle has a turnout
September 24, 2015 By Northwest Asian Weekly
By Joaquin Uy
Ethnic Media & Communications Specialist
City of Seattle Office of Immigrant & Refugee Affairs
Photo by Nate Gowdy
The City of Seattle joined U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) to commemorate Citizenship Day on Sept. 17 by announcing a new joint citizenship campaign, followed by a naturalization ceremony.
Mayor Ed Murray, City Librarian Marcellus Turner, Parks & Recreation Deputy Superintendent Christopher Williams, Finance & Administrative Services Director Fred Podesta, and USCIS District Director Anne Corsano formally announced a partnership to strengthen citizenship education and awareness efforts. For over 50 years, Seattle Public Libraries has offered free citizenship resources in multiple languages and a variety of formats within libraries across the City. This partnership will amplify the library's work by creating dedicated spaces in other City venues, such as customer service centers and community centers, where immigrants can find information about becoming a citizen and where to access services.
"Our vibrant, multicultural community — and our economy — are stronger when we support immigrants and refugees on the path toward U.S. citizenship," said Mayor Ed Murray. "We are building new partnerships to educate Seattle residents on the benefits of naturalization by providing citizenship information and access to resources around the City."
These "Citizenship Corners" include citizenship test preparation materials, local community resources, and a workstation with access to a citizenship website allowing for online access to information and tools to apply for citizenship. USCIS also plans to train other City officials about the naturalization process and the free preparation resources available to immigrants.
Additionally, the City will integrate citizenship information into the scope of services provided to Seattle residents through select City venues, including community centers in immigrant-dense neighborhoods. Residents will be able to access information on citizenship offered by USCIS and get information about free ESL and citizenship classes offered at The Seattle Public Library.
During Thursday's City Hall announcement, the Mayor and Director Corsano highlighted the need to incorporate all sectors of the City in the effort to support new citizens and to create more welcoming communities. "USCIS is proud to join Mayor Murray in providing immigrants with greater access to information and resources as they pursue their ultimate goal of full membership in our society as U.S. citizens," USCIS Director León Rodríguez said. "We look forward to working with the Mayor's office and other City services in providing everything that's needed to help immigrants become part of a welcoming and robust Seattle."
Seattle is USCIS' eighth municipal partner, joining Los Angeles, Chicago, Boston, and New York.
Following the announcement, USCIS conducted a naturalization ceremony, with Mayor Murray providing remarks and District Director Corsano swearing in 10 new citizens. (end)
Joaquin Uy can be reached at info@nwasianweekly.com.
Filed Under: Features, Profiles, Community News Tagged With: 2015, Citizenship Day, City Hall, City Librarian Marcellus Turner, District Director Corsano, During Thursday, ESL, Ethnic Media Communications Specialist, Finance Administrative Services Director Fred Podesta, Joaquin Uy, Los Angeles, Mayor Ed Murray, Mayor Murray, Parks Recreation Deputy Superintendent Christopher Williams, Seattle Public Libraries, USCIS, Vol 34 No 40 | September 26 - October 2


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The Book of the Film quotes
Narrator: Sir Bedevere the Wise was the first to become one of King Arthur's Knights. But other illustrious names were soon to follow: Sir Lancelot the Brave, Sir Gallahad the Pure, Sir Robin the Not-Quite-So-Brave-As-Sir-Lancelot — who had nearly fought the Dragon of Angnor, who had nearly stood up to the Vicious Chicken of Bristol, and who had personally wet himself at the Battle of Badon Hill — and the aptly named Sir Not-Appearing-In-This-Film. Together they formed a band whose names and deeds were to be retold throughout the centuries: the Knights of the Round Table.
» More Quotes from Monty Python and the Holy Grail


First up this week, while we waited for the others to arrive, was Toc Toc Woodman (aka Clack Clack Lumberjack). This Is a dexterity game that consists of a segmented plastic tree where the am of the game is to knock bits of bark off with an axe, while not removing the core segments. As the game progresses, the tree becomes increasingly unstable with the inevitable consequences… Honours were just about even when we were saved from a tie-breaker by the last of the late arrivals.
Next we started our "Feature Game", Keyflower. Although we have played it before and it is a very popular game with most club members, we had one player who was unfamiliar with it, so we chose to play it without any of the additional tiles.
Keyflower is a worker-placement and auction game that is played over four seasons. Each player begins the game with a home tile and eight worker meeples (or Keyples as they are known in this game). At the beginning of each round there is a new stack of tiles that players can use and bid for. The really unusual part of the game is the interplay between workers and bidding: workers can operate on any tile, in a players own village, in another players village, or one that is still being auctioned. At the end of the round, the workers go to the owner of the tile, thus, if you have a commodity that other players want, it can be a source of Keyples. On the other hand, if you chose to bid for a tile, presumably you wanted to use it, which means that you have competition for the resource, and so it proved.
One player had been present at the drubbing we had received last time we played and tried the same strategy, i.e. to collect skill tiles. Those of us that were aware of this approach started out with no real strategy except to prevent a second run-away victory by the same means. Meanwhile the new player quietly got on with collecting gold and marshalling her Keyples. Mixed based strategies gradually evolved for otherwise indecisive players with resources, the river and transport all featuring and it wasn't long before we got to the final round, Winter. Surprisingly, there wasn't much competition for tiles to begin with as everyone concentrated on getting the resources and skill tiles they wanted to the place they needed them. By this time, Keyples were in short supply, so there was only a token amount of scrapping for final tiles in what ended as a very, very closely fought game with first and second just one point apart, a tie for third and fourth, and everyone separated by only six points.
The third game of the night was, the race game, Salmon Run. We've played this a couple of times before, but still managed to have a couple of new players, so after a quick run through of the rules, off we went with board S1, 5E, 6E, 3M, 2M & F1. White took an early lead, while Red and Black got in each others' way and battled with bears. Red and White both got sore heads bashing the bank, while Black got a bit stuck with mid-stream and trapped everyone else in the current.White made a dash for the finish, but got caught needing a right and straight to get across the last lot of rapids giving Red and Black a chance to catch up. Red got closest, but White managed to make it across the line first and Red failed to quite make it to the Spawning pool on his last turn. Even if Red and Black had made it home, Red's nine fatigue cards and Black's six dwarfed White's two (thanks to the enforced wait before the last rapids where she had been able to ditch a lot of hers).
The last game of the night was an old favourite, Love Letter. This is a really simple little duelling game played with just sixteen cards. Each round only takes a couple of minutes and each player takes it in turns to draw a card and then play one of the two cards in their hand. Cards allow players to look at another's hand, force them to discard, give them the opportunity to try to assassinate other players etc. and the last player in, or (in the unusual case that all sixteen cards are drawn), the player with the highest card, wins the round. Remarkably, one player managed a run of three rounds undefeated, and despite a desperate rear-guard action, this proved an unassailable lead.
This entry was posted in Games Night and tagged Keyflower, Love Letter, Salmon Run, Toc Toc Woodman on September 4, 2013 by nannyGOAT.


The main character of the series "Liar" has not made a date for a long ago. She is a teacher, loves children and her work. The father of one of her pupils – the successful surgeon to whom she feels the increasing interest. This interest is mutual and Andrew asked her out on a date. So innocently this story begins. Half-words and a small lie have led to a big lie. The ordinary appointment develops into series of mutual recriminations which turned their lives.


"After 40 years of not going to the Dentist I looked on the web site for Dental Relaxation and read some of the "success stories". It was somewhat reassuring to know that I wasn't the only person that had this FEAR of going to the Dentist.
I was referred to a Sedation Dentist a few miles away. During my first appointment my worst fears were confirmed - I would have to have quite a bit of work done! The Dentist explained to me about Oral Conscious Sedation and how I would feel like I was only there for minutes, not hours!
Well it was true. I didn't even know when the first needle went in and the next thing I knew it was over and I was ready to go home!
I am glad I did it! I have to go back for impressions in three weeks time for my new teeth. It will be funny having some but I am looking forward to it as well. I now feel on top of the world about what I have done. So if I can do it a lot more can do it. Thank you to Sedation Dentistry!"


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António Manuel Ribeiro (ur. 8 października 1980 w Aveiro) – kanadyjski piłkarz pochodzenia portugalskiego występujący na pozycji pomocnika.

Kariera klubowa
Ribeiro karierę rozpoczynał w 2000 roku w kanadyjskim zespole Montreal Impact z A-League. Spędził tam 2 sezony, a potem odszedł do Panelliniosu. W 2003 roku wrócił jednak do Montrealu. W 2004 roku wygrał z nim rozgrywki A-League. W 2005 roku wraz z zespołem rozpoczął starty w USL First Division. W 2009 roku podpisał kontrakt z amerykańskim San Jose Earthquakes. W MLS zadebiutował 14 czerwca 2009 roku w przegranym 1:2 pojedynku ze Seattle Sounders. W San Jose spędził sezon 2009, w ciągu którego rozegrał tam 7 spotkań.

W 2010 roku Ribeiro wrócił do Montrealu Impact, grającego teraz w USSF Division 2 Professional League. W sezonie 2011 występował z nim w North American Soccer League. Po tamtym sezonie zakończył karierę.

Kariera reprezentacyjna
W reprezentacji Kanady Ribeiro zadebiutował 2 czerwca 2007 roku w zremisowanym 2:2 towarzyskim meczu z Wenezuelą. W tym samym roku został powołany do kadry na Złoty Puchar CONCACAF. Nie zagrał jednak na nim ani razu, a Kanada zakończyła turniej na półfinale.

W latach 2007–2010 w drużynie narodowej Ribeiro rozegrał 3 spotkania.

Bibliografia

Kanadyjczycy pochodzenia portugalskiego
Reprezentanci Kanady w piłce nożnej
Piłkarze CF Montréal
Piłkarze San Jose Earthquakes
Urodzeni w 1980
Uczestnicy Złotego Pucharu CONCACAF 2007

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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\section{Introduction}

One of the key questions in present day cosmology is when the reionization of Helium occurred. Following cosmological
recombination at redshift $ z \sim 10^3$, the baryonic gas in the Universe remained primarily neutral. Given that presently
most of the observable baryonic gas is ionized, phase transitions of this gas must have taken place at some redshift $z < 10^3$. The progress of reionization is regulated by the ioinizing radiation escaping the host galaxies from e.g. quasars and stars.
Reionization typically refers to the events related to neutral hydrogen (H\textsc{i}) and helium (He\textsc{i}) at $z \sim 6$ when
the atoms lost their first outer electrons and marked an important change in the structure of the Universe known as the Epoch of Reionization \citep[EoR;][]{Fan, Zaroubi, Singh}. Present observational constraints on the EoR have mostly been indirect but direct observations of the redshifted 21-cm signal from neutral hydrogen using present and upcoming experiments such as the Low-Frequency Array \citep[LOFAR;][]{vanHaarlem}, Murchison Wide-field array \citep[MWA;][]{Tingay}, Precision Array for Probing the Epoch of Reionization \citep[PAPER;][]{Parsons} and the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array \citep[HERA;][]{DeBoer} are expected to provide stronger constraints.

Following the EoR, the high ionization potential (54.4 eV) of singly ionised helium (He\textsc{ii}) prevented it from being further reionized  until a sufficient build-up of hard-spectra quasars provided enough photons to complete the reionization. He\textsc{ii} is
expected to have undergone a second reionization at $ z \sim 3$ with significant contributions from stars and quasars leaving an impression on the IGM. The strongest evidence of this is seen through observational signatures in the far ultraviolet spectra of the He\textsc{ii} Ly$\alpha$ forest along the lines-of-sight to several quasars at $z \sim 3$ \citep[e.g.][]{SyphersHeII2, SyphersHeII}. The Ly$\alpha$ transition for neutral hydrogen, H\textsc{i} exhibits as absorption features in
the spectra of distant quasars just as it does for the transition of singly ionized helium, He\textsc{ii}. However observations of the He\textsc{ii} Ly$\alpha$ forest for the second reionization is mostly obscured by contamination due to the relative abundance of high-density systems at low redshifts \citep[see][and references therein]{Plante}. The comparatively low number of lines-of-sight that show the Ly$\alpha$ forest signature for He\textsc{ii} leaves much statistical uncertainly about the exact timing and nature of the reionization process. Other evidence of reionization is the temperature evolution of the intergalactic medium (IGM) with a quick change at $ z \sim 3$ \citep{McQuinnHeII}. The comparatively lower redshift of He\textsc{ii} reionization makes it more accessible to observations.

FRBs are
intense bursts ($\sim$ Jy) of coherent emission of unknown origin, lasting only a few milliseconds. Over the last decade or so, realization has grown that this and other properties could be used as a cosmological probe (see \citet{Keane2018} for a recent review). In particular, their short durations enable direct
measurements of the integrated column densities of ionized plasma known as dispersion measures (DMs), along the observed
lines-of-sight thereby tracing all the ionized baryons along its propagation path. Electron density models of the Milky Way \citep[e.g.][]{Cordes, Yao} are unable to account for more than a few percent of the total observed DM values,
thereby suggesting extragalactic/cosmological origins for FRBs. Precise localization to a host galaxy is however
necessary to determine the true extragalactic  or cosmological nature of FRBs, as was demonstrated for
FRB 121102 \citep{Chatterjee, SriHarsh}.
FRBs with redshifts obtained from host galaxies could be used to probe the epoch of helium reionization \citep{Deng, Zheng}, map the
intergalactic magnetic fields \citep{JPska}, locate the `missing' baryons in the Univers \citep{McQuinn} and
study the dark energy equation-of-state \citep{Zhou}.

In this letter we study the possibility of probing the epoch of He\textsc{ii} reionization  with FRBs through simulations of their observed DMs and estimate the numbers of FRBs required, assuming they have been localised to a host galaxy with a measured redshift. We present our DM model for the simulated FRBs in Section \ref{sec:model} followed by our analyses and results in Section \ref{sec:results}. We finally present our discussion and conclusions in Section \ref{sec:conc}.

\section{Modeling dispersion measures}
\label{sec:model}

The DM of an FRB parameterises the delay in arrival time as a function of frequency of a pulse which is given by,

\begin{equation}
\label{eq:tdelay}
    \Delta t = 4.15 \, \mathrm{ms} \, \times  \Bigg[ \bigg( \frac{\nu_{1}}{\mathrm{GHz}}\bigg)^{-2} - \bigg( \frac{\nu_{2}}{\mathrm{GHz}}\bigg)^{-2} \Bigg] \, \times \Bigg(\frac{\mathrm{DM}}{\mathrm{pc \, cm^{-3}}} \Bigg)
\end{equation}

\noindent and is an observable quantity. This delay in arrival time, in the observer's frame is $\Delta t = \Delta t' (1+z)$, where $\Delta t'$ is the rest-frame delay. Similarly, the observed frequencies in the observer's frame are $\nu_{1} = \nu_{1}'(1+z)$ and $\nu_{2} = \nu_{2}'(1+z)$ with $\nu_{1}'$ and $\nu_{2}'$ being the source rest-frame frequencies.
Using these relations, the DM measured in the observer's frame in Equation \ref{eq:tdelay} is related to the free electron density along the line-of-sight as,

\begin{equation}

    \mathrm{DM} = \int^{z}_{0} \frac{n_\mathrm{e}}{(1+z)} \, dl.
\end{equation}

\noindent For an FRB originating at cosmological distances, the observed DM value can be expressed as the sum of several contributions along the path traversed given by,

\begin{equation}
\label{eq:dm}
    \mathrm{DM_{obs}} = \mathrm{DM_{MW}} + \mathrm{DM_{IGM}} + \frac{\mathrm{DM_{host} + DM_{source}}}{(1+z)}
\end{equation}

\noindent where $\mathrm{DM_{MW}}$ is the contribution from the Milky Way (MW), $\mathrm{DM_{IGM}}$ is the contribution from the
diffuse homogeneous/inhomogeneous IGM along the line-of-sight, $\mathrm{DM_{host}}$ is any contribution from the interstellar medium
(ISM) of the host galaxy and $\mathrm{DM_{source}}$ is the contribution from the immediate vicinity of the FRB progenitor.
The lack of understanding of the physical origins of FRBs, hinders our ability to ascertain the $\mathrm{DM_{host}}$ and $\mathrm{DM_{source}}$ components of the total observed DM reliably.
However due to the cosmological redshifting of frequency, their combined contribution is diluted by a factor of $(1+z)$ to the Earth observer from the rest-frame observer \citep{Ioka, Deng} and is likely to be small. As a result the $\mathrm{DM_{IGM}}$ is the dominant contribution to the
observed DM as the number density of free electrons scales as $(1+z)^3$.

\subsection{DM contribution from the Milky Way}
\label{sec:DMgal}

The MW component of the total observed DM can be reasonably estimated
using either the NE2001 \citep{Cordes} or the YMW16 model \citep{Yao} and removed from the data with modest uncertainties.
Both models use Galactic pulsars to map the
the integrated electron density along any given line-of-sight through the MW which strongly decreases as a function
of Galactic latitude $|b|$ from $\sim 10^3$ pc cm$^{-3}$ near the Galactic centre to an average of $\sim 100$ pc cm$^{-3}$
at  $10^{\circ} \leq |b| \leq 40^{\circ}$. It should be noted that the estimate of DM at $|b| > 40^{\circ}$ are less reliable
due to the lack of pulsars in the Galactic halo. Since the electron density content in the Galactic halo is relatively
low with a correspondingly small DM contribution ($\sim 30$ pc cm$^{-3}$) as seen from simulations by \cite{Dolag},
we do not include a term for the halo contribution in Equation \ref{eq:dm}.
Overall, for an extragalactic source like an FRB, the contribution from the Milky Way is relatively small over most of the sky, and can be avoided in FRB searches if needed.

\subsection{DM contribution from IGM}
\label{sec:DMigm}

The free electron density at any given redshift can be expressed as \citep{Deng},

\begin{equation}
\label{eq:electrondensity}
n_{e} = \frac{\rho_{c,0} \Omega_\mathrm{b}f_\mathrm{IGM}f_{e}(z)}{m_{p}}\, \times (1+z)^3,
\end{equation}

\noindent where $\rho_{c,0}$ is the critical mass density, $\Omega_{b} = 0.049$ is the present baryon density of the Universe \citep{Planck} and,

\begin{equation}
    f_{e}(z) = \frac{3}{4} \upchi_{e,\mathrm{H}}(z) + \frac{1}{8} [\upchi_{e,\mathrm{He\textsc{ii}}}(z) + \upchi_{e,\mathrm{He\textsc{iii}}}(z)],
\end{equation}

\noindent with the terms $\upchi_{e,\mathrm{H}}(z)$ and
$\upchi_{e,\mathrm{He}}(z)$ representing the ionization mass fractions of hydrogen and helium respectively. Strictly speaking, the baryon mass fraction in the IGM, $f_\mathrm{IGM}$ varies slightly a function of redshift from 0.9 at $z \gtrsim 1.5$ to 0.82 at $z \leq 0.4$ \citep{Shull}. To first order, we assume it to be a constant at 0.83 \citep{Fukugita1998, Shull}. For a path length $dl$ given by \citep{Deng},

\begin{equation}
\label{eq:pathlength}
    dl = \frac{1}{1+z} \, \frac{c}{H_{0}} \, \frac{dz}{\sqrt{\Omega_{m}(1+z)^3 + \Omega_{\Lambda}}},
\end{equation}

\noindent where the matter density $\Omega_{m} = 0.308$, the vacuum density
$\Omega_{\Lambda} = 0.6911$ and Hubble constant $H_{0} = 67.74$ km s$^{-1}$ Mpc$^{-1}$ \citep{Planck}, we can combine Equations \ref{eq:electrondensity} and \ref{eq:pathlength} to obtain a relation for the homogeneous IGM contribution to the DM related to the FRB redshift ($z$) as \citep{Zheng, Deng},

\begin{equation}
\label{eq:DMigm}
\mathrm{DM_{IGM}} (z) = \frac{3cH_{0}\Omega_\mathrm{b}f_\mathrm{IGM}}{8\pi G m_{p}} \, \times \, \int_{0}^{z} \frac{f_{e}(z) \, (1+z) \, dz}{\sqrt{\Omega_{m}(1+z)^3 + \Omega_{\Lambda}}}
\end{equation}

\noindent under the assumption of a flat Universe.

We assume that hydrogen is fully ionized at $z = 6$ (i.e. $\upchi_{e,\mathrm{H}} = 1$ and  $\upchi_{e,\mathrm{He\textsc{ii}}} = 1$)
and that the epoch of HeII reionization occurs at $z = 3$ in sharp transition (i.e. $\upchi_{e,\mathrm{He}} = 1$,
$\upchi_{e,\mathrm{He\textsc{ii}}} = 0$ and  $\upchi_{e,\mathrm{He\textsc{iii}}} = 1$) \citep{Sokasian, Gao, Plante}. It is important to note that we assume the transition to have  occurred at the same time across the entire Universe.

\begin{figure*}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=6.5 in]{Fig1.pdf}
\caption{Normalised probability density distributions of the `all galaxies' sample from \citep{Luo} for
the NE2001 and YMW16 electron density maps in linear (left panel) and log scales (right panel).
The two curves have been normalised to equal areas.}
\label{fig:pdfs}
\end{figure*}

\subsection{DM contribution from ISM in the host galaxy}
\label{sec:dmhost}

Knowledge of the DM contribution from the host galaxy is essential to disentangle the amount contributed by the IGM from the total
observed DM.
\cite{Luo} model the probability distributions of DM contributions for early-type galaxies (ETGs), late-type
galaxies (LTGs) and a combination of both types of galaxies called all galaxies (ALGs).
The MW and M87 galaxies are chosen to be templates for LTGs and ETGs respectively since their
electron density profiles and H$\alpha$ luminosities are well studied \citep{Cavagnolo, Cordes, Yao}. For each of the template
galaxies, $10^6$ FRBs are simulated at randomly chosen positions following a Galactic stellar distribution \citep[e.g.][]{Young}. A detailed
modelling of the stellar distribution and the gas fractions can be found in \cite{Luo}. The FRBs in their model are generated
over the full-sky with various line-of-sight inclination angles of their host galaxies using a Monte Carlo method, and the DM probability density function (PDF)
is calculated by integrating the electron density along the chosen line-of-sight out to the edge of the galaxy. An important assumption made by \cite{Luo} is that all galaxies, dwarfs and giants alike, are equally likely to host FRBs due to the uncertainty in their origins. A consequence of this assumption is that low mass galaxies are more likely to be FRB hosts (as is the case for the repeater FRB 121102), due to simply to their much higher numbers. The zero-redshift rest-frame DM distribution function of the simulated ETGs and LTGs (their Figure 3) are calculated by scaling a H$\alpha$ luminosity from a luminosity function and an effective galaxy radius from an $r$-band luminosity function
to the H$\alpha$ luminosity and $r$-band luminosity of the template. The resulting PDF of the
sample of ALGs is similar to that of the LTGs due to their dominance (76.3$\%$) in the sample compared to the
ETGs (23.7$\%$) \citep{Luo}.

\cite{Luo}
present two samples of LTGs modelled after the NE2001 \citep{Cordes} and YMW16 \citep{Yao} Galactic electron density
maps from their Monte Carlo method. As a result we adopt the ensemble zero-redshift rest-frame DM PDFs of both ALG samples (NE2001 and YMW16) shown in Figure \ref{fig:pdfs} in our simulations. Galaxies whose electron density distribution follows that
of the NE2001 model are seen to produce $\sim$14 times more FRBs with DMs greater than the 3$\sigma$ value
of the YMW16 model (see Figure \ref{fig:pdfs}). This is supported by the fact that unlike the NE2001 model the YMW16 model includes no
over-dense regions, thereby yielding a much lower average electron density \citep{Yao}.

\begin{figure*}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=6.0 in]{Fig2.pdf}
\caption{Distribution of FRB DMs as a function of redshift. The dashed and solid lines represent
two different model Universes in which the He\textsc{ii} reionization occurred at $z = 3$ and one in which it occurred at $z = 6$. The squares and dots represent the MW and host corrected observed DM values for each of the models (solid and dashed)
from Equation \ref{eq:dm}. The top row panels (\textit{top left}: Ne2001, \textit{top right}: YMW16) represent FRBs propagating through a homogeneous IGM and the bottom row panels (\textit{bottom left}: NE2001, \textit{bottom right}: YMW16)  represent propagation through an inhomogeneous IGM. The DM due to the local environment surrounding the progenitor has not been modelled.}
\label{fig:HeII}
\end{figure*}

\subsection{DM contribution from progenitor environment}

Despite the association of FRB 121102 with a dwarf galaxy \citep{Chatterjee, SriHarsh, Marcote} the nature of the
source producing the FRB is still under debate. Compact objects, particularly neutron star models at cosmological
distances, are favoured as FRB progenitors due to their ability to account for the millisecond timescales and observed polarization features. In this case, sources embedded in pulsar wind nebulae or supernova
remnants, or near H\textsc{ii} regions will be associated with high electron densities. But the DM$_\mathrm{source}$ contribution
is restricted by the condition that the plasma frequency should not exceed the radiation frequency thereby allowing the
free propagation of radiation. This limit on the density of the region local to the source along with the cosmological
frequency-shift for the range of redshifts of interest in these simulations make the contributions likely to be small.
Due to the large uncertainty in the progenitor we do not factor in a value for DM$_\mathrm{source}$.

\section{Analyses and Results}
\label{sec:results}

In our simulations we model two different Universes, one in which He\textsc{ii} reionization occurs in sharp transition at
$z = 3$ and the other in which it did at $z = 6$, represented respectively by the solid
and dashed lines in Figure \ref{fig:HeII}. Assuming that FRBs are detected out to $z \sim 6$, we draw
$N_\mathrm{FRBs}$ from a Gaussian redshift distribution centred on $z = 3$ with a $1\sigma$ spread of $z = 1$ fassuming a
flat $\Lambda$CDM cosmology with the parameters given earlier in Section \ref{sec:DMigm}. The Gaussian is intended to represent the typical distribution of DMs one gets in practice in a survey at a given telescope. A Gaussian is not a very good approximation to the shape of the DM distribution -- it typically has a longer tail to high DM than a Gaussian \citep{Xu, Caleb_sim, CWalker} - but a full blown model in which FRBs are simulated with all the selection effects included out to $z = 10$, with unknown certain assumptions needing to be made about the numbers (or even the existence) of FRBs at higher $z$ is beyond the scope of this paper. The overall Gaussian shape of the DM distribution is affected by (1) the sensitivity of the survey -- higher sensitivity yields higher DM events (2) the frequency and time resolution of the survey -- higher frequency resolution allows FRBs to be probed to higher DMs (3) the area of the survey -- larger area surveys catch more low DM FRBs (presently, as they typically have lower sensitivity as well, but this is changing rapidly with the CHIME \citep{Bandura} and MeerKAT \citep{meertrap} coming on-line). As we aim to keep our model simple, we use a Gaussian distribution. Each FRB at its chosen redshift is assigned a corresponding DM$_\mathrm{IGM}(z)$ from Equation \ref{eq:DMigm}.  We draw a random host galaxy DM from the zero-redshift rest-frame DM PDF
and scale it to the redshift of the simulated FRB based on the star formation rate at that redshift \citep{Hopkins}
given by,

\begin{equation}
  \dot{\rho}_{*}(z) =  \frac{0.017 + 0.13z}{1+(z/3.3)^{5.3}} \, M_\odot \, \mathrm{yr}^{-1} \, \mathrm{Mpc}^{-3}.
\end{equation}

Figure \ref{fig:HeII} shows the results of our simulations for $3 \leq z \leq 4$. As detailed in Section \ref{sec:dmhost}, FRBs following the NE2001 model electron density distribution exhibit a larger scatter in their DMs.
For each of the host DM models (NE2001, YMW16) we perform a 2-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnoff (KS) test to determine whether we can distinguish between FRBs with DM$_\mathrm{IGM}$ contributions when He$\textsc{ii}$ reionization happened at $z = 3$ and $z = 6$.
A $p$-value of $<0.05$ is our
criterion for deciding if the two distributions of FRBs differ. If the Galactic contribution is drawn from the YMW16 model, we require $\sim 950$ FRB
events in the range $3 \leq z \leq 4$ (see Figure \ref{fig:HeII}) with measured redshifts to distinguish between a Universe in which He\textsc{ii}
reionization that occurred at $z = 3$ and one in which it occurred at $z = 6$ at the 95$\%$ confidence level. For
the NE2001 model we require $\sim 1300$ FRB events to distinguish between our two simulated models at the same confidence level due to the comparatively larger scatter in host DMs. We emphasize that all these galaxies are required to have measured redshifts and reasonably good corrections ($\sim 50 \%$) for the host galaxy DM.

We have so far only considered the effect and contribution from a diffuse homogeneous IGM on the observed DM. This however is likely to be too simple a model, due to the presence of free electrons in the halos of potential intervening galaxies.
\cite{McQuinn} simulate the sightline-to-sightline variation in the observed DMs for different galaxy halo mass models (their Figure 1) and estimate the standard deviation in mean value of DM$_\mathrm{IGM}$ to be 180 - 400 pc cm$^{-3}$ in the range $0.1 \leq z \leq 1.5$. The halo model in which the distribution of baryons traces dark matter results in the largest dispersion of 400 pc cm$^{-3}$ from the mean expected value, at $z = 1$. Since the curve appears to plateau at $z > 1.2$, we model the fluctuations in DM$_\mathrm{IGM}$ due to the halos of intervening galaxies as a Gaussian centred on the mean value of DM$_\mathrm{IGM}$ at that redshift with a 3$\sigma$ spread of 400 pc cm$^{-3}$. The results are shown in Figure \ref{fig:HeII}. We once again perform a 2-sample KS-test between the two distributions. We require at least $\sim 1350$ (YMW16) and $\sim 1860$ (NE2001) FRB events with redshift associations to distinguish between the two simulated models of the Universe at the 95\% confidence level. We also consider how well we could constrain the epoch of He$\textsc{ii}$ reionization. We estimate that for a given sample of FRBs between $3 \leq z \leq 5$, $\sim 5700$ FRBs with measured redshifts are required to distinguish between a He$\textsc{ii}$ reionization that took place at $z = 3$ and $z = 3.5$.

\section{Discussion and Conclusion}
\label{sec:conc}

In this paper we model the observed DMs of FRBs as a function of redshift to determine if we can measure the epoch of He\textsc{ii} reionization purely based on the DMs. Our first simulations are based on a simple model for the IGM which assumes a homogeneous electron density distribution
at all redshifts. The host galaxies of the FRBs have DMs modelled using the results of \cite{Luo}. We ignore the DM contribution local to the FRB's environment (i.e. surrounding the source) due to the as yet quite uncertain nature of the progenitors and due to the likely dilution of its effect by the $(1+z)$ cosmological frequency-shift. In such an uncomplicated scenario we find we require of order 1100 FRBs with measured redshifts and DMs in the range $3 \leq z \leq 4$ to distinguish a Universe in which He$\textsc{ii}$ reionization occured at $z = 3$ from one in which it occurred at $z = 6$.

According to \cite{McQuinn} the values of $\mathrm{DM_{IGM}}$ for two different FRBs at similar
redshifts could vary considerably depending on the inhomogeneities along the line-of-sight such as the halos of intervening
galaxies, thereby making the case more complicated. The standard deviation around the mean DM$_\mathrm{IGM}$(z) is 180 - 400 pc cm$^{-3}$ for
$0.5 < z < 1$ depending on the baryon distribution in the different Galactic halo models following different gas profiles \citep{McQuinn}. We adopt the sightline dependent variation in DM for the galaxy halo model in which the baryons trace the dark matter halo profile above a threshold of $10^{10} M_\odot$. We model the evolution of the DM contribution from the halos of intervening galaxies with redshift, as a normal distribution with a 3$\sigma$ scatter of 400 pc cm$^{-3}$. Even in such an extreme case with uncertainties in both DM$_\mathrm{IGM}$ and DM$_\mathrm{host}$ we are still able to distinguish between our two models of the Universe. However, compared to a homogeneous IGM, in our simulations of an imhomogeneous IGM we need at least $\sim 1600$ FRBs with associated redshifts to determine when the epoch of reionization occurred. We also estimate of order $\sim 5700$ FRBs are needed in the range $3 \leq z \leq 5$ to distinguish between a He$\textsc{ii}$ that took place at $z = 3$ and $z = 3.5$ at the 95\% confidence level.

The redshifts associated with FRBs require localisations better than a few arcsec of the FRB themselves, or possibly via radio afterglows, if they occur. High spatial resolution is required to localise sufficiently well to perform optical and other multi-wavelength follow-ups in order to measure the redshift of the host galaxy. With radio interferometers like the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder \citep[ASKAP;][]{Bannister} and UTMOST \citep{BailesUTMOST} currently doing such FRB searches, and MeerKAT \citep{meertrap} coming online, it is not unreasonable to expect thousands of FRBs to have sufficiently accurate localisations within a few years.

Major caveats pertain to following up such large numbers of FRBs. To probe redshifts beyond $z \approx 3$, FRBs with DMs $\gtrsim 3000$ need to be found, which requires sensitive instruments with high frequency resolution in order to avoid the effects of dispersion smearing (only one FRB is currently known with a DM of more than 2000 pc\,cm$^{-3}$). \cite{BZhang} has shown that high sensitivity telescopes with large apertures (e.g. FAST) are capable of finding FRBs out to redshifts as high as $z \sim 15$, assuming their progenitors actually form at such early times. Follow-up of thousands of localised host galaxies for $z \gtrsim 3$ requires high localisation accuracy, due to the source density on the sky \citep{Conselice, Eftekhari2017} and is strongly dependent on the typical host galaxies for FRBs, which remains to be determined. While spectroscopic redshifts would be ideal, we note that photometrically obtained redshifts could be of sufficient quality : photometric redshifts show a scatter $dz/(1+z)$ \citep{Straatman} of only $\approx 0.03$ \citep{Ilbert} around the spectroscopic-photometric redshift relation, which corresponds to a an additional scatter of order 30 pc\,cm$^{-3}$ in the redshift-DM relation, smaller than the scatter in our modeling (due to the host galaxy properties and/or inhomegeneities in the IGM). Despite these caveats, the combination of next generation radio telescopes like the Square Kilometer Array\footnote{https://www.skatelescope.org/} and optical telescopes like the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope\footnote{https://www.lsst.org/} and the James Webb Space Telescope\footnote{https://www.jwst.nasa.gov/} could transform our understanding of the host galaxy DM contributions and our ability to study the epoch of He\textsc{ii} reionization.

\section*{Acknowledgements}
MC would like to thank Rui Luo, Kejia Lee, Charles Walker and Themiya Nanayakkara for useful discussions. MC and BWS acknowledge funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 694745). CF acknowledges financial support by the Beckwith Trust.

\bibliographystyle{mnras}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Cardiology Research and Practice
Cardiology Research and Practice/
AbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionLimitationsConclusionsAbbreviationsReferencesCopyrightRelated Articles
Long-Term Mortality Outcomes According to the Frequency of Right Ventricular Pacing in Veterans
Brent C. Lampert,1,2Hans J. Moore,1,2Richard L. Amdur,1,2Pamela E. Karasik,1,2,3Brian M. Lewis,2Steven N. Singh,1,2,4and Ross D. Fletcher1,2
Academic Editor: Gerasimos S. Filippatos
Received05 Dec 2009
Revised15 Feb 2010
Accepted22 Feb 2010
Published05 May 2010
Background. Right ventricular pacing (RVP) has been associated with adverse outcomes, including heart failure and death. Minimizing RVP has been proposed as a therapeutic goal for a variety of pacing devices and indications. Objective. Quantify survival according to frequency of RVP in veterans with pacemakers. Methods. We analyzed electrograms from transtelephonic monitoring of veterans implanted with pacemakers between 1995 and 2005 followed by the Eastern Pacemaker Surveillance Center. We compared all cause mortality and time to death between patients with less than 20% and more than 80% RVP. Results. Analysis was limited to the 7198 patients with at least six trans-telephonic monitoring records (mean = 21). Average follow-up was 5.3 years. Average age at pacemaker implant was significantly lower among veterans with 20% RVP (67 years versus 72 years; ). An equal proportion of deaths during follow-up were noted for each group: 126/565 patients (22%) with 20% RVP and 1113/4968 patients (22%) with 80% RVP. However, average post-implant survival was 4.3 years with 20% RVP versus 4.7 years with 80% RVP ( ). Conclusions. Greater frequency ( 80%) of RVP was not associated with higher mortality in this population of veterans. Those veterans utilizing 20% RVP had a shortened adjusted survival rate ( ).
Right ventricular apical pacing (RVP) is commonly employed, but concerns have been raised suggesting that it is associated with worsened mortality in the setting of cardiomyopathy. Several trials have found an association between more frequent RVP and adverse effects, such as atrial fibrillation and congestive heart failure [1–4]. Dual-chamber pacing can improve quality of life in the absence of atrioventricular block, which requires less frequent RVP; however it does not reduce the rate of stroke or death [5–7]. As interest has grown in using biventricular pacing to reduce mortality and symptoms in certain patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction, the advisability of frequent RVP has been questioned [8]. Minimizing right ventricular pacing has even been proposed for unselected pacemaker patients, regardless of left ventricular function [9]. Although multiple studies have addressed mortality, either they have included limited numbers of subjects or had relatively short followup intervals [1, 5, 6]. The present study from a large national cohort of veterans retrospectively evaluates whether the frequency of right ventricular pacing was associated with shortened survival or altered all-cause mortality during long-term followup.
2. Methods
The Eastern Pacemaker Surveillance Center is one of two national Veterans Administration centers established for remote telephonic monitoring. It has served Veterans for 25 years, maintaining a large registry of transtelephonic monitoring records (TTMs) and outcomes. Quality assurance analysis of deidentified data from this population was used to assess for effects of frequent RVP, and potential need for reprogramming pacemakers to minimize RVP. From this registry of over 66,000 patients, we identified those with permanent pacemakers which had active right ventricular leads implanted between January 1, 1995, and December 31, 2005. This group was then limited to those with a minimum number of TTM followups, who had either a very high (>80%) or very low (<20%) frequency of RVP. Frequency was determined by the TTM recordings (typically Lead I) which lasted 30 seconds before and 15 seconds during magnet application. The percent of paced ventricular complexes on each TTM was noted. The values were averaged for each patient and used as a representation of that patient's frequency of RVP.
We reviewed records of 174 patients from the Washington Veterans Affairs Medical Center with 3 or more TTMs to determine the minimum number of prior TTMs needed. The average frequency of TTM-derived RVP was compared to at least 2 independent records of frequency of RVP obtained from implanted pacemaker generated data logs from office-based pacemaker interrogation. A minimum of 6 TTM-derived RVP values (Table 1 and Figure 1) correlated sufficiently with the data log estimates ( ) so that the current analysis required veterans with at least 6 TTMs.
TTM validation for % right ventricular pacing.
Number of TTMs versus Percentage RVP from interrogation. Correlation coefficient is for entire group. Values analyzed were either <20% or >80%, which fell closer to the line of identity. (RVP = right ventricular pacing. TTMs = transtelephonic monitor reports.)
Our group had previously analyzed outcomes for very high and very low frequency RVP based on those with less than 20% right ventricular pacing (<20% RVP) and those with greater than 80% (>80% RVP) [10] excluding patients with atrial single chamber, biventricular pacemakers, and implanted pacemaker defibrillators. These allocations were considered reasonable and they were used in this study. Testing for other allocations was not performed. Survival was assessed from the Eastern Pacemaker Surveillance Center records, and verified through Veterans Affairs related data sources for all subjects in October 2006.
3. Statistical Analysis
The primary endpoints were all-cause mortality and post pacemaker implant survival, measured as the time from pacemaker insertion to death. We examined univariate relationships between predictors (patient and pacemaker characteristics) and outcomes using Kaplan-Meier analysis (Proc Lifetest in SAS version 9.1). Multivariate relationships were examined using Cox regression (Proc Phreg in SAS version 9.1).
We identified 7198 patients from the Eastern Pacemaker Surveillance Center registry with six or more TTMs (Mean = 21 TTMs) during the 11-year time period with either <20% RVP ( ) or >80% RVP ( ). This represented 77% of all patients with at least 6 TTMs (Figure 2). Significant differences in the types of pacemakers and indications for pacing were noted between the two groups (Table 2). The average duration of post-implant followup was 5.1 ± 2.5 years in those with <20% RVP and 5.3 ± 2.4 years from time of pacemaker implantation in those with >80% RVP ( ).
Study findings.
Bar graph showing patient distribution by percent pacing. Allocation of patients to percent-paced decile based upon frequency of RV pacing detected by transtelephonic monitoring records. Patients in the first and second deciles, shown below vertical line at 20%, were compared to patients in the ninth and tenth deciles, shown above vertical line at 80%.
Correlation of clinical variables with mortality outcomes was analyzed in a regional group of 174 patients at the Washington Veterans Affairs Medical Center (Table 3). This group showed minor differences from the larger cohort in terms of age, distribution between <20% RVP and >80% RVP, and rate responsiveness. Clinical variables evaluated included the presence of coronary artery disease, diabetes, dyslipidemia, heart failure, hypertension, and medications (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, aspirin, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and statins). There were no significant differences in these clinical variables in this subgroup, between patients with <20% RVP and >80% RVP. However we cannot with a high confidence level conclude that other clinical variables did not impact outcomes in the larger cohort.
Clinical characteristics in Washington, DC VAMC subgroup.
Average age at time of pacemaker implant was significantly lower in the group who had <20% RVP versus >80% RVP (67 versus 72 years; ). The overwhelming majority of patients were men (98% in both groups). Single-chamber pacemakers were present in 32% of patients who had <20% RVP and in 18% of patients who had >80% RVP (Chi-square = 80.00, ). Sinus node dysfunction was the pacing indication slightly more often in those patients with <20% RVP (66%), compared to those patients with >80% RVP (56%); whereas atrioventricular node block was the pacing indication slightly less often in those patients with <20% RVP (34%) compared to those patients with >80% RVP (44%).
Kaplan-Meier analysis (Table 4 and Figure 3) found that the patients with <20% RVP compared to patients with >80% RVP did not differ in percent of patients who survived (22.3% versus 22.4%; Chi-square = 0.75; ) or in survival time (75% survival occurred at 6.1 years (95% CI = 5.3–6.7 years) for the 20% RVP group; and at 6.4 years, (95% CI = 6.2–6.7 years) in the >80% RVP group). Survival was also assessed at two separate time points post implant: 4 years and 9.5 years post implant. Significantly more patients with >80% RVP were alive at 4 years; however, at 9.5 years survival rates were not significantly different (Figure 4).
Kaplan-Meier results for <20% versus >80% right ventricular pacing.
Survival function for <20% versus >80% RVP. Although Kaplan-Meier analysis did not find a significant difference between these groups when they were examined without covariates, Cox regression analysis controlling for age at implant, pacemaker type, and rate responsiveness showed that overall survival was better for those veterans with >80% RVP ( ). Lower age, dual-chamber pacemaker, and rate responsiveness were associated with better survival. Most of the difference in risk occurs between years 3 and 8 post implant. There is little difference prior to year 2.
Survival outcomes at 4 years and 9.5 years post implant. At 4 years post implant, 90% of patients with >80% RVP (95% CI, 89%–91%) remain alive, compared with 86% of patients with <20% RVP (95% CI, 83%–89%) ( ). However, at 9.5 years post implant, the survival rates were 57% (95% CI, 55%–60%) for patients with >80% RVP and 59% (95% CI, 52%–66%) for patients with <20% RVP, which were not significantly different. (RVP = right ventricular pacing.)
Pacemaker type (single versus dual), age at implant, and rate responsiveness all had significant univariate relationships with survival time (all ). There were a small percentage of patients in both groups without rate responsiveness. Rate responsiveness was an independent predictor of better survival ( ). Since the <20% RVP versus >80% RVP patients differed in age at implant, pacemaker type, and percent with rate responsiveness, it was necessary to do a multivariate analysis using Cox regression in order to determine the independent effect of <20% RVP versus >80% RVP after accounting for age, pacemaker type, and rate responsiveness. This analysis found that <20% RVP versus >80% RVP, age at implant, and pacemaker type together were significantly related to survival time (Chi-square = 333.40; ), and that each of these variables independently had a significant impact on survival time (Table 5). In multivariate analysis, patients with >80% RVP lived significantly longer than patients with <20% RVP (Chi-square = 9.92; ).
Cox regression analysis using <20% versus >80% right ventricular pacing, single versus dual pacemaker type, simple versus rate responsive, and age as separate variables.
Having <20% RVP in comparison to >80% RVP was associated with a 36% higher likelihood of death during the followup period ( ), after accounting for the effects of all other covariates. Having a single-chamber pacemaker (versus dual chamber) was associated with a 28.6% higher likelihood of death during the followup period ( ). Absence of rate responsiveness raised the risk of death by 29.6% ( ). Each year of age was associated with a 6.0% higher likelihood of death during the 5.3-year average followup period ( ).
In order to more closely examine the concurrent effects of both percent pacing (<20% RVP versus >80% RVP) and pacemaker type (single chamber versus dual chamber), we coded the four possible combinations of these 2 variables: ( ) <20%: single, ( ) <20%: dual, ( ) >80%: single, and ( ) >80%: dual; then we completed both Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses. In the Kaplan-Meier analysis, the group variable of percent pacing and pacemaker type (with 4 levels) had a significant impact on survival (Chi-square = 41.36; ). Patients with <20% RVP and single-chamber pacemakers had both the highest percentage of patients who died (30.8%) and the shortest time to death (25% died by 4.5 years post implant). Patients with >80% RVP and single-chamber pacemakers also had a high percentage who died (30.5%), and a moderate survival time (25% died by 5.5 years). The two groups with dual-chamber pacemakers lived longer (25% died by 6.7 years for both <20% RVP and >80% RVP) and fewer died (18.1% and 20.8% for <20% RVP and >80% RVP, resp.; Table 6). In the Cox regression analysis with age and rate responsiveness as covariates, the percent pacing and pacemaker type variable (4 levels) together with age at implant and rate responsivity were strongly related to survival (Chi-square = 332.29; ). The age at implant, rate responsiveness, and the combined variable (percent pacing and pacemaker type) made significant contributions to the regression equation (Table 7).
Kaplan-Meier results for 4 groups.
Cox regression results using age, rate responsiveness, and 4-group pacing variable.
Examination of the survival curves (Figure 5) shows that during the post-implant followup period, patients with dual-chamber pacemakers were least likely to die, regardless of whether they had <20% RVP or >80% RVP.
Survival function for 4 groups. The group variable, percent pacing, and pacemaker type had a significant impact on survival. Throughout the followup period, patients with dual-chamber pacemakers were least likely to die, regardless of whether they had <20% or >80% pacing. Patients with <20% and single-chamber pacemakers had both the highest percentage of patients who died (30.8%) and the shortest time to death (25% died by 4.5 years post implant). Patients with >80% and single-chamber pacemakers also had a high percentage, who died (30.5%), and a moderate survival time (25% died by 5.2 years).
Our study examined the relationship between the amount of time the right ventricle is paced and subsequent mortality. We evaluated patients with an indication for anti-bradycardia pacing due to either sinus node dysfunction or AV block. Because there are inherent difficulties in controlling percent of right ventricular pacing, this retrospective analysis allowed selection of patients with a calculated frequency of RVP. We wanted the groups to have different treatment effects (either mostly paced or mostly not paced). The <20% RVP and >80% RVP cutoffs, which our group has previously used, were predetermined to allocate large groups with either a relatively low level of pacing or a relatively high level of pacing. Using these two extremes might allow better detection of a pacing effect. We did not use cutoffs of 0% RVP and 100% RVP, since far too few patients would be included in the analysis. Nor were cutoffs such as <50% RVP and >50% RVP used, because these might not discriminate pacing effect: patients in the low-pacing group could have up to 49% pacing, whereas those in the high-pacing group could have as little as 51% pacing.
We found that, despite being significantly older at the time of pacemaker insertion, the group that paced more frequently did not have a higher incidence of death. When survival was assessed for the overall group, and at two additional time points, more frequent right ventricular pacing did not shorten survival. The higher frequency of dual-chamber pacing in the >80% RVP group may have contributed to this difference. Despite the apparent survival advantage with more pacing at 4 years, longer followup suggests that this advantage is lost by 9.5 years. The results of even longer followup are not known. Furthermore, of those who died, the <20% RVP group had a significantly shorter survival following pacemaker implant. The suboptimal physiologic effects of right ventricular pacing therefore do not appear to lead to a worse mortality outcome. It appears that, in patients with an appropriate indication for pacemaker therapy, an increased frequency of right ventricle pacing will not hasten death. This should be reassuring to both patients with pacemakers and their physicians.
The physiologic effects of right ventricular pacing are well known. These can include atrioventricular dissociation, as well as valvular regurgitation leading to atrial enlargement and remodeling, and ventriculoatrial conduction, which may predispose patients to atrial fibrillation [4]. Additionally, ventricular dyssynchrony may alter cardiac hemodynamics contributing to ventricular remodeling and heart failure [4, 11]. Whether these physiologic changes ultimately effect mortality is uncertain. For instance, in the DAVID trial, dual-chamber pacing leads to worse outcomes, which was attributed to unnecessary right ventricular pacing [3]. However, several large randomized trials comparing right ventricular pacing with modalities that more closely mimic physiologic pacing have demonstrated only minimal differences in outcomes and no difference in mortality, but none of these studies followed as large of a cohort for as long as in our study [5–7]. For example, the Mode Selection Trial (MOST) in Sinus Node Dysfunction had 2568 patients with a mean follow-up of 3 years, and showed that dual-chamber pacing reduced the risk for atrial fibrillation and signs and symptoms of heart failure, but did not improve stroke-free survival [5]. In addition, Connolly et al. compared patients receiving traditional right ventricular pacing with "physiologic" pacing (atrial and atrioventricular) and found that physiologic pacing provided no significant benefit over ventricular pacing for the prevention of stroke or death due to cardiovascular cause [6]. The Pacemaker Selection in the Elderly study investigators found that dual-chamber pacing provided no significant difference in quality of life over ventricular pacing in those with atrioventricular block [7]. Furthermore, one study has demonstrated that patients with atrial fibrillation who undergo AV nodal ablation and pacemaker implantation with subsequent 100% ventricular pacing have no difference in long-term survival compared with patients who are not paced and only medically rate controlled [12]. A study of outcomes of atrial pacing compared to dual-chamber pacing in a large cohort of Swedish patients paced for sick sinus syndrome showed no difference in the standardized mortality ratios for all-cause mortality [13]. In our study, atrial pacemakers were excluded, 43% were paced for atrioventricular block, and 83% had dual-chamber pacemakers. Finally, certain patients with hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathies have in fact seen clinical benefit from right ventricular pacing in small studies [14, 15].
Despite absence of conclusive evidence demonstrating a worse mortality outcome, minimizing right ventricular pacing has become a therapeutic goal in pacemaker patients [9]. New pacing algorithms have been developed to minimize right ventricular pacing in dual-chamber pacemakers [16]. In our study, where TTMs were conducted while patients were stationary, rate responsiveness, which has the potential to cause patients in the <20% RVP group to be paced even more often, was associated with better survival. There have been proposals to use alternative pacing sites such as left ventricular or biventricular pacing in patients without heart failure [17, 18]. These approaches are not only more costly, but also technically challenging and may contribute to a higher procedural risk or need for repeat procedures.
In addition to the primary endpoints, this study validated that when substantial transtelephonic monitoring data is available it has a high correlation as a surrogate for actual percentage of ventricular pacing. To our knowledge, this had not been previously demonstrated. This could have implications on future study designs and open new opportunities for research on pacing therapy. Furthermore, it was observed that, among Eastern Pacemaker Surveillance Center patients with six or more TTMs, only 23% of patients received right ventricular pacing between 20% and 80% of the time. This demonstrates that patients in our study tend to fall at the extremes of being frequently paced (>80% RVP) or minimally paced (<20% RVP) while at rest for TTM recording, which could reflect not only pacing indication but also pacemaker programming. A comparison of the extremes was made; the effects of right ventricular pacing in the intermediate group with >20% RVP but <80% RVP were not assessed.
Our observations and conclusions should be evaluated recognizing the inherent limitations of a retrospective study design. Differences in pacemaker indication and pacemaker type between the two groups may have contributed to better survival despite older age. Although the regional group analyzed did not show any statistically significant difference in comorbidities or medications used, it did differ slightly from the overall cohort. However, these are not large differences: the regional group is slightly older, has slightly more single-chamber pacing in the 20% RVP group, and slightly less in the 80% RVP group, and has slightly more rate-responsive pacing in the >80% RVP group and slightly less in the <20% RVP group. Regarding the primary survival analysis, it is possible that unrecognized differences in care or patient characteristics account for the lack of a difference in observed survival; however this finding is similar to that of a Swedish study comparing AAI pacing to DDD pacing [13]. The actual site of pacing within the right ventricular could not be verified. Furthermore, while we were able to demonstrate the use of TTM data as a reasonable surrogate for more comprehensive measures of overall percent RV pacing, it is not a perfect representative. It is notable that the group with right ventricular pacing greater than 80% of the time had the ostensible disadvantage of being significantly older at the time of pacemaker insertion. The vast majority of patients were male, and these results may not be applicable to female pacemaker patients.
In our study more frequent right ventricular pacing was not followed by an increased or earlier mortality in this unselected veteran population. Following pacemaker implantation, multiple variables impacted mortality outcomes. Kaplan-Meier analysis comparing survival difference between all patients with <20% right ventricular pacing (22.3%) compared to those with >80% right ventricular pacing (22.4%) showed no difference ( ). When controlled for age at implant, type of pacemaker, and rate responsiveness, more frequent right ventricular pacing was associated with overall 36.2% higher likelihood of survival during five years of followup ( ). Most of the difference in survival occurs during years 3 through 8 post implant. There was little difference prior to year 2.
Despite the potential negative physiologic effects of right ventricular pacing that have been previously demonstrated in select patient groups, our findings suggest that right ventricular pacing per se does not have a deleterious effect on survival. Review of this large clinical database suggests that less frequent right ventricular pacing does not decrease mortality, and that more frequent right ventricular pacing does not increase mortality in an unselected veteran population. Thus from a quality assurance perspective, there does not appear to be a need for reprogramming all patients to minimize the frequency of right ventricular pacing. Large prospective or case-controlled studies would be needed to validate these findings.
RVP: Right ventricular pacing
TTM: Transtelephonic monitoring record.
H. R. Andersen, J. C. Nielsen, P. E. B. Thomsen et al., "Long-term follow-up of patients from a randomised trial of atrial versus ventricular pacing for sick-sinus syndrome," Lancet, vol. 350, no. 9086, pp. 1210–1216, 1997.
M. Rosenqvist, J. Brandt, and H. Schuller, "Long-term pacing in sinus node disease: effects of stimulation mode on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality," American Heart Journal, vol. 116, pp. 12–22, 1988.
A. D. Sharma, C. Rizo-Patron, A. P. Hallstrom et al., "Percent right ventricular pacing predicts outcomes in the DAVID trial," Heart Rhythm, vol. 2, no. 8, pp. 830–834, 2005.
M. O. Sweeney, A. S. Hellkamp, K. A. Ellenbogen et al., "Adverse effect of ventricular pacing on heart failure and atrial fibrillation among patients with normal baseline QRS duration in a clinical trial of pacemaker therapy for sinus node dysfunction," Circulation, vol. 107, no. 23, pp. 2932–2937, 2003.
G. Lamas, K. Lee, M. Sweeney et al., "Ventricular pacing or dual-chamber pacing for sinus-node dysfunction for the mode selection trial in sinus-node dysfunction," The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 346, pp. 1854–1862, 2002, For the mode selection trial in sinus-node dysfunction.
S. J. Connolly, C. R. Kerr, M. Gent et al., "Effects of physiologic pacing versus ventricular pacing on the risk of stroke and death due to cardiovascular causes," The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 342, no. 19, pp. 1385–1391, 2000, For the Canadian trial of physiologic pacing investigators.
G. A. Lamas, E. J. Orav, B. S. Stambler et al., "Quality of life and clinical outcomes in elderly patients treated with ventricular pacing as compared with dual-chamber pacing," The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 338, no. 16, pp. 1097–1104, 1998, For the pacemaker selection in the elderly investigators.
M. R. Bristow, L. A. Saxon, J. Boehmer et al., "Cardiac-resynchronization therapy with or without an implantable defibrillator in advanced chronic heart failure," The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 350, no. 21, pp. 2140–2150, 2004.
S. S. Barold, B. Herweg, and M. O. Sweeney, "Minimizing right ventricular pacing," American Journal of Cardiology, vol. 95, no. 8, pp. 966–969, 2005.
R. D. Fletcher, C. D. McManus, P. K. Karasik, S. Singh, and R. E. Jones, "Pacemaker dependency and survival in patients with VVI and DDD pacemakers," Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 1208–1216, 1999, Abstract Submission no. #886399.
E. N. Simantirakis, K. E. Vardakis, G. E. Kochiadakis et al., "Left ventricular mechanics during right ventricular apical or left ventricular-based pacing in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation after atrioventricular junction ablation," Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 1013–1018, 2004.
C. Ozcan, A. Jahangir, P. A. Friedman et al., "Long-term survival after ablation of the atrioventricular node and implantation of a permanent pacemaker in patients with atrial fibrillation," The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 344, no. 14, pp. 1043–1051, 2001.
C. M. Fored, F. Granath, F. Gadler et al., "Atrial vs. dual-chamber cardiac pacing in sinus node disease: a register-based cohort study," Europace, vol. 10, no. 7, pp. 825–831, 2008.
B. J. Maron, R. A. Nishimura, W. J. McKenna, H. Rakowski, M. E. Josephson, and R. S. Kieval, "Assessment of permanent dual-chamber pacing as a treatment for drug- refractory symptomatic patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study (M-PATHY)," Circulation, vol. 99, no. 22, pp. 2927–2933, 1999.
M. Hochleitner, H. Hortnagl, H. Hortnagl, L. Fridrich, and F. Gschnitzer, "Long-term efficacy of physiologic dual-chamber pacing in the treatment of end-stage idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy," American Journal of Cardiology, vol. 70, no. 15, pp. 1320–1325, 1992.
A. M. Gillis, H. Pürerfellner, C. W. Israel et al., "Reducing unnecessary right ventricular pacing with the managed ventricular pacing mode in patients with sinus node disease and AV block," Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology, vol. 29, no. 7, pp. 697–705, 2006, On behalf of the Medtronic Enrhythm Clinical Study Investigators.
D. A. Kass, "Pathophysiology of physiologic cardiac pacing: advantages of leaving well enough alone," Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 288, no. 24, pp. 3159–3161, 2002.
S. S. Barold, "Adverse effects of ventricular desynchronization induced by long-term right ventricular pacing," Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 624–626, 2003.
Copyright © 2010 Brent C. Lampert et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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Printer Friendly Minutes
Last Published: 6/8/2010 2:14:27 PM
KANSAS CITY COUNCIL RECORD
Upon Roll Call the following members were present:
Presided: 1 - BILL SKAGGS
Present: 4 - CINDY CIRCO, BETH GOTTSTEIN, JOHN SHARP, ED FORD
RESOLUTION - Amending the Downtown East Area Plan to change the proposed land use from low density residential to industrial/commercial for an area of about 59 acres generally bounded by Benton Plaza on the north, Interstate 70 on the east, 24th Street on the south and College Avenue, Kansas Avenue and Bellefontaine Avenue on the west. (242-S-7)
PLANNING AND ZONING COMMITTEE recommends "BE ADOPTED"
Olofu Agbaji, City Planning and Development, testified on behalf of this resolution and companion ordinances 100348 and 100349. Mr. Agbaji stated that this resolution and companion ordinances are to address or remove some 10.5 acres of land from the Kansas Avenue Urban Renewal Plan and put it into the Indiana Corridor Urban Renewal Plan. Bob Long, Economic Development Corporation, answered questions from the committee regarding notification of the councilpersons representing the Third District . There was no public testimony.
Ayes: 5 - Skaggs, Circo, Gottstein, Sharp, Ford
Nays: 0
(Sub.) Vacating a pedestrian easement on the north side of E. 11th Street between Grand Boulevard and McGee Street, Kansas City, Jackson County, Missouri; accepting a special warranty deed; and directing the City Clerk to record certain documents. (1612-V)
PLANNING AND ZONING COMMITTEE recommends "HOLD ON AGENDA (6/2/2010)"
Approving an amendment to the previously approved Kansas Avenue Urban Renewal Plan for the purpose of deleting 10.5 acres portion of the existing plan area, generally located between 19th Street and 19th Terrace east of Agnes, and the area located just west of Indiana Avenue from 19th Street south to 21st Street, and approving the First Revised Kansas Avenue Urban Renewal Plan on the remaining 29.5 acres, as required by the Land Clearance for Redevelopment Authority Law of Missouri (584-S-2)
PLANNING AND ZONING COMMITTEE recommends "DO PASS"
See Resolution No. 100343
Approving the First Amended and Restated Indiana Corridor Urban Renewal Plan for an area of approximately 59 acres generally bounded by Benton Plaza on the north, Interstate 70 on the east, 24th Street on the south and College Avenue, Kansas Avenue and Bellefontaine Avenue on the west, and declaring the area to be a blighted and insanitary area in need of redevelopment and rehabilitation pursuant to the Missouri Land Clearance for Redevelopment Authority law. (519-S-1)
Rezoning an area of approximately 1.13 acres generally located at the northeast corner of 16th Street and Genessee Street from District M-2b to District URD, and approving a preliminary development plan for the same. (14084-URD)
PLANNING AND ZONING COMMITTEE recommends "ADVANCE AND DO PASS, DEBATE"
Jacob Bosch, City Planning and Development, explained the purpose of this ordinance and gave details of the project. There were no questions from the committee. There was no public testimony.
Vacating portions of the plats of Holmes Park, Replat of Holmes Park and King's Rose Hill and existing and vacated rights of way, Kansas City, Jackson County, Missouri, and directing the City Clerk to record certain documents. (1616-V)
Larry Stice, City Planning and Development, explained the purpose of this ordinance. Patricia Jensen, White Goss Law Firm, testified in support of this ordinance. There were no questions from the committee. There was no public testimony.
Approving an amendment to a previously approved preliminary development plan in District O (Office) on approximately a 10.74 acre tract of land generally located on the northeast corner of N.E. 94th Street and North Oak Trafficway, to allow for the three existing medical office buildings to remain, and the construction of a 13,356 square foot office building. (9463-P-23)
Olofu Agbaji, City Planning and Development, explained the purpose of this ordinance which is to amend the 10.74 acre tract of land to allow for continued development in the other sites in the development plan. Mr. Agbaji answered questions from the committee regarding the landscaping to buffer the adjacent residences. There was no public testimony.
Adopting certain revisions to the Major Street Plan for Kansas City by deleting Southport Parkway as the secondary arterial street designation between Missouri Highway 150 and E. 155th Street, west of U.S. Highway 71, and classifying Botts Road as that secondary arterial route, and directing the City Clerk to file certain documents with the appropriate offices. (175-S-29)
Larry Stice, City Planning and Development, explained the purpose of this ordinance. Councilman Sharp commented on the project. Mr. Stice answered questions from the committee regarding the new interchange. There was no public testimony.
(Sub.) Amending Chapter 88, Code of Ordinances, through revisions, clarifications, and other administrative changes throughout the chapter in accordance with the "Six-Month Review".
Patty Noll, City Planning and Development, testified on behalf of this ordinance and explained changes to the ordinance regarding signage variances that the Board of Zoning Adjustment may grant. Patricia Jensen, White Goss Law Firm, explained her request to the City Plan Commission regarding allowed sign variances and answered questions from the committee regarding the specific variances. Councilman John Sharp and Councilwoman Beth Gottstein requested that the ordinance br held so that neighborhood associations and other interested parties can review the proposed changes. Ms. Noll answered questions from the committee regarding interpretation of the variance changes. This ordinance will be held for two weeks.
Consenting to the rate of front foot special assessment to be levied by the Union Hill Special Business District; consenting to the proposed uses of the revenues produced therefrom; estimating revenue in the amount of $34,925.36 in the Special Business District Fund; appropriating $34,925.36 to the Union Hill Special Business District Fund; and designating requisitioning authority.
City Planning and Development staff explained the purpose this ordinance which will appropriate money into the Union Hill Special District account and allows them to issue the special assessment to the property owners within the district. This pays for pedestrian lights and the maintenance of entry monuments. There were no questions from the committee. There was no public testimony.
(Sub.) Amending Committee Substitute for Ordinance No. 081033, As Amended, passed May 21, 2009, by amending Section 3 for the purpose of delaying the repeal of Chapters 65, 66 and 80, Code of Ordinances, for seven months to January 1, 2011.
PLANNING AND ZONING COMMITTEE recommends "ADVANCE AND DO PASS AS A COMMITTEE SUBSTITUTE, DEBATE"
Tom Coyle, City Plannning and Development, explained the purpose of this ordinance which will extend the period where the old code can be used and answered questions from the committee regarding the transition calendar. Kathy Houser testified in support of the ordinance.
Amending Chapter 88, Code of Ordinances, by adding a new subsection to Section 88-445-14, Outdoor advertising signs, which allows the relocation of outdoor advertising signs that are being relocated by the State of Missouri due to a state highway improvement project, and making inapplicable certain of the City's outdoor advertising regulations to the relocated signs.
PLANNING AND ZONING COMMITTEE recommends "HOLD OFF AGENDA"
RESOLUTION - Amending the Gashland Area Plan and Map for an area of approximately 100 acres generally bounded by N.W. Barry Road on the south, U.S. Highway 169 on the west, N.W. 88th Street on the north and N. Baltimore Avenue and N. Wyandotte Avenue on the east, by recommending medium density residential and office commercial and retail commercial uses instead of low density residential, open space and retail commercial uses. (215-S-21)
PLANNING AND ZONING COMMITTEE recommends "IMMEDIATE ADOPTION"
Larry Stice, City Planning and Development, explained the proposed changes in the area plan and the PIEA development plan for redevelopment of the mall. This resolution and the companion ordinance, 100283 are being heard together. Al Figuly, PIEA, testified in support of the ordinance. Patrick Sterrett, Sterrett Urban, walked the committee through the blight study report. A copy of the blight study is on file in the City Clerk's Office. Roxsen Koch, King Hershey, representing the developer, answered questions from the committee regarding the project schedule. Jim Harpoole, MD Management, testified on development in the surrounding area of the mall. Kathy Houser, Lathrop and Gage, requested that the ordinance be held in order to review the changes in the development plan. She also stated her opposition to the ordinance on behalf of her client who owns the property declared to be blighted.
(Sub.) Approving the Metro North Mall PIEA General Development Plan for an area of approximately 100 acres generally bounded by N.W. Barry Road on the south, U.S. Highway 169 on the west, N.W. 88th Street on the north and N. Baltimore Avenue and N. Wyandotte Avenue on the east, and declaring the area included in such plan to be a blighted area in need of redevelopment and rehabilitation pursuant to the Missouri Planned Industrial Expansion Authority Law. (679-S)
See Resolution No. 100282.
(Sub.) Amending Chapter 88, Zoning and Development Code, by repealing Tables 110-1, 120-1, 130-1, and 140-1, and Section 88-805-06 and replacing said tables and section with tables and a section of like number and title, changing the section number for Wireless Communication Facility, and adding a new Section 88-312, Agriculture, all to provide for and regulate urban agriculture; and directing the City Manager to make certain reports to the Council regarding this ordinance.
There may be general discussion regarding current Planning and Zoning issues. None Pursuant to the following subsections of Section 610.021 of the Revised Statutes of Missouri, there may be a closed session to discuss: (1) legal matters, litigation, or privileged communications with attorneys, pursuant to subsection 1; (2) real estate, pursuant to subsection 2; (3) personnel, pursuant to subsection 3 and 13; and/or (4) sealed bids or proposals, pursuant to subsection 12. No closed session.


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Honiara, Solomon Islands
Wednesday, 22 January 2020 20:22 PM
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Regional Archive January 2008
Climate Change, Governance Policies Remain Concerns for Developing Pacific Nations
Given the dramatic challenges presented by climate change, including the risk that some islands in the Pacific may become uninhabitable, the ADB's Pacific Strategy will be further refined to provide more emphasis on environmental management to help the region better manage its vulnerable natural environment.
ADB Consults Pacific on Safeguard Policy Update
MANILA, PHILIPPINES - The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is continuing the consultation process on its safeguard policies, seeking valuable feedback from stakeholder groups from across Asia and the Pacific as it updates its environment, involuntary resettlement and indigenous peoples safeguard policies.
PNG Among Hardest for Business
PNG has been named by the World Bank as one of the hardest countries in the world to do business in.
Renewable Energy, Energy Efficiency Projects in Asia-Pacific Get Seed Money
MANILA, PHILIPPINES - The Asian Development Bank (ADB) and its development partners are setting up a facility that will provide seed capital for renewable energy and energy efficiency projects in the Asia-Pacific region amid growing energy demands and high oil prices.
PNG Lifter Invited to Olympic Qualifiers
Papua New Guinea's weightlifting gold medalist, Dika Toua, has been invited to compete at the Beijing Olympic qualifiers later this month.
New Diplomatic Ties for Fiji
News reports from Fiji state that a cabinet statement has announced that the country will establish diplomatic relations with four sovereign countries.
Australia - Pacific Relations: Call for Reappraisal
An article by Cynthia Banham in the Sydney Morning Herald has touched on the relations between Australia and the region.
Taiwan to Appoint First Aboriginal Diplomat
Taiwan is said to be about to appoint its very first aboriginal diplomat.
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package org.apache.felix.sigil.eclipse.ui.util;

public interface IExportToImportConverter<E, I>
{
    I convert(E exportElement);
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub