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Ambulance Services Could Be On The Chopping Block Throughout Hawaii - Honolulu Civil Beat
Nonprofit News Powered By Theodora Ching Larry Gilbert Rocky Mould Alexander Santiago Janis Turner Readers Like You
Ambulance Services Could Be On The Chopping Block Throughout Hawaii
The state Department of Health asked service providers to prepare for cuts up to 20% in anticipation of budget cuts related to the coronavirus pandemic.
By Allan Parachini / August 25, 2020
LIHUE, Kauai — Maui and Kauai counties could each lose two ambulances and cuts could be scattered across supporting emergency medical services on Hawaii island and Oahu under budget reductions threatened by the COVID-19 pandemic.
Details of the potential cuts emerged Monday from the general manager of AMR, which provides all emergency medical services for Maui, Molokai, Lanai and Kauai and staff supporting ambulance and medical transfer services in the rest of the state.
The cuts were also confirmed by the Kauai Paramedics Association and the Maui County Paramedics Association. The reductions are being developed after the state Department of Health ordered service providers to propose cuts of 10% to 20% because of feared reductions in state expenditures due to the coronavirus pandemic.
The gutting of ambulance services in two counties is among the first concrete possible cuts to emerge in Hawaii from ongoing concern about the huge coronavirus-induced government deficits that could grip the entire country.
Gov. David Ige's office declined to comment on the threatened EMS reductions and referred questions to the health department.
An AMR ambulance waits for calls in Kapaa. Maui and Kauai could both lose ambulances under proposed budget cuts.
Allan Parachini/Civil Beat
DOH declined on Monday to provide details of the ambulance and other cuts under consideration. But the agency confirmed it had ordered the four county EMS providers to prepare for the possibility of statewide budget reductions due to the ongoing pandemic.
The department said it had asked for budget scenarios based on various possible funding restrictions. DOH said "these are models for discussion purposes, and no action is being taken at this time. Sharing the details of this initial modeling would be premature."
Officials of the two paramedics organizations, however, said they had been briefed in detail on specific cuts to ambulance and EMS services in the two most affected counties.
"None of this is temporary and I believe that this year is only the beginning," said Kapena Hill, vice president of the Maui County organization. "This is not based on rumors or assumptions."
Later Monday, Bobby Perreira, assistant chief of the Hawaii County Fire Department, said his agency and the emergency services department in Honolulu were told they are subject to the same possible statewide ambulance service cuts as AMR.
He confirmed that DOH had given AMR and safety agencies until Tuesday to come up with plans for service reductions of 10%, 15% and 20 percent.
"This is a bad day for ambulance service in Hawaii," Perreira said.
'There's Just No Funding For It'
Errol McGowan, president of the Kauai paramedics group, said the effects on Kauai would be particularly acute in and around Lihue, the island's government center.
In 2018, Kauai got its first new ambulance station assignment since the 1970s, he said, but the Legislature never made the unit a permanent part of the island's EMS budget. A bill that would have done so failed in that year's legislative session.
The additional ambulance was assigned to Lihue, McGowan said, so at least one of Kauai's losses would be there, heavily degrading responses from Kapaa on the east side to Waimea on the west side.
"The bottom line is there's just no funding for it," McGowan said. "Had this COVID stuff not happened, this would not be an issue."
He said AMR had been directed by DOH to find about $4 million in ambulance savings for Maui and Kauai counties.
William "Speedy" Bailey, AMR's general manager for Hawaii, said, "We're all concerned. We have to go to the Legislature and work to advocate for service, funding and upgrades. It's pretty complicated because we have been providing service in Hawaii for over 40 years under state contracts."
Kauai and Maui will be the most impacted by the proposed cuts.
Bailey said the current state budget allocates about $90 million for emergency medical services, a figure that, before the epidemic hit, had been projected to rise to nearly $100 million a year.
But Bailey noted that the state's EMS network also produces revenue by charging for ambulance and related services. He said the service produces revenues of about $45 million a year.
He said AMR had been directed to get its final budget cut proposal to DOH on Tuesday. Officials of the two paramedic organizations said they were first told of the potential cuts on July 23 and held membership meetings last week to discuss details.
Hawaii relies on two different EMS models. In Honolulu and Hawaii counties, county agencies like emergency services and fire departments are the primary providers of ambulance service and rely on AMR for stand-by service, a backup in case fire department units are fully committed and need non-emergency patient transportation.
Kauai and Maui counties, on the other hand, rely on AMR to provide the full breadth of emergency response services. Neither fire department is capable of ambulance transportation. In both counties, fire department units are typically dispatched to emergency calls first, with ambulances arriving later. Frequently, though, for reasons of proximity, ambulances are first on scene.
In Kauai County, firefighters are also prohibited from employing some advanced life support services, such as intubation, which can only be administered by AMR personnel.
Kauai has six ambulances scattered across the island.
Because its geography is different, Maui County has the equivalent of 8.5 ambulances. The county's contract with AMR also allows for air transportation between islands.
While all Kauai ambulances deploy two-person crews staffed by emergency medical technicians, on Maui, one ambulance is staffed entirely by paramedics while the others rely on EMTs. The paramedic unit can be dispatched islandwide and does not transport patients to the hospital. Because of those differences, the effects of the cuts in Maui County would be different from Kauai.
Although AMR personnel are unionized, they are not public employees and have no direct contract protections with public agencies. AMR does not release its salary scales publicly, but in Honolulu, EMTs earn a minimum of $47,628 a year and paramedics get $60,888, according to the Honolulu Emergency Services Department.
Civil Beat readership has more than doubled in the past nine months. That's incredible growth for which we're so grateful.
But for a small nonprofit newsroom that provides free content with no paywall, readership growth alone can't sustain our journalism. The truth is that less than 1% of our monthly readers are financial supporters.
To remain a viable business model for local news, we need a higher percentage of readers-turned-donors.
Will you consider becoming a new donor today?
Allan Parachini
Allan Parachini is a freelance writer and furniture maker on Kauai. Email Allan at aparachini@civilbeat.org
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Marvel Comics Library. Fantastic Four. Vol. 1. 1961-1963 - 출간예정
저자: Mark Waid , Mike Massimino , Stan Lee , Jack Kirby
The First Family of the Marvel Age
The ultimate collection of the world's greatest comic magazine
Hoping to break out of a sales slump at Marvel in the early 1960s, veteran comic creators Stan Lee and Jack Kirby hit on the idea of doing a super team. Kirby, who thought superheroes were due for a revival after 15 years of being pushed aside by romance, horror, and war comics, saw it as smart business. Lee just once wanted to "do the type of story I myself would enjoy reading." The Fantastic Four forever changed their careers, their lives, and the comic book industry.
Some of the most iconic moments in Marvel history are here, starting with Reed Richards, his girlfriend Sue Storm, his best friend Ben Grimm, and her little brother Johnny Storm crash landing their rocket after it has been hit cosmic rays and discovering they have been transformed into Mr. Fantastic, the Invisible Girl, the Thing, and the Human Torch in issue No. 1. They were emotionally complex characters, who weren't always sure whether their powers were a benefit or burden. Stories were set in New York City, not some fictional stand-in, and Marvel heroes regularly crossed over into each other's books. The art was dynamic and the writing conversational and engaging. Lee and Kirby were like the Lennon and McCartney of comic books. Where the talents of one ended and the other began was not always clear, but together one plus one equaled three.
Collected here in an XXL-size volume are the first 20 issues reproduced from the most pristine pedigreed original comics, which were cracked open and photographed in close collaboration with Marvel and the Certified Guaranty Company.
Featured alongside the comics is an in-depth essay by acclaimed Marvel writer Mark Waid, a foreword by former NASA astronaut Mike Massimino, and original art, photographs, and other rarities. Welcome true believers to the Marvel Age of Comics.
Famous First Edition: First printing of 5,000 numbered copies
Mark Waid is a New York Times best-selling author who has written nearly two thousand comics and graphic novels over the course of his career. He has penned adventures for dozens of characters including Superman, Batman, the X-Men, Archie, and the Fantastic Four.
The contributing author
Mike Massimino, Ph.D, is a former NASA Astronaut who flew twice on the Space Shuttle to service the Hubble Space Telescope. He is a New York Times bestselling author, a Columbia University professor, an advisor at The Intrepid Sea, Air and Space Museum, a television host and expert commentator, and a motivational speaker.
Stan Lee (1922–2018) is known to millions as the man whose super heroes propelled Marvel to its preeminent position in the comic book industry. His co-creations include Spider-Man, The Incredible Hulk, X-Men, The Fantastic Four, Iron Man, and hundreds of others. While the Chairman Emeritus of Marvel, he was also the Chief Creative Officer of POW! Entertainment, where he created numerous new characters and stories in areas including publishing, film, TV reality, stage, documentary, and multimedia.
Jack Kirby (1917–1994) was one of comics' most legendary and prolific artists whose notable co-creations include Captain America, Avengers, X-Men, Incredible Hulk, Ant-Man, S.H.I.E.L.D., and Thor.


It's the last Friday of winter break for my kids and my husband. One final weekend and then we are back to our normally scheduled program. I still have 4 more days until our oldest returns from his trip and I have to say that I am doing better today then I did yesterday, but still totally miss him.
I gave tonight's cocktail 2.5 shots out of 5. I used my new gift, Fred Cool Shooters Ice Tray (Google Affiliate Ad) frozen shot glasses, from one of my best friends for tonight's cocktail. It was an interesting experience and totally kept the shot cold, which was nice. Check out my new gifts from two of my best friends on my New Equipment & Supplies tab. This shooter was OK for a shooter, but would make me run away if it was an actual cocktail. The Jager and Peppermint flavors....well they were strong and stood out quite well. This would not be a shooter that I would order at a bar for sure.....or would make at home again, ever.
In a shot glass pour in both ingredients. Give it a quick stir and shoot.
Here's to my very first shooter in a frozen shot glass!
that is a really cool thing, ice shot glass!
Ooh, I haven't had Rumplemintz in ages. I just bought more regular peppermint schnapps. Since you have both, can you do a taste test and see if they are much different? This sounds like such a nasty combo, I actually want to try it, but I absolutely have NO space for another bottle. The cabinet doors already can't fully close anymore!
You know I'd never heard of it until my friend bought a bottle and left it in our freeze a while back. I totally would have used my regular peppermint schnapps for this cocktail if I didn't have it in the freezer already.


If you are testing an application (web based) or just want secure login page for your application, you can create a self signed SSL Certificates. I have already explained the procedure for installing real third party signed SSL certificate.
You need to provide information such as country name, your domain name etc.
Make sure you replace ip 192.168.1.100 with your actual IP address.
You may need to modify your login page to submit form over SSL.
Lighttpd ssl / Lighttpd Https Tutorial – Explains how to create a SSL certificate under Lighttpd web server and install the same including certificate issued by Certification Authority (CA).


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SportsBasketballKnicks
Reeling Knicks back to losing ways with loss to Trail Blazers
New York Knicks forward Kevin Knox, left, drives to the basket past Portland Trail Blazers forward Maurice Harkless during the first half of an NBA basketball game in Portland, Ore., Monday, Jan. 7, 2019. Credit: AP/Craig Mitchelldyer
By Anthony Rieber anthony.rieber@newsday.com @AnthonyRieber Updated January 8, 2019 1:34 AM
PORTLAND, Ore.— James Dolan says the Knicks aren't tanking. Imagine if they were.
They fell to 10-30 on Monday night with a 111-101 loss to the Trail Blazers at the Moda Center. The Knicks, who snapped an eight-game losing streak in their previous contest Friday against the Lakers in Los Angeles, have dropped 14 of their last 16.
They will reach the halfway point of the season and wrap up their road trip against the defending NBA champion Warriors on Tuesday night.
Enes Kanter led the Knicks with 18 points and 14 rebounds off the bench. Emmanuel Mudiay scored 17 and former Blazer Noah Vonleh added 16. Tim Hardaway Jr. shot 2-for-12 (1-for-7 from three-point range) and finished with five points.
Portland (24-17) was paced by Jusuf Nurkic's 20 points. CJ McCollum and Damian Lillard each scored 17.
Dolan made his "no tanking" comments in Las Vegas, where the MSG executive chairman and CEO watched the Rangers practice before taking on the Golden Knights on Tuesday night.
Dolan was asked about all the losing that is going on at the Garden (the Rangers are 17-17-7 and have lost three in a row by a combined score of 18-3). His answer included a hopeful portion about Knicks forward Kevin Knox, who recently was named the Eastern Conference Rookie of the Month for December.
"The key is you just want to know your team's getting better," Dolan said. "You want to know that the player's executing better. You want to know that he's developing something.
"With kids, it's all about the development. And we got a kid, one of our stars, the Knicks, the kid called Kevin Knox — he doesn't turn 20 until [August]. That's young. So you can't look at Kevin Knox and say, 'That's the player he's going to be.' It's totally not the case.
"Kevin Knox could be a really great player. It depends on how well he's developed and how much effort and what his level of concentration is, etc. And that's what our guys work on."
Knox, beset by early foul woes on Monday, finished with eight points in 22 minutes.
The Knicks struggled early in each half. They didn't score their first points of the game until Knox hit a pair of free throws with 8:50 left in the first quarter with the Knicks trailing 8-0. Their first basket came on Luke Kornet's leaner 1:02 later.
Still, they rallied to take the lead and ended the first quarter tied at 30. They led for most of the second quarter, but the Blazers took a 54-53 lead into halftime and scored the first nine points of the third quarter to take their first double-digit lead at 63-53.
Portland went up by as much as 18 in the third quarter and brought an 86-76 lead to the fourth. The Knicks got no closer than 10 in the final quarter.
"The first five minutes of the third quarter, we had a rough start, 1-for-10, I think, to start that quarter," coach David Fizdale said. "Some tough shots in there. Some real tough offensive possessions, which allowed them to really get to their game, which is flying up the court, putting a lot of pressure on you with those two guards [Lillard and McCollum].''
With Colin Stephenson
in Las Vegas
By Anthony Rieber anthony.rieber@newsday.com	@AnthonyRieber
Anthony Rieber covers baseball, as well as the NFL, NBA and NHL, for the sports department. He has worked at Newsday since Aug. 31, 1998, and has been in his current position since July 5, 2004.
Latest Knicks news
Knicks' Barrett to miss at least a week
Morris returns, but Knicks get blown out by Suns
Knicks happy to have Marcus Morris back in lineup
Miller wants to see more consistency from Knicks
Knicks blown out by Bucks once again


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Prime Minister of Sri Lanka
Hon. Dinesh Gunawardena, M.P Prime Minister of Sri Lanka
Hon. Dinesh Gunawardena took oath as the Prime Minister of Sri Lanka on 22 July 2022. Dinesh Gunawardena (M.P.) stands as a veteran politician and has engaged at all levels of politics and governance since he started his political career as Youth Leader in 1968 and later in 1973 as the Leader of Mahajana Eksath Peramuna (People's United Front).
Hon. Dinesh Gunawardena was first elected to Parliament in 1983 and 1989 as an Opposition M.P. and has held multiple Ministerial portfolios, serving previously as Minister of Transport (2000), Minister of Transport and Environment (2001), Minister of Urban Development (2004 – 2010), Deputy Minister of Higher Education (deputized under the President, 2004 – 2007), Minister of Sacred Area Development (2007 – 2010), Minister of Water Supply and Drainage (2010 – 2015), Minister of Megapolis and Western Development (2018), Minister of Employment Skills Development and Labour Relations (2019 – 2020) and Foreign Minister (2019 – 2021). Additionally, he has also served as Chief Government Whip (2008 – 2015), Leader of the Joint Opposition (2015 – 2018), and Leader of the House since November 2019.
He was born on 2 March 1949 in Sri Lanka and his father, Late Hon. Philip Gunawardena is a National Hero of Sri Lanka and also acted as a Trade Union Leader, a Member of Parliament, a Minister, the Founder of a political party, and an author during his career. Mother of Hon. Dinesh Gunawardena, Late Kusuma Gunawardena is also a veteran Parliamentarian in Sri Lanka.
He is a past pupil of Royal College Colombo and graduated from Nyenrode Business University and the University of Oregon with an Associate Degree in Business Administration, Management and a bachelor's degree in Business Administration, Management, and International Transport respectively.


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Dinosaur Encyclopedia
Exploring Prehistoric Life
Prehistoric Flora & Fauna
Paleoart & Paleoartists
Paleontologists
Home » Blogs » nandi's blog » Fossil of 'One of Last Dinosaurs' Found on Island in Kagoshima
Fossil of 'One of Last Dinosaurs' Found on Island in Kagoshima
Dinosaurs – Species Encycolpedia
A fossil found on an island here two years ago was identified as from "one of the last dinosaurs" before their extinction 66 million years ago.
Researchers said the piece of thighbone was from a type of giant plant-eating hadrosaur that was at least 10 meters long.
It was discovered in Kamikoshikijima island, which lies to the west of southern Kyushu and is administered by Satsuma-Sendai city.
The finding was announced by a team of researchers from Satsuma-Sendai, Kumamoto University, the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, and other institutes at a meeting of the Paleontological Society of Japan in Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture, on June 23.
The fossil was found in exposed rock by Yuka Miyake, a researcher with the Satsuma-Sendai city government, in a coastal area of the island's Kamikoshiki district in July 2016.
She and her colleagues spent about a year extracting the fossil from the rock. It measures 70 centimeters and 28.5 cm at its widest point. The thighbone would have measured more than 120 cm.
Based on the geological layer where it was found, experts said this particular dinosaur lived around 70 million years ago in the last stages of the Mesozoic Cretaceous period.
Hadrosaurs thrived across the Eurasian Continent and North America in the latter part of the Cretaceous.
It was the 10th hadrosaur discovery in Japan and on a par with one of the same age excavated in Awajishima island, Hyogo Prefecture, in 2004.
Dinosaur fossils have also been found in Hokkaido, the northernmost main island of the Japanese archipelago, evidence that the giant creatures roamed a vast area stretching north to south in the vicinity of Japan.
"It is a clue that may enable us to grasp the extent of the diversity of dinosaurs that flourished in Asia," Miyake said.
The research team also reported at the meeting that dinosaurs thrived in a wet climate and areas with easy access to water, such as mangrove swamps.
Numerous fragments of carnivorous dinosaurs dating to older periods have been found in Shimokoshikijima island, which is close to Kamikoshikijima.
It was the first dinosaur discovery on Kamikoshikijima.
Researchers said they expect more fossil discoveries from the era closer to the period dinosaurs became extinct as the geological formation of Kamikoshikijima is more recent than that of Shimokoshikijima due to crustal movement.
The team refused to pinpoint where the hadrosaur fossil was found to protect the site.
The fossil will go on public display at the city government's Kashima branch office in Shimokoshikijima from July 15. Admission is free.
Source: www.asahi.com
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Naomi Osaka Withdraws from French Open After Skipping Press, Says She Deals with Depression
Last week, Naomi Osaka announced that she wouldn't be doing post-match interviews during the French Open in an effort to preserve her mental health
Naomi Osaka is walking away from the 2021 French Open.
After being fined for not participating in post-match interviews during the Grand Slam tournament last week, Osaka announced that she would withdraw from the Open in a message on Instagram, Monday.
"Hey everyone, this isn't a situation I ever imagined or intended when I posted a few days ago. I think now the best thing for the tournament, the other players and my well-being is that I withdraw so that everyone can get back to focusing on the tennis going on in Paris," Osaka, 23, wrote. "I never wanted to be a distraction and I accept that my timing was not ideal and my message could have been clearer. More importantly, I would never trivialize mental health or use the term lightly."
Ahead of the tennis tournament's start, Osaka announced she wouldn't be doing press during the championship in an effort to preserve her mental health. On Sunday, Osaka picked up her first win and a $15,000 fine for not participating in media requirements.
Naomi Osaka Fined $15K for Skipping Press After First French Open Win, Warned of Future 'Suspensions'
The board of Grand Slam tennis tournaments also released a statement on Sunday, warning that she could face possible expulsion in the future. The joint statement from the French Open as well as the U.S. Open, Wimbledon, and Australian Open said that "following this announcement, the Roland-Garros teams asked her to reconsider her position and tried unsuccessfully to speak with her to check on her well-being, understand the specifics of her issue, and what might be done to address it on site. She was also reminded of her obligations, the consequences of not meeting them, and that rules should equally apply to all players."
In her Monday statement, Osaka said that she has suffered from depression since 2018, and had a "really hard time coping with that."
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"Anyone that knows me knows I'm introverted, and anyone that has seen me at the tournaments will notice that I'm often wearing headphones as that helps dull my social anxiety," continued the tennis phenom. "Though the tennis press has always been kind to me (and I wanna apologize especially to all the cool journalists who I may have hurt), I am not a natural public speaker and get huge waves of anxiety before I speak to the world's media. I get really nervous and find it stressful to always try to engage and give you the best answers I can."
Naomi Osaka Says She Won't Do Press During 2021 French Open to Preserve Her Mental Health
She said that she was feeling both vulnerable and anxious while in Paris for the French Open, so thought the decision to skip press conferences was best for her "self-care." She said that she still does feel that the rules regarding Grand Slam tournaments are "outdated."
Listen below to our daily podcast PEOPLE Every Day for more on Naomi Osaka.
Osaka wrote to her followers: "I wrote privately to the tournament apologizing and saying that I would be more than happy to speak with them after the tournament as the Slams are intense. I'm gonna take some time away from he court now, but when the time is right I really want to work with the Tour to discuss ways we can make things better for the players, press and fans."
She concluded her message by telling tennis fans she loves them, and promised, "I'll see you when I see you."
If you or someone you know need mental health help, text "STRENGTH" to the Crisis Text Line at 741-741 to be connected to a certified crisis counselor.
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Children of all ages are invited to attend Sunday School.
Children 3 years old - 2nd grade are invited to attend Children's Church preceding the offertory prayer.
Kidz Praise Choir kicked off the year with hamburgers, water slides, and homemade ice cream. We had a great turnout of kids and adults. Looking forward to a great year of praise and worship with these terrific kids!
To support the ministry efforts of the USM Baptist Student Union, DBC Kids collected snack items to be used and distributed. These snack items were presented to Josh Richards of the BSU.


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Men leave their own mark on veganism
A pasta dish with chickpeas, onion, garlic, olive oil, and basil is a vegan dish a hegan could sink his teeth into. (Pat Greenhouse/Globe Staff)
By Kathleen Pierce
Globe Correspondent / March 24, 2010
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SOMERVILLE — For most of his life Joe McCain subsisted on pepperoni and sausage pizza, steak bomb subs, and anything "fried, fried, or fried.'' In other words, says the Somerville police detective with a shaved head, snowy beard, and tattoos cascading up his arms, chest, and neck, "I ate like an American.''
When McCain reached his mid-40s the party ended. Topping the scales at 257 pounds and bulging out of his clothes, the stout father of three was fat, unhappy, and "terribly uncomfortable.'' On the advice of his childhood friend Brian Rothwell, a yoga instructor and lifelong vegan, McCain cut meat, dairy, eggs, chicken, and fish from his diet and added power vinyasa yoga, which helped him shed 60 pounds in eight months. "I feel like a million bucks. And if anything, I don't look like a slob anymore,'' says McCain.
Three years later, sipping a yerba mate latte at the Sherman Cafe in Union Square, the buff and bright-eyed McCain is the new face of veganism: men in their 40s and 50s embracing a restrictive lifestyle to look better, rectify a gluttonous past, or cheat death. They are hegans. They are healthy. And they are here to stay. While no one was looking, guys were stepping up to the wheatgrass bar. Famous hegans include "Spider-Man'' Tobey Maguire and singer Thom Yorke of Radiohead. Atlanta Falcons tight end Tony Gonzalez was vegan for a few years but now eats seafood and chicken on occasion.
Perhaps the ultimate hegan is Rip Esselstyn, a veteran firefighter and triathlete in Austin, Texas. He helped the men in his department lower their cholesterol in 28 days by shunning animal protein and then turned his efforts into the best-selling "The Engine 2 Diet'' (Wellness Central). Though not billed as a vegan diet per se, Esselstyn's "plant-strong'' lifestyle helps lower cholesterol by going meat-, egg-, and dairy-free, he says. "Sure there is a stigma attached to it, that it's for yuppie, tree-hugging, emaciated weaklings,'' he says. "That is far from the truth. I like to say that real men eat plants.''
Eric Faulkner, a professional in high tech, is baking a batch of vegan cookies in his Lowell loft. He minces few words to explain why he became a vegan. "I'm scared to death of cancer,'' says the lanky 42-year-old. After reading "The China Study'' (Benbella Books), which purports that animal protein can accelerate the growth of cancer, diabetes, and heart disease, Faulkner ate his last cheeseburger.
For the past eight months meals in his household have been healthy remakes of meaty standbys. "I make a great avocado Reuben sandwich, a faux meat loaf, roasted butternut squash soup, and lots of pasta,'' says Faulkner, whose wife and 8-year-old daughter have also converted.
To stay competitive during rugby games, athlete and writer Jay Atkinson of Methuen substituted soy cheese for the real deal last summer and cut out turkey sandwiches. "I needed to extend my career by staying lean,'' says Atkinson, 52. He was already eating well before he turned to veganism. Commuting to Boston to teach magazine writing at Boston University or slapping on skates to whiz across a frozen pond, he needs as much fuel as he can get. The vegan diet delivers.
"During the week I'm hustling. This is the perfect diet. I couldn't bring a ham with me,'' says Atkinson, who tosses protein bars, fruit, and water into a pack before heading out for the day. Like most hegans, Atkinson, a single father, taught himself to cook. Spicy black bean chipotle stew and potato and asparagus soup with fresh dill are two of his specialties. He feels nutritionally satisfied as a vegan, but admits there are some drawbacks. "The big thing is learning to cook for variety. I'd like to be able to make 30 to 40 meals instead of 10,'' he said.
There are no hard numbers on how many hegans exists. By nature most men don't make their eating habits public. "I've never been called one,'' said Bob Bouley, owner of the new vegan restaurant, The Pulse Cafe, in Davis Square (see Cheap Eats review, Page 3). "Being a vegan is not something I flaunt, it's just something I believe in.''
Of the diners who flock to his warm, Caribbean-toned cafe for smoked tofu and portobello maki, a majority are women, Bouley says. "Judging from our Facebook page, 65 to 70 percent of our fans are women between the ages of 18 and 35.''
In Newton, the raw vegan restaurant Prana Cafe is poised to become hegan headquarters. On a rainy evening last month, Fred Bisci, 80, the well-known lifestyle nutritionist from Staten Island, N.Y., dined on bountiful greens in the candy-colored cafe that serves smoothies, salads, and vegan wine next to a yoga studio. In town for a speaking engagement, the limber and chiseled hegan of 40 years, is a walking tribute to eating lean. "A lot of people think it's radical. It definitely prolongs your life. No question about it,'' says Bisci.
Taylor Wells, who owns the cafe and yoga enterprise with her hegan husband, Philippe, estimates that 10 to 15 percent of their customers are hegans. "We get men who come in who want to cleanse and feel good. We like to ease them into it. I think the word vegan gets a bad rap, it sounds very militant and angry,'' says Wells.
But hegan could catch on. "It makes sense that it would become a new fad. We are seeing more men in our yoga classes and they come directly into the cafe,'' she says.
Despite the proliferation of vegan products on the market and restaurants that cater to this growing vegetarian subset, hegan living is not always harmonious. There are times, especially in the summer, when McCain will catch a whiff of a neighbor's barbecue and his inner carnivore will start to roar. But the temptation doesn't take over. "When you start to feel the way I do and see the results from eating right and working out, it's hard to think about changing,'' he says.
One thing he would like to change is the misconception that being a vegan means being on a diet. "The thing I hear all the time is: 'Are you still on that diet?' It's the farthest thing from a diet. I don't feel limited at all. If anything, what I eat has expanded not contracted,'' he says. "I will never diet ever again.''
© Copyright 2010 Globe Newspaper Company.
Recipe Pasta with chickpeas
Recipe Vegan avocado Reuben with Thousand Island dressing
Sample meals for hegans
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South Africa is asking the U.N. Security Council to reopen negotiations on a draft resolution increasing penalties against Iran for its nuclear program. The resolution had earlier been agreed on by world powers. Correspondent Peter Heinlein at U.N. headquarters reports the South African request could delay adoption of the measure.
South Africa's U.N. Ambassador Dumisani Kumalo Monday submitted a series of proposals aimed at weakening an Iran sanctions resolution proposed by world powers after weeks of intense negotiations.
The draft submitted by the permanent members and Germany last week would ratchet up penalties contained in an earlier sanctions resolution adopted last December, after Iran defied a Council demand that it halt uranium enrichment.
The new penalties by the big powers include a ban on Iranian arms exports, and an expanded list of individuals and entities covered by an assets freeze and travel restrictions.
A copy of the South African proposals obtained by VOA shows that it would delete the names of several key companies and individuals from the sanctions list. Among the dropped names is that of the powerful Iranian bank Sepah, as well as several defense industry firms run by the Iranian Revolutionary Guards.
It also calls a 90-day 'time out', in which sanctions would be suspended if Iran halted uranium enrichment.
South Africa's Ambassador Kumalo defended the 90-day "time out' Monday, saying it was originally a proposal made by Mohammed ElBaradei, the head of the IAEA, the U.N. nuclear watchdog agency.
"As we read the resolution we want to make sure that the IAEA has a role to play," said Ambassador Kumalo. "You know, this 90-day [break] is not a South African invention, this was in fact suggested by Mr. ElBaradei himself."
Representatives of permanent Security Council members reacted coolly to the South African proposal. Britain's U.N. Ambassador Emyr Jones-Parry called them "unhelpful', and the French U.N. Ambassador Jean-Marc de La Sabliere suggested they were counter to the goal of gradually increasing pressure on Tehran.
"I've seen amendments from South Africa," said Jean-Marc de La Sabliere. "I don't think these amendments are consistent with the approach the Security Council is following."
Opposition from the veto-wielding permanent members signals almost certain rejection of the South African proposals. But it could delay passage of the sanctions measure, especially since South Africa holds the Council presidency for March.
Ambassador Kumalo suggested Monday that the proposed amendments were intended mainly as a protest on behalf of the 10 elected members of the Council, who have expressed irritation at having been left out of the big power negotiations.
"If we are asking for things deleted, that's exactly what we do with any resolution that comes here," he said. "We always have the right to suggest, 'can you change this word. Can you do that? Why do you guys want to treat this resolution as if it's written by god or has the wisdom of god in it?' It's a regular resolution. We are doing what, as elected members of the Security Council, we are supposed to do."
No date is set for a vote on the resolution, but the Security Council will hold discussions on the text Tuesday and Wednesday. Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad has already notified the Council that he is planning to be in the Council chambers on the day of the vote, and will exercise his right to speak.


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What all colleges (prestigious tier1 for CS major) still looking for SAT score?
Test Preparation SAT Preparation
sat-prep
USParent1 November 27, 2021, 6:39am #1
My S23 scored 1520 in Oct SAT (720 english, 800 math) and now targeting for Dec SAT, but chances still look very slim to improve. He is nervous that plenty of kids from his school (high competitive public school) already have 1550+ score and anything below 1550 is disadvantage.
This would be his 3rd attempt, he scored 1500 (700 eng, 800 math) in August'21. Should we wait for March SAT?
Considering many colleges are test blind or optional, What school still require SAT score and how critical is good score?
Any pointers will be helpful.
momofboiler1 November 27, 2021, 1:05pm #2
A 1520 is a great score. Have a balanced list of colleges with safeties and matches and there won't be a problem. Reaches are reaches for everyone, regardless of a 1520 or a 1550.
Thorsmom66 November 27, 2021, 1:36pm #3
His SAT is fine as is - especially with a 800 math score which is really excellent. Instead of worrying about getting another 20-30 points on the SAT and spending time on that, your son should work on keeping up his grades and make sure he has ECs that he is interested in. He has already passed the threshold for testing, but that isn't enough for admission to a top school, particularly in CS. Kids with grades/scores like your son are rejected in droves every year. I don't say this to discourage you, but it is really, really important to have good safeties and matches instead of focusing exclusively on reach schools.
Lindagaf November 27, 2021, 2:30pm #4
I am a test prep tutor. Many students benefit from the extra months of learning that come from testing in the spring of their junior year, as opposed to testing in the fall.
He doesn't really need to test again, but if he insists, I suggest he give himself a break and test in March. I say this because I suspect he will not improve, or maybe even do worse in December. Then he's going to feel enormous pressure to test again in March, and might get a similar result due to that added pressure.
USParent1 November 29, 2021, 12:46am #5
Thanks for all the guidance, My son agreed to prep for March.
In that case, should we just cancel December or let him take and cancel the score in first 3 days after the exam? Not sure, what's the difference between both.
Lindagaf November 29, 2021, 3:14am #6
Just call College Board and ask them to apply the fee to the March exam. Unless it's too late to do that.
I see zero point in him waking up early on a Saturday and wasting a day taking a test with the intention of asking for the scores to be cancelled.
To be clear, he is under no obligation to take the test in December, even if he doesn't show up on test day. It won't count for anything if he doesn't take the test.
RichInPitt November 29, 2021, 5:02am #7
To the original question, while few schools require scores this year, I wouldn't count on that being the case next year.
Georgia Tech is is the only top CS school that comes to mind that requires scores this year. 1520 is fine there.
Thanks everyone for providing all the details.
DS wants to get 1550+
Currently, he is missing an average of 5-5 or more questions on each reading and writing section in practice tests).
He has Khan academy, Barron's book and SAT prep book (blue book). What other resources should he be using to improve his scores?
momprof9904 November 29, 2021, 11:54am #9
My DS 22 was in a similar situation. He really improved his verbal score in Fall 21, with focused one-on-one tutoring in the summer. When the scores are high to begin with, they need to learn a few focused strategies to get a bump. I think it also helped to have that entire junior year finished. BTW, he did do other things in the summer of 21 - I am not suggesting that test prep be the sole focus of the summer before senior year!
Unfortunately, we are stuck in a demographic that has sky high scores and are willing to go to the extra mile (or many miles…) on test prep. That's why our private college counselor suggested the Fall 21 retake and tutoring.
I have no idea if it will make any difference. GA Tech requires test scores, but say they do not emphasize it. But if a student is in a competitive demographic, would that still be the case? I have no idea.
Lindagaf November 29, 2021, 1:58pm #10
How important is this? Because at this point, he's probably going to benefit most from some private tutoring.
Is he looking for a high score in order to get scholarship money? Or are you full pay? He already has a very high score. A private tutor is his best shot at figuring out where he is messing up, because he is literally just looking for a point or two in each section to bump him to the next level.
It's very difficult for kids with already high scores to do even better. I'm linking the pinned post on this forum. It's very possible that at this point, he is making some fixable mistakes that might just get him the points he needs. Common sense tips to help raise your SAT/ACT score


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Answers Research Journal Browse Volume
The views expressed are those of the writer(s) and not necessarily those of the Answers Research Journal Editor or of Answers in Genesis.
Further Evidence That Homo naledi Is Not a Member of the Human Holobaramin Based on Measurements of Vertebrae and Ribs
by Jean O'Micks on June 21, 2017
Featured in Answers Research Journal
A recent debate within creationist circles has reached a new point about the baraminic status of Homo naledi, a new primate species discovered in South Africa. Initial studies based on craniodental characters suggested that H. naledi is probably a member of the human holobaramin. However, subsequent analyses of the post-cranium have cast this original statement into doubt. Analyses of the thorax, upper limb, thigh, and foot of H. naledi suggest that this species shows continuity with australopiths, and discontinuity with the human holobaramin. The present study analyzes five characters of the atlas and axis, as well as 22 characters of the antepenultimate and the penultimate thoracic vertebrae. The results show statistically significant continuity between two members of the human holobaramin as well as continuity between Homo naledi and three Australopithecus species as well as Paranthropus robustus. Analysis of the 22 characters with weights reinforces already existing baraminic relationships. More importantly, statistically significant discontinuity is shown to exist between members of the human holobaramin and the Australopithecine baramin. Fresh evolutionary dates assigned to H. naledi of 236–335 ka, which are three times younger than predicted previously, strongly contradicting the evolutionary narrative that H. naledi was a species basal to the genus Homo. This study provides further evidence that Homo naledi is indeed not a member of the human holobaramin, but related rather to australopiths.
Keywords: Homo naledi, human, Australopithecus, baraminology, holobaramin, vertebra, rib
In the wake of a detailed discussion within creationist circles about the baraminic status of Homo naledi (McLain 2017; O'Micks 2016a, b, c 2017; Wood 2016a, b 2017), more evidence has accumulated that H. naledi indeed is a member of the Australopithecus baramin, and is not human. These previous analyses of measurements on H. naledi's cranium (Berger et al. 2015; Laird et al. 2017), foot (Harcourt-Smith et al. 2015), hand (Kivell et al. 2015), upper limb (Feuerriegel et al. 2017), and thigh (Marchi et al. 2017) show that H. naledi either shows continuity with members of the Australopithecus baramin, or that it is not continuous with members of the human holobaramin. Despite the initial conclusion that H. naledi was likely to be a member of the human holobaramin based on craniodental characteristics alone (O'Micks 2016a; Wood 2016a), the addition of post-cranial characters cast this conclusion into doubt (O'Micks 2016b).
The vertebral column is a major characteristic of vertebrates in general, and especially in hominoid primates. It is responsible for upright posture and bipedal locomotion. Non-human primates are stiff-backed, whereas hominoid primates have a more mobile lower back, adapted to lordosis and erect posture, required for bipedalism (Williams et al. 2016). African great apes have funnel-shaped thoraces, which are narrow at the top, and are wide or flaring at the bottom, with a relatively short lumbar column. On the other hand, humans have a barrel-shaped thorax with a wider upper ribcage, with a narrow waist, atop a relatively longer lumbar vertebral column. The ribcage of H. naledi is distally wide, like what we see in Australopithecus species (Berger 2015). Humans also have elongated hind limbs, which make bipedalism possible (Williams et al. 2017). In humans, the first seven ribs are true ribs, ribs eight to ten are false ribs, and eleven and twelve are floating ribs. The number of lumbar vertebrae also vary in primates between four and nine (Gebo 2014).
Most primates have a pre-sacral vertebrae formula of 7C:13T:6L/7C:12T:7L ("C" stands for cervical, "T" for thoracic, and "L" for lumbar), along with a sacrum of three fused vertebrae. However, the number of vertebrae in the spinal column of hominins has been known to vary (Williams and Russo 2015). Some researchers have found 12–13 thoracic vertebrae, and six lumbar vertebrae in Australopithecus and Homo (McCollum et al. 2010). The number of thoracic vertebrae is presumed to be the same in Australopithecus as in Homo (Williams et al. 2013).
The first two vertebrae in the vertebral column, the atlas (C1) and the axis (C2) are responsible for articulating with the skull and rotating it. Movement of the head is accomplished by the way the axis articulates via a bony process called the dens into the atlas. In quadruped primates, the dens is oriented dorsally, since the animal is facing forward. In humans, however, the dens points upwards in the upward vertebral column (Gebo 2014).
The bodies of the antepenultimate (T10) and penultimate (T11) vertebrae are proportionally similar to Homo, yet the neural canals of the vertebrae are proportionally larger than modern humans, Neandertals, and H. erectus (Berger 2015). Facets for the tenth rib are posteriorly positioned in H. naledi, almost entirely on the pedicle, as opposed to humans (Hawks et al. 2017). The penultimate thoracic vertebra is a transitional vertebra between the thoracic and lumbar sections of the spinal column. This is the vertebra at which locomotor adaptation takes place between thoracic and lumbar type vertebral facets (Hauesler, Schiess, and Boeni 2011). Fig. 1 shows the T10 and T11 vertebrae in several Australopithecus species as well as H. naledi, human and Neandertal. We can see quite well that the vertebral bodies of the vertebra of human and Neandertal are quite different in size compared to australopiths and H. naledi.
Fig. 1. Dorsal view of the antepenultimate (T10, top row) and penultimate (T11, bottom row) vertebrae from several Australopithecus and Homo species. Top row, from left to right: H. naledi (U.W. 101-855), A. afarensis (A. L. 288-1ad), A. africanus (Sts 14h), P. robustus (SKX 41692), A. sediba MH1 (U.W. 88-69), H. neanderthalensis (Kebara 2), small-bodied H. sapiens. Bottom row, from left to right: H. naledi (U.W. 101-1733), A. afarensis (A. L. 288-1ac), A. africanus (Sts 14g), H. erectus (Dmanisi D2715), H. erectus (KNM WT-15000 Y, juvenile), H. neanderthalensis (Kebara 2), small-bodied H. sapiens. Image courtesy of Scott A. Williams, and taken from Williams et al. 2017 with permission.
Besides measurements of the foot, hand, thigh, and upper limb of H. naledi, a recent paper has been published presenting measurements of the vertebra and ribs, comparing it to a dozen other primate species (Williams et al. 2017). Therefore, in this paper we will analyze the data sets presented by Williams et al. (2017) to see what kind of baraminological conclusions we can make from them.
This paper analyzes 22 morphological characteristics separately in two of the thoracic vertebrae of 15 species which had measurements in Tables 1 and 2 of Williams et al. (2017). These measurements were made on different anatomical parts of the antepenultimate (T10) and penultimate (T11) thoracic vertebrae. Five characteristics were analyzed for four species for the atlas (C1) and axis (C2), from Table 1 in Williams (2017). These measurements are explained in Williams (2017).
Table 1. Baraminic Distance Matrix for the ten species for the first analysis
A. afarensis A.L. 288 1AD
A. afarensis A.L. 333X 12
A. africanus Sts 14
A. sediba MH1
H. naledi 101 855
Modern humans
Modern humans (small bodied)
Neandertal Kebara 2
P. robustus SKX 41692
Pan troglodytes
0 0.5 0.545 0.591 0.545 0.864 0.682 0.818 0.545 0.773
0 0.591 0.409 0.5 0.955 0.682 0.955 0.409 0.727
0 0.409 0.182 1 0.909 1 0.273 0.864
0 0.318 1 0.864 0.955 0.364 0.955
0 1 0.955 1 0.091 0.864
0 0.545 0.227 1 0.591
0 0.727 0.909 0.5
Table 2. Baraminic Correlation Matrix for the ten species for the first analysis.
1 0.54 0.471 0.446 0.456 -0.618 -0.251 -0.537 0.462 -0.393
1 0.54 0.732 0.616 -0.812 -0.304 -0.785 0.689 -0.353
1 0.816 0.961 -0.859 -0.713 -0.797 0.923 -0.6
1 0.867 -0.864 -0.649 -0.77 0.849 -0.708
1 -0.874 -0.755 -0.803 0.984 -0.61
1 0.507 0.934 -0.894 0.437
1 0.307 -0.713 0.607
1 -0.836 0.253
1 -0.531
The species studied in the first analysis are H. naledi, Australopithecus afarensis A. L. 288-1AD, A. afarensis A. L. 333X-12, A. africanus Sts14, A. sediba MH1, Paranthropus robustus SKX-41692, H. erectus KNM-WT 15000 ("Turkana Boy", a juvenile), H. sapiens neanderthalensis Kebara 2, H. sapiens (measurements were averages of 33–46 individuals), H. sapiens (small bodied; measurements were an average of four individuals), and Pan troglodytes (measurements were averages of 16–19 animals). H. erectus KNM-WT 15000 was excluded from the analysis, because 40% of its characteristics were not available. The data for this study came from Table 2 of Williams et al. 2017, which had data for the T10 vertebra.
Baraminic distances and correlations were also calculated using the weighted version of the BDIST algorithm. The weights can be seen in Table 3 for the 22 characters used in the matrix. The rationale for applying these weights is that it is redundant to measure the same morphological character (e.g. the pedicle) multiple times. Characters only add taxonomic information if they are independent of other characters (Lieberman 1999). For example, that is why in Table 3 the three pedicle characters were each given a weight of 0.33.
Table 3. Character weights for the 22 characters examined in the analysis of the T10 and T11 vertebrae
Body superior transverse diameter 0.5
Body superior dorsoventral diameter 0.5
Body inferior transverse diameter 0.5
Body inferior dorsoventral diameter 0.5
Body ventral height 0.5
Body dorsal height 0.5
Max. inter-SAF distance 0.5
Min. inter-SAF distance 0.5
Max. inter-IAF distance 0.5
Min. inter-IAF distance 0.5
Superoinferior inter-AF height 1.0
Canal dorsoventral diameter 0.5
Canal transverse diameter 0.5
SAF superoinferior diameter 0.5
SAF transverse diameter 0.5
IAF superoinferior diameter 0.5
IAF transverse diameter 0.5
Pedicle superoinferior height 0.33
Pedicle transverse breadth 0.33
Pedicle dorsoventral length 0.33
Lamina superoinferior height 0.5
Lamina transverse width 0.5
Since the species in Table 2 which had data for the T11 vertebra were different than those in Table 1, a separate analysis was performed with this data. The species studied in this analysis were H. naledi, Australopithecus afarensis A. L. 288-1AC, A. africanus Sts 14, A. africanus StW 41, A. sediba MH2, H. erectus Dmanisi, H. erectus KNM-WT 15000, H. sapiens neanderthalensis Kebara 2, H. sapiens (measurements were averages of 34–47 individuals), H. sapiens (small bodied; measurements were averages of four individuals), and Pan troglodytes (measurements were averages of 19 animals). A. sediba MH2 and A. africanus StW 41 were excluded, because they were missing 59% and 73% of their data points, respectively.
The measurements from Williams 2017 were transformed according to equation 1 from O'Micks 2016a, except that the scaling factor was 2.999, and not 3.999. The character matrix was analyzed by the BDIST software at http://www.coresci.org/bdist.html (Robinson and Cavanaugh 1998; Wood 2005, 2008). The data points were calculated in three-dimensional character space using multidimensional scaling (MDS), also available in the online program package by Wood (2008), and visualized using Kinemage software (available at http://kinemage.biochem.duke. edu/software/mage.php).
The baraminic character matrix along with the BDIST output are available as Supplementary Data for both analyses.
Analysis of the T10 vertebra
Fig. 2 shows the baraminic distance correlations between the ten species studied in the first analysis. For a character relevance cutoff of 0.75, all 22 characters for the ten species were significant, and no species had a taxic relevance of less than 0.66. As we can see, there are two main groups, with three singleton species. The five members of the first group are A. afarensis A. L. 333X-12, A. africanus Sts 14, A. sediba MH1, P. robustus SKX-41692, and H. naledi. The two members of the second group are H. sapiens and Neandertal Kebara 2.
Fig. 2. Baraminic distance correlation matrix for four Australopithecus species, one Paranthropus species, three human species (including Neandertal), chimpanzee, and H. naledi. Dark gray boxes show that two species are significantly correlated. Light gray boxes show that two species are significantly negatively correlated.
What we can see in the first group quite well is that H. naledi correlates very well with several Australopithecus species: A. africanus and A. sediba, as well as with P. robustus. The correlation values for these three species pairs is 0.961, 0.816 and 0.984 respectively. The baraminic distances are also low: 0.182, 0.318, and 0.091, respectively. The bootstrap values for these three species relationships are 100+, 97+, and 100+, respectively. With this, we can state that H. naledi shows significant positive baraminic relationships between two members of the Australopithecus baramin as well as P. robustus. This also means that H. naledi shows baraminic continuity with these species. A. africanus, A. sediba, and P. robustus also have baraminic distances ranging from 0.279–0.409, baraminc correlations between 0.816 and 0.923, as well as positive bootstrap values between 90+ and 100+, all showing that these are members of a well-defined baramin, with high baraminic continuity between one another.
Between H. sapiens and Neandertal there is a baraminic distance of 0.227, which is the third lowest distance value, as well as a baraminic correlation value of 0.934, which is the third highest correlation value in the correlation matrix. A bootstrap value of 100+ makes this a very significant positive baraminic correlation. Neandertals have long been considered to be part of the human holobaramin according to the creationist literature.
Besides the strong positive baraminic correlations between the individual species of the two main groups denoting continuity between them, there is also significant discontinuity between the members of the first group and the second group. Both H. sapiens and Neandertal have a baraminic distance between 0.955 and 1.0 between themselves and all five members of the first group. The baraminic correlation between members of the first and second group range from −0.894 to −0.77. Most of the bootstrap values show significant discontinuity with a value of 100o, except for a value of 88o between Neandertal and A. sediba MH1. Also, the bootstrap values between both H. sapiens and Neandertal and A. afarensis A. L. 333X-12 are < 90.
When analyzing the character matrix using the weighting scheme, 20 out of 24 positive baraminic correlations increased, and only four decreased (average increase 0.05 ± 0.08). The correlation between A. afarensis A.L. 333X 12 and P. robustus increased from 0.689 to 0.708, which is a relatively strong statistical correlation. Also, 16 out of 21 negative baraminic correlations decreased, and only five increased (average decrease −0.04 ± 0.06).
In the 3D MDS plot we can see that H. sapiens and Neandertal are close to each other, however, small bodied humans stand a bit farther away, halfway between the two main groups. P. troglodytes, an outlier species, doesn't belong to either group; its spinal process is longer than that of human, and its superior articular facet forms an acute angle with the sagittal plane compared to an obtuse angle in humans. The absolute vertebral size in P. troglodytes is also larger than that of A. sediba (Meyer et al. 2017). The five members of the first group (three Australopithecus species as well as H. naledi and P. robustus) cluster closely together, with A. afarensis A.L. 288-1AD nearby (Fig. 3). 3D stress was at 0.101, which is rather good (Fig. 4). There was a minimum stress value of 0.031 at k = 5 dimensions.
Fig. 3. 3D MDS coordinates for the Australopithecus, Homo, Paranthropus and Pan species. The coloring of the dots represents the different groups determined by the BDC results. Green: H. sapiens, H. sapiens (small bodied), and Neandertal Kebara 2. Blue: A. afarensis A. L. 33X-12, A. africanus Sts 14, A. sediba MH1, P. robustus SKX-41692, H. naledi. Black: A. afarensis A. L. 288-1AD. Gray: P. troglodytes.
Fig. 4. Stress graph showing stress values at different dimensions for the MDS analysis in Fig. 2. The minimum stress value is at five dimensions, suggesting there is distortion in this 3D depiction of the data.
The Baraminic Distance Matrix and the Baraminic Correlation Matrix can be seen in Tables 1 and 2 for the first analysis.
The second study, however, was less conclusive. For a character relevance cutoff of 0.75, all 22 characters for the nine species were significant, and no species had a taxic relevance of less than 0.66. Only two species pairs showed continuity with one another: H. naledi and A. africanus Sts 14, and H. sapiens and Neandertal (see Fig. 5). For the first pair, the baraminic distance was 0.286, the baraminic correlation was 0.863, with a bootstrap value of 85+. Human and Neandertal had a baraminic distance of 0.048, a baraminic correlation of 0.997, and a bootstrap value of 100+.
Fig. 5. Baraminic distance correlation matrix for two Australopithecus species, five human species (including two H. erectuses and Neandertal), chimpanzee, and H. naledi. Dark gray boxes show that two species are significantly correlated. Light gray boxes show that two species are significantly negatively correlated.
However, H. naledi again showed significant discontinuity with human and Neandertal. With human, H. naledi showed a baraminic distance of 0.952 and a baraminic correlation of −0.754, with a bootstrap value of 88o. With Neandertal, H. naledi showed a baraminic distance of 0.952 and a baraminic correlation of − 0.745, with a bootstrap value of 84o.
Six other species pairs had significant baraminic correlation and somewhat significant baraminic distance between each other, but their bootstrap values were all well below 90. H. naledi and A. afarensis A. L. 288-1AC had a baraminic distance of 0.381 and a baraminic correlation of 0.721. H. erectus Dmanisi and H. erectus KNM-WT 15000 had a baraminic distance of 0.333 and a baraminic correlation of 0.722. H. sapiens and A. afarensis A. L. 288-1AC had a baraminic distance of 0.864 and a baraminic correlation of −0.764. H. sapiens and H. erectus Dmanisi had a baraminic distance of 0.909 and a baraminic correlation of −0.737. Neandertal and A. afarensis A. L. 288-1AC had a baraminic distance of 0.864 and a baraminic correlation of −0.753. Neandertal and H. erectus Dmanisi had a baraminic distance of 0.909 and a baraminic correlation of -0.739.
When analyzing the character matrix using the weighting scheme, 13 out of 17 positive baraminic correlations increased, and only four decreased (average increase 0.04 ± 0.18). Also, 15 out of 19 negative baraminic correlations decreased, and only five increased (average decrease −0.06 ± 0.14).
The 3D MDS plot shows Neandertal and H. sapiens grouped closely together, with small bodied humans farther off. A. africanus Sts 14, A. afarensis A. L. 288-1AC and H. naledi also group fairly closely together. H. erectus Dmanisi and KNM-WT 15000 also group closely together (Fig. 6). 3D stress was at 0.079, which is excellent, and a minimum stress of 0.057 at k=4 dimensions (Fig. 7).
Fig. 6. 3D MDS coordinates for the Australopithecus, Homo, Paranthropus, and Pan species. The coloring of the dots represents the different groups determined by the BDC results. Green: H. sapiens, H. sapiens (small bodied), and Neandertal. Blue: A. afarensis A. L. 288-1AC, A. africanus Sts 14, H. naledi. Red: H. erectus Dmanisi, H. erectus KNM-WT 15000. Gray: P. troglodytes.
Fig. 7. Stress graph showing stress values at different dimensions for the MDS analysis in Fig. 2. The minimum stress value is at four dimensions, suggesting there is distortion in this 3D depiction of the data.
The Baraminic Distance Matrix and the Baraminic Correlation Matrix can be seen in Tables 4 and 5 for the second analysis.
Table 4. Baraminic Distance Matrix for the nine species for the second analysis.
A. afarensis A.L. 288 1AC
A. afarensis Sts 14
H. erectus Dmanisi
H. erectus KNM-WT 15000
H. naledi 101-1733
Neandertalsb
0 0.455 0.545 0.389 0.381 0.864 0.773 0.864 0.682
0 0.682 0.778 0.286 0.909 0.864 0.909 0.682
0 0.333 0.524 0.909 0.545 0.909 0.636
0 0.722 0.889 0.5 0.889 0.333
0 0.952 0.857 0.952 0.857
0 0.591 0.045 0.636
Table 5. Baraminic Correlation Matrix for the nine species for the second analysis.
1 0.604 0.425 0.442 0.721 -0.764 -0.479 -0.753 -0.218
1 0.101 -0.135 0.865 -0.663 -0.675 -0.652 -0.353
1 0.722 0.347 -0.737 0.151 -0.739 0.04
1 -0.023 -0.586 0.306 -0.588 0.562
1 -0.754 -0.629 -0.745 -0.55
Analysis of atlas and axis
Nine species had measurements for five characteristics for the C1 and C2 vertebrae (the axis and the atlas). Of these, five species had measurements for only two or three characters, whereas H. naledi, H. sapiens, Neandertal and P. troglodytes had measurements for all five characters. This amount of data is not enough for a baraminology analysis, however, the root mean square (RMS) values for all six species pairs from the aforementioned four species were calculated, and can be seen in Table 6. As we can see, the two lowest values were between H. sapiens and Neandertal (1.73) and H. naledi and P. troglodytes (2.36). The RMS value between H. naledi and human is 5.88, and between H. naledi and Neandertal this value is 7.47, indicating that H. naledi does not belong to the human holobaramin based on C1 and C2 measurements. If we assume that H. naledi, H. sapiens, and Neandertal all belong to the same holobaramin with P. troglodytes as an outlier, the p-value for intrabaraminic RMS values versus interbaraminic RMS values is 0.621, which is highly insignificant.
Table 6. RMS values for four species, which had measurements for the C1 and C2 vertebrae from Williams 2017.
H. naledi
P. troglodytes
0 5.88 7.47 2.36
With these results, we can clearly say that based on measurements of the T10 vertebra, australopiths, including H. naledi, show discontinuity with humans and also continuity within their respective groups. If we look at Figure 10 of Williams et al. (2017), we can see that H. naledi falls outside of the range of modern humans, Neandertal and H. erectus for three measurements of the T10 and T11 vertebrae (these are the vertebra geometric mean, the superior surface area, and the spinal canal area). Furthermore, H. naledi, along with the two A. afarensis species, P. robustus and A. africanus Sts 14h fall outside of the range of humans when plotting the square root of the spinal canal area versus the square root of the superior vertebral body area. Furthermore, the penultimate rib centroid size of H. naledi (52.3) is well below the range of H. erectus (80.8, 93.6), Neandertal (13.0, 131.6), and H. sapiens (101.6, 124.7) (Williams et al. 2017). The results from the C1 and C2 vertebrae also suggest a differentiation between H. naledi and humans. The two lowest RSM values are between human and Neandertal and between H. naledi and chimpanzee. The highest RSM values are between H. naledi and human and H. naledi and Neandertal.
The analysis revealed an interesting relationship between normal-sized humans and small-sized humans. The analysis of the T10 vertebra showed they had a baraminic distance of 0.507, and a baraminic correlation of 0.135, with a bootstrap value of 72. In the analysis of the T11 vertebra, they had a baraminic distance of 0.591, and a baraminic correlation of 0.211, with a bootstrap value of 90. Altogether, these values are inconclusive, and neither suggest continuity nor discontinuity between normalsized humans and small-sized humans. However, the question remains, why this inconclusiveness despite the fact that these individuals are known to be humans? The answer could possibly be that the smaller dimensions of the thoracic vertebrae correlate with the non-human species, which also happen to be smaller in size. However, small-sized humans have a baraminic distance of 0.955 with H. naledi, and a baraminic correlation of − 0.755, with a bootstrap value of 87o, suggesting that despite their small size, these humans show discontinuity with H. naledi.
Looking back on the ongoing debate about H. naledi in the creationist literature, we have come a long way. Initial studies based on statistical analysis using only unweighted characters, and solely on craniodental data, suggested that H. naledi was possibly human (O'Micks 2016a). Wood's (2016a) initial work came to this same conclusion, but did not take into account subsequent measurements on several postcranial characteristics. This is important, because postcranial data (which make up the great majority of the skeleton) are more informative than craniodental data, which can sometimes be misleading, at least in phylogenetic studies. For example, behavior-induced morphogenesis also occur many times in the human cranium (such as cradling of the skull in infants) and dentition (Byers 2002; Collard and Moon 2000). Forty-four percent of the teeth of H. naledi also display some form of chipping (65% showing at least medium wear), which is far higher than other fossil hominin species (Towle 2017). Also, up to 34% of skull characteristics display significant intercorrelation in living hominoids. Character pairs which display such intercorrelation include the glabella-prosthion, the nasion-rhinion, orbital height, orbital breadth, post-orbital constriction and maximal biparietal width in Pongo pygmaeus (Miller 2000). If characters influence each other in such a manner, it makes it harder to make taxonomic inferences based on osteological characters as individual units. Therefore, initial disagreement on the baraminic status of H. naledi within creationist circles cannot be construed to mean that H. naledi has a mixture of both modern and plesiomorphic traits, especially when only craniodental characteristics had been studied at first in baraminological analyses.
More evidence and the results of several analyses of independent postcranial measurements has allowed the taxonomic status of H. naledi to become more refined and more precise. With greater confidence, we can say that H. naledi is not a part of the human holobaramin. The first analysis by O'Micks (2016b) of 62 craniodental characters and 32 postcranial characters including measurements of the hands, feet, and thorax, initially suggested H. naledi was discontinuous with the human holobaramin. Later analysis on 14 tibial characters demonstrated that H. naledi showed continuity with Australopithecines (O'Micks 2017). The present study however, presents evidence based on the study of cervical and thoracic vertebrae that further support continuity between apes and H. naledi. This study also affirms the discontinuous relationship between H. naledi and the human holobaramin.
A recent dating of the H. naledi fossils, flowstones, and sediments from the DiNaledi chamber have put the depositional evolutionary age of H. naledi at between 236–335 ka. This age is younger than the age of 1.5 Ma for H. erectus (Zaim et al. 2011), and even younger than an age estimated by analysis of phylogenetic tress of 912 ka by Dembo et al. (2016), and almost even overlaps with the supposed age of human populations that have been stable until today (Berger 2017a). Such a young date for H. naledi obviously contradicts the overarching evolutionary narrative that H. naledi is basal to the genus Homo, preceding all other species from within that genus. Berger and Hawks (2017b) write: "This scenario suggested that over time, our ancestors' brains, posture, and teeth evolved in tandem with each other. The place of any fossil on this line of development should reflect its geological age. The older it is, the more like an ape the fossil would be" (emphasis added).
This is explained by some evolutionists, ad hoc, that H. naledi survived into the later Pleistocene (against the general assumption of paleoanthropologists and archeologists), parallel with other species of Homo, indicating a much younger age than what had been previously hypothesized based on H. naledi's morphology (Berger et al. 2017a; Dirks et al. 2017). This would only be true, if H. naledi lived in an isolated part of the world, such as H. floresiensis, which became extinct due to direct competition with modern humans. However, H. naledi supposedly lived on the open plains of Africa, and would have been exposed to interaction with more advanced species from the genus Homo. The question remains, how a primitive member of the genus Homo could have survived competition from more developed Homo species for over a million years, if evolution were true.
A new review of the geological reports of the Rising Star Cave suggests that the bone-bearing sediments could have been deposited simultaneously, and that the H. naledi remains could have been deposited in multiple, closely spaced flooding events (Clarey 2017). Flooding is not excluded by even those who discovered the remains (Berger 2017b), and the discovery of an additional 131 H. naledi bones at another site in the Lesedi Chamber close to the DiNaledi Chamber supports this. The fact that the bones were buried neither in an extended posture, nor lying on their side (which are characteristic of human burial) (Byers 2002) also suggest that H. naledi was not human.
In any case, according to evolution, it still cannot be certain as to whether H. naledi is on the direct line of descent from australopiths to humans. Only those members of the genus Homo are members of the human holobaramin, which have a world-wide geographical extent, such as modern humans, H. erectus, and H. neanderthalensis. In contrast, H. naledi to date has been localized to only a single site in South Africa. Overall, the analysis in this study provides more evidence that H. naledi is indeed not part of the human holobaramin, but is most likely an ape of some kind, probably a member of the Australopithecine holobaramin. It is much more likely that H. naledi was a species of ape, existing alongside humans, not in competition with them.
The author would like to thank Scott A. Williams for providing the image files for Fig. 1 comparing the T10 and T11 thoracic vertebrae between several primate species.
Berger, L. R., J. Hawks, D. J. de Ruiter, S. E. Churchill, P. Schmid, L. K. Delezene, T. L. Kivell, et al. 2015. "Homo naledi, a New Species of the Genus Homo from the Dinaledi Chamber, South Africa." eLife 4: e09560.
Berger, L. R., J. Hawks, P. H. G. M. Dirks, M. Elliott, and E. M. Roberts. 2017a. "Homo naledi and Pleistocene Hominin Evolution in Subequatorial Africa." eLife 6. pii: e24234.
Berger, L. R., and J. Hawks. 2017b. Almost Human: The Astonishing Tale of Homo naledi and the Discovery That Changed Our Human Story. National Geographic: Washington, DC.
Byers, S. M. 2002. Introduction to Forensic Anthropology. Pearson Education, Inc. University of New Mexico–Valencia.
Clarey, T. L. 2017. "Disposal of Homo naledi in a Possible Deathtrap or Mass Mortality Scenario." Journal of Creation 31 (2): 61–70.
Collard M., and B. Wood. 2000. "How Reliable are Human Phylogenetic Hypotheses?" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 97 (9): 5003–5006.
Dembo, M., D. Radovčić, H. M. Garvin, M. F. Laird, L. Schroeder, J. E. Scott, J. Brophy, et al. 2016. "The Evolutionary Relationships and Age of Homo naledi: An Assessment Using Dated Bayesian Phylogenetic Methods." Journal of Human Evolution 97: 17–26.
Dirks, P. H. G. M., E. M. Roberts, H. Hilbert-Wolf, J. D. Kramers, J. Hawks, A. Dosseto, M. Duval, et al. 2017. "The Age of Homo naledi and Associated Sediments in the Rising Star Cave, South Africa." eLife: e24231.
Feuerriegel, E. M., D. J. Green, C. S. Walker, P. Schmid, J. Hawks, L. R. Berger, and S. E. Churchill. 2017. "The Upper Limb of Homo naledi." Journal of Human Evolution 104: 155–173.
Gebo, D. L. 2014. Primate Comparative Anatomy. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Harcourt-Smith, W. E. H., Z. Throckmorton, K. A. Congdon, B. Zipfel, A. S. Deane, M. S. M. Drapeau, S. E. Churchill, L. R. Berger, and J. M. DeSilva. 2015. "The Foot of Homo naledi." Nature Communications 6: 8432.
Hauesler, M., R. Schiess, and T. Boeni. 2011. "New Vertebral and Rib Material Point to Modern Bauplan of the Nariokotome Homo erectus Skeleton." Journal of Human Evolution 61 (5): 575–582.
Hawks, J., M. Elliott, P. Schmid, S. E. Churchill, D. J. de Ruiter, E. M. Roberts, H. Hilbert-Wolf, et al. 2017. "New Fossil Remains of Homo naledi From the Lesedi Chamber, South Africa." eLife 6: e24232.
Kivell, T. L., A. S. Deane, M. W. Tocheri, C. M. Orr, P. Schmid, J. Hawks, L. R. Berger, and S. E. Churchill. 2015. "The Hand of Homo naledi." Nature Communications 6: 8431.
Laird, M. F., L. Schroeder, H. M. Garvin, J. E. Scott, M. Dembo, D. Radovčić, C. M. Musiba, et al. 2017. "The Skull of Homo naledi." Journal of Human Evolution 104: 100–123.
Lieberman, D. E. 1999. "Homology and Hominid Phylogeny: Problems and Potential Solutions." Evolutionary Anthropology 7 (4): 142–151.
Marchi, D., C. S. Walker, P. Wei, T. W. Holliday, S. E. Churchill, L. R. Berger, and J. M. DeSilva. 2017. "The Thigh and Leg of Homo naledi." Journal of Human Evolution 104: 174–204.
McCollum, M. A., B. A. Rosenman, G. Suwa, R. S. Meindl, and C. O. Lovejoy. 2010. "The Vertebral Formula of the Last Common Ancestor of African Apes and Humans." Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution 314 (2):123–134.
McLain, M. 2017. "Reply to O'Micks Concerning the Geology and Taphonomy of the Homo naledi Site." Answers Research Journal 10: 55–56.
Meyer, M. R, S. A. Williams, P. Schmid, S. E. Churchill, and L. R. Berger. 2017. "The Cervical Spine of Australopithecus sediba." Journal of Human Evolution 104: 32–49
Miller, J. M. 2000. "Craniofacial Variation in Homo habilis: An Analysis of the Evidence for Multiple Species." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 112 (1): 103–128.
O'Micks, J. 2016a. "Preliminary Baraminological Analysis of Homo naledi and Its Place Within the Human Baramin." Journal of Creation Theology and Science Series B: Life Sciences 6: 31–39.
O'Micks, J. 2016b. "Homo naledi Probably Not Part of the Human Holobaramin Based on Baraminic Re-Analysis Including Postcranial Evidence." Answers Research Journal 9: 263–272.
O'Micks, J. 2016c. "Reply to "Taxon Sample in Hominin Baraminology: A Response to O'Micks"." Answers Research Journal 9: 373–375.
O'Micks, J. 2017. "Rebuttal to "Reply to O'Micks Concerning the Geology and Taphonomy of the Homo naledi Site" and "Identifying Humans in the Fossil Record: A Further Response to O'Micks"." Answers Research Journal 10: 63–70.
Robinson, D. A., and D. P. Cavanaugh. 1998. "A Quantitative Approach to Baraminology with Examples From the Catarrhine Primates." Creation Research Society Quarterly 34 (4): 196–208.
Towle, I., J. D. Irish, and I. De Groote. 2017. "Behavioral Inferences from the High Levels of Dental Chipping in Homo naledi." American Journal of Physical Anthropology doi: 10.1002/ajpa.23250.
Williams, S. A., K. R. Ostrofsky, N. Frater, S. E. Churchill, P. Schmid, and L. R. Berger. 2013. "The Vertebral Column of Australopithecus sediba." Science. 340 (6129): 1232996.
Williams, S. A, and G. A. Russo. 2015. "Evolution of the Hominoid Vertebral Column: The Long and the Short of it." Evolutionary Anthropology 24 (1):15–32.
Williams, S. A., E. R. Middleton, C. I. Villamil, and M. R. Shattuck. 2016. "Vertebral Numbers and Human Evolution." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 159 (Suppl 61): S19–36.
Williams, S. A., D. García-Martínez, M. Bastir, M. R. Meyer, S. Nalla, J. Hawks, P. Schmid, S. E. Churchill, and L. R. Berger. 2017. "The Vertebrae and Ribs of Homo naledi." Journal of Human Evolution 104: 136–154.
Wood, T. C. 2005. "Visualizing Baraminic Distances Using Classical Multidimensional Scaling." Origins (GRI) 57: 9–29.
Wood, T. C. 2008. BDISTMDS software, v. 2.0. Dayton, Tennessee: Center for Origins Research, Bryan College.
Wood, T. C. 2016a. "An Evaluation of Homo naledi and 'Early' Homo From a Young-Age Creationist Perspective." Journal of Creation Theology and Science Series B: Life Sciences 6: 14–30.
Wood, T. C. 2016b. "Taxon Sample Size in Hominin Baraminology: A Response to O'Micks." Answers Research Journal 9: 369–372.
Wood, T. C. 2017. "Identifying Humans in the Fossil Record: A Further Response to O'Micks." Answers Research Journal 10: 57–62.
Zaim, Y., R. L. Ciochon, J. M. Polanski, F. E. Grine, E. A. Bettis III, Y. Rizal, R. G. Franciscus, et al. 2011. "New 1.5 Million- Year-Old Homo erectus Maxilla from Sangiran (Central Java, Indonesia)." Journal of Human Evolution 61 (4): 363–376.
Supplementary File
Supplementary File showing result of BDIST analysis for T10 and T11 vetrebrae
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This holiday season, shed some light on your relationship with glowing mistletoe. The magic comes from a motion sensor, Trinket and LED sequins. When motion under the mistletoe is sensed, the berries light up!
White Wide Satin Ribbon - Approx. 1 yd.
Note that the Trinket is oriented up in this diagram in order to make the pins easily readable. In the finished project, the Trinket will be oriented in the opposite direction with the USB and battery jacks facing down. You may have to adjust this configuration with more or less parallel wired LED sequins for your own mistletoe bunch. The bunch I chose has five branches, so I decided to put LEDs on four of them and leave the center one for the motion sensor. The branches are coded to light up staggered, so you may have to tweak the code since your branches may be labeled differently from mine. Have fun with it.
It's good to become familiar with the motion sensor, so first set up a breadboard according to the instructions here. You can use either a 3 or 4 battery set-up, so don't panic when you see two battery cases. Have fun waving your hand around. Make sure you try moving the bracket as suggested in the "Triggering" section, so you understand how the sensor works.
There is a great demonstration of how to do this here. Notice they are using the Audio FX Sound Board here, but it's the same technique that we'll use on the Trinket. Start by soldering one of the short side pad footprints on the Trinket and tack the JST into place Then you can properly solder the last three pads without it moving around.
Usually the sensor is used with a larger battery pack, but in order to use the LiPoly, which is a smaller voltage, you'll need to solder a wire to bypass the regulator. The regulator is labeled 7133-1 and has three pins on one side, with a tab on the other. You will be soldering a short wire from the first pin of the regulator to the pad of the resistor located right near the red wire of the sensor's power cable. Make sure you tin both sides of the wire first, and it helps if you use a third arm and tweezers. Solder the regulator pin wire first, to make your life easier. When finished, plug the sensor wires into their jack on the sensor.
This takes a steady hand, so make sure you don't drink caffeine. It's an important step as it affects power.
Pick an outside longer branch to start with. Longer branches will get 3 LEDs, while shorter branches will get 2. Choose three large berries and remove them--we'll deal with those later. For now, we will be doing the wiring for the LED sequins that will replace them.
Start at the LED near the tip of the branch. Cut and strip a piece of green wire long enough to go from the (+) of that LED to the (+) of the next LED. Now cut and strip a piece of white wire that will go betweem the (-) of those two LEDs. Solder them in place. Continue the same process for the other LEDs. Two wires on the same end can be twisted and soldered as one. Be sure to leave 4" tails of wire after the last LED to attach to the Trinket.
As you complete a row of LEDs, test their wiring with a small watch battery to be sure they work. Then, use floral tape to wrap each wired branch. Stretch the tape slightly as you go, so the tape adheres. Take the tape all the way to the end of the branch and cover the wires as best as you can. Now repeat wiring and wrapping for the other branches.
Take the black (-) wire of the sensor and solder it onto the GND of Trinket on the reverse side of the board. Now gather all the negative wires (white), and twist the ends together until they form a single wire. It helps to rubberband the other wires out of the way. Tin the end of the white wires.
Solder the end of the white wires onto the GND of Trinket. Having problems? You can always cut a short piece of white wire and solder it to the GND on Trinket and then solder the 4 white LED wires to that. Just make sure to apply electrical tape or heat shrink tubing at the junction.
Continue to solder the rest of the wires to their correct pins on Trinket. Make sure not to trim the length of the wires on the sensor. You may need to adjust the height later once you hang the mistletoe, and it is better to keep it longer rather than shorter.
Place the Trinket between two branches near the top of the bundle, preferably towards the back. Using thread, attach it using the four mounting holes. You should loop the thread a few times through each hole to make sure it is secure.
Using the floral tape, wrap the sensor wires, using the same stretching technique used doing the LEDs. Leave the last 1.5" bare so there is no tension near the Trinket.
Cut a long piece of green wire and thread it through a mounting hole on the sensor, up through the center of the bundle, looping it near the top around a branch. Then, feed it down to the sensor's other mounting hole. It should hang just shy of the longest branches. Twist the wire to secure it.
Next, take the satin ribbon and tie a bow around the top of your bundle. Allow longer pieces to dangle on the sides. The bow helps to hide the electronics. You may want to take an extra piece of the ribbon and tie it to the top of the bundle for hanging, as well.
To prepare the battery, apply a strong tape around the top of the battery to protect the wires from stress. Then, make a holder from felt. Cut two pieces a little bigger than the battery and stitch the sides and the bottom. At the bottom, leave an opening large enough for the JST plug to dangle.
Now, use a Dremel to slice each berry in half. Then, using a hot glue gun, attach the berry slices, sandwiching the LED sequins. The idea is to use as little glue as possible to ensure that the LED can allow heat to dissipate. If you can't get hold of a Dremel, you can try getting opaque beads from a craft store, or experiment with little globs of hot glue applied to just one side of the LEDs.
Time for mistletoe fun! Make sure the cable for the motion sensor is tucked up inside the bundle and that the sensor's lens is clear of leaves. Now, plug in the battery and tuck the case inside the top of the branches. Give the sensor about 30 sec. to calibrate and then try walking under the mistletoe. In a few seconds berries will light up.
Here are some other things to consider. I didn't have to adjust the settings on the motion sensor, but know that there are some listed in the PIR Motion Sensor Guide. Also, my floral tape was dark green, but really a lighter green would have blended better. If the color bothers you, consider dabbing some paint on the tape. Finally, there is a red LED that triggers on the Trinket when the motion sensor is in use. So, just put a small piece of dark tape over it and the magic will stay undiscovered.
This guide was first published on Dec 18, 2014. It was last updated on Dec 18, 2014.


INQUADRA sun blind sides blind: monobloc designed to eliminate the heat bridges of the window opening. Consisting of EPS sides, with a box that can house the most varied solutions of sun blinds on the market: chord, chain or other systems. The box is sized according to how the sun blinds are packed and reinforced with a steel profile. The fourth DF side completes the solution.