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Ubiquitylation of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase type I γ by HECTD1 regulates focal adhesion dynamics and cell migration
Xiang Li, Qi Zhou, Manjula Sunkara, Matthew L. Kutys, Zhaofei Wu, Piotr Rychahou, Andrew J. Morris, Haining Zhu, B. Mark Evers, Cai Huang
Journal of Cell Science 2013 126: 2617-2628; doi: 10.1242/jcs.117044
Xiang Li
Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
Qi Zhou
Manjula Sunkara
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
Matthew L. Kutys
NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
Zhaofei Wu
Piotr Rychahou
Andrew J. Morris
Haining Zhu
Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
B. Mark Evers
Cai Huang
Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USADepartment of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
For correspondence: cai-huang@uky.edu
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Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase type I γ (PIPKIγ90) binds talin and localizes at focal adhesions (FAs). Phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate (PIP2) generated by PIPKIγ90 is essential for FA formation and cell migration. On the other hand, PIPKIγ90 and the β-integrin tail compete for overlapping binding sites on talin. Enhanced PIPKIγ90-talin interaction suppresses talin binding to the β-integrin. It is unknown how PIPKIγ90 is removed from the PIPKIγ90–talin complex after on-site PIP2 production during cell migration. Here we show that PIPKIγ90 is a substrate for HECTD1, an E3 ubiquitin ligase regulating cell migration. HECTD1 ubiquitinated PIPKIγ90 at lysine 97 and resulted in PIPKIγ90 degradation. Expression of the mutant PIPKIγ90K97R enhanced PIP2 and PIP3 production, inhibited FA assembly and disassembly and inhibited cancer cell migration, invasion and metastasis. Interestingly, mutation at tryptophan 647 abolished the inhibition of PIPKIγ90K97R on FA dynamics and partially rescued cancer cell migration and invasion. Thus, cycling PIPKIγ90 ubiquitylation by HECTD1 and consequent degradation remove PIPKIγ90 from talin after on-site PIP2 production, providing an essential regulatory mechanism for FA dynamics and cell migration.
Cell migration is a dynamic process that requires focal adhesion (FA) assembly at the front of cells, with concomitant disassembly at the trailing edges of cells (Webb et al., 2002; Ridley et al., 2003). Therefore, FAs are central regulatory points for cell migration.
FAs have been implicated in cancer metastasis. Several molecules, including DRR (Down-Regulated in Renal cell carcinoma), filamin A, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and paxillin, regulate cancer invasion through modulating FA disassembly (Chan et al., 2010; Le et al., 2010; ⇓Xu et al., 2010b; Deakin and Turner, 2011). Also, microarray analysis shows that about one-third of the genes that are induced in metastatic cancers are genes affecting cell adhesion and the cytoskeleton (Clark et al., 2000). Interestingly, paxillin, a FA protein, is involved in FA dynamics in 3D matrix and cancer metastasis (Deakin and Turner, 2011). Many molecules, including FAK, paxillin, talin, calpain, Smurf1 and PAK1 have been shown to regulate FA dynamics (Franco et al., 2004; Webb et al., 2004; Huang, C. et al., 2009; Delorme-Walker et al., 2011). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood.
Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase type I γ (PIPKIγ90) is a key enzyme that is responsible for the production of phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate (PIP2), a molecule that is well implicated in FA formation. PIPKIγ90 interacts with talin and localizes at FAs (Di Paolo et al., 2002; Ling et al., 2002). PIPKIγ90 is essential for FA dynamics (Wu et al., 2011), probably by modulating integrin–ligand binding and integrin–actin force coupling (Legate et al., 2011). PIPKIγ90 regulates cell migration and cancer invasion (Sun et al., 2007; Sun et al., 2010; Wu et al., 2011). It also regulates cell polarization, LFA-1-mediated T cell adhesion as well as adherens junction (Ling et al., 2007; Lokuta et al., 2007; ⇓Xu et al., 2010a).
PIPKIγ90 and the β-integrin tail compete for the same binding site on talin (Barsukov et al., 2003; de Pereda et al., 2005). Overexpression of PIPKIγ90 inhibits integrin activation and causes defects in cell spreading and FA formation (Di Paolo et al., 2002; Ling et al., 2002; Calderwood et al., 2004). Phosphorylation of PIPKIγ90 by Src promotes its interaction with talin, inhibiting the talin–β-integrin interaction (Ling et al., 2003), whereas Cdk5-mediated phosphorylation of PIPKIγ90 disrupts PIPKIγ90–talin interaction (Lee et al., 2005). Since the role of Cdk5 in cell migration in many cell types remained to be defined, it is unknown how PIPKIγ90 binds talin to produce on-site PIP2 but does not inhibit the β-integrin-tail–talin binding, a key step in integrin activation and FA formation in migratory cells. Since Smurf1 ubiquitylates the talin head and is implicated in FA dynamics and cell migration (Huang et al., 2009; Huang, 2010), we originally hypothesized that in migratory cells PIPKIγ90 was ubiquitylated by Smurf1 and consequently degraded upon on-site PIP2 production. However, we demonstrated that HECTD1, an E3 ubiquitin ligase regulating cell migration (Sarkar and Zohn, 2012), instead of Smurf1, ubiquitylated PIPKIγ90 and caused its degradation. Thus, PIPKIγ90 degradation may withdraw its competition for binding talin, consequently leading to FA assembly/disassembly and cell migration in breast cancer cells.
PIPKIγ90 is ubiquitylated by HECTD1 at lysine 97
To examine whether PIPKIγ is ubiquitylated in breast cancer cells, we treated MDA-MB-157, MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cells with carfilzomib plus bortezomib, specific proteasome inhibitors, and observed the steady-state levels of PIPKIγ. Carfilzomib plus bortezomib treatment resulted in a significant increase in the levels of PIPKIγ in MDA-MB-157, MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cells (Fig. 1A). The proteasome inhibitors also induced a significant increase in the levels of PIPKIγ in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and EGFP–PIPKIγ90 stably expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) K1 cells (supplementary material Fig. S1A). The ubiquitylation of PIPKIγ was further verified by immunoprecipitating PIPKIγ and detecting with an anti-ubiquitin antibody (Fig. 1B). These results suggest that PIPKIγ is regulated by ubiquitylation in a variety of cell types.
HECTD1 ubiquitylates PIPKIγ90 at lysine 97. (A) The steady-state levels of PIPKIγ were measured by western blotting in MDA-MB-157, MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells treated with bortezomib plus carfilzomib (1 µM each) for the times indicated. (B) The ubiquitylation of endogenous PIPKIγ was determined by immunoprecipitating PIPKIγ and blotting with an anti-ubiquitin antibody. (C) Effect of HECTD1 knockdown on PIPKIγ levels in the absence and presence of proteasome inhibitors. HECTD1 shRNA D6 and D9 were stably expressed in MDA-MB-231 cells by lentiviral infection. (D) PIPKIγ90 was ubiquitylated by Smurf1 and HECTD1 in CHO-K1 cells. CHO-K1 cells that stably express BirA were transfected with Avi-ubiquitin and ZZ-PIPKIγ90 with or without different ligases. (E) Substitution of lysine 97 with arginine (K97R) abolished HECTD1-mediated ubiquitylation of PIPKIγ90. (F) Time course of degradation of PIPKIγ90 and PIPKIγ90K97R in CHO-K1 cells. CHO-K1 cells expressing BirA were transfected with Avi-PIPKIγ90 or Avi-PIPKIγ90K97R and incubated with biotin for 4 hours. The levels of Avi-PIPKIγ90 and Avi-PIPKIγ90K97R were detected by western blotting using Dylight800-Streptavidin. (G) The steady-state levels of PIPKIγ90 WT and PIPKIγ90K97R were measured by western blotting in endogenous PIPKIγ-depleted MDA-MB-231 cells expressing ZZ-PIPKIγ90-R or ZZ-PIPKIγ90K97R-R, respectively, and treated with DMSO or bortezomib plus carfilzomib (1 µM each). (H) The relative mRNA levels of PIPKIγ90 in MDA-MB-231 cells infected with a shRNA control (Vector; value set to 1.0) and in PIPKIγ-depleted cells expressing PIPKIγ90-R or PIPKIγ90K97R-R. Values indicate mean ± s.e.m. (n = 5).
To learn which E3 ubiquitin ligase mediates the ubiquitylation of PIPKIγ, we adapted the AviZZ system that we originally developed for protein–protein interaction assays (Huang and Jacobson, 2010). CHO-K1 cells stably expressing BirA, a biotin ligase, were transfected with Avi-ubiquitin and ZZ-PIPKIγ90 with or without different ligases. The cells were labeled with biotin and ZZ-PIPKIγ90 was precipitated with IgG–Sepharose. PIPKIγ90 ubiquitylation was detected by using Dylight680 streptavidin. Transfection with Smurf1 (Smad ubiquitination regulatory factor 1) and Smurf2 resulted in a dramatic increase in the ubiquitylation of PIPKIγ90 (supplementary material Fig. S1B). To examine whether Smurf1 or Smurf2 are the E3 ligases that are responsible for PIPKIγ90 ubiquitylation in breast cancer cells, endogenous Smurf1 and Smurf2 in MDA-MB-231 cells were depleted using shRNA. The cells were treated with DMSO or the proteasome inhibitors. Neither Smurf1 nor Smurf2 shRNA blocked the proteasome inhibitor-induced increase in PIPKIγ90 levels (supplementary material Fig. S1C). Thus, other E3 ligases may be responsible for PIPKIγ90 ubiquitylation in MDA-MB-231 cells, although overexpression of Smurf1 and Smurf2 ubiquitylates PIPKIγ90 in CHO-K1 cells.
HECTD1, an E3 ubiquitin ligase homologous to Smurf1, has been shown to regulate cell migration (Sarkar and Zohn, 2012). To examine whether HECTD1 is the E3 ligase that is responsible for PIPKIγ90 ubiquitylation in breast cancer cells, endogenous HECTD1 in MDA-MB-231 cells was depleted by expressing HECTD1 shRNA. The cells were treated with DMSO or proteasome inhibitors bortezomib plus carfilzomib, and PIPKIγ90 levels were detected by western blotting. HECTD1 knockdown caused an increase in PIPKIγ90 levels and also partially (D6) or completely (D9) abolished the increase in PIPKIγ90 levels induced by proteasome inhibitors (Fig. 1C). To know whether HECTD1 ubiquitylates PIPKIγ90, CHO-K1 cells expressing BirA were transfected with Avi-ubiquitin and ZZ-PIPKIγ90 with Smurf1 and HECTD1. PIPKIγ90 ubiquitylation was measured as described earlier. Both Smurf1 and HECTD1 promoted PIPKIγ90 ubiquitylation in CHO-K1 cells (Fig. 1D). Thus, HECTD1 is responsible for PIPKIγ90 ubiquitylation.
To identify the ubiquitylation sites on PIPKIγ, ZZ-PIPKIγ87 was transfected into CHO-K1 cells and purified with IgG–Sepharose beads. Purified ZZ-PIPKIγ87 (on Sepharose beads) was ubiquitylated in vitro and digested with trypsin and chymotrypsin. The peptides were analyzed by LC-MS/MS using an LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometer. Since the last three residues at the C-terminus of ubiquitin are Arg-Gly-Gly, trypsin digestion occurs after the arginine residue thus leaving the two glycine residues that are covalently attached to the ubiquitylated peptide. The PIPKIγ peptide 95SSKPER was detected as a ubiquitylated peptide and the tandem MS/MS spectrum clearly showed that the Gly-Gly adduct was on lysine 97 (K97) within the peptide (supplementary material Fig. S2A).
To examine whether K97 is also an ubiquitination site for HECTD1, wild type (WT) ZZ-PIPKIγ90 and ZZ-PIPKIγ90K97R were co-transfected with Avi-ubiquitin with or without HECTD1 into CHO-K1 cells that stably express BirA. The ubiquitylation of the WT and mutant PIPKIγ90 was measured as described above. Mutation at K97 completely abolished HECTD1-mediated ubiquitylation of PIPKIγ90 (Fig. 1E). Similar results were observed in MDA-MB-231 cells expressing the WT and mutant PIPKIγ90K97R (supplementary material Fig. S2B).
To examine whether PIPKIγ90 ubiquitylation causes its degradation, CHO-K1 cells that express BirA were transiently transfected with Avi-PIPKIγ90 or Avi-PIPKIγ90K97R, and then incubated with biotin. The levels of Avi-PIPKIγ90 or Avi-PIPKIγ90K97R at different times after biotin was removed were detected by western blotting using Dylight800 streptavidin. The half-life of PIPKIγ90 was ∼3 hours, whereas mutation at K97 tripled its half-life (Fig. 1F). Also, co-transfection of HECTD1 with PIPKIγ90 caused a decrease in the steady-state level of PIPKIγ90, but HECTD1 did not affect paxillin, talin and vinculin (supplementary material Fig. S2C). These results indicate that PIPKIγ90 ubiquitylation by HECTD1 causes its degradation.
To examine whether PIPKIγ90 ubiquitylation also mediate PIPKIγ90 degradation in breast cancer cells, MDA-MB-231 cells were infected with PIPKIγ90 shRNA lentiviral particles to knockdown the endogenous PIPKIγ90, and the cells were further infected with recombinant retroviruses that express codon-modified WT ZZ-PIPKIγ90 (ZZ-PIPKIγ90-R) and ZZ-PIPKIγ90K97R (ZZ-PIPKIγ90K97R-R), respectively. The expression levels of the WT and mutant PIPKIγ90 were determined by western blotting after the cells were treated with DMSO or proteasome inhibitors. The protein level of PIPKIγ90K97R was 2.7 times higher than those of the WT (Fig. 1G). Treatment with bortezomib plus carfilzomib resulted in a 1.5-fold increase in the level of the WT, whereas the mutant PIPKIγ90K97R levels were not further increased by proteosome inhibitors since its degradation is already defective. The mRNA levels between the WT and PIPKIγ90K97R are no different (Fig. 1H). These results confirm that K97 is the ubiquitylation site of PIPKIγ90 and indicate that PIPKIγ90 ubiquitylation leads to its degradation.
To determine whether PIPKIγ90 ubiquitylation modulates PIP2 and PIP3 production in breast cancer cells, polyphosphoinositides in PIPKIγ90-depleted MDA-MB-231 cells that express ZZ-PIPKIγ90-R and ZZ-PIPKIγ90K97R-R respectively, and control MDA-MB-231 cells (infected with a control shRNA) were extracted, derivatized using trimethylsilyl diazomethane and measured using mass spectrometry. There was no significant difference in PIP levels among PIPKIγ90-R, PIPKIγ90K97R-R cells and control MDA-MB-231 cells; the control cells and PIPKIγ90-depleted cells that express PIPKIγ90-R had similar PIP2 and PIP3 levels. However, the cells that express PIPKIγ90K97R-R demonstrated much higher PIP2 and PIP3 than the control cells (Fig. 2A). Also, mutation at K97 had no significant effect on PIPKIγ90 activity as both WT protein and K97R mutant showed similar kinase activity in the in vitro assay (Fig. 2B). These results indicate that PIPKIγ90 ubiquitylation is a novel regulatory mechanism for phosphoinositide metabolism.
PIPKIγ90 ubiquitylation regulates PIP2 and PIP3 production. (A) Phosphoinositide levels in MDA-MB-231 cells expressing a shRNA control (Vector) and in PIPKIγ-depleted MDA-MB-231 cells expressing ZZ-PIPKIγ90-R or ZZ-PIPKIγ90K97R-R (n = 4). (B) Substitution of lysine 97 with arginine did not affect PIPKIγ90 activity in vitro. ZZ-PIPKIγ90 and ZZ-PIPKIγ90K97R were immunoprecipitated using IgG-Agarose beads. The beads were incubated with PI(4)P and [γ-32P]ATP, and PIP2 production analyzed with TLC. PIP2 was visualized by autoradiography (left panel) and quantified by liquid scintillation counting (right panel). Data are means ± s.e.m. of three independent experiments.*P<0.05, **P<0.01.
PIPKIγ90 ubiquitylation is required for efficient FA turnover in breast cancer cells
We have demonstrated that PIPKIγ90 regulates FA dynamics in CHO-K1 and HCT116 cells (Wu et al., 2011). Since E3 ubiquitin ligases have been implicated in regulating FA dynamics (Huang et al., 2009; Huang, 2010), we determined whether PIPKIγ90 ubiquitylation influences FA assembly/disassembly. MDA-MB-231 cells that stably express DsRed-paxillin were infected with retroviruses that express ZZ-PIPKIγ90 or ZZ-PIPKIγ90K97R (Fig. 3A). The cells were plated on MatTek dishes (with a glass coverslip at the bottom) precoated with fibronectin (5 µg/ml) and TIRF images of DsRed-paxillin were taken using a Nikon TIRF microscope. Images were recorded at 1-minute intervals for a 60-minute period. FA assembly and disassembly rate constants were calculated as we described previously (Huang et al., 2009; Wu et al., 2011). FA assembly/disassembly rates in MDA-MB-231 cells are significantly higher than those reported previously in CHO-K1 cells (Huang et al., 2009; Wu et al., 2011), and PIPKIγ90K97R significantly inhibited FA disassembly and slightly reduced FA assembly rate (Fig. 3B,C; supplementary material Movies 1, 2). PIPKIγ90 stimulated small FA (<3 µm2) formation in the centers of the cells (supplementary material Fig. S3A,B). The stimulation of small FA formation by PIPKIγ90 requires its ubiquitylation, because PIPKIγ90K97R was less effective. PIPKIγ90K97R-R accumulated in large FAs (14.1 FAs with area >1 µm2 per cell, n = 8), most of which were localized in the rear of the cells, whereas the WT enzyme formed smaller FAs at the leading edges of the cells (2.8 FAs with area >1 µm2 per cell, n = 13); expression of PIPKIγ90K97R-R also stimulated stress fiber formation (supplementary material Fig. S3C). These results indicate that PIPKIγ90 ubiquitylation is essential for FA disassembly in MDA-MB-231 cells.
PIPKIγ90 ubiquitylation by HECTD1 regulates FA assembly and disassembly. (A) Expression of ZZ-PIPKIγ90 or ZZ-PIPKIγ90K97R in MDA-MB-231 cells was examined by western blotting. (B) MDA-MB-231 cells were infected with lentiviruses that express mDsRed-paxillin and then infected with retroviruses expressing ZZ-PIPKIγ90 or ZZ-PIPKIγ90K97R. The cells were plated on fibronectin and the dynamics of paxillin was analyzed using time-lapse TIRF microscopy. Arrowheads point to dynamic (upper panels) and stable (lower panels) FAs. (C) Quantification of the FA assembly and disassembly rate constants in parental MDA-MB-231 cells (white) and cells that stably express ZZ-PIPKIγ90 WT (gray) or ZZ-PIPKIγ90K97R (black). Results are expressed as mean ± s.e.m. of 50 FAs from 10 cells. (D) MDA-MB-231 cells that stably express a control (upper panels) or HECTD1 shRNA D9 (lower panels) were infected with retroviruses expressing mDsRed-paxillin. Arrowheads point to dynamic (upper panels) and stable (lower panels) FAs. (E) Quantification of the FA assembly and disassembly rate constants in cells that express shRNA control (white) and HECTD1 shRNA (gray). Results are expressed as mean ± s.e.m. of 90 FAs from 20 cells. (F) Quantification of the FA assembly and disassembly rate constants in cells that express shRNA control (white) and PIPKIγ shRNA (gray). Results are expressed as mean ± s.e.m. of 50 FAs from 10 cells. **P<0.01, ***P<0.001. Scale bars: 20 µm.
To examine whether HECTD1 depletion influences FA dynamics in MDA-MB-231 cells, the cells that stably express DsRed-paxillin were infected with lentiviruses that express a control or HECTD1 shRNA (D9), and FA assembly and disassembly were examined as described above. Depletion of endogenous HECTD1 significantly inhibited both FA assembly and disassembly rates (Fig. 3D,E). Depletion of endogenous PIPKIγ90 also suppressed FA disassembly rates and to less extent the assembly rates (Fig. 3F). HECTD1 partially colocalized with talin at the actin arcs immediately behind the lamellipodium (supplementary material Fig. S3D), where FA in association with actin filaments and myosin (Gupton and Waterman-Storer, 2006; Koestler et al., 2008). These results suggest that dynamic spatial regulation of PIPKIγ90 ubiquitylation by HECTD1 is essential for efficient FA assembly and disassembly.
HECTD1-mediated PIPKIγ90 ubiquitylation is essential for breast cancer cell migration
Since FA dynamics is a key point that regulates cell migration and is also involved in cancer invasion (Webb et al., 2002; Ridley et al., 2003), we set out to examine the role of PIPKIγ90 ubiquitylation in breast cancer cell migration and invasion. To eliminate the interference of endogenous PIPKIγ90, we depleted endogenous PIPKIγ90 and expressed codon-modified WT and ubiquitylation-deficient mutant of PIPKIγ90 to determine whether they restore the function of PIPKIγ90.
MDA-MB-231 cells were infected with lentiviruses that stably express a control or PIPKIγ90 shRNA (supplementary material Fig. S4A). The cells were plated on glass-bottomed dishes coated with 5 µg/ml fibronectin, and the migration was determined by time-lapse cell migration assays. Depletion of endogenous PIPKIγ90 significantly reduced the velocity and directionality of cell migration, and strongly inhibited the net distance of cell migration (supplementary material Fig. S4B,C), indicating that PIPKIγ90 modulates cell migration by controlling the velocity and directionality of migration.
To test whether PIPKIγ90 ubiquitylation regulates the migration of breast cancer cells, MDA-MB-231 cells that express PIPKIγ90 shRNA were infected with retroviruses expressing ZZ-PIPKIγ90-R or ZZ-PIPKIγ90K97R-R, respectively, and cell migration was determined by time-lapse cell migration assays as described above. The expression of WT PIPKIγ90-R and PIPKIγ90K97R-R was much higher than that of endogenous PIPKIγ (Fig. 4A). While WT PIPKIγ90-R restored the migration of PIPKIγ-depleted cells, PIPKIγ90K97R-R was unable to do that (Fig. 4B,C; supplementary material Movies 3–5). PIPKIγ90K97R-R impaired cell migration mainly through inhibiting the persistence of the lamellipodium protrusions (Fig. 4D), consequently suppressing the directionality (Fig. 4B). This conclusion is further supported by that expression of HECTD1 shRNA also suppressed the directionality of cell migration (Fig. 5A,B). Both PIPKIγ90K97R and HECTD1 shRNA inhibited the directionality of migration, suggesting that PIPKIγ90 ubiquitylation regulates cell migration by mainly controlling the directionality.
PIPKIγ90 ubiquitylation regulates protrusion persistence and directional migration. (A) Expression of ZZ-PIPKIγ90-R or ZZ-PIPKIγ90K97R-R in MDA-MB-231 cells compared with endogenous PIPKIγ. (B) Velocity, net distance, total path and directionality of the cells expressing a control shRNA (Ctrl) and the PIPKIγ-depleted cells stably expressing ZZ-PIPKIγ90-R or ZZ-PIPKIγ90K97R-R. The data are expressed as mean ± s.e.m. of more than 53 cells from three independent experiments; **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001 compared with control cells. (C) Migration tracks of ten MDA-MB-231 cells that express a control shRNA and ten PIPKIγ-depleted MDA-MB-231 cells that stably express ZZ-PIPKIγ90-R or ZZ-PIPKIγ90K97R-R. (D) PIPKIγ90 ubiquitylation regulates the persistence of lamellipodium protrusions. Left, kymograph of lamellipodial dynamics. Right, quantitative analysis of lamellipodial velocity and persistence. Data are mean ± s.e.m. Persistence, n = 90, ***P<0.001; velocity, n = 79, P>0.05.
HECTD1 is required for efficient directional migration. (A) Velocity, net distance, total path and directionality of the cells stably expressing shRNA control or HECTD1 shRNA D6 or D9. The data are expressed as mean ± s.e.m. of more than 50 cells from at least three independent experiments; ***P<0.001 compared with control cells. (B) Migration tracks of ten MDA-MB-231 cells that stably express a shRNA control, HECTD1 shRNA D6 or D9 transposed to a common origin.
PIPKIγ90 ubiquitylation by HECTD1 regulates cancer cell invasion and metastasis
To examine the role of PIPKIγ90 in breast cancer cell invasion, MDA-MB-231 cells were infected with lentiviruses that express PIPKIγ90 shRNA or an empty vector. The invasion of these cells was measured by examining the functional capacities of the cells penetrating through transwell filters coated with 0.35 mg/ml Matrigel. Depletion of endogenous PIPKIγ90 inhibited the invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells (Fig. 6A). To examine the role of PIPKIγ90 ubiquitylation in breast cancer cell invasion, PIPKIγ90-depleted cells were infected with retroviruses that express WT PIPKIγ90-R and PIPKIγ90K97R-R, respectively. The invasion of these cells was compared to that of the PIPKIγ90-depleted cells and cells infected with the shRNA control. Re-expression of codon-modified WT PIPKIγ90-R in PIPKIγ90-depleted cells restored the invasion of the PIPKIγ90-depleted cells, whereas that of the PIPKIγ90K97R counterpart did not (Fig. 6B,C). Similar results were observed in MDA-MB-468 and MDA-MB-157 cells (Fig. 6D,E). In addition, depletion of endogenous HECTD1 also inhibited the invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells (Fig. 6F). These results indicate that HECTD1-mediated ubiquitylation of PIPKIγ90 is essential for breast cancer cell invasion.
PIPKIγ90 ubiquitylation by HECTD1 is required for breast cancer cell invasion. (A) Depletion of endogenous PIPKIγ inhibited the invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells. The cells were infected with pLKO1 lentiviruses that express shRNA control or PIPKIγ90 shRNAs and then selected with puromycin; n = 5. (B) PIPKIγ90 restored the invasive capacity of PIPKIγ-depleted MDA-MB-231 cells, but PIPKIγ90K97R did not. The PIPKIγ-depleted MDA-MB-231 cells were infected with retroviruses that express ZZ-PIPKIγ90-R or ZZ-PIPKIγ90K97R-R and then selected with neomycin. The PIPKIγ-depleted cells and cells expressing shRNA control were used as controls. (C) Quantification of experiment B. (D) PIPKIγ90 restored the invasive capacity of PIPKIγ-depleted MDA-MB-468 cells, but PIPKIγ90K97R did not; n = 5. (E) Quantification of the invasion of PIPKIγ-depleted MDA-MB-157cells stably expressing ZZ-PIPKI-R or ZZ-PIPKIγ90K97R-R, using PIPKIγ-depleted cells and cells expressing shRNA control as controls; n = 5. (F) Depletion of endogenous HECTD1 inhibited the invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells. The cells were infected with pLKO1 lentiviruses expressing shRNA control or HECTD1 shRNA and then selected with puromycin. n = 3. (G) Steady-state levels of PIPKIγ and HECTD1 were determined by western blotting in fast invasive or slow invasive MDA-MB-231 cells (n = 5) that were treated with DMSO or bortezomib plus carfilzomib (1 µM each). Data are presented as mean ± s.e.m. *P<0.05, ***P<0.001 compared with control cells.
To delineate whether there is any correlation between PIPKIγ ubiquitylation and cancer cell invasion, highly invasive (invade in 8 hours) and non-invasive (do not invade in 16 hours) MDA-MB-231 cells were recovered from transwell invasion assays and grown in normal medium. The cells were treated with DMSO or bortezomib plus carfilzomib and steady-state levels of PIPKIγ were examined. While treatment with proteasome inhibitors resulted in a significant increase in the steady-state levels of HECTD1 and PIPKIγ in highly invasive cells, HECTD1 and PIPKIγ levels were not increased in the non-invasive cells (Fig. 6G). Because the autoubiquitylation is essential for the activity of HECT domain E3 ubiquityl ligases (Gao et al., 2004; Lu et al., 2008), the high basal HECTD1 level in the non-invasive cells is equivalent to low E3 ligase activity, which correlates with the low ubiquitylation of PIPKIγ in these cells. In addition, the higher PIPKIγ ubiquitylation in MDA-MB-231 cells, as compared to that in MDA-MB-468 and MDA-MB-157 cells (Fig. 1A), correlated with more aggressive invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells. These results suggest that PIPKIγ ubiquitylation regulates invasive capacity of cancer cells.
Since PIPKIγ90 ubiquitylation regulates cancer cell migration and invasion, key steps in cancer metastasis, we examined whether PIPKIγ90 ubiquitylation regulates the metastasis of breast cancer cells by mouse tail vein metastasis assays. MDA-MB-231 cells infected with a control shRNA and PIPKIγ-depleted cells that re-expressed WT ZZ-PIPKIγ90-R or ZZ-PIPKIγ90K97R-R were injected into the tail vein of female ICR-SCID mice. After 6 weeks, mice were euthanized and lungs were removed and photographed. Tumor nodules present on the surface of the lungs were examined microscopically. The lungs from the mice injected with the cells expressing PIPKIγ90-R were similar to those injected with the cells infected with the control shRNA, but had dramatically more tumor nodules than those injected with the cells expressing PIPKIγ90K97R-R (Fig. 7A,B). Also, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining showed that the lung sections from the mice injected with cells expressing PIPKIγ90-R demonstrated numerous tumor nodules, whereas those from mice injected with cells expressing PIPKIγ90K97R-R had few or no tumor nodules (Fig. 7C). These results indicate that PIPKIγ90 ubiquitylation is essential for the experimental metastasis of MDA-MB-231 cells.
PIPKIγ90 ubiquitylation by HECTD1 is required for breast cancer cell metastasis. (A) PIPKIγ-depleted MDA-MB-231 cells expressing ZZ-PIPKIγ90-R or ZZ-PIPKIγ90K97R-R were injected into the tail veins of ICR-SCID mice. After 6 weeks, lungs were excised. Representative lungs are shown from mice implanted with PIPKIγ-depleted cells stably expressing PIPKIγ90-R or PIPKIγ90K97R-R. (B) The number of tumor nodules on the lung surface was examined under a dissection microscope and plotted; *P<0.05. (C) Hematoxylin and eosin staining (40×) of paraffin-embedded sections of lung specimens from nude mice implanted with PIPKIγ-depleted cells stably expressing PIPKIγ90-R or PIPKIγ90K97R-R. Arrows point to tumor nodules.
PIPKIγ90-talin interaction is responsible for the effect of PIPKIγ90K97R
To dissect the molecular mechanisms whereby PIPKIγ90 ubiquitylation regulate FA dynamics, cell migration and invasion, we examined whether the interaction of PIPKIγ90 with talin mediates the effect of PIPKIγ90K97R. We substituted tryptophan 647 (W647), a key residue responsible for PIPKIγ90 binding to talin, with Phe and ZZ-PIPKIγ90K97R, ZZ-PIPKIγ90W647F and ZZ-PIPKIγ90K97R,W647F were stably expressed in PIPKIγ-depleted MDA-MB-231 cells by retrovirus infection. The ZZ-tagged proteins were precipitated with IgG–Sepharose, and associated talin was detected using an anti-talin antibody. PIPKIγ90K97R co-precipitated with talin, whereas mutation at W647 almost abolished the co-precipitation (Fig. 8A). Also, PIPKIγ90K97R localized to FA, while mutation at W647 blocked its distribution at FA (supplementary material Fig. S5). To examine whether the interaction of PIPKIγ90 with talin mediates the effect of PIPKIγ90K97R on FA assembly and disassembly, the PIPKIγ-depleted MDA-MB-231 cells that stably express ZZ-PIPKIγ90K97R and ZZ-PIPKIγ90K97R,W647F, respectively, and parental MDA-MB-231 cells carrying an empty pBabe vector were infected with retroviruses that express DsRed-paxillin. FA dynamics were examined by monitoring DsRed–paxillin using time-lapse TIRF microscopy. PIPKIγ90K97R significantly inhibited FA assembly and disassembly rates, but PIPKIγ90K97R,W647F did not (Fig. 8B). The migration of the PIPKIγ-depleted MDA-MB-231 cells that stably express ZZ-PIPKIγ90K97R and ZZ-PIPKIγ90K97R,W647F, respectively was also examined, using parental MDA-MB-231 cells carrying an empty pBabe vector as a control. Mutation at W647 partially rescued the suppression of PIPKIγ90K97R on cell migration (Fig. 8C,D). To examine whether the interaction of PIPKIγ90 with talin mediates the effect of PIPKIγ90K97R on breast cancer cell invasion, we expressed ZZ-PIPKIγ90K97R, ZZ-PIPKIγ90W647F and ZZ-PIPKIγ90K97R,W647F in PIPKIγ-depleted MDA-MB-231 cells and tested the Matrigel invasive capacity of these cells, using parental MDA-MB-231 cells carrying an empty pBabe vector as control. Both PIPKIγ90K97R,W647F and PIPKIγ90W647F partially rescued the invasive capacity suppressed by PIPKIγ90 knockdown, but PIPKIγ90K97R did not (Fig. 8E). All these results suggest that constant PIPKIγ90-talin interaction is partially responsible for the effect of PIPKIγ90K97R, and that PIPKIγ90 ubiquitylation by HECTD1 provides a mechanism to remove PIPKIγ90 spatially and temporarily, thus regulating FA dynamics, cell migration and invasion.
PIPKIγ90-talin interaction mediates the inhibitory effect of PIPKIγ90K97R. (A) Co-immunoprecipitation of talin with ZZ-PIPKIγ90K97R-R, ZZ-PIPKIγ90W647F-R and ZZ-PIPKIγ90K97R,W647F-R that were expressed in PIPKIγ-depleted MDA-MB-231 cells. (B) Quantification of the FA assembly and disassembly rate constants in PIPKIγ-depleted MDA-MB-231 cells stably expressing ZZ-PIPKIγ90K97R-R (gray), or ZZ-PIPKIγ90K97R,W647F-R (black) and in parental MDA-MB-231 cells carrying an empty pBabe vector (white). Results are expressed as mean ± s.e.m. of 50 FAs from 10 cells. (C) Migration tracks of ten MDA-MB-231 cells carrying an empty pBabe vector and ten PIPKIγ-depleted MDA-MB-231 cells stably expressing ZZ- PIPKIγ90K97R-R or ZZ-PIPKIγ90K97R,W647F-R. (D) Velocity, net distance, total path and directionality of the cells carrying an empty pBabe vector and the PIPKIγ-depleted cells stably expressing ZZ-PIPKIγ90K97R-R or ZZ-PIPKIγ90K97R,W647F-R. The data are expressed as mean ± s.e.m. of more than 60 cells from three independent experiments. (E) Mutation at W647 partially reversed the inhibition of PIPKIγ90K97R on the invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells. The invasive capacity of PIPKIγ-depleted cells expressing ZZ-PIPKIγ90K97R-R, ZZ-PIPKIγ90W647F-R and ZZ-PIPKIγ90K97R,W647F-R was determined by Matrigel assays, using parental cells carrying an empty pBabe vector as a control (n = 5). *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.
PIPKIγ90 is a key enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of PIP to generate PIP2, which regulates a variety of physiological and pathological processes, including FA dynamics, cell migration and cancer metastasis (Ling et al., 2006; van Rheenen et al., 2007; Qin et al., 2009; Sosa et al., 2010). PIPKIγ90 interacts with talin and generated on-site PIP2, which can, in turn promote talin binding to the β-integrin tail by blocking the self-inhibition of talin (head-tail interaction) (Goksoy et al., 2008; Goult et al., 2009). PIP2 can also stimulate integrin clustering (Saltel et al., 2009). However, PIPKIγ90 shares the same binding site on talin with the β-integrin tail (Barsukov et al., 2003; de Pereda et al., 2005). Thus the interaction of talin with PIPKIγ can hinder its binding to the β-integrin tail (Calderwood et al., 2004). Our results show that PIPKIγ90 is ubiquitylated by HECTD1 at K97, resulting in its degradation, thus regulating FA dynamics. Therefore, we propose that after generating PIP2 on-site for FA formation, PIPKIγ90 is ubiquitylated by HECTD1 and degraded consequently releasing its inhibition on talin–β-integrin-tail interaction, thus promoting integrin activation and FA formation. Our study elucidates how PIPKIγ90 binds talin to provide PIP2 on-site but does not impair the talin–β-integrin tail interaction. Importantly, our results provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms which regulate FA dynamics and cell migration.
We demonstrated that PIPKIγ90 was ubiquitylated by Smurf1 in CHO-K1 cells (supplementary material Fig. S1B). We previously reported that the talin head was also ubiquitylated by Smurf1 (Huang et al., 2009). However, depletion of Smurf1 did not affect endogenous PIPKIγ levels in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells (supplementary material Fig. S1C). HECTD1 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase homologous to Smurf1. It has been shown that HECTD1 regulates cell migration and neural tube closure (Zohn et al., 2007; Sarkar and Zohn, 2012). We showed here that HECTD1 ubiquitylated PIPKIγ90 at K97 and that HECTD1 knockdown resulted in an increase in endogenous PIPKIγ90 levels (Fig. 1C,D,G), indicating that HECTD1 is responsible for the ubiquitylation of PIPKIγ90 in these cancer cells. PIPKIγ90 ubiquitylation resulted in its degradation, which was prevented by proteasome inhibitors. Expression of PIPKIγ90K97R, an ubiquitylation-resistant mutant, enhanced PIP2 and PIP3 production in MDA-MB-231 cells (Fig. 2A). These results suggest that PIPKIγ90 ubiquitylation represents a new regulatory mechanism for the phosphoinositide signaling pathways.
PI(4,5)P2, the direct product of PIPKIγ90, regulates the functions of many cytoskeletal and FA proteins as well as serving as the precursors of other signaling molecules. PI(4,5)P2 interacts with vinculin to unmask the talin-binding sites on vinculin (Gilmore and Burridge, 1996); it also binds talin thus suppressing the head-tail interaction of talin and stabilizing talin-integrin interactions (Martel et al., 2001; Saltel et al., 2009). PIPKIγ90 is thought to be the enzyme that generates PI(4,5)P2 spatially and temporally for FA formation during cell migration (Ling et al., 2002; Ling et al., 2006). PIPKIγ90 has been shown to be required for FA formation during EGF-stimulated cell migration (Sun et al., 2007), whereas it has also been reported that expression of PIPKIγ90 caused cell rounding and FA disassembly (Di Paolo et al., 2002).
Here, we show that depletion of HECTD1 significantly suppressed both FA assembly and disassembly rates (Fig. 3D,E) and that expression of PIPKIγ90K97R, an ubiquitylation-resistant mutant, inhibited both FA assembly and disassembly rates in MDA-MB-231 cells (Fig. 3B,C). On the other hand, the mutation at W647 abolished the suppression of PIPKIγ90K97R on FA assembly and disassembly rates (Fig. 8B). PIPKIγK97R is resistant to degradation and is able to bind talin; PIPKIγ90K97R,W647F is also resistant to degradation but has a reduced binding capacity for talin. Based on these results, we propose a hypothetical model to illustrate the role of PIPKIγ90 in regulating FA dynamics (Fig. 9). PIPKIγ90 is recruited by talin to produce on-site PIP2, which in turn interacts with talin and vinculin thus unmasking the head-tail interaction of talin and vinculin (Gilmore and Burridge, 1996; Goksoy et al., 2008; Goult et al., 2009). The binding of the β-integrin tail to talin is also enhanced by PIP2, resulting in integrin activation and FA assembly (Martel et al., 2001; Saltel et al., 2009; Legate et al., 2011). PIPKIγ90K97R,W647F is deficient in talin-binding but did not significantly inhibit FA assembly and disassembly, probably because its higher expression (ubiquitylation-resistant) compensates its deficiency in talin binding. On the other hand, PIPKIγ90 is ubiquitylated by HECTD1 and subsequently degraded, consequently reducing PIP2 production and weakening the β-integrin–talin interaction. Proteolysis of talin by calpain and Smurf1-regulated subsequent ubiquitylation of the talin head as well as myosin-mediated contraction could cause FA disassembly (Franco et al., 2004; Webb et al., 2004; Huang et al., 2009).
Hypothetical model for the role of HECTD1-mediated PIPKIγ90 ubiquitylation in regulating FA assembly and disassembly and cell migration.
Several lines of evidence implicate a role of PIPKIγ90 ubiquitylation in focal adhesion assembly. It has been reported that overexpression of PIPKIγ90 suppresses integrin activation (Calderwood et al., 2004) and that PIPKIγ90 and the β-integrin tail compete for the same site on talin (Barsukov et al., 2003; de Pereda et al., 2005). Also, phosphorylation of PIPKIγ90 by Src promotes its interaction with talin, inhibiting the talin–β-integrin interaction (Ling et al., 2003). Furthermore, either expression of ubiquitylation-resistent PIPKIγ90K97R or knockdown of HECTD1 inhibit focal adhesion assembly (Fig. 3). In addition, PIPKIγ90K97R is less effective than the WT in promoting small FA formation (supplementary material Fig. S3A,B). These data support that PIPKIγ90 ubiquitylation and degradation might facilitate the talin-integrin interaction. However, a recent paper shows that talin-PIPKIγ90-β1 integrin exist as a complex in migrating cells (Thapa et al., 2012). Because talin can form anti-parallel homodimer and has two distinct β-integrin-binding sites, it remains to be determined whether and how PIPKIγ90 ubiquitylation regulates talin–β-integrin interaction.
It has been reported that PIPKIγ90 is required for the migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells and HeLa human cervical cancer cells (Sun et al., 2007; Sun et al., 2010). Consistent with these findings, our results show that depletion of PIPKIγ90 inhibited the migration and invasion of several breast cancer cell lines (Fig. 6A; supplementary material Fig. S4). Also, depletion of HECTD1 inhibited the migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells (Fig. 5; Fig. 6F). Furthermore, re-expression of codon-modified PIPKIγ90-R in PIPKIγ-depleted cells restored the cell migration and invasion to that of the control cells, whereas that of PIPKIγ90K97R-R was unable to do so (Fig. 4B,C; Fig. 6B–E). Mutation at W647 partially rescued the inhibition of PIPKIγ90K97R on cell migration (Fig. 8C,D). Interestingly, re-expression of PIPKIγ90K97R,W647F-R, a mutant defective in focal adhesion targeting and ubiquitylation, restored the cell invasion to the similar level rescued by re-expressing PIPKIγ90W647F-R, pointing to a role of PIP2 synthesis in cell migration and invasion (Fig. 8E). The invasion was inhibited only when the focal adhesion targeted PIPKIγ90 is resistant to ubiquitylation and focal adhesions persist. Since FA turnover also occurs with 3-dimensional cell matrix (Deakin and Turner, 2011), and FA dynamics has been well documented in regulating cell migration and cancer invasion (Webb et al., 2002; Le et al., 2010; Deakin and Turner, 2011), HECTD1-mediated PIPKIγ90 ubiquitylation may regulate cell migration and invasion by modulating FA dynamics.
Finally, we demonstrate that PIPKIγ90 ubiquitylation is essential for the experimental metastasis of MDA-MB-231 cells (Fig. 7A–C). Hence, our findings in our current study as well as those of others (Miyazaki et al., 2003; Deakin and Turner, 2011) clearly indicate that pathways regulating FAs control cancer metastasis.
In summary, PIPKIγ90 ubiquitylation by HECTD1 and consequent degradation modulate the on-site production of PIP2, thus regulating focal adhesion dynamics and cell migration. The study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms regulating cell adhesion and migration.
IgG-Agarose, pZZ-PIPKIγ90 and pAvi-PIPKIγ90 were described previously (Huang and Jacobson, 2010). Anti-paxillin antibody (clone 5H11) was from Millipore. Anti-PIPKIγ polyclonal antibody was from Epitomics. Anti-ubiquitin antibody was from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA). Anti-talin, anti-VSVG and anti-tubulin antibody and pLKO1 lentivirus shRNAs that respectively target PIPKIγ90, HECTD1, Smurf1 and Smurf2 were from Sigma; PIPKIγ90 shRNA clones are TRCN0000037668 (A1), TRCN0000037664 (A2) and TRCN0000195424 (A5); HECTD1 shRNA clones are TRCN0000004084 (D6) and TRCN0000004087 (D9); Smurf1 and Smurf2 shRNA clones are TRCN0000003472 and TRCN0000003477, respectively; DyLight 549 conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (H+L) was from Thermo Scientific; Fibronectin and recombinant human EGF were from Akron Biotech; Growth factor reduced Matrigel was from BD Bioscience; Pfu Ultra was from Agilent Technologies; cDNA clones Lifeseq3465723 and 3648730 were purchased from Open Biosystems; Endura™ competent cells were from Lucigen; Safectine RU50 transfection kit was purchased from Syd Labs (Malden, MA) and anti-HECTD1 rabbit polyclonal antibody was custom made by Syd Labs; DNA primers were synthesized by Integrated DNA Technologies.
Plasmid construction
The full-length pEGFP-HECTD1 was subcloned by following steps: (1) DNA fragments encoding residues 1841–2610 of human HECTD1 were amplified by pfu Ultra-based PCR using Lifeseq3465723 cDNA clone as template and 5′-TTCAGGTCGACCATCTTTTACTATGTACAAAAATTGCTTCAATTGTCC-3′, 5′-ATTATATCTAGATCAATTGAGATGAAAGCCTTTCTCCATTGTAGCAGC-3′ and subcloned into pEGFP-paxillin β (Huang et al., 2003) (as a vector) via Sal1/Xba1 sites; (2) fragments encoding residues 1421–1842 of HECTD1 were amplified using Lifeseq3648730 as template and 5′-GAAGTAGGATCCTCTTCCAGTGCAAGCACCAGCACC-3′, 5′-AAGATGGTCGACCTGAAATTGGTGAGTGGTAATTCAACTTC-3′ and subcloned into the resulted plasmid in step 1 via BamH1/Sal1 sites; (3) fragments encoding residues 786–1422 with several silent mutations (synthesized by Invitrogen) were subcloned into the resulted plasmid in step 2 via Xmal/BamH1; and (4) fragments encode residues 1–787 with a number of silent mutations (by Invitrogen) were subcloned into the resulted plasmid in step 3 via BglII/Xma1 sites and transformed Endura™ competent cells. The plasmid pZZ-PIPKIγ90K97R and pAvi-PIPKIγ90K97R was generated by pfu Ultra-based PCR using pZZ-PIPKIγ90 and pAvi-PIPKIγ90 as templates, respectively, and 5′-CACCTGAGCTCCAGACCCGAACGC-3′, 5′-GCGTTCGGGTCTGGAGCTCAGGTG-3′ as primers. The rescue plasmid pZZ-PIPKIγ90-R and pZZ-PIPKIγ90K97R-R were created by PCR using pZZ-PIPKIγ90 and pZZ-PIPKIγ90K97R as templates and sequentially 5′-TTCATGAGCAATACCGTCTTTCGG-3′, 5′-CCGAAAGACGGTATTGCTCATGAA-3′ and 5′-GTCTTTCGGAAAAATTCCTCCCTG-3′, 5′-CAGGGAGGAATTTTTCCGAAAGAC-3′ as primers. The pBabe-ZZ-PIPKIγ90-R and pBabe-ZZ-PIPKIγ90K97R-R were made by sequentially digesting pZZ-PIPKIγ90-R and pZZ-PIPKIγ90K97R-R with Age1, blunting with Klenow and digesting with Sal1. The smaller fragments were subcloned into pBabe-neo vector that had been treated with BamH1, Klenow and Sal1. pDsRed-paxillin was generated by PCR amplifying DsRed using pDsRed-monomer-N1 (Clontech) as template and 5′-GGATCCACCGGTCGCCACCATG-3′, 5′-AAAAAACTCGAGGCTGGGAGCCGGAGTGGCGGGC-3′ primers. The PCR products were digested with Age1 and Xho1 and inserted into pEGFP-paxillin (Huang and Jacobson, 2010) cut with the same enzymes. pLL3.7-DsRed-paxillin was constructed by treating pDsRed-paxillin sequentially with Sal1, Klenow and Age1 and inserting into the pLL3.7 lentiviral vector that was treated with EcoR1, Klenow and Age1. pAvi-Ubiquitin was created by digesting pcDNA-HA-ubiquitin with BamH1, treating with Klenow and cleaving with Xho1. The smaller fragments were subcloned into pAvi vector that was treated sequentially with Xho1, Klenow and Sal1. The resulted plasmid was digested with BglII, treated with Klenow and ligated. All plasmids were sequenced by Eurofins MWG Operon (Huntsville, AL).
Cell culture and transfection
CHO-K1 Chinese hamster ovary cells, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468 and MDA-MB-157 human breast cancer cells and 293T human embryonic kidney cells were from the American Type Culture Collection and were maintained in DMEM medium (Mediatech, Inc.) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin (100 U/ml) and streptomycin (100 µg/ml). CHO-K1 and 293T cells were transfected with Safectine RU50 according to the manufacturer's protocol.
Preparation of viruses and cell infection
The 293T cells were transfected with pBabe retroviral, pLL3.7 or pLKO1 lentiviral system using Safectine RU50 transfection reagent according to the manufacturer's protocol. The virus particles were applied to overnight cultures of breast cancer cells for infection. Cells that stably express pLKO1 lentiviral shRNAs were obtained by selecting the infected cells with 1 µg/ml puromycin, and cells that were infected with pBabe retroviruses were stabilized by growing infected cells in the presence of 0.7 mg/ml neomycin for 10 days. Cells that stably express DsRed-paxillin were established by infecting the cells with pLL3.7-DsRed-paxillin lentiviruses and sorting DsRed positive cells by flow cytometry.
Total RNA was extracted from cells with PureLink RNA kit (Ambion). cDNA was synthesized with SuperScript First Strand Synthesis kit (Invitrogen) from 0.5 to 1.0 µg RNA samples according to the manufacturer's instructions. Quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) reactions were carried out using SYBR Green PCR master mix reagents on an ABI Onestep Plus Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems). The relative quantification of gene expression for each sample was analyzed by the ΔCt method. The following primers were used to amplify PIPK1γ90: 5′-CGTCTGGACAGGATGGCAGGC-3′ and 5′-TGTGTCGCTCTCGCCGTCGGA-3′; 18S rRNA: 5′-ACCTGGTTGATCCTGCCAGT-3′ and 5′-CTGACCGGGTTGGTTTTGAT-3.
Ubiquitylation assays
ZZ-PIPKIγ90 (or ZZ-PIPKIγ90K97R) and Avi-ubiquitin were co-transfected with an ubiquitin ligase or an empty vector into CHO-K1 cells stably expressing EGFP-BirA (Huang and Jacobson, 2010). At 24 hours post-transfection, cells were incubated with 500 µM of biotin and 1 µM of bortezomib and 1 µM of carfilzomib for 6 hours, and then scraped in PBS. The cells were spinned down, lysed with 150 µl of 1× SDS sample buffer (without 2-mercaptoethanol) containing protease inhibitor cocktail and Bortezomib/Carfilzomib and boiled immediately. The lysates were cleared, diluted to 1 ml and incubated with rabbit IgG-Sepharose beads at 4°C for 2 hours to precipitate ZZ tagged PIPKIγ90 (or PIPKIγ90K97R) domain fusion protein. The beads were washed, analyzed by SDS-PAGE and western blot as above. The ubiquitylation of the ZZ domain fusion protein was detected with Dylight 680-Streptavidin, while the expression of the ZZ domain fusion protein was probed with Dylight 680-rabbit IgG.
In vitro PIPKIγ90 activity assays
CHO-K1 cells were transfected with pZZ-PIPKIγ90 or pZZ-PIPKIγ90K97R. At 24 hours post-transfection, the cells were harvested in a lysis buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.1, 140 mM NaCl, 50 mM NaF, 1% Triton X-100, 10 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, 0.5 mM AEBSF, 10 µg/ml aprotinin, 10 µg/ml leupeptin, 5 µg/ml E-64, 5 µg/ml pepstatin, 5 µg/ml bebstatin). Cell lysates were cleared by centrifugation and pZZ-PIPKIγ90 and pZZ-PIPKIγ90K97R in supernatants were immunoprecipitated using IgG-Agarose beads. The beads were washed three times with lysis buffer and washed once with a kinase buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 5 mM MgCl2, 25 mM KCl, 0.5 mM EGTA and 0.5 mM ATP). The beads were incubated with 100 µl of the kinase buffer containing 100 µM phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate [PI(4)P] for 30 minutes at 37°C. PIP2 formed in these assays was extracted using modified Bligh-Dyer extraction (Honeyman et al., 1983). The lipid was dissolved in chloroform/methanol (1/1, v/v) and spotted on Silicon TLC plates. The plates were developed in the solvent system: chloroform/acetone/methanol/acetic acid/water (46/17/15/14/8, v/v). PIP2 was visualized by autoradiography and quantitated by a Beckman liquid scintillation counter.
Quantitation of polyphosphoinositides in cells
Polyphosphoinositides were extracted and derivatized using trimethylsilyl diazomethane as described (Clark et al., 2011). Polyphosphoinositides were measured as their TMS-diazomethane derivatives using a Shimadzu UFLC equipped with a Vydac 214MS C4, 5 u, 4.6×250 mm column, coupled with an ABI 4000-Qtrap hybrid linear ion trap triple quadrupole mass spectrometer in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode as described previously (Wu et al., 2011).
FA dynamics assays
MDA-MB-231 cells that stably express DsRed-paxillin were infected with pBabe-ZZ-PIPKIγ90 WT, pBabe-ZZ-PIPKIγ90K97R or an empty vector, and selected with neomycin (0.7 mg/ml). The cells were trypsinized and plated on MatTek dishes (with a glass coverslip at the bottom) that had been precoated with fibronectin (5 µg/ml). The cells were cultured for 3 hours and TIRF images were taken using the Nikon Eclipse Ti TIRF microscope equipped with a 60×, 1.45 NA objective, CoolSNAP HQ2 CCD camera (Roper Scientific). The temperature, CO2 and humidity were maintained by using a INU-TIZ-F1 microscope incubation system (Tokai Hit). Images were recorded at 1-minute intervals for a 60-minute period. FA assembly and disassembly rate constants were analyzed as described previously (Webb et al., 2004; Huang et al., 2009; Wu et al., 2011).
Cell migration assays
Cells were treated with trypsin and resuspended in DMEM medium containing 1% FBS and 10 ng/ml EGF, plated at low densities on glass-bottomed dishes (MatTek) coated with 5 µg/ml fibronectin and cultured for 3 hours in a CO2 incubator. Cell motility was measured with a Nikon Biostation IMQ. Cell migration was tracked for 6 hours; images were recorded every 10 minutes. The movement of individual cells was analyzed with NIS-Elements AR (Nikon). For Kymorgraphical analysis, images were recorded at 1-minute intervals for a 60-minute period. Protrusion persistence and velocity were analyzed as described previously (Bear et al., 2002; Huang et al., 2009).
Invasion assays
One hundred microliters of Matrigel (1:30 dilution in serum-free DMEM medium) was added to each Transwell polycarbonate filter (6 mm diameter, 8 µm pore size, Costar) and incubated with the filters at 37°C for 6 hours. Breast cancer cells were trypsinized and washed three times with DMEM containing 1% FBS. The cells were resuspended in DMEM containing 1% FBS at a density of 5×105 cells/ml. The cell suspensions (100 µl) were seeded into the upper chambers, and 600 µl of DMEM medium containing 10% FBS were added to the lower chambers. The cells were allowed to invade for 12 hours (or as indicated) in a CO2 incubator, fixed, stained and quantitated as described previously (Wu et al., 2011).
Mouse xenograft model
Animal studies were conducted in accordance with a protocol approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the University of Kentucky. Female ICR-SCID mice (6–8 weeks old) were maintained and treated under pathogen-free conditions. The PIPKIγ90-depleted MDA-MB-231 cells were infected with retroviruses expressing ZZ-PIPKIγ90-R or ZZ-PIPKIγ90K97R-R and injected into the tail vein of mice (1×106 cells/mouse). After 6 weeks, mice were euthanized and lungs were removed and photographed. Tumor nodules present on the surface of lungs were examined under a dissection microscope or detected in paraffin-embedded sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin.
We thank Dr. Keith Burridge for talin antobody, Dr. Kenneth M. Yamada for his critical reading of this manuscript and Ms. Heather Spearman for her assistance with imaging analysis.
X.L. designed and performed experiments, interpreted data; Q.Z., M.L.K. and Z.W. performed partial experiments and analyzed data; M.S. and A.J.M. performed mass spectrometric analysis of phosphoinositides; P.R. helped with mouse experiments, H.Z. performed mass spectrometric analysis of ubiquitylation sites; B.M.E. discussed and edited the manuscript, C.H. designed experiments, interpreted data and wrote the manuscript.
This work was supported by start-up funds from Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky and the American Cancer Society [grant number IRG 85-001-22 to C.H.]; the National Institutes of Health [grant number s GM0503888 and P20 GM103527-05 to A.J.M.]; and the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) Intramural Research Program [grant number DE000524-21 to K. Yamada for M.L.K.]. Deposited in PMC for release after 12 months.
Supplementary material available online at http://jcs.biologists.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1242/jcs.117044/-/DC1
© 2013. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd
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HR 3064 -- 10/14/
H.R. 3064 - DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
APPROPRIATIONS BILL, FY 2000
(Sponsor: Istook (R), Oklahoma)
This Statement of Administration Policy provides the Administration's views on a revised version of the District of Columbia Appropriations Bill, FY 2000. The President vetoed H.R. 2587, the "District of Columbia Appropriations Act, 2000," because it contained numerous provisions that prevent local residents from making their own decisions about local matters, as they should under home rule. The new bill makes virtually no significant improvements from the vetoed bill. Thus, the President's senior advisors would recommend that he veto this revised bill if it were presented to him in its current form. We stand ready to work with the Congress to pass a bipartisan bill that the President can support, one that is consistent with home rule.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Warrant Officer Nicholas (Mick) TOMICH
Date of Birth: 27 May 1915
Place of Birth: BOULDER CITY, WA
Date of Enlistment: 3 Apr 1943
Date of Discharge: 19 Dec 1945
454 RAAF Baltimore Light bomber Crew
Left - Ron Early RAF, WAG, Charlie Phillip Pilot,
Mich Tomich Nav B, Max Daniel WAG,
Outside the Sergeant's Mess Nissen hut in sunny weather gear, obviously not during the wintry cold of Northern Italy.
The following tribute was supplied by Tom's daughter Mrs Noeline Punch 2001
Mick joined No. 454 Squadron at Cesenatico, Italy (north-east Adriatic coast) on the 4 January 1945, after training at No. 70 RAF Operational Training Unit Shandur, on the Bitter Lake between Port Said and Suez, Egypt. Here he had practised formation flying at 10,000 - 12,000 feet in Baltimores, in readiness for day close support formation bombing sorties in "boxes" of six to help the British 8th Army's drive to force the Germans from the heavily fortified Gothic Line. The breakthrough occurred shortly after his crew's arrival at Cesenatico where the 454 crews were converted to night intruder raids. These independent operations, carried out at approximately 4-5,000 feet and in the most appalling weather conditions, were designed to harass a retreating German Army.
Mick was said to have thrived on the challenge of these operations and flew 27 sorties, mainly over the Po Valley and Lombardy Plains, before the 1st/2nd May of Surrender, 1945.
454 Squadron then moved north to Villa Orba, Udine close to the Italian/Austrian Alps border. Here flying was confined to training for refresher purposes and to ferry D.A.F. service personnel around Italy, and for peace keeping actions on the border.
At age 30, Mick was a mature and responsible airman who ably supported his crew and fellow comrades and valued the recreation offered in such oppressive and trying conditions. He was a frequent visitor to the Kookaburra Club and a keen poker player. He also earned the title of 'official' squadron 'bookmaker', providing a much appreciated diversion for the men, on sporting occasions. 454 Squadron disbanded on 14 August 1945 and Mick returned to his home in Kalgoorlie, WA and married Isla. Together they shared a happy life and raised 3 children. Airman Mick now became a devoted family man. In 1955 the family moved to Perth and with the passing of time Mick became the loving granddad of seven grandchildren.
Despite failing health in Mick's latter years, he was able to maintain his good hearted sense of humour and love of people, which had endeared him to so many air force mates.
Mick's family would like to thank all those mates who made his latter life so special - Paul Rake, Rev. Fred McKay, Ray Bowl, John Carroll, Max Daniels, Pete Matthews, Jim Lysaght, Max Coglan, Bill Noyce, George Gray and spouses. Apologies to those missed.


If you grew up in or near the Southbay, 1590/KLIV was probably your station of choice for Top 40 music, great personalities — including John McLeod, Dave Sholin, Bob Ray, Jack Hayes, Ross Macgowan, Ralph Koal, Scott St. James, Ray Morgan, Mac McGregor and the inimitable Captain Mikey (Mikel Hunter Herrington) — as well as for promoting concerts at the San Jose Civic Auditorium and other local venues.
KLIV got its start in September 1946 as a 1000-watt daytime-only station known as KSJO. Its sister station, KSJO-FM (92.3), made its debut in December 1946 from shared facilities in the Austin Field-designed studios at the corner of Story Road and Lucretia Avenue in rural San Jose. In 1947, KSJO-AM added nighttime service at 500 watts.
The original owners of KSJO sold the AM to Cal-Radio, Inc., owned by Riley R. Gibson, on June 1, 1960, at which time it became KLIV. (The FM retained the KSJO call letters.) In 1961, KLIV's daytime power was boosted to 5,000 watts; nighttime power was raised to the same level in 1969.
On July 1, 1967, was sold for $974,000 by Cal-Radio to Empire Broadcasting, owned by two former Rochester, N.Y., radio executives, Robert S. (Bob) Kieve and James M. Trayhern, Jr.
The new owners inherited a program director who became a legend: Mikel Hunter Herrington, who had converted staid KLIV from a mere Top 40 also-ran to a solid contender against stalwarts KYA, KEWB and KFRC.
Positioning KLIV as a "surfer station" — emphasizing the music of the Beach Boys, Jan & Dean, the Surfaris and other stars of the genre — and tying in promotions (such as providing listeners with hot dogs, buns and soft drinks for weekend Surfin' Safari-style caravans over Highway 17 to the beach at Santa Cruz), Herrington, who took to the air as "Captain Mikey," helped the station successfully compete for the ears of youthful listeners and the dollars of prominent local advertisers, such as Goodies Speed Shop and Courtesy Chevrolet.
One measure of success in the 1960s was the sheer number of teenager-driven automobiles adorned with round KLIV decals depicting the station's snooty surfer boy, Norman. Devised by Herrington as the station's mascot, Norman was also the star of the KLIV 20/20 Music Surveys, available at record shops and variety stores throughout the Southbay.
Following Herrington's departure — he later pioneered album-oriented rock formats at San Jose's KOME and Los Angeles' KMET — KLIV battled through the 1970s with variations on Top 40, Rock and even Disco-flavored formats, then switched to the syndicated "Music Of Your Life" Adult Standards format in May 1981.
Early in 1991, KLIV moved to an all-news format, mixing local coverage with network audio from CNN Headline News.
At a time when KYA, KFRC and KEWB garnered much attention in the Bay Area, KLIV meanwhile attracted its fair share of dedicated listeners. Join us for a look (and listen) back at the remarkable station on Story Road.
Via James Zahn, a rare and interesting clip from the first Saturday in the life of KLIV, which had only days earlier come under new ownership, sold by Patrick Peabody's Santa Clara Broadcasting Company to Riley R. Gibson's Cal-Radio, Inc., and changed call letters from its original KSJO. The transaction, valued at $350,000, had been completed on June 1. The character of "Mad Mel" is obviously a broad parody of a prototypical Top 40 disc jockey … but who from KLIV's staff was playing Mel?
A brief sampler of seven different KLIV jingles from the mid-1960s, including selections from the PAMS Bandapellas and Series 34A packages. For more KLIV jingles, please visit our Jingles page.
A package of six "Capt. Mikey" jingles (a few repeated) from KLIV, probably dating from 1966 or 1967, from Mikel Herrington's personal collection. A note written on the tape label notes "(John) McLeod has masters." Courtesy of Janet Herrington.
From a reel of tape belonging to Mikel Hunter Herrington comes this choppily-scoped recording, which runs the gamut of audio quality from horrible to quite good. Dating from the last week of December 1966 through the first week of January 1967, it begins with a fragment of Grant Plummer, followed by several chunks of KLIV program director Herrington in his Captain Mikey guise. The tape box containing the reel included the following text: "Mike Hunter KLIV '67. Grant Plummer first, then my show (Captain Mikey) on several different nights. San Jose 1967 KLIV." (Based on audio clues, part of the recording obviously dates from late December 1966.) Courtesy of Janet Herrington.
Including a news report with George Sampson and sports commentary from Dan Hruby.
A twenty-year tradition of playing rock'n'roll hits comes to an end as the station reluctantly changes to Big Band music and Adult Standards. Includes comments by John McLeod and KLIV owner Bob Kieve.
— Exhibit includes text and audio. — Exhibit includes audio.
DB — Courtesy of Dave Billeci.
GS — Courtesy of Gary Seger.
JH — Courtesy of Janet Herrington.
JZ — Courtesy of James Zahn.
KV — Courtesy of Kim Vestal.
MS — Courtesy of Mike Schweizer.
Special thanks to Steve Hilson for his production assistance on the audio exhibits included in these exhibits.


An invigorating combination of lemongrass tangled with citrus lemon and a hint of lime, Sweet Lemongrass is punchy tropical fragrance.
Crafted from 100 percent natural soy wax and essential oil extracts, Celia Loves candles are hand-poured into contemporary glass jars making them the perfect addition to any room.
Celia Loves candles use only 100 percent cotton lead-free wicks and burn for up to 35 hours. With their creative packaging and distinctive fragrances, Celia Loves candles are a thoughtful gift for someone special or a treat for yourself.
making them the perfect go-to present.


The hard working Tiverton Reunion Committee led by Heather Convay and Kelly Glover put on one heck of a party at the Whitney Crawford Community Centre.
The new warden of Bruce County predicts that the growth being experienced across the county will continue for several years to come.
Huron Shores Hospice was the recipient of a cheque presentation on Tuesday December 4, 2018 and the Lake Huron Learning Collaborative Inc.
Something very special was in the works for one of St. Anthony's School staff members on December 5, 2018.
A second family has been selected and the Kincardine Refugee Committee is ready for round two of helping provide assistance to refugees who have migrated to Canada.
Santa Claus is busy as many communities have him 'doing his thing' during parades this holiday season.
The SBGHC Kincardine Auxiliary hosted their first Poinsettia lunch on Friday November 16, 2018 at the Kincardine United Church .


text:
My Education Rant
Free at 50
Punk Politics
Obama's Blind Spot
Why Trump must be Prosecuted
Have We Learned our Lesson?
It's Time to Burst the Poverty Bubble
A Clear and Present Danger
A Menace to Society
The Blasphemer-in-Chief
Can We Keep It Real?
The Lying Truth
About that Crime Bill…
Friendships Never Die
Lasting memories survive the passing of a friend
By Walter Fields, Executive Editor
POSTED: June 10, 2011, 12:00 am
It hardly seems possible to me that on June 11, two decades will have passed since my college fraternity brother and best friend Joe passed away. I can recall the precise moment I received the news from my mother, hesitating to tell me that my friend had died after a lengthy illness. While time heals all wounds, some remain with us for life and the untimely departure of Joe is one that lingers with me to this day. It was not the first time I had experienced the loss of a friend. When I was just in second grade, a childhood friend, Freddie "Mickey" Spencer, was killed in a devastating fire; an event that haunted me for some time after learning that Mickey could have been saved but ran frightened, back into his burning home when firefighters saw him in a window. Joe's passing was different, perhaps because as an adult you have a healthy respect for your own mortality but I think because the relationship was built on true friendship and an abiding faith that I know is rare.
Joe was more than a friend or a fraternity brother for that matter. He was a unique soul who I immediately connected with upon our meeting because his genuineness stood out. During my college years at Morgan State University, Joe, and his family, extended themselves to those of us who were out-of-state students and his house often served as our home away from home. His parents kept an eye on us, fed us, and generally assumed the role of our guardians, always inquiring about our welfare. We became brothers, true brothers; we laughed, cried, fought and struggled together as if bound by blood. My mother considered Joe her "son," and after I graduated would always stop by to see him or call him when she visited Baltimore, whether or not I was with her. Our bond was so tight he even came to two of my family reunions, and partied like he was part of the Murphy clan.
He was raised in the church and we shared a love of gospel music, and could relate to our experiences as "church boys." Joe kept his fraternity brothers in church, often dragging us along on a Sunday morning and then taking us to his grandmother's house to eat after service. Along with my fraternity brother Bryan, the "Deacon," the two Baltimore brothers never failed to keep the spiritual connection alive between their fraternity brothers. Joe was proud of his then new church home – New Psalmist Baptist Church – and spoke glowingly of its pastor, Bishop Walter Thomas. His constant preaching to his wayward fraternity brothers had an effect; several have entered the ministry and are firmly entrenched in their faith. It is a wonderful testament to a life committed to Christian service.
When he initially called me to tell me he was not feeling well, my immediate reaction was to downplay the possibility of a serious illness because he made light of his condition. It was only after his repeated visits to the hospital did I suspect the worse, though he still put on a brave front. After one of my last trips to see him in the hospital in Baltimore, a fraternity brother called me to inform me that Joe was suffering from AIDS. My heart sunk and I cried as he tried to comfort me, knowing how close Joe was to me. You see, Joe was gay. It would not have mattered had I known that all those years, but the fact that he did not disclose his sexual orientation to me, his closest fraternity brother, made me realize how difficult it must be for gay, Black men to "fit in." As his condition worsened, our phone conversations were reduced to a minute or so as he had difficulty breathing. Our final words to each other during our last telephone conversation were – I love you frat. Joe passed away about a week after that call. He was laid to rest in one of my suits he loved so much that I had given it to him some time before after his incessant nagging.
I hesitated to write about Joe out of respect for his privacy, but his story needs to be told. When I realized that this was the 30th anniversary of the nation's fight against AIDS, my heart told me that his life should be honored and celebrated. In the Black community we have made any reference to homosexuality taboo and made gay members of our community outcasts, while casting HIV/AIDS as a penalty for sinful behavior. I don't think God hates nor hurts his children. He certainly did not hate Joe; as faithful a Christian as you could find. It pains me to think that Joe might have closed his eyes for the final time thinking he was not loved because of who he was, or that God would cast judgment upon him for a life he was given and did not choose. I think, no, I know that Joe was embraced upon his journey "home" and that his life had meaning as can be seen in the lives of those he touched. I cannot imagine the emptiness of life without the experience of true friendship; my life is richer in so many ways because of my friendship with Joe. I was honored to recognize him postmortem as my honorary best man when I got married three years after his passing. My heart still aches twenty years later but my spirit is lifted by the memory of a true friend. Thank you Joe, for being my friend.
Walter Fields is Executive Editor of NorthStarNews.com.
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 "use strict";
let svgNS = "http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",
    xlinkNS = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink";

const ICONMAP = {
    "arrow-up": "arrow-top",
    "arrow-down": "arrow-bottom",
    "back": "arrow-thick-left",
    "bookmark": "bookmark",
    "caret-up": "caret-top",
    "caret-down": "caret-bottom",
    "check": "check",
    "checked": "check",
    "checkmark": "check",
    "chevron-up": "chevron-top",
    "chevron-down": "chevron-bottom",
    "clock": "clock",
    "cog": "cog",
    "data-list": "list",
    "favorite": "heart",
    "fav": "heart",
    "gear": "cog",
    "history": "clock",
    "home": "home",
    "list-indicator": "chevron-right",
    "info": "info",
    "menu": "menu",
    "note": "pencil",
    "navicon": "menu",
    "search": "magnifying-glass",
    "settings": "cog",
    "share": "share-boxed",
    "trash": "trash"
};

module.exports.svgIcon = function svgIcon(glyph, text) {
    let svgWrapper = document.createElementNS(svgNS, "svg");
    let svgIconEl = document.createElementNS(svgNS, "use");
    let glyphMap = ICONMAP[glyph];
    if (glyphMap) {
        svgIconEl.setAttributeNS(xlinkNS, "xlink:href", `#${glyphMap}`);
        svgWrapper.appendChild(svgIconEl);
    } else {
        if (text) {
            let svgTextEl = document.createElement("span");
            svgTextEl.textContent = text;
            return svgTextEl;
        }
    }
    return svgWrapper;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
The American Hemp Campaign, a project of Vote Hemp, is a coalition effort to ensure the U.S. and the respective states have the most thoughtful and sensible laws and regulations governing the production and sale of hemp and hemp products.
The campaign was formed in 2018 to raise awareness about the economic benefits a thriving hemp industry could produce in the U.S. Our first major project has been an advocacy effort to support passage of hemp legislation in Texas during the 2019 legislative session. We also plan to engage in other states and at the federal level, including work to support federal rulemaking at the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Our goal is to provide policymakers, lobbyists, and other stakeholders with the policy guidance, data, and messaging assistance they need to produce the best possible hemp laws.
The American Hemp Campaign is a project of Vote Hemp, one of the nation's preeminent hemp advocacy organizations, in partnership with New Belgium Brewing and GCH, the company behind Willie Nelson's hemp and cannabis brands. We also receive assistance from Vicente Sederberg LLP, a national leader on hemp law and policy, and we have retained its affiliated public affairs firm, VS Strategies, whose principals have collectively spent decades enacting and shaping cannabis-related policies and influencing public opinion.
If your company or organization is interested in joining or otherwise supporting the American Hemp Campaign, please contact us and let us know.
© 2019 American Hemp Campaign.


text:
Fans praise Angelina Jolie after father Jon Voight's pro-Trump viral video
Angelina Jolie is the daughter of actor Jon Voight, who slammed Democrats in a Nov. 27 Twitter video. (Photo: Lester Cohen/WireImage)
Angelina Jolie is trending on Twitter as fans recall that her father is actor and Trump supporter Jon Voight.
On Saturday, the Maleficent actress became a trending topic after Voight, 81, posted a Twitter video claiming Democrats such as President-Elect Joe Biden wanted to "destroy America." The actor regularly films political diatribes against the Democratic party with his most recent, posted on Nov. 10, flagged by the social media network as a "disputed" claim about election fraud.
In the latest footage, Voight, who is trending himself, warns, "We're heading down a street that has no name" referencing the post-election chaos spun by President Trump, who claims the Nov. 3 election won by Biden with 80 million votes, was rigged. "We must not allow our nation to crumble — this is what they want, to destroy America," said Voight. "Let me warn you all that we are in great danger if we fall under a Biden administration."
Voight also called California state leadership a "leftist mob," naming Governor Gavin Newsom who on Friday, issued a new stay-at-home order "in light of an unprecedented, rapid rise in COVID-19 cases." California, which last week issued a travel advisory, has more than one million coronavirus cases and 19,000 deaths. Voight said the move was "taking away our freedom" calling Newsom a "disgrace to mankind." He also accused House Speaker Nancy Pelosi of trying to "bring President Trump down."
"I ask all to fight this battle now, to get them all out," said Voight.
America @realDonaldTrump pic.twitter.com/WjkBHRwvdr
— Jon Voight (@jonvoight) November 25, 2020
The actor claimed he has been criticized by those in Hollywood for "preaching violence" adding, "Let the truth show itself that President Trump is the only man that save this nation. Let us fight this evil now..."
Social media was reminded that Jolie, 45, is the daughter of Voight (and the late actress Marcheline Bertrand, who died in 2007 after fighting ovarian cancer). Some made jokes about the pair needing a DNA test to prove they were related and claimed that trending together was the closest they've been in years. Others reeled from learning for the first time that the actors were related.
Jolie was raised by Bertrand, though Voight provided financial support, E! reported. When Jolie filed for divorce from Brad Pitt in 2016 (it was finalized in 2019 though a custody battle over their six children is ongoing), she and her father seemingly reconnected.
In January, the Midnight Cowboy actor praised his daughter for her parenting. "She loves her kids, she's always involved with them, always concerned for them," he told reporters at a pre-Golden Globes party, according to People, adding that he was "proud" of Pitt's performance in the film Once Upon a Time…In Hollywood.
Jolie is well known for her humanitarian work, first inspired by a visit to Cambodia, where she and Voight filmed the 2001 film Tomb Raider and where she adopted her son Maddox, now 19. The actress has long worked with organizations such as the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Amnesty International, the Council on Foreign Relations and more.
Related: Jolie: My opinion on impeachment doesn't matter
Why Santa Claus could be the last role Kurt Russell ever plays
Johnny Depp unable to appeal 'wife beater' ruling, judge says
Jennifer Lopez, 51, bares all in cover art for new single


Purpose– Drawing on variables cited in the turnaround literature, this study aims to explore whether information contained within annual reports is useful in distinguishing between distressed companies that enact a turnaround and those that fail. Design/methodology/approach– This study develops a discriminant model to identify distressed companies that have turnaround potential. Findings – Analysis of the results reveals that successful turnarounds are associated with the severity of the distressed state, its determinants, with the extent of change in the distressed state since the previous year, and firm size. Originality/value – This article is of use in identifying what information is useful in annual reports.


text:
EdWeb Code Generator
How to use Media Hopper Create
How To Use Media Hopper Create In Learn
Usher Institute Guest Speaker Seminar: Aidan Fowler 2019-05-13
From Susan Buckingham A month ago
Usher Institute Guest Speaker Seminar
Chair: Aziz Sheikh
Speaker: Aidan Fowler, National Director of Patient Safety at NHS Improvement
Title: National Policy Development in relation to Patient Safety
What we asked him to talk about: From a government perspective, what is the current status, what needs to be taken forward and what is down the line?
Aidan Fowler is the National Director of Patient Safety in England and a DCMO at DHSC. He was previously the Director of NHS Quality Improvement and Patient Safety and Director of the 1000 Lives Improvement Service for NHS Wales. He had responsibility for QI/PS across the Welsh NHS and was a board member of Public Health Wales.
Aidan was a Consultant Colorectal Surgeon in Gloucestershire for ten years and Chief of Service for Surgery for four before entering the NHS Leadership Academy Fast Track Executive Training Programme during which he worked as an executive at University Hospitals Bristol and subsequently worked briefly as a Medical Director in Mental Health and Community care in Worcestershire. Aidan trained as an Improvement Adviser(IA) with the IHI in Boston and was IA to the South West Safer Patient Programme and has worked on Patient Safety with WEAHSN. He has also worked as faculty with the IHI in the peri-operative safety domain in Qatar, infection reduction in Portugal and teaching improvement and safety in the UK and internationally. Aidan's surgical training was in the South West but he graduated in medicine from University College London.
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Each month in 2018 we are learning a hymn or song that's new to us as a congregation and which gives us a vehicle to glorify God together as we sing truth. This month we're going to be singing this lovely Getty/Townend composition, which seems appropriate given that in our Grace Book Club we have been learning The Secret of Spiritual Joy.
In "My Heart Is Filled with Thankfulness" we give thanks to God for spiritual blessings – past, present and future: what Christ has done for us – for forgiveness and new life, which only He could bring by coming here to earth and suffering for us…how He walks beside us each day and having lived, breathed and walked here on earth…how He promises to be with us whatever our future holds.