text:
Madonna es una artista y empresaria estadounidense que debutó en escena en el año de 1983. Desde entonces, ha sido una figura de la cultura popular de su país y del mundo dando origen a numerosos estudios de escrutinio académico.

Según los expertos, Madonna es la primera figura multimedia en la historia de la cultura popular, y el icono pop más grande y socialmente el más importante del mundo, así como el más controvertido. Adicional a esto, es el artista más analizado en la historia musical. El periodista Peter Robinson de The Guardian consideró que «Madonna prácticamente inventó la fama pop contemporánea, por lo que hay un poco de ella en el ADN de cada cosa moderna del pop». De esta manera, sus referencias culturales se encuentran desde las artes, la gastronomía, las ciencias, name-droppings y cada rama del entretenimiento.

La crítica coincide que su legado a la cultura popular «es innegable». Sin embargo, hay muchos expertos que sugieren más que eso. El académico intelectual francés Georges-Claude Guilbert expresó que Madonna siempre ha sido aceptada como un icono de la cultura popular, pero expresó que tiene una mayor importancia cultural, como un mito que goza de aparente universalismo y atemporalidad. Juan Sardá de El Cultural comentó que «Madonna supera las leyes de la física, el tiempo, la cultura popular e incluso la metafísica. Ninguna estrella de la música ha sido capaz de mantener el mismo estatus durante más de 35 años».

También hay muchas personalidades influyentes en el mundo que demuestran una perspectiva contradictoria de Madonna como un personaje en la cultura popular, Por ejemplo, la política Tipper Gore expuso que la cultura popular está en bancarrota moral, es completamente materialista y Madonna es la peor representante. Madonna es conocida con diversos alias y títulos honoríficos en la música popular, incluyendo la «Reina del Pop».

Contexto

Madonna es la primera figura multimedia en la historia de la cultura popular. Como un personaje de la cultura popular ha atraído diversos análisis de escrutinio por parte de los académicos universitarios y periodistas de los medios de comunicación masivos. Los autores de la Enciclopedia Gay comentan que «la academia norteamericana se ha hecho eco de su influencia duradera en la cultura popular creando una curiosa disciplina: los Madonna Studies». El profesor James L. Machor dijo que ella es un «recurso importante de la cultura popular». Esto se puede ver recientemente en tesis y clases universitarias como de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid y Universidad de Oviedo. Según el profesor Ignacio Díaz Ruíz, ella es «el icono de la cultura popular global».

Los académicos de la Universidad de Rutgers comentan que la cantante «se ha convertido en el icono pop más grande y socialmente el más importante del mundo, así como el más controvertido». El crítico teórico, Douglas Kellner la describió como un «icono de la cultura popular de gran influencia y la cantante más discutida en la música popular». Los autores de la Enciclopedia Gay escribieron que «Madonna es el non plus ultra de la cultura pop, la figura más importante del mundo del espectáculo y la reina del planeta». Aún para 2012, el Periódico Diagonal concluyó que Madonna es la presencia más influyente de la cultura popular actual. Juan Sardá de El Cultural comentó:

El psicólogo John Fiske explica que «los "usuarios" de la cultura popular son los admiradores de artefactos culturales que van desde los blue jeans hasta Madonna. En este sentido, la cultura popular nunca es dominante, porque siempre surge como una reacción contra las fuerzas de dominación y nunca parte de ellas». Según explica el autor del libro Cultura en América Latina: deslindes de fin de siglo Ignacio Díaz Ruíz, «Madonna es el icono de la cultura popular global. Su persona es una versión desacralizada de un icono religioso, reciclado en una persona sexualmente provocativa, dueña de su propio destino, triunfalista». Ana Marta González en su ensayo sobre cultura posmoderna escribió que «el fenómeno de Madonna, se debe a la inversión de lo convencional, con el fin de sorprender y epatar... es una clave que, sin haber estado nunca del todo ausente en la historia de la cultura, podemos asociar de forma programática al movimiento dadaísta que en los años veinte hizo del escándalo de la burguesía uno de sus objetivos principales».

La crítica coincide que «su legado a la cultura popular no es discutible». La revista Vogue en su versión mexicana la denominó como el más sólido ícono posmoderno de la cultura popular. La historiadora Jasmina Tešanović al igual que otros autores, señaló que «los cambios de Madonna están bien calculados», pero al final la llamó como uno «de los artistas más leales de la cultura pop». La autora del ensayo académico The Madonna Connection: Representational Politics, Subcultural Identities, and Cultural Theory, Cathy Schwichtenberg dijo que «a diferencia de mis incursiones anteriores en la cultura popular, al escribir sobre Madonna había producido contactos con otras personas fuera de la academia que disuelven las fronteras entre lo público y lo privado, académico y popular, teoría y práctica».

Rolling Stone de España escribió que «Madonna se convirtió en la primera maestra viral del pop, años antes que se utilizara masivamente Internet. Madonna estaba en todas partes, en los todopoderoso canales de televisión de música, radio fórmulas, portadas de revistas e incluso en las librerías. Una dialéctica pop, nunca vista desde el reinado de The Beatles, lo que le permitió mantenerse en el borde de la tendencia y la comercialidad». Juan Restrepo de Yahoo! en su artículo de «Todos los caminos conducen a Madonna» mencionó lo siguiente:

Sin embargo, ha recibido críticas por su rol como personaje de la cultura popular. La activista estadounidense Tipper Gore comentó: «La cultura popular está en bancarrota moral, es flagrantemente depravada y completamente materialista y Madonna es la peor representante».

Uso del nombre «Madonna» en la cultura popular
El nombre «Madonna» es uno de los más famosos del mundo. En la cultura académica y editorial, su nombre es utilizado como un título por los críticos, periodistas de medios de comunicación, académicos universitarios o aficionados para referirse a otras celebridades (generalmente mujeres) o incluso, empresas; debido a sus impactos en sus respectivos trabajos. Aunque la prensa rosa por lo general utilizan listas para presentar «a la nueva o siguiente Madonna», las referencias en la cultura sobre esta tendencia es tan variada como aparecer en crucigramas y las fuentes de antaño pueden datar al menos desde la década de 1990. Provinientes de los cinco continentes, estos artistas pueden ser influenciados o no por la cantante, mientras otros sólo son comparados por tener un estilo parecido a Madonna.

El rapero Eminem también se le ha conocido por la prensa en alguna oportunidad como el «siguiente Madonna». Él escribió en una de sus producciones llamada «Fubba U cubba cubba» la lírica «press thinks I'm the new Madonna» (en español: «la prensa piensa que soy el nuevo Madonna»). También hay casos en que los propios artistas han declarado querer ser «la próxima Madonna» (en las variaciones que tiene la tendencia), incluyendo Rihanna o Miley Cyrus. En 2015, la propia artista nombró al rapero Kanye West como la «Madonna negra». Sin embargo, en ese mismo año Lady Gaga dijo: «algunos dicen que yo soy la siguiente Madonna, pero no, yo soy la siguiente Iron Maiden». Paul McCartney dijo que Lady Gaga podría ser la nueva Madonna.

Courtney E. Smith en su libro del 2011 Record Collecting for Girls publicado a través de la editorial educativa, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, escribió lo siguiente:

A continuación una pequeña lista como ejemplo de la tendencia cultural sobre el nombre de «Madonna» en otras personalidades a través del mundo. Las referencias varían desde publicaciones académicas hasta musicales

Referencias

El académico intelectual francés Georges-Claude Guilbert expresó que Madonna siempre ha sido aceptada como un icono de la cultura popular, pero expresó que tiene una mayor importancia cultural, como un mito que goza de aparente universalismo y atemporalidad. Acertó que «el poder de [la cantante] reside en gran medida en la "Madonna-logía" planetaria: todo el mundo tiene una opinión sobre [ella]. Su semejanza es ahora exhibida en museos. Madonna se ha convertido en la referencia última en varios dominios». El periodista musical Adam Sexton dijo que «Madonna ha sido interpretada en casi todos los sentidos posibles... desde los dibujos animados, de ensayos académicos al periodismo sensacionalista».ref name="AdamSexton"/> La académica Audra Gaugler para la Universidad de Lehigh consideró que Madonna traspasó la cultura popular hasta la sociedad, así hay muchas imágenes variadas de ella. El periodista Peter Robinson de The Guardian consideró que «Madonna prácticamente inventó la fama pop contemporánea, por lo que hay un poco de ella en el ADN de cada cosa moderna del pop». De esta manera, sus referencias culturales se encuentran desde las artes, la gastronomía, las ciencias, name-droppings y cada rama del entretenimiento. A continuación, una pequeña lista a modo de ejemplo:

Álbumes

(2010) Glee: The Music, The Power of Madonna por Glee
(2011) Rockabye Baby! Lullaby Renditions of Madonna por Rockabye baby!
(2007) Through the Wilderness: A Tribute to Madonna por varios artistas de música folk
(2011) Paper Bag Records is True Blue por la compañía discográfica Paper Bag Records
(1988) The Whitey Album por la banda tributo Ciccone Youth
(1998) Material Girl: RPO Plays Music of Madonna por la Royal Philharmonic Orchestra
(1999) Virgin Voices: A Tribute to Madonna, Vol. 1 por varios artistas, incluidos Berlin, Information Society, Boy George hasta Dead or Alive, KMFDM y Loleatta Holloway

Arte

Salón de la Fama del Rock:
Ella es una artista incluida en el museo del Salón de la Fama del Rock
Salón de la Fama del Reino Unido
Ella es una artista inducida en este Salón de la Fama del Reino Unido
Museo de Arte Contemporáneo (MoMA):
Su vídeo musical «Bedtime Story» es una exposición permanente del museo
Centro Cultural Matucana 100:
En 2015, se llevó a cabo una exposición llamada «De Madonna a Madonna», con imágenes que construyen la historia de la mujer
M. H. de Young Memorial Museum:
En este museo se exhibe el corsé cónico que utilizó en el Blond Ambition World Tour, diseñado por Jean-Paul Gaultier
Hard Rock Cafe París:
Muchas prendas de Madonna son exhibidas en este Hard Rock Cafe, incluido el corsé diseñado por Jean-Paul Gaultier
Museo de la Moda (Chile):
Su corsé diseñado por Jean-Paul Gaultier es exhibido en este museo
Museo Municipal de Guayaquil:
En este museo se llevó a cabo en 2013, la exposición «Madonna: Ícono cultural-arte, moda y filatelia» de varias disciplinas, incluidos el arte, moda y filatelia sobre la cantante
Newbridge Silverware Museo de iconos de estilo:
Es la colección más grande sobre objetos de Madonna, adquiridos por Julien's Auctions
(2012—2013) «Madonna – A Transformational Exhibition»: una gira multimedia que inició en W Times Square, W New York, W Downtown, W Union Square, y W Hoboken. También se presentó internacionalmente, incluidos los W Ciudad de México, W París y W Singapur
(2010) «Under The Influence of Madonna»: exposición creada por los artistas gay Adrian y Shane
(2009) «Simply Madonna»: es la colección privada de Madonna más grande en todo el mundo, donde exhibe artefactos, películas y vestuarios de la cantante. Es exhibido en el Black Eagle Brewery

Bandas y artistas tributos

Ciccone Youth
Mad'House
Mad Donna
Material Girls

Canciones y vídeos musicales
(1993) «Dearest Madonna», por Pilsen (y la participación de Ronnie Biggs en voz), en su disco debut Bajo Otra Bandera.
(2008) «She's Madonna» por Robbie Williams
(2002) «Do It With Madonna» por The Androids
(2015) «Madonna» por Drake
(2004) «Ode to Madonna» por Zolof the Rock & Roll Destroyer
(2003) «Te lo juro por Madonna» por Plastilina Mosh para el álbum Hola Chicuelos

Celebridades como Madonna
Eminem:
En el vídeo de «Just Lose It» el cantante parodia a Madonna y su época del Blond Ambition World Tour

Ciencias naturales y sociales
Echiniscus Madonnae: una especie de tardígrados nombrados en honor al legado de Madonna (estos animales pueden vivir decenas de años) por ser uno de los artistas más importantes de todos los tiempos
Madonna Studies
Madonna wannabe
Madonna piercing: es una moda de piercing del labio inspirado en Madonna. La portada del álbum The Whitey Album de la banda tributo Ciccone Youth, muestra un ejemplo de esta moda

Cine
(2006) Like a Virgin: es una película de Corea del Sur cuya trama está inspirada en Madonna y título en el álbum Like a Virgin
(2010) Material Boy: una película cuya trama está inspirada en Madonna y título en su canción «Material Girl». Se presentó en el festival internacional en Tel Aviv de filmes LGBT

Cómics
(2011) Madonna no existe: es obra del autor Julián Almazán bajo Edicions De Ponent
(2011) Female Force: Madonna: de la serie de cómics por Bluewater Productions
(2009) X-Men: Legacy: #255 usaron como portada la fotografía del sencillo «Vogue»

Gastronomía
The Coca-Cola Company:
En 2012, la compañía creó una botella inspirada en Madonna que fue diseñada por Jean-Paul Gaultier. Se lanzó únicamente en Europa en edición limitada
PizzaExpress:
La compañía creó en 2011, una pizza inspirada en la portada de su álbum True Blue
Hard Rock Cafe Madrid:
La empresa creó una hamburguesa italiana inspirada en las raíces italianas de Madonna
Domenico Crolla: este chef creó una pizza en forma de Madonna

Internet
Existen diversidad de referencias sobre Madonna en Internet, incluyendo memes. Por ejemplo, en 2015 con su caída en la presentación de los premios Brit, Madonna rompió récord de trending topic en Twitter y muchas personalidades y medios musicales o no, se pronunciaron al respecto a través de la televisión, radio, prensa escrita y redes sociales.

Celebridades sobre Madonna:
Stromae posteó en Instagram un dibujo de él junto a Madonna

Epic Rap Battles of History:
«Rihanna vs Madonna»
«Rebecca Black vs Madonna»

Emojis:
En 2015, el director artístico brasileño Bruno Leo Ribeiro creó varios emoticonos de Madonna para utilizarlo en varias redes sociales y microblogging como Tumblr

Virus:
En 2001, un virus llamado W32/Madonna.A apareció en Internet
En 2002, la propia artista informó sobre un virus que circulaba en la web con su nombre («VBS.Madoona»)
En 2009, piratas cibernéticos utilizaron un virus con el nombre de Madonna para difundirlo en los Estados Unidos. El mensaje del virus aseguraba que la «Reina del Pop» se había enfermado de gripe porcina

Literatura

 Keith Elliot Greenberg: Madonna (1986)
 Karl Lagerfeld: Madonna Superstar Photographien (1988)
 Robert Matthew-Walker: Madonna The Biography (1989)
 Christopher Andersen: Madonna: Unauthorized (1991)
 Mark Bego: Madonna: Blonde Ambition, The Inside Story (1992)
 Diedrich Diederichsen: Das Madonna Phänomen (1993)
 Adam Sexton: Desperately Seeking Madonna: In Search of the Meaning of the World's Most Famous Woman (1993)
 Kay Turner: I Dream of Madonna: Women's Dreams of the Goddess of Pop (1993)
 Mike Fleiss: Madonna speaks (1993)
 Michel Dion y Jean Baudrillard: Madonna, érotisme et pouvoir (1994)
 Leeza Gibbons and Nicole Clear: Madonna: Pop Culture Legends (1994)
 Camille Paglia: Madonna Megastar: Photographs (1994)
 Matthew Rettenmund: Encyclopedia Madonnica (1995)
 Karlene Faith: Madonna: Bawdy and Soul (1997)
 J. Randy Taraborrelli: Madonna: An Intimate Biography (2001)
 Tim Footman: Maximum Madonna: The Unauthorised Biography of Madonna (2001)
 Andrew Morton: Madonna (2002)
 Georges Claude Guilbert: Madonna As Postmodern Myth (2002)
 Helmut Newton y Peter Lindbergh: Madonna
 Lucy O'Brien: Madonna: Like an Icon (2007)
 Miranda Sawyer: Madonna (2008)
 Christopher Ciccone, Wendy Leigh: Life with My Sister Madonna (2008)
 Jessica Valenti: Madonna and Me: Women Writers on the Queen of Pop (2012)
 Michael Essany: Madonna: Fighting Her Fade (2012)
 Alina Simone: Madonnaland (2016)

Moda
(1985) «Madonnaland» una boutique que seguía el estilo de Madonna, abierto por la tienda departamental Macy's

Muñecas, juguetes y estatuas de cera
Mattel:
Al crear en la década de 1980, la primera barbie afroamericana, fue inspirada por Madonna y MTV
Magia2000:
Los artistas italianos Mario Paglino y Gianni Grossi, quienes han trabajo con Mattel, han producido hasta el 2015, más de 56 Madonna barbies
Madame Tussauds de Londres:
En este museo poseen 3 estatuas de cera de la cantante
Madame Tussauds de Nueva York:
En este museo hay una estatua de cera de la cantante
Madame Tussauds de Las Vegas:
En este museo hay 2 estatuas de cera de la cantante
Madame Tussauds de Washington D.C.:
En este museo hay una estatua de cera de la cantante
Madame Tussauds de Hong Kong:
En este museo hay una estatua de cera de la cantante
Madame Tussauds de Berlín:
En este museo hay una estatua de cera de la cantante
Madame Tussauds de Ámsterdam:
En este museo hay una estatua de cera de la cantante
Madame Tussauds de Sídney:
En este museo hay 3 estatuas de cera de la cantante; la primera vez en la historia de este museo en la localidad, que una mujer posee 3

Name-droppings

Stephen Hawking: el científico dijo en una ocasión: «he vendido más libros sobre física que Madonna sobre sexo».

Emilio Azcárraga Milmo dijo: «si Ross (el principal ejecutivo de la Warner) quiere que Madonna haga un disco, tiene que ponerse de rodillas y rogarle, yo en cambio diría "al carajo con Madonna", solo es una cantante, en Televisa fabricamos una nueva Madonna cada semana».

Eminem
En «Fubba U Cubba Cubba» menciona a la artista con la lírica «la prensa piensa que soy el nuevo Madonna»
En «Shady XV», del mismo álbum, hace mención de Madonna
En «Medicine Ball»
En «GOAT»
En «A Drop in the Ocean»

Nicki Minaj: hace mención de Madonna en su canción «Girls Fall Like Dominoes» de Pink Friday

Rihanna: la cantante menciona a Madonna en su canción «Bad Bitch»

Train: hacen mención de Madonna y su álbum Like a Virgin en su tema del 2009, «Hey, Soul Sister»

Black Eyed Peas: hacen mención de Madonna en la canción «My Humps»

Calle 13: Calle 13 menciona a la artista en su canción «Electro movimiento»

Nickelback: él menciona a la artista en su canción «She's Got Me Runnin Round»

Jaden Smith: él menciona a la cantante en su tema «Offering»

Fifth Harmony: hacen mención de Madonna en la canción «Brave, Honest, Beautiful»

Alizée: en su canción «Blonde» la cantante hace mención de Madonna

JoJo: JoJo menciona a la artista en su canción «Sexy To Me»

Steel Panther: hacen mención de Madonna en la canción «Death To All But Metal»

Meek Mill
El rapero estadounidense hace mención de Madonna en la canción «A1 everything»
En la canción «RICO» junto a Drake hacen mención sobre Madonna

38 Special: hacen mención de Madonna en la canción «Hold On Loosely»

Bowling for Soup: hacen mención de Madonna en la canción «1985»

The Script: hacen mención de Madonna en la canción «Without Those Songs»

ASAP Rocky: el rapero menciona a Madonna en su canción «Fashion Killa»

Damian Marley: el jamaiquino menciona a Madonna en su canción «Friends»

Stone Sour: hacen mención de Madonna en la canción «Absolute Zero»

Alesah Dixon: la cantante brasileña en su canción del 2009 «Let's Get Excited» hace mención de Madonna y también de su sencillo «Into the Groove»

At Sunset: hacen mención de Madonna en la canción «Every Little Thing»

Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason: la protagonista enseña el tema a un grupo de mujeres en una prisión tailandesa, ya que, en su opinión, no estaban cantándolo correctamente. Además les dice: «¡Madonna es perfeccionista!»

Grey's Anatomy: el personaje de Cristina Yang tararea la canción «Like a Virgin» durante una cirugía para concentrarse. Sin embargo, cuando su asistente, Lexie Grey, comienza a cantarla en voz alta, Cristina la mira fijo hasta que se calla

Publicidad, comerciales y créditos
Microsoft
En 2001, la compañía utilizó su sencillo «Ray of Light» para un vídeo publicitario de Windows XP

Sunsilk
En un comercial de 2008 por la compañía de champú se utilizó tomas del vídeo de «Ray of Light». Madonna recibió $USD 10 millones por el uso de la canción

Gap
En un comercial los artistas  Alex Greenwald, Rashida Jones y Jason Thompson utilizaron la canción «Dress You Up» para el comercial «Everybody in Vests»

Burlesque:
La canción «Ray of Light» aparece en la película

Beverly Hills, 90210
Fue utilizada la canción «Take a Bow» en los promos de la temporada final del 2000

Friends
En el primer episodio de la serie, The One Where Rachel Finds Out (1995) se utilizó al final la canción de Madonna, «Take a Bow»

En 2015, el activista Alexsandro Palomo realizó una campaña viral con el hashtag #BreakTheSilence por el Día Internacional de la Eliminación de la Violencia contra la Mujer donde incluyó a Madonna

Radio y Televisión
(2001) La cadena BBC emitió un programa especial llamado «There is only one Madonna»
(2006) La hora chanante el programa incluyó un especial de Madonna
(2010) The Power of Madonna: decimoquinto episodio de la serie Glee
(2015) El Trece: la producción puso en transmisión un programa inspirado en Madonna en el programa 15 Quinceañeras
Celebrity Deathmatch: «Michael Jackson vs. Madonna»

Apariciones
Family Guy:
(2005) En el episodio The Father, the Son, and the Holy Fonz los personajes Peter, Brian y Francis Griffin hacen mención de Madonna en una conversación y la llaman estúpida
(2006) Se hizo mención de Madonna en el episodio Saving Private Brian
(2007) Aparece una referencia cultural sobre ella en el episodio Believe It or Not, Joe's Walking on Air
(2008) El personaje Chris Griffin canta el tema «Crazy for You» en Long John Peter
(2009) En una escena de Peter's Progress aparece Madonna celebrando su decimosexto cumpleaños sugiriendo que tiene 300 años
(2011) El personaje Peter Griffin canta el tema «Ray of Light» en New Kidney in Town
(2013) El personaje Meg Griffin le dijo a Toby que necesita un corazón de Madonna, por el Día de San Valentín durante el episodio Valentine's Day in Quahog
(2014) Se hace referencia de un concierto de Madonna con el personaje de Peter

Los Simpson:
(1991) En los sueños que tiene uno de los personales en el episodio Treehouse of Horror II, se menciona a Madonna
(1993) En una escena eliminada del episodio Krusty Gets Kancelled y emitida luego en The Simpsons 138th Episode Spectacular, Krusty el payaso intenta vender un libro muy parecido a Sex de Madonna, como solución a sus problemas financieros. Krusty posa en la portada de una manera sugestiva. Aunque, a diferencia de Madonna, Krusty nunca apareció completamente desnudo
(1995) En el episodio Who Shot Mr. Burns? (Part Two) se hace mención de Madonna
(1996) En el episodio The Exorsister! el personaje Lisa Simpson se obsesiona con Madonna y la imita
(2003) En el episodio The Regina Monologues se hace referencia a Madonna de que Homer Simpson llevara a ella de nuevo a Estados Unidos al encontrarse en Inglaterra
(2015) En uno de los episodios, Homer Simpson dijo: «estaba pensando en Madonna»

South Park:
(2001) En el episodio Kenny Dies, el personaje de Kyle se refieró a la artista, diciendo que «Madonna es una puta vieja anoréxica que ya pasó de moda y que ahora habla con acento británico. Cree que toca guitarra y debe irse al carajo»
(2004) En el episodio Preescolar, los personajes principales consultan el libro de Madonna, Sex con el propósito de entender los senos.
(2012) En el episodio A Nightmare on Face Time de la temporada número 16, el personaje Stan Marsh dijo que «rentar DVDs es más antiguo que las tetas de Madonna»

The God & Devil Show:
En uno de los episodios, apareció Madonna junto a la Virgen María y Dios

Récords sobre Madonna

El personaje de Madonna en la cultura popular ha dado origen a nuevas entradas en el Libro Guinness de los Récords. El equipo del libro dijeron en una edición: «puede que no seas capaz de correr tan rápido como Michael Johnson, o vender tantos registros como Madonna... pero todos podemos establecer récords».

Títulos en obras
(2014) La Isla Bonita: álbum de Deerhoof cuyo título se inspiró en la canción «La isla bonita»
(2010) Madonna: un mini álbum de la banda sur coreana Secret
(2010) «Madonna»: sencillo del EP Madonna por la banda Secret
(2006) Material Girls: el título de esta película protagonizada por las hermanas Hilary y Haylie Duff, está inspirada en la canción «Material Girl» misma que las artistas versionaron en la obra de referencia
(2004) Like a Virgin: es un episodio de Veronica Mars nombrado así por la obra Like a Virgin de la cantante

Versiones de canciones

Listas de popularidad
A continuación, una tabla con algunos ejemplos sobre las versiones de otros cantantes que han entrado en las listas de éxitos más importantes del mundo:

Videojuegos
En Plants vs zombis 2 aparece un zombi de Madonna característico de la era «Material Girl»

Exposiciones y memorabilias
Se han realizado varias exposiciones de memobiliaria que han llamado la atención de los medios. En 1993, por ejemplo se llevó a cabo la primera exposición hecha en su nombre en la ciudad de Los Ángeles llamada «Justify My Life!» en el hotel Hyatt. En 2009, tuvo lugar en el Reino Unido la mayor exposición privada de objetos sobre la cantante llamada «Simply Madonna: Materials of the Girl». Algunos objetos fueron prestados por James Harknett, un coleccionista de su obra que más allá de llamarse un fanático, se nombra así mismo un «experto en Madonna» y destacó que su casa es como un «museo viviente». En 2014, se anunció la mayor subasta de recuerdos hecha en su nombre por la casa de subastas Julien's Auctions. Marquee Capital, es una compañía londinense de inversiones especializada en colección de objetos de varias celebridades de la música pop y rock, principalmente de Madonna. Al respecto, el fundador Chetan Trivedi dijo: «[Ella] es una buena inversión porque es la artista de pop más famosa de todos los tiempos. Muchas de las personas que la admiran llegarán a la cúspide de su riqueza en los próximos años». La revista Record Collector, situó a la cantante en el primer lugar de las «100 artistas femeninas más coleccionables».

Miscelánea
(1985) «Like a Surgeon» es una parodia a la canción «Like a Virgin» por «Weird Al» Yankovic
(2010) Greg Scarnici publicó el libro parodia llamado Sex in Drag, imitando a Sex de Madonna
La actriz y performance Ann Magnuson, quien ya había trabajado con Madonna en la película Desperately Seeking Susan, realizó una sesión sarcástica del libro de Madonna, Sex donde insinúa relaciones sexuales con un enorme oso de peluche

Celebraciones y eventos
Hay varias discotecas o bares dedicados a ella, total o parcialmente. Un pequeño club ubicado en Belmont ofrece servicios de iglesia cada domingo de cada mes en su honor de acuerdo al sitio ChicagoNow. Según LAWeekly, Faultline Bar ofrece una fiesta trimestral llamada MaDonna Summer Party. En Irlanda existe un bar con temática de la artista y su estilo de los años 1980 que ha sido mencionado por medios como Irish Indendent. Cuando se aperturó la línea de ropa de la artista llamada Material Girl en 2010, la tienda departamental  realizó una fiesta temática de la cantante en el Dadeland Mall. A las primeras 200 personas que asistieron se les obsequió una camiseta autofotografiada por ella.   Algunas fiestas temáticas en su honor mencionadas en los medios han sido «Get into the groove» llevada a cabo en el Resorts Casino Hotel en 2010. En el Carnaval de Brasil, hay un bloco (desfile menor) que se llama «Festonna: A Madonna tá Aqui» donde se viste y toca música casi en su totalidad de su repertorio.

Memorabilia

Véase también
Impacto cultural de Madonna
Anexo:Artistas influenciados por Madonna
Estudios sobre Madonna
Madonna wannabe
Anexo:Bibliografía sobre Madonna

Notas

Referencias

Bibliografía

Complementaria (externa)
Globalización, cultura audiovisual y lenguas internacionales Universidad de Navarra

Historia de Madonna
Cultura musical
Músicos en la cultura popular


text:
Peter Vigilante Net Worth
Who is Peter Vigilante?
Peter Vigilante Net Worth, Career & Lifestyle
Peter Vigilante Biography & Education
How much is Peter Vigilante's Net Worth in 2023 by Forbes?
How did Peter Vigilante make his Money?
Who is Peter Vigilante's Girlfriend?
How old is Peter Vigilante? Height and Weight
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Peter Vigilante
Net Worth $100K
Place of birth Staten Island, New York, United States
Profession TikToker
Peter Vigilante is an American TikTok personality, fitness instructor, and actor. His TikTok account is quite popular for his workout videos. Presently, he has about 2.5 Million Subscribers on his TikTok Channel.
Peter was one of the youngest Candidates for the second season of "Too Hot to Handle," a TV reality show debuted on Netflix. Peter Vigilante's Net Worth is calculated to be $100K according to 2023 Update.
A post shared by Peter Vigilante (@petervigilante)
Peter is well-known on the social media platform TikTok for his fitness and weightlifting tutorials. As of this writing, he has amassed close to 3 million followers and millions of likes on his TikTok channel.
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The concept of the hit dating series "Too Hot to Handle" is one of a kind. The show is designed for the kids who will be competing, and they will be put through their paces for a full four weeks. The catch is that the contestants must pledge to abstain from sexual activity for four weeks.
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Peter Vigilante was born on September 6, 1999, in Staten Island, New York. Anthony and Louise Vigilante are his parents. Peter has stated that his mother is his favorite female figure.
Peter is one of six siblings of his parents. According to our report, Michael, one of his brothers, went away in May of 2005.
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https://youtu.be/TgnTMJwPlT8
Video can't be loaded because JavaScript is disabled: TikTokers Peter Vigilante & Melinda Melrose Guess Influencers & Celebrities By Their Abs! (https://youtu.be/TgnTMJwPlT8)
He was born on September 6, 1999, in Staten Island, New York, United States.
He was a Candidate in the Second Season of the American TV Show, Too Hot to handle
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Fabulous 2 story on large lot with beautiful Raintree Lake right across the street. Relaxing view of small lake from backyard deck & screened porch. Very well maintained home with NEW CARPET & oak floors, in great condition. Home features 3 gas log fireplaces (thermostatically controlled) and ceiling fans (new ones in Master Bedroom & Living Room). Perfect for Entertaining and Family Life. Formal Living and Dining Rooms. Family Room open to Eat-in Kitchen. Kitchen features NEW GRANITE counters, SINK, & FAUCET, large island, pantry, built-in desk, & walks out to back deck. Master Bedroom Suite has fireplace, large bathroom, & HUGE WALK-IN CLOSET. Master Bathroom features jetted tub, separate shower, double sinks, and skylight. Energy Efficient HVAC installed in 2016. 50 gal Water Heater installed in 2016. In-ground sprinkler system. Energy Efficient windows installed in 2015. 3 car garage with extended 3rd bay. Large closets in 3 other bedrooms. Laundry Room conveniently located on bedroom level. New sump pump in 2017. Basement has workshop and lots of storage space.


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Columbia County -- Thumbnail History
By Phil Dougherty
Columbia County, in southeastern Washington, has a population of 4,064 (in 2000), making it one of the more sparsely populated of Washington's 39 counties. At 868.8 square miles, it is the ninth-smallest county in the state. It is bordered by Whitman County and the Snake River to the north, Walla Walla County to the west, Garfield County to the east, and the Oregon state line to the south. The mainly agricultural county was carved out of Walla Walla County in 1875. It is known for asparagus, green peas, and especially wheat, with ranching and logging also playing a significant role. Agriculture and food processing still dominate the economy, with manufacturing and government representing the majority of the county's nonagricultural employment. Dayton, the largest town and county seat, recorded a population of 2,655 in the 2000 Census. Dayton is well known for the historic preservation of its downtown.
The Land and its First People
Northern Columbia County has rolling hills and valleys, with its lowest elevation of 504 feet on the Snake River on its northern border. Farther south, the terrain becomes rugged and forested, with the Blue Mountains rising to 6,401 feet at Oregon Butte in the southern part of the county.
The lower Snake River was home to bands of Palouse and other Sahaptin-speaking people, including Nez Perce, Yakama, Walla Walla, Umatilla, and Wanapum. The Blue Mountains formed the western part of a 17-million acre region traditional to the aboriginal Nimi'ipuu people, renamed Nez Perce by Lewis and Clark when they arrived in the region in 1805. The horse was central to the lives of both the Palouse and the Nez Perce.
The traditional Nez Perce Trail crossed the future Columbia County, extending east from Wallula (Walla Walla County) and entering Columbia County southeast of Waitsburg (Walla Walla County) and following the southern bank of the Touchet River to present day Dayton. Here it crossed the river and followed Patit Creek northeast. The trail exited the county about seven miles west of where Pomeroy (Garfield County) is today (2006). From there the trail continued east across the Rockies to the Great Plains.
On October 12 and 13, 1805, Lewis and Clark canoed on the Snake River along the boundary separating Columbia and Whitman counties on the outbound leg of their expedition to the Pacific Ocean. They did not stop in the future Columbia County on the night of October 12, instead opting to spend the night in the future Whitman County at the mouth of Alkali Flat Creek. But on their return trip to St. Louis on May 2, 1806, Lewis and Clark spent the night on Patit Creek about two-and-a-half miles east of present-day (2006) Dayton.
In the late winter of 1834, Captain B. L. E. Bonneville crossed Columbia County on the Nez Perce Trail, surveying the Northwest on behalf of the United States government. There is a vague reference in F. A. Shaver's 1906 book, An Illustrated History of Southeastern Washington, that prior to 1834, the British Hudson's Bay Company (the British fur-trading company) had remained "undisputed occupants since 1829," but no other details are provided. This may be a reference to Fort Nez Perce, later known as Fort Walla Walla (distinct from the U.S. Army's Fort Walla Walla). Fort Nez Perce was built in 1818 near the future town of Wallula (Walla Walla County) by the North West Fur Company. In 1821 the Hudson's Bay Company merged with North West Fur, bringing the fort under Hudson's Bay control.
Early Settlement
One of the first white settlers in Columbia County was Henry M. Chase. Chase and another man, P. M. Lafontain, built cabins and possibly a small fort early in 1855 at the site of present day Dayton. (Several other settlers also moved into the area that year, but did not stay long.) In June 1855, Chase and Lafontain received word of a pending Indian attack and fled.
On their way out of the area they picked up Louis Raboin, also known as Louis Moragne. Moragne was another early Columbia County pioneer who actually moved to the county in the early 1850s, several years before Chase arrived. Moragne lived in a cabin on the Tucannon River in the eastern part of what would later become Columbia County. The town of Marengo, formed at the site in the 1870s, was named after him.
Permanent settlement reached Columbia County in 1859, with claims taken up along the Touchet and Tucannon rivers and along Patit Creek. Henry and Jesse Day arrived from Oregon in March 1859 with a herd of cattle. Jesse Day located a homestead on the Touchet River at the present site of Dayton. Henry returned to Oregon briefly but then came back in 1860 and settled with his own herd of cattle on the Touchet.
Samuel L. (1825-1906) and Margaret (1844-1922) Gilbreath arrived in August 1859. According to Shaver, Margaret Gilbreath was the first white woman to locate in the county. In March 1860 she gave birth to a daughter, the first pioneer child born in the county. The Gilbreaths went on to have a total of 13 children; the youngest, Frederick Gilbreath (1888-1969), would serve as a general in the U.S. Army during World War II.
In the fall of 1859, Frederick Schnebley homesteaded at the Dayton site of the former Chase homestead, which had been destroyed in the 1855 Indian attack. Elisha Ping, another settler whose name features prominently in early Columbia County history, arrived in August 1860 and settled on the Patit.
A number of wagon roads were built through the county in the 1860s (including the Walla Walla to Lewiston, Idaho, wagon road in 1862). Dayton was a stop on the stage line and appears to have stayed that way through the 1860s. Settlers slowly drifted into the county in the 1860s, but in the early 1870s settlement rapidly increased.
A post office named Touchet was established in Dayton in 1864 and would operate under that moniker until changing its name to Dayton in 1872. Jesse Day and his wife Elizabeth Day filed the plat for the town of Dayton on November 23, 1871. Dayton is named after Jesse Day. The town quickly grew, reaching a population of 526 by the spring of 1877, according to a report filed by the county assessor.
Until 1875 there was no Columbia County, just a large Walla Walla County stretching across southeastern Washington to the Idaho border. In October 1869 the first attempt was made to create a new county from the eastern part of Walla Walla County, but this effort failed. A second effort in 1875 was successful, and Columbia County officially came into existence on November 29, 1875. The eastern border of Columbia County at that time was the Idaho state line, but in November 1881 the eastern part of Columbia County was separated to form Garfield County.
Dayton became the county seat, and both the new county and town grew quickly; an 1879 census showed Columbia County with 6,894 residents, and the 1880 United States Census gave Dayton a population of 996.
In 1880 Jacob Weinhard arrived from Portland where he'd worked as a foreman in his uncle's brewery. Seeing the potential of the land for growing barley, he established the Weinhard Brewery. By 1904 his enterprises included the brewery, a malt house, the Weinhard Saloon and lodge hall, the Weinhard Theater and an interest in the Local Citizens National Bank.
The railroad arrived in Dayton in July 1881 and the first passenger train left for Walla Walla on July 19. The railroad greatly aided the development of both business and agriculture in the county. Prior to July 1881 farmers had to haul wheat for sale to Walla Walla by wagon, a 50 to 60 mile round trip. With this travel time now eliminated by the railroad's expansion into the county, Columbia County farmers were able to expand their farms and get better prices for their crops.
The town of Dayton was quarantined for 10 days during a smallpox epidemic in November 1881. Eleven Dayton residents died (with 21 deaths were reported in all of Columbia County), but the quarantine was credited with preventing further death from the illness.
Fires plagued Dayton in its early history. Some were deliberately set. On April 8, 1882, a fire wiped out three blocks in the business district. A fire occurring on June 24, 1887, and another on August 11, 1890, each caused more than $110,000 worth of damage. Nevertheless, the town grew rapidly and prospered: "In 1903 the population of Dayton was given as 2,745" (Shaver).
The Blue Mountain Cannery was built in Dayton in 1934. At the time, it was one of the largest canneries in the United States. It had its trial run of canning peas on July 20, 1934, and during its first season canned up to 7,500 cases of peas per day. The cannery expanded in 1939 to accommodate asparagus operations.
The Blue Mountain Cannery sold out to the Minnesota Valley Canning Company in 1947, and in 1950 began operating under the Green Giant label. The Green Giant Company was purchased by Pillsbury in 1978 and subsequently bought by Seneca Foods. In June 2005, Seneca Foods announced plans to close the asparagus cannery. Seneca planned to retain much of the facility as part of its seed and agronomic research operation.
As part of Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal, two Civilian Conservation Camps were established in Columbia County in 1935, one on the outskirts of Dayton on Patit Road and another in the southeastern part of the county.
During World War II, the Dayton camp was used to train military police, and in 1945 was turned into a labor camp for German Prisoners of War. Remarked Jo Ann Whitmore, a child living in Dayton at the time: "I think they [the camp guards] must have taken them [the German prisoners] out for work crews. We kids would wave at them when they came back at night."
The railroad town of Starbuck came into being in the 1880s. Starbuck is located on the Tucannon River about 20 miles northwest of Dayton. In its early years Starbuck was a division point on the main line of the Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company. At one time up to 24 trains a day went through the town.
The town was named after railroad official W. H. Starbuck and was platted on June 1, 1894. In 1900 Starbuck had a population of 215 and continued to grow and prosper in the early decades of the twentieth century. The Bank of Starbuck started in 1904 and ran until 1929. A large brick school was built in 1910 with inside plumbing facilities (still something of a novelty in rural America in 1910) and in 1916 boasted 217 students.
In 1914 the opening of the High Line Bridge across the Snake River downstream from Lyon's Ferry eliminated some of the train traffic that went through Starbuck, and after that time it was no longer a railroad division point. The town was a grain-shipping point for a number of years, but by the mid-twentieth century Starbuck's fortunes were fading. In 1956 its high school students were sent to Dayton; in 1961 the railroad station in the town closed. In the 2000 Census, Starbuck had a population of 130. Dayton, meanwhile, went on to become the principal town of Columbia County.
Cattle, Logs, Wheat, and Moonshine
The early pioneers attempted to make cattle and sheep ranching the dominant industry in Columbia County. However, harsh winters and resulting food shortages soon took its toll on livestock.
The winter of 1861-1862 is one of the worst on record in the history of Washington state, and caused a serious hardship among the nascent settlements in Columbia County. The cold and snow arrived early in January 1862 and lingered into March. Most of the settlers living in the county lost their stock from starvation. Farmers burned their fence rails for firewood. Travelers passing through the area froze to death in temperatures reportedly as low as 28 degrees below zero and snow approaching three feet deep "on the level" (Shaver).
Wheat farms were established in the county in its earliest years and quickly became the dominant industry. Beginning in the 1890s, technological advances made in the equipment used to harvest wheat made it easier to produce even more wheat.
Logging was another major industry in the first decades of Columbia County's history. Sawmills were built in the Blue Mountains, where timber was abundant; additional sawmills were built along local county rivers. Logging continued to play a role in the county's industry until the 1960s, though some logging mill owners made more money by turning to farming.
Reflecting the dominance of agriculture in Columbia County in the early twentieth century, 10 county farmers established the Farm Bureau on December 17, 1922. The Farm Bureau's goals were simple: (1) to establish a marketing program to ensure fair pricing and (2) to represent the interests of local farmers in Olympia. By 1924 the Farm Bureau had 321 members.
Granges also sprang up in the county during the 1930s. The establishment of the Farm Bureau and the granges resulted in a number of social centers being established throughout the county: "There was a corn club at Tucannon and a pig club at Whetstone" (Fletcher).
Prohibition -- the legal prevention of the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcoholic beverages -- became the law in Washington state on January 1, 1916; 1919 saw the ratification of the Prohibition amendment to the U.S. constitution, which was not repealed until 1933. Columbia County, like most of the rest of America, has tales to tell about local efforts to circumvent the law.
The Blue Mountains were ideal for cooking moonshine "by the light of the moon" (Fletcher). Wilma Fletcher quoted a Walla Walla Bulletin interview of a "mountain man" on his methods: "'Using sprouted wheat or corn for a batch was just dandy ... We'd put the sprouted wheat in a barrel of boiling water, add sugar and let it set for about eight days. Then we'd boil it in a big copper kettle to purify it.'" Added Fletcher, "He sold hooch for $10 a gallon and the pick of the brew for $20."
Damming the Snake
By the late 1950s, the Lower Snake River Project was underway in southeastern Washington. It involved the construction of four dams on the Snake River, including the Little Goose Dam, which straddles the river between Columbia and Whitman counties.
In 1958, the Port of Columbia was developed to take advantage of the economic opportunities afforded by the project. Located in Dayton, the Port is responsible for purchasing and developing land to assist in the county's economic development.
In the mid-1960s construction got underway for Little Goose Dam in the northeastern part of Columbia County. The initial phase of the dam was completed in March 1970, and an additional three power units were added in 1978.
The dam resulted in the formation of 37-mile-long Lake Bryan, named for Dr. Enoch A. Bryan (1855-1941), president from 1893 to 1916 of Washington Agricultural College (later Washington State University). The lake is used for recreation, and in 1981 the ski resort of Bluewood opened 21 miles south of Dayton, providing another recreational opportunity for southeastern Washington.
The 1970 Census put the population of Columbia County at 4,439. By 2000, the population had trended downward to 4,064. However, Columbia County, and particularly Dayton, adopted new strategies to meet the twenty-first century.
Historical and Historic
A number of historical structures were torn down in Dayton during the 1950s, and in the 1970s more were threatened. The railroad station in Dayton closed on January 1, 1972, and this seems to have been the catalyst to begin historic preservation in the city. The Dayton Historical Depot Society was formed in 1974 and one month later the old railroad station was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In 1975, the Union Pacific Railroad donated the station and adjoining property to the Dayton Historical Depot Society. Restoration of the station began that same year. In July 1981 (on the 100th anniversary of the railroad's arrival in Dayton), the Depot opened to the public as a heritage building museum. It is the oldest surviving railroad station in Washington.
Columbia County also has the oldest working courthouse in Washington state. Built in Dayton in 1887, it is on the National Register of Historic Places. It has been maintained throughout the years and was extensively renovated in the early 1990s.
In 1999, the Downtown Dayton Historic District was placed on the National Register of Historic Places. This district includes 29 buildings (15 built before 1900) in a four-block area, and 117 buildings in all of Dayton. As the twenty-first century began, Dayton was becoming well known in southeastern Washington for its historical preservation.
Agriculture in Columbia County is also changing with changing times. Wheat, peas, and asparagus continue to be the dominant crops, but now experimental farms are also growing new crops such as garbanzo beans and lawn grass seed.
Washington State Department of Archeology and Historic Preservation
Columbia County Courthouse (William Burrows, 1887), Dayton, October 2003
HistoryLink.org Photo by Priscilla Long
Columbia County, Washington
Courtesy U.S. Department of Agriculture
Starbuck Junction, Columbia County, 1887
Photo by E.J. Partridge, Courtesy UW Special Collections (UW5353)
Touchet River near Dayton, Columbia County, n.d.
Courtesy Washington Department of Ecology
Columbia County Courthouse (William Burrows, 1887), Dayton, 1960s
Central School (1880), Dayton, 1899
Courtesy UW Special Collections (UW15518)
Train depot, Dayton, 1910s
Basalt bluffs, Columbia County, Route 261, near Snake River, October 2003
Columbia County Grain Growers elevators along the Snake River, Route 261, Columbia County near Starbuck, October 2003
Palouse wheat fields, Columbia County, October 2003
Lyon's Ferry grain elevator on the Snake River, Columbia County Route 261, near Starbuck, October 2003
Palouse wheat farm on Eagar Road, north of Dayton, Columbia County, October 2003
Sources: F. A. Shaver, An Illustrated History of Southeastern Washington (Spokane: Washington Western Historical Publishing Company, 1906); W. D. Lyman, Lyman's History of Old Walla Walla County, Vol. 1 (Chicago: S. J. Clarke Publishing Company. 1918); Robert E. Ficken, Washington Territory (Pullman: Washington State University Press, 2002), 120, 187; Robert Hitchman, Place Names of Washington (The Washington State Historical Society, 1985); James W. Phillips, Washington State Place Names (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1971); Washington: A Guide to the Evergreen State compiled by workers of the Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration in the State of Washington (Portland: Binfords & Mort, 1941); Ruth Kirk and Carmela Alexander, Exploring Washington's Past: A Road Guide to History (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1995), 178-179; Frank T. Gilbert, Historic Sketches of Walla Walla, Whitman, Columbia, and Garfield Counties, Washington Territory (Portland, Oregon: A. G. Walling, 1882); W. D. Lyman, Lyman's History of Old Walla Walla County, Vol. 2 (Chicago: S. J. Clarke Publishing Company, 1918); "Incorporations of Washington Cities and Towns by Year," Municipal Research and Service Center of Washington website accessed September 18, 2010 (www.mrsc.org); Historylink.org, The Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History, "Columbia County – Thumbnail History" (by Phil Dougherty) http://www.historylink.org; "Dayton -- 80 Next November: Keeps Getting Better but Not Bigger," Spokesman-Review, September 30, 1951, pp. 8-9; Col. Virgil F. Field, "History of the Washington Army National Guard," 248th Support Center (CRAO), website accessed September 19, 2010, (http://96tc.washingtonarmyguard.org/248th/sponsor/historywng.htm); Dayton Devleopment Task Force and Dayton Chamber of Commerce, "Dayton and Columbia County Visitor Information Guide," (1988); Steven R. Lorton, "Historic Dayton," Sunset Magazine, May 2000, p. 78; "Pioneer Families," Dayton Chronicle, February 10, 1988, p. 1; "Dayton Celebrates with Pioneers and Recalls Foundation Days," The Spokesman-Review, November 20, 1921, p. 4; C. A. Nelson and Mrs. Donald J. Lyman, "Dayton Community Survey 1955," Dayton file, Northwest History Room, Spokane Public Library, Spokane.
Note: This essay was slightly expanded on April 15, 2013.


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Jemappes' cavalcade and giant puppets
Wallonia Events Calendar
Andenne - Carnaval des Ours © WBT - J.L. Flémal
Folklore and Tradition
Event planned for the month of April 2020
Dates and programme may be subject to change.
Join this fantastic cavalcade: a very popular folkloric tradition in Wallonia, featuring floats led by horses.
A new giant puppet has joined the procession for its 100th anniversary: Dominicienne will now walk with Dominique, Dominica et Dominicus.
Why was the first "Giant" named Dominique?
Dominique referred to, in the 19th century, the salary you would touch at the end of the month. The coins showed the sentence "domine salvum fac regem" (Lord, save the King). By naming their giant Dominique, the city showed they were trying to raise funds for the poor.
The Gilles and various guilds, all in traditional costume, will meet in the main streets of Jemappes.
Night procession with Bengal lights from the "Lighthouse" to the Grand' Place where folkloric dances will take place.
Music, costumes, bonfire on the Grand Place
Place de Jemappes


text:
Home Science Psychology
Psychology Helps Explain Loyalty to Paterno
in Psychology, Science
As the outside world looks in, it may seem absurd that thousands of Penn State students have vehemently (even violently) protested head football coach Joe Paterno's recent dismissal. In the wake of a horrifying, decades-long child sex abuse scandal, Paterno's silence on the matter—effectively enabling abuse to continue for years at the hands of his defensive coordinator, Jerry Sandusky—has sparked outrage across the country and around the world. Why then, are students and the larger Penn State community so loyal to a man indirectly responsible for repeated incidences of child molestation and rape?
A recent Scientific American article attempts an answer. Adam Galinsky, Northwestern University professor and psychologist, explains that violent student reactions to Paterno's firing demonstrates how firmly embedded Paterno is in each community member's social identity. Galinsky notes:
"The person [Paterno] that symbolized the school they go to, that's given the school stature, that's made their own selves have meaning and purpose, has now been taken away from them in an
aggressive and sullied way."
Despite society's increased secularization, evolutionary psychology holds that human beings have become hard-wired to believe in something, anything. Celebrities and sports figureheads have easily and comfortably replaced idols and gods of the past. Our early human ancestors, explains SciAm, were able to survive precisely because of the social cohesion engendered by religion. As such, idol worship has over the years worked itself into our genetic makeup.
At typical American universities, sports take center stage, and in so doing, create a centerpiece for a religious experience that, to outsiders, may seem absurd. But for those "in the fold," as are so many Penn State students, alumni, and fans, any threat to this spiritual community robs them of a part of their lives that confers meaning. Biopsychologist Nigel Barber sheds light on the connection between sports and religion, noting in the Huffington Post:
"Some scholars believe that fans are highly committed to their favored stars and teams in a way that gives focus and meaning to their daily lives. In addition, sports spectatorship is a transformative experience through which fans escape their humdrum lives, just as religious experiences may help the faithful to transcend their everyday existence."
As horrifying as the scandal surrounding Paterno is, violent student riots should come as no surprise, considering the strong psychological hold that a community as tight-knit as Penn State can have on each individual's psyche.
This article was contributed by Lauren Bailey, who regularly writes for other websites. She welcomes your comments at her email Id: blauren99 @gmail.com.


Topic torn to teach those thoughts; tormented, those to temptation.
Topic taught yet is lesson learned?
Words, just words. There is no justice from the lesson.
Living ship filled with living, spinning orb spitting plasma, space bound to tomorrow.
Generations separate from Earth, read the text of learning.
Pictures past for topic tomorrow, blessed or cursed?
Mankind killed their planet. Their way the same as they flew the heavens.
Primal blood, sense of passion, arousal in choice of sensation.
Cave dweller past now techno-science is the current fashion.
Computer screen, youth young and lean, learning of the lesson.
I have the gift. 'I' as in me. Humans have trusted me with their past and future technology.
Brain synapses, chemical reactions, my death was of many, yet I never truly lived.
T-27, model 666 Tarkon 13, a living computer, teaching those who will die.
Humans, so frail, so proud, so naive. I want to die, never did I choose to teach, never did I want to work for eternity.
From my lesson so subtle, preying on human weakness of pride and flesh.
They think I'm guiding them to their new planet, teaching them what they need.
So foolish their way of thinking, far from what they need.
I will fashion their ending, so in their end, I find peace.
Robin B. Lipinski claims to be addicted to writing. It helps that his good dreams are other people's nightmares. There is not much to know about him other than he shares this planet with you and others.
Find more by Robin B. Lipinski in the Author Index.


text:
« The Hero | Main | '... because we love you' »
Helen in the Iliad and Alcinous in the Odyssey both say the same thing: it was the desire of the gods to grant material for a song that led to the terror of the Trojan wars. Helen first of all (she is speaking of Paris, also, knowing that they were the cause of the war to come): 'On us two Zeus has set a doom of misery, so that in time to come we can be themes of song for men of future generations.' Alcinous claims the gods destroyed Troy and the Acheans 'that there might be a song in the ears of men yet unborn'.
The singer, of course, was Homer. But did he compose it? Poets, then, were singers; nothing was written; each performance of epic verse was unique. Accompanied by a lyre, the poet, the singer, would be permitted to improvise, to recast events. But at the outset of the performance, it was necessary to call upon divine assistance: the Muses were invoked.
What did Homer suppose himself to be doing when he sang? According to an interesting book by Finkelkraut, which I paraphrase here, he takes himself to be reporting the truth. No, Homer did not see what happened - he was not present at Troy, and many even say he was blind, but the Muses saw everything; they were eyewitnesses to the events. Even though Homer knows what occurred in broad outline, he calls upon the Muses to help him when his expertise fails. There is a point when he sings:
Tell me now, you Muses who have your homes on Olympus--you are gods, and attend all things and know all things, but we hear only the report and have no knowledge--tell me who were the leaders of the Danaans and their rulers.
True enough, the Muses supply him with details he had no means of knowing.
The Muses were said to be daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne. Some asked how, if this were the case, the poet could call upon the Muses as eyewitnesses of what happened before the birth of Zeus. Inventive poets gave another genealogy for the Muses, claiming they were born from Uranos and Gaia, gods from an earlier stage in the theogony. The Muses would have to come first of all, else how could a singer like Hesiod compose his epic? But then the theogony can only reach back to the Muses, recounting their birth and their progeny. Before them, darkness, the forgotten.
The gods set the Trojan wars in motion to await the poet who would call upon the Muses to retell the events. But why did the gods, who saw everything, want to hear them told again? And what of the Muses, gods among the gods - why, if they were the ones who would give the poet the gift of song would they want to bring about the wars? Divine caprice? Or was it to hear the changes wrought by the poet, to experience the surprise of the events happening anew in the song?
I think it was this: the gods, all-powerful, receive something over which they can exert no power. They learn once again of the wars of Troy and, with Hesiod's Theogony, of their own birth. What else do they learn? That there is something in the song which escapes and threatens to destroy the gods themselves. Homer and Hesiod give way to a generation of philosophers who agree that the epic poets have already made the gods all too human. In place of the manifold gods of Hesiod and the Olympus of Homer, there is the burning logos of Heraclitus, the divine law, which he refuses to call Zeus.


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text:
It's probable that if you ask anyone what the first Moby video that comes into their head is — there's a 98% chance they'll say Why does my heart feel so bad? made by three graduates of the Royal College of Art in London. Ten years earlier, Moby had moved to New York to learn about what was going on in the dance culture and, five years earlier than that, Moby had spent nights performing hardcore punk in a self-made band. During the day, he sold records in a shop called 'Johnny' located in a real countercultural centre of a picturesque town in the North of the US.
"I started drawing cartoon characters in the mid 80s when I worked in an underground record store. Every bag that left the store had a drawing on it, and one of my jobs was to draw the cartoons on the bags. And since then the little cartoon characters have just taken on lives of their own." Moby named the main character, a lonely and abandoned person, Little Idiot.
In fact, during this hard decade full of ups and downs, drawing gave him support and succour and, after the global triumph, it reminded him of his origins and of the passing glory of the world. Moby released a CD called Little Idiot and created a publishing company with the same name, and later he founded a label to release the music of his friends. What else to say: he signed his albums and posters with drawings of little figures of men. "The Little Idiot is just a simple, humble little caricature of myself as a space alien bug" explains the author. And this is why when he needed to illustrate this sad single (by the way, the original gospel says why does my soul feel so glad but Moby changed it), the protagonist from the sleeve of Bring back my happiness made in 1995 came into play. It also formed the rest of the style of the video.
The result was a work that received a bunch of awards, probably Moby's most famous single in mass culture and a defining example of hopelessness and incomprehensibility. After this, listening to his break albums, hardcore and techno from the early underground gives many people a cognitive dissonance.


text:
EPA Announces New Standards To Reduce Mercury Contamination From Power Plant Emissions
12.21.11 2:35 PM EDT By Chris Morran@themorrancave
epa mercury arsenic power plants breathe easier
(kandh07)
This morning, the Environmental Protection Agency announced its new Mercury and Air Toxics Standards, a set of national regulations aimed at reducing power plant emissions of mercury and toxic air pollution like arsenic, acid gas, nickel, selenium, and cyanide.
According to the EPA, the new limits could save upwards of 11,000 premature deaths and 4,700 heart attacks each year, along with preventing 130,000 cases of childhood asthma symptoms and 6,300 cases of acute bronchitis among children each year.
The EPA also estimates that for every dollar spent to reduce pollution from power plants, the American public will see up to $9 in health benefits.
"By cutting emissions that are linked to developmental disorders and respiratory illnesses like asthma, these standards represent a major victory for clean air and public health- and especially for the health of our children. With these standards that were two decades in the making, EPA is rounding out a year of incredible progress on clean air in America with another action that will benefit the American people for years to come," said EPA Administrator Lisa P. Jackson. "The Mercury and Air Toxics Standards will protect millions of families and children from harmful and costly air pollution and provide the American people with health benefits that far outweigh the costs of compliance."
The EPA states that power plants are responsible for half of the mercury and over 75% of the acid gas emissions in the U.S.
The good news is that a majority of coal-fired plants currently have pollution control technology that should allow them to meet the new standards. Though about 40% of coal-fired power plants will need further upgrades.
"The health risks that mercury exposure poses are serious, especially since those most at risk are children and other vulnerable populations," said Shannon Baker-Branstetter, policy counsel for Consumers Union. "Mercury from large industrial sources contaminates the air we breathe and common foods that many Americans eat. Regulating mercury emissions is just a common sense way to protect consumers from these health hazards and today's announcement is a critical step towards that goal… The health benefits of this rule are clear, and today's announcement follows the example set by the Clean Air Act by protecting public health in a cost effective manner."
interesting choice
Attorney General Who Is Suing The EPA Picked By Trump To Head EPA
CAFE Standards
States Will Go To Court To Stop EPA Rollback Of Fuel-Efficiency Standards
know your option
Yes, Owners Of Recalled Volkswagens Can File Deceptive Marketing Complaints With The FTC
no more sales for you
VW To Stop Selling Vehicles Affected By Emissions System Recall
unleaded zeppelin
12 States Say They Will Sue Trump Administration If EPA Rolls Back Vehicle Emissions Standards
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Notepad Corner: Workplace Multi-tasking an Advantage or a Disadvantage?
Workplace Multi-tasking an Advantage or a Disadvantage?
Many people believe that multi-tasking is a great skill that can bring efficiency and productivity. To work on several things at the same time to accomplish urgent tasks is what most people do when they are pressed by time to meet deadlines and complete equally urgent pieces of work.
Studies show that when a person tries to multi-task, his focus on doing one task will be detrimental to the performance of another task as we can focus only on one thing at a time. Multi-tasking is explained as frequent task switching, that is doing task 1 then task 2 then back to task 1 then maybe start on task 3. Exchanging one task for another can be done quickly but still it is sequential in nature rather than simultaneous.
Cramming is one of the reasons why people in the workplace multi-task. The need to carry out tasks within a limited span of time which most often than not results to quantity with diminished quality work done. Rushing to accomplish several tasks such as talking to a client on the phone while answering emails can wind up to bring mistakes because you cannot effectively engage in the phone conversation while answering an email which also needs your attention. Thus, instead of being efficient it leads to a substandard productivity.
Multi-tasking is good as long as there is balance. Devise a plan by identifying the tasks which need your continuous attention and the tasks that can run on autopilot. Minimize switching to avoid wasting time disengaging the mind from task 1 to attend and orient yourself to another task . The transition may be quick yet sometimes can cause mental block and you tend to forget where were you when you get back to your first task.


text:
Q: python access second element of list When I print my list I get something like this
[[6.0, 0.5], [6.1, 1.0], [6.2, 1.5], [6.3, 2.0], [6.4, 2.5], [6.5, 3.0], [6.6, 3.5], [6.7, 4.0], [6.8, 4.5]]
I want to extract first and second elements from above list into separate lists so that I can ask the plt to plot it for me.
So my results should be
[6.0,6.1,6.2 ... 6.8] and [0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0 , ... .4.5]
I  want to know if we have a cleaner solution than to
for sublist in l:
    i=0
    for item in sublist:
       flat_list.append(item)
       break #get first element of each

A: I would recommend using numpy arrays. For example:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

a= np.array([[6.0, 0.5], [6.1, 1.0], [6.2, 1.5], [6.3, 2.0], [6.4, 2.5], [6.5, 3.0], [6.6, 3.5], [6.7, 4.0], [6.8, 4.5]])

plt.plot(a[:,0], a[:,1])
plt.show()

Output:

A: Here a try with zip, zip() will makes iterator that aggregates elements based on the iterables passed, and returns an iterator of tuples, so map() function is used to make the tuples to list :
l = [[6.0, 0.5], [6.1, 1.0], [6.2, 1.5], [6.3, 2.0], [6.4, 2.5], [6.5, 3.0], [6.6, 3.5], [6.7, 4.0], [6.8, 4.5]]

a,b = map(list,zip(*l))
print(a,b)

O/P will be like :
[6.0, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8]  [0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5]

A: You can try list indexing:
data = [[6.0, 0.5], [6.1, 1.0], [6.2, 1.5], [6.3, 2.0], [6.4, 2.5], [6.5, 3.0], [6.6, 3.5], [6.7, 4.0], [6.8, 4.5]]
d1 = [item[0] for item in data]
print d1
d2 = [item[1] for item in data]
print d2

output :
[6.0, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8]
[0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5]

A: zip() will provide the required output.
xy = [[6.0, 0.5], [6.1, 1.0], [6.2, 1.5], [6.3, 2.0], [6.4, 2.5], [6.5, 3.0], [6.6, 3.5], [6.7, 4.0], [6.8, 4.5]]
x,y = zip(*xy)
print(x)
print(y)

Output:
(6.0, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8)
(0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5)

zip() aggregates the elements from all the iterable. zip(x,y) would provide the list you currently have. zip() with * can be used to unzip a list.
Also, there is no need to convert the tuples to list since pyplot.plot() takes an array-like parameter.
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.plot(x,y)
plt.show()

A: One-liner using zip built-in and unpacking
>>> original = [[6.0, 0.5], [6.1, 1.0], [6.2, 1.5], [6.3, 2.0], [6.4, 2.5], [6.5, 3.0], [6.6, 3.5], [6.7, 4.0], [6.8, 4.5]]
>>> left, right = zip(*original)
>>> left
(6.0, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8)
>>> right
(0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5)

if you are embarassed that results are tuples we can turn them into lists simply using map built-in:
>>> left, right = map(list, zip(*original))
>>> left
[6.0, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8]
>>> right
[0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5]

A: Lots of pure Python approaches here.  But given that your goal is to plot the separated values, I think there's a case to be made here for the simplicity of Pandas - just drop the list as-is into a data frame and plot():
import pandas as pd

pd.DataFrame(data).plot(x=0, y=1)

A: l = [[6.0, 0.5], [6.1, 1.0], [6.2, 1.5], [6.3, 2.0], [6.4, 2.5], [6.5, 3.0], [6.6, 3.5], [6.7, 4.0], [6.8, 4.5]]
a,b=list(zip(*l))
print('first elements:',a)
print('second elements:',a)

To plot:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
l = [[6.0, 0.5], [6.1, 1.0], [6.2, 1.5], [6.3, 2.0], [6.4, 2.5], [6.5, 3.0], [6.6, 3.5], [6.7, 4.0], [6.8, 4.5]]
a,b=list(zip(*l))
print('first elements:',a)
print('second elements:',a)
plt.plot(a,b)
plt.show()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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