text:
Italy's news in English
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6 reasons you should study a foreign language abroad
This content was paid for by an advertiser and produced by The Local's Creative Studio
news@thelocal.it
@thelocalitaly
studylanguageschoolsponsoredby esl
Photo: ESL
If you've ever thought about learning a foreign language or exploring a new country, you should probably read this.
They say that in today's globalized world, borders matter less than they used to. And while it may be easier to travel from one country to another, there's no getting around the fact that not everyone speaks the same language.
Of course, you may be able to get by with English in a lot of places, but as anyone who's spent time abroad will tell you, knowing the local language can transform the experience.
And while taking classes close to home or spending time with the latest language-learning app may help you pick up the basics, but you simply can't beat learning a language where it's spoken in the streets, on the radio, and everywhere around you.
Not convinced? Here are six reasons you really should choose to learn the language abroad.
You get to live abroad
OK, we can all admit that setting up life in a new place isn't always easy – but it's rewarding in so many different ways – especially if you choose to use that time abroad to learn a new language.
Learn more about studying a foreign language abroad
Experiencing a new culture and country first-hand opens the door to host of new experiences, expanding your comfort zone, which in turn can do wonders for your confidence.
Whereas before the thought of boarding a plane solo to an unfamiliar place, or trying to navigate a new city may have had you sweating, following a stint abroad, tackling such unknowns is a breeze.
You can turn a detour into a fast track
Lots of young graduates look to take a gap year after university before starting their careers. The reasons can be many – exploring, soul search, delaying the inevitability of that 9-5 life.
But choosing to study a foreign language abroad suddenly transforms that gap year from what cynical family members might consider a detour into a rewarding, relevant, and downright desirable capstone that helps accelerate your life and career.
Learn a new language during your gap year with ESL
We're not saying you can't spend time on the beach or at the bar, but conversing about the weather or ordering drinks in a foreign language – coupled with some actual time in class – makes for a year that is far from a gap on your CV; rather, it becomes an asset.
You can boost your employability
Let's take that a step farther. It's no secret living abroad and studying a foreign language entails plenty of fun. But the experience can really take your career in all sorts of new directions. International connections are important to an increasing number of companies of all shapes and sizes.
Having language skills and direct experience in the country of a new client could be the deciding factor between a company hiring you rather than your classmate you never left home – even if he or she had better grades.
You get smarter
Learning a new language is like exercise for the brain. It takes effort, but the reward is brain that's more adaptable and able to learn new things faster. Learning a second language also improves your memory and helps fend off dementia and Alzheimer's.
Grappling with a foreign language can also give you new insights into your mother tongue. From grammar to idiomatic phrases – understanding how and why certain words are strung together in certain ways in another language gets you thinking about why things work they do in our own language. And all of that can help make you a better communicator altogether.
You can amaze others
Let's face it – it's hard not to be somewhat impressed when you hear someone carry on a conversation in what may sound like gibberish. So why not be the one that gets others jaws to drop when you strike up a conversation with a local while on holiday.
And who doesn't get a little kick from showing off to friends and family?
It's by far the best way to learn
Learning and communicating in the language of a foreign country while living there is without doubt the best way of learning simply because, well – you never stop learning. Everywhere you turn you're faced with opportunities to hear, read, and use your new language – basically, your entire environment because your classroom.
There's also the added bonus of getting to experience the language "in real life" as opposed to trying to make it come alive from the pages of a book back in your hometown. And there's certainly no app that can replicate that.
By now, the choice should be clear – the time to study a foreign language abroad is now. And doing so is easy and cost-effective with ESL – Language studies abroad.
ESL offers programmes in 23 languages at 250 destinations around the world. And with more than two decades of experience, ESL delivers language learning opportunities for everyone who's ever dreamed studying a new language abroad.
Click here to find out which ESL programme is right for you
This article was produced by The Local Client Studio and sponsored by ESL.
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2Legal Issues
3California
4Massachusetts Chapter 40B, "Anti-Snob Law"
State control of land use
In US context, "State" means state-level government, as opposed to Federal (National) or local.
However, many of the issues and arguments applicable to [US] state-level control may be applied to 'State' as in national control elsewhere. In other words, it means non-local.
Legal Issues[edit]
Intrastate Preemption
Boston University Law Review, Vol. 87, No. 5, pp. 1113-76, December 2007
Last revised: 18 Jan 2008
Paul A. Diller
Willamette University College of Law
City policy experimentation is a catalyst for change at the state and national levels. From gay rights to the environment to public health, cities and other forms of local government are adopting new and innovative policies in the wake of inaction by the higher levels of government. The legality of these policies is frequently challenged, however, by claims that a city's ordinance has been preempted by state law. Despite the crucial importance of intrastate preemption to the question of city power, it has heretofore received scant academic attention. This paper demonstrates how, as currently applied, intrastate preemption dampens local policy innovation, which has a negative effect on the state and national political processes. It argues that state courts, drawing on their institutional advantages, should take a new approach to intrastate preemption that facilitates good-faith policy experimentation by cities while discouraging parochial and exclusionary municipal action.
California[edit]
see SB35 for 2017-18 legislative proposal to increase state's ability to encourage and enforce housing goals in places where there is deemed to be insufficient housing production.
The office of the sponsoring official, Senator Scott Wiener, has this statement on local control: [citation needed].
"every community has a civic responsibility to build housing. Local control should be used to determine HOW you build enough housing within your community, not whether you have to."
See particularly the analyses and proposals from UC Berkeley's Terner Center for Housing Innovation: Galante et al [2016], and Reid et al [2017].
Massachusetts Chapter 40B, "Anti-Snob Law"[edit]
In 1969 Massachusetts enacted the Massachusetts Comprehensive Permit Act: Chapter 40B, originally referred to as the anti-snob zoning law. Under this statute, in municipalities with less than 10% affordable housing, a developer of affordable housing may seek waiver of local zoning and other requirements from the local zoning board of appeals, with review available from the state Housing Appeals Committee if the waiver is denied. Similar laws are in place in other parts of the United States (e.g., Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Illinois), although their effectiveness is disputed.
Diller, Paul A., Intrastate Preemption. Boston University Law Review, Vol. 87, No. 5, pp. 1113-76, December 2007. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=995043
Fischel, William A. Zoning Rules!: The Economics of Land Use Regulation. (2015).
Fulton, William, and Paul Shigley. Guide to California Planning. (4th edition, 2012).
Galante, Carol, and Carolina Reid. "Expanding Housing Supply in California: A New Framework for State Land Use Regulation." Journal of Case Study Research: A Publication of the Center for California Real Estate, Volume 1, Issue 1 (Summer 2016). http://ternercenter.berkeley.edu/uploads/CCRE_Journal_-_Expanding_Housing_Supply_in_California_-_A_New_Framework_for_State_Land_Use_Regulation.pdf.
Hirt, Sonia. Zoned in the USA: The Origins and Implications of American Land-Use Regulation. (Cornell University Press, 2014).
Hsieh, Chang-Tai, and Enrico Moretti. "Housing Constraints and Spatial Misallocation." Working paper, May 18, 2017. http://eml.berkeley.edu//~moretti/growth.pdf.
[earlier version:
Hsieh, Chang-Tai, and Enrico Moretti.
"Why Do Cities Matter? Local Growth and Aggregate Growth." NBER Working Paper 21154, 2015. http://www.nber.org/papers/w21154.
Preprint: http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1045&context=housing_law_and_policy].
Reid, Carolina K., Carol Galante, and Ashley F. Weinstein-Carnes. "Addressing California's Housing Shortage: Lessons from Massachusetts Chapter 40B." ournal of Affordable Housing & Community Development Law, Volume 25, Number 2 (2017),
http://ternercenter.berkeley.edu/uploads/AH_25-2_15Reid.pdf.
Toll, Seymour. Zoned American. (1969). Outstanding legal/cultural study of the origins and development of US zoning practices.
[his book is long out of print and somewhat hard to find, but YIMBYwiki editor User:Tmccormick has copy if you want to borrow].
Retrieved from "https://housing.wiki/w/index.php?title=State_control_of_land_use&oldid=2944"
This page was last edited 03:37, 28 February 2018 by HousingWiki anonymous user Imported>Tmccormick.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
'More than just a pen': Waterloo designer turns pen and stylus hybrid into Shopify sales champ
Polar Pens's Andrew Gardner wins Canadian category of the fourth annual "Build-A-Business" competition, presented by e-commerce firm Shopify Inc. and Huffington Post
Philippe de Montigny
A childhood passion for playing with magnets and taking pens apart has turned into a business for Andrew Gardner.
Mr. Gardner, now 28 years old, is taking a trip to New York City as the Canadian category winner of the fourth annual "Build-A-Business" competition, presented by e-commerce firm Shopify Inc. and the Huffington Post.
The Waterloo, Ont.-based industrial designer sold about 30,000
Polar Pens, adding up to US$1-million in revenues. The pen and stylus hybrid, selling at US$40 a piece, is built from a dozen silver, gold or black magnets that can be rearranged into all sorts of fun but also practical configurations.
"I was hoping that I would win because obviously I put a lot of work into trying to get as many sales as I could," said Mr. Gardner, who also takes home a $10,000 Apple gift card and an iPad equipped with Shopify's Web-based point-of-sale (POS) system.
The other nine winners, who sold the most in their respective industries, get a US$50,000 cash prize on top of the POS bundle and the one-day mentoring trip to meet celebrity entrepreneurs such as Mark Cuban and Arianna Huffington.
"Since last year, this competition has more than doubled the number of contestants and almost tripled the amount of sales," said Harley Finkelstein, Shopify's chief platform officer, who reported 21,000 participants worldwide and more than US$120-million in total sales for the eight-month contest period.
Mr. Gardner's contraption, which he describes as "more than just a pen," needed to be produced and marketed in the very short competition time-frame, but in the end generated higher sales than the other 2,266 competitors in the Canadian category.
"For this instance, I wanted something that I could do quickly, that was going to look awesome and that was going to work right from day one without any issues."
So he bootstrapped his business using Shopify, after a friend told him about the software and the contest. Next he launched a crowdfunding campaign on Kickstarter for two months, initially hoping to raise $14,000 but ultimately bringing in more than $800,000.
Ironically, the Canadian winner sold his products in 90 countries but was prohibited from selling in Canada by safety regulators who deemed the Polar Pen's magnets potentially dangerous for small children if swallowed. Manufacturing and doing business from afar proved challenging for the startup, Mr. Gardner said.
"Doing everything via email and over the Internet and not being able to handle things hands-on is unfortunate," he said. "But we hope, in the future, it will allow us to scale up quicker than we probably would've if we had just been manufacturing in our small facility here."
In August, Mr. Gardner will get to meet Amber MacArthur, host of CTV's AppCentral and one of Canada's top digital media journalists, for a full-day, one-on-one mentoring session.
"She's going to hate my lack of social media skills," he said laughing. "Maybe this is a good opportunity for me to learn a little bit more about it… it's going to be really good to pick her brain."
During his day trip in New York, he will mingle with the other winners and mentors, and perhaps get guidance from entrepreneurs who faced similar challenges, as well as reassurance he's on the right track.
"My dream is to continue to build a line of products," he said, revealing that he plans to release new office products within the next year.
"I'm an industrial designer trying to puzzle my way through international business," he said, noting he was anxious to get back to the drawing board to do what he is good at.
The competition gives aspiring entrepreneurs a bit of a "kick in the butt," Mr. Finkelstein said, touting the multi-million-dollar companies that have emerged from the contest in the past four years.
"It gets them going, it gets them excited about starting a business and starting now rather than starting tomorrow."
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Howdy! Been following Wildstar for a long time and Wildstar Central for a not so long time. I decided to finally make it official and less creepy to formally introduce myself to the old gal and after some slaps and standoffs involving sundry arms and whatnot, we have come to see eye-to-eye and so far flying true.
I am throwing a bit of leg out there into the Wildstar Blue Yonder of fanarts and see if I don't get it eaten off!
This is a sketch of an original Draken Warrior, Kraytal Dreadhorn. I like the bluish tones and horned facial textures so I puts them in thar!
If my chicken scratches don't scare people enough to create a Dominion/Exile cease-fire for the express purpose of my extermination, I reckon I will be posting more of these !
*I do not know how to make my work sticky in here and I don't want to clutter the site up with a thread for every post, so keep a look out here as I edit this to add more pics until I figure out if I can sticky them!
Went with an idea I was milling around and finally got inspired to do by InnocentCivillian. These are what I call "The Wayward" early victims of a possible outbreak or biological weapon, these beings are slowly decaying into nothing. It was only through a specialized serum and stasis chamber, combined with mechanical implants and replacements that they could hope to survive. Too unsightly and high maintenance for the Dominion, they sough refuge with the Exiles, helping them in their efforts in exchange for medical supplies and scavenged parts for their stasis pods and body modifications.
They are the "wetwork" specialists of the Exile faction, doing the most unsavoury and high risk missions. Their physical state leaves them at some advantages; such as resistance to pain and toxic environments. Their hope is that Nexus will provide knowledge of Eldan medicine, and the cybernetic secrets used to build the Mechari in order for them to stabilize their condition and free themselves from a dependency on drugs, regeneration chambers and constant upgrading.
Here is the basic B&W of Captain Axioz, Mechari Soldier of the Dominion! I took Roman Officers as inspiration for his design and name.
Captain Axioz: *Colour Blocked Version-WIP*!
No shading or highlights just basic colours and tinted lines for a more animated look. Hopefully the end result will have that lineless concept sketch feel. Hope you enjoy!
Whew! went through so many techniques and style choices and back on this one I was scared i wouldn't finish! Went with sketched painterly and lineart fused a bit. A tad of trouble with the colour balance but I think it turned out pretty good considering! Hope it was worth the wait!
Finished Commission Piece!!! This is a commission by Case over at Wildstar-Roleplay.com of his Draken Spellslinger. I had a lot of fun doing this one, she looks very deadly!
This is a commission for The Scowling Cassian Himself, Johne. The dashing Agent Hawkens lands on a secret ICI Camp on Deradune!
This is the daredevil Spellslinger Dylan Hawke, showing off his reckless charms with a stunt on his custom ride, for a pair of (partially) impressed ladies(and a confused rowsdower) at an Algoroc Loftite quarry!
RETURNAGE! I am using a most welcome limited usage of computer and tablet time to polish and post simple works I had on the back burner (sadly unable to do major works). This is a longtime promised update of my nostradamically similar Wayward turned to official in-game Mordesh. I will have headshots first followed by the full body outfit redesign.
The first is Cayle Marrowdelve, he and his twin sister Mazria make the bounty hunting duo known as "The Wayward".
Pestilinz, PalsyPlague, Ugh and 41 others like this.
wow! another talented artist to add to our growing site!! welcome and that's some awesome art!
I reckon I will be posting more of these !
It's incredibly in-style, and the linework is sooooo sick! The blue/gray tones do indeed go remarkably well together, but dem yellow/green eyes just add that zing.
That is amazing. I love the calm, cool blue in contrast to his appropriately intimidating features. I'm starting to like the Male Draken face now, thanks to you.
I am very happy I captured the style, I tried to closely resemble Hubbell's designs without losing my own style in it.
Thanks a lot! I really liked the broody almost nocturnal tones some of the Draken skintones have. After seeing all the incredibly varied male Draken faces available I did a take of my own with commonly shared facial traits to make it plausible in-game. With the gamut from ape faces, shark faces, crocodilian faces and "nosferatu" faces, I thought this one wouldn't be too far fetched!
I am happy my picture had a positive effect on you, hope I can continue that streak!
Oh hot damn! Just look at those gorgeous details! And I'm in love with the sharp angular shapes you used. And dreeeeads!
You've definitely made me downright jealous, and I cannot wait to see more of your awesomeness around here.
I was on the fence since I didn't have any Wildstar material to speak of and browsing DA for Wildstar fanart examples I stumbled on yours. It gave me the push to draw something and post it, now i am glad I did! So Thank you!!!
I am taking my time with the female Draken tho, she will be THE character i play on Dominion side. I saw that the art for the female Draken match almost to a tee what I see for my personal character Bloodraptor (She is my Avi! ) and is near and dear to my heart and just as much an extension of me as my arm!
been working for weeks on a redesign and now am cleaning up the linework and adapting the style so she can still be her as a badass Draken Stalker rather than a velociraptor/human hybrid ( me love dinosaurs!).
Gah! Rantwall! I am just happy for the warm welcome! Thanks again for the inspiration!
Maddog Charlie, Izukar and Evion like this.
That's just amazing and inspiring, definitely leaning Draken now until you draw a Mechari.
LOL! Well, I will try not to disappoint!
This guy is full of amazing.
I love all the details, from the sketchy lines that help add depth and shadows to the way it fades out at the bottom. Really excellent work, Bloodraptor!!
Thank you very much! Hope the rest of the pics will be as well liked!
Críostóir, Belial, Eluldor and 15 others like this.
Oh wow, I love your lineart, and those details. Your style is amazing, really dig it, especially the Draken!
The concept for the 4th Exile race looks really interesting too. The armor is really great looking and the overall feel you've captured could be amazing to see in game!
Great job, can't wait to see more!
Holy crud, those are amazing concepts! I've toyed with how the 4th race might look, but as I tried to imagine how the rest of the body might look, none of the images in my head were particularly convincing.
You managed to make these so LEGIT-looking!
If I were to say: "zombie robot cowboy", most people would think 'crazy', but I'm just gobsmacked at how convincing these designs are! Great job!
Izukar and Bloodraptor like this.
Oh, man! That is awesome! I am totally digging your style. I really love their backstory you have for them too. You are so talented! Can't wait to see the detailed version next.


text:
Q: Webkit GTK: Determine when a document is finished loading There are other questions on StackOverflow which are close to what I want to know, like Webkit GTK :: How to detect when a download has finished?, but I think I'm asking something a bit different:
In general, in the event-driven C Webkit-GTK API there are a lot of events which may relate to the idea of when some document is finished "loading".  The problem is the documentation is pretty sparse, and the idea of "finished loading" isn't necessarily clear, because it can refer to a lot of things.  Does "finished loading" mean that the document is finished downloading? That it's finished creating the DOM tree?  That it's finished downloading including all other resources (like CSS, JS and image files?)
Relevant signals are signal::notify::load-status, document-load-finished, and resource-load-finished.
The load-status signal fires everytime the load status changes, so you need to manually call webkit_web_view_get_load_status and check the status each time.  Even so, when the status finally is WEBKIT_LOAD_FINISHED, I'm not sure what that means - does it mean WebKit is done downloading the resource, or that it's finished creating the DOM tree, or what?
Question:
What is the difference between the various "finished" signals, and is there any signal that is equivalent to the standard Javascript DOM event window.onload?

A: I believe the document-load-finished signal is what you are looking for as it seems (in my opinion) to match more closely what you are trying to test for.
One idea to test which is the correct way to do this would be to test the various ways there are to test if a document has "loaded" manually. I.e. Try the one I linked to above, and output a string to the Terminal when the value is true. If the value is true before the page has completely displayed all of its contents, chances are that it's not the one you're after. Then move on to the next, until you've got the right one.
Other than that, I'm not really sure what else you can do, since as you mentioned, the definition isn't very clear. It's times like these I wish Gtk documentation was a little more verbose.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


On July 6, 2012, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit rejected challenges to the FAA's Record of Decision approving Firm client City of Philadelphia's Capacity Enhancement Project (CEP) for Philadelphia International Airport. The Township of Tinicum and Delaware County argued that FAA's air quality analysis for the CEP was inadequate based on five discrete issues raised by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in comment letters. The court held that EPA's comments were not entitled to any deference, that FAA had given proper consideration to EPA's comments, and that the air quality analysis satisfied FAA's legal obligations under NEPA. The court also ruled that a supplemental EIS was not necessary to address post-ROD air quality studies that confirmed the results of the pre-ROD studies. The court largely adopted the arguments of FAA and the City of Philadelphia, who had intervened in the case in support of FAA.


The unit dealt with the different kinds or types of learners. The methods for delivering lessons for each group were well discussed and suggested activities were also given. The difficulties met by each type of learners were also explained and they would be addressed. Some tips and strategies were also suggested which would be very helpful in conducting lessons.In this lesson I learned how to manage the classroom. This includes discipline, seating arrangement, and types of work (group, self, pairs, etc.). I learned that it is important to keep teacher talk time minimal and to maximize on student talk time. In this way, students will be able to practice their English speaking skills as much as possible in the classroom.


THUNDER BAY – SPORTS – This past weekend 24 young athletes from across Northwestern Ontario travelled to Thunder Bay to participate in the N.W.O. Regional Fundamentals Training Camp. The purpose of the Swim Camp is to inspire and motivate young swimmers to take the next step in their swimming careers.
"It was a pleasure being a part of this weekend's camp. My goal as a coach was to get the athletes to think Big, build relationships and to show them what is possible," said Swim Camp Lead coach Casey Leslie of the Thunder Bay Thunderbolts.
This is the second Swim Camp offered to regional swimmers ages 9 through 13 with more camps planned for the future.
"I like being able to train and learn from different coaches and swimmers, try new things, to see that everyone is setting similar goals, and the camp makes swim training fun," said a smiling Scott Fay, aged 12, from the Thunder Bay Thunderbolts.
This weekend the athletes were involved in a number of activities in and out of the pool. The Camp included a wide range of activities including rock climbing at a local facility, 3 pool sessions, spin classes, long term goal setting and dry land exercises.
Coach Leslie and Coach Hyslop lead a team of all female coaches at the training camp. "Sharing a vision and creating pathways for athletes and coaches was our focus," said Hyslop. "It was exciting to a part of this weekend and play a role in teaching others to achieve," added Leslie.
Next weekend 5 Thunderbolts will be travelling to Toronto to compete in the Canadian Swimming Trials. The rest of the Thunderbolts will be competing at the Northwest Narwhal Invitational.


text:
Home » About Us » Staff and Board of Directors » Mark Falzone bio
#a6a0a0; float: right;" src="/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Mark_Falzone_headshot1.jpeg" alt="Mark Falzone" width="171″ height="199″ />Mark Falzone was selected to serve as President of Scenic America in April 2017. Prior to Scenic America, he served as Deputy Director of the National Immigration Forum, and before that was a five-term elected member of the House of Representatives in Massachusetts. As a member of the National Conference of State Legislatures he was twice elected to the Executive Committee. Mark holds a Bachelor of Arts degree from Boston College and a Master of Public Administration degree from the Harvard University John F. Kennedy School of Government.


text:
#define BIN_02

/////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Includes
#include "base.h"
#include "mine.h"
#include "odbc.h"

ClassHdTP(TBtaEventBs, PBtaEventBs);

/////////////////////////////////////////////////
// BTAlarms-Device-Definition
ClassTPV(TBtaDevDef, PBtaDevDef, TBtaDevDefV)//{
public:
  TInt IpNumId;
  TInt NodeId;
  TInt ZoneId;
  TInt LocId;
  TInt ProjId;
  TInt TypeId;
public:
  TBtaDevDef():
    IpNumId(-1), NodeId(-1), ZoneId(-1), LocId(-1), ProjId(-1), TypeId(-1){}
  TBtaDevDef(const TBtaDevDef& DevDef):
    IpNumId(DevDef.IpNumId), NodeId(DevDef.NodeId), ZoneId(DevDef.ZoneId),
    LocId(DevDef.LocId), ProjId(DevDef.ProjId), TypeId(DevDef.TypeId){}
  static PBtaDevDef New(
   const int& IpNumId, const int& NodeId, const int& ZoneId,
   const int& LocId, const int& ProjId, const int& TypeId){
    PBtaDevDef DevDef=new TBtaDevDef();
    DevDef->IpNumId=IpNumId; DevDef->NodeId=NodeId; DevDef->ZoneId=ZoneId;
    DevDef->LocId=LocId; DevDef->ProjId=ProjId; DevDef->TypeId=TypeId;
    return DevDef;}
  TBtaDevDef(TSIn& SIn):
    IpNumId(SIn), NodeId(SIn), ZoneId(SIn),
    LocId(SIn), ProjId(SIn), TypeId(SIn){}
  static PBtaDevDef Load(TSIn& SIn){return new TBtaDevDef(SIn);}
  void Save(TSOut& SOut) const {
    IpNumId.Save(SOut); NodeId.Save(SOut); ZoneId.Save(SOut);
    LocId.Save(SOut); ProjId.Save(SOut); TypeId.Save(SOut);}

  TBtaDevDef& operator=(const TBtaDevDef& DevDef){
    IpNumId=DevDef.IpNumId; NodeId=DevDef.NodeId; ZoneId=DevDef.ZoneId;
    LocId=DevDef.LocId; ProjId=DevDef.ProjId; TypeId=DevDef.TypeId;
    return *this;}
  bool operator==(const TBtaDevDef& DevDef) const {return IpNumId==DevDef.IpNumId;}
  bool operator<(const TBtaDevDef& DevDef) const {return IpNumId<DevDef.IpNumId;}

  // files
  static PBtaDevDef LoadBin(const TStr& FNm){
    TFIn FIn(FNm); return new TBtaDevDef(FIn);}
  void SaveBin(const TStr& FNm){
    TFOut FOut(FNm); Save(FOut);}
};

/////////////////////////////////////////////////
// BTAlarms-Device-Definition-Base
typedef THash<TStr, TInt, TStrHashF_OldGLib> TStrOldH;

ClassTP(TBtaDevDefBs, PBtaDevDefBs)//{
private:
  TStrOldH IpNumNmH;
  TStrOldH NodeNmH;
  TStrOldH ZoneNmH;
  TStrOldH LocNmH;
  TStrOldH ProjNmH;
  TStrOldH TypeNmH;
  THash<TInt, PBtaDevDef> IpNumToDevDefH;
  UndefCopyAssign(TBtaDevDefBs);
public:
  TBtaDevDefBs(){}
  static PBtaDevDefBs New(){
    return new TBtaDevDefBs();}
  TBtaDevDefBs(TSIn& SIn):
    IpNumNmH(SIn), NodeNmH(SIn), ZoneNmH(SIn),
    LocNmH(SIn), ProjNmH(SIn), TypeNmH(SIn),
    IpNumToDevDefH(SIn){}
  static PBtaDevDefBs Load(TSIn& SIn){return new TBtaDevDefBs(SIn);}
  void Save(TSOut& SOut) const {
    IpNumNmH.Save(SOut); NodeNmH.Save(SOut); ZoneNmH.Save(SOut);
    LocNmH.Save(SOut); ProjNmH.Save(SOut); TypeNmH.Save(SOut);
    IpNumToDevDefH.Save(SOut);}

  // ip-num
  int GetIpNums() const {return IpNumNmH.Len();}
  int AddIpNumNm(const TStr& IpNumNm){return IpNumNmH.AddKey(IpNumNm);}
  bool IsIpNumId(const TStr& IpNumNm) const {return IpNumNmH.IsKey(IpNumNm);}
  int GetIpNumId(const TStr& IpNumNm) const {return IpNumNmH.GetKeyId(IpNumNm);}
  TStr GetIpNumNm(const int& IpNumId) const {return IpNumNmH.GetKey(IpNumId);}
  const TStrOldH& GetIpNumNmH() const {return IpNumNmH;}

  // node
  int GetNodes() const {return NodeNmH.Len();}
  int AddNodeNm(const TStr& NodeNm){return NodeNmH.AddKey(NodeNm);}
  bool IsNodeId(const TStr& NodeNm) const {return NodeNmH.IsKey(NodeNm);}
  int GetNodeId(const TStr& NodeNm) const {return NodeNmH.GetKeyId(NodeNm);}
  TStr GetNodeNm(const int& NodeId) const {return NodeNmH.GetKey(NodeId);}
  const TStrOldH& GetNodeNmH() const {return NodeNmH;}

  // zone
  int GetZones() const {return ZoneNmH.Len();}
  int AddZoneNm(const TStr& ZoneNm){return ZoneNmH.AddKey(ZoneNm);}
  bool IsZoneId(const TStr& ZoneNm) const {return ZoneNmH.IsKey(ZoneNm);}
  int GetZoneId(const TStr& ZoneNm) const {return ZoneNmH.GetKeyId(ZoneNm);}
  TStr GetZoneNm(const int& ZoneId) const {return ZoneNmH.GetKey(ZoneId);}
  const TStrOldH& GetZoneNmH() const {return ZoneNmH;}

  // location
  int GetLocs() const {return LocNmH.Len();}
  int AddLocNm(const TStr& LocNm){return LocNmH.AddKey(LocNm);}
  bool IsLocId(const TStr& LocNm) const {return LocNmH.IsKey(LocNm);}
  int GetLocId(const TStr& LocNm) const {return LocNmH.GetKeyId(LocNm);}
  TStr GetLocNm(const int& LocId) const {return LocNmH.GetKey(LocId);}
  const TStrOldH& GetLocNmH() const {return LocNmH;}

  // project
  int GetProjs() const {return ProjNmH.Len();}
  int AddProjNm(const TStr& ProjNm){return ProjNmH.AddKey(ProjNm);}
  bool IsProjId(const TStr& ProjNm) const {return ProjNmH.IsKey(ProjNm);}
  int GetProjId(const TStr& ProjNm) const {return ProjNmH.GetKeyId(ProjNm);}
  TStr GetProjNm(const int& ProjId) const {return ProjNmH.GetKey(ProjId);}
  const TStrOldH& GetProjNmH() const {return ProjNmH;}

  // type
  int GetTypes() const {return TypeNmH.Len();}
  int AddTypeNm(const TStr& TypeNm){return TypeNmH.AddKey(TypeNm);}
  bool IsTypeId(const TStr& TypeNm) const {return TypeNmH.IsKey(TypeNm);}
  int GetTypeId(const TStr& TypeNm) const {return TypeNmH.GetKeyId(TypeNm);}
  TStr GetTypeNm(const int& TypeId) const {return TypeNmH.GetKey(TypeId);}
  const TStrOldH& GetTypeNmH() const {return TypeNmH;}

  // generic-object
  int GetNms(const TStrOldH& NmH) const {return NmH.Len();}
  bool IsId(const TStrOldH& NmH, const TStr& Nm) const {return NmH.IsKey(Nm);}
  int GetId(const TStrOldH& NmH, const TStr& Nm) const {return NmH.GetKeyId(Nm);}
  TStr GetNm(const TStrOldH& NmH, const int& Id) const {return NmH.GetKey(Id);}

  // device-definitions
  void AddDevDef(const PBtaDevDef& DevDef){
    IpNumToDevDefH.AddDat(DevDef->IpNumId, DevDef);}
  bool IsDevDef(const PBtaDevDef& DevDef){
    return IpNumToDevDefH.IsKey(DevDef->IpNumId);}
  PBtaDevDef GetDevDef(const int& IpNumId){
    return IpNumToDevDefH.GetDat(IpNumId);}

  // files
  static PBtaDevDefBs LoadBin(const TStr& FNm){
    TFIn SIn(FNm); return Load(SIn);}
  void SaveBin(const TStr& FNm){
    TFOut SOut(FNm); Save(SOut);}
  static PBtaDevDefBs LoadTxt(const TStr& FNm);
};

/////////////////////////////////////////////////
// BTAlarms-Event-Data
ClassTV(TBtaEventDat, TBtaEventDatV)//{
public:
    TStrStrH FldNmToValH;
public:
  TBtaEventDat() {}
  void Load(TSIn& SIn) { FldNmToValH.Load(SIn); }
  TBtaEventDat(TSIn& SIn) { Load(SIn); }
  void Save(TSOut& SOut) const { FldNmToValH.Save(SOut); }

  void Clr() { FldNmToValH.Clr(); }
  void AddFld(const TStr& FldNm, const TStr& FldVal) { FldNmToValH.AddDat(FldNm, FldVal); }
  bool IsFld(const TStr& FldNm) const { return FldNmToValH.IsKey(FldNm); }
  const TStr& GetFld(const TStr& FldNm) const { return FldNmToValH.GetDat(FldNm); }
  const TStrStrH& GetFldNmToValH() const { return FldNmToValH; }

  // predefined fields
  TStr GetNodeId() const;
  TStr GetComponentId() const;
  TStr GetFirstTm() const;
  TStr GetLastTm() const;
  TStr GetSeverity() const;
  TStr GetSummary() const;
  TStr GetIR() const;
};

/////////////////////////////////////////////////
// BTAlarms-Event
ClassTV(TBtaEvent, TBtaEventV)//{
private:
  TInt IpNumId; // id of the device
  TInt ProjId; // id of the project
  TInt Severity; // severity level (0-5)
  TUInt64 FirstTmMSecs; // time alarm first fired
  TUInt64 LastTmMSecs; // time alarm last fired
  TInt CaseId; // related case id, -1 if none
  TInt BtaEventDatPt; // id of the row from the database with complete alarm record

public:
  TBtaEvent();
  TBtaEvent(const int& _IpNumId, const int& _ProjId, const int& _Severity,
    const uint64& _FirstTmMSecs, const uint64& _LastTmMSecs,
    const int& _CaseId, const int& _BtaEventDatPt);

  TBtaEvent(TSIn& SIn);
  void Save(TSOut& SOut) const;

  int GetIpNumId() const { return IpNumId; }
  int GetProjId() const { return ProjId; }
  int GetSeverity() const { return Severity; }
  uint64 GetFirstTmMSecs() const { return FirstTmMSecs; }
  TTm GetFirstTm() const { return TTm::GetTmFromMSecs(FirstTmMSecs); }
  uint64 GetLastTmMSecs() const { return LastTmMSecs; }
  TTm GetLastTm() const { return TTm::GetTmFromMSecs(LastTmMSecs); }
  int GetCaseId() const { return CaseId; }
  int GetBlobPt() const { return BtaEventDatPt; }

  bool operator==(const TBtaEvent& Event) const { Fail; }
  bool operator<(const TBtaEvent& Event) const { Fail; }
};

/////////////////////////////////////////////////
// BTAlarms-Event-Base
ClassTP(TBtaEventBs, PBtaEventBs)//{
private:
    // device definitions
    PBtaDevDefBs DevDefBs;
    // list of all events with core inforamtion and pointers to the database
    TBtaEventV EventV;
    // hash table of all case names with their frequency as data
    TStrHash<TInt> CaseNmFqH;
    // database
    POdbcDb OdbcDb;
    POdbcQuery Query;
    TStrHash<TVoid> ValidColumnH;
    // next event id for the database
    TInt LastEventId;

private:
    void LoadValidColumnH();
    bool IsValidColumn(const TStr& ColumnNm) const { return ValidColumnH.IsKey(ColumnNm); }

    // internal adding stuff
    void LoadLastEventId();
    int GetNextEventId() { LastEventId++; return LastEventId; }
    void ParseBtaEventDat(const TBtaEventDat& EventDat,
        const int& BtaEventDatPt, TBtaEvent& Event);
    int StoreEventDat(const TBtaEventDat& EventDat, const TStr& TableNm);
    bool GetEventDat(const int& EventDatPt,
        const TStr& TableNm, TBtaEventDat& EventDat) const;
    int AddCase(const TStr& CaseNm);
    int AddEvent(const TBtaEvent& Event) { return EventV.Add(Event); }

    UndefCopyAssign(TBtaEventBs);
public:
    TBtaEventBs(const PBtaDevDefBs& _DevDefBs, const POdbcDb& _OdbcDb, const int& ExpEvents = 10000000);
    static PBtaEventBs New(const PBtaDevDefBs& _DevDefBs, const POdbcDb& OdbcDb,
        const int& ExpEvents = 10000000) { return new TBtaEventBs(_DevDefBs, OdbcDb, ExpEvents); }

    TBtaEventBs(TSIn& SIn, const POdbcDb& _OdbcDb);
    static PBtaEventBs Load(TSIn& SIn, const POdbcDb& OdbcDb) {
        return new TBtaEventBs(SIn, OdbcDb); }
    void Save(TSOut& SOut) const;

    // device definition
    PBtaDevDefBs GetDevDefBs() const {return DevDefBs;}

    // cases
    TStr GetCase(const int& CaseId) const { return CaseNmFqH.GetKey(CaseId); }

    // events
    int GetEvents() const { return EventV.Len(); }
    TBtaEvent& GetEvent(const int& EventN) { return EventV[EventN]; }
    int GetNextEvent(const int& StartEventN, const int& IpNumId);
    void GetEventDat(const int& EventDatPt, TBtaEventDat& EventDat) const;

    // alfa in omega of events :-)
    const TBtaEvent& GetFirstEvent() const { return EventV[0]; }
    const TBtaEvent& GetLastEvent() const { return EventV.Last(); }
    TTm GetFirstTime() const { return GetFirstEvent().GetFirstTm(); }
    TTm GetLastTime() const { return GetLastEvent().GetFirstTm(); }

    // most active projects
    void GetMostActiveProjs(const int64& TimeWnd,
        const int& EventWnd, const int& MnSeverity, TIntKdV& ProjIdFqV);

    // adding events, BatchP tells if this is batch loading of alarms (we store it directly
    // to final table), or not (we store it to intermedirary dump_buffer)
    int AddBtEvent(const TBtaEventDat& EventDat, const bool& BatchP);
    // processing buffer with new alarms
    void AddNewBuffer(TIntV& EventIdV);
    // moves the alarms from dump_buffer to alarms table, effectively
    // considering them as processed and archiverd
    void SaveDumpBuffer();
    // rescue stuff from dump buffer
    void RescueDumpBuffer(TIntV& EventIdV);

    // files
    static PBtaEventBs LoadBin(const TStr& FNm, const POdbcDb& OdbcDb) {
        TFIn FIn(FNm); return TBtaEventBs::Load(FIn, OdbcDb); }
    void SaveBin(const TStr& FNm) { TFOut FOut(FNm); Save(FOut); }
    static PBtaEventBs LoadBtTxt(const PBtaDevDefBs& DevDefBs, const TStr& TxtFNm,
        const POdbcDb& OdbcDb, const int& ExpEvents, const int& Offset);
    static PBtaEventBs LoadBankTxt(const PBtaDevDefBs& DevDefBs,
        const TStr& TxtFNm, const POdbcDb& OdbcDb, const int& ExpEvents);
};

/////////////////////////////////////////////////
// BTAlarms-Correlations-Base
ClassTP(TBtaCorrBs, PBtaCorrBs)//{
public:
    typedef enum { baerOk, baerUnknowIpNum,
        baerUnknowProjId, baerLowSeverity } TBtaAddEventRes;
private:
  // correlation parameters
    TInt MnSeverity; // put lower weight to alarms below this severity
    TInt MxEvents; // number of the most recent events to keep in the correlation tables
    TInt MxEventWnd; // size of thw window within which the events are considered correlate
    TUInt64 MxTmMSecWnd; // window size in terms of time (not number of events as higher)

  // alarms
    TInt IpNumIdEvents; // number of events caused by devices
    TInt ProjIdEvents; // number of events caused by projects
    TIntIntVH IpNumIdToEventVH; // IpNum -> List of alarms issed by device
    TIntIntVH ProjIdToEventVH; // Proj -> List of alarms issed by project
  // correlated alarm pairs
    TInt IpNumIdPrEvents; // number of correlated (IpNum,IpNum) pairs
    TInt ProjIdPrEvents; // number of correlated (Proj, Proj) pairs
    // correlations (a,b) always orderd such that time(a) < time(b)
    TIntPrIntPrVH IpNumIdPrToEventPrVH; // (IpNum,CorrIpNum) -> {(Event1,Event2), ...}
    TIntPrIntPrVH ProjIdPrToEventPrVH; // (Proj,CorrProj) -> {(Event1,Event2), ...}
    TIntIntHH IpNumIdToCorrIpNumIdFqHH; // IpNum -> (CorrIpNum -> Fq)
    TIntIntHH ProjIdToCorrProjIdFqHH; // Proj -> (CorrProj -> Fq)
  // backward correlation counts -- #times device correlates with future device
    TIntIntHH CorrIpNumIdToIpNumIdFqHH; // CorrIpNum -> (IpNum -> Fq)
    TIntIntHH CorrProjIdToProjIdFqHH; // CorrProj -> (Proj -> Fq)
  // mappings
    TIntIntH IpNumIdToProjIdH; // IpNum->Project map
    TIntIntVH ProjIdToIpNumIdVH; // Project->IpNumV map
    TIntIntVH CaseIdToEventIdVH; // CaseId->EventIdV
  // recent alarms
    TInt NextEventN; // next free place in the recent events buffer
    TIntV RecentEventV; // circular buffer of recent events being added

private:
    int SumFqV(const TIntH& IdFqH) const;
    int CountEvents(const TIntV& EventV, const int& MxEventId) const;
    int CountEvents(const TIntPrV& EventPrV, const int& MxEventId) const;

public:
    TBtaCorrBs(const int& _MnSeverity, const int& _MxEvents,
        const int& _MxEventWnd, const int64& _MxTmMSecWnd);
    static PBtaCorrBs New(const int& MnSeverity, const int& MxEvents,
        const int& MxEventWnd, const int64& MxTmMSecWnd) {
            return new TBtaCorrBs(MnSeverity, MxEvents, MxEventWnd, MxTmMSecWnd); }

    TBtaCorrBs(TSIn& SIn);
    static PBtaCorrBs Load(TSIn& SIn) { return new TBtaCorrBs(SIn); }
    void Save(TSOut& SOut) const;

  // adding new events
    void AddEventBs(const PBtaEventBs& BtaEventBs);
    TBtaAddEventRes AddEvent(const PBtaEventBs& BtaEventBs, const int& EventN);
    TStr GetErrorMsgStr(const TBtaAddEventRes& ErrorCode) const;

  // correlation pairs
    const TIntPrIntPrVH& GetIpNumIdPrH() const { return IpNumIdPrToEventPrVH; }
    const TIntPrIntPrVH& GetProjIdPrH() const { return ProjIdPrToEventPrVH; }

  // IpNum correlations
    bool IsIpNumId(const int& IpNumId) const {
        return IpNumIdToCorrIpNumIdFqHH.IsKey(IpNumId); }
    bool IsCorrIpNumId(const int& CorrIpNumId) const {
        return CorrIpNumIdToIpNumIdFqHH.IsKey(CorrIpNumId); }
    bool IsIpNumIdPrCorr(const int& IpNumId, const int& CorrIpNumId) const {
        return IpNumIdPrToEventPrVH.IsKey(TIntPr(IpNumId, CorrIpNumId)); }
    // IpNum -> IpNum correlation
    int GetIpNumCorrIpNums(const int& IpNumId) const {
        return IpNumIdToCorrIpNumIdFqHH.GetDat(IpNumId).Len(); }
    int GetIpNumCorrIpNumFqs(const int& IpNumId) const {
        return SumFqV(IpNumIdToCorrIpNumIdFqHH.GetDat(IpNumId)); }
    int GetCorrIpNumIpNumFqs(const int& CorrIpNumId) const {
        return SumFqV(CorrIpNumIdToIpNumIdFqHH.GetDat(CorrIpNumId)); }
    const TIntH& GetIpNumCorrIpNumH(const int& IpNumId) const {
        return IpNumIdToCorrIpNumIdFqHH.GetDat(IpNumId); }
    const TIntH& GetCorrIpNumIpNumH(const int& IpNumId) const {
        return CorrIpNumIdToIpNumIdFqHH.GetDat(IpNumId); }
    const TIntV& GetIpNumEventV(const int& IpNumId) const {
        return IpNumIdToEventVH.GetDat(IpNumId); }
    const TIntPrV& GetIpNumCorrIpNumPrEventV(const int& IpNumId, const int& CorrIpNumId) const {
        return IpNumIdPrToEventPrVH.GetDat(TIntPr(IpNumId, CorrIpNumId)); }
    // IpNum correlation probabilities
    double ProbIpNumId(const int& IpNumId) const;
    double ProbIpNumIdAndCorrIpNumId(const int& IpNumId, const int& CorrIpNumId) const;
    double ProbCorrIpNumIdGivenIpNumId(const int& IpNumId, const int& CorrIpNumId) const;
    double GetIpNumMxCorrIpNumProb(const int& IpNumId) const;
    // ignores events past MxEvent
    double ProbIpNumId(const int& IpNumId, const int& MxEvent) const;
    double ProbIpNumIdAndCorrIpNumId(const int& IpNumId,
        const int& CorrIpNumId, const int& MxEvent) const;
    double ProbCorrIpNumIdGivenIpNumId(const int& IpNumId,
        const int& CorrIpNumId, const int& MxEvent) const;

  // Project correlations
    bool IsProjId(const int& ProjId) const {
        return ProjIdToCorrProjIdFqHH.IsKey(ProjId); }
    bool IsCorrProjId(const int& CorrProjId) const {
        return CorrProjIdToProjIdFqHH.IsKey(CorrProjId); }
    // Project -> Project correlation (for differnet projects)
    int GetProjCorrProjs(const int& ProjId) const {
        return ProjIdToCorrProjIdFqHH.GetDat(ProjId).Len(); }
    int GetProjCorrProjFqs(const int& ProjId) const {
        return SumFqV(ProjIdToCorrProjIdFqHH.GetDat(ProjId)); }
    int GetCorrProjProjFqs(const int& CorrProjId) const {
        return SumFqV(CorrProjIdToProjIdFqHH.GetDat(CorrProjId)); }
    const TIntV& GetProjEventV(const int& ProjId) const {
        return ProjIdToEventVH.GetDat(ProjId); }
    const TIntH& GetProjCorrProjH(const int& ProjId) const {
        return ProjIdToCorrProjIdFqHH.GetDat(ProjId); }

    double GetProjCorrProjProb(const int& ProjId, const int& CorrProjId) const;
    double GetProjMxCorrProjProb(const int& ProjId) const;

    // Map of IpNum to project names
    bool IsIpNumProj(const int& IpNumId) const {
        return IpNumIdToProjIdH.IsKey(IpNumId); }
    int GetIpNumProjId(const int& IpNumId) const {
        return IpNumIdToProjIdH.GetDat(IpNumId); }

    // Map of a project to devices
    bool IsProjIpNums(const int& ProjId) const {
        return ProjIdToIpNumIdVH.IsKey(ProjId); }
    const TIntV& GetProjIpNumV(const int& ProjId) const {
        return ProjIdToIpNumIdVH.GetDat(ProjId); }

    // events
    int GetIpNumIdEvents(const int& IpNumId) const {
        return IpNumIdToEventVH.GetDat(IpNumId).Len(); }
    int GetProjIdEvents(const int& ProjId) const {
        return ProjIdToEventVH.GetDat(ProjId).Len(); }

    // case-ids
    const TIntIntVH& GetCaseIdH() const { return CaseIdToEventIdVH; }

    // correlations
    void GetIpNumCorrDevices(const int& IpNumId, const bool& SameProjP,
        const int& MxItems, TIntFltKdV& CorrIpNumIdProbV) const;
    void GetProjCorrDevices(const int& ProjId,
        const int& MxItems, TIntPrFltKdV& CorrIpNumIdPrProbV) const;

    // predictions
    void GetNextIpNumIdProb(const int& LastEventN, const int& ProjId,
        const PBtaEventBs& BtaEventBs, const int& MxEventWnd,
        const int64& MxTmMSecWnd, TIntFltH& IpNumIdProbH) const;
    void GetListOfFutureIpNums(const PBtaEventBs& BtaEventBs, const int& LastEventN,
        const int& MxEventWnd, const int64& MxTmMSecWnd, TIntH& FutureIpNumH) const;
    void GetPredStat(const PBtaEventBs& BtaEventBs, const int& MxEvents,
        const int& MxEventWnd, const int64& MxTmMSecWnd, const int& MxEvalWnd) const;

    // root-cause
    void EventRootCauseProb(const PBtaEventBs& BtaEventBs,
        const int& EventId, const int& RootCouseEventWnd,
        const int64& RootCouseTimeWnd, TIntFltKdV& EventIdScoreV) const;
    void EventRootCauseText(const PBtaEventBs& BtaEventBs,
        const int& EventId,const int& RootCouseEventWnd,
        const int64& RootCouseTimeWnd, TIntFltKdV& EventIdScoreV) const;
    void EventRootCause(const PBtaEventBs& BtaEventBs, const int& EventId,
        const int& RootCouseEventWnd, const int64& RootCouseTimeWnd,
        TIntFltKdV& EventIdScoreV, TStrV& CorrTypeV) const;

    // statistics
    void GetRootCauseStat(const PBtaEventBs& BtaEventBs,
        const int& MxEvents, const int& MnSeverity, const int& RootCouseEventWnd,
        const int64& RootCouseTimeWnd, const bool& PropP,
        const bool& TextP, TIntV& AllScoresCountV, TIntV& ProbScoresCountV,
        TIntV& TextScoresCountV, int& AllEvents) const;
    void GetStat(const PBtaEventBs& BtaEventBs) const;

    // files
    static PBtaCorrBs LoadBin(const TStr& FNm) {
        TFIn FIn(FNm); return TBtaCorrBs::Load(FIn); }
    void SaveBin(const TStr& FNm) { TFOut FOut(FNm); Save(FOut); }
};

/////////////////////////////////////////////////
// BTAlarms-LongTerm-Project-Stats
ClassTP(TBtaLongProj, PBtaLongProj)// {
private:
    TIntIntHH DayToIpNumIdFqHH;
    TIntIntPrVH DayToIpNumIdFqVH;

    void GetCountV(const TTm& StartDate, const TTm& BreakDate,
        const TTm& EndDate, TIntH& IpNumIdH, TFltV& OldV, TFltV& NewV) const;

public:
    TBtaLongProj() { }
    static PBtaLongProj New() { return new TBtaLongProj(); }

    TBtaLongProj(TSIn& SIn) { DayToIpNumIdFqVH.Load(SIn); }
    static PBtaLongProj Load(TSIn& SIn){ return new TBtaLongProj(SIn); }
    void Save(TSOut& SOut) const { DayToIpNumIdFqVH.Save(SOut); }

    void AddEvent(const uint64& DateMSecs, const int& IpNumId);
    void Def();

    void Count(const TTm& StartDate, const TTm& BreakDate,
        const TTm& EndDate, int& BeforeCount, int& AfterCount) const;
    double ChiSquare(const TTm& StartDate, const TTm& BreakDate, const TTm& EndDate) const;
    bool IsTrendPos(const TTm& StartDate, const TTm& BreakDate, const TTm& EndDate) const;

    void GetIpNumWgtV(const TTm& StartDate, const TTm& BreakDate,
        const TTm& EndDate, TIntFltKdV& IpNumIdWgtV) const;

    static double GetNormFact(const TTm& StartDate,
        const TTm& BreakDate, const TTm& EndDate);
};

/////////////////////////////////////////////////
// BTAlarms-LongTerm-Base
ClassTP(TBtaLongBs, PBtaLongBs)//{
private:
    THash<TInt, PBtaLongProj> ProjIdToProfileH;

public:
    TBtaLongBs(const PBtaEventBs& BtaEventBs,
        const PBtaCorrBs& BtaCorrBs, const int& MnSeverity);
    static PBtaLongBs New(const PBtaEventBs& BtaEventBs, const PBtaCorrBs& BtaCorrBs,
        const int& MnSeverity) { return new TBtaLongBs(BtaEventBs, BtaCorrBs, MnSeverity); }

    TBtaLongBs(TSIn& SIn) { printf("Loading trends ... "); ProjIdToProfileH.Load(SIn); printf("(1)\n"); }
    static PBtaLongBs Load(TSIn& SIn) { return new TBtaLongBs(SIn); }
    void Save(TSOut& SOut) const { ProjIdToProfileH.Save(SOut); }

    int FFirstKeyId() const { return ProjIdToProfileH.FFirstKeyId(); }
    bool FNextKeyId(int& KeyId) const { return ProjIdToProfileH.FNextKeyId(KeyId); }
    int GetProjId(const int& KeyId) const { return ProjIdToProfileH.GetKey(KeyId); }
    PBtaLongProj GetLongProj(const int& KeyId) const {
        return ProjIdToProfileH[KeyId]; }
    PBtaLongProj GetLongProjFromId(const int& ProjId) const {
        return ProjIdToProfileH.GetDat(ProjId); }

    static PBtaLongBs LoadBin(const TStr& FNm){
        TFIn FIn(FNm); return TBtaLongBs::Load(FIn); }
    void SaveBin(const TStr& FNm){
        TFOut FOut(FNm); Save(FOut);}
};

#endif

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
'Dark Web' Offers Easy Access to Illicit Drugs
Pauline Anderson
SAN DIEGO — Chances are good that some of your patients are using the 'Dark Web' to buy opioids, synthetic heroin, or other drugs.
The Dark Web is an underground world of illicit online drug marketing run on a business model akin to Web giants Amazon or eBay.
But not many psychiatrists know about this hidden commerce, and they ought to, Dwight Zach Smith, MD, executive director, New England Psychiatric Consults, Plymouth, Massachusetts, told Medscape Medical News.
"There should be a greater recognition of this because patients could be addicted to substances that doctors know nothing about."
A substance abuse expert, Dr Smith discussed the Dark Web here at the American Psychiatric Association (APA) 2017 Annual Meeting.
Hidden Commerce
Dr Smith first learned about the Dark Web about a year ago when a patient, who was struggling with "horrible" withdrawal symptoms, revealed that he had been buying China White, a fentanyl analogue, over the Internet.
"We as experts don't know anything about China White — we don't know how long it lasts in the body, and we don't know about potential adverse effects like severe withdrawal," said Dr Smith.
His curiosity piqued, Dr Smith investigated the clandestine Web. He learned that in 2015, 15% of illegal drug users in the United States purchased their drugs over the Internet.
Access to the Dark Web is free and easy with a specialized "Tor" browser. That browser "anonymizes" an Internet connection by sending an individual's encrypted signal through multiple routers until the point of origin is lost, said Dr Smith.
A quick tour of the Dark Web reveals a choice of more than 200,000 individual listings for drugs — prescription and nonprescription — as well as weapons and counterfeit products. The sites are filled with promotions, pictures, advertisements, and reviews.
One merchant, based in the Netherlands, was selling a gram of cocaine for about $50.00, shipping included. This merchant claimed to have made 4113 sales of this product. His trust level was rated as high, and many of the comments under his review section were positive.
Drug buyers might not get a break on price when buying drugs over the Internet, but the quality is apparently superior to what you would typically find on the street, said Dr Smith. Buyers pay in bitcoin, an untraceable currency.
Just like other online vendors, Dark Web drug dealers give up a percentage of their sales. Vendors who are based all over the world might make in the neighborhood of $100,000 on average a year, said Dr. Smith.
Stealth Packaging
Purchases are shipped through regular mail using what Dr Smith called a very sophisticated "stealth packaging" system. "They know what customs agents look for, and they are almost always able to circumvent it."
One of the earliest and most successful Dark Net sites was Silk Road. Launched in 2011, within a 2-year period, it processed $1.2 billion worth of sales. About 4000 anonymous vendors sold products to 150,000 customers worldwide.
The site was making an estimated $20,000 daily in commissions from vendors.
Silk Road was shut down in 2013, but it popped back up as Silk Road 2, and it, too, was shut down. It's difficult for authorities to keep up with this Internet commerce, said Dr Smith.
"It's so hard to find the individuals behind it because of the layers of anonymity and the encryption involved."
Profits from Dark Net drug sales continue to soar. Dr. Smith estimates that daily commissions have tripled since 2013. He believes there are now about 50,000 hidden Tor service sites and that transactions generate up to $200 million annually.
While this hidden web hides shady and illicit transactions, there may be times when it serves a useful purpose, said Dr. Smith. "Reporters, political dissidents, and whistle blowers, in some countries and under certain circumstances, might use it for some good."
"Potentially Disturbing"
Commenting on Dr Smith's research for Medscape Medical News, Frances R. Levin, MD, director, Division on Substance Use Disorders and Kennedy-Leavy Professor of Psychiatry at Columbia University Medical Center, New York, said this is "potentially a disturbing problem."
However, she added, Dr. Smith's research appears to be based on a single case report of a patient buying China White. "It would have been helpful to have more than one case."
She also would have liked more information on the dollar amounts for Dark Web sales. "The reliability of the source needs to be documented."
Dr Levin stressed that "it is incumbent on clinicians" not only to ask patients if they use alcohol, tobacco, and drugs but also if they use synthetic and designer drugs, and to "understand the inherent risks associated with their use."
Dr Smith and Dr Levin have disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
American Psychiatric Association (APA) 2017 Annual Meeting. Abstract P6-012. Presented May 22, 2017
Cite this: 'Dark Web' Offers Easy Access to Illicit Drugs - Medscape - May 24, 2017.
Illicit Drug Users at 'Strikingly' High Risk for Suicide
War on Drugs an Epic Fail, BMJ Editors Say
Quick Screen May Flag Opioid Abuse Risk


Image Title: Pebble Tile Showers Shop Throughout A Shower Floor Plan 8. Post Title: Tile A Shower Floor. Filename: pebble-tile-showers-shop-throughout-a-shower-floor-plan-8.jpg. Image Dimension: 3264 x 2448 pixels. Images Format: jpg/jpeg. Publisher/Author: Wallace Kulas. Uploaded Date: Monday - January 07th. 2019 08:31:12 AM. Category: Architecture. Image Source: dornob.com. Pebble Shower Floors For Tiled Showers How To Install Small Rocks Throughout Tile A Floor Idea 11. 32 Best Shower Tile Ideas And Designs For 2018 Regarding A Floor 12. Stone Pebbles Floor Tile The Shop Regarding A Shower Idea 0. Shower Floor Tile The Shop Throughout A Idea 5. Bathroom Tile In A Shower Floor Inspirations 2. Stone Grey Mosaic Tile Bathroom Tiles Shower Floor Intended For A Design 6. Top 50 Best Shower Floor Tile Ideas Bathroom Flooring Designs With A Remodel 13. Shower Floor Tile The Shop Within A Designs 1. How To Install A Tile Shower Floor Fine Homebuilding In Decorations 9. Shower Floor Tile The Shop Regarding A Design 14.


The course was brilliant! Very informative and worthwhile. I learned a lot about myself. Will certainly use the prioritisation tool. The trainer was again, brilliant! Clear, inspiring and engaging.
Content was detailed and valuable, learnt a tremendous amount that I will use daily, I was able to relate to all of it. The trainer's presentation was clear and precise. Good use of real world examples which help to make the content usable. Friendly course.
The course content gave some great ideas and methods I will use regularly, for example the box method for conflict management and methods for prioritizing. The trainer was charismatic, engaging and knowledgeable.
The course content was concise and practical as related to my business. It contained information that I had not seen in 48 years in the business world. The trainer's presentation was straightforward, understandable, relevant and well structured.
The course content was excellent; initially concerned there was too much content, but was covered efficiently. The trainer's presentation: Excellent engagement, just enough group involvement and great examples of experiences.
Very interesting course with engaging content. I learnt the essentials of conducting an investigative interview. Trainer's presentation was a good mix of theory and practical. Clearly presented. The practical exercises were very good.


In the top category of Best Picture – Drama, the nominees this year are Black Panther, BlacKkKlansman, Bohemian Rhapsody, If Beale Street Could Talk, and A Star Is Born. Meanwhile, in the category of Best Picture – Musical or Comedy, the nominees are Crazy Rich Asians, The Favourite, Green Book, Mary Poppins Returns, and Vice.
The Americans, Bodyguard, Homecoming, Killing Eve, and Pose received nominees for Best Television Series – Drama, while Barry, The Good Place, Kidding, The Kominsky Method, The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel were nominated for Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy.


text:
Adele "Water and a Flame"
About "Water and a Flame"
"Water and a Flame" is a song recorded by Australian singer Daniel Merriweather for his debut solo album, Love & War. It features vocals from English singer-songwriter Adele. "Water and a Flame" was released as the album's fourth and final single on 2 November 2009. Produced by Eg White and released under Columbia Records, "Water and a Flame" peaked at number 180 on the UK Singles Chart. In 2013, "Water and a Flame" was recorded by Celine Dion for her album, Loved Me Back to Life.
"Water and a Flame" video by Adele is property and copyright of its owners and it's embedded from Youtube.
Information about the song "Water and a Flame" is automatically taken from Wikipedia. It may happen that this information does not match with "Water and a Flame".


Following the success of the First Weekend, now comes the second BSK COSLADA WEEKEND loaded with great flavor that will be held on July 25, and will be full of surprises, so bring clothes bathroom that we will move from fear, and all thought of you to enjoy a spectacular day and get out totally ecstatic, jajajajajajaajajaj ..... collaboration with Jantoki.
7 workshops + Pool + Food + Social Dance + + Girls Gift for recreational games for children + spree Insured. (This includes the price of the Full Pass).
14:00 to 15:00 Dancing, Water Balloon War.
21:00 to 22:30 Dinner Jantoki (special price for all that you come to the event).
Send a private with your full name, phone number and email, and we'll send you an account number to transfer us corresponding income or Full Pass.
You can also compradlo to Artists.
Organizers: Edi and Cris Jose, Jantoki.
Contributors: Lasalsa Delbaile, Ikaro Coslada, Club Bailarios, Ifashioncool Madrid, Brush Dance School Havanna.
* There will be a booth for summer shirts for men and women Ikaro only 8 €.
* The arcade games are totally free for children.
It will be an awesome day full of dancing, pool, laughter, good vibes and especially GOZADERAAAAAAAAAAAAAA ... !!!!


As it is part of the hotel restaurant, the Pine Room can be used both for meetings and for family parties for 10 to 15 people. From video projectors to WiFi, all the basic technical equipment is included in the hire price. To guarantee your event goes off without a hitch, a professional technician is available.


text:
Марек Перепечко () (3 апреля 1942, Варшава — 16 ноября 2005, Ченстохова) — польский актёр театра и кино, наиболее известен по роли Яношика в телесериале Janosik. В 1980-х работал в Австралии, в 1989 году вернулся в Польшу, где продолжил творческую карьеру.

Биография
Родился в Варшаве. В молодости хотел стать архитектором но позднее решил стать актёром. В 1960-61 годах выступал в поэтической студии Анджея Коница на польском телевидении (TVP), в 1960-х выступал в классическом театре и в театре комедии. В 1965 закончил актёрский факультет Театральной академии имени Александра Зельверовича. В том же году впервые выступил на театральной сцене академии в спектакле «Śluby panieńskie» (Девичьи обеты) Александра Фредро (1965) режиссёра Рышарда Ханина и в программе малых театральных номеров режиссёра Казимежа Рудзкего. Также впервые снялся в кино (фильм «Пепел» режиссёра Анджея Вайды). Четыре года спустя он снялся в роли молодого Нововейского в фильме «Пан Володыёвский» режиссёра Ежи Гофмана. В 1970-77 работал актёром Варшавского театра комедии. В 1973 исполнил главную роль в сериале  режиссёра Ежи Пассендорфа. Выступал на сценах варшавских театров. В 1965-69 годах работал в  после работал в .

В 1980-х находился за границей, уехал в Австралию, где руководил любительскими театрально-литературными клубами и основал Временное общество любителей театра им. Виткацего. Более 15 лет не выступал на польских театральных сценах или перед камерами. Вернулся на родину в 1989 году, после смены власти в Польше. Играл в представлениях телевизионного драматического театра. В 1970—1977 годах был директором комедийного театра. В конце 1990-х вернулся к работе в сериалах — сыграл роль коменданта поста в комедийном сериале «пост № 13» режиссёра Мацея Щлешицкого (1997—1998) и в новой части этого сериала 2000 года. В 1997—2003 годах был актёром и директором театра им. Мицкевича в Ченстохове. В 1998 выступил в качестве режиссёра спектакля «Дамы и гусары» Александра Фредро (1998).

В 2003 Перепечко сотрудничал с драматическим театром им. Ежи Шанавскего в г. Плоцке и получил награду «Серебряная маска» от общества друзей театра за роль Мариана Козели в спектакле «Dwie morgi utrapienia» Марка Реботша (2003). Также выступил в качестве режиссёра данного спектакля. Поставил спектакль «O co biega?» (Посмотрите, как они бегают) английского режиссёра Филиппа Кинга (2004) и сыграл в нём главную роль.

Незадолго до своей кончины готовил к постановке спектакль «Dwie morgi utrapienia» в театре городе Чески-Тешин (Чехия).
Скончался скоропостижно от инфаркта в своём доме в Ченстохове в возрасте 63 лет. Урна с прахом Перепечко была захоронена 28 ноября 2005 года на варшавском кладбище Старые Повонзки.

31 октября 2014 на аллее пресв. девы Марии в Ченстохове была установлена мемориальная лавочка актёра.

Личная жизнь
Перепечко свыше 40 лет был женат на актрисе Агнешке Фиткау, с которой познакомился в театральной академии. Детей у него не было. Марек Перепечко — двоюродный брат моряка и писателя .

В юности он занимался греблей, баскетболом и бодибилдингом (считался весьма перспективным игроком), чему обязан своей атлетичной фигурой. Рост актёра составлял 190 см.

В своей актёрской карьере часто исполнял песни преимущественно из репертуара Владимира Высоцкого.

Образцами актёров для него были Тадеуш Ломницкий, с которым он работал над фильмами «Потом наступит тишина» и «Пан Володыёвский» и Лоренс Оливье.

Награды
В 2000 году за роль Вернигоры в "Веселье" (1999) режиссёра Ханушкевича в тетаре имени Мицкевича в Ченстохове удостоился награды "Золотая маска" (Złotа Maskа) .

В 2003 удостоился награды "Серебряная маска" (Srebrnа Maskа) от общества друзей драматического театра г.Плоцка за роль Мариана Козели в спектакле "Dwie morgi utrapienia" (Два акра неприятностей) Марка Реботша.

В 2012 году актёр был номинирован на награду Złota Kaczka () в номинации лучший актёр польского фильма-триллера (Najlepszy aktor polskich filmów sensacyjnych) за роль в фильме Волчье эхо (1968).

Избранная фильмография
 Потом наступит тишина (1960) — Поручик Кольский
 Zejście do piekła () (1966) — Odyn Schweiser
 Волчье эхо (1968) — Альжек Пивко
 Polowanie na muchy () (1969) — рекламный агент в редакции «Myśli Młodych»
 Gniewko, syn rybaka () (телесериал, 1968—1970) — Gniewko
 Пан Володыёвский (1969) — Адам Нововейский
 Przygody pana Michała () (телесериал, 1969) — Адам Нововейский
 Березняк (1970) — Михал
 Kolumbowie () (телесериал, 1970) — «Malutki»
 Przygoda Stasia () (1970) — отец Стася
 Motodrama () (1971) — тяжелоатлет Niuniek
  Свадьба (1972) — Ясек
 Janosik () (телесериал, (1973) — Юрай Яношик.
 Janosik () (1974) — Юрай Яношик
 Awans () (1974) — Антек
 Śmierć autostopowiczek (на чешском: Smrt stopařek) () (1979)
 13 posterunek () (serial telewizyjny, (1997—1998) — комендант (надкомиссар полиции) Władysław Słoik
 Охранник для дочери (1997) — Юзеф, отец Сары
 Пан Тадеуш (1999) — Мацей Добжинский «Баптист»
 13 posterunek 2 () (serial telewizyjny, (2000) — комендант (надкомиссар полиции) Władysław Słoik
 Atrakcyjny pozna panią...  () (2004) — Генрик
 Dublerzy () (2006) — Корацци
 Dublerzy () (сериал) (2006) — Корацци

Примечания

Ссылки

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
>RR-1509
Inequality and Opportunity
The Relationship Between Income Inequality and Intergenerational Transmission of Income
by Francisco Perez-Arce, Ernesto F. L. Amaral, Haijing Crystal Huang, Carter C. Price
Economic Policy,
Socioeconomic Status,
Wages and Compensation,
PDF file 1 MB
Purchase Print Copy
Add to Cart Paperback88 pages $27.50 $22.00 20% Web Discount
What are the likely impacts of growing income inequality on inequality of opportunity?
How are inequality of opportunity and inequality of outcomes linked?
How does parents' income relate to their children's income?
Rising income inequality has the potential to affect outcomes for children whose parents are at the lower end of the income scale by curtailing their opportunities. This report aims to understand the extent to which inequalities in opportunity and outcomes are related — and the mechanisms that drive that relationship — to help evaluate which policies have the most potential to level the playing field.
This report reviews recent trends in inequality in outcomes (particularly, income inequality) and proxies for inequality of opportunity (measures of intergenerational transmission of income) and presents evidence on the extent to which they are correlated across countries and within countries across time. We discuss the evidence that shows that inequality in income and wealth has been increasing in the United States and most developed countries since the 1980s and that income inequality and inequality of opportunity are correlated across countries, but proxy measures for inequality of opportunity do not show the same consistently upward trend that was experienced by income inequality.
The report then presents a framework to understand the mechanisms underlying the relationship between inequalities in income and opportunity. In light of this framework, we discuss the potential effects of policies on both income and inequality opportunity, and how these can be quantitatively assessed.
Income Inequality Has Risen Since the 1980s, Driven by Increased Inequality in Labor Market Earnings
Much of this increase has been driven by increased concentrations in the top 1 percent of the income distribution.
Inequality and inequality of opportunity are correlated across countries.
However, measures for inequality of opportunity do not show the same consistently upward trend that was experienced by income inequality.
Antipoverty policies implemented in the United States over the last five decades may have helped stave off poverty and inequality of opportunity despite labor market trends.
Not All Policies That Affect Inequality Will Have the Same Impact on Inequality of Opportunity
There are no direct measurements that allow us to gauge the current impact of policies on inequality of opportunity.
For policymaking purposes, it is important for researchers to build full simulation models using our framework to provide accurate predictions of the impact of different policies on inequality of outcomes and opportunity.
Framework for Understanding Inequality in Income and Opportunity
Trends in Inequality
Potential Impact of Policies on Inequality and Inequality of Opportunity
Conclusion and Road Map for Further Work
Factors for the Increase in Wage Inequality
Reference Sources for the Great Gatsby Curves
Results of Income Support Simulation
Appendix D
Within-Country Changes in Inequality of Income and Opportunity: Analysis for Additional Countries
This RAND-Initiated Research was produced using discretionary funds provided by philanthropic contributions from RAND supporters and income from operations. This research was undertaken within RAND Labor and Population.
This report is part of the RAND Corporation research report series. RAND reports present research findings and objective analysis that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND reports undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity.
Print Format: Paperback
Paperback Pages: 88
Paperback ISBN/EAN: 9780833094889
DOI: https://doi.org/10.7249/RR1509
Document Number: RR-1509-RC
Series: Research Reports
Wages and Compensation
Perez-Arce, Francisco, Ernesto F. L. Amaral, Haijing Crystal Huang, and Carter C. Price, Inequality and Opportunity: The Relationship Between Income Inequality and Intergenerational Transmission of Income. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2016. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1509.html. Also available in print form.
Perez-Arce, Francisco, Ernesto F. L. Amaral, Haijing Crystal Huang, and Carter C. Price, Inequality and Opportunity: The Relationship Between Income Inequality and Intergenerational Transmission of Income, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RR-1509-RC, 2016. As of January 14, 2020: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1509.html


This Mounting System enables you to mount the Front Runner 67L Water Tank - Universal to one of our Drawer Systems or any other flat surface.
A universal winch plate that fits to most vehicles given that custom brackets are made to fit the winch plate to the vehicle.
This lightweight and sturdy stainless steel table features aluminum locking legs and is the perfect narrower size for food prep and serving.Can be stored UNDERNEATH most full sized Front Runner Slimline II Roof Racks.


text:
Q: Random Variables: Expected Values and Values computed from a data Given a random variable $X : \Omega \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$, we have $E[X]$, which is called expected value of the random variable.
I have one random variable $X$, and I have some smaple points on the space $\Omega$. I computed the average of $X$ over these sample points, which is closed
to the expected value $E[X]$.
I would like to know how people call this value, which is computed from data.


Age 84, of St. Paul, passed away peacefully at home on March 11, 2018. Preceded in death by beloved husband of 62 years, Rodney, parents Maurine and Levi Shipp, and brother Jerome. She will be greatly missed by her children Rodney Jr. (Connie), Michael (Julie), Stephen (Suzanne), John and Sarah; grandchildren David, Elizabeth, Patrick, Philip, Ella, Mitchel and Olivia; and sister-in-law Kathy Wade. Memorial Service on March 17, 2018 at 10am at St. John the Evangelist Episcopal Church, 60 Kent Street N., St. Paul. Memorials preferred to Merrick, Inc. North St. Paul.


text:
Astron. Astrophys. 350, 17-24 (1999)
Very High Energy Gamma-ray spectral properties of Mkn 501 from CAT Cerenkov telescope observations in 1997 *
A. Djannati-Atai 7, F. Piron 4,**, A. Barrau 5, L. Iacoucci 4, M. Punch 7, J.-P. Tavernet 5, R. Bazer-Bachi 2, H. Cabot 3, L.-M. Chounet 4, G. Debiais 3, B. Degrange 4, J.-P. Dezalay 2, D. Dumora 1, P. Espigat 7, B. Fabre 3, P. Fleury 4, G. Fontaine 4, C. Ghesquière 7, P. Goret 8, C. Gouiffes 8, I.A. Grenier 8,9, S. Le Bohec 4,***, I. Malet 2, C. Meynadier 3, G. Mohanty 4, E. Nuss 3, E. Paré 4, J. Québert 1, K. Ragan 1,****, C. Renault 5, M. Rivoal 5, L. Rob 6, K. Schahmaneche 5 and D.A. Smith 1
1 Centre d'Etudes Nucléaire de Bordeaux-Gradignan, France (IN2P3/CNRS)
2 Centre d'Etudes Spatiales des Rayonnements, Toulouse, France (INSU/CNRS)
3 Groupe de Physique Fondamentale, Université de Perpignan, France (IN2P3/CNRS)
4 Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire des Hautes Energies, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France (IN2P3/CNRS)
5 Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies, Universités de Paris VI/VII, France (IN2P3/CNRS)
6 Nuclear Center, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
7 Physique Corpusculaire et Cosmologie, Collège de France, Paris, France (IN2P3/CNRS)
8 Service d'Astrophysique, Centre d'Etudes de Saclay, France (DAPNIA/CEA)
9 Université Paris VII, France
Received 28 May 1999 / Accepted 13 August 1999
The BL Lac object Mkn 501 went into a very high state of activity during 1997, both in VHE -rays and X-rays. We present here results from observations at energies above carried out between March and October 1997 with the CAT erenkov imaging Telescope.
The average differential spectrum between and shows significant curvature and is well represented by , with:
The TeV spectral energy distribution of Mkn 501 clearly peaks in the range - . Investigation of spectral variations shows a significant hardness-intensity correlation with no measurable effect on the curvature. This can be described as an increase of the peak TeV emission energy with intensity.
Simultaneous and quasi-simultaneous CAT VHE -ray and BeppoSAX hard X-ray detections for the highest recorded flare on April and for lower-activity states of the same period show correlated variability with a higher luminosity in X-rays than in -rays.
The observed spectral energy distribution and the correlated variability between X-rays and -rays, both in amplitude and in hardening of spectra, favour a two-component emission scheme where the low and high energy components are attributed to synchrotron and inverse Compton (IC) radiation, respectively.
Key words: galaxies: active galaxies: nuclei galaxies: BL Lacertae objects: individual: Mkn 501 gamma rays: observations
* This article is dedicated to the memory of Eric Paré, one of the originators of CAT, who died in a road accident in July, 1998.
** Present address: Institut des Sciences Nucléaires, 53 avenue des Martyrs, F-38026 Grenoble cedex, France
*** Present address: Physics & Astronomy Department, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
**** Present address: Physics Department, McGill University, Montreal, H3A 2T8, Canada
Send offprint requests to: A. Djannati-Atai
Correspondence to: djannati@cdf.in2p3.fr
Online publication: September 24, 1999


text:
Home Book News Book Reviews Top Book Blogs Bookstores Book Publishers About
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[The Millions] The Manliness of Joan Didion
First, a parable for manliness in the 21st century: Throughout graduate school, I've made ends meet by clearing land on a ranch owned by an acquaintance. Not long ago, my daughter, who is four, came to work with me. My wife, who stayed home, sent her off in boots and a cowgirl hat over a pair of (Jul 1, 2015)
[Salon Books] "The erotics of books are alive and well": Jonathan Galassi on his new novel — plus, Jennifer Weiner and why Jonathan Franzen is a feminist
You don't have to work in publishing to enjoy Jonathan Galassi's debut novel, Muse, a story that draws a lot from the writer's own experience. Galassi is the publisher of Farrar, Straus and Giroux and the author of three poetry collections. In his time at FSG, he has ushered some of the most (Jul 1, 2015)
[Guardian Books Blog] #BeingFemaleInNigeria: book club ignite everyday sexism debate
Nigeria's Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's 58-page feminist pamphlet provided the inspiration for a nationwide women's rights debate. Brittle Paper report Inspired by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's feminist pamphlet, a small Abuja-based book club have ignited nationwide conversation about everday (Jul 1, 2015)
[Book Forum] OMNIVORE: Workers need more bargaining power
We can hold American companies that use sweatshop labor accountable (Jul 1, 2015)
[Book Forum] PAPER TRAIL: David Foster Wallace; Arianna Huffington
''I think let's start iterating,'' Arianna Huffington says. ''Let's not wait for the perfect product.'' At the New York Times magazine, a look inside how the Huffington Post is run: "It's as though Huffington is spreading an illness while simultaneously peddling the cure. (Jul 1, 2015)
[The Millions] All That
Last week, I pointed readers to a speech by the late James Salter, reprinted by The Paris Review Daily in tribute to the writer after his death. For a fan appreciation, you can read Kevin Lincoln in Hazlitt, who leads his piece with the observation that Salter "wrote sentences you could unfold (Jul 1, 2015)
[Book Forum] OMNIVORE: Don't get complacent
Is there nothing we can agree on? (Jul 1, 2015)
[Book Forum] VIDEO: Shaun Usher: "Letters of Note" | Talks at Google
(Jul 1, 2015)
[The Millions] Press Start
Readers of the 1960s and 70s ran into many people who worried that writers were learning from television. In 2015, the concern is slightly different — are writers taking cues from video games? At the Ploughshares blog, Matthew Burnside tackles the game-ification of books. (Jul 1, 2015)
[NYT] 'Absolute Transmetropolitan' and 'Melody': A Squalid City and a Stripper Memoir
Two new reprint collections, "Absolute Transmetropolitan: Volume 1" and "Melody: Story of a Nude Dancer," take on social injustice. (Jul 1, 2015)
[The Millions] Gently Simmer
Recommended Reading: Audrey Hepburn's son on his new book about his mother's recipes. (Jul 1, 2015)
[Book Forum] OMNIVORE: The very different worldviews of left and right
Intra-party philosophical differences in a polarized political system (Jul 1, 2015)
[The Millions] The Crowning
After his death, fans of David Foster Wallace canonized him as a prophet, according him a degree of benevolence shared by almost no one in American letters. In New York Magazine, Christian Lorentzen argues that Wallace himself worried about this happening, and says he'd "probably be the last (Jul 1, 2015)
[The Millions] Let Us Now Be Grateful That They're (Finally!) (Honestly!) (Really Really Really!) Dead
You never forget your first time. My first Grateful Dead concert took place on May 15, 1970 at the Fillmore East in New York City. I was a high school senior and my older brother let me tag along with him and a bunch of his long-hair college buddies down from Vermont. The New Riders of the Purple (Jul 2, 2015)
[Guardian Books Blog] Non-fiction publishing in the UK is in fine health, actually
Contrary to Sam Leith's complaints last week, commercial publishers continue to take risks, and put out great and original workIn his article last week, Sam Leith deplored the state of mainstream trade publishing, saying it was "getting dumber by the day", in contrast to the university presses (Jul 2, 2015)
[Book Forum] OMNIVORE: Immigration activism in the United States
Republicans fear-mongering over ISIS and Mexico are silent on Canadian border (Jul 2, 2015)
[Book Forum] PAPER TRAIL: Publishers Weekly tells Bill O'Reilly not to be sad
Publishers Weekly gently addresses Bill O'Reilly's distress over their failure to include his book Killing Reagan in their latest "announcement issue," which provides librarians and booksellers with a list of the upcoming season's significant books. The political journalist Leslie Gelb has (Jul 2, 2015)
[The Millions] Infographic: Summer Reads
This week in book-related infographics: Electric Literature has recommendations for summer reading, organized by location and required concentration level. Going to Italy? Try A Room with a View. Craving a tropical get-away? Read The Beach, obviously. (Jul 2, 2015)
[Salon Books] Scientology leader's father penning tell-all memoir
Ronald Miscavige Sr., father of embattled Scientology head honcho David Miscavige, is writing a memoir titled "If He Dies, He Dies," according to noted Scientology reporter Tony Ortega and confirmed with the book's publisher by The Hollywood Reporter.The title refers to an April L.A. Times (Jul 2, 2015)
[Book Forum] OMNIVORE: Things that measure
As well-intentioned as it is poorly executed (Jul 2, 2015)
[The Millions] The Best Friend There Is: Keeping Time with Brazenhead Books
Author Elliott Holt reads from a first edition at Brazenhead Books. In New York City during late May of 2015, the Rangers professional hockey squad fell just short of the finals, while the Yankees and Mets approached the halfway marker of their seasons clinging to competitive success on the baseball (Jul 2, 2015)
[The Millions] A New Kind of Book Review
A new kind of book review: 5 artists interpret and critique literature through works of visual art. (Jul 2, 2015)
[Guardian Books Blog] Books about Las Vegas: readers' picks
Winning in Las Vegas makes a good story, but losing sometimes makes an even better one. Here are our readers' favourite books about Sin CityMaile Chapman introduces the literature of Las Vegas"Half-meritocracy and half crap-shoot, Las Vegas is [...] the only city in America where the odds (Jul 2, 2015)
[Book Forum] OMNIVORE: The world's spiralling levels of inequality
How much money the super rich make in 25 different countries around the world (Jul 2, 2015)
[The Millions] Choosing Covers
It's not often that a major publisher listens to a new author when they request a specific painting be used for their book cover. But they listened to Naomi Jackson, and over at the Literary Hub she explains her choice of cover art for Star Side of Bird Hill and the Caribbean significance (Jul 2, 2015)
[Salon Books] "You have to look at food as medicine. Clean eating can become a lifestyle that's easy to follow": Candice Kumai on secrets of happiness and health
My mom is Japanese, and my father is Polish-American, so she was really adamant about putting greens and produce and fresh vegetables on the table first, and then she tried to incorporate Americanized treats in there. So we had Oreos, Fruit by the Foot, CapriSun and Lucky Charms like any other (Jul 2, 2015)
[Guardian Books Blog] Poster poems: ruins
Symbols of endurance as much as transience, these remnants of another age open on to a great variety of themes. Please share what you can build from the shards of historyAs the latest Greek drama has unfolded night after night on our TV screens, it has been interesting to see broadcasters using (Jul 3, 2015)
[Book Forum] PAPER TRAIL: More questions about lost-and-found Harper Lee novel
As HarperCollins prepare to publish the most pre-ordered book in their history, Harper Lee's Go Set a Watchman, the plot thickens in terms of just when and how the lost-and-found novel came to light—it was apparently several years earlier than Lee's lawyer, Tonja Carter, had announced to (Jul 3, 2015)
[Guardian Books Blog] The Desmond Elliott prize reminds us that authors need long-term support
With her prizewinning debut, Claire Fuller could be following in the footsteps of Ian Rankin and Hilary Mantel who found success with their later work – but only with the support of her publisherAs one of the judges for the Desmond Elliott prize for best debut novelist this year, I couldn't help (Jul 3, 2015)
[Book Forum] OMNIVORE: The most lethal terrorist organization in the world
What should we do if the Islamic State wins? (Jul 3, 2015)
[Guardian Books Blog] Falling under the spell of fairytales and myths
From folk tales to Greek myth, 'old stories' are fuelling a fantasy boom. In a recent discussion chaired by Marina Warner at the Royal Society of Literature, four authors explored the reasons whyA week after Midsummer night, the Royal Society of Literature brought together four writers for an (Jul 3, 2015)
[Salon Books] His racist colleagues were as dangerous as the criminals: Meet New York's first black police officer
On December 27, 1911, Samuel Battle rose from probationary recruit to full-fledged police officer. The newspapers took stock of the historic event, with the Times reporting: "Six months ago men thought that Battle would be hazed into resigning, or at least into asking for transfer. Now they know (Jul 3, 2015)
[Book Forum] VIDEO: Peter Carey | Jan 22 2015 | Appel
[Book Forum] OMNIVORE: Piece of work
Tame compared with what they've seen (Jul 3, 2015)
[Book Forum] OMNIVORE: The Declaration's dual traditions
Why do people believe myths about the Confederacy? (Jul 3, 2015)
[Salon Books] "Why grow up?" is a political question: Our cult of youth is no accident — and it has dire consequences
Whether you look at superhero-besotted Hollywood, the clothes alleged grownups wear in public, or the spread of video games out of the suburban family room, it's hard to miss noticing that much of contemporary culture is caught in childhood.Susan Neiman, an American philosopher who lives in Berlin (Jul 3, 2015)
[Salon Books] "Oh, girl, get up. You got this": Why the "strong black woman" stereotype is an albatross
In the summer 2014 issue of Bitch magazine, I wrote about a stereotype that both buoys and burdens black women. With shades of Sapphire's hardness, the myth embodies the idea of African American women as perpetually tough and uniquely indestructible.Strong. Black. Woman.The words fit together like (Jul 3, 2015)
[Salon Books] America's July 4 military nightmare: With our recent history, could we even beat the British today?
At 9:44 p.m. on July 27, 1953, Private First Class Harold B. Smith had just sixteen more minutes of the Korean War to survive before the cease-fire came into effect at 10:00 p.m. You can imagine this twenty-one-year old marine from Illinois, out on combat patrol that evening, looking at his watch. (Jul 4, 2015)
[Salon Books] "I won't see the end of the year": Backstage at Jerry Garcia and the Grateful Dead's final shows
Three songs into the show, the house lights still on, the time had come for "Dire Wolf," but with a perverse twist no one had anticipated. Twenty-five years had passed since the Dead had recorded that song at Pacific High studio. They'd played it innumerable times since, occasionally slowing (Jul 4, 2015)
[Salon Books] I was a fallible patriot: I served during Iraq, and so wanted to believe and strike first
Twelve years ago I supervised the launch of four U.S. Air Force tankers into the late afternoon sky from a base 30 miles north of Cambridge, England. Then night came, and somewhere in that darkness, thousands of miles away, our tankers refueled the bombers that would push into Iraqi airspace and (Jul 4, 2015)
[Salon Books] Our Founders, alien-obsessed: Adams and Franklin had a thing — really! — for extraterrestials
On this 4th of July, when the smoke from the last of the fireworks drifts away and you can once again see the starry sky above, it may be worth reflecting on the fact that America's founders were pretty sure that those stars were home to an immense population of space aliens.Benjamin Franklin (Jul 4, 2015)
[Salon Books] We pledge allegiance to the United States of Inc.: Corporations become nation-states in Silicon Valley's latest utopian management scheme
During my desultory post-graduation years in San Francisco, I lived in a big duplex with three roommates. We had bands, fledging writing gigs and other financially unpromising passions, until one of us threw over la vie bohème to work at a consulting firm. We teased him mercilessly for using (Jul 4, 2015)
[Salon Books] Twenty-one was "the perfect wolf": He was a legend — he never lost a fight, and he never killed a vanquished rival
"Why doesn't Batman just kill the Joker?" Without looking at me, Rick McIntyre quizzes me like a Zen master during one of the strangest conversations I've ever had. He's trying to lead me into a realization about the roots of mercy by talking about superheroes as we're looking through (Jul 4, 2015)
[Salon Books] The cult of my childhood: Across three continents, life was a whirlwind of uncertainty
The cult of my childhood, the Children of God, an apocalyptic, isolationist movement, began in California amid the hippie "free love" era of the '60s and '70s, and soon spread across the globe, with communes in up to a hundred countries at any given time.When most people think of cults and (Jul 5, 2015)
[Salon Books] "My model for business is the Beatles": Why Steve Jobs was no lone hero
Apple's ComebackOne of the greatest examples in business history of a large organization's maneuverability took place right before our eyes: Apple Inc. In September 2002, Apple's future was thought to be so bleak you could buy shares in Apple Computer at a price that valued its operating (Jul 5, 2015)
[The Millions] Too Dark for TV
"This is a huge generalization, but [American novels] have tended not to have all the elements that make it good for television, whether it's too interior or there's not enough action. The Brits tended to write more colorful stories rather than the darkness and struggle. Dickens and (Jul 5, 2015)
[Salon Books] "You want me to take f**king out of the Scrabble dictionary?"
In the early 1990s, two women were playing Scrabble in suburban Washington, D.C. At one point in the game, a word was challenged. The players decided to settle the dispute by checking the Official Scrabble Players Dictionary, Second Edition. However, in skimming the pages, the women stumbled across (Jul 5, 2015)
[The Millions] "I'll Read Anything"
"If the sentences are meticulously made, I'll read anything, whether it's as destabilizing as a Gary Lutz short story or as melancholy as a Chris Ware comic. The only books I give up on are texts where the writer's attention is concentrated so heavily on narrative questions that his or (Jul 5, 2015)
[Salon Books] "I am Miley's mother. I am her lover. I am her critic. I am a mixed-up hormonal monster"
1990 Dear Madonna, I will fuck you if you want. Love, Phyllis 2014 At least once a week, my husband will turn on the car and Air Supply, Whitney Houston, Peter Cetera, or Mariah Carey will pour out of the speakers. There is only one person in the house to blame. Lite FM? Really? Really, my love. (Jul 5, 2015)
[Book Forum] DAILY REVIEW: The Soul-Mate Shuffle
A comedian and a sociologist set out to make sense of modern love. (Jul 6, 2015)
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