text:
Ashbridges Bay and Creeks
Timeline Ashbridge's Bay
Heward's Creek Illustrations, Photos, Maps
Alton Avenue
Ashdale Avenue I
Ashdale Avenue II
Coxwell Stables
From Farm to Shacktown to Bungalowland: Gerrard-Coxwell
Erie Terrace to Craven Road: You can't keep a good street down
Craven Road I
Craven Road II
The Story of the Craven Road Fence
The Fence
Craven Road: By The Numbers
Gerrard Ashdale Neighbourhood I
Gerrard Ashdale Neighbourhood II
Gerrard Ashdale in World War One
Gerrard Ashdale Library
Morse Street
Morse Street: By The Numbers
Morse Street Public School
Queen Walk 1: A Tale of Trains, Tragedy and Leslieville's West End
Queen Walk 2: Dunlop Rubber & Tire Company
Queen Walk 3: Sex, Lies & Murder on McGee
St. Stephen's United Church, Queen Street East, Toronto
Woodfield Road
1909 Township of York Directory
Canada's Johnny Appleseed
Highland Clearances
Scottish Soldier
Leslieville Timeline
Leslie the Builder: Robert Leslie
The Duke of York
Devil Wagons and The Murderdrome Toronto's Motordrome
Pocket and south to the Railway
Shacktown
The Old Toronto Golf Club links
Weaving Our History: The Isaac Price House and the Underground Railroad
Wagstaff Brickyards
George Leslie and the Toronto Nurseries
Wrigley Ads: "Tell 'em quick and tell 'em often." William Wrigley Jr.
Carlaw Avenue: The Wrigley Business
Carlaw Avenue: The Wrigley Building
349 Carlaw Avenue: Piano Man
The Great Shacktown Crisis
Leslieville Historical Society E-News
A Shacktown Christmas
Building the subway 1965
1921 Map
Subsidized Housing! Oh no, not in my neighbourhood. Oh yes! Right in your neighbourhood.
Austin Avenue: Subdivision 549 by Joanne Doucette
Sources Black History Leslieville
Archived posts Select Month November 2019 October 2019 September 2019 August 2019 June 2019 May 2019 April 2019 March 2019 May 2018 April 2018 March 2018 February 2018 January 2018 December 2017 November 2017 October 2017 September 2017 May 2017 March 2017 February 2017 January 2017 December 2016 November 2016 October 2016 September 2016 June 2016 May 2016 April 2016 February 2016 May 2014
Follow Leslieville Historical Society on WordPress.com
Leslieville Historical Society
History of an East End neighbourhood
11,000 to 10,500 years ago the last glaciers melted. First Nations follow game onto the tundra here at Leslieville.
1763 The Royal Proclamation of 1763 (The Quebec Act)
1766 The British, represented by Sir William Johnson, and the First Nations signed a peace treaty at Oswego
1770 The Friends disavowed Jonathan Ashbridge when he sold a black woman named Pegg.
1775 John Graves Simcoe arrived in Boston to play a role as guerilla fighter in the American Revolution (1776-1783). Simcoe became commanding officer of the 1st American Regiment (Queen's Rangers).
1783 The British government disbanded the Loyalist regiments and Loyalists headed north to Canada. Augustus Jones surveyed Toronto.
1787 The British conducted the Toronto Purchase with the Mississauga First Nation.
1791 Augustus Jones surveyed Toronto again. The surveyors laid out the basic grid pattern of concession and sideroad with farms stretching north-south.
1792 Simcoe arrived to construct a garrison and to establish a naval base.
1793 Ashbridges traveled on to York.
1796 the Crown granted the Ashbridges 600 acres between Ashbridge's Bay and Danforth Avenue. Sarah Ashbridge, her sons and son-in-laws received free land grants of 200 acres each.
1799 to 1801 American contractor, Asa Danforth, built the Danforth Road.
1803 Governor Peter Hunter established the St. Lawrence Market
1804 George Leslie born.
1805 The British and Mississauga met again, this time at the mouth of the Credit River. They renegotiate the Toronto Purchase.
1809 The Ashbridge brothers built a large frame house for the family.
1812 – 1814 War with the USA.
1815 to 1817 Settlers re-built the Kingston Road, making it passable.
1817 The first useable road between York and Montreal was completed. Then weekly winter stage coach service began between York and Kingston.
1820 Most of the land was owned by a few individuals or families. They were, by lot number, from east to west, starting at the boundary with Scarborough: Lot One, John Baskerville Glegg, an aide de camp to General Brock; Lot Two, David Ramsey; Lot Three, Captain Joseph Bouchette; Lot Four, Patrick Browne; Lot Five, William Cooper; Lot Six. Mrs. Samuel Cozens; Lot Seven, Paul Wilcott (married to Elizabeth Ashbridge); Lot Eight, John Ashbridge; Lot Nine, Split lot: Parker Mills (married to Mary Ashbridge); Lot Ten, John and Thomas Matthews; Lot 11, Benjamin Mosley; Lot 12, Christopher Robinson; Lot 13, Patrick Brown; Lot 14, John Cox; Lot 15, John Scadding.
1822 Toronto's Orange Order held its first July 12 parade.
1825 On April 1st, his 21st birthday, George Leslie sailed with his family to Canada.
1827 After a winter clearing brush in Peel County, George Leslie came to York.
1834 George Leslie helped found the Toronto Horticultural Society, Ontario's first horticultural society
1834 The City of Toronto born.
1835An English settler named Charles Watkins built a tavern at the northwest corner of Boston Avenue and Queen Street East. Watkins liked farming more than running an inn so he rented the inn out. The first landlord, Sandy Watson, kept the inn until about 1847. Then James Shaw rented the place and it became known as Shaw's Inn.
1836 George Leslie married Caroline Davis
1836 to 1837 workers planked the Kingston Road
1837 Upper Canadian Rebellion. The rebels march through Leslieville to Toronto.
1841 The Horticultural Society began holding annual exhibitions.
1842 George Leslie leased 20 acres of land from Charles Coxwell Small for a 21-year term.
1844 George Leslie opened a seed store just south of King on the east side of Yonge Street.
1845 George Leslie moved the store, "one of the best built frame structures of the time" to the Kingston Road site.
1845 The City bought part of George Leslie's Yonge Street property and opened up Colborne Street through it.
1847 George Monro was a rich Toronto businessman, and former mayor as well as a Member of Parliament. Monro's daughter, Frances Jane, married Brent Neville, an officer in the 77th Regiment, whose name is born by Neville Park Boulevard. In 1847 Neville bought 25 hectares, the western half of Lot 9, probably as a speculative venture. The land had belonged to Parker Mills who had married into the Ashbridge family.
1847 The Mississauga First Nation left the the Credit River.
1849 Judah G. Joseph and Samuel Nordheimer bought cemetery the help of Chief Justice, John Beverley Robinson.
1849 The Canadian Legislature passed the Railway Guarantee Act, to secure the bonds of new main rail lines and encourage growth.
1850 -1854 Beatty kept the Commercial Hotel on Jarvis Street, and then the Prospect Hotel until 1868.
1850 Judah Joseph's son, Samuel, buried probably near the cemetery gate where the gravestones are all under grass.
1850 Thomas Beatty purchased a block of land at the northwest corner of Kingston Road and Greenwood's Lane
1850 World trade boomed and so did Ashport as speculators bought land up, hoping to make money by subdividing it.
1851 George Leslie's wife, Caroline, died.
1852 George Smith and William Cook were the ex-owners of Shaw's Inn. In 1852 their new venture was named Uncle Tom's Cabin.
1852 The Government announced plans to build a railway from Montreal to Toronto. The Grand Trunk Railway (GTR).
1853 Robert Baldwin made George Leslie a Justice of the Peace
1853 St. John of Berkeley (later called St. John the Baptist Norway) opened.
1854 George Leslie married Mahala Greenall (1824-1905)
1854 Jesse Ashbridge built a fine red brick house
1856 The Grand Trunk Railway advertised that it was opened "Throughout to Toronto on Monday October 27".
1859 George Leslie helped found the Ontario Fruit-Growers Association
1859 George William Allan offered the Horticultural Society the land for use as a public garden.
1859 James Beaty, a staunch Orange Protestant, owner of the planked Kingston road, began a Sunday school in Ashport. Thomas Beatty donated a corner lot at Ashport on the Kingston Road for a Methodist church. Leslieville Methodist Church
1859 The City abolished the Liberties. The south side of Kingston Road became part of a Toronto ward. The north side remained in the Township of York.
1859 George Leslie moved his residence from his frame house to a much bigger new brick house at Jones Avenue and Queen Street.
1860 Jesse Ashbridge married Harriet Trainer, but, in 1863 she died in childbirth along with the baby.
1860 The Crown established the Ashport Post Office, with William Lambert, Post Master.
1860 There were nine brickmakers and many more labourers in Leslieville. The population was 400.
1861 William Davies opened his first meat processing operation. It was at the St. Lawrence Market.
1862 George Leslie Jr. became postmaster and the post office became known as the "Leslie Post Office" and the area around it, "Leslieville".
1863 The County of York built a new common or public school at Leslie Street and Sproatt. Leslieville's first principal was Alexander Muir.
1864 Jesse Ashbridge married Elizabeth Rooney. They had three children: Jesse Jr., Alfred and Wellington.
1864 John Greenwood and Kate Dwyer opened hotel at 1366 Queen St. E., the northwest corner of Greenwood and Queen street.
1866 There is the first reference to "Leslieville" in the Globe.
1867 This was the year of Confederation when Canada became a nation. In that year, Leslieville's most famous resident, Alexander Muir, wrote "The Maple Leaf Forever" as an entry for a poetry contest
1868 John Greenwood died, Kate Greenwood continued to run the tavern, an ice business, and a market garden.
1868 Thomas Beatty retired to drive the bus on Kingston Road and make more bricks.
1870 William Harris arrived in Leslieville from England
1871 Catholics built a two-room brick school on Curzon Street.
1872 James Morin bankrupt.
1873 George "Codder" Smith and William Cook sold Uncle Tom's. William Woods was proprietor of the "Leslie Hotel, Kingston Road" for a few years. It then passed into the hands of Henry (Hank) Callender. Callender remodeled the tavern and operated as Callender's Hotel. (Samuel Crothers was the bartender for a number of years.)
1874 Jesse Ashbridge died in 1874 of tuberculosis. After his death his widow Elizabeth managed the farm and raised the boys.
1874 The Trustees of the Toronto General Burying Grounds hired H. A. Engelhardt, then Canada's leading landscape architect, to lay out Mount Pleasant Cemetery
1874 The Woodbine racetrack opened in 1874, drawing crowds to the tracks and to the bars.
1875 Jubilee Riot.
1875 The Kingston Road Tramway began passenger service through Leslieville. Streetcar service was timely.
1876 St. Matthew's Church at DeGrassi Street and Grover (later Cumming) Street. It is now a City park.
1877 Local Presbyterians established a congregation in Leslieville.
1877 The Henry Martin brick machine was introduced to Canada.
1877 Thomas Beatty and his wife, Ella Winnett, had two sons and three daughters that survived to maturity, but another two died in the epidemicd that swept through Leslieville.
1878 Leslieville Presbyterian Church opened
1878 the Diocese of Toronto created St. Joseph's Parish. It was the first Toronto parish east of St. Paul's.
1879 A practical working steam shovel was invented.
1880 There were eight families of butchers in Leslieville. Many, though not all, were Irish Catholics like the Hollands, the Gallaghers and the Nolans. Gooderhams, John Clarke, George Morse, Henry and Eduard Blong and others penned livestock here and fattened them for sale.
1881 Elias A. Jones took leased the hotel from Hank Calendar who continued to live there.
1881 William Frizzell came from Newmarket to be pastor Presbyterian Church in Leslieville
1882 Gardener Frank Nicholson (1850-1882), "a young man universally respected", died of what was probably typhoid fever. He left a wife and five small children. His market garden was sold at public auction. It was part of Lot number 10 north of Queen Street East "on the east side of Greenwoods side line" and contained 100 acres. The sale advertised: "This property is planted with a fine young orchard and is well adapted for market garden purposes."
1882 Leslies gave up the general store and post office around 1882. It was sold to Joseph Trebilcock (1850-1926), from neighbouring Norway. The brick building at the northwest corner of Curzon and Queen dates at least to 1882 when they took over the store.
1882 Martin McKee gave land on Kingston Road for Leslieville's first Anglican Church.
1882 The murder of William Long.
1883 A large Presbyterian Sunday school.
1884 After a referendum. the City of Toronto annexed the territory north of Queen Street and south of Danforth Avenue, from the Don River east to Greenwood Avenue. It became St. Matthew's Ward. Annexation led to significant subdivision of properties and the building of new homes in the area.
1884 After the Long murder, Callander's briefly lost its liquor license. It operated as a temperance hotel until Hank Callender regained the license.
1884 Rev. John Carroll died, having founded both Leslieville and Woodgreen Methodist Churches.
1884 The architects of the new RC church were Kennedy, McVittie and Holland.
1885 Alfred Ashbridge also died of tuberculosis.
1887 People founded the Lord's Day Alliance, to fight for a pure Sabbath of rest.
1887 The City annexed a strip of land 200 feet deep on the north side of Queen Street East all the way from Greenwood Avenue to the Beach.
1887 The TSR streetcar line up Broadview Avenue from Queen to the corner of Danforth Avenue
1888 St. Joseph's Church was finished.
1888 The City of Toronto established its Streets Department with John Jones (Master of Leslieville's Orange Lodge) as its first commissioner.
1889 Leslieville's hoteliers included: Charles Ayres, Eastern Ave.; Henry Callender (Leslieville Hotel), 1211 Queen St. E.; E. A. Jones, 1225 Queen St E (The Morin House); and Richard O'Leary, 1366 Queen St. E. (the former Puritan Inn).
1890 The City of Toronto annexed 35 acres in a narrow north-south ribbon of land on the east side of Greenwood Avenue.
1891 Ontario's first horseless streetcars were introduced in Ottawa. The same year William Mackenzie took over the Toronto Street Railway (TSR) from Frank Smith and renamed it the Toronto Railway Company (TRC). The TRC soon became notorious for poor service.
1893 A Toronto magistrate fined a cab driver two dollars or ten days in jail for carrying a woman on Sunday.
1893 George Leslie died on June 14
1893 Thomas Beatty (1825-1893) died after being hit by streetcar.
1894 Elizabeth Ashbridge modernized the brick house.
1895 A Toronto Branch of the Provincial Sabbath Observance Alliance was formed.
1895 The Grand Trunk Railway began stopping the local trains to pick up passengers at Queen Street East, "at the old Kingston road crossing near Leslieville".
1895 The Leslieville Presbyterian Church became the Queen Street East Presbyterian Church.
1895 to 1912 the Steele Briggs Seed Co. nurseries were at 1514 Queen Street East, on the farm that had belonged to Levi Heath Ashbridge (1824-1895).
1896 Leslieville, fishing on Sunday, May 24, Empire Day, cost Thomas Reed, John Taylor and John Christie. They were fined a dollar and costs or ten days in jail.
1896 The County of York finally abolished the toll road system.
1896 The toll system was not abolished until 1896.
1897 There was a referendum to ban Sunday street cars. Failed.
1897 Toronto devoured at least 50 tons of vegetables and fruit a day. Most came from market gardens less than ten miles from Toronto.
1899 The parish built a new St. Clement's Anglican Church on the south side of Queen Street East between Jones Avenue and Curzon Street.
1900 "Shale pits" lined both sides of Greenwood Avenue north of the railway track and south of Danforth Avenue.
1900 Nrickmaking was the biggest employer in Leslieville.
1900 Harris's glue factory burned to the ground.
1900 The Grand Trunk Railway built a new brick station on De Grassi in Riverside.
1900 The Niagara Parks Commission approved a plan to build a massive hydro-electric generating station on the Canadian side of the Niagara River. Niagara powered Leslieville's factories with cheap hydroelectricity.
1900 to 1913 was a time of world-wide economic boom, despite a few hiccups here and there.
1900 Typhoid swept Toronto; the City had to take public health seriously.
1901 A judge sentenced Frank Duffy to three months in Central Prison for keeping a common gaming house. Duffy's shebeen, was in a shed was on Dagmar Avenue.
1901 East Enders celebrated the paving of Queen Street East from the Don Bridge to the GTR tracks: the boundary between Riverside and Leslieville.
1901 to 1916 Craftsman Magazine (Steckley).
1902 Alfred R. Clarke moved his tannery from to 633 Eastern Avenue
1903 City buys Leslie Grove, "Mosquito Park"
1903 City Directory there were ten Leslieville area manufacturers: Isaac Price, plant, 528-532 Greenwood Avenue; John Price, plant 165 Greenwood Avenue; Joseph Russell, 1318 Queen Street East; Bell Brothers, (James and George) Greenwood Avenue; Morley & Ashbridge (George Morley and Jesse Ashbridge) 165 Greenwood Avenue; John Logan, Greenwood Avenue; Walker Morley, 160 – 162 Greenwood Avenue; Joseph Russell, 164 – 198 Greenwood Avenue; Simpson Brick Company, plant, 40 Blake Street; D. (David) Wagstaff, 1140 Queen Street East
1903 Leslieville and nearby parts of Riverdale had 60 master brickmakers including many whose families started as butchers or market gardeners such as the Finucans and Hollands, or fishermen like the Wises
1903 Letter to the Globe Editor, G. Vennell called for streetcar service to the area between Broadview, Greenwood, Danforth and Gerrard, protesting that: It is a mistake to suppose that all this land is used as market gardens, brickyards and cattle ranches. There are hundreds of acres of some of the best residential sites in the city unoccupied, and only waiting street-car facilities to be taken up and built upon. As it is,
1905 to 1907 Canada lived through a brief, but deep economic depression, driven by speculation in the American markets.
1906 Alexander Muir (1830-1906)
1906 Bloor St. Presbyterian Church sponsored a small congregation that began meeting in a tent at the corner of Gerrard Street East and Reid Avenue in 1906. Rhodes Avenue. City of Toronto changed the name of Reid Avenue to Rhodes Avenue. In 1909 volunteers added an annex to the church.
1906 Contractors tore down an older Duke of York tavern, on Queen Street near Bond, downtown. Shortly after the Morin House became the Duke of York.
1906 The provincial Railway Board ordered the Toronto Railway Company to allow transfers between its line and the proposed Civic streetcar lines. The Railway Board ruled that new Ontario Railway Act of 1906 applied. People needed to cross the city, paying only one fare when they transferred between lines.
1907 Another Anglican church began in Leslieville when St. John the Baptist Norway Church bought a lot on Gerrard Street where the Ashdale Branch Library is now. St. Monica's Church was built in partly by volunteers and began as a small wooden building. The parent parish helped maintain and enlarge the Church. In 1919 St. Monica's became an independent parish.
1907 The Ashbridges began to subdivide their farm for residential building.
1907 The Lord's Day Act (Federal) passed.
1907 The Wrigley Building, 245 Carlaw Avenue, was built.
1907 to 1930 George and Ellen Chisholm ran the Duke of York. They were prominent Conservative Associations and Roman Catholics. Ellen McDonald Chisholm came from a family of publicans. A brother was proprietor of the Parkdale Hotel. Ellen and George Chisholm died in died in 1930.
1908 Consumer's Gas Company built a large operation on the south side of Eastern Ave. The buildings were made from good red bricks from the Leslieville Brickyards. These buildings were built between 1908 and 1912.
1908 Phillips Manufacturing Co. moved to 258 Carlaw Avenue, Toronto.
1908 The temperance crusade was eliminating liquor licenses across Ontario.
1909 A new police station was built at 126 Pape Avenue. It is now Ambulance Services Station No. 43.
1909 Gustav Stickley published the first catalogue of Craftsman homes, complete with floor plans for bungalows.
1909 Sewage plant.
1909 The City of Toronto annexed the area south of the Danforth between Greenwood Avenue and the Beach. The boom was on.
1909 The Methodist Church sold the Queen Street East Church to raise money to build a new church building. The old church sat vacant until the 1920s when one of the Ashbridges built a small machine factory around it.
1909 The Toronto Board of Education built the Duke of Connaught School on six acres of the Ashbridge's orchard. The Duke of Connaught, Prince Arthur, laid the cornerstone.
1910 Anger boiled over when the Toronto Railway Company changed its policy from an honour system to a pay-as-you board system and enforce a non-smoking policy. Torontonians rioted in the streets, defending their "right" to smoke on public transit.
1910 Joseph Russell, Queen Street East, had one of the largest brickyards in Canada, producing white and red stock brick.
1912 "brick famine"
1912 Greenwood Park appears on Goad's Atlas maps for the first time.
1912 John Russell (1838-1912)
1912 The Ashbridges sold Ashbridge's Woods to developers for the Monarch Park subdivision.
1912 the City widened Greenwood Avenue
1912 the Civic Car line began operating for the first time along Gerrard Street through to Main Street.
1912 Wellington T. Ashbridge published The Ashbridge Book. By that time the Ashbridge property was no longer a working farm.
1913 About 13 miles of trunk sewer went into operation. The Morley Avenue sewage plant then began handling all of Toronto's sewage.
1913 Joseph Russell, owner of one of the largest brickyards in Canada, sold his 55-acre brickyard on Gerrard Street East. The land all around it had been developed for housing. Monarch Realty Company bought the Joseph Russell property for $150,000. Tanner and Gates, developers, subdivided the brickyard for housing. They extended Alton and Hastings, and laid out new streets including Stanton, Parkfield and Sawden. They had to do a lot of grading in the rough and cratered brickyard before it could be sold for housing.
1913 The Ashbridges tore down the log cabin and the 1809 clapboard house.
1913 The City Parks Department assumed responsibility for playgrounds
1913 The railroads, the City of Toronto, the Toronto Harbor Commissioners and the Government of Canada agreed to build the Toronto viaduct.
1913 The Toronto Railway Company built the Russell carhouse in 1913 as a paint shop.
1916 The Wrigley gum factory was built on Carlaw Avenue.
1916 The Toronto Hydroelectric System built a new building at 369 Carlaw Avenue in 1916, to supply power to industry. They added an addition to the south in 1924. (
1916 When their King carhouse burned down in 1916, they turned their Leslieville operation into a carhouse.
1917 A. R. Clarke, owner of the ltannery on Eastern Avenue, was on the Luistania off the coast of Ireland when a German u-boat sank the liner. Clarke sustained fatal internal injuries when he was dragged under by the great ship's death throes.
1917 Rolph-Clark-Stone Limited built its new building at 201 Carlaw Avenue. Rolph-Clark-Stone Limited was "one of Canada's largest graphic arts companies."
1917 The "Leslieville Ratepayers' Association" changed its name to the "Riverdale Ratepayers' Association".
1917 The Munitions Board built a $3 million plant on the Eastern Harbor Temrinals.
1918 Wrigley Canada built a private firehall, at 87 Boston Avenue, to service its factory.
1919 A new Jewish Cemetery on Jones Avenue, just north of Leslieville, was consecrated.
1919 A new Loblaws Store opened at Queen and Logan. Loblaw's with its experimental "We Sell For Less" cash-and-carry format, quickly became so popular.
1919 Dominion Stores incorporated.
1919 Elizabeth Rooney Ashbridge died in 1919. The house and remaining land passed to Wellington and his wife Mable Davis). Their daughters were Dorothy and Betty.
1919 The Volstead Act passed in the U.S. and the rum-running era began. There was a referendum on prohibition.
1920 Albert Wagstaff built the Vera Apartments around this time, named after his only daughter.
1920 The Dunlop Football Grounds occupied part of the old Leslie Nurseries.
1920 The Greenwood Athletic Field was renamed Greenwood Park. The new park was created, graded and leveled.
1920 One Toronto ratepayers' association asked that virtually all of Toronto be covered by the brick limits: "The purpose is to prevent the erection of wooden shacks."
1921 The City of Toronto built the Coxwell Stables in 1912 to house City Works' Department horses
1921 The Toronto Transportation Commission (now the Toronto Transit Commission) was founded in September 21, 1921, and took over the streetcar companies and their lines. They found the Russell carbarns unsafe.
1923 66 houses were built on Berkshire Avenue.
1923 The THC completed landfill operations.
1923 The TTC called for tenders for the demolition and the erection of a new carhouse. The new building opened 1924. The Traffic office was located at the northeast corner of the property.
1924 The Rhodes Avenue congregation voted for Union in 1924 and some members left to start St. Matthew's Presbyterian Church on Eastwood Avenue.
1925 Lakeshore Boulevard East was built.
1925 mid-1920s "Leslie Gardens" was laid out and neat rows of bungalows built on Larchmount, Berkshire, Rushbrooke, and Marigold.
1925 Riverdale Methodist, WoodGreen Methodist, Rhodes Avenue Presbyterian and other churches joined to become the United Church of Canada.
1925 Workers built Canada Metals on landfill south of Eastern Avenue, near the paint factories and the tannery.
1926 Prohibition was repealed in Ontario in 1926, only 15 breweries remained.
1927 The United Church of Canada built a $25,000 church at Queen Street East and Greenwood Avenue, St. Stephen's United Church, at 1369 Queen Street East. The church opened in 1928.
1929 Stock market crash. The Great Depression begins.
1930 Toronto Nurseries bankrupt.
1933 Balmy Beach the Swastika Club, inspired by Hitler's Nazis, formed. Thugs attacked Jews at the Beaches. Jews and Italians fought Nazi supporters in the Christie Pits Riot.
1937 The Men of the Trees placed a plaque on the old silver maple
1944 Ontario passed its Racial Discrimination Act. Discrimination by restrictive covenant was challenged in the Wren and Wolf cases. Racist restrictive covenants were finally outlawed in the 1950s though changing attitudes took longer.
1945 to 1946 The Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation built 1328-1338 Queen Street, Greenwood Court, as veterans' housing.
1945 World War Two ended with 40,042 Canadians killed.
1955 Orange Order Mayor Leslie Saunders openly campaigned as a "Protestant" and appealed to the victory at the Battle of the Boyne. Nathan Phillips offered himself as a mayor for all the people. He became Toronto's first Jewish mayor.
1955 TheLeslie Street Spit or "East Headland" was begun
1956 Name of the original race track was changed to Old Woodbine.
1956 The Toronto Brick Company closed
1957 An older timer said that, "Pigs, flowers and bricks" were the making of Leslieville.
1958 The Orange Association of Canada put its own plaque at Maple Cottage, replacing the 1937 one.
1963 The racetrack became Greenwood Racetrack.
1963 TheCanadian Authors Association offered a $1,000 prize for a new set of lyrics to The Maple Leaf Forever.
1965 The City of Toronto Board of Control approved zoning changes to allow a high-rise and town house complex in the old Price 16-acre brickyard, on the east side of Greenwood Avenue, south of Felstead Avenue, on Torbrick Road. Torbrick Investments Ltd.
1966 The Toronto Board of Education agreed that a new high school was needed in the area.
1967 to 1972 Toronto's last Orange Mayor, William Dennison, a New Democrat, led the city.
1968 The Maple Leaf Forever Tree was believed to be 160 years old. A January ice storm damaged the Silver maple and a large branch was downed. The City installed a protective fence around the yard to safeguard the tree from trucks turning into Memory Lane.
1972 The new Lakeview Secondary School was in partial use. In September 1972 it opened with 950 students. It was later closed because of lack of students and sold to the Toronto Separate School Board. It is now St. Patrick Catholic Secondary School.
1973 Concerned about high levels of lead in their children's blood, a local citizens' group demanded that the government start blood tests of residents in the area around the foundry. Ontario's Environment Ministry ordered Canada Metals to stop emitting lead and lead compounds. Four days later a court disallowed the he Stop Order because the judge decided that no health hazard could be attributed solely to Canada Metals.
1976 The Ministry of the Environment issued a control order to abate fugitive emissions and from plant spills. Workers excavated contaminated soil from neighbourhood lawns and gardens in June and July 1977 at a cost of $80,000.
1980 O Canada, by Calixa Lavallée and Adolphe-Basile Routhier, became Canada's official national anthem.
1980 The courts gave Canada Metals a suspended sentence after it pled guilty to charges of air pollution. The judge said argued that it was justified to suspend the sentence because Canada Metals was a good corporate citizen, because there is "no physical possibility of recurrence of the offence", and because there was little, if any, harm done."
1981 An arsonist burned St. Stephen's United Church down. Riverdale Housing Co-op now occupies the site.
1981 The Toronto Historical Board placed Maple Cottage and the Maple Leaf Forever Tree on its list of Heritage Properties.
1987 Terry and Bruce Brackett, owners of etc…news pushed the City of Toronto to erect street signs with "Leslieville" above the street name.
1991 Ontario's Conservation Review Board of the Ontario Ministry designated 62 Laing Street, Maple Cottage.
1993 Live racing at Greenwood ended.
1994 St. Joseph's and Our Lady of Good Health Parish was established to serve the Tamil Catholic community. It included the old St. Joseph's of Leslieville.
1994 The Tango Palace opened at 1156 Queen Street East.
1995 Citizens asked the City to name the lane behind 62 Laing, Maple Leaf Cottage, Memory Lane.
1997 Archaeologists Marti Latta with Dena Doroszenko of the Ontario Heritage Foundation, excavated the site of the Ashbridge log cabin.
1998, 1999 and 2000 The Ontario Heritage Foundation partnered with the University of Toronto's archaeological field school to dig the Ashbridge site.
2000 The City began renovating Maple Cottage. It spent over $300,000 repairing and furnishing the building and another $128,000 landscaping the property and Maple Leaf Forever Park next door.
2000 The private lane at 1307 and 1309 Queen Street East was named Agnes Lane at the request of Eastend Developments.
2001 Fire destroyed the A.R. Clarke Limited building as it was being converted into a film sound stage.
2002 The Neighbourhood Unitarian Universalist Congregation bought St. Monica's Anglican Church on Hiawatha Road.


text:
Tri-City nurse stabs boyfriend with butter knife, then steak knife
Will she be re-instated to labor and delivery?
By Eva Knott, Jan. 16, 2019
Attorney Herb Weston explained to the court that Christena Potter is a responsible person, except when drinking.
Photograph by Eva Knott
'We are not required to wait for her to injure a patient at work," attorney Erin Sunseri told a judge. Representing the California nurses licensing board, Sunseri was trying to prevent Christena Potter doing any more work as a registered nurse, before the court system could convict her of felony assault for stabbing her boyfriend.
Christena Potter declared in court papers: "I am a respected Labor and Delivery Nurse at Tri City hospital, which all of my coworkers will vouch for." Christena had filed paperwork asking for a restraining order against her live-in boyfriend, whom we will call Rusty. This was after the butter-knife incident, which happened in March of 2017, more than a year before her nursing license was suspended.
Christena Potter, 47, and her boyfriend liked to get liquored up and argue all night.
Christena and Rusty had been together six years by early 2017. Over the years they developed a habit of drinking and quarreling on Saturdays into the early morning hours of Sundays.
Rusty said it was a Sunday in February when they were arguing, "And she went into the closet and retrieved a gun and pointed it at me and told me to leave the house." They were living in Christena's house in Fallbrook on February 19, 2017. "I was afraid and left the house." But he was able to overcome his fear, and he met with Christena some days later, because he wanted to "work things out."
So they were together again, two weeks later, on March 5, 2017. Another Sunday. Rusty was again with Christena in her home, and they had been drinking and arguing. It got to be 4 am. "I didn't want to continue the argument, so I locked myself into the bedroom. Somehow Christena gained entrance to the bedroom."
Prosecutor Marnie Layon's job was made more difficult by a victim who was reluctant to testifiy.
Rusty's statements are in court files. He said Christena went into the closet and got the same pistol. "She pointed the gun at me and told me that she would shoot me unless I left." Rusty got out of bed and made it into the living room, but Christena's 20-year-old son was there and he "confronted me, getting up in my face." Rusty "pushed" the young man and then "Christena picked up a butter knife." He claimed the enraged 45-year-old woman stabbed him with the blunt instrument. "I suffered lacerations to my left eye, my shoulder, and two on my stomach." Forty-three-year-old Rusty escaped from the house. But he came back about five hours later.
It was daylight by then, about 9 am, when Rusty returned with his own two sons, 15 and 22. Rusty hoped to get some of his belongings. "Christena refused to let me into the house to get my clothes. She finally let me in, and I grabbed some items of clothes." But Christena had called 911 and Sheriff's deputies showed up. "They separated us and talked to both of us," Rusty reported later. "After assessing the situation they arrested Christena on charges of domestic violence."
Not all trash lives in trailers.
Zillow.com
The California Board of Registered Nursing found this incident during their research, and they declared Christena Potter's actions to be "unprofessional conduct." This was one of the justifications for suspending her license. Deputy Attorney General Erin Sunseri appeared in court and got a judge's approval on July 17, 2018.
After she was arrested for the butter-knife incident, Christena quickly bailed out of jail. The next day, a Monday, both Christena and Rusty filed paperwork, each asking for a restraining order against the other. These statements in court files are dated March 6, 2017.
On the forms, Christena described Rusty as 5 feet 10 inches tall and 250 pounds. He was 43 years old then. Rusty said Christena was 5 feet 4 inches tall and 240 pounds. She was 45 years old.
On the form, Rusty said his relationship with Christena was: "used to live together and used to date." He asked for protection for himself and his 15-year-old, "He is my son and a minor; he lives with me 50 percent of the time." And he wanted a stay-away order to include his child's school and his own 2017 Peterbilt 389 truck.
Rusty told the court: "I have knowledge that Christena Potter owns or has access to guns or firearms. She threatened me with a pistol on March 5, 2017 and was arrested."
Vulgar names
Christena Potter did write on her form that "guns were taken by police." But most of her statements differed from Rusty's.
Christena wrote: "I am not a violent person. I have been in a dysfunctional, violent relationship and would like to be protected." She described Rusty: "He is regularly drunk and acts violent." She claimed he called her vulgar names and threatened to kill her. She told the court that she was the one who called 911, "and because I did not have any bruises and he did, I was taken to jail."
Both Rusty and Christena got Temporary Restraining Orders against each other. But neither person showed up for a hearing three weeks later, on March 29, 2017, so the judge did not renew the TROs.
I am selling my home
In her court paperwork, Christena claimed that Rusty created financial problems. She said he possessed a 40-foot dump trailer, and she was the one who had signed as "guarantor," and the payments were delinquent. And "He sold a flat bed trailer financed by myself one month ago and did not pay the loan for the title. He owes Great Western Finance $7000 — and does not have the money."
Christena claimed that she filed a fraud charge against Rusty because on March 5, 2017 he had taken her bank card and took $300 from her account.
Christena said she owned a home in Fallbrook, at 1336 Banyan Drive. "I am selling my home to pay for unauthorized credit card transactions of $20,000 that he made."
She declared, "The home is mine, purchased privately. I own the home and pay the mortgage. The home is for sale, so I may pay debt he made." Public records show that home sold on April 26, 2017, seven weeks after the butter-knife-stabbing incident, for $582,000.
Steak knife
A year later, in the spring of 2018, there was another drunken fight that started on a Saturday night. In May of 2018, Christena Potter and Rusty were living together again, they were in an apartment on Flower Lane in Vista, at that time. The fighting went on past midnight, a few minutes into Sunday morning May 20, and this time it was Rusty who phoned 911.
The San Diego County Sheriff released a statement describing what deputies found. "Christena Potter stabbed her husband in the chest with a steak knife after an argument at their home." There is bodycam footage from deputies. "The victim was awake and alert when deputies arrived." The Sheriff stated: "He was transported to the hospital for a non-life threatening wound to his chest." Apparently, deputies were not that impressed with the steak knife still protruding from Rusty, but a doctor later said the knife was three inches deep into his torso and just one inch from his heart.
Rusty, 44, wisely chose to leave the steak knife in place and wait for hospital personnel to remove it, because he feared that he would bleed to death if the knife was removed.
Officers did not find the alleged stabber, "Christena Potter left the scene before deputies arrived." The following day, Christena showed up with her private defense attorney at the Sheriff's station in Vista. She was booked into jail on suspicion of attempted murder, and held without bail until her first court appearance on May 23, 2018.
Christena, 46, was charged with three felonies: attempted murder, assault with a deadly weapon, and corporal injury to spouse. At her arraignment a judge set bail at $125,000. She paid a fee of $12,500 to All Aces Bail Bonds and she was at liberty the next day.
Although there is plenty of evidence, prosecutor Marnie Layon was hampered, because the victim declined to cooperate. The prosecutor said victim Rusty is not willing to testify, he refused to okay release of his medical records from Palomar Hospital, and declared that he will invoke his Fifth Amendment rights if he is subpoenaed to testify.
Two months after the steak knife was removed, in July 2018, Rusty spoke to a judge. He requested that the stay-away order protecting him from Christena be modified to "no negative contact." But the prosecutor expressed "grave fear" for his safety and she opposed that request; the judge kept the protective order as a "stay-away."
Marnie Layon remarked on the record, that the DA's office did not file charges after the earlier, butter-knife incident, in March 2017.
Criminal things
Five months after she was arrested for attempted murder, on November 6, 2018, Christena Potter took a plea deal that was offered to her: she would admit to felony corporal injury to a co-habitant and personally using a deadly weapon. The plea deal paperwork stated that she could get as many as five years in prison. However, on the day of her sentencing, December 11, 2018, the judge "suspended" any prison time. Judge K. Michael Kirkman ordered Christena Potter into three years formal probation. He also ordered that she should never possess any alcohol, and to participate in a 52-week "batterer's program," as part of her probation conditions.
Christena Potter's attorney, Herbert Weston, declared that she was a "responsible person" except when alcohol caused her "to do irresponsible and criminal things."
Judge Kirkman commented that "She is fortunate the victim survived all of this."
Christena Potter is now 47 years old, and continues to be at liberty. Her attorney said she intends to get her nursing license reinstated
More stories by Eva Knott
Night people of San Marcos — Jan. 30, 2019
Officer was injured deploying spike strip — May 3, 2018
Blindsided by a lug wrench at the bus stop — Sept. 12, 2017
Nancy won't leave — Aug. 11, 2017
Vista sisters fighting ends in arrest — June 27, 2017
AlexClarke
Jan. 17, 2019 @ 7:01 a.m.
I would not want her to be my nurse. Revoke her license.
Visduh
While she may lay off the boozing while on duty and would never think of harming a patient, co-worker, or family member visiting the hospital, there's a risk there. I doubt that she ever imagined attacking the boyfriend with knives, but even her attorney admits she did it. Far too risky, I'd say, to be allowed to work. That is, unless she can prove she has her act together.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Grade 10-12 students will be working in a cohort exploring a variety of trades over the semester. Students will be introduced to trades such as: welding, electrical, carpentry and heavy equipment operator. The program is designed to give students skill in a variety of trades and a better understanding of what each trade requires to help them make more informed career choices in the trades. Students will be working out of the Smithers Secondary and Northwest Community College. Preference will be given to grade 10 students.


Hello! I have been searching about Mr. Yoshiyuki Okuyama and found your blog (I translated into English). You seem to know a lot about him. I know what cameras he use but really want to know what film he use. Can you tell me if it's Kodak? Maybe Ultramax 400? Thank you!!!!
Hello! As far as I know, he mainly uses Fujifilm SUPERIA PREMIUM 400(perhaps this item is available only in Japan)or Fujifilm PRO400H.


text:
Q: How do I call a function with UITextDocumentProxy as input? I have a function here where I would like to monitor the text box content for changing something else in the view. I need to call the result of this function into a variable so I can use it. I am getting multiple errors for multiple things I tried.
var temp = false

func UITextDocumentProxyIsEmpty(textDocumentProxy: UITextDocumentProxy) -> Bool {
    let precedingContext = textDocumentProxy.documentContextBeforeInput
    if precedingContext?.count == 0 {
        return true
    }
    return false
}

temp = UITextDocumentProxyIsEmpty(..?????

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Things to Do > Events Calendar > Summer on the Hudson: Everybody Tango!
Summer on the Hudson: Everybody Tango!
This event repeats every week on Thursday between 6/7/2018 and 7/26/2018.
Enjoy introductory Argentine Tango lessons, music, and dancing in the open air. Lessons are held at 6:45 p.m. and 7:45 p.m. with social dance time between lessons.
Live music and dancers will be featured on June 7 and July 26.


We have received a lot of excellent questions and comments from our FamilySearch users. Thank you! We appreciate your comments and suggestions. Please continue to let us hear your comments. If you like what you see, let us know so we can keep doing it. If you have questions or concerns, click the . . .
Get Help link and send us a message so we can hear what you think needs our attention. We read every comment we receive from you. We may not be able to respond back to every comment sent but be assured, every comment, positive or negative, is read.
Below are a few of the more common questions being sent to use. We hope that the answers are helpful.
Q: Can I upload a GEDCOM file from my Personal Ancestral File program (or some other record management product) into my Family Tree?
From the home page, click the Search link located at the top of the page.
On the bottom of the page, click Submit Tree.
From here, follow the instructions found on the screen. A printable PDF file handout is available that providsd additional detailed instructions for uploading a GEDCOM file into Family Tree.
Q: As I review my tree, I found that the tree information that I submitted to FamilySearch previously is missing some information. What happened?
A: In most cases, if someone else has been adding or changing information to an ancestor that you share in common with them, they may have changed a record enough to unintentionally break the link to your tree. The best way to fix this is to search for the ancestor that is the missing link in your tree and "re-link" them to your existing tree. When you do that, all of the remaining information associated with that branch will automatically be added to your tree. We are currently working on a way to minimizing the risk of this from happening in the future.
Q: How do I get to the Learning Center where I can find lessons and video instructions for using some of the new FamilySearch features ?
From the home page, click the Get Help link located at the top right corner of the page.
On the Help Center page, click the Learning Center icon.
Q: How do I add my story to FamilySearch?
From the homepage, click the Photos icon.
Instructions for adding a story are located at the Product Support link. You can print out a PDF version of the instructions at this site as well.
Q: Can I add my story to FamilySearch by uploading a Word file?
Open up the Word file that contains your story.
Using the cut and paste features of the Word program you are using, cut the text from the Word document and paste it directly into your story feature of FamilySearch.
Q: I would like to see what pedigrees and other genealogies people have submitted. In the old system they were called Trees. How to I find them with this new version of FamilySearch?
From the home page, click Search.
Click Genealogies. You are now ready to begin your search.


text:
A MAGICIAN LOOKS AT URI GELLER
An Excerpt, Translated from the Danish,
from Uri Geller, by Leo Leslie.
Leo Leslie is a professional magician living in Copenhagen, Denmark and an administrative employee of the local government. He is acknowledged as one of Scandinavia's leading experts on the history of magic. Mr. Leslie is cofounder of the Magic Ring -a society of magicians – and former editor of Cyprianus, a Danish journal for professional magicians. He currently holds the honorary title of consultant-adviser in all matters concerning magic for the National Museum of Denmark. For years, Mr. Leslie has speciaised in exposing fraudulent mediums.
In January of 1974 Uri Geller visited Copenhagen and appeared on a local television show, Because Leo Leslie was a magician, he was called in by the studio before Geller's arrival to instruct the members of the show in the magic tricks he thought Geller would attempt to use; Leslie felt certain, for example, that Geller used a chemical to soften metal objects before he attempted to bend them. For the taping of the show, certain precautions were taken: members of Geller's personal staff were barred from the studio, and throughout the performance one camera always remained focused on Geller's hands. Although Geller apparently displayed telepathy and psychokinesis during the taping, Leslie, a skeptic, still was not convinced that what he had seen was genuine. After the show he and Geller got together in one of the backstage dressing rooms, along with a local journalist, a photographer, a psychologist, and one woman from the television studio. The excerpt from Leslie's book dealing with what occurred in the dressing room is presented here.
Because of the geographical arrangement of the papers in this book, Leslie's account of his experiences with Geller appears separately from the papers by magicians Artur Zorka and William Cox.
The material that follows has been excerpted and translated from the book Uri Geller, by Leo Leslie, Samleres Forlag, 1974.
I TOLD GELLER I was still skeptical despite what I had seen him do on the television show. He asked what he could do to convince me of the genuineness of his paranormal powers. "Well," I said, "you could either bend one of my keys or attempt, if you can, to read my thoughts." Geller responded enthusiastically. "OK," he said. "Make a drawing." He asked me to sit at one end of the sofa with my back to him while he sat at the opposite end with his back to me. I decided to draw a flower. (From the psychologist who stood near Geller and observed his every move, I later learned that Geller started to draw a flower immediately, even before I set my pencil to the paper. He had finished his drawing before I had even begun mine.) "Are you finished?" Geller asked me. I told him that I was not, and that I was still concentrating on the object I had decided to draw.
"Then we must start over again," said Uri, "because I have already received an image and finished my drawing." He thought this attempt had failed.
Now I drew a flower and took some time putting finishing touches on it. But apparently Geller was receiving nothing. "I don't think I can do it," he said. "Are you having difficulty concentrating on the object?" he asked. I told him that I was, but still I asked to see whatever sketches he might have made. He turned around and said, "I can only get the image of flowers." He had drawn a crude sketch of another flower.
My suspicions of him had begun to fade. There was no chance that he could have cheated. None of his own people was present in the room. The girl from the studio sat at Geller's end of the room and she could not see my drawing. A photographer roamed about the room, but he said nothing and did nothing but take photographs. Geller could not have used accomplices or relied on secret signs to receive the drawings.
What about the possibility that Geller relied on "sound readings," that is, the reproduction of lines from the sound impressions a pencil makes on paper. Because I am an experienced mentalist, I intentionally had distorted the sounds my pencil made while I drew the flower. In addition, I spoke constantly during the time I was drawing – partly to drown out sound from my pencil and in part actually to confuse Geller. I believe that sound-reading must be ruled out as a possible method by which Geller could have received the drawings.
Could Geller have used a "thumb-writer"? This clever little magician's aid is a tiny metal clip, filled with lead, which is held tightly underneath the thumbnail so that the lead point sticks out slightly. With such a device, an accomplished mentalist can, in a moment, reproduce a simple drawing or a small series of numbers on a card behind his back. When the mentalist pulls the card from behind his back, it looks as if the drawing had been there all along. Being a practising mentalist, I will not go into complete detail here on exactly what else a person experienced with a thumb-writer can achieve. The only thing that must be stated is that the psychologist at Geller's end of the sofa saw Geller draw both flowers before he said he "gave up." I have to admit that I believe Geller actually read my thoughts.
After his demonstration of telepathy Geller tried psychokinesis. A nickel-plated, enamelled key was given to Geller. He asked the journalist who was present to hold the key between two fingers. Geller then rubbed it a couple of times, very lightly, with his forefinger. "I can't do it," he suddenly said. "You have done something to this key. I cannot get in contact with the metal." I immediately suspected that Geller probably uses a chemical to soften metal, and that with the coating on the key he felt defeated. I took the key from the journalist and studied it closely. But while I sat looking at the key the enamel suddenly started to crack, and a second later strips of the nickel plating curled up like small banana peels, while the key actually started to bend in my hand. I don't know who was more excited, Geller or the rest of us in the room. I only know that we were all thrilled.
The judgement of all of us who were present for what occurred was one of total endorsement of Geller's paranormal claims: both his ability to bend metal and his talent for receiving telepathic signals. When I am asked about the strength of my own conclusions as to what I witnessed, I can answer only that while Geller was in Copenhagen I did not catch him in any deceptions. Therefore I have to continue to rely on my own judgement and experience as a mentalist; they tell me that Uri Geller is genuine.


text:
YORK DRAW . . . AGAIN!
York City have been the League's draw specialists this season. Three of their seven matches in men's Division 4 finished all square - the latest, a 10-10 thriller today with Coventry.
Coventry went ahead at 10-8 early in the final period at Liverpool when Matt Hannah scored his seventh goal. Chris Burns then reduced the deficit with a man-up; then another man-up chance enabled Ben Pacey to claim an equaliser with just over two minutes remaining.
Tyldesley's Neil Williams (Photo: Trevor Hyde), the division's top marksman, finished the Division 4 programme in spectacular style - a small matter of TEN goals in his team's 25-8 drubbing of Hucknall, who drop to Championship 4 along with Coventry and Caledonia Storm.
Bridgefield took top spot after defeating Rotherham Metro 11-5 in their final game. They finished level on points with Tyldesley but took first place having won their clash with Tyldesley earlier in the campaign.


At the end of October, we spent a day in Licking with Christina's family. We visited a local pumpkin patch and had our own bonfire that night.
Mimi just wanted a picture with all the kids. They weren't interested at first.
Jaxin finally joined us but Carissa still had some attitude/humor to share.


Midlands Lubricants Ltd, supplier distributor of premium quality own brand oil and lubricants suitable for Articulated Dumper Truck Oil, Building Site Dumper Truck Oil and Rigid Dumper Truck Oil. We supply oils suitable for ASV Posi Track Dumper Truck including quality HVI 32 Hydraulic Oil, UTTO Transmission Fluid, 10w/30 Engine Oil Low Saps, and Antifreeze as well as quality Axle Oil, Differential Oil and Traffic Film Remover.
We have everything required for your ASV Posi Track Dumper Truck – Dumper Transmission Fluid, Engine Oil, Hydraulic Oil, Axle Oil, Differential Oil, Drive Oil, Engine Gearbox Oil, Steering Oil, Brake and Clutch Oil, Hubs Oil as well as Dumper Truck Grease and Long Life Dumper Truck Antifreeze (coolant), Front Axle, Rear Axle, Power Take Off Oil and Dumper Screenwash and Suspension Fluid.


Dried cuttlefish, a photo by martynjbull on Flickr.
At the Japanese supermarket, I found this freeze dried cuttle fish. It looks unappetising so I'm wondering what else it might be used for. Beating off intruders? Planting bulbs?
Actually, if you open it the smell might be strong enough to keep intruders away!


High temperature fatigue testing systems include Low Cycle Fatigue (LCF), Thermomechanical Fatigue (TMF) and Electro-Thermal Mechanical Testing (ETMT) systems. LCF systems assess the performance of materials at elevated isothermal conditions when subjected to high loads and plastic deformations. TMF and ETMT systems simulate the complex effects of thermal cycling combined with mechanical loading, normally experienced by gas turbines and similar equipment during operation. All Instron high temperature fatigue testing systems are fully integrated packages that allow our customers to carry out testing quickly and efficiently, in compliance with all relevant standards.
Low Cycle Fatigue systems can assess the fatigue performance of materials at elevated isothermal temperatures.
Thermomechanical Fatigue Systems simulate the results of thermal cycling and mechanical fatigue and allow advanced analysis of high performance materials.
Instron's Electro-Thermal Mechanical Testing System can measure mechanical and physical properties and micro-structural stability with thermal exposure.


Many chessplayers consider Albin's Countergambit (1.d4 d5 2.c4 e5) nothing more than a relict of romantic chess, connecting with it – at most – the names of the old masters like Lasker, Aljechin, Janowski, Marshall and Keres. Even many tournament players don't really know much more about this opening than the following nice trap with the sub-promotion of a pawn into a knight: 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e5 3.dxe5 d4 4.e3 Bb4+ 5.Bd2 dxe3 6.Bxb4 exf2+ 7.Ke2 fxg1N+ with a winning position for Black. Fortunately enough, from time to time certain world-class players are willing to reconsider the old and connect it with new ideas. Thus Albin's Countergambit experienced a revival in 2004 when top ten player Alexander Morozevich repeatedly employed in tournament practice – with success.
Fascinated by the possibilities of this opening, also Kasimdzhanov followed Morozevichs example – and was successful too. Now Rustam Kasimdzhanov presents to you the experience made in top chess in the last years, in nearly 3.5 hours of video.
Rustam Kasimdzhanov. Born in 1979, the grandmaster from Uzbekistan has for many years been known as a very strong and imaginative player.
However in 2004 Rustam Kasimdzhanov shocked the chess world by winning the FIDE world chess championship title, beating a string of world-class players like Ivanchuk, Grischuk, Topalov and Adams in the process.


It was cold, windy, and overcast on Friday afternoon, but over 100 students gathered in O'Neill Plaza for the Rights on the Heights rally protesting the administration's limitations on student free speech on campus. Hosted by a number of groups including Climate Justice at Boston College and the Social Justice Coalition, Rights on the Heights featured a platform for student leaders, professors, and alumni to voice their struggles and concerns about how student groups are operated and organized on campus.
Registered student organizations are difficult to form at BC and Friday's student speakers made it clear that they did not believe the administration did not do enough to support these groups in allowing them to become registered. If a student organization is not registered with the Office of Student Involvement (OSI), they currently are not allowed to hang fliers or organize meetings in University spaces.
The various student organizations each presented a specific issue of rights or treatment at BC. The Haitian Society of BC, for example, believed that race was an issue that was still not sufficiently addressed on campus, both by students and the administration. Lakeisha St. Joy, A&S '15, said that she believed she was speaking not just for the Haitian community, but for all students of color when she said that the school had a romanticized view of what diversity really is. With the University's enormous endowment, she also questioned the administration's lack of assistance when so many culture clubs struggle to make ends meet financially.
Climate Justice at BC, one of the event's hosts, expressed its frustration with the organization's current status. It applied to be a Registered Student Organization (RSO) several times, in part because the group includes graduate students, which are not allowed to be part of an RSO. Alyssa Florack, A&S '17, said that among the reasons they received for their rejection were that their organization's goal is not sustainable.
"BC does these small, backhanded things where they're not directly fighting you … like denying us as an RSO is their way of keeping us down without actually being open about doing that," said Florack.
Climate Justice at BC's initial goal was to get the school to divest from fossil fuels in their endowment portfolios, but now, Florack said, the group's goal goes beyond that. The goal has expanded to educating people about the climate injustice that is occurring around the world. Florack and the rest of the group is hopeful that the new Undergraduate Government of Boston College (UGBC) proposal will allow for more freedom for groups on campus to promote causes such as theirs.
The rally itself was held strategically on the same day that UGBC was presenting its proposal to the Board of Trustees and OSI. Its organizers hoped the rally would show that the student body was behind the proposal. UGBC kept some distance from the rally, claiming that while the issues being raised were all supported by UGBC, they were not necessarily related to the Student Guide revisions.
Rev. Raymond G. Helmick, S.J. told those in attendance that if they want to make a difference, they need to unite with students across the country to create the change they want to see. All the substantial change society has realized in the past decades, he said, has come from student activism.
Colton Jones, a student at Syracuse University, exemplified this connectedness, sending a statement to students at BC that was read at the rally.
Correction: An earlier version of the article stated that Colton Jones spoke at the rally. Jones instead sent a statement to the students at the rally, which was then read aloud.


Who Is A Good Person To Do A Theology Research Paper On?
Theology may be described as the logical interpretation of religion. The very definition is an oxymoron; a juxtaposition of opposite entities. Religion steps out of faith and faithful following and faith invariably defies logic. Faith believes in miracles; logic refutes it.
The most perfect person to do a theology research on is an atheist or a non-believer. The best thing about him is that he begins on a clean slate. There is no partiality or predilection towards a certain religion. He is as disposed to listen to the faith of a religion as to the logic aspect of it.
You can first convince him of a seminal plot; that religion breed peace is you follow it peacefully. All religions of this world spread peace and compassion. He should be pragmatic enough to take that line and not be unduly reluctant towards it.
You can then assert points on which to propagate or indict; recommend or refute the religion. The logic here is to create scope of conflict and then solve it through meaningful discussion. Take the case of the most popular question – Does God exist? Over the centuries, it has had multiple answers; some far-fetched, some diabolical and some intensely logical.
You should pose religious situations and ask the atheist to tackle them. You may ask him why people suddenly start believing in God when their end comes near or as they grow old. You can ask him that if there is no God; how this world, with all its imperfections, is running so perfectly. You can invent scores of other questions and situations for him.
You can give him breathing space by asserting that many a times, people think that there is a divine intervention when actually, what happens is purely scientific. However, you cannot argue on certain fold; anomalous expansion of water; evolution of man, fury of elemental forces, unpredictability of weather; brilliance of the human mind. All these have hardly a logical answer and still require decoding.
You can carry on a research on how the atheist's mind runs. Who does he give credit for his achievements and discredit for his failure. How does he account for the sudden benevolent turns he must have encountered or the near-misses he has had with death or a severe injury. If he believes in fate; he believes, in effect, in God.
This is actually a subject of intense discussion.
Who is a good person to do a Theology research paper on? Theology may be described as the logical interpretation of religion. The very definition is an oxymoron; a juxtaposition of opposite entities. Religion steps out of faith and faithful following and faith invariably defies logic. Faith believes in miracles; logic refutes it. The non-believer The most perfect person to do a theology research on is an atheist or a non-believer. The best thing about him is that he begins on a clean slate. There is no partiality or predilection towards a certain religion. He is as disposed to listen to the faith of a religion as to the logic aspect of it. You can first convince him of a seminal plot; that religion breed peace is you follow it peacefully. All religions of this world spread peace and compassion. He should be pragmatic enough to take that line and not be unduly reluctant towards it. Taking lines You can then assert points on which to propagate or indict; recommend or refute the religion. The logic here is to create scope of conflict and then solve it through meaningful discussion. Take the case of the most popular question – Does God exist? Over the centuries, it has had multiple answers; some far-fetched, some diabolical and some intensely logical. You should pose religious situations and ask the atheist to tackle them. You may ask him why people suddenly start believing in God when their end comes near or as they grow old. You can ask him that if there is no God; how this world, with all its imperfections, is running so perfectly. You can invent scores of other questions and situations for him. The breathing space You can give him breathing space by asserting that many a times, people think that there is a divine intervention when actually, what happens is purely scientific. However, you cannot argue on certain fold; anomalous expansion of water; evolution of man, fury of elemental forces, unpredictability of weather; brilliance of the human mind. All these have hardly a logical answer and still require decoding. You can carry on a research on how the atheist's mind runs. Who does he give credit for his achievements and discredit for his failure. How does he account for the sudden benevolent turns he must have encountered or the near-misses he has had with death or a severe injury. If he believes in fate; he believes, in effect, in God. This is actually a subject of intense discussion.


text:
Roe vs Roe
October 12, 2020 • 11:13 am / National
By Derek Smith
Is abortion a constitutional right in America?
The average American, including myself, is not sufficiently educated on the major Supreme Court cases that have impacted the landscape of our legal system and our own personal lives. This isn't meant to be a low blow to anyone's intellect; it's just a very true reality. However, one Supreme Court ruling that is certainly the most famous (and ironically at the same time infamous), is the 1973 landmark decision of Roe v. Wade. Below is a short summary of the case's highlights:
Women have a constitutional right to abortion.
This right was based on an implied right to privacy emanating from the Ninth and Fourteenth Amendments.
A fetus is not a person but "potential life," and thus does not have constitutional rights of its own.
Set up a framework in which the woman's right to abortion and the state's right to protect potential life can shift.
However, this newly established framework was essentially overruled in the accompanying case of Doe v. Bolton which was decided on the same day as Roe v. Wade, which ruled that a right to an abortion could not be limited by the state if the abortion was sought for reasons of "maternal health."
This definition of "maternal health" in Doe was considered to be all manners of health (physical, emotional, psychological, familial, and the woman's age), which was vague enough to expand the right to abortion for practically any reason through all 3 trimesters of pregnancy.
When people refer to abortion being a constitutional right, it is Roe v Wade which invented that right and usually Roe they are thinking about or referencing in defense of their statement of constitutionality. But there is something odd with the Roe decision and people's understanding of how it affects abortion legislation.
Several polling sources show that while Americans say they do not want Roe overturned, many people do not understand what Roe did for abortion legislation – or don't even know that Roe was about abortion! The younger someone is in America, the less likely they are to know Roe is even about abortion, much less what exactly the ruling said and made legal. People do not even know what Roe says and answer other questions concerning abortion regulation which shows they clearly do not agree with Roe's ruling; yet these same people are saying they would not want Roe overturned.
With this sincere misunderstanding in mind, many Americans today see the 1973 decision of Roe v. Wade only ever as settled law. Permanent. Precedent. Untouchable.
And it is not surprising at all that many Americans think this way. Even many of our own elected officials, including members of Congress, also believe that Roe v. Wade is of the utmost authority and has equal relevance with important founding documents. The slogan "my body, my choice" seems to be right up there with freedom of speech. Indeed, many pro-choice advocates will commonly fall back and retreat to this safe space of legality when pressed with questions concerning issues about the unborn or their natural right to life. It's settled law, they declare.
Very few legal decisions have been historically both protected as well as fought as resonantly as the decision of Roe. But rarely has any legal decision to date been so deeply criticized as Roe has since its debut in 1973. This is surprising, given the fact all we hear about from pro-choice advocates is how supposedly settled it actually is. Any attempt to pass legislation surrounding reproduction, pregnancy, or childbirth they claim can potentially "undermine Roe." For example, Bob Herbert of the NY Times was quoted as saying that a move during the Bush administration in the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) to cover prenatal children from conception onward was in fact, "a guerilla attack on abortion rights."
That's right – offering more health care to a mother and her unborn child is a red flag to undermine Roe. A dog whistle to the "extreme right" that the current administration was supposedly undermining abortion rights.
Herbert's comments are far from the only of that kind. Another example is when NARAL opposed the proposed Born-Alive Infants Protection Act in 2000. They called it in a press release, "another anti-choice assault." NARAL claimed the Born-Alive Act was being used as an "attempt to chip away at the foundation of Roe v. Wade." If an attempt to legally protect helpless and vulnerable babies born from botched abortion attempts cannot be on the table to discuss because of potentially "chipping away" at Roe, then you should seriously reconsider what you're fighting for in the first place.
The absolutely blind and unquestioning allegiance to Roe has become so much of a litmus test that even when the Trump administration recently pushed forward with their newest Supreme Court nomination, the most devout Roe defenders were trying to discredit the new nominee, Amy Coney Barrett, soon after. She is suspected of being opposed to Roe, and therefore somehow does not meet the requirement of a Supreme Court Justice.
Yet, many of our current and even previous Supreme Court Justices have been very vocally critical of the way Roe was argued. We see this in many of their dissenting opinions over multiple cases through the years. While it is rare that the Supreme Court overturn a ruling, it certainly isn't out of the question. And while the legal principle of Stare Decisis (which means considering historical cases as precedent when making similar rulings) is an important principle, it surely is not sacred. If the Supreme Court has overruled itself when an original decision was found to be fundamentally flawed, then I do believe that the Supreme Court has an obligation to return to Roe and revisit the case to ultimately reverse this erroneous legal decision — especially considering how much criticism it has received over the years by legal experts and Supreme Court Justices alike.
Below is a collection of quotes from various individuals of varying legal expertise who openly criticize the ruling of Roe v. Wade. You will find Supreme Court Justices, legal scholars, professors, and other individuals who are critical of the decision and their well-reasoned thoughts behind it. Many of these people are pro-choice advocates themselves.
Is the right to an abortion a Constitutional one? Is it settled law? This seems to be an incredibly weak conclusion considering how many individuals below have seemingly almost no confidence in how Roe was argued or decided. This doesn't mean however that a handful of legal experts making their opinion against Roe is a slam-dunk takedown of the 1973 ruling. But it does seem to warrant a moment of hesitation to consider that this discredits the decision reasonably.
It appears many of these individuals who do support a woman's right to abortion also think Roe is a bad decision. Yet we're told confidently by many in mainstream media it cannot be undone because of how unshakeable it is. As you read the quotes below, feel free to make up your own mind.
Ask yourself: Do you believe Roe v. Wade was built on a crumbling foundation or an unshakeable foundation? Is it okay to hold the pro-choice position while also reasonably arguing that Roe is a bad decision? What's your own conclusion after reading these quotes?
John Hart Ely
"[Roe] is not constitutional law and gives almost no sense of an obligation to try to be."
"What is frightening about Roe is that this super-protected right is not inferable from the language of the Constitution, the framers' thinking respecting the specific problem in issue, any general value derivable from the provisions they included, or the nation's governmental structure. Nor is it explainable in terms of the unusual political impotence of the group judicially protected vis-à-vis the interest that legislatively prevailed over it.… At times the inferences the Court has drawn from the values the Constitution marks for special protection have been controversial, even shaky, but never before has its sense of an obligation to draw one been so obviously lacking."
Harvard law professor
"The Wages of Crying Wolf: A Comment on Roe v. Wade," 82 Yale Law Journal, 920, 935-937 (1973)
Archibald Cox
"The failure to confront the issue in principled terms leaves the opinion to read like a set of hospital rules and regulations. Neither historian, nor layman, nor lawyer will be persuaded that all the prescriptions of Justice Blackmun are part of the Constitution."
"The Role of the Supreme Court in American Government," pp. 113-114 (1976)
"One of the most curious things about Roe is that, behind its own verbal smokescreen, the substantive judgment on which it rests is nowhere to be found."
"The Supreme Court, 1972 Term—Foreword: Toward a Model of Roles in the Due Process of Life and Law," 87 Harvard Law Review 1, 7 (1973)
"Roe v. Wade and Bush v. Gore represent opposite sides of the same currency of judicial activism in areas more appropriately left to the political processes… Judges have no special competence, qualifications, or mandate to decide between equally compelling moral claims (as in the abortion controversy)... Clear governing constitutional principles … are not present in either case."
Supreme Injustice: How the High Court Hijacked Election 2000 (New York: Oxford) 2001, p. 194
Kermit Roosevelt
"It is time to admit in public that, as an example of the practice of constitutional opinion writing, Roe is a serious disappointment. You will be hard-pressed to find a constitutional law professor, even among those who support the idea of constitutional protection for the right to choose, who will embrace the opinion itself rather than the result."
"This is not surprising. As constitutional argument, Roe is barely coherent. The court pulled its fundamental right to choose more or less from the constitutional ether. It supported that right via a lengthy, but purposeless, cross-cultural historical review of abortion restrictions and a tidy but irrelevant refutation of the straw-man argument that a fetus is a constitutional 'person' entitled to the protection of the 14th Amendment."
"By declaring an inviolable fundamental right to abortion, Roe short-circuited the democratic deliberation that is the most reliable method of deciding questions of competing values."
University of Pennsylvania law professor
"Shaky Basis for a Constitutional 'Right'," Washington Post, January 22, 2003
"Roe, I believe, would have been more acceptable as judicial decision if it had not gone beyond a ruling on the extreme statute before the Court. Heavy-handed judicial intervention was difficult to justify and appears to have provoked, not resolved, conflict."
SCOTUS Justice
Some Thoughts on Autonomy and Equality in Relation to Roe v. Wade, 63 North Carolina Law Review, 375 (1985)
William Rehnquist
"To reach its result, the Court necessarily has had to find within the scope of the Fourteenth Amendment a right that was apparently completely unknown to the drafters of the Amendment. The only conclusion possible from this history is that the drafters did not intend to have the Fourteenth Amendment withdraw from the States the power to legislate with respect to this matter."
dissenting opinion in Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, p175 (1973)
Byron White
"The Constitution itself is ordained and established by the people of the United States, decisions that find in the Constitution principles or values that cannot fairly be read into that document usurp the people's authority, for such decisions represent choices that the people have never made, and that they cannot disavow through corrective legislation."
dissenting opinion in Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists, 476 U.S. 747, at 88 (1986)
"The trimester or 'three-stage' approach adopted by the Court in Roe, and, in a modified form, employed by the Court to analyze regulations in these cases, cannot be supported as a legitimate or useful framework for accommodating the woman's right and the State's interests. The decision of the Court today graphically illustrates why the trimester approach is a completely unworkable method of accommodating the conflicting personal rights and compelling state interests that are involved in the abortion context."
"Just as improvement in medical technology inevitably will move forward the point at which the State may regulate for reasons of maternal health, different technological improvements will move backward the point of viability at which the State may proscribe abortions except when necessary to preserve the life and health of the mother."
"The Roe framework, then, is clearly on a collision course with itself."
dissenting opinion in Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health, 462 U.S. 416, at 453-454 (1983)
"Even assuming that there is a fundamental right to terminate pregnancy in some situations, there is no justification in law or logic for the trimester framework adopted in Roe and employed by the Court today on the basis of stare decisis. For the reasons stated above, that framework is clearly an unworkable means of balancing the fundamental right and the compelling state interests that are indisputably implicated."
"The state interest in potential human life is likewise extant throughout pregnancy. In Roe, the Court held that … although the State had an important and legitimate interest in protecting potential life, that interest could not become compelling until the point at which the fetus was viable. The difficulty with this analysis is clear: potential life is no less potential in the first weeks of pregnancy than it is at viability or afterward. At any stage in pregnancy, there is the potential for human life. … The choice of viability as the point at which the state interest in potential life becomes compelling is no less arbitrary than choosing any point before viability or any point afterward. Accordingly, I believe that the State's interest in protecting potential human life exists throughout the pregnancy."
Rehnquist, White, Scalia, Thomas
"Roe v. Wade stands as a sort of judicial Potemkin village, which may be pointed out to passers-by as a monument to the importance of adhering to precedent. But behind the façade, an entirely new method of analysis, without any roots in constitutional law, is imported to decide the constitutionality of state laws regulating abortion. Neither stare decisis nor "legitimacy" are truly served by such an effort."
SCOTUS Justices
Planned Parenthood vs. Casey, 505 U.S. 833, at 370 (1992)
Cass Sunstein
"In the Court's first confrontation with the abortion issue, it laid down a set of rules for legislature to follow. The Court decided too many issues too quickly. The Court should have allowed the democratic processes of the states to adapt and to generate sensible solutions that might not occur to a set of judges."
University of Chicago law professor
"The Supreme Court 1995 Term: FOREWORD: LEAVING THINGS UNDECIDED," 110 Harvard Law Review 6, 20 (1996)
"In short, 30 years later, it seems increasingly clear that this pro-choice magazine was correct in 1973 when it criticized Roe on constitutional grounds. Its overturning would be the best thing that could happen to the federal judiciary, the pro-choice movement, and the moderate majority of the American people."
"Thirty years after Roe, the finest constitutional minds in the country still have not been able to produce a constitutional justification for striking down restrictions on early-term abortions that is substantially more convincing than Justice Harry Blackmun's famously artless opinion itself. As a result, the pro-choice majority asks nominees to swear allegiance to the decision without being able to identify an intelligible principle to support it."
George Washington University law professor
"Worst Choice" The New Republic February 24, 2003
William Saletan
"Blackmun's Supreme Court papers vindicate every indictment of Roe: invention, overreach, arbitrariness, textual indifference."
Slate columnist
"Unbecoming Justice Blackmun," Legal Affairs, May/June 2005
Benjamin Wittes
"In the years since the decision an enormous body of academic literature has tried to put the right to an abortion on firmer legal ground. But thousands of pages of scholarship notwithstanding, the right to abortion remains constitutionally shaky. Roe is a lousy opinion that the disenfranchised millions of conservatives on an issue about which they care deeply."
Brookings Institution fellow
"Letting Go of Roe," The Atlantic Monthly, Jan/Feb 2005
"Liberal judicial activism peaked with Roe v. Wade, the 1973 abortion decision..."
"Although I am pro-choice, I was taught in law school, and still believe, that Roe v. Wade is a muddle of bad reasoning and an authentic example of judicial overreaching. I also believe it was a political disaster for liberals. Roe is what first politicized religious conservatives while cutting off a political process that was legalizing abortion state by state anyway."
Washington Post columnist
"The Right's Kind of Activism," Washington Post, November 14, 2004
"Against all odds (and, I'm afraid, against all logic), the basic holding of Roe v. Wade is secure in the Supreme Court."
"…a freedom of choice law would guarantee abortion rights the correct way, democratically, rather than by constitutional origami."
"Bad Choice" The New Republic, June 13, 1994
Edward Lazarus
"As a matter of constitutional interpretation and judicial method, Roe borders on the indefensible. I say this as someone utterly committed to the right to choose. … Justice Blackmun's opinion provides essentially no reasoning in support of its holding. And in the … years since Roe's announcement, no one has produced a convincing defense of Roe on its own terms."
"What, exactly, is the problem with Roe? The problem, I believe, is that it has little connection to the Constitutional right it purportedly interpreted. A constitutional right to privacy broad enough to include abortion has no meaningful foundation in constitutional text, history, or precedent - at least, it does not if those sources are fairly described and reasonably faithfully followed. Before Roe, the right to contraception established in Griswold v. Connecticut and Eisenstadt v. Baird was a concept that was already barely hanging onto the high ledge of defensible constitutional thinking. In Roe, the Court added a 500 lb. lead weight. And the Court's been looking up at the ledge ever since."
former Justice Blackmun's clerk
"The Lingering Problems with Roe v. Wade, and Why the Recent Senate Hearings on Michael McConnell's Nomination Only Underlined Them," FindLaw Legal Commentary, Oct. 3, 2002
"As a matter of constitutional interpretation, even most liberal jurisprudes — if you administer truth serum — will tell you it is basically indefensible."
"Liberals, Don't Make Her an Icon" Washington Post July 10, 2003
"The very basis of the Roe v. Wade decision — the one that grounds abortion rights in the Constitution — strikes many people now as faintly ridiculous. Whatever abortion may be, it cannot simply be a matter of privacy."
"As a layman, it's hard for me to raise profound constitutional objections to the decision. But it is not hard to say it confounds our common-sense understanding of what privacy is."
"If a Supreme Court ruling is going to affect so many people then it ought to rest on perfectly clear logic and up-to-date science. Roe, with its reliance on trimesters and viability, has a musty feel to it, and its argument about privacy raises more questions than it answers."
"[Roe] is a Supreme Court decision whose reasoning has not held up."
"Still, a bad decision is a bad decision. If the best we can say for it is that the end justifies the means, then we have not only lost the argument — but a bit of our soul as well."
"Support Choice, Not Roe" Washington Post, October 19, 2005
Warren Burger
"The soundness of our holdings must be tested by the decisions that purport to follow them. If Danforth and today's holding really mean what they seem to say, I agree we should reexamine Roe."
"The Constitution does not compel a state to fine-tune its statutes so as to encourage or facilitate abortions. To the contrary, state action 'encouraging childbirth except in the most urgent circumstances' is 'rationally related to the legitimate governmental objective of protecting potential life.'"
dissenting opinion in Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists, 476 U.S. 747, at 785 (1986)
Lawrence Freidman
"Thus, in one bold, cataclysmic move the Court undid about a century of legislative action. It swept away every abortion law in the country."
Stanford University law professor
"The Conflict Over Constitutional Legitimacy," 16, in The Abortion Dispute and the American System (1983)
Joseph Dellapenna
"The Supreme Court's haste to decide these cases… imposed a more extreme approach to abortion on the United States than is found in almost any other nation."
Villanova University law professor
Dispelling the Myths, 746-747 (2006)
HDI Launches First Registry of 2021, Mom Due Any Day
Biden's Stance on Abortion - Threat to Pro-Life America
Court Approves Tennessee Abortion Ban
Sweet Sequels Interview
Haleigh creates artwork inspired by works of literature, combining her two favorite things—painting and literature—to make a career. Haleigh's artwork does more than just highlighting literature, however. It has also become a platform for her to share her pro-life views through her artwork.
Katherine Ranck
IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENT: Tragic Passing of Mama R
It is with great sadness we announce the tragic passing of one of our clients, Mama R. Please read for information on how donations could be affected.