text:
\section{introduction}

The $J/\Psi$ meson,
as a $c\bar{c}$ bound state,
can only interact with
the nucleon
  through the
gluon-exchange mechanism.
By using the effective field theory
method\cite{pesk79,luke92,brodsky-1,russia}
 and  Lattice QCD \cite{lqcd},
it was found that
the $J/\Psi$-$N$  interaction is attractive. Strong attraction
was also found\cite{brodsky90}
 within a Pomeron-quark coupling model of $c\bar{c}$-nucleus interactions.
Thus it is possible
that $J/\Psi$ and a system of nucleons can form nuclear bound states with
$hidden$ $charm$.
If such $exotic$ nuclear states
indeed exist and can be detected,
we can get useful information for understanding the role of gluons in nuclei.

The strength of the
$J/\Psi$-$N$ interaction, parameterized as a Yukawa form
$v_{J/\Psi N, J/\Psi N} = - \alpha \frac{e^{-\mu r}}{r}$, deduced from
Refs.\cite{pesk79,luke92,brodsky-1,russia,lqcd,brodsky90} are rather
different from each other. With $\mu= 0.60 $ GeV,
the calculated $J/\Psi$-$N$ scattering lengths
range from -0.05 fm from using $\alpha=0.06$ of
 Ref.\cite{russia} to -8.83 fm from $\alpha=0.60$ of Ref.\cite{brodsky90}.
To understand quantitatively the role of gluons in hadron interactions,
it is  important to investigate how the $J/\Psi$-$N$ interaction
can be extracted from experiments to test these theoretical models.
This is the objective of this work.
Clearly, this is also a necessary step toward searching
for possible nuclear bound states with hidden charm, as investigated
in  Ref.\cite{wulee}.

We first consider the  $\pi+ N \rightarrow J/\Psi+ N$ reaction. At  energies above
the $J/\Psi$ production threshold, this reaction is strongly influenced
 by many possible reaction
channels, such as $\rho N$, $\pi\pi N$, $\pi\pi\pi N$, $\pi\pi K\Lambda$
channels,
 because of the unitarity condition.
To proceed, we  cast this complex reaction problem
into a manageable coupled-channel model with only
$\pi N$, $\rho N$, and $J/\Psi N$ channels.
The interaction $v_{J/\Psi N, J/\Psi N}$ is chosen to be of a
form related to the Yukawa form of
Refs.\cite{pesk79,luke92,brodsky-1,russia,lqcd,brodsky90}.
With the $J/\Psi$-$\pi$-$\rho$ coupling constant determined\cite{wulee}
 by the partial decay width
of $J/\Psi \rightarrow \pi \rho$, we can calculate the $\pi N, \rho N \rightarrow J/\Psi N$
 transition potentials
$v_{\rho N, J/\Psi N}$ and $v_{\pi N, J/\Psi N}$
by using the one-$\pi$ and one-$\rho$ exchange mechanisms, respectively,
as illustrated in Fig.\ref{fg:pi-rho-exc}.
The other interactions, which do not connect with the $J/\Psi N$ channel directly, will be treated
as phenomenological complex potentials with their parameters constrained by
reproducing the
total cross sections of $\pi N$ reactions and $\pi N \rightarrow \rho N$
reactions
in the considered  energy region.
We also constrain these potentials by
reproducing
 the total cross section data of
$\gamma p \rightarrow \rho^0 p$ which can be related qualitatively to
$\rho^0 p \rightarrow \rho^0 p$
within the vector meson dominance model. To facilitate the
experimental determination of the $J/\Psi$-$N$ interaction,
we  will
 present results showing the dependence
of the calculated cross sections of $\pi^-+ p\rightarrow J/\Psi+ n$ on
the potential $v_{J/\Psi N, J/\Psi N}$.

With the meson-baryon amplitudes generated from the constructed coupled-channel model
described above and the Pomeron-exchange model of $\gamma +N \rightarrow J/\Psi+ N$ we
had developed in Ref.\cite{wulee}, we then examine the dependence
of the $\gamma + d \rightarrow J/\Psi + p + n$ cross sections on $v_{J/\Psi N, J/\Psi N}$.
We also follow the suggestion of Ref.\cite{brodsky-2} to investigate
$\pi^+ +  d \rightarrow J/\Psi + p + p$ reaction.
Instead of using the factorization
approximation used in Ref.\cite{brodsky-2}, we have performed  complete one-loop
calculations to account for both the on- and off-shell $J/\Psi N$ final state interactions.
In addition, we also include the effects due to the final $NN$ interaction by using the
scattering t-matrix generated from the Bonn potential\cite{Machleidt}.

If we use the vector meson dominance hypothesis to convert the incoming photon into
 $J/\Psi$ and $\rho$, we can predict the
$\gamma + N \rightarrow J/\Psi + N$ cross sections
within the constructed coupled-channel model. We will see that
our predictions also depend on the $J/\Psi$-$N$ potential $v_{J/\Psi N, J/\Psi N}$.
We will also present these results which could be tested
in the forthcoming experiment\cite{jpsi-jlab}.

In Section II, we present our coupled-channel model for $J/\Psi$ production
on the nucleon.The formula for calculating the meson-baryon
reaction amplitudes are given in section III.
In section IV, we give the formula for calculating  the cross sections
of the $\pi+ N \rightarrow J/\Psi+ N$ and $\gamma/\pi + d \rightarrow J/\Psi+N+N$
reactions.
Our results are presented in section V.
A summary is given in section VI.

\section{Coupled-channel model for $J/\Psi$ production}
At energies near the
 $J/\Psi$ production threshold, the $\pi N$ reactions
involve many  meson-baryon channels
such as $\pi\pi N$, $\pi\pi \pi N$, $\pi \pi K \Lambda$ etc.
Within the formulation of Ref.\cite{msl07},
the scattering $T$-matrix for such reactions
are defined
by the following coupled-channel equations
\begin{eqnarray}
T_{\alpha,\beta}(E)= v_{\alpha,\beta} + \sum_{\gamma} v_{\alpha,\gamma}
G_{\gamma}(E)T_{\gamma,\beta} \,,
\label{eq:cceq}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\alpha, \beta, \gamma$ denote the considered channels,
$G_\alpha(E)$ is the meson-baryon propagator
of channel $\alpha$, and
$v_{\alpha,\beta}$ are the interaction potentials.

For investigating the $J/\Psi$-$N$ interaction,
we will treat $\pi N$ and $\rho N$ channels explicitly since
their interactions with the $J/\Psi N$ channel can be calculated,
as will be explained later.
We thus  set
$\alpha, \beta,\gamma =J/\Psi N,  \pi N, \rho N$, $X$ in
 Eq.(\ref{eq:cceq}), where
$X$ denotes collectively all other channels.
By using the standard projection operator technique\cite{feshbach,msl07},
we can cast
 Eq.(\ref{eq:cceq}) into
\begin{eqnarray}
T_{i,j}(E)= V_{i,j}(E) + \sum_{k} V_{i,k}(E)
G_{k}(E)T_{k,j}(E)\,,
\label{eq:cceq-p}
\end{eqnarray}
where $i,j, k = J/\Psi N, \pi N, \rho N$. The energy-dependent
 interactions in Eq.(\ref{eq:cceq-p}) are
\begin{eqnarray}
V_{i,j}(E) = v_{i,j} + \sum_{X} v_{i,X}G_{X}(E)[1+t_{X,X}(E)G_X(E)]v_{X,j}\,,
\label{eq:vij}
\end{eqnarray}
where the  scattering amplitude $t_{X,X}$ in the subspace of the channel $X$
is defined by
\begin{eqnarray}
t_{X,X}(E) = v_{X,X}+ v_{X,X}G_{X}(E) t_{X,X}(E) \,.
\label{eq:txx}
\end{eqnarray}

\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\epsfig{file=other.eps, width=0.6\hsize}
\caption{Reaction mechanisms of $\pi + N \to J/\psi + N$(left) and $\rho + N \to J/\psi + N$(right).}
\label{fg:pi-rho-exc}
\end{figure}

We now turn to defining the interaction potentials
$v_{ij}$ in Eq.(\ref{eq:vij}). As noticed in Refs.\cite{wulee,brodsky-1},
 the decay width $\Gamma_{J/\Psi, \rho\pi}$ of
 $J/\Psi \rightarrow \pi \rho$ is significant.
From the value of $\Gamma_{J/\Psi, \rho\pi}$ listed by the Particle Data Group (PDG),
we  can determine\cite{wulee} the
coupling constant $g_{J/\Psi,\pi\rho}$ of the following interaction Lagrangian
\begin{eqnarray}
L_{J/\Psi \pi \rho} = -\frac{g_{J/\Psi,\pi\rho}}{m_{J/\Psi}}\epsilon^{\mu\nu\alpha\beta}
\partial_\mu \rho_\nu \partial_\alpha\phi_{J/\Psi, beta} \phi_\pi\,.
\end{eqnarray}
We find\cite{wulee} $g_{J/\Psi,\pi\rho}=0.032$.
By using  $L_{J/\Psi \pi \rho}$ and the well known\cite{sl96} Lagrangian
 $L_{\pi NN}$ and $L_{\rho NN}$,
we can calculate one-$\pi$ (one-$\rho$) exchange
transition potential of the
$\rho+ N \rightarrow J/\Psi+ N$ ($\pi + N \rightarrow J/\Psi+ N$) process,
as illustrated in Fig.\ref{fg:pi-rho-exc}.
Explicitly, their matrix elements can be written (with the normalizations
to be specified in section III and
omitting spin and isospin indices) as
\begin{eqnarray}
<\vec{p}_{J/\psi},\vec{p}_{N_f}|
v_{J/\psi N,\pi N}|\vec{p}_\pi,\;\vec{p}_{N_i}>
&=&\frac{1}{(2\pi)^3}\frac{1}{\sqrt{2E_{J/\Psi}(\vec{p}_{J/\psi})}}
\sqrt{\frac{m_N}{E_N(\vec{p}_{N_f})}}\sqrt{\frac{m_N}{E_N(\vec{p}_{N_i})}}
\frac{1}{\sqrt{2E_{\pi}(\vec{p}_\pi)}}\nonumber \\
&&\times\left(-\frac{g_{J/\psi\rho\pi}}{m_{J/\psi}}g_{\rho NN}\right)
\epsilon_{\mu\nu\alpha\beta}q^\mu p_{J/\psi}^\alpha \varepsilon^{\beta}(p_{J/\Psi})
\frac{1}{q^2-m_\rho^2}\nonumber\\
&&\times\bar{u}_{\vec{p}_{N_f}}
\left[\gamma^\nu-\frac{q\!\!\!/ q^\nu}{m^2_\rho}
+\frac{\kappa_\rho}{4m_N}(\gamma^{\nu}q\!\!\!/-q\!\!\!/\gamma^{\nu})\right]
u_{\vec{p}_{N_i}},
\label{eq:pinjn} \\
&& \nonumber \\
<\vec{p}_{J/\psi},\vec{p}_{N_f}| v_{J/\psi N,\rho N}
|\vec{p}_\rho,\vec{p}_{N_i}>
&=&\frac{-1}{(2\pi)^3}\frac{1}{\sqrt{2E_{J/\Psi}(\vec{p}_{J/\psi})}}
\sqrt{\frac{m_N}{E_N(\vec{p}_{N_f})}}\sqrt{\frac{m_N}{E_N(\vec{p}_{N_i})}}
\frac{1}{\sqrt{2E_{\rho}(\vec{p}_\rho)}}\nonumber \\
&\times&\left(\frac{g_{J/\psi\rho\pi}}{m_{J/\psi}}\frac{f_{\pi NN}}{m_\pi}\right)
\epsilon_{\mu\nu\alpha\beta}p_{\rho}^\mu \varepsilon^\nu(p_\rho) p_{J/\psi}^\alpha
\varepsilon^{\beta}(p_{J\Psi}) \nonumber \\
&&\times \frac{1}{q^2-m_\pi^2}
\bar{u}_{\vec{p}_{N_f}}
q\!\!\!/ \gamma^5
u_{\vec{p}_{N_i}} \,,
\label{eq:rhonjn}
\end{eqnarray}
where ${q}={p}_{N_i}-{p}_{N_f}$, the coupling constants
$g_{\rho NN}=6.20$, $\kappa_\rho=1.825$, $f_{\pi NN}=\sqrt{4\pi \times 0.80}$
are taken from a dynamical model\cite{sl96} of $\pi N$ scattering.
All external particles of the matrix element of the above equations
 are on their mass shell with
their  momenta defined as $p_a=(E_a(\vec{p}_a), \vec{p}_a)$
and $E_a(\vec{p}_a) = [m^2_a+\vec{p}^{\,\, 2}_a]^{1/2}$.

We assume that the  mesons and baryons in the channel $X$ do not contain
charmed quarks. The coupling
between $X$ and $J/\Psi N$ can then be neglected and we can set
$v_{J/\Psi N, X} =0$. It follows that for the interactions involving
$J/\Psi N$,
the second term of Eq.(\ref{eq:vij}) vanishes and we have the following
simplification,
\begin{eqnarray}
V_{\pi N, J/\Psi N} &=& v_{\pi N, J/\Psi N}\,, \label{eq:vi0} \\
V_{\rho N, J/\Psi N} &=& v_{\rho N, J/\Psi N}\,, \\
V_{J/\Psi N, J/\Psi N} &=& v_{J/\Psi N, J/\Psi N}\,.
\label{eq:vi0}
\end{eqnarray}
The matrix elements for $v_{\pi N, J/\Psi N}$ and $v_{\rho N, J/\Psi N}$ have been
given in Eqs.(\ref{eq:pinjn}) and (\ref{eq:rhonjn}).
For $v_{J/\Psi N, J/\Psi N}$, we follow
 Refs.\cite{luke92,brodsky-1,russia,lqcd} and use the following Yukawa form
\begin{eqnarray}
v_{J/\Psi N, J/\Psi N}(r) =  -\alpha \frac{e^{-\mu_0 r}}{ r} \,.
\label{eq:vjpnjpn}
\end{eqnarray}
To be consistent with the relativistic expression
 Eqs.(\ref{eq:pinjn}) and (\ref{eq:rhonjn}), we assume
that Eq.(\ref{eq:vjpnjpn}) is the non-relativistic limit of
a one-scalar meson exchange
amplitude in field theory. We then obtain
\begin{eqnarray}
<\vec{p}_{J/\psi}^{\,\,'},\vec{p}_{N_f}| v_{J/\Psi N ,J/\psi N}
|\vec{p}_{J/\Psi},\vec{p}_{N_i}>
&=&\frac{1}{(2\pi)^3}\frac{1}{\sqrt{2E_{J/\Psi}(\vec{p}_{J/\psi}^{\,\,'})}}
\sqrt{\frac{m_N}{E_N(\vec{p}_{N_f})}}\sqrt{\frac{m_N}{E_N(\vec{p}_{N_i})}}
\frac{1}{\sqrt{2E_{J\Psi}(\vec{p}_{J/\Psi})}}\nonumber \\
&\times&[g_{\nu\mu}\varepsilon^\nu({p}_{J/\psi}')
\varepsilon^\mu({p}'_{J/\psi})]
\frac{V_0}{q^2-\mu^2_0}
\bar{u}_{\vec{p}_{N_f}}
u_{\vec{p}_{N_i}}\,,
\label{eq:jpnjpn}
\end{eqnarray}
where $V_0= -8\alpha \pi m_{J/\Psi}$, and $q={p}_{N_i}-{p}_{N_f}$.

Since $v_{\pi N, X}$, $v_{\rho N,X}$ and $t_{XX}(E)$ can not be calculated theoretically, we
will determine $V_{i,j}(E)$ with $i,j= \pi N, \rho N$  in Eq.(\ref{eq:vij}) phenomenologically.
For simplicity, we  assume that they all have the following local form in
the non-relativistic limit
\begin{eqnarray}
V_{i,j}(E) = v^0_{i,j}(E) f_{i,j}(\vec{r}) \,\,\,\,;\,\,\, i,j=\pi N, \rho N\,,
\label{eq:v-fr}
\end{eqnarray}
where $f_{i,j}(\vec{r})$ is unitless such as $f_{i,j}(\vec{r}) = 1/(1+e^{(r-r_0)/t})$
or $e^{-r^2/b^2}$. In the strong absorption (diffractive) model\cite{feshbach}, the form of
$f_{i,i}(\vec{r})$ for $i=1,2 $
is similar to
the nucleon density. We will specify  $f_{i,j}(\vec{r})$ later.

We next define
\begin{eqnarray}
F_{i,j}(\vec{q},E)= v^0_{i,j}(E) \int
e^{-i\vec{q}\cdot \vec{r}} f_{i,j}(\vec{r})d\vec{r}\,.
\end{eqnarray}
Including appropriate covariant spin factors, the matrix elements corresponding
to the form of Eq.(\ref{eq:v-fr}) are taken to be
\begin{eqnarray}
<\vec{p}_\pi',\vec{p}_{N_f}| V_{\pi N ,\pi N}(E)
|\vec{p}_\pi,\vec{p}_{N_i}>
&=&\frac{1}{(2\pi)^3}
\bar{u}_{\vec{p}_{N_f}}\; F_{\pi N,\pi N}(\vec{q},E)\; u_{\vec{p}_{N_i}} \,,
\label{eq:pnpn} \\
<\vec{p}_{\rho}',\vec{p}_{N_f}| V_{\rho N ,\rho N}(E)
|\vec{p}_{\rho},\vec{p}_{N_i}>
&=&\frac{1}{(2\pi)^3}
\varepsilon^\nu_{\rho} ({p}_{\rho}')\bar{u}_{\vec{p}_{N_f}}\;
F_{\rho N, \rho N}(\vec{q},E) \;
u_{\vec{p}_{N_i}}\varepsilon_{\rho,\nu}({p}_{\rho})\,,
\label{eq:rnrn}  \\
<\vec{p}_{\rho},\vec{p}_{N_f}|
V_{\rho N,\pi N}(E)|\vec{p}_\pi,\;\vec{p}_{N_i}>
&=&\frac{1}{(2\pi)^3}
\frac{1}{m_\pi}p^\mu_\pi  \varepsilon_\mu(p_\rho)\;
F_{\rho N,\pi N}(\vec{q},E)\;\bar{u}_{\vec{p}_{N_f}}
[\frac{1}{m_\pi}\gamma_5\slas{q}]u_{\vec{p}_{N_i}}.
\label{eq:rnpn}
\end{eqnarray}
We will determine the parameters $v^0_{i,j}$ and $f_{i,j}(\vec{r})$
 phenomenologically
by fitting the total cross sections of $\pi N$ and $\pi N \rightarrow \rho N$, and
the $\gamma N\rightarrow \rho N $ cross sections which can be calculated from
the predicted $\rho N\rightarrow \rho N $ amplitudes using the vector meson dominance hypothesis.

\section{Calculations of Reaction Amplitudes}

In this work we follow the formulation
of  Ref.\cite{msl07} within which the scattering $T$-matrix is related to
the $S$-matrix
by
\begin{eqnarray}
S_{f,i}(E) = \delta_{f,i} - (2\pi) i\delta(E_f-E_i)\delta(\vec{P}_f-\vec{P}_i) T_{f,i}(E)\,,
\label{eq:s-t}
\end{eqnarray}
where $E_\alpha$ and $\vec{P}_\alpha$ are the total energy and momentum of the state $\alpha$.
The normalizations for the plane wave state $|\vec{k}>$ and
bound state $|\Phi_a>$  are defined by
\begin{eqnarray}
<\vec{k}|\vec{k}^{\,\,'}> &=& \delta(\vec{k}-\vec{k}^{\,\,'})\,,
\label{eq:nor-plane} \\
<\Phi_a|\Phi_b> &=& \delta_{ab}\,.
\label{eq:nor-bound}
\end{eqnarray}

\subsection{Meson-Baryon reaction amplitudes}
In our calculations, we need
the meson-baryon ($MB$) matrix elements in a fast moving frame.
Following the instant form of
relativistic quantum mechanics\cite{polyzou}, we write for the two-particle
$M(\vec{p}_M)+B (\vec{p}_B) \rightarrow M'(\vec{p}^{\,\,'}_M)+
B'(p^{\,\,'}_B)$
transition
\begin{eqnarray}
&&<\vec{p}^{\,\,'}_M m'_{j_M},  m'_{i_M};
\vec{p}^{\,\,'}_B m'_{j_B}, m_{\tau_B}|{T}_{M'B',MB}(E)|\vec{p}_M m_{j_M}, m_{i_M};
\vec{p}_B, m_{j_B} m_{\tau_B}> \nonumber \\
&&=
J(\vec{P},\vec{k};\vec{p}_M,\vec{p}_B)
J(\vec{P}^{\,\,'},\vec{k}^{\,\,'};\vec{p}^{\,\,'}_M,\vec{p}^{\,\,'}_B) \nonumber \\
&&\times
< m'_{j_M},  m'_{i_M};
 m'_{j_B}, m'_{\tau_B}|t_{M'B',MB}(\vec{k}^{\,\,'},\vec{k};W)|m_{j_M},m_{i_M};
 m_{j_B}, m_{\tau_B}> \,,
\label{eq:cm-lab}
\end{eqnarray}
where $[ m_{j_M},m_{i_M}]$
and $[m_{j_B},m_{\tau_B}] $ are the z-components of the  spin-isospin quantum numbers
for  $M$ and $B$, respectively.
 The total momenta $\vec{P}, \vec{P}^{\,\,'}$ and
the energy $W$  in the center of mass system are
\begin{eqnarray}
\vec{P}&=&\vec{p}_M+\vec{p}_B\,, \nonumber \\
\vec{P}^{\,\,'}&=& \vec{p}^{\,\,'}_M+\vec{p}^{\,\,'}_B\,, \nonumber \\
W &=& [E^2- \vec{P}^{\,\,2}]^{1/2}\,.
\label{eq:cm-e}
\end{eqnarray}
The relative momentum $\vec{k}$ and Jacobian $J(\vec{P},\vec{k};\vec{p}_M,\vec{p}_B)$
in Eq.(\ref{eq:cm-lab}) are defined by the Lorentz boost
transformation\cite{polyzou}
\begin{eqnarray}
&&\vec{k} = \vec{p}_M+\frac{\vec{P}}{M_0}[\frac{\vec{P}\cdot \vec{p}_M}{M_0+H_0}
-E_{M}(\vec{p}_M)]\,,
\label{eq:rel-k} \\
&&J(\vec{P},\vec{k};\vec{p}_M,\vec{p}_B) =|\frac{\partial(\vec{P},\vec{k})}
{\partial(\vec{p}_M,\vec{p}_B)}|^{1/2}
=[\frac{E_{M}(\vec{k})E_{B}(\vec{k})H_0}
{E_M(\vec{p}_M)E_B(\vec{p}_B)M_0}]^{1/2}\,,
\label{eq:jcob}
\end{eqnarray}
with
\begin{eqnarray}
H_0&=&E_{M}(\vec{p}_M)+E_{B}(\vec{p}_B)\,, \\
M_0 &=&\sqrt{H^2_0-\vec{P}^{\,\,2}} \nonumber \\
&=&E_{M}(\vec{k})+E_{B}(\vec{k})\,.
\label{eq:h0m0})
\end{eqnarray}

In Eq.(\ref{eq:cm-lab}), $t_{M'B',MB}(W)$ is the scattering operator in the
center of mass frame.
In the partial-wave
representation, we can write
\begin{eqnarray}
t_{M'B',MB}(\vec{k}^{\,\,'},\vec{k};W)
&=&\sum_{JM_J,TM_T}\sum_{L'S',LS}
|{y}^{JM_J,TM_T}_{L'S',M'B'}(\hat{k}^{\,\,'})>
t^{JT}_{L'S',M'B',LS,MB}(k',k,W)
<{ y}^{JM_J,TM_T}_{LS,MB}(\hat{k})| \nonumber \\
&&\label{eq:pwa}
\end{eqnarray}
where the angle-spin-isospin vector is defined by
\begin{eqnarray}
|{y}^{JM_J,TM_T}_{LS,MB}(\hat{k})>
&=&\sum_{m_{j_B}m_{j_M}}\sum_{m_{\tau_B}m_{i_M}}
| m_{j_M},  m_{i_M};
 m_{j_B},  m_{\tau_B}> \nonumber \\
&&\times [\sum_{m_L,m_S} <J\,\,M_J|L\,\,S\,\,m_L\,\,m_S>
<S\,\, m_s|j_M\,\,j_B\,\,m_{j_M},m_{j_B}> \nonumber \\
&&\times
<T\,\,M_T|i_M\,\,\tau_B\,\, m_{i_M}\,\,m_{\tau_B}>
 Y_{L\,\,m_L}(\hat{k})]\,. \nonumber \\
&& \label{eq:s-i-a}
\end{eqnarray}
Here $[j_M, i_M]$ and $[j_B, \tau_B]$ are the spin-isospin quantum numbers for
$M$ and $B$, respectively; $<jm|j_1j_2m_1m_2>$ is the Clebsch-Gordon coefficient and
$Y_{L\,\,m_L}(\hat{k})$ the spherical harmonic function, as defined in
Ref.\cite{brink}.
With the same partial-wave expansion Eq.(\ref{eq:s-i-a}) for the meson-baryon potential $V_{i,j}(E)$,
the  Eqs.(\ref{eq:cceq-p}) and (\ref{eq:cm-lab}) lead to
the following coupled-channel equation
\begin{eqnarray}
&&t^{JT}_{L'S',M'B',LS,MB}(k',k.W) =
V^{JT}_{L'S',M'B',LS,MB}(k',k.E) \nonumber \\
&&+ \sum_{L^{''}S^{''},M^{''}B^{''} }
\int k^{'' 2} dk^{''}
V^{JT}_{L'S',M'B',L^{''}S^{''},M^{''}B^{''}}(k',k^{''}.E)
G_{M^{''}B^{''} }(k^{''},W)t^{JT}_{L^{''}S^{''},M^{''}B^{''},LS,MB}(k',k.W)
\nonumber \\
&& \label{eq:cceq-pw}
\end{eqnarray}
where $MB, M'B', M^{''}B^{''} = \pi N, \rho N, J/\Psi N$, and the propagator is
\begin{eqnarray}
G_{MB}(k,W)=\frac{1}{W-E_M(k)-E_B(k)+i\epsilon }\,. \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
We use the  procedures developed in Ref.\cite{msl07} to
 calculate  the potential matrix elements $V^{JT}_{L'S',M'B',L^{''}S^{''},M^{''}B^{''}}(k',k^{''}.E)$ from the matrix elements
Eqs.(\ref{eq:pinjn})-(\ref{eq:rnpn}).

\subsection{Deuteron wavefunction and $NN$ amplitude}
For the calculations on the deuteron target,
we need
the deuteron bound state $|\Psi_{\vec{p}_d,M_{J_d}}>$ moving
 with a high
momentum  $\vec{p}_d$. Following Ref.\cite{polyzou}, it is
 defined by
\begin{eqnarray}
&&<\vec{p}_1,m_{s_1}m_{\tau_1};\vec{p}_2,m_{s_2}m_{\tau_2}|\Psi_{\vec{p}_d,M_d}>\nonumber \\
 && =
\delta(\vec{p}_d-\vec{p}_1-\vec{p}_2)
<\vec{p}_1,m_{s_1}m_{\tau_1};\vec{p}_2,m_{s_2}m_{\tau_2}|\Phi_{\vec{p}_d,M_d}> \,,
\end{eqnarray}
where
\begin{eqnarray}
<\vec{p}_1,m_{s_1}m_{\tau_1};\vec{p}_2,m_{s_2}m_{\tau_2}|\Phi_{\vec{p}_d,M_d}>
=  J(\vec{p}_d,\vec{\kappa};\vec{p}_1,\vec{p}_2)
 <m_{s_1}m_{\tau_1};m_{s_2}m_{\tau_2}|\chi^{J_d M_d,T_d M_{T_d}}(\vec{\kappa})>
\label{eq:deut-wf}
\end{eqnarray}
with
\begin{eqnarray}
|\chi^{J_d M_d,T_dM_{T_d}}(\vec{\kappa})> = \sum_{l=0,2}
|y^{J_dM_d,T_d M_{T_d}}_{ls_d,NN} (\hat{\kappa})> u_l(\kappa) \,.
\end{eqnarray}
Here $s_d=1$ is the deuteron spin and $u_l(\kappa)$ is the usual deuteron radial
wave function in its rest frame.
The Jacobian $J(\vec{p}_d,\vec{\kappa};\vec{p}_1,\vec{p}_2)$
 and the relative momentum
$\vec{\kappa}$ can be calculated by using the same
 Eqs.(\ref{eq:rel-k})-(\ref{eq:h0m0})
with the replacement $\vec{k}\rightarrow \vec{\kappa}$,
$\vec{p}_M \rightarrow \vec{p}_1$, $\vec{p}_B \rightarrow \vec{p}_2$,
$\vec{P} \rightarrow \vec{p}_d$,  and
$MB\rightarrow NN$.

We also need the $NN$ amplitude
\begin{eqnarray}
&& <\vec{p}^{\,\,'}_1 m'_{j_1},  m'_{\tau_1};
\vec{p}^{\,\,'}_2 m'_{j_2}, m_{\tau_2}|{T}_{NN,NN}(E)|\vec{p}_1 m_{j_1}, m_{i_1};
\vec{p}_2, m_{j_2} m_{\tau_2}> \nonumber \\
&&=
J(\vec{P},\vec{k};\vec{p}_1,\vec{p}_2)
J(\vec{P}^{\,\,'},\vec{k}^{\,\,'};\vec{p}^{\,\,'}_1,\vec{p}^{\,\,'}_2) \nonumber \\
&&\times
< m'_{j_1},  m'_{\tau_1};
 m'_{j_2}, m'_{\tau_2}|t_{NN,NN}(\vec{k}^{\,\,'},\vec{k};W)|m_{j_1},m_{\tau_1};
 m_{j_2}, m_{\tau_2}> \,.
\label{eq:cm-lab-NN}
\end{eqnarray}
The above matrix element can be calculated from the same equations
Eqs.(\ref{eq:cm-lab})-(\ref{eq:s-i-a}) with the replacement of
$MB \rightarrow NN$. We generated the $NN$ partial-wave matrix elements
$t^{JT}_{L'S'NN,LSNN}(k',k;W)$ from the Bonn potential\cite{Machleidt}.

\section{Calculations of cross sections}

\subsection{Cross sections of  Meson-baryon reactions}

We need to evaluate the cross sections for the reactions
involving three
meson-baryon ($MB$) channels with
$MB = \pi N, \rho N, J/\Psi N$.
With the definitions Eqs.(\ref{eq:s-t})-(\ref{eq:cm-lab}),
the differential cross sections in the center of mass (CM)
for the $M(\vec{k}) + B(-\vec{k}) \rightarrow M'(\vec{k}^{\,\,'})
+ B'(-\vec{k}^{\,\,'})$ reaction can be written as
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{d\sigma}{d\Omega} &=& \frac{(4\pi)^2}{k^2}
\frac{\rho_{M'B'}(k')\rho_{MB}(k)}{(2j_M+1)(2j_B+1)}
\sum_{m_{j_M},m_{j_B}}\sum_{m^\prime_{j_M},m^\prime_{j_B}}[ \nonumber \\
&&| < m'_{j_M}, m'_{i_M};
 m'_{j_B},  m'_{\tau_B}|t_{M'B',MB}(\vec{k}^{\,\,'},\vec{k};W)| m_{j_M},  m_{i_M};
 m_{j_B},  m_{\tau_B}>|^2\,\, ]\;,\nonumber \\
&&
\label{eq:dcrst-mb}
\end{eqnarray}
where the matrix element of $t_{M'B',MB}(\vec{k}^{\,\,'};W)$ can be
calculated from Eqs.(\ref{eq:pwa})-(\ref{eq:s-i-a}) and the solution of
Eq.(\ref{eq:cceq-pw}). The density of state  is defined by
\begin{eqnarray}
\rho_{MB}(k) = \pi \frac{kE_M(k)E_B(k)}{E}\;.
\end{eqnarray}
The total cross sections $\sigma^{el}_{\pi N, \pi N}$ of elastic $\pi N\rightarrow \pi N$ and
$\sigma_{\pi N, \rho N}$ of $\pi N \rightarrow \rho N$ can be calculated from
using Eq.(\ref{eq:dcrst-mb}), Eq.(\ref{eq:pwa}) and
the solution of the coupled-channel equation Eq.(\ref{eq:cceq-pw}).

\subsection{Total cross sections of $\pi N$ reactions}
The total cross sections $\sigma^{tot}_{\pi N}$
 can be obtained from the $\pi N$ elastic scattering amplitude using
the optical theorem. With our definitions
Eqs.(\ref{eq:s-t})-(\ref{eq:cm-lab}), we have
\begin{eqnarray}
\sigma^{tot}_{\pi N} = -Im\, [\bar{f}_{\pi N,\pi N}(\theta=0)]
\end{eqnarray}
where the spin-averaged $\pi N$ elastic scattering amplitude is
\begin{eqnarray}
\bar{f}_{\pi N,\pi N}(\theta) &=&\frac{(4\pi)^2}{k^2}\frac{\rho_{\pi N}(E) }{2j_N+1}
 [\sum_{m_{j_N}}
<0, m_{i_\pi};
 m_{j_N}, m_{\tau_N}|t_{\pi N,\pi N}(\vec{k}^{\,\,'},\vec{k};E)
|0, m_{i_\pi};
 m_{j_N}, m_{\tau_N}>] \nonumber \\
&&
\end{eqnarray}
and
 $k=|\vec{k}|=|\vec{k}^\prime|$
is the on-shell
momentum, and $cos\theta = \hat{k}^{\,\,'}\cdot \hat{k}$.

\subsection{Cross sections of photo-production of $J/\Psi$ and $\rho$}
We now note that
with the vector meson dominance hypothesis, we can predict the cross section of
$\gamma + p \rightarrow J/\Psi+ p$
within the constructed coupled-channel model.
This is done by
writing the amplitude for
$\gamma(\vec{q})+ p(-\vec{q}) \rightarrow J/\Psi(\vec{k}^{\,\,'})
+p(-\vec{k}^{\,\,'})$ as
\begin{eqnarray}
&&< m'_{J/\Psi}, m'_{j_N}|
t_{J/\Psi p, \gamma p}(\vec{k}^{\,\,'},\vec{q};W)|
\lambda_{\gamma}, m_{j_N}> \nonumber \\
&&
=\sum_{m_{J/\Psi}}< m'_{J/\Psi}, m'_{j_N}|
t_{J/\Psi p, J/\Psi p}(\vec{k}^{\,\,'},\vec{k};W)|
m_{J/\Psi}, m_{j_N}>\frac{e}{f_{J/\Psi}}\delta_{m_{J/\Psi},\lambda_{\gamma}}
\nonumber \\
&&
+\sum_{m_{\rho}}< m'_{J/\Psi}, m'_{j_N}|
t_{J/\Psi p, \rho^0 p}(\vec{k}^{\,\,'},\vec{k};W)|
m_{\rho^0}, m_{j_N}>\frac{e}{f_{\rho}}\delta_{m_{\rho^0},\lambda_{\gamma}}\,,
\label{eq:gn-jn}
\end{eqnarray}
where $f_{J/\Psi}=11.2$ and $f_\rho=5.33$.

Obviously we can get the
$\gamma(\vec{q})+ p(-\vec{q}) \rightarrow \rho^0(\vec{k}^{\,\,'})
+p(-\vec{k}^{\,\,'})$ amplitude from
Eq.(\ref{eq:gn-jn}) by interchanging $J/\Psi$ and $ \rho^0$.
This will allow us to calculate  the total cross section
 $\sigma_{\gamma p,\rho^0 p}$ of
 $\gamma p \rightarrow \rho^0 p$. Clearly, within this model based on the
vector meson dominance hypothesis,
$\sigma_{\gamma p,\rho^0 p}$ is closely related to the total cross section
of $\rho^0 p \rightarrow \rho^0 p$ which can not be obtained experimentally, but
can  be essential in determining the parameters associated with our phenomenological
potential $V_{\rho N, \rho N}(E)$.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\epsfig{file=diagram.eps, width=0.6\hsize}
\caption{Graphical representation of $J/\psi$ photo-production
on the deuteron. Graphs(a), (b), and (c) correspond, respectively,
to the impulse contribution, Eq.(\ref{eq:impulse});
$N N$ re-scattering, Eq.(\ref{eq:NN});
and $J/\psi N$ re-scattering, Eq.(\ref{eq:jpsiN}).}
\label{fg:diag}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Cross sections for $\gamma + d \rightarrow J/\Psi + n+p$ }
In Fig.\ref{fg:diag}, we illustrate the mechanisms included in
our calculations of the cross sections of
$J/\Psi$ production on the deuteron target.
Since we are mainly
interested in the $J/\Psi$-$N$ interaction (Fig.\ref{fg:diag}.(c)),
we will
examine how  the predicted cross sections
depend on the
$J/\Psi$-$N$ relative momentum in the final $J/\Psi + n+p$ state.
This can be done most effectively by
 considering  the following
 differential cross section in the CM frame of the
$\gamma(\vec{q}) + d(-\vec{q}) \rightarrow J/\Psi(\vec{k})+ n(\vec{p}_n)
+ p(\vec{p}_p)$ reaction
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{d^2\sigma}{d\Omega_p d|\vec{\kappa}_{J/\psi}|}&=&(2\pi)^4\frac{E_\gamma(\vec{q})E_d(\vec{q})}{|\vec{q}|W}
\int d\Omega_{\hat{{\vec{\kappa}}}_{J/\psi}} \vec{\kappa}^2_{J/\psi}
\frac{E_n(\vec{p}_n)E_{J/\psi}(\vec{k})E_{p}(\vec{p}_p)}{E_n(-\vec{\kappa}_{J/\psi})E_{J/\psi}(\vec{\kappa}_{J/\psi})}
\frac{M_0|\vec{p}_p|}{W}\nonumber\\
&&\frac{1}{2(2J_{ d}+1)}\sum_{\lambda_{\gamma},\;m_{ d}}\
\sum_{m_{J/\psi},\;m_n,\;m_p}\nonumber\\
&&|<\vec{k}\,m_{J/\psi},\;\vec{p}_p\;m_p,\;\vec{p}_n\;m_n|
\hat{T}^{Imp}+\hat{T}^{J/\psi N}+\hat{T}^{N N}
|\vec{q}\;\lambda_{\gamma},\;\Phi_{-\vec{q}\,m_{d}}>|^2,
\label{eq:diffcrsec}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\vec{q}$ is the photon momentum chosen to be in the quantization $z$-direction,
$\Phi_{\vec{p}_d,m_d}$ is the deuteron with momentum
$\vec{p}_d = -\vec{q}$,
$\vec{p}_n$, $\vec{p}_p$
and $\vec{k}$ are the
 momenta of the
final   proton, neutron and $J/\psi$, respectively.
 $\vec{\kappa}_{J/\psi}=(|\vec{\kappa}_{J/\psi}|, \Omega_{\kappa_{J/\psi}})$ is
the  momentum of $J/\Psi$ in the CM of the
 $J/\Psi$-$N$ subsystem.
The amplitudes $\hat{T}^{Imp}$, $\hat{T}^{NN}$, and $\hat{T}^{J/\Psi N}$
 are calculated from the impulse ((a)), $NN$ re-scattering ((b)), and
$J/\Psi$-$N$ re-scattering ((c))
mechanisms shown in Fig.\ref{fg:diag}.

In Eq.(\ref{eq:diffcrsec}), $W$ is the invariant mass of $\gamma d$ and
$M_0 = E_{J/\Psi}(\vec{\kappa}_{J/\psi})+E_{n}(\vec{\kappa}_{J/\psi})$
is the
invariant mass of  the $J/\psi$-$N$ system.
 The magnitude of the outgoing proton momentum
$\vec{p}_p$ can be calculated from$M_0$
and $W$ by
\begin{eqnarray}
|\vec{p}_p| = \frac{1}{2W}[(W^2-m_p^2-M^2_0)^2 - 4m_p^2M^2_0]^{1/2}\,.
\label{eq:pp}
\end{eqnarray}
The direction of $\vec{p}_p$ is specified by $\Omega_p$ with respect to the incident
photon momentum $\vec{q}$.
The other variables $\vec{k}$ for the outgoing $J/\Psi$
and $\vec{p}_n$ for the outgoing neutron in Eq.(\ref{eq:diffcrsec})
can then be calculated
from $\vec{\kappa}_{J/\psi}$ and $\vec{p}_p$ as follows:
\begin{eqnarray}
\vec{k}&=&\vec{\kappa}_{J/\psi}+\frac{\vec{p}_p}{M_0}
\left(\frac{\vec{p}_{p}\cdot\vec{\kappa}_{J/\psi}}{M_0+W-E_{p}(\vec{p}_p)}-E_{J/\psi}(\vec{\kappa}_{J/\psi})\right),\\
\vec{p}_n&=&-\vec{\kappa}_{J/\psi}+\frac{\vec{p}_p}{M_0}
\left(-\frac{\vec{p}_p\cdot\vec{\kappa}_{J/\psi}}{M_0+W-E_{p}(\vec{p}_p)}-E_{n}(\vec{\kappa}_{J/\psi})\right).
\label{eq:momtna}
\end{eqnarray}
With Eqs.(\ref{eq:pp})-(\ref{eq:momtna}), all kinematic variables for calculating
the
integrand of
Eq.(\ref{eq:diffcrsec}) are completely fixed for a given $\Omega_p$ and $\vec{\kappa}_{J/\psi}$.
Our task is to explore at what $\Omega_p$, the calculated differential
cross section $\frac{d^2\sigma}{d\Omega_p d|\vec{\kappa}_{J/\psi}|}$
is most sensitive to the amplitude $\hat{T}^{J/\psi N}$ for the
$J/\Psi$-$N$ re-scattering mechanism (c) of Fig.\ref{fg:diag}.

In the following three subsections, we give formula for evaluating the matrix elements
of $T^{Imp}$, $T^{NN}$, and $T^{J/\Psi N}$.
We have evaluated the Clebsch-Gordon coefficients associated with the isospin
quantum numbers in Eq.(\ref{eq:cm-lab}) and thus all isospin indices are suppressed and
the amplitudes are on specific charged states specified explicitly as $n$ for neutron and
$p$ for proton etc.

\subsubsection{Impulse Amplitude}
The impulse amplitude of Eq.(\ref{eq:diffcrsec})(Fig.\ref{fg:diag}(a))
can be straightforwardly written
as
\begin{eqnarray}
&&<\vec{k}\;m_{J/\psi},\;\vec{p}_p\;m_p,\;\vec{p}_n\;m_n|
\hat{T}^{Imp}|\vec{q}\;\lambda_{\gamma},\;\Phi_{-\vec{q},m_{d}}>\nonumber\\
&=&\sum_{m_a}\left[<\vec{k}\;m_{J/\psi},\;\vec{p}_p\;m_p|
T_{J/\psi p,\gamma p}|\vec{q}\;\lambda_{\gamma},\;-\vec{q}-\vec{p}_n\;m_{a}>
<-\vec{q}-\vec{p}_n\;m_{a},\;\vec{p}_n\;m_n|
{\Phi}_{-\vec{q}\;m_{d}}>\right.\nonumber\\
&&+\left.<\vec{k}\;m_{J/\psi},\;\vec{p}_n\;m_n|
T_{J/\Psi n,\gamma n}|\vec{q}\;\lambda_{\gamma},\;-\vec{q}-\vec{p}_p\;m_{a}>
<\vec{p}_p\;m_p,\;-\vec{q}-\vec{p}_p\;m_{a}
|\Phi_{-\vec{q}\;m_{d}}>\right]\,,\nonumber\\
\label{eq:impulse}
\end{eqnarray}
where $<\vec{p}_p;m_p,\;\vec{p}_n;m_n|\Phi_{\vec{p}_d;m_{d}}>$ has been
 defined by Eq.(\ref{eq:deut-wf}) (omitting isospin indices).
The $\gamma + N_i \to J/\psi + N_f$ amplitudes in the
above expression are taken from our previous
 work\cite{wulee}
\begin{eqnarray}
&&<\vec{k}\;m_{J/\Psi},\;\vec{p}_{N_f}\;m_{N_f}|
T_{J/\Psi N,\gamma N}
|\vec{q}\;\lambda_\gamma,\;\vec{p}_{N_i}\;m_{N_i}>\nonumber\\
&=&\frac{1}{(2\pi)^3}\frac{1}{\sqrt{2E_{J/\Psi}(\vec{k})}}
\sqrt{\frac{m_N}{E_N(\vec{p}_{N_f})}}\sqrt{\frac{m_N}{E_N(\vec{p}_{N_i})}}\frac{1}{\sqrt{2|\vec{q}|}}\nonumber \\
&&\times
[\bar{u}_{m_{N_f}}(\vec{p}_{N_f})
\epsilon^*_\mu(k,m_{J/\Psi})
(\mathcal{M}^{\mu\nu}_\mathbb{P}(\vec{k},\vec{p}_{N_f},\vec{q},\vec{p}_{N_i})
+\mathcal{M}^{\mu\nu}_\pi(\vec{k},\vec{p}_{N_f},\vec{q},\vec{p}_{N_i})]
\epsilon_\nu(\vec{q},\lambda_\gamma)
u_{m_{N_i}}(\vec{p}_{N_i}))\,, \label{eq:tot-amp} \nonumber \\
&&
\label{eq:photonjpsin},
\end{eqnarray}
where $\mathcal{M}^{\mu\nu}_\mathbb{P}$
and $\mathcal{M}^{\mu\nu}_\pi$ are the contributions
from the Pomeron
exchange and $\pi$ exchange mechanisms, respectively,  as shown in the Fig.\ref{fg:photon}.

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\epsfig{file=pom-pi.eps, width=0.7\hsize}
\caption{Reaction mechanisms of $\gamma + N \to J/\psi + N$: (a) Pomeron-exchange, (b) pion-exchange.}
\label{fg:photon}
\end{figure}

For the Pomeron exchange, the amplitude can be written as:
\begin{eqnarray}
\mathcal{M}^{\mu\nu}_\mathbb{P}(k,p_{N_f},q,p_{N_i})&=& G_\mathbb{P}(s,t)
\mathcal{T}^{\mu\nu}_\mathbb{P}(t,q),
\label{eq:MP}
\end{eqnarray}
with
\begin{eqnarray}
G_\mathbb{P}(s,t) &=& \left(\frac{s}{s_0}\right)^{\alpha_P(t)-1}
\exp\left\{ - \frac{i\pi}{2} \left[ \alpha_P(t)-1 \right]
\right\} \,,\label{eq:regge-g}\\
\mathcal{T}^{\mu\nu}_\mathbb{P}(t,q) &=& i 12 \sqrt{4\pi\alpha_{\rm em}}
\frac{m_{J/\psi}^2 \beta_c \beta_{c}}{f_{J/\psi}} \frac{1}{m_{J/\psi}^2-t} \left(
\frac{2\mu_0^2}{2\mu_0^2 + m_{J/\psi}^2 - t} \right) F_1(t)
\{ q\!\!\!/ \, g^{\mu\nu} - q^\mu \gamma^\nu \}\, ,\label{eq:pom}
\end{eqnarray}
where $t=(p_{N_i}-p_{N_f})^2$, $s=(q-p_{N_i})^2$,
$ \alpha_P (t) = \alpha_0 + \alpha'_P t$ with
$\alpha_0=1.25$ and $\alpha'_P=1/s_0=0.25$GeV$^{-1}$, $\mu_0^2=1.1$ GeV,
$\alpha_{\rm em} = e^2/4\pi=1/\sqrt{137}$,
$\beta_c=0.84$ GeV$^{-1}$,
 $f_{J/\psi}=11.2$, and $F_1(t) = (4M_N^2 - 2.8 t)/(4M_N^2 - t)(1-t/0.71(GeV^2))^2$.
For the $\pi$ exchange, the amplitude $\mathcal{M}^{\mu\nu}_\pi$ is:
\begin{eqnarray}
\mathcal{M}^{\mu\nu}_\pi(k,p_{N_f},q,p_{N_i})
&=& \frac{e}{f_\rho}\frac{g_{J/\Psi,\rho^0\pi^0}}{m_{J/\Psi}}\frac{f_{\pi NN}}{m_\pi}
\times \left(\frac{\Lambda^2}{\Lambda^2-t}\right)^4
\frac{1}{t-m^2_\pi} \epsilon^{\mu\nu\alpha\beta}k_\alpha q_\beta
[\gamma \cdot (p_{N_f}-p_{N_i})]\gamma^5\,,\nonumber\\
\label{eq:opep}
\end{eqnarray}
where the $f_\rho=5.33$, $g_{J/\Psi,\rho^0\pi^0}=0.032$,
and $\Lambda  = 2000$ MeV.

All of the parameters specified above for evaluating
 Eqs.(\ref{eq:regge-g})-(\ref{eq:opep})
were determined in Ref.\cite{wulee}
by fitting the total cross section data of $\gamma + p \to J/\psi + p$
up to the invariant mass $W=300$ GeV, as shown in Fig.\ref{fg:photonpm}.
\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\epsfig{file=1-phnjn-pm.eps, width=0.5\hsize}
\caption{The total cross section of $\gamma + p \to J/\psi + p$.
$W$ is the invariant mass of the $\gamma p$ system.
The red solid curves are calculated from the model
of Ref.\cite{wulee}.}
\label{fg:photonpm}
\end{figure}

\subsubsection{$J/\psi N$ re-scattering amplitude}

The amplitude $\hat{T}^{J/\psi N}$ in Eq.(\ref{eq:diffcrsec})
( Fig.\ref{fg:diag}(c)) is :
\begin{eqnarray}
&&<\vec{k}\,m_{J/\psi},\;\vec{p}_p\;m_p,\;\vec{p}_n\;m_n|
\hat{T}^{J/\psi N}
|\vec{q}\;\lambda_{\gamma},\;-\vec{q}\;m_{d}>\nonumber\\
&=&\int d^3 \vec{k}^* \sum_{m_a,\;m_b\;=-1/2,\;1/2}\;\;\;
\sum_{m^*_{J/\psi}=-1,0,1}\nonumber\\
&&\times \left\{\;\;\; [ \frac{1}{W-E_N(\vec{p}_p)-E_{J/\psi}(\vec{k}^*)-E_N(-\vec{p}_p-\vec{k}^*)+i\epsilon}\right.\nonumber\\
&&\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\times<\vec{k}^*\;m^*_{J/\psi},\;\vec{p}_p\;m_p|
T_{J/\psi p,\gamma p}
|\vec{q}\;\lambda_\gamma,\;\vec{k}^*+\vec{p}_p-\vec{q}\;m_a>\nonumber\\
&&\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\times
<\vec{k}\,m_{J/\psi},\;\vec{p}_n\;m_n|
T_{J/\psi n,J/\Psi n}(W_{J/\Psi n})
|\vec{k}^*\;m^*_{J/\psi},\;\vec{k}+\vec{p}_n-\vec{k}^*\;m_b>\nonumber\\
&&\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\times
<\vec{k}^*+\vec{p}_p-\vec{q}\;m_a,\;\vec{k}+\vec{p}_n-\vec{k}^*\;m_b|
{\Phi}_{-\vec{q}\;\lambda_{d}}>]
+ [n \leftrightarrow p]\;\;\; \}
\label{eq:jpsiN}
\end{eqnarray}
where $W_{J/\Psi n}= E_{J/\Psi}(p_{J/\Psi}) + E_N(p_n)$,
$<\vec{p}\;m,\;\vec{p}^{\,\,'}\;,m'|\Phi_{\vec{p}_d;m_{d}}>$ has been
 defined by Eq.(\ref{eq:deut-wf}), and $ <\vec{k}\,m_{J/\psi},\;\vec{p}_n\;m_n|
T_{J/\psi n,J/\Psi n}(W_{J/\Psi n})
|\vec{k}^*\;m^*_{J/\psi},\;\vec{p}-\vec{k}^*\;m_b>$ can be calculated using
Eqs.(\ref{eq:cm-lab})-(\ref{eq:cceq-pw}).
The first term in the bracket denotes the $\gamma + p \to J/\psi + p$ and $J/\psi + n \to J/\psi + n$,
while the second term denotes $\gamma + n \to J/\psi + n$ and $J/\psi + p \to J/\psi + p$.

\subsubsection{$NN$ re-scattering amplitude}
The amplitude $\hat{T}^{NN}$ of Eq.(\ref{eq:diffcrsec})
(Fig.\ref{fg:diag}(b)) can be written as:
\begin{eqnarray}
&&<\vec{k}\,m_{J/\psi},\;\vec{p}_p\;m_p,\;\vec{p}_n\;m_n|
\hat{T}^{N N}
|\vec{q}\;\lambda_{\gamma},\;-\vec{q}\;m_{d}>\nonumber\\
&=&\int d^3\vec{p}^{\,\,*} \frac{1}{W-E_{J/\psi}(\vec{k})-E_N(\vec{p}^{\,\,*})
-E_N(-\vec{k}-\vec{p}^{\,\,*})+i\epsilon}\nonumber\\
&&\times\sum^{}_{m^*,\;m,\;m'\;=-1/2,\;1/2}
<\vec{k}\;m_{J/\psi},\;\vec{p}^{\,\,*}\;m^*|
T_{J/\Psi N,\gamma N}
|\vec{q}\;\lambda_\gamma,\;\vec{p}\;m>\nonumber\\
&&\times[
<\vec{p}_p\;m_p,\;\vec{p}_n\;m_n|
T_{np,np}(E_{np})
|\vec{p}^{\,\,*}\;m^*,\;\vec{p}^{\,\,'}\;m'>
<\vec{p}\;m,\;\vec{p}^{\,\,'}\;m'|
{\Phi}_{-\vec{q}\;m_{d}}>]\,,
\label{eq:NN}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\vec{p}^{\,\,'}=\vec{p}_p+\vec{p}_n-\vec{p}^{\,\,*}$
, $\vec{p}=\vec{k}+\vec{p}^{\,\,*}-\vec{q}$,
$E_{np}=E_N(p_p)+E_N(p_n)$, $<\vec{p};m,\;\vec{p}^{\,\,'};m'|\Phi_{\vec{p}_d;m_{d}}>$ has been
 defined by Eq.(\ref{eq:deut-wf}), and $<\vec{p}_p\;m_p,\;\vec{p}_n\;m_n|
T_{np,np}(E_{np})
|\vec{p}^{\,\,*}\;m^*,\;\vec{p}^{\,\,'}\;m'>$
can be calculated by using Eq.(\ref{eq:cm-lab-NN})
and the $NN\rightarrow NN$
partial wave amplitudes generated from the Bonn potential\cite{Machleidt}.

\subsection{Cross section of $\pi^+ + d \rightarrow J/\Psi + p + p$}
By replacing $T_{J/\Psi N,\gamma N}$ by $T_{J/\Psi N,\pi N}$ and
changing notations appropriately, the formula presented in the previous
subsection IV.B can be used to
calculate the differential cross section
$\frac{d\sigma}{d\Omega_p d|\vec{\kappa}_{J/\Psi}|}$
of $\pi^+ + d \rightarrow J/\Psi + p + p$.
\section{Results}

Our first task is to determine the parameters of
the potentials of the coupled-channel model
presented in section II. The parameters for the coupling
potential $V_{i,J/\Psi N}$
with $i=\pi N, \rho N, J/\Psi N$ have been specified there.
We determine the parameters of $V_{i,j}=v^0_{i,j}(E)f_{i,j}(r)$
with $i,j = \pi N,\rho N$, as already given
in Eq. (\ref{eq:v-fr}), by fitting the total cross section
 data  $\sigma^{tot}_{\pi N}$ of the $\pi N$ reaction,
$\sigma^{el}_{\pi N, \pi N}$ of $\pi N$ elastic scattering,
$\sigma_{\pi N, \rho N}$ of $\pi N \rightarrow \rho N$, and
$\sigma_{\gamma p,\rho^0 p}$ of $\gamma p \rightarrow \rho^0 p$.
We achieve this by choosing
\begin{eqnarray}
f_{i,j}(r)=\frac{1}{1+e^{(r-c)/t}
\label{eq:ws}}
\end{eqnarray}
where $c=0.8 $ fm, $t=0.4$ fm for all $i,j=\pi N,\rho N$.
The energy dependence of the total cross sections in the energy region
near the $J/\Psi$ production threshold ($4$ GeV $< W < $ 6 GeV)
can be fitted qualitatively by
setting
\begin{eqnarray}
v^0_{i,j}(E)=(-i)\;[A+B(E-E_0)^2]
\label{eq:v0ij}
\end{eqnarray}
Our fits to $\sigma^{tot}_{\pi^{\pm}p}$ are shown in
Fig.\ref{fg:pin-fit}. The small isospin dependence in the data is neglected in
our fits. In Fig.\ref{fg:rhon-fit}, we see that the fits
to the total cross section data
 of $\pi^{\pm}+ p \rightarrow \rho^{\pm} +p$ (left) and
$\gamma + p \rightarrow \rho^0 + p$ (right) are also reasonable.
The resulting parameters $A$, $B$, and $E_0$ are listed in Table \ref{tab:v}.

Note that the forms Eqs.(\ref{eq:ws})-(\ref{eq:v0ij}) are purely
phenomenological, and our fits in Figs.\ref{fg:pin-fit}-\ref{fg:rhon-fit}
are only qualitatively. But they are sufficient for estimating the order
of magnitudes of the $J/\Psi$ production cross sections. For a more quantitative
calculation, we clearly need to improve this phenomenological aspect of
our model.

With the fits shown in Figs.\ref{fg:pin-fit}-\ref{fg:rhon-fit}, all of the
parameters for our calculations are completely fixed. In the next few
subsections, we present our predictions for future experimental determinations
of the $J/\Psi$-$N$ interaction.

\begin{table}[ht]
\begin{center}
\caption{The parameters  for $v^0_{i,j}(E)$ of Eq.(\ref{eq:v0ij}).
$E$ is the
total energy in the enter of mass system.}
\label{tab:v}
\begin{tabular}{cccccc}\hline
      i  &       j     & A (GeV)      & B (GeV$^{-1}$)&$E_0$ (GeV) \\
$\pi N$  &  $\pi N$   & 0.43        &   1.18 & 4.0 \\
$\pi N$  &  $\rho N$  & 0.04        &   0.09 & 4.0\\
$\rho N$ &  $\rho N$  & 0.45        &   0.45 & 4.0\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{table}

\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\epsfig{file=pinpinfit.eps, width=0.5\hsize}
\caption{The fits to the data of
 the total cross sections $\sigma^{tot}_{\pi^{\pm} p}$ of $\pi^{\pm} p$
reactions,
 and the total elastic $\pi^{\pm} p \rightarrow \pi^{\pm} p$
cross section $\sigma^{el}_{\pi^{\pm} p,\pi^{\pm}p}$. The data are from PDG\cite{pdg}}
\label{fg:pin-fit}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\epsfig{file=pinrhonfit.eps, width=0.49\hsize}
\epsfig{file=photonrhonfit.eps, width=0.49\hsize}
\caption{The fits to the data of the total cross sections
 $\sigma_{\pi^{\pm} p \to \rho^{\pm}p}$ of
$\pi^{\pm}p \rightarrow \rho^{\pm} p$ (left)
 and $\sigma_{\gamma p \to \rho^0 p}$ for
$\gamma p \rightarrow \rho^0 p$ (right).
The data of $\sigma_{\pi^{\pm}p  \to \rho^{\pm} p}$ is from \cite{lbbook}, and the data of $\sigma_{\gamma p \to\rho^0 p}$ is from \cite{gprhopsjnp,gprhopprd,gprhopnpb}. }
\label{fg:rhon-fit}
\end{figure}

\subsection{$\pi^- + p \rightarrow J/\Psi + n$}
The simplest experiment to determine the $J/\Psi$-$N$ interaction within our
coupled-channel model is to measure the
cross sections of $\pi^- + p \rightarrow J/\Psi + n$  reaction.
We first observe that the coupled-channel effects can
change drastically the magnitudes and the energy-dependence
of the predicted cross sections. This is illustrated
in the left side of  Fig.\ref{fg:pin-cc}.
In the absence of coupled-channel effects, the results from the Born
approximation (setting
 $T_{J/\Psi N, \pi N}= V_{J/\Psi N, \pi N}$) are
the dotted blue
curve.  When the interactions associated with the $J/\Psi N$ channel,
$V_{i,J/\Psi}$ with $i=\pi N, \rho N, J/\Psi N$, are included
in solving the coupled-channel equation, we obtain
the dashed red curve which is suppressed at high $W$ in contrast to
the raising behavior of the dotted blue
curve from the Born approximation.
When the complex potentials $V_{i,j}$ with $i,j= \pi N, \rho N$ are
also included in
our full calculations, we obtain the solid black curve.
We see that these complex potentials can reduce drastically
the magnitudes of the cross sections. This is due to the fact that most of
the incident pions are absorbed before the $J/\Psi$ production takes place.
Within our model, this absorption effect is due to the very large imaginary
part of $V_{\pi N, \pi N}$.

The coupled-channel effects on
 $J/\Psi+p \rightarrow J/\Psi +p$ are shown in the right side of
Fig.\ref{fg:pin-cc}. We note that the $J/\Psi$-$N$ interaction, as defined in
Eq.(\ref{eq:vjpnjpn}), is real and therefore does not have strong absorption effects
on  $J/\Psi$-$N$ scattering. By comparing the differences between the blue
dotted curve of the Born approximation ($T_{J/\Psi N, J/\Psi N}=V_{J/\Psi N, J/\Psi N}$)
 and the red dashed curve,
we see that the coupled-channel
effects due to $V_{i,J/\Psi}$ with $i=\pi N, \rho N, J/\Psi N$ is to
increase the cross section at all $W$. The coupled-channel effects due to
 $V_{i,j}$ with $i,j= \pi N, \rho N$ are very small, as can be seen by comparing
the red dashed curve and the black solid curve in the right side of
Fig.\ref{fg:pin-cc}. This is due to the fact that
the  $J/\Psi$-$\pi$-$\rho$ coupling constant $g_{J/\Psi\rho\pi}=0.032$, calculated from
the partial decay width of $J/\Psi\rightarrow\pi\rho$, is very small
in the calculation of Eqs.(\ref{eq:pinjn})-(\ref{eq:rhonjn}) for the one-meson-exchange
matrix elements of
$v_{\rho N,J/\Psi}$  and $v_{\pi N,J/\Psi}$.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\epsfig{file=pinjncomp.eps, width=0.49\hsize}
\epsfig{file=jnjncomp.eps, width=0.49\hsize}
\caption{ The cross sections
of $\pi^- + p \rightarrow J/\Psi + n$ (left)
 and $J/\Psi + p\rightarrow J/\Psi + p$ (right).
Black Solid: full calculation,
red dashed:  Coupled-channel, but setting
 $V_{i,J/\Psi}=0$ for $i,j=\pi N, \rho N$,
blue dotted : Born calculation $T_{i,j}= V_{i,j}$. W is the total energy in
the center of mass frame. }
\label{fg:pin-cc}
\end{figure}

We next examine the dependence of the $\pi^-+ p \rightarrow J/\Psi + n$
cross sections on the strength $\alpha$ of the $J/\Psi$-$N$ potential
$v_{J/\Psi N, J/\Psi N}$.
The
results from using $\alpha =0.2, 0.09, 0.06$ are compared in
the left side of Fig.\ref{fg:pin-jpsin}.
 The predicted total cross
sections at peak positions are about 1.5 nb. Such small cross sections are due to the
strong absorption of the incident pion and that the $\pi N \rightarrow J/\Psi N$ transition
potential $V_{\pi N,J/\Psi N}$ is weak, as discussed above.
The differences between three
results are significant only in the region near $W \sim 4.25$ GeV.
On the other hand, the predicted $J/\Psi N \rightarrow J/\Psi N$
cross sections are more sensitive to $\alpha$, as seen in the
right side of Fig.\ref{fg:pin-jpsin}. This suggests that
$J/\Psi$-$N$ interaction can be more easily determined in the
reactions of $J/\Psi$ production on the  deuteron target in the kinematic region
where the cross sections are
sensitive to the $J/\Psi N \rightarrow J/\Psi N$
re-scattering mechanism (Fig.\ref{fg:diag}(c)).
This is what we will examine  in
the next two subsections.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\epsfig{file=pinjncoup.eps, width=0.49\hsize}
\epsfig{file=jnjncoup.eps, width=0.49\hsize}
\caption{The total cross sections of
 $\pi^- + p \to J/\Psi + n$ (left) and
$J/\psi + p \to J/\Psi + p$ (right).
W is the total energy in the center of mass frame.
The black solid, blue dotted, and red dashed curves are calculated
by using
the $J/\Psi$-$N$ potential Eq.(\ref{eq:vjpnjpn}) with
 $\mu=0.6$ GeV and $\alpha =0.20, 0.09,0.06$, respectively. }
\label{fg:pin-jpsin}
\end{figure}

\subsection{$\gamma + d \rightarrow J/\Psi +n + p$}

We only consider the energy region close to
the $J/\Psi$ production
threshold. The results presented below  and in the next subsection
are calculated
at the energy 100 MeV above the $J/\Psi$ production.

As discussed in section IV.D, our main task is to use  Eq.(\ref{eq:diffcrsec})
 to
examine the dependence of  the differential cross section
$\frac{d\sigma}{d\Omega_pd|\vec{\kappa}_{J/\Psi}|}$ of this process on the $J/\Psi$-$N$ potential
$V_{J/\Psi N, J\Psi N}$.
Obviously,
we  need to
 identify the region of the outgoing proton angle
$\theta_p$ with respect to the incident photon where the
$J/\Psi$-$N$ re-scattering mechanism ((c) of Fig.\ref{fg:diag}) dominates.
We find that this is in the region close to $\theta_p=0$, as
can be seen in the left side of Fig.\ref{fg:phodpm}. We see
that in the low $J/\Psi$ momentum,
$\kappa_{J/\Psi} <$ about 200 MeV, the contribution from
the $J/\Psi$ re-scattering term (blue dotted curve) is much larger than that from the
other two
mechanisms. On the other hand, the impulse term dominates at $\theta_p =180^0$ as seen in
the right side of Fig.\ref{fg:phodpm}.
Accordingly, three $J/\Psi$-$N$ potentials with the strengths
$\alpha=0.2$, $0.09$, and $0.06$ obtained by the effective field theory approach and LQCD
can be easily tested at $\theta_p=0$, but less
 possible at $\theta_p=180^0$.
This is shown in Fig.\ref{fg:phodjn}.

The results presented above clearly indicate that
 it is highly desirable to have data in the region close to $\theta_p=0$
in future experiments in order to be able to determine the $J/\Psi$-$N$ interaction.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\epsfig{file=2a-phd-com0.eps, width=0.49\hsize}
\epsfig{file=2b-phd-com180.eps, width=0.49\hsize}
\caption{The differential cross section $d\sigma/(d\Omega_p d\kappa_{J/\Psi})$
of $\gamma + d \to J/\Psi + p + n$ vs the momentum $\kappa_{J/\Psi}$
 of $J/\Psi$ in
 the center of mass frame of the $J/\Psi + n$ sub-system.
The results are from coupled-channel calculations
 using the $J/\Psi$-$ N$ potential,
Eq.(\ref{eq:vjpnjpn}), with
$\mu=0.6$ GeV and $\alpha =0.20$. $\theta_p$ in
 (a) and (b) are  the angle between the incoming photon and the outgoing proton.
The red dashed, blue dotted and pink dashed-dotted lines are
the contributions from the amplitudes of
the Impulse term, $J/\Psi N$ re-scattering, and $N N$ re-scattering, respectively.
The black solid lines are the coherent sum of these three amplitudes.}
\label{fg:phodpm}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\epsfig{file=photod-tot0.eps, width=0.49\hsize}
\epsfig{file=photod-tot180.eps, width=0.49\hsize}
\caption{
The differential cross section $d\sigma/(d\Omega_p d\kappa_{J/\Psi})$
of $\gamma + d \to J/\Psi + p + n$ vs the momentum $\kappa_{J/\Psi}$
 of $J/\Psi$ in
 the center of mass frame of the $J/\Psi + n$ sub-system.
$\theta_p$
 is  the angle between the incoming photon and the outgoing proton.
 The black solid, blue dotted, and red dashed-dotted lines are from
the coupled-channel calculations  using
the $J/\Psi N \to J/\Psi N$ potential, Eq.(\ref{eq:vjpnjpn}), with
 $\mu=0.6$ GeV and $\alpha =0.20, 0.09,0.06$, respectively.}
\label{fg:phodjn}
\end{figure}

\subsection{$\pi^+ + d \rightarrow J/\Psi + p + p$}
For the calculated $\frac{d\sigma}{d\Omega_p d|\vec{\kappa}_{J/\Psi}|}$ of
the $\pi^+ d \to J/\Psi + p + p$ reaction, we find that
 the impulse term dominates at all angles. Furthermore,
the contributions from the $J/\Psi$-$N$ re-scattering (Fig.\ref{fg:diag}(c))
are weaker than those of
the $NN$ re-scattering (Fig.\ref{fg:diag}(b)).
Nevertheless, the data from experiments on
this reaction  can be useful
to determine the $J/\Psi$-$N$ interaction.
This is illustrated in
 Fig.\ref{fg:pinpid} where  the results from
$\alpha =0.20$, $0.09$, and $0.06$
for $\theta_p=0$ and $180^0$ are compared.
\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\epsfig{file=pid-tot0.eps, width=0.49\hsize}
\epsfig{file=pid-tot180.eps, width=0.49\hsize}
\caption{
The differential cross section $d\sigma/(d\Omega_p d\kappa_{J/\Psi})$
of $\pi^+ + d \to J/\Psi + p + p$ vs the momentum $\kappa_{J/\Psi}$
 of $J/\Psi$ in
 the center of mass frame of the $J/\Psi + p$ sub-system.
The black solid, blue dotted, and red dashed-dotted lines are from
the coupled-channel calculations
 using the $J/\Psi$-$ N$ potential,
Eq.(\ref{eq:vjpnjpn}), with
$\mu=0.6$ GeV and $\alpha =0.20, 0.09, 0.06$. $\theta_p$ is
the angle between the incoming pion and the outgoing proton.
 }
\label{fg:pinpid}
\end{figure}

\subsection{$\gamma p \rightarrow J/\Psi p$ in the coupled-channel model}
With the vector meson dominance hypothesis, we can predict the cross section of
$\gamma + p \rightarrow J/\Psi+ p$
within the constructed coupled-channel model.
This is done by using the amplitude given in
Eq.(\ref{eq:gn-jn}).
For three coupled-channel amplitudes calculated with
$\alpha = 0.2$, $0.09$, and $0.06$  for $V_{J/\Psi N, J/\Psi N}$, our results
 are compared with that
of the Pomeron-exchange model (green dot-dashed curve)
in the left of Fig.\ref{fg:phpphd}.

We note that the coupled-channel model results are expected to be valid
only at energies near $J/\Psi$ production threshold where the data are rather
uncertain.
On the other hand, the use of Pomeron-exchange model at very low energies
is also questionable.
Our results for $\alpha=0.06$ are close to the three data points near 4.5 GeV. At $W >$ about 5 GeV, we clearly need to improve the model.
 The data from the forthcoming experiment\cite{jpsi-jlab}
 at JLab
will be useful to clarify the situation.

In the right side of Fig.\ref{fg:phpphd}, we show that the coupled-channel effects
can  increase the cross section significantly. Our results here as well as that shown in
Fig.\ref{fg:pin-cc} suggest that
any attempt to determine the $J/\Psi$-$N$ interaction must include the coupled-channel
effects, as required by the unitarity condition.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\epsfig{file=gnjncoup.eps, width=0.49\hsize}
\epsfig{file=gnjncomp.eps, width=0.49\hsize}
\caption{The cross section of $\gamma + N \to J/\Psi + N$ reaction.
$W$ is the total energy in the center of mass frame.
In the left side, the black solid, blue dotted, red dashed lines are calculated by using  couple channel model with
$\mu=0.6$ GeV and $\alpha =0.20, 0.09,0.06$ and the green dashed-dotted line is from Pomeron-exchange.
In the right side, the red dashed and blue dashed-dotted lines are from the full calculation and
the Born approximation  calculation $T_{i,j}= V_{i,j}$.
The parameters of $v_{J/\Psi N,J/\Psi N}$ of the
coupled-channel model are $\mu=0.6$ GeV and $\alpha =0.06$. The data is from \cite{Gittelman:1975ix,Camerini:1975cy,Anderson}.}
\label{fg:phpphd}
\end{figure}

\section{Summary}

We have developed a coupled-channel model
with $\pi N$, $\rho N$ and $J/\Psi N$ channels
to predict the $J/\Psi$ production on the nucleon.
The $J/\Psi$-$N$ interaction potential $V_{J/\Psi N,J/\Psi N}$ is taken from
the calculations using the effective field theory method and Lattice QCD.
The $J/\Psi N \rightarrow \pi N, \rho N$ transition potentials
$V_{J/\Psi N, \pi N}$ and $V_{J/\Psi N, \rho N}$ are calculated
from one-$\rho$-exchange and one-$\pi$-exchange mechanisms with
the parameters determined by the decay width of
$J/\Psi \rightarrow \pi \rho$ and the previously determined $\pi NN$ and
$\rho NN$ coupling constants. The interactions
$V_{i,j}$ with $i,j=\pi N, \rho N$ are treated as phenomenological
complex potentials with their parameters constrained by the fits to
the data of total cross sections of the $\pi N$ reactions, $\pi N\rightarrow \pi N$,
$\pi N \rightarrow \rho N$, and
$\gamma  p \rightarrow \rho^0 p$.

The calculated meson-baryon amplitudes
are then used to predict the cross sections
of $\gamma + d \rightarrow J/\Psi + N + N$ and
$\pi + d \rightarrow J/\Psi + N + N$ reactions.
The calculations on the deuteron target
involve the contributions from the
impulse term and the final $NN$ and $J/\Psi N$ scattering.
 We have identified the kinematic region where
the  $J/\Psi$-$N$ potentials can be distinguished
 in $\pi^-+p \rightarrow J/\Psi + n$, $\gamma + d \rightarrow J/\Psi + n + p$
and $\pi^++ d \rightarrow J/\Psi +p+p$ reactions.
Predictions of the dependence of the cross sections of
these reactions on
the $J/\Psi$-$N$ potentials are presented. Our results shown in Figs.\ref{fg:pin-jpsin},
\ref{fg:phodjn}, and \ref{fg:pinpid} can be used to facilitate the experimental
determinations of $J/\Psi$-$N$ interactions.

Within the vector meson dominance model, we have also applied the constructed
coupled-channel model to predict the $\gamma + p\rightarrow J/\Psi + p$
cross sections. Our results near the $J/\Psi$ production threshold, as shown in
Fig.\ref{fg:phpphd},
are very different from what can be calculated from  the
conventional Pomeron-exchange model which is mainly constrained by
the $\gamma p \rightarrow J/\Psi + p$ cross section at high energies.
It will be interesting to distinguish these two models in the forthcoming
experiment at Jefferson Laboratory\cite{jpsi-jlab}.

\begin{acknowledgments}
We thank R. Machleidt for providing us with the code for generating the $NN$ amplitudes
from the Bonn potential.
This work is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics Division,
under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357.
This research used resources of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center,
which is supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy
under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231, and resources provided on ``Fusion,''
a 320-node computing cluster operated by the Laboratory Computing Resource Center
at Argonne National Laboratory.
\end{acknowledgments}

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text:
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Broadsheet Issue
foreign funding case
Rahim Shah
Pakistan's coronavirus death toll increases to 41 as patients jump to 2,732
ISLAMABAD (92 News) – The death toll due to coronavirus jumped to 41 during the last 24 hours on Saturday. According to the data available with the National Command and Operation
Head-on collision of Bangladesh trains kills 16, injures 40
DHAKA (Reuters) - Rescuers in Bangladesh were struggling on Tuesday to pull passengers from mangled wreckage after a head-on collision of two trains killed at least 16 people and injured
Nawaz Sharif's platelets once again reduce to 40,000
LAHORE (92 News) – Platelets of former premier Nawaz Sharif have again reduced to 40,000 from 50,000. According to sources in the Medical Board, platelets have reduced after a cut
Fast-moving fires near Los Angeles force more than 40,000 to flee
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Belgian Paralympian dies by euthanasia aged 40
BRUSSELS (Reuters) - Belgian Paralympian Marieke Vervoort died by euthanasia on Tuesday aged 40 after a battle with an incurable and degenerative spinal condition. Vervoort, who won Paralympic gold in the
Iran cheers US 'dismay', vaunts military might as revolution turns 40
DUBAI (Reuters) - Hundreds of thousands of Iranians held nation-wide rallies on Monday to mark the 40th anniversary of the fall of the Shah and the triumph of Ayatollah Ruhollah
Find More On

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With 'Forza Horizon 4', Microsoft/Xbox continues to prove that it owns the flagship car/racing series of the 8th generation. Not only does it breathe new life into this decades old genre but it also takes a racing game to unprecedented heights it's literally never been to before.
The developers had the ingenious idea of introducing a dynamic open world whose environment would change with every annual season. Allowing players to have a fully shared open world with other drivers is also a gleefully whimsical feature that ensures a unique experience every time you play.
On a technical level this game also looks impeccable in native 4K & on the XBox One X.
As of launch, it has also become the highest rated AAA racing game of the last 14 years.


I use command line tool for starting and stopping streams. The only missing function is checking a stream is already running or not.
I tried to use "getHTTPStreamerSessionCount" but it returns zero even streams not exist on the server. I cant be sure is the stream is stopped or running but no body is connected to it.
Are you using the jmx command line tool and Wowza 4? If so, you might check the Mbean name is updated to match the new name "WowzaStreamingEngine".
I created an HTTPListener that take vhost / application / application instannce / stream name in parameter and says if the stream is published.
I am using command line tool similar to what you did, my problem is the start command does not start the stream all the time. Sometimes (not often) the stream does not start. So I wanted to do have something to verify the stream is started.
I use version 3.6.3 with jmx command line tool.


Pair is a monthly based subscription service,which enables the working class population in Lagos,commute to and from work in the comfort of an air-conditioned ride for as low as N10k monthly. Pair works by enabling Car-owners in Lagos share empty seats in their Cars with other people,going same way as themselves.
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text:
Q: Spring JPA transaction partially retry I am trying to use Spring retry for my Spring web application (with JPA, hibernate).
Currently, I have a long transaction chain (marked functions as @Transactional) in my application, intuitively:
start transction -> A() -> B() -> C() -> D() - E() -> commit/rollback
now I want to have D() to be retried if any concurrency failure occurred (marked D() with @retryable), but remain A(), B(), C() in current states
I failed, the function D() is not retried at all and just throwed a concurrency failure error (eg. ObjectOptimisticLockingFailureException)
For me, if I want to do such things in database, I have to make a new transaction try catch block with a cursor while loop to handle retries. I wonder is there a simple way I can handle this "partial" transaction retry in Spring?
An example code would be:
@RestController
public DimensionController()
{
    ...
    @Autowired
    private TblDimensionService dimensionService;

    ...
    @PutMapping(...)
    public ResponseEntity<TblDimensionDTO> update(@Valid @RequestBody TblDimensionDTO dimensionDTO)
    {
        ...
        dimensionService.update(dimensionDTO);
        ...
    }
}

@Transactional //transaction in service level
@Service
public TblDimensionService()
{
    ...
    @Autowired
    private RetryService retryService;

    ...
    public TblDimensionDTO update(TblDimensionDTO dimensionDTO) throws InterruptedException
    {
        if (dimensionDTO.getId() == null)
        {
            throw new ResponseStatusException(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND, "not found");
        }

        TblDimension dimension = findByIdOrElseThrow(dimensionDTO.getId()); //call another function to retrieve entity by id with JPA repository

        dimension = retryService.updateEntity(dimension, dimensionDTO);

        return tblDimensionMapper.toDto(dimension);
    }
    ...
}

@Transactional //transaction in service level
@Service
public RetryService()
{
    ...
    @Autowired
    private TblDimensionRepository dimensionRepository;

    ...
    //I want to only retry this part
    //but this retry does not work
    @Retryable(value = {ConcurrencyFailureException.class})
    public TblDimension updateEntity(TblDimension dimension, TblDimensionDTO dimensionDTO) throws InterruptedException
    {
        Thread.sleep(3000);

        dimension.setHeight(dimension.getHeight() + 1);

        Thread.sleep(3000);

        return dimensionRepository.save(dimension);
    }
    ...
}

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Congrats to all the schools, faculty, & rubric-writers…plus AAC&U's leadership and tireless, long-sighted work in completing "On Solid Ground," a report on the massive assessment work completed through the VALUE project (Valid Assessment of Learning in Undergraduate Education). Inside Higher Ed just published a summary of the report here.
Levels, along with language, are always the most debatable aspects of a rubric. From memory, VALUE intended a '4' (called 'Capstone') to be equivalent to the abilities of a graduating senior. A '1', or 'Benchmark,' was roughly equivalent to an incoming freshman. The rubrics have a '0' option, so they are 5-level rubrics.
I just checked VALUE's FAQ and the rubric description and didn't find any discussion of the value judgment inherent in these levels. The report itself does include a thoughtful discussion of how to interpret 'Capstone' and that the rubrics are not intended as a literal scale, plus guidance on how to interpret the data.
The students who we really struggle to successfully retain and graduate are already gone.
90 credits is 75% of an UG degree…so shouldn't we expect a much higher percentage of students to be at a '4'? After all, the data is for students above 90 credits, so it is fair to assume some good percentage of students assessed are close to graduation.
Fully a third of students in most measures are at a '2'…which doesn't translate to the sort of outcomes I would aspire to for near-graduates.
Information is taken from source(s) with enough interpretation/evaluation to develop a comprehensive analysis or synthesis. Viewpoints of experts are questioned thoroughly.
Information is taken from source(s) with some interpretation/evaluation, but not enough to develop a coherent analysis or synthesis. Viewpoints of experts are taken as mostly fact, with little questioning.
41% of 4 year students were at the Milestone level described above; only 5% were at Capstone.
The report, and IHE article, call out Critical Thinking as the weakest area. But "Written Communication," while showing double the number of students in the Capstone category still has more than a third in the first Milestone, with its rather dismal description of capabilities.
Perhaps college presidents should be forced to read out loud, at graduation, a statement praising the graduating class, "of whom fully 31% demonstrate an attempt to use credible and/or relevant sources to support ideas that are appropriate for the discipline and genre of the writing." Kudos for the attempt!
Finally, the largest question for me has always been, "what's the delta." After teaching for a couple of years, and looking at my own data, I realized I was basically rubber stamping students. That is, "assessing" students as high performing who were ALREADY high performing. They didn't get that way through the brilliance of our curriculum or my teaching.
So I began looking at the change over an entire academic year, and that data (though tougher to consider) was much more valuable. And it led to change.
It would not seem so difficult to perform the same VALUE analysis on assignments completed in the first year of academic work at these same institutions, even if a different population of students. We could then compare <30 credits performance to >90 credit performance.


text:
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READ: Charley Webb forced to deny this surprising rumour
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Charley went makeup-free to show off her cold sores
Charley continued: "So painful! I suffer with them really badly and I have done for years. My mum and my sister suffer with them, they're just awful. I'm in so much pain."
Cold sores are contagious lumps or blisters on the face, and anyone who's ever experienced them will know how annoying and painful they are. Unfortunately for Charley, the virus that causes them, called herpes simplex, remains in a person's skin for life.
Compeed cold sore patches, £5.25, Amazon
According to the NHS, treatments can include painkillers such as ibuprofen to help ease the pain and swelling, anti-viral creams and cold sore patches, which cost around £5.
MORE: Emma Willis' £3 beauty hack revealed – and it's perfect for work mornings
As well as speaking out about her physical health, Charley has also previously been open about her mental health struggles following the birth of her three children Buster, ten, Bowie, four, and Ace, one. In May, she shared a new family photo taken in the hospital shortly after she gave birth to Ace and wrote: "This is our first picture as a 5. A couple of hours after Ace was born."
WATCH: Charley Webb's son Buster reveals incredible hidden talent
The 32-year-old, who is married to Matthew Wolfenden, went on to reveal that all three of her births were "amazing", but said she found it particularly difficult to cope after welcoming her youngest son.
"I suffered with postnatal depression after Buster which I didn't realise at the time. With Bowie, I was so aware of how I felt before that I really managed things much better. I made sure I got him in a routine really early on and for me, I think that helped me (I'm a bit of a control freak)," Charley wrote. "The jump from 2-3 I found the hardest," she said, before urging others to "be honest, be truthful" about their feelings.
RELATED: Charley Webb shares hilarious gamble she's taking with baby Ace's outfit
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text:
Valerie Wilson Wesley
Valerie Wilson Wesley is a 2 time AALBC.com Bestselling Author
Valerie Wilson Wesley was Voted the #31 Favorite Author of the 20th Century
Valerie Wilson Wesley is an author of mysteries, she is the author of the Tamara Hayle mystery series, adult-themed novels, and children's books. She has written under the pseudonym Savanna Welles. She is also a former executive editor of Essence magazine.
Valerie Wilson Wesley wrote her first mystery, When Death Comes Stealing, in 1994. The book introduced readers to Tamara Hayle, a wise and witty African American single mom and ex-cop, who makes her living as a private investigator in Newark, New Jersey. When Death Comes Stealing was nominated for the Shamus Award by the Private Eye Writers of America as Best First Private Eye Novel.
Valerie Wilson Wesley writings, both fiction and non-fiction, have appeared in numerous publications, including Essence, Family Circle, TV Guide, Ms., The New York Times, and the Swiss weekly magazine Die Weltwoche.
Valerie Wilson Wesley graduated from Howard University and earned master's degrees from the Bank Street College of Education and the Columbia Graduate School of Journalism. She is married to playwright Richard Wesley
Tell us how much you like Valerie Wilson Wesley.
21 Books by Valerie Wilson Wesley
A Glimmer of Death
Willimena Rules: 9 Steps to the Best, Worst, Greatest Holiday Ever!
Of Blood and Sorrow: A Tamara Hayle Mystery (Tamara Hayle Mysteries)
Always True to You in My Fashion
Willimena Rules! Rule Book #6: How to Face Up to the Class Bully (Bk. 6)
Willimena Rules! Rule Book #5: 23 Ways to Mess Up Valentine's Day (No. 5)
Playing My Mother's Blues
Willimena Rules! Rule Book #4: How to (Almost) Ruin Your School Play (Bk. 4)
Dying in the Dark: A Tamara Hayle Mystery (Tamara Hayle Mysteries)
Willimena Rules!: How to Lose Your Cookie Money - Book #3 (Willimena Rules! (PB)) (Bk. 3)
Willimena Rules! Rule Book #2: How to Fish for Trouble (No. 2)
Willimena Rules!: How to Lose Your Class Pet - Book #1 (Willimena Rules! (PB)) (No. 1)
Ain't Nobody's Business If I Do: A Novel
The Devil Riding
Easier to Kill (A Tamara Hayle Mystery)
No Hiding Place: A Tamara Hayle Mystery
Where Evil Sleeps
Where Evil Sleeps (A Tamara Hayle Mystery)
Devil's Gonna Get Him (Tamara Hayle Mysteries)
Where Do I Go from Here? (Point)
When Death Comes Stealing (Tamara Hayle Mysteries)


Students all over the district and Skype into classes their school may not offer, giving them a chance for college credit.
KNOXVILLE, Tenn. — On Thursday, students at West High School got to video conference into an AP Computer Science Principles course at Farragut High School.
Brandy Finchum teaches the class each day before school officially starts.
"The official name is Quest," Finchum said. "They can basically Skype in or take online classes."
The 4-year-old program is district-wide, and each year a number of teachers from different schools apply to participate.
"There's still a lot of space for more students to be a part of it so we want to make sure this is an option for them," Finchum said.
Dylan Johnson is a sophomore at West High School and plans to pick a STEM related major when he goes to college.
"I just think it's so cool because I get to do something that I otherwise wouldn't be able to do here," Johnson said. "There are no teachers at my school."
AP Computer Science Principles is one of many classes being shared across Knox County Schools. Students can conference in on everything from English to history too.
"I think it's nice because we get to have a connection with all these other High Schools," Zhou said.
Although the program started years ago, Finchum said there is always room for improvement and, of course, more students.
"I just want to affect my students and leave them knowing they can do anything," she said.


text:
Q: Transforming between Image coordinate space and screen coordinate space iOS I'm trying to build a document scanning feature. I'm using CIRectangleDetector to detect the edges of my document and then I pass the coordinates received from there to do Perspective Correction. I wanted to allow the user to edit the custom crop boundaries of the document. The issue that I'm running into is that my image is of size ~ (2448x3264) and my screen is of size ~ (375x575). As CIRectangleDetector returns the coordinates in the image space (i.e. relative to size 2448x3264). Does anybody know a way how I can convert the coordinates from image space to screen space and vice-versa?
I have already tried using ratios i.e. from image -> screen i.e if my topLeft corner is (450, 1065), then the corresponding coordinate on my screen would be (450 * 375/2448, 1065 * 575/3264).
Any advice would be much appreciated!!


Rex is a very kind and gentle Thoroughbred gelding who came to us in February 2018. 22 years old, 16 hands and ready to ride! He was on the track until he was 6 years old and then owned by one owner for the past 14 years. She showed and jumped him for 10 years and then rode him as a pleasure horse. The previous owner is moving and has to downsize her herd of 8 horses. He has been well loved and cared for in his time with them.
Rex is completely sound, healthy and comfortable in both English show, jumping and Western disciplines. He has been exposed to many different environments at the track, shows and competitions, and because he doesn't spook easily he could be worked back into some trail riding. He lived out in pasture with other horses, cows, dogs, deer and rabbits running by. He is very smart and well trained.
Rex is a VERY easy keeper. Respectful and kind. Grooming is easy. He is now fully integrated with the herd and has his a special connection with two mares; Daisy and Casey. He is currently being assessed by our trainer to compile a complete list of his talents and abilities. Please come visit him. You will be warmed by his gentleness.


Midnight Forest (Japanese: あんやのもり Dark Night Forest) is a dungeon in Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Time and Explorers of Darkness and Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Sky. It is unlocked by accepting a ☆4-rated job with "???" as its location. It has 25 floors, with the last floor containing a Deluxe Box and a Warp Zone to take the player out of the dungeon.
Latios can be found on the twenty-fourth floor, but only after Manaphy has told the player about Marine Resort and if the player has the Mystery Part or Secret Slab in the bag.
On floor 15, there is a locked room containing the Red Silk trade item.
One of the soundtracks that plays in this dungeon is the Marowak Dojo Training Mazes theme from Time and Darkness, known as Random Dungeon Theme 2 in the Sky Jukebox.


A service name must be unique in its application code namespace.
A best practice is to allocate unique service names in the corporate namespace, even if it is not mandatory.
The following actions only modify files in <OSVCETC>. No operating system configuration file is modified, so they are safe to experiment with.
Create a service with minimal configuration. No resources are described.
Experienced users may find it easier to start from a copy of the conf file of an existing similar service. The following information describes the steps needed to create a service manually.
This is the configuration file proper, including service description and resource definitions. Fully commented section templates are available on each node at <OSVCDOC> and online here.
This symbolic link points to the directory hosting the service application launchers. The service is not considered active if this link is not present. The directory pointed is best hosted on a service-dedicated filesystem. The service application launchers are expected to be in SysV style: [SK][0-9]*appname. S for starters, K for stoppers, number for ordering. Starters and stoppers can be symlink to a single script. Starter are passed 'start' as first parameter, stoppers are passed 'stop' as first parameter.
This optional directory can be used to store locally the startup scripts. As such, it can be linked from <OSVCETC>/<svcname>.d. OpenSVC synchronize this directory to nodes and drpnodes as part of the sync#i0 internal sync resource. If you placed your startup script on a shared volume, this .dir is not needed but you will still have to create a sync resource to send them to the drpnodes.
At that point you should describe your service's ip addresses, filesystems, disk groups, file synchronizations, app launchers, ... The <OSVCDOC> templates present you with all possible configurations available. The svcmgr create -s newsvc -i command prompts you about all possible configurations, explains the role of each keyword, proposes candidate values and defaults, and validate input sanity. This same command in non-interactive mode can be used to provision service. In this mode, the resources are passed as json-serialized keyword-value dictionaries.
The resource identifier (rid) must not be specified. The resource type must be specified (rtype). A free rid will be allocated.
The resource identifier must be specified.
We recommend to allocate service-dedicated ip addresses, to permit service failover to secondary nodes.
We recommend to allocate service-dedicated generic accounts (one is ok most of the time) for better control on privileges. All service files should be owned by these accounts. The application launchers are executed by the agent using impersonnification as the launcher file owner. The generic account home directory should be a link redirecting to a subdirectory of one of the service-dedicated filesystems (the one hosting data is a good candidate).
Private installation of tools. Tools must listen only on the private address to avoid conflicts with same tool of other services running on the same node.
If the applications are not containerized, prefer per-service private tools installations to distribution packages installations. This choice provides better system/service insulation, more reliable relocation and safer operating system upgrades. This also makes the service installation harder.


I guess it pays more than just money to be a top driver in the world, you can just swap cars with other top drivers for a day of fun. As was the case with seven-time NASCAR champ Jimmie Johnson and two-time Formula One champ Fernando Alonso at the Bahrain International Circuit at the conclusion of the F1 season.
Alonso we've seen in various types of cars the past few years as he headed toward F1 retirement, but struggling to recall a time Johnson has been behind the wheel of something on this scale. However, it appears both drivers struggled early to adapt as Alonso spun out with far less grip in the stock car and Johnson struggling to keep his helmet down with all the air coming over it. The below clip is part of a bigger special which will air on SKY Sports F1 in mid-December.


Two dads talk about their dreams for the world's orphans.
This video features two Christian dads who, as part of an adoption advocacy campaign called Catalyst, are working to create what they describe as an "epidemic of adoption" that will ensure that each of the 143 million orphans in the world are given opportunities to be loved and cared for.
To learn more about the Catalyst Campaign, and learn how you can help, visit their website: 143million.org.


un videito cover espero que les guste.
Asturias(Leyenda) - Isaac Albeniz played by John Williams.
ROBBIE KRIEGER -- "SPANISH CARAVAN"
Spanish Caravan, un morceau des Doors joué par Diego !!! Nous retrouvons dans l'introduction, un passage de "Asturias", du compositeur Isaac Albéniz.
Spanish Caravan with a little Asturias.
Lorelei, Sahira, and Beverly of Empyrean Fire Tribe perform Spanish Caravan live on stage with Moodafaruka.
Konzert Gitarren Interpretation vom Gitarren Gerrit (Original: The Doors) Cover, Asturias.
We found that huge guitar left all alone in the woods!! We couldn't help paying homage to it with an amazing song..
Terry Edwards covering Spanish Caravan from the Doors (original piece : Asturias (leyend) by Isaac Albeniz) in St Maarten. September 2010.
This is simple intro from song Spanish Caravan from The Doors in E minor.


text:
Calvin Chaffee
Rep. Calvin Chaffee
Former Representative for Massachusetts's 10th District
Chaffee was the representative for Massachusetts's 10th congressional district and was a Republican. He served from 1857 to 1859.
He was previously the representative for Massachusetts's 10th congressional district as an American from 1855 to 1857.
Contact Rep. Calvin Chaffee
I live in Massachusetts's 10th congressional district.
I want to urge Chaffee to take an action on a bill.
Visit Rep. Calvin Chaffee's website »
Look for a contact form on Rep. Calvin Chaffee's website to express your opinion.
Visit Chaffee's Website »
Head over to Rep. Calvin Chaffee's website. If you are having a problem with a government agency, look for a contact link for casework to submit a request for help. Otherwise, look for a phone number on that website to call his office if you have a question.
Not all Members of Congress will accept messages from non-constituents. You can try your luck by visiting Chaffee's website. Otherwise, try contacting your own representative:
You are currently on the website GovTrack.us, which has no affiliation with Chaffee and is not a government website. Choose from the options above to find the right way to contact Chaffee.
From Dec 1855 to Mar 1859, Chaffee missed 195 of 1,277 roll call votes, which is 15.3%. This is better than the median of 23.0% among the lifetime records of representatives serving in Mar 1859. The chart below reports missed votes over time.
1856 Apr-Jul 203 63 31.0% 53rd
1856 Aug-Aug 74 5 6.8% 28th
Dec 1856-Mar 1857 231 22 9.5% 24th
Dec 1857-Feb 1858 104 8 7.7% 11th
1858 Jun-Jun 68 10 14.7% 27th
Dec 1858-Mar 1859 196 33 16.8% 41st
Calvin Chaffee is pronounced:


text:
Shiro Kuramata
Shiro Kuramata (倉俣 史朗, 29 November 1934 – 1 February 1991) is one of Japan's most important designers of the 20th century.
Miss Blanche chair by Kuramata, 1988, in the collections of many museums such as the Museum of Modern Art in New York and San Francisco Museum of Modern Art.
Kuramata was born in 1934. He was part of a generation of Japanese creatives born just before the outbreak of Second World War, who are considered to have transformed the way Japan was viewed by the outside world.[1]
This generation included Kuramata's friends and collaborators who were famous members of the Japanese design and architecture circle at the time, including Issey Miyake, Yokoo Tadanori, Isozaki Arata, and Tadao Ando.[2]
Kuramata studied architecture at the Tokyo Technical College before 1953 and was trained as a cabinet maker at the Kuwasawa Institute of Design in Tokyo in 1954, after which he worked for multiple companies such as the furniture producer Teikoku. In 1965, he established Kuramata Design Office in Tokyo and in 1981 received the Japanese Cultural Prize for design.[3] From the mid‑1960s onwards, Kuramata began exploring materials and forms through his unique designs. His work merged popular culture, Japanese aesthetic concepts, and the Western avant‑garde.[2]
At the end of the 1980s, Kuramata was invited by Ettore Sottsass to be a founding member of the Italian design collaborative Memphis Group.[1][2]
In 1990 the French government awarded Kuramata the distinguished Ordre des Arts et des Lettres in recognition of his outstanding contribution to art and design.[4]
Kiyotomo Sushi Bar at M+, 2021
Kuramata was mainly known for his use of industrial materials such as wire steel mesh and plexiglass to create architectural interiors and furniture. Revolutionary pieces such as the "How High the Moon" chair (1986)] reflect the emerging dynamism and maturing creativity of postwar Japan, or his Ikebana, lead crystal free hand blown vase, realized by the Vilca from Colle di Val d'Elsa (province of Siena, Italy), an example of fusion between oriental and occidental cultures.[5]
Kuramata's "Miss Blanche" chair from 1988 is one of his most iconic works, named after the central female character in Tennessee Williams's drama A Streetcar Named Desire and inspired by corsage worn by Vivien Leigh in the film adaptation.[2][6] As reference to the dreamlike world of illusion in which Blanche lives, the roses were poured by hand into a mold with liquid acrylic resin. The appearance of transparency and airiness contrasts sharply to the fact that the chair weighs at seventy kilos, as a result of the acrylic glass.[7] An edition of this chair was sold at Christie's in London for GBP 46,000.00 (USD 86,000.00) in October 1997, lot 108.
A "How High the Moon" two seater was sold for GBP 12,650.00 (US$24,000.00) at Bonhams London in May 1998. This ranks Kuramata amongst the most desirable of artists/designers of the 20th century. Kuramata's many works can be found in the permanent collections of museums around the world, such as the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, Hara Museum of Contemporary Art in Tokyo, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, and Philadelphia Museum of Art.
Kuramata's architecture and interior designs are less well known as there are few remaining examples.[1] Some of his most visually striking interiors were designed for Issey Miyake's boutique shops.[8] He designed multiple sushi restaurants in Tokyo.[1] One of these, the Kiyomoto Sushi Bar, was collected in its entirety by British collector Richard Schlagman.[1] It now sits in the collection of M+ in Hong Kong.[9]
Seki, Yasuko. Kuramata Shiro Ettore Sottsass. Tokyo: 21_21 Design Sight, 2010. | ISBN 9784903348216
Kuramata, Shiro. Shiro Kuramata 1934-1991. Tokyo: Hara Museum of Contemporary Art, 1996.
Sudjic, Deyan. Shiro Kuramata. London; New York, NY: Phaidon, 2013. | ISBN 9780714845005
Picchi, Francesca, and Todd Eberle with essays by Tadao Ando, John Pawson and Issey Miyake. Kuramata's Tokyo. Domus, no. 858, April 2003.
Exhibition information from the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art.
Shiro Kuramata at "Paul Hughes Fine Arts".
^ a b c d e Sudjic, Deyan (22 June 2013). "How designer Shiro Kuramata helped change views of Japan". Financial Times. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
^ a b c d Collections, 4 November 2019 Filed under. "From the Collections: 'Lamp (Oba-Q)' (1972) by Kuramata Shiro - M+ Stories". stories.mplus.org.hk. Retrieved 2020-05-08.
^ Von Vegesack (ed.), Alexander; Dunas, Peter; Schwartz-Clauss, Mathias (1996). 100 Masterpieces from the Vitra Design Museum Collection. Weil am Rhein, Germany: Vitra Design Museum. p. 245. ISBN 3980407039. {{cite book}}: |last1= has generic name (help)
^ "Vitra Design Museum: Collection". collectiononline.design-museum.de. Retrieved 2020-05-08.
^ ""How High the Moon" Armchair". The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
^ "SFMOMA | Exhibitions | Shiro Kuramata". 2006-01-13. Archived from the original on 2006-01-13. Retrieved 2020-05-08.
^ "Shiro Kuramata, Boutique Miyake Seibu Store, Tokyo". Domus (689). January 1987.
^ "Kiyotomo sushi bar". collections.mplus.org.hk. Retrieved 2020-05-08.
RKD Artists (Netherlands)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shiro_Kuramata&oldid=1067251428"
Japanese furniture designers
Japanese interior designers
Recipients of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
CS1 errors: generic name
Articles with NLI identifiers
Articles with NTA identifiers
Articles with RKDartists identifiers
Articles with SUDOC identifiers


While for the moment posting continues, as part of Blogger's scheme to pressure its users into switching to Beta Blogger, there are slowdowns in moderating comments because Blogger is blocking me from accessing my account unless I switch to Beta. There are ways to get around this but they are increasingly time consuming and problematic.
I have seen internet services try to annoy and nag people into switching to the latest version, but what Blogger is doing is actually shutting down accounts for as much as a day in order to bully users into switching to Beta. While Blogger's main page smilingly says, "lucky users are getting the chance to switch", the reality is particular users have been targeted, likely because of bandwidth usage, and are being browbeaten into switching to Beta, with accounts being shut down for periods of time. This is literally a forced migration.
Contrary to Blogger's phony claims about the switch, it does indeed risk a loss of data. Numerous people have reported loss of their archives, a messed up template and a frozen blog and other problems as a result of the switch. More to the point Blogger Beta offers only one advantage, categories, and a major disadvantage, the loss of any real ability to customize my blog. The design and layout of this blog was the result of painstaking effort by Lemon Lime Moon and myself. I cannot even begin to duplicate it in Beta's XML, which I've found impossible to work with.
The new Blogger on one end offers a lame WYSIWYG interface that's fine for amateurs who want to toss together a blog Myspace style. If you want something more than that though and want to edit your own template, it requires dealing with a system that's just impossible. That's why most Beta blogs have a cookie cutter look, where once Blogger's strength was customization, Beta Blogger is crippleware that all but disables any real customization.
Blogger's entire approach to the switch consists of a pattern of deception and lies. Initially Blogger tells users that they are switching their 'blog" to Beta. That isn't true. They aren't switching their blog but their account and all the blogs on it.
Blogger tells you about all the features you will receive if you switch your blog. This is a lie. Switching your blog to Beta will not get you those features. Only "upgrading" will. Upgrading means jettisoning your template for one of Blogger's cookie cutter templates.
Despite Blogger's forced migration of users, there is no note anywhere on the Blogger site describing what they are doing and why. No email message. Just warning signs when you are attempting to log into your account that give you no other option. While outwardly Blogger is maintaining its facade of a voluntary switch, the switch is not voluntary. It's a company bullying and abusing its users and depriving them of other options. And lying about it all the while.
Had I obtained a domain name for this blog, this blog would probably be on Wordpress already. Too many people though have bookmarked the blogspot address and I don't like the idea of losing readers in the process, but I am nevertheless strongly contemplating it now, as I continue to try and find ways to bypass Blogger's account shutdowns. Blogger's behavior is a gross breach of trust with its users and part of the pattern of arrogance and deception that seems to mark its corporate parent, Google's attitude.
People used to use Blogger because it was an easy and open system. It's not any of those anymore. And that's a shame.
I just wanted to give a word of encouragement, and say that you should make the jump, to your on domain name.


text:
in Sony PS4, Video Games, Xbox One
Battlefield 4 PS4 vs Xbox One confirms jaggies on XB1
by Alan Ng October 29, 2013, 23:09 5 Comments
Battlefield 4 is finally available on PS3, Xbox 360 and PC, but it appears that many of you are instead waiting for the next-gen PS4 and Xbox One versions to arrive. If this is you, you'll be interested to know how the next-gen versions look against each other and we have a new Battlefield 4 PS4 Vs Xbox One graphics comparison to show you which may just shock you a little.
If you have been keeping up with all things next-gen, you'll know that the big rumor that has spread like wildfire, is that the PS4 version of Battlefield 4 will be running at 1080p native, while the Xbox One version is only going to be at 720p, upscaled to 1080p.
DICE has yet to confirm this in black and white, making gamers suspicious even more that this is indeed what is happening behind the scenes. Now, it appears that certain individuals and publications are also aware of the news and Videogamer has decided to tell everyone that this is what they have heard about the Xbox One version as well.
The site has provided a new Battlefield 4 PS4 Vs Xbox One graphics comparison for you to take a look at, whilst also revealing that the Xbox One looks upscaled rather than 1080p native as on PS4. For an idea of what differences it may produce to the average gamer, here is what they have said:
"While the Xbox One version effortlessly maintains the same frame-rate [as PS4], the image quality is perceptibly worse, sporting a softer, jaggier look that carries all the hallmarks of a game upscaling from a sub full-HD resolution. My suspicion is that the Xbox One version is rendering natively at 720p before upscaling to 1920×1080, although DICE opted not to confirm numbers when confronted about the resolutions of the two next-gen versions directly."
Although you can see some differences in the video below, you won't be able to paint a true picture on the 720p upscale vs 1080p story. You also won't be able to see the jaggies clearly as mentioned above on the Xbox One version, due to restrictions on YouTube and their upload policies.
What is your reaction to the overwhelming sense that the Xbox One version is below par to PS4? If you watch the video, you'll also hear some words from an 'Xbox One fanboy' who told Videogamer that the PS4 version could be better as well, based on 'inside information'.
Does this now explain why we haven't seen much of the Xbox One version of Battlefield 4, compared to PS4? Give us your thoughts on this new information. Will you still buy the game if it is full of jaggies, even on a supposed 'next-gen' console?
Written by Alan Ng
Alan has been working for Product-Reviews since 2009 and became the Editor-in-chief in 2014. He has a passion for technology, the latest mobile phones and gadgets, and the gaming industry. Alan is a graduate of Canterbury Christ Church University and completed a B.A in Commercial Music in 2008. While expressing a keen interest in all areas that PR cover, you'll usually find Alan in the gaming section, where he'll be keeping enthusiasts up to date on all the latest news and reviews for consoles and PC.
Contact Alan Ng: [email protected]
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in Cell Phones, Phone Software
Google planning on Siri rival for Android called Majel, may be out soon?
More From: Sony PS4
Neverwinter maintenance today brings PS4, Xbox One update
PS4 Firmware 5.50 update feature list preview
February 7, 2018, 17:32
Uncharted 4 1.20 update for next major features
PS4 FIFA 17 bundle price at Smyths, Tesco, Argos and Asda
Nvidia Shield update for Android 4.3 and games
Titanfall PS4 release date KO'ed, but sequel likely


Regular physical activity (PA) is associated with improved physical and mental health. PA levels decline as children move into adolescence . Across the island of Ireland, participation in PA by girls is extremely low  and Northern Ireland (NI) has the lowest proportion of children meeting current PA guidelines . Aside from home, adolescents spend more time in school than in any other setting, so schools represent a key environment for promoting health-related behaviours and reduce the unintended health inequalities in interventions, as all adolescents can participate irrespective of socioeconomic status.
Following a systematic review of interventions in adolescents4, we explored attitudes of adolescents to PA  to inform the design of the peer-led, school-based walking intervention which was feasibility/pilot tested in NI . Funding is now secured (CHITIN) to conduct a fully powered trial of this intervention. Process evaluation is an essential part of designing and testing complex interventions to assess how the intervention was implemented. New MRC guidance provides a framework for conducting and reporting process evaluation in complex interventions such as this walking intervention .
This studentship will allow the inclusion of process evaluation within a fully-powered RCT of a school-based peer led walking intervention in adolescent girls as part of a CHITIN funded cross-border project. Using a clustered randomised controlled trial, adolescent girls (12-14yrs) will be recruited from 16 schools located across NI (n=8) and the border regions of Ireland (n=8) with 24 pupils per school being enrolled as participants. Following baseline measurements, schools will be randomised to control (n=8) or intervention (n=8).
Intervention participants will have opportunities to participate in up to three 10-15min peer-led walks/day in school, led by older pupils (aged 16-18yrs) trained as walk-leaders. The intervention will be delivered across the school year with longer-term follow-up assessed. The process evaluation will evaluate the actual delivery of the intervention, including fidelity of the walk leader training and assessment of the pace/intensity of the walks. Interviews and focus groups will be conducted with school contacts, walk leaders and with high / low attendees at the end of the intervention.
1.Metcalf BS, Hosking J, Jeffery AN et al. (2015) Med Sci Sports Exer. 47(10):2084-92.
2.Harrington DM, Murphy M, Carlin A et al. (2016) J Phys Act Health. 13(11 Suppl 2):S183-S8.
3.Griffiths L, Cortina-Borja M, Sera F et al. (2013) BMJ Open. 3(8), e002893.
4.Carlin A, Murphy MH, Gallagher AM. (2016) Sports Med. 46(4):515-30.
5.Carlin A, Murphy MH, Gallagher AM. (2015) BMC Public Health. 15:1270.
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