text:
Mete Çek 1
Truls Erik Bjerklund Johansen 2
1 Urology, Trakya University, School of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey
2 Urology Department, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
A literature search of meta-analyses and reviews on the use of antibiotics in urology was made, and papers included were reviewed. The use of antibiotics in certain urological conditions and the clinical results obtained are discussed in light of these meta-analyses and reviews. The results of the Global Prevalence of Infections in Urology studies on usage of antibiotics for nosocomially acquired urinary tract infections and for prophylaxis before urological interventions are also reviewed and compared with international guideline recommendations.
Although there are no precise data on the amount of consumption of antibiotics in urology, the papers reviewed shed light on the variety of antimicrobial agents used for urinary tract infections. The raising resistance to antibiotics and a relatively high non-compliance with guidelines recommendations emerge as important issues for consideration.
General consumption of antibiotics is increasing worldwide (36% between 2000 and 2010). The highest increases are for cephalosporins, broad-spectrum penicillins and fluoroquinolones, which are the most frequently used antibiotics in urology. This rise is associated with an increase in resistance rates globally, although variations are observed between countries. Non-compliance with national and international guidelines, high rates of non-prescription antibiotic use in certain regions are main causes of this development. These facts underline a major threat to public health.
Urinary tract infections are one of the most frequent infections resulting in the use of a remarkable amount and a broad variety of antibiotics worldwide. Although the prescription and consumption of antibiotics worldwide can be traced by various means, data documenting the amount of antibiotics used in urology only is unfortunately not available.
An overall estimation of the use of antibiotics in urological practice requires particular consideration of certain issues. Published studies and surveillance programmes have reported on the general consumption of antibiotics globally and regionally [1], [2], [3]. The use of a certain group of antibiotics for a given time interval, in a specific region or country can also be traced and documented [4], [5], [6]. Increased antibiotic use is reported to be associated with increased antibiotic resistance [7]. However, there is no direct evidence indicating that a specific antibiotic is used for the treatment of a specific urologic condition. The use of different methods to measure the amount of antibiotics prescribed (DDD vs. standard units) complicates estimations of antibiotic use, as well [8]. Of concern, there are areas where consumption is not limited with prescription [8], [9]. We aimed to find out which antibiotics are used more frequently in urology and which doses of these antibiotics were preferred. We also searched for a general trend in the amount of consumption of antibiotics in urology.
Given these two facts – i.e. lack of specific data on the amount of consumption of antibiotics in urology and the obvious relationship between use of antibiotics and development of resistance – there are several sources to retrieve information about the use of antibiotics in urology:
Studies analyzing the development of resistance to antibiotics
Meta-analyses and review articles about antimicrobial treatment of various urological infections
Guidelines for the treatment/prophylaxis of urological infections
Prevalence and surveillance studies on infections in urology
Although these sources give indirect information, they are useful aids for estimating the use of antibiotics in urology, and they were reviewed to retrieve information about the use of antibiotics in urology.
Two separate systematic literature searches were performed to address the first two options mentioned above:
2.1 First systematic literature search
A systematic literature search was performed for publications between January 1990–January 2016 in MEDLINE with the following key words: "Anti-Bacterial Agents"[Mesh] AND "Prescriptions"[Mesh]) OR "Prescription Drug Overuse"[Mesh]) OR "Drug Prescriptions"[Mesh]) AND "Urology"[Mesh]) OR "Urology Department, Hospital"[Mesh])).
This search yielded 36 results. Fourteen of these publications were excluded because they were not in English; three more sources were excluded due to the lack of an abstract. After reviewing the 19 abstracts available, 14 were found to be non-relevant, i.e. not analyzing the usage or consumption of antibiotics. The remaining 5 were included in the evaluation [10], [11], [12], [13], [14].
None of these studies was a meta-analysis or systematic review.
2.2 Second systematic literature search
A second literature search was performed for publications between January 1990–January 2016 in MEDLINE with the following key words: ("Anti-Bacterial Agents"[Mesh]) AND "Urinary Tract Infections"[Mesh] with a filter to include only meta-analyses.
This search yielded 38 results. Six of them were not in English and were excluded. Three papers were not about urological interventions, 9 were on pediatric patients and 6 studies evaluated the efficacy of single agents. Two other studies were found irrelevant to the search topic. After excluding these studies the remaining 12 meta-analyses and reviews were included and the data obtained from each study were discussed in the relevant sections of our review [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26].
Major guidelines for the treatment of urological infections were also reviewed to address the third option [27], [28]. Results obtained from the Global Prevalence study on Infections in Urology (2003–2014) were also reviewed. These studies were already retrieved during the first search [10], [12], [13]. A recently published report on adherence to the EAU Guidelines on the use of prophylactic antibiotics and a surveillance study which included patients from nine European countries and Brazil were also included [29], [30].
Data on the use of antibiotics could be extracted only for certain clinical conditions. These conditions and antibiotics used are listed and analysed below.
Data on the use of antibiotics worldwide suggest a general trend towards an increase in time, favouring some groups of antibiotics over others. Van Boeckel et al. reviewed the consumption of antibiotics in 71 countries between 2000 and 2010 by analysing national sales data [8]. Their search of PubMed for articles up to 2014 using the search terms "antibiotic", "utilization", and "global" or "countries" revealed only one review published in 1987. However, their review on 16 groups of antibiotics revealed that utilisation of antibiotics increased by 36% between 2000 and 2010. The highest increases in this period were for cephalosporins, broad-spectrum penicillins and fluoroquinolones. They found out that India, China, and the USA were the three largest consumers of antibiotics. These authors noticed that antibiotic consumption was stable or moderately increasing in this period in high-income countries while the increase was substantial in developing countries. Rates of antibiotic use per person were higher in the USA compared to most European countries. Another finding was that there were different trends for different classes of antibiotics, across countries. The use of glycopeptides, carbapenems, polymixins, and monobactams increased in many countries while increases in the consumption of cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones were observed mostly in middle-income countries (India and China). Unfortunately, the data van Boeckel et al. analysed covers only pharmaceutical sales distribution channels, which don't reflect the whole market activity in some countries. True consumption could only be estimated in this situation. Moreover, this type of data doesn't yield information about the indications for antibiotic use. Non-prescription use of antibiotics, which may amount to 19–100% of antimicrobial use outside of northern Europe and North America [9], further complicates these estimations.
3.1 Asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy
Widmer et al. searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register and reference lists of identified articles for randomized and quasi-randomized trials comparing antimicrobial therapeutic regimens that differed in duration [particularly comparing single dose with short course (three to seven days) regimens] in pregnant women diagnosed with asymptomatic bacteriuria [15]. Their review included 13 studies, involving 1,622 women. The antimicrobial agents used were fosfomycin trometamol, amoxicillin and nitrofurantoin.
3.2 Antibiotics for prophylaxis
Garcia-Perdomo et al. reviewed PubMed, CENTRAL and EMBASE to estimate the efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent UTI in patients undergoing cystoscopy [16]. Their search ended up with seven randomized controlled trials with a total of 3,038 patients. The antibiotics used were ceftriaxone 1 g (2,284 pts), levofloxacin 500 mg (276 pts), cefoperazone 1 g (200 pts), gentamicin 120 mg (161 pts), norfloxacin 400 mg (126 pts), fosfomycin trometamol 3 g (60 pts) and sparfloxacin (47 pts). The authors concluded that prophylaxis couldn't be recommended for cystoscopy. However, GPIU Studies revealed that prophylactic antibiotics are used in 46.3% of patients undergoing cystoscopy; with ciprofloxacin, 2nd generation cephalosporins and cefotaxime in the order of preference [10].
Roberts et al. performed a meta-analysis of studies on the baseline prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among patients undergoing prostate biopsy by using Cochrane, MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL databases [17]. In the nine studies which were included and where antibiotic prophylaxes were detailed, ciprofloxacin 1000 mg oral, ciprofloxacin 500 mg oral plus amoxicillin/clavulanate IV plus AMK, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, meropenem, levofloxacin were the preferred antibiotics. Ciprofloxacin was found to be the most frequently used antibiotic (36%), followed by nitrofurantoin (31%) in the GPIU Study [10].
Green et al. searched CENTRAL, PUBMED, LILACS and relevant conference abstracts for randomized controlled trials on prophylaxis in renal transplant patients and performed a meta-analysis [18]. Their meta-analysis included 545 patients from six trials. While they concluded that prophylaxis reduced bacteriuria and sepsis in this specific patient group, the antibiotics used were TMP/SMX 160/800 mg (X1 or X2), ciprofloxacin 250 mg (X1), ampicillin 250 mg (X1), cephalexin 250 mg. (X1). The duration of the antibiotic regimen varied between one month and 8.5 months (average; maximum period not mentioned).
Latthe and co-workers searched Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, CINAHL, TRIP LILACS, and the National Library for Health for randomized controlled trials on prophylactic antibiotic in patients undergoing urodynamics [19]. They identified eight randomized controlled trials with 995 patients. Although the studies were reportedly of low quality and methods were poorly described, they concluded that prophylaxis reduced the risk of significant bacteriuria after urodynamic studies. The antibiotics preferred in the reviewed trials were: trimethoprim, nitrofurantoin, augmentin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and cinoxacin. All were used as a single dose per day for periods varying between one and five days.
3.3 Uncomplicated UTI
Knottnerus et al. performed a network meta-analysis of randomized trials on the effectiveness of antibiotics for uncomplicated UTI [20]. They identified twelve studies comparing different antibiotics with different treatment regimes. The antibiotics and the regimens included in these studies are summarized in Table 1. The authors reported a higher efficacy for ciprofloxacin and gatifloxacin treatment in patients with uncomplicated UTI.
Table 1: Studies on antibiotics for uncomplicated UTI (adapted from Knottnerus et al. [20])
Randomized trials First author (year) (N) patients
Ciprofloxacin 250 mg b.i.d. or TMX 160/800 mg or Norfloxacin 400 mg b.i.d. (285 pts) Arredondo-Garcia (2004) 285 pts
Pivmecillinam 400 mg t.i.d. or Sulfamethiazole 1 g b.i.d. Bjerrum (2009) 175 pts
Prulifloxacin 600 mg s.d. or Pefloxacin 2X 400 mg s.d. Cervigni (2003) 231 pts
Nitrofurantoin 100 mg q.i.d. or placebo Christiaens (2002) 78 pts
Pivmecillinam 200 mg b.d. or Pivmecillinam 200 mg t.i.d. or Pivmecillinam 400 mg b.d. or placebo Ferry (2007) 1,143 pts
TMX 160/800 mg or nitrofurantoin 100 mg b.d. Gupta (2007) 308 pts
Amoxicillin/Clavulanate 500/125 mg b.d. or Ciprofloxacin 250 mg b.d. Hooton (2005) 322 pts
Gatifloxacin 400 mg s.d. or Gatifloxacin 200 mg s.d. or Ciprofloxacin 250 mg b.d. Naber (2004) 1,102 pts
Pivmecillinam 400 mg b.d. or Norfloxacin 400 mg b.i.d. Nicolle (2002) 901 pts
Ciprofloxacin 500 mg qid or Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole 160/800 mg Park (2007) 65 pts
Gatifloxacin 400 mg s.d. or Gatifloxacin 200 mg s.d. or Ciprofloxacin 10 mg b.d. Richard (2002) 673 pts
Fosfomycin 3 g s.d. or Nitrofurantoin 50 mg q.i.d. Van Pienbroek (1993) 231 pts
Katchman et al. performed a meta-analysis to compare the efficacy and safety of short-term (3 days) antibiotic treatment of uncomplicated cystitis in adult non-pregnant women with longer (5 days or longer) treatment [21]. They searched The Cochrane Library, the Cochrane Renal Group's Register of trials, EMBASE, and MEDLINE for randomized controlled trials comparing two different regimes. Thirty-two trials and 9,605 patients met the inclusion criteria. They concluded that antibiotic therapy for 3 days is similar to prolonged therapy in achieving symptomatic cure for cystitis, while the prolonged treatment is more effective in obtaining bacteriological cure.
Leibovici et al. reviewed 25 trials with 2,397 patients, comparing single dose treatment with conventional treatment of UTI [22]. Amoxicillin, TMP/SMX, and various oral cephalosporins were used in these trials. The authors concluded that single dose treatment of UTI is less effective than conventional treatment.
The ARESC Study evaluated the resistance rates of microorganisms to antimicrobials in 4,264 female patients with cystitis [30]. The authors reported that fosfomycin, mecillinam, and nitrofurantoin have preserved their in vitro activity in all countries investigated. However, the prescription rates of these antibiotics were not reported in this study.
3.4 Complicated UTI
Bai et al. searched the PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library for published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared the efficacy and safety of ertapenem with ceftriaxone for the treatment of complicated infections including complicated urinary tract infections (cUTIs) [23]. Eight RCTs, involving 2,883 patients, were included in this meta-analysis which concluded that Ertapenem is as efficient and safe as Ceftriaxone for the treatment of complicated UTI.
Singh et al. selected three antimicrobial drugs (doripenem, levofloxacin, and imipenem-cilastatin) for their meta-analysis on antimicrobial treatment in complicated UTI [24]. The estimated eradication rates were comparable (81%, 79%, and 80.5% consecutively).
Eliakim-Raz et al. reviewed all randomized controlled trials comparing treatment periods of ≤7 days and >7 days in acute pyelonephritis and septic UTI [25]. In the eight trials they included in their meta-analysis, the antibiotics used were ciprofloxacin (626 pts), levofloxacin (1,420 pts), ceftriaxone + cefixime (304 pts), fleroxacin (54 pts), pivampicillin/pivmecillinam (77 pts) and ampicillin (42 pts).
Pohl searched the Cochrane Renal Group's specialized register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, and EMBASE to assess whether the mode of administration of antibiotic therapy for severe UTI has an effect on cure rate, re-infection rate and kidney scarring [26]. No restriction of age and sex was applied in this search. Fifteen RCTs (1,743 pts) were included. Pohl concluded that there is no evidence suggesting that oral antibiotic therapy is less effective for treatment of severe UTI than parenteral or initial parenteral therapy.
3.5 Management of Chlamydia Trachomatis infections
Dale et al. conducted a survey for their audit on the management of Chlamydia infections in 31 Genitourinary Medicine Clinics in the UK [14]. They reported that antibiotic prescription for these infections were largely in accordance with the UK National Guidelines, the guidelines, which are Doxycycline 100 mg b.d. for 7 days or Azithromycin 1 g orally in a single dose.
3.6 Global Prevalence studies in Infections in Urology (GPIU) and the EAU Guidelines
Probably the best available data on antibiotic use in urology clinics can be retrieved from Global Prevalence studies on Infections in Urology (GPIU), reported by Bjerklund-Johansen et al. The first two publications reported the prevalence, microorganisms and resistance of microorganisms in nosocomially acquired urinary tract infections (NAUTI) [5], [6], [12], [13]. The first two years of this study (PEP and PEAP) included 4,706 of the 6,033 hospitalized patients on study days; 2,617 were receiving antibiotics (56%); 26% of the antibiotic use was for a microbiologically proven UTI, 21% for a clinically suspected, but not microbiologically proven UTI, 7% for other infections, and 46% for prophylaxis [12], [13]. Among 686 of the 727 patients with NAUTI the largest group was asymptomatic bacteriuria (29%) followed by cystitis (26%), pyelonephritis (21%), and urosepsis (12%). The most commonly used antibiotics for the treatment of these infections were fluoroquinolones (in 35% of cases), cephalosporins (in 27% of cases). Sixteen percent of the patients received penicillins, mostly aminopenicillins with beta-lactamase inhibitor. Aminoglycosides (in 15% of patients) and co-trimoxazol in 8% followed these antibiotics. Trimethoprim alone was given in less than 1% of cases. Other antibiotics given were imipenem (6%), vancomycin (2%), antifungal drugs (2%), and tetracyclines (2%). Important findings of these studies are regional differences in terms of pathogen spectrum, susceptibility patterns, as well as the differences in prophylactic regimens.
Antibiotics used for prophylaxis in urology departments were analyzed by Çek et al. [10]. The authors reported data on 13,723 patients enrolled in the GPIU studies between 2005 and 2010. Of these patients, 8,178 received antibiotics on the study days; 3,898 (47.7%) for prophylaxis. The three most frequently used prophylactic antibiotics for various specific conditions are listed in table 2 together with major guideline recommendations for these conditions. Non-adherence with EAU guidelines in the application of prophylaxis in procedures like cystoscopy, URS, TUR-BT, and clean operations are evident in this table. Variation in antimicrobial prophylaxis in urological practice is recently reported by Mossanen et al. [31]. The authors reported a wide variance of compliance rates with AUA Best Practice Statement, between 0.6% for radical cystectomy and 97% for shock wave lithotripsy. Cai et al. compared the data for 3,529 urologic procedures performed after implementation of a protocol for antibiotic prophylaxis according to the EAU Guidelines, with data for 2,619 procedures performed before the implementation of this protocol. They showed that adherence to EAU guidelines on antibiotic prophylaxis reduced antibiotic usage without increasing post-operative infection rate and lowered the prevalence of resistant uropathogens [29].
Table 2: Adapted from Çek et al. [10] and AUA [28]
EAU Guidelines AUA Best Practice AP in GPIU Studies 2005-2010 First three antibiotics for routine AP
Procedure Routine AP Recommended antibiotic Prophylaxis indicated Antimicrobials of choice In high risk only Routinely Not routinely
Cystoscopy No TMP±SMX If risk factors Fluoroquinolone 20% 46% 34% Ciprofloxacin
2G cephalosporins TMP±SMX 2G cephalosporins
Cefotaxime
URS No TMP±SMX All Fluoroquinolone 14.4% 77% 8.7% Ciprofloxacin
2G cephalosporins TMP-SMX 2G cephalosporins
TRUS biopsy All patients Fluoroquinolones All Fluoroquinolone 5.1% 90.% 4.1% Ciprofloxacin
TMP±SMX cephalosporin 1G/2G/3G. Nitrofurantoin
Metronidazole TMP-SMX
URS for un-
complicated stone treatment No TMP±SMX All Fluoroquinolone 11.3% 84.4% 4.3% Cefotaxim
2G or 3G cephalosporins TMP-SMX Ciprofloxacin
Aminopenicillin+
BLI 2G cephalosporins
Fluoroquinolones
TURP All patients TMP± SMX All (cystourethroscopy with manipulation) Fluoroquinolone 13% 81.2% 5.9% Ciprofloxacin
2G or 3G cephalosporins TMP-SMX 2G cephalosporins
BLI TMP-SMX
TURBT No TMP±SMX All (cystourethroscopy with manipulation) Fluoroquinolone 11.7% 74.1% 14.1% Ciprofloxacin
2G or 3G cephalosporins TMP-SMX Cefotaxime
PCNL/ URS for impacted or proximal stone All patients TMP All 1G/2G cephalosporin 11.5% 82.3% 6.2% Cefotaxime
SMX Aminiglycoside (Aztreonem)+
Metronidazole or Clindamycin 2G cephalosporins
2G or 3G cephalosporins Ciprofloxacin
Open or laparoscopic surgery according to contamination status
Clean No If risk factors 1st G cephalosporin 9.4% 62.8% 27.8% Cefotaxime
2G cephalosporins
Clean-contaminated Recommended TMP 1G/2G cephalosporin 7.2% 87.3% 5.5% Cefotaxime
SMX Aminoglycoside (Aztreonem)+
Aminopenicillin/BLI
Contaminated All patients 2G or 3G cephalosporins 1G/2G cephalosporin 3.1% 96.9% 0 Cefotaxime
Metronidazole Aminoglycoside (Aztreonem)+
As Bell et al. pointed out 90% of antibiotics in Europe are used for non-hospitalized patients; however, data on the use of antimicrobials and resistance patterns are overwhelmingly about hospitalized patients [7]. This gap will hopefully be filled by future studies in this area.
There are various reasons for the overuse of antimicrobials. One of the reasons is non-compliance with guidelines. Hulscher and co-workers reviewed antibiotic prescribing in hospitals from a social and behavioral point of view [32]. They discussed the determinants that influence the use of antibiotics in hospitals, in an attempt to improve strategies for better prescription policies. Further research should definitely concentrate on factors influencing prescription habits and aim to increase compliance with guidelines for the use of antimicrobials in urology.
Antibiotic consumption is increasing globally. Although there is no direct evidence for the share of prescriptions in urology, increasing resistance rates confirm that more antibiotics are used in urology, too.
Reports on the use of antibiotics in urology are generally from secondary and tertiary centers. This may be regarded as a bias while assessing the amount and variety of antibiotics used in urological infections. The influence of non-prescription use of antibiotics in certain geographical areas cannot be assessed.
Compliance with guidelines is rather low, although adherence with guidelines has been shown to result in lower prevalence of resistant microorganisms, as well as diminishing treatment costs.
5.1 Treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria
The most preferred antibiotics are fosfomycin, amoxycilin, and nitrofurantoin.
5.2 Prophylaxis
Various investigations have evaluated the value of prophylaxis in cystoscopy using fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins, Fosfomycin, etc. However, prophylaxis for diagnostic cystoscopy is not recommended by EAU and AUA.
Ciprofloxacin is the most frequently used antibiotic for prophylaxis before TRUS-Bx of the prostate. This finding is supported by the data of GPIU studies (ciprofloxacin in 36% of patients, followed by nitrofurantoin in 31%) [3].
Renal transplantation is probably the single procedure, which is associated with the longest application of antibiotic prophylaxis (TMP/SMX, Ciprofloxacin and Ampicillin), extending up to 8.5 months [11].
Various antibiotics and various regimens have been evaluated (see table 1). Single dose treatment with amoxicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazol seems to be inferior to longer regimens of 3–7 days.
Carbapenems (ertapenem) are shown to be as efficient and as safe as ceftriaxone. No route of administration (oral vs. parenteral) has been shown to be superior.
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[27] Grabe M, Bartoletti R, Bjerklund Johansen TE, Cai T, Cek M, Köves B, Naber KG, Pickard RS, Tenke P, Wagenlehner F, Wullt B. Guidelines on Urological Infections. Arnhem: European Association of Urology; 2015. Available from: http://uroweb.org/wp-content/uploads/EAU-Guidelines-Urological-Infections-v2.pdf
[28] American Urological Association Education and Research, editor. Best Practice Policy Statement on Urologic Surgery Antimicrobial Prophylaxis. Linthicum: American Urological Association; 2008. Available from: www.auanet.org/documents//education/clinical-guidance/Antimicrobial-Prophylaxis.pdf
[30] Naber KG, Schito G, Botto H, Palou J, Mazzei T. Surveillance study in Europe and Brazil on clinical aspects and Antimicrobial Resistance Epidemiology in Females with Cystitis (ARESC): implications for empiric therapy. Eur Urol. 2008 Nov;54(5):1164-75. DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2008.05.010
[31] Mossanen M, Calvert JK, Holt SK, James AC, Wright JL, Harper JD, Krieger JN, Gore JL. Overuse of antimicrobial prophylaxis in community practice urology. J Urol. 2015 Feb;193(2):543-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2014.08.107
[32] Hulscher ME, Grol RP, van der Meer JW. Antibiotic prescribing in hospitals: a social and behavioural scientific approach. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010 Mar;10(3):167-75. DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70027-X
Çek M, Bjerklund Johansen TE. Which antibiotics are used in urology worldwide. Version: 2018-08-23. In: Bjerklund Johansen TE, Wagenlehner FME, Matsumoto T, Cho YH, Krieger JN, Shoskes D, Naber KG, editors. Urogenital Infections and Inflammations. Berlin: German Medical Science GMS Publishing House; 2017-.
© Çek M et al.


The ClearStream Fusion delivers solid reception for an outdoor antenna without looking like a pair of antlers stuck to the side of your house.
Solved! Does a blackweb Bluetooth portable speaker have an antenna?


The purpose of the lab is to recrystallize impure benzoic acid, as well as also obtaining the infrared spectroscopy, melting point, and calculate the percent recovery. First, students must have all materials needed. Then, set up an apparatus needed for the infrared spectroscopy and the determination of the melting point. The results of the recrystallization should be for crystals to reform in a pure colorless state. In this project, students learned how to recrystallize a sample of impure benzoic acid.
In this experiment students will learn to recrystallize a sample of impure benzoic acid and determine the percent recovery of the sample, analyze the purity using melting point, and infrared spectroscopy.
This experiment will require an extra amount of time, approximately 10-15 minutes, for the crystals to form while they are being dried by the vacuum.
For this lab some materials include contaminated benzoic acid (about 2.0g), two 100 mL beakers, two 250 mL beakers, a 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask, a hot plate which will be used to heat the solution in. Disposable pipets, glass stirring rods, set up a vacuum filtration apparatus to dry the pure Benzoic Acid into crystals, coffee filters to filter the hot solution, distilled water (100 mL) for rinsing of the Benzoic Acid. Ice, a watch glass, powder funnel, mortar and pestle to grind the newly formed crystals, melting point capillaries to determine the melting point of Benzoic Acid, a melting point apparatus, and an infrared spectrophotometer to determine how much of the impure benzoic acid was recovered.
Begin this lab by wearing safety attire. Obtain 2.0g of the impure benzoic acid. Transfer the amount into a 125mL Erlenmeyer flask, and add 45mL of distilled water, and boil. If the impure benzoic acid has a color, add active carbon to help the benzoic acid go to a clear color. While the solid dissolves set up a vacuum filtration. Once benzoic acid is dissolved, transfer it to the vacuum apparatus and dry the solution into crystals. Then crush the crystals into a fine powder, and place a very small amount inside a capillary tube and get the melting point of it, do this twice. Finally get an infrared spectrum reading to determine how much pure benzoic acid was recovered. If it ranges from 900-1,000, then a good amount of benzoic acid was recovered.
Some observations that were made when recrystallizing the benzoic acid were that benzoic acid as an impure weighed more (2.007g) than the recrystallized pure benzoic acid (0.986g). As this observation was made, it could be considered that the impurities in benzoic acid cause it to weigh more, than the pure form of it.
The objective of this experiment was to recrystallize impure Benzoic Acid, obtain the percent recovery of the pure Benzoic Acid along with its melting point, and infrared spectroscopy. After placing a sample of the already pure Benzoic Acid in the spectrophotometer, the machine read a value of 968 out of 1,000 and confirmed it as Benzoic Acid. Also the literature value of the melting point of Benzoic Acid is 122C and in the experiment (on both trials for the melting point) the temperature for melting obtained was 122C for trial one and 123C for trial two. Which means that melting point when compared to the literature melting point was correct.
Crystallization forms crystals; solids whereas precipitation forms liquid; drops.
If your impure Benzoic Acid has a color carbon will be used to remove colored impurities.
The purpose of measuring the melting point and recording an infrared spectrum of the sample is to determine the melting point (temperature) of sample and to see how pure it is after recrystallization.
It is important to use ice cold water to rinse off purified crystals because impurities might be trapped, and therefore ice cold water is used to wash the Benzoic Acid crystals in order to dissolve them and their impurities.
0.02g per 100 mL of water.
Percent recovery is the amount of pure compound with respect to impure compound obtained from chemical synthesis and percent yield is the amount of a compound obtained from a chemical synthesis reaction with respect to the theoretically expected amount.
1. The student should obtained "active carbon" which will help the impure sample go from a greyish color to clear.
2. The same amount of Benzoic Acid would be left.
3. Instead of starting off the experiment with boiling the benzoic acid in water at a hot temperature, it can be dissolved in methanol at a hot temperature, and when crystals must be formed use water.


We are a Family run CAMRA recommended freehouse Inn with Dining Room. Offering Real Ales and superb home cooked food from ingredients sourced locally, take away meals are also available as is an extensive coeliac menu.
Trade Bodies / Associations CAMRA British Institute of InnKeepers.
Specialist Services Extensive home cooked menu with especial concern for coeliacs.


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BREAKING | National League Competition Suspended from Monday 16th March 2020
At its Board Meeting on Friday, The National League decided to use its best endeavours to keep its season going in the face of unprecedented adversity.
However, with the current coronavirus (COVID-19) reaching global pandemic levels it has to accept that the situation is now out of its own control.
In the knowledge of the government measures now announced including not to support sporting events with emergency services workers it is clearly not practical for its fixtures to be fulfilled in the immediate future.
In those circumstances and in line with The Football Association and the Professional Game, at a Board Meeting today, The National League has decided that its competition is now suspended until at least 3rd April 2020.
The National League will continue to monitor the situation, but trusts that its loyal clubs, fans, players, officials, staff, volunteers and sponsors will accept that it has had no other choice but to reach this decision.
It wishes everybody connected with the competition and indeed the whole country a safe passage through these turbulent times.
BREAKING | Bern and Jonno to feature in Chester vs Bury Fundraising Match!
CLUB STATEMENT | Academy and Women's football suspended

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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'HE'S SETTLING'
Jurgen Klopp rubbishes suggestions Fabinho will leave Liverpool and backs Daniel Sturridge after betting charge
The midfielder has struggled at times to get used to football in England leading to claims he may leave the club despite only arriving in May
By Jackson Cole
23rd November 2018, 2:55 pm
Updated: 23rd November 2018, 2:56 pm
Liverpool manager Jurgen Klopp has labelled suggestions Fabinho could leave the club as "completely crazy".
Fabinho, who joined the Reds from Monaco in May for around £39million, has struggled to settle into the first team.
Fabinho was Liverpool's first signing of the summer which saw them spend over £170m
This has led to rumours that the Brazilian midfielder is heading for an Anfield exit with the likes of Juventus and AC Milan reportedly interested.
But speaking to reporters ahead of Liverpool's Premier League clash with Watford on Saturday, Klopp insisted the Reds No.3 isn't going anywhere.
"He was ever one for the future. Is he settling? Yes. He played and he did well, so it's all good," said Klopp.
"Now it's coming up the most intense period of the year, of the whole season; it's unbelievable how many games we have now. That's good, we knew that before."
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Fabinho has had a run of games recently, however, as he has benefited from a system change to 4-2-3-1, a formation he was used to with Monaco.
"He used the time to adjust to what we want him to do. That was really good. The last games he played were pretty much all good or better. So, all fine," Klopp continued.
"Of course he will not leave. I don't talk about transfers but if you want to ask, nobody leaves here.
Fabinho has had a hand of good performances in Liverpool colours
"That would be completely crazy – he doesn't want to, it's only the crazy world out there that people, if they don't play in the last five games, immediately open kind of a transfer market. We are not involved in that."
The club has been in the headlines off the pitch for all the wrong reasons after Daniel Sturridge was charged by the Football Association for breching betting rules.
But Klopp says Sturridge's focus has not wavered despite his misconduct charge.
The German added: "You don't see any influence on Daniel in training, so that's good.
Klopp spoke about Sturridge's FA charge for the first time
"I don't know, I cannot say actually, anything about the case. It is difficult to get information about it but in training he is completely normal: in good shape, looks sharp, looks focused, but of course it is something you do not want to be involved in."


N2 BRIDGE INCIDENT, THURSDAY AFTERNOON... DID HE JUMP OR NOT?
19 Jan 2018, Cape Town: So, let's cut to the chase... Did the man jump of the N2 Bridge in Cape Town yesterday (Thursday) or not?
On Thursday afternoon, the N2 highway were closed for several hours after a man threatened to jump off a bridge. Another media network reported "N2 closed after man jumped off bridge".
In the tweet blow, the man never jumped and rather encouraged him which later convinced the man not to jump. Also see photos in gallery below.


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You are at:Home»News»Global News»Ed Sheeran reveals trailer for new concert film, Jumpers For Goalposts – watch
Image via Google
Ed Sheeran reveals trailer for new concert film, Jumpers For Goalposts – watch
By Georgia Simpson	on	 September 17, 2015 Global News, News
Ed Sheeran has announced details of his new concert film, Jumpers For Goalposts.
Filmed during his record-breaking X World Tour at one of his three-night stints at Wembley Stadium, the film includes footage of his duet with Sir Elton John. The film will also detail Sheeran's rise to success from his early days as a musician to his most recent chart-topper, 'Thinking Out Loud'.
A special cinema event will be held at London's Leicester Square on 22nd October, which will be broadcast live to cinemas around the world. Sheeran will also be performing live at the Leicester Square event.
Earlier this month, Sheeran officially launched his new record label, Gingerbread Man Records, after selecting songwriter Jamie Lawson as his first signing. Sheehan has described Lawson in interviews as "an incredible talent."
Tickets for Jumpers For Goalposts go on sale on 24th September. Watch the trailer below.
Georgia Simpson
Third year Film student, Head of External Relations for The Edge and Vice President of FilmSoc. I love tea and I also love Disney. A lot.


Our Science Café series brings you face-to-face with cutting-edge science in a comfortable setting. Each event features drinks, snacks, and lively group discussion led by one of GMRI's research scientists.
Every few months, members of the public are invited to GMRI to grab a drink, pull up a chair, and join us for an informal presentation and discussion about current research related to the Gulf of Maine.
Our Science Cafés are a jargon-free zone. While the presenter might have a Ph.D., you won't need one to understand and contribute to the conversation.
To join us, simply subscribe to our newsletter, or follow us online, as our public invitations are issued through these channels. Additionally you can keep an eye on our events calendar for Science Café and other great events.


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You are here: God >> Bible Concordance >> Letters
So she wrote letters in Ahab's name, sealed them with his seal, and sent them to the elders and other leaders of the city where Naboth lived. - 1 Kings 21:8
In her letters she commanded: "Call the citizens together for fasting and prayer and give Naboth a place of honor. - 1 Kings 21:9
So the elders and other leaders followed the instructions Jezebel had written in the letters. - 1 Kings 21:11
King Hezekiah now sent word to all Israel and Judah, and he wrote letters of invitation to Ephraim and Manasseh. He asked everyone to come to the Temple of the LORD at Jerusalem to celebrate the Passover of the LORD, the God of Israel. - 2 Chronicles 30:1
At the king's command, messengers were sent throughout Israel and Judah. They carried letters which said: "O people of Israel, return to the LORD, the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Israel,* so that he will return to the few of us who have survived the conquest of the Assyrian kings.2 - 2 Chronicles 30:6
The king also sent letters scorning the LORD, the God of Israel. He wrote, "Just as the gods of all the other nations failed to rescue their people from my power, so the God of Hezekiah will also fail." - 2 Chronicles 32:17
The Assyrian officials who brought the letters shouted this in the Hebrew language to the people gathered on the walls of the city, trying to terrify them so it would be easier to capture the city. - 2 Chronicles 32:18
I also said to the king, "If it please Your Majesty, give me letters to the governors of the province west of the Euphrates River, instructing them to let me travel safely through their territories on my way to Judah. - Nehemiah 2:7
When I came to the governors of the province west of the Euphrates River, I delivered the king's letters to them. The king, I should add, had sent along army officers and horsemen to protect me. - Nehemiah 2:9
During those fifty-two days, many letters went back and forth between Tobiah and the officials of Judah. - Nehemiah 6:17
They kept telling me what a wonderful man Tobiah was, and then they told him everything I said. And Tobiah sent many threatening letters to intimidate me. - Nehemiah 6:19
He sent letters to all parts of the empire, to each province in its own script and language, proclaiming that every man should be the ruler of his home. - Esther 1:22
On April 17* Haman called in the king's secretaries and dictated letters to the princes, the governors of the respective provinces, and the local officials of each province in their own scripts and languages. These letters were signed in the name of King Xerxes, sealed with his ring,3 - Esther 3:12
and sent by messengers into all the provinces of the empire. The letters decreed that all Jews--young and old, including women and children--must be killed, slaughtered, and annihilated on a single day. This was scheduled to happen nearly a year later on March 7.* The property of the Jews would be given to those who killed them.4 - Esther 3:13
Mordecai wrote in the name of King Xerxes and sealed the message with the king's signet ring. He sent the letters by swift messengers, who rode horses especially bred for the king's service. - Esther 8:10
Read Letters Page 2 Now!


I created this retexture about 4 months ago, but haven't got permission from author to upload(no answer). Now, I just leave it here.
-Most parts of texture completely new.
-Some decals removed, some replaced, some re-drawn by me.
What's body type of this? ?_?
looks great thank you for sharing!
Very nice, it's too bad no one really knows about this set of armor, though.
Have you ever thought about making your own armor sets?
At now I just improve my texturing skills, maybe in future..
im going to link this to the UNPB BBP conversions because in the converter's list has the old version.
Well... if you don't mind that is.
I removed the pauldrons on the shoulders because they seemed to be way to bulky compared the the rest of the body.
So you can go for more of an Asuna's Armor look.
Here's a sample pic that was posted in what mod is this thread.
hi. can you make this armor CBBE?
the author of the elphintos unp armor mod has just updated the armor to include black color,it also has new decals,do you think you can create a HD retexture version of the new version with the new decals?
Great looking armor thnx for posting.
Well, I don't know Now I really don't have time for this. And..author updated his mod..but still don't answer me, (WTF!?)lol.
i think it is alright if you modify the file for none profit use,of course if you insist on receiving the author permission do not type in english as the author is from japan and is using machine translation.
Yep, I know. English isn't my native language too and I think it's not big problem to answer, even if he use machine translation. Anyway, I don't care about that now.
I really happy to see that some people like my little work.
well then i look forward for a HD retexture of the new version then if you could be kind enough to retexture them once more.
Could you reupload this, please? Mediafire appears to have removed it. Maybe the new Megaupload won't care so much?
You have to download the original files for it to work. Otherwise you'll just get more junk in your data folder.


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PM: Jordan seeks to borrow $1bn from World Bank to cover debt
April 8, 2019 at 1:13 pm | Published in: Iraq, Jordan, Middle East, News, Saudi Arabia, US, World Bank
Jordan is holding consultations with the World Bank to obtain a $1 billion loan as part of the kingdom's efforts to reduce its debt burden and revive its struggling economy.
Jordanian Prime Minister Omar Al-Razzaz said yesterday on the sidelines of the World Economic Forum held at the Dead Sea, that the government "is moving on several fronts to reduce the high debt burden by considering concessional loans and focusing on triggering economic growth", Bloomberg reported.
Jordan is seeking a 30-year facility with the World Bank at an interest rate of four per cent, he said.
Public debt which is estimated at $39.9 billion is almost equivalent to the kingdom's economic output.
READ: Gulf States imposed siege on Jordan to force it to accept 'deal of the century'
The kingdom is burdened by hosting more than one million Syrian refugees as well as global rise in prices.
Last year, the United States pledged more than $6 billion in aid to Jordan over the next five years, up from $1 billion a year earlier. Saudi Arabia and two other Gulf states have also pledged to support Jordan after a government proposal to raise income tax sparked angry protests across the kingdom.
The reopening of the Jordanian-Iraqi border increased Jordanian exports by 13 per cent in the first quarter of 2019.
"We are working on driving economic growth, increasing exports," Al-Razzaz said, adding that the two countries plan to link their electric grids and build an industrial zone near the border.
IraqJordanMiddle EastNewsSaudi ArabiaUSWorld Bank


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First record of alien species Chymomyza amoena [Diptera, Drosophilidae] in Croatia.
The alien species Chymomyza amoena (Loew 1862) is recorded in Croatia for the first time. This phytophagous drosophilid native to North America was first discovered in Europe in 1975 in the former Czechoslovakia. C. amoena breeds in parasitized fruits and nuts damaged from primary pest attack. It is considered to be the principal drosophilid with this kind of developmental habits in both North America and Europe. The currently known host plants, species morphology and biology, the location of the first finding and possible ways of expanding in the territory of Croatia are briefly reviewed. This work provides new insights into distribution of C. amoena in Europe.
Šubić, M.
Seljak, G.
Department for Agricultural Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
ipajac@agr.hr
Šumarski List
2017 141 9/10 489-492
Hrvatsko Šumarsko Društvo (Croatian Forestry Society) Zagreb Croatia
http://www.sumari.hr/.../201704890.pdf
Chymomyza
new geographic records
Chymomyza amoena
European Union Countries


World premiere expanded CD of early James Horner hit!
World premiere expanded CD of James Horner soundtrack from popular Ron Howard sci-fi/fantasy with legendary cast of veterans including Don Ameche, Wilford Brimley, Hume Cronyn, Jack Gilford, Maureen Stapleton, Jessica Tandy plus Brian Dennehy, Steve Guttenberg, Tahnee Welch. Group of aging friends share life together in rest home, experience fear, fun, love, loss and collectively find mysterious alien pods in the poolhouse carry secrets of youth...at a price. James Horner fashions one of his earliest blockbusters, showcases numerous signature ideas that will grace his work for decades. Magnificent score was also one of first to appear on CD in 1985 (Polydor label), adding luster to project. Horner provides numerous highlights, with spotlights shining in four directions: incredibly warm, transparent love themes, vibrant big band-era pieces for three aged best friends, incredible action cues, powerhouse climactic themes for what lies beyond. Latter music represents some of composer's most inspired writing of all time with two side-by-side action sequences "David Runs To Boat", "The Chase" both building on primary thematic material, culminating in "The Ascension" a massive, emotional tour-de-force! Special mention is due Horner's inspired climax that crescendos in magnificent musical peroration, then recedes with descending series of whole-tone chords to cadence on gently beautiful, final major chord. And true to composer's nature, end credit music ("Theme From Cocoon") is masterful, fully realized composition unlike most of today's customary "cut-and-paste" editorial cues. It is rare that composer's are given opportunities to write hour-long film scores with the luxuries of genuine musical architecture, introducing multiple ideas, developing them, bringing in new themes, parting with earlier ones, gaining momentum, stirring up the musical pot then finally leading everything towards truly magnificent finish. James Horner takes that opportunity, delivers the goods! Entire score newly mastered by Mike Matessino, with significant improvements in stereo image, clarity courtesy multi-track masters housed at 20th Century Fox. Entire production courtesy Fox and Universal Music Group. Additional source cues plus Michael Sembello's "Gravity" appear at end of CD as extras. Authoritative oversight by Nick Redman, informative liner notes by Julie Kirgo plus session photos of composer wrap up entire album with colorful bow. James Horner conducts. Intrada Special Collection release available while quantities and interest remains!
James Horner's Cocoon is a long overdue reissue, less so for its expansion than for its sonic upgrade potential. The original album released in 1985 was prepared in accordance with that era's aesthetics, dictated largely by the specifications of the vinyl and cassette formats. The result was agreeable, yet far removed from the original dynamics captured by engineer Armin Steiner on the Fox scoring stage. Steiner's original 3-track LCR mixes, preserved on the 2″ 24-track scoring masters, were utilized for this release, transferred at 96k 24bit for superior clarity and assembled in chronological sequence, resulting in a definitive presentation of one of the composer's major early efforts.
Recorded on September 6 & 8, March 18-21, April 5, 10-12, 15 & 16, 1985 at Twentieth Century Fox Studios, Los Angeles, California.


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Cal Barnes Official Website
19 Films Productions
About Cal
Contact / Social
Cal R. Barnes was born in Salem, OR in 1988. After studying creative writing, journalism, and drama at Portland State University in Portland, OR, Cal moved to Los Angeles in 2009 where he immediately began acting and writing screenplays. After a few years he also began producing films as well, enjoying all aspects of the creative process. Cal currently lives and creates in Los Angeles. He is a connoisseur of film, literature, yoga, fruits, vegetables, coffee, tea, and sunshine.
© Cal Barnes, 2020. All Rights Reserved.


It was another year of March Madness upsets and heartbreak, but from the chaos arose a champion. Our focusEGD Bracket Queen Kayla is now the proud owner of this year's hand crafted, custom trophy (a real work of art). A heartfelt congratulations to Kayla on her victory, and there's always next year for the rest of us.


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Creating Adoption-Centric Products
If you're serious about competing in the marketplace, then customer adoption is your Holy Grail. And rightly so -- your success and longevity hinge on this crucial metric. But for many, achieving satisfactory (let alone exemplary) customer adoption can feel frustratingly hit-or-miss. And boosting adoption will continue to feel like an impossible feat of alchemy if you approach it the wrong way. Fixating on "adoption" as the end goal without understanding that it's the result of correct processes and approach is a little bit like skipping ahead to the last chapter of a book and wondering why you're so confused. It doesn't make sense because you don't have the proper context.
Adoption doesn't exist in a vacuum, and it doesn't happen just because you want it to or because you're trying really hard. Remember, your company exists to help your customers make progress with something they struggle with. You want them to hire your product to do a specific job. Understanding that specific job is key so that your entire organization can align around this single purpose. This will allow your team to make the right decisions with autonomy, and go on to create products that people will want to hire over and over again.
Once your focus -- your lens -- shifts to view every problem from the standpoint of the job to be done, the correct actions become clear. And this laser focus will by its very nature increase adoption, because it will ensure that you're creating adoption-centric products. And once you do that, you can become the go-to product people hire to do a specific job. You can become synonymous with the job to be done.
Take this straightforward real-world example: If you're looking to "hire" a quick, easy, inexpensive, and healthy sandwich for lunch or dinner, what pops into your head first? Chances are, it's Subway. In 1965, Subway founder Fred DeLuca cut through the schizophrenic identity of the American deli -- which served everything from soups, salads, and meatloaf to beer, pie, and cigarettes -- and re-imagined it with a single focus on just one type of sandwich, the submarine. And today, Subway is the largest-single brand restaurant chain in the world, even bigger than McDonald's. Why? Subway does one thing, and one thing only. It eases a struggle, and does a job, in a very clear and dependable way -- it's a fast, affordable, and (seemingly) healthy meal.
Digging Deeper: Alignment, Growth, & Adoption
Intuit co-founder Scott Cook had a valuable "ah-ha" moment when he realized he and his team were going about increasing adoption for TurboTax in the wrong way. Once he shifted perspective and looked at the problem in a new way, he experienced first hand the benefits of company-wide alignment around the job his customers were hiring his product to do.
For years, he and his team focused on ways to improve the interview process to get people set up to do their taxes using TurboTax. But no matter how much customer feedback they incorporated into the process, it didn't seem to increase adoption. But then he and his team came to a realization: People weren't hiring TurboTax to have to spend time filling out interview questions -- they just wanted to get their taxes done as quickly as possible. As Cook relayed to Clayton Christensen in Competing Against Luck, this shift in perception was a "sea change." Suddenly, Cook and his team could align around working towards the right solutions -- achieving customer set up without subjecting them to an interview. To date, they've managed to reduce the process, and are working towards eliminating it altogether, but even a reduction has improved adoption. Christensen writes that, after experimenting with one pre-filled interview section, "Intuit saw a noticeable uptick in the number of customers who actually completed the TurboTax interview."
Or, to put it another way, by aligning around a single purpose -- the job to be done -- Intuit made their product more adoption-centric.
Let Me Alta Vista That For You: Why Generalists Don't Drive Adoption
A key component of the TurboTax's adoption-driving alignment is specificity. Generalist companies never become synonymous with a job to be done -- they're too busy trying to be all things for all people. And in the process, they become nothing for anyone. After all, how can anyone hire you to do a job if you don't have clarity on the specific struggle you're trying to ease for people?
For proof, just compare the relative fates of the Google and Altavista search engines. Alta Vista was the first internet search engine and in the early 90s it was the go-to engine for many people, but then … it lost focus. What began as a purpose-driven product that did one thing -- web search -- became a confusing mishmash of topic boards, directories, and advertising. In 2010 -- three years before its ultimate demise in 2013 -- Henry McCracken wrote in Technologizer that "At first, AltaVista's post-Digital owner's wrong headedly tried to turn it into a Yahoo-like mega portal. Then it became an orphaned brand name affixed to generic search results."
Google's search engine, on the other hand, stuck to one thing and one thing only. The home page does nothing to distract from this specific job that millions and millions hire it to do -- on average, 3.5 billion Google searches are performed daily. But perhaps there is no greater evidence of becoming synonymous with the job you're hired to do than this: In 2006, "google" was added to the Oxford English Dictionary as a verb.
Focus Lost ... And Regained
Achieving alignment around the job to be done isn't a "set it and forget it" kind of deal. Without vigilance, you can lose your focus .. and in the process, your customers. LEGO learned this the hard way in the late 90s after a misguided phase of hyper innovation. As David Robertson, author of the book Brick by Brick: How LEGO Rewrote the Rules of Innovation and Conquered the Global Toy Industry, told the Wharton business school's Knowledge@Wharton's podcast, "[Lego] lost control of the innovation. They tried to innovate in lots of different ways, and they did."
But in the process, they forgot about the job people hired them to do. They created a lot of new toys -- and some, in Robinson's opinion, were even good ones -- but the problem was, "they weren't very LEGO-y. They didn't have much construction as part of the toy. … These toys would snap together in about 10 minutes and the kids could start playing."
The result? LEGO no longer did the job parents hired it to do. As Robinson explains, "[A] lot of us as parents, the reason we buy LEGO for our kids — and we may not admit it to ourselves — it's that rainy Sunday afternoon when the kids are driving us nuts and we want a couple hours of quiet, so we get the LEGO set. Well, if you bought the Jack Stone set, you would have 10 minutes and then the kids are running around screaming again. So it drove away some of the fans of the brand."
There were other missteps along the way, but for LEGO to make a comeback they had to return to one very important, and deceptively simple thing: They had to remember their purpose, and focus on the job people hired LEGO to do. And so, in 2003, they went "back to the brick." LEGO returned to their roots, and started focusing on the products that worked like LEGOs, that were challenging, and took time to put together -- the fire trucks and the police stations. "When they went back in the box," Robinson says, "they found that there was a lot of money in the box and that fans returned to the brand".
Getting It Right From the Get Go
If you're looking for a B2B company that has, right from their inception aligned around a single purpose and created a wildly adoption-centric product then look no further than payment platform Stripe. It became a darling among developers right from its launch in 2012, and with good reason: Co-founders Patrick and John Collison identified a massive struggle developers were experiencing when trying to implement payment platforms and systematically eradicated it.
Their purpose from the outset was clear and aligned around a single goal: to make a payment platform that "didn't suck." Or, to put it more technical way, as (John) Collison told CNBC, "Stripe is building payment infrastructure for the Web, so we make it easy to accept credit cards online. … Before Stripe, the way you'd do this is using the legacy banking structure. It was slow, it was complex, it was expensive. It had this very chilling effect on e-commerce."
With such a clear understanding of the job that developers would hire their product to do, it's no wonder that, according to Forbes, adoption-centric Stripe now processes $20 billion in payments annually, and is well on the way to becoming synonymous with the job people hire it to do. "In short, there isn't a real alternative to Stripe," Shopify founder and Stripe customer Tobias Lütke told TechCrunch in 2012. "They cracked the code on how internet payments ought to be done."
On the surface, Subway, TurboTax, Google, LEGO, and Stripe don't appear to have much in common. But they share a very important quality: They all understand that customer adoption is the result of the right processes and perspective. Creating adoption-centric products -- from sandwiches and tax software to search engines, toys, or B2B payment platforms -- hinges on keeping a laser focus on the job to be done, and never forgetting why customers should hire (and rehire) your product to ease their struggles.
Testing Your Value Proposition
Testing your value proposition in the real world is the best and only reliable way to see if anyone would actually be interested in buying your big idea
Retention & Monetization: Ignore at Your Own Risk
Learn how to make retention and monetization integral parts of your long-term growth strategy


Sarah and I each go on a significant trip about twice a year. Usually, one trip is together, another trip involves Sarah visiting her sister on the East Coast, and the other trip usually centers around one of my hobbies.
Those trips are the few times each year where we leave the upper Midwest. Almost all of the rest of the time, you'll find us in either Iowa, Illinois, Minnesota, or Wisconsin.
Yet, we've found over the years that it only takes a few calls on those trips to add up to the cost of moving us from a regional calling area to a nationwide calling area.
Three trips a year, with just a few calls on each trip, is all it takes to make a nationwide plan substantially cheaper for us, plus it gives us the freedom to not worry about our minutes while on vacation.
Much like the overage tactic from yesterday, all you really need to do to figure out what is best for you is to pull out old bills. Figure out what the additional cost is per minute for calls outside of your area, estimate how many minutes you'll use in an average month (or an average year, then divide by twelve), then see if that amount is more or less than the cost of upgrading to a nationwide plan.
If you travel much at all, you'll quickly find that a nationwide plan is worth your while.
Some readers have suggested whether it is worthwhile to get a separate pay-as-you-go cell phone solely for travel use while retaining a lower-cost regional cell phone plan.
I went on a group trip a few years ago where one of us actually tried this. He picked up a Tracfone solely for the purposes of the trip and ended up spending about $70 total on the phone.
Over the course of a year, that adds up to about $6 per month, which is a reasonable deal. The question really is whether or not that amount adds up to less than the overage minutes or less than an upgrade to a nationwide plan.
To get those numbers, your best bet is to contact your cellular provider and get some real data. Find out how much an upgrade to a nationwide plan actually is, as well as the extra cost for out-of-area phone calls.
Remember, the key is to have the plan that is the least expensive for you over the course of a given year. Depending on your situation, it might involve playing overage minutes, it might involve a separate pay-as-you-go phone, or it might involve a plan upgrade. A few minutes spent running the numbers can end up saving you a significant amount if you travel with your cell phone.


Mr. R. Peter Gillin has been appointed as Chairman of the Board, Independent Director of the company. Mr. Gillin served as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, and eventually Chief Restructuring Officer of Tahera Diamond Corporation, a diamond exploration, development and production company. He was also President and Chief Executive Officer of Zemex Corporation, an industrial minerals producer. Previously, Mr. Gillin was Vice Chairman and a director of N.M. Rothschild & Sons Canada Limited, an investment bank, and became Acting Chief Executive Officer during the course of his duties. Mr. Gillin currently serves as lead director of Dundee Precious Metals Inc. and is a director of Sherritt International Corp., Silver Wheaton Corp. and TD Mutual Funds Corporate Class Ltd. Mr. Gillin holds an Honours Business Administration degree from the Richard Ivey School of Business, Western University, and is a Chartered Financial Analyst. He is a member of the Institute of Corporate Directors, the Chartered Financial Analysts Institute and the Toronto` Society of Financial Analysts.
Mr. Ulf Quellmann is Chief Executive Officer, of the Company. Mr. Quellmann is a seasoned executive with extensive knowledge of Oyu Tolgoi and more than 20 years' experience in corporate finance, strategy, treasury and investor relations at General Motors, Alcan and Rio Tinto. Mr. Quellmann was appointed to the Turquoise Hill Board of Directors in May 2017 and will continue to serve as a member of the Board, as well as continuing to be part of the Turquoise Hill-Rio Tinto negotiating team working with the Government of Mongolia primarily to conclude the sourcing of domestic power. Most recently, Mr. Quellmann served as Vice President, Strategic Projects of Rio Tinto's Copper and Diamonds product group and prior to this was the Chief Financial Officer of the same group, which has gross annual revenues of nearly $5 billion and investments in three of the world's Tier 1 copper mines, including Oyu Tolgoi. From 2008 to 2016, Mr. Quellmann was Group Treasurer at Rio Tinto and led the arrangement of the $4.4 billion project finance facility for Oyu Tolgoi, a major milestone for the project and one of the largest of its type in the mining industry.
Mr. Luke Colton is Chief Financial Officer of the Company. Mr. Colton has been with Rio Tinto since 2004 and has worked in various business units, including minerals, iron ore and energy. In his most recent role as Richards Bay CFO, he was directly responsible for financial and managerial accounting, business planning, treasury, tax, warehousing, and compliance functions, as well as a member of the senior leadership team. From 2010 to 2013, Mr. Colton was manager financial, capital accounting and compliance, for Rio Tinto Iron Ore, where he was responsible for the statutory reporting processes for the Western Australian iron ore entities. He previously served as principal, valuations and analysis, in Rio Tinto Controllers and manager, statutory reporting and control, with Rio Tinto Energy America. Prior to joining Rio Tinto, Mr. Colton was senior accountant with Ernst & Young.
Mr. Brendan Lane is Vice President - Operations and Development of the Company. He is a Finance Director MEL & Grasberg, Rio Tinto (2013 – 2016), Manager Business Analysis Copper, Rio Tinto (2011- 2013), Manager Business Analysis Coal, Rio Tinto (2009 – 2011).
Mr. Dustin Isaacs is Corporate Secretary of Turquoise Hill Resources Ltd. He served as Legal Counsel, Rio Tinto (March 2011 to December 2012); Lawyer, Ogilvy Renault LLP (April 2003 to March 2011).
Mr. Alan Chirgwin is Director of the Company. Mr. Chirgwin is the Vice President, Sales and Marketing for Copper and Diamonds for Rio Tinto. In this role, he leads all commercial initiatives for copper and diamonds, including sales and marketing, supply chain management and product stewardship efforts. Prior to joining Rio Tinto in April 2017, Mr. Chirgwin served as Vice President of Sales and Marketing for BHP Billiton's iron ore business as well as holding a series of leadership roles in Health, Safety and Environment, Operations, and Sales and Marketing across BHP Billiton's product groups in Australia, the Netherlands and Singapore over a 22-year period at BHP. He holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Chemistry and Biochemistry and has completed postgraduate studies in Environmental Law from James Cook University of North Queensland, Australia.
Mr. Stephen Jones is Director of the Company. Mr. Jones has more than 20 years of experience working for Rio Tinto in growth and innovation, copper and coal, aluminium, iron ore, as well as technology and innovation in Australia, Canada, Mongolia and the United States. In December, 2017, he was appointed chief adviser -- surface mining and geosciences. Previously, Mr. Jones spent four years working in Mongolia for Oyu Tolgoi LLC, with roles including chief operating officer, acting chief executive officer and general manager -- operations. He holds a bachelor of engineering (honours) from the University of Queensland, Australia, and a graduate diploma in management from Deakin University, Australia.
Dr. James W. Gill is Independent Director of Turquoise Hill Resources Ltd. Dr. Gill has over 40 years of international mining experience as a public company CEO, an explorer, mine developer, and operator. He founded Aur Resources Inc. in 1981 and served as President and Chief Executive Officer until it was acquired by Teck Resources in August 2007. While at Aur, he was directly involved in the discovery, development and/or operation of four gold and two polymetallic base metal mines in Eastern Canada and two open pit copper mines in northern Chile. He received the Bill Dennis Prospector of the Year Award from the Prospectors and Developers Association of Canada in 1989, the Mining Man of the Year Award from the Northern Miner in 1989, and the Viola Macmillan Developer of the Year Award from the Prospectors and Developers Association of Canada in 2006. Dr. Gill currently serves as a director of Toromont Industries Ltd. and as a technical advisor to Asset Chile's Fenex Fund. Dr. Gill holds an Honours Bachelor of Science degree in Geology, a Master of Science degree in Economic Geology from McGill University, and a PhD in Econ omic Geology from Carleton University. He is a member of the Institute of Corporate Directors.
Mr. Russel C. Robertson serves as an Independent Director of Turquoise Hill Resources Ltd. From June, 2013 to August, 2016, Mr. Robertson served as Executive Vice-President, and Head, Anti-Money Laundering at BMO Financial Group. From March 2011 to June 2013, Mr. Robertson served as Executive VicePresident, Business Integration at BMO Financial Group, and as Vice-Chair at BMO Financial Corp. (formerly Harris Financial Corp.). In this capacity, he was responsible for overseeing the integration of Marshall & Ilsley Bank with BMO's long-time subsidiary, Harris Bank. Prior to this role, Mr. Robertson was the Chief Financial Officer at BMO Financial Group between March 2008 and March 2011. Before joining BMO, he spent over 35 years as a Chartered Professional Accountant. Mr. Robertson held various senior positions with two major accounting firms, including holding the positions of Vice-Chair, Deloitte & Touche LLP (Canada), and Canadian Managing Partner, Arthur Andersen LLP (Canada). Mr. Robertson currently serves as director of Valeant Pharmaceuticals International. Mr. Robertson holds an Honours Business Administration degree from the Richard Ivey School of Business, Western University, is a Chartered Professional Accountant (FCPA, FCA) and a Fellow of the Institute of Chartered Professional Accountants (Ontario). He is a member of the Institute of Corporate Directors.
Ms. Maryse Saint-Laurent, ICD.D., serves as Independent Director of the Company. Ms. Saint-Laurent possesses more than 20 years of experience in the legal profession and has led several financing and corporate transactions. Since November 2015, Ms. Saint-Laurent has provided legal advisory and governance services to boards, law firms and corporations. From 2005 to 2015 she was Vice-President Legal and Corporate Secretary for TransAlta Corporation, a power generation company with mining operations, and from 2013 to 2015 she was also Vice-President Legal and Corporate Secretary (General Counsel) for TransAlta Renewables Inc., a renewable and gas fired power generating company. Both companies had operations in North America and internationally. Prior to that, Ms. Saint-Laurent was employed in the oil and gas sector with operations in both North America and internationally. Over the course of her career Ms. Saint-Laurent has provided legal and transactional advice to both senior management and boards of directors. She also possesses several years' experience in human resources, labour relations and pension administration. Ms. Saint-Laurent is a member of the board of the Alberta Securities Commission. Ms. Saint-Laurent holds a LL.M. from York University, Osgoode Hall Law School, a LL.B. and B.A. from the University of Alberta and has her ICD.D designation.


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Constantin Suysken, né le  à Bois-le-Duc (Brabant-Septentrional) et décédé le  était un prêtre jésuite brabançon, et membre de la société des Bollandistes. Il collabora durant 25 ans à la publication des Acta Sanctorum pour lesquels il produisit 130 notices hagiographiques.

Biographie
Né dans une famille catholique aisée de Bois-le-Duc Constantin Suysken est envoyé, en 1725, faire ses études d'humanités au collège jésuite de Ruremonde.  En 1731 il entreprend des études de philosophie au collège de Douai. La même année il les interrompt pour entrer au noviciat des jésuites, à Malines.  À la fin du noviciat il se trouve pour quelque temps à Halle (alors dans le Hainaut) et en 1735 à Anvers où il étudie la physique. Il y est professeur de sciences durant cinq ans.

Les quatre années d'études de la théologie, en préparation au sacerdoce, sont faites à Louvain. Il est ensuite rappelé à Anvers où il est reçu dans la société des Bollandistes en 1745.  En 1748 il fait sa profession religieuse définitive. Durant 25 ans, comme bollandiste, il compose plus de 130 notices hagiographiques fouillées qui sont publiées dans les Acta Sanctorum des mois liturgiques de Septembre et d'Octobre.

Malade depuis 1769 Constantin Suysken meurt d'hydropisie en 1771.

Écrits
Parmi les articles hagiographies de Constantin Suysken, publiés dans les Acta Sanctorum couvrant les mois de septembre et d'octobre du calendrier liturgique :
 Septembre, vol.2: 10 articles, entr'autres sur les saintes Ida de Herzfeld, Ermengarde de Tours, et saint Albert de Bergame.
 Septembre, vol.3: 20 articles dont ceux concernant saint Nicolas de Tolentino et saint Kieran de Clonmacnoise.
 Septembre, vol.4 : Le pape saint Corneille et saint Cyprien de Carthage
 Septembre, vol.5 : sainte Ludmila de Bohême et les saints Lambert de Liège et Joseph de Copertino.
 Septembre, vol.6 : saints Castor de Karden et Emmeran de Ratisbonne.
 Septembre, vol.7 : 20 articles dont ceux sur  les saints Jean de Meda,  Elzéar de Sabran, Venceslas de Bohême et Bernardin de Feltre.
 Septembre, vol.8 : les saints Jean de Montmirail et Nicolas de Forca-Palena.
 Octobre, vol.1 : les saints Remi de Reims et Thomas de Canteloupe.
 Octobre, vol.2 :les saints Marsus, Quentin et François d'Assise.
 Octobre, vol.3 : le saint pape Marc et saint Adalbert de Würzburg
 Octobre, vol.4 : les saintes Réparate, Bénédicte et Eusébie, saint Bertrand de Comminges.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en août 1714
Naissance à Bar-le-Duc
Décès en juin 1771
Hagiographe
Jésuite belge
Bollandiste
Religieux belge (avant 1830)
Écrivain belge de langue latine (avant 1830)
Décès à 56 ans

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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See Related: Science Mathematics Engineering Computer Science Technology Workforce Development Critical Transitions/Pipeline
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Collaborative Research: NSF INCLUDES: South East Alliance for Persons with Disabilities in STEM (SEAPD-STEM)
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Mohammed Qazi
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South East Alliance for Persons with Disabilities in STEM (SEAPD-STEM)
SEAPD-STEM builds on the success of the Alabama Alliance for Students with Disabilities in STEM (AASD-STEM), an NSF-funded collaboration between Auburn University, Auburn University Montgomery, Alabama State University, Tuskegee University, and Southern Union State Community College. Over the past seven years, AASD-STEM has provided academic and social support for over 200 students with disabilities in STEM majors through peer and faculty mentoring, research internships, group meetings, annual conferences, and student support organizations. SEAPD-STEM will increase the reach of AASD-STEM by adding an additional 16 institutions to the program, for a total of 21 participating colleges and universities in six states (Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee) and Washington, D.C. The goals of SEAPD-STEM are the following: (1) Increase the quality and quantity of persons with disabilities completing associate, undergraduate, and graduate degrees in STEM disciplines and entering the STEM workforce, especially among minorities, veterans, and women, (2) Increase the quality and quantity of post-doctoral fellows and junior faculty with disabilities in STEM fields, (3) Improve academic performance of students with disabilities in secondary level science and mathematics courses, (4) Enhance communication and collaboration among post-secondary institutions, industry, government, national labs, and community in addressing the education of students with disabilities in STEM discipline, and (5) Assess our activities to understand what works to support the matriculation and retention of STEM students with disabilities in science followed by broad dissemination through workshops, conference presentations, webinars, and peer-reviewed publications. SEAPD-STEM is funded under NSF award numbers 1649344, 1649236, 1649276, and 1649285.
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The call of the blacktop. The lure of the country road. The siren song of the engine. To many, the motorcycle is so much more than just a vehicle. It's a way of life. Whether used for a daily commute or a weekend getaway, the chance to get out on the road can be a call of nature.
One drawback to this experience is that a motorcycle ride can really punish the eyes. Exposure to the environment and all elements of weather is a part of the process, and levels of glare and sunlight are far greater on a motorcycle than in an enclosed vehicle. The concentrated focus required to operate a motorcycle exacts a toll on your eyes, as does the sun, wind, and road grime. Proper eyewear is essential for your comfort and protection.
So which type of eyewear is perfect for the motorcyclist? The answer to that depends on you and on the type of riding you typically enjoy. For instance, those who prefer night driving will have little use for sunglasses; the best type of lens for them is a standard clear version with an anti-reflective coating applied to it. This type of lens will allow in the maximum amount of light and block the annoying glare of streetlights and oncoming headlights.
Automatically darken when exposed to the ultraviolet light of the sun, so they're ideal for a wide range of external light conditions.
Available in two different color tints, brown and gray.
Provide 100% protection from both UVA and UVB rays.
Are fully compatible with Anti-Reflective coatings and available in virtually every lightweight lens material and design.
Available in both prescription and non-prescription form, and in a variety of specialty applications, such as bifocals and progressive lenses.
Highly effective at reducing reflected glare.
Increase visibility in bright conditions, whether indoors or outside.
May decrease the visibility of certain forms of light, like LCDs and LEDs, so may limit your ability to see certain signs, digital gauges, or cell phone and GPS displays.
Available in grey and brown, sometimes other colors depending on the manufacturer.
Not naturally resistant to UV rays, but usually treated with UV protection.
Consider these points when deciding on your road gear. A motorcycle offers unparalleled freedom, accessibility, and versatility, so why not get the same out of your eyewear?


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Home Buzz
Extraction Review: A 2020 Netflix Original Starring Chris Hemsworth
in Buzz
John Wick meets the Call Of Duty campaign…
Camera angles were easy to follow and the camera trail scenes were epic.
The gunplay and fighting weren't cutting too much (see Taken).
Stunts like Mission Impossible.
Close-combat action was well-coordinated.
Enough militarized cops in the city to keep you entertained the entire movie.
The ladies love Chris Hemsworth.
The storyline is predictable, and also doesn't really have a gripping plot.
The protagonist doesn't have much depth.
The movie was supposedly taking place in Bangladesh, but the scenery was off.
The accents weren't accurate.
Kidnappers really had no motive.
Many filler scenes in the middle of the movie.
The Overall Review
This movie is badass.
Regardless of the apparent negatives, you can tell a lot of time and effort went into the filming of this movie (this is probably why the storyline fell flat). The action is intense and fulfilling with every "weapon" being used in a scene.
The main character doesn't have access to bottomless magazines filled with bullets, which also adds to the authenticity of the film. Tyler, Chris Hemsworth's character, is never developed to the point where he pulls on your heart-strings, but his hardened veteran attitude and brute strength will make you forget about all that.
You won't be disappointed with this movie.
For a drinking game, read through user reviews and take a shot every time a Bangladeshi complains about how their country is poorly portrayed.
Tags: actorsChris HemsworthmoviesNetflixreview


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Calypso Reimagines Brand Identity to Meet Client Needs
Calypso, a strategic brand identity agency, unveiled its own brand strategy to reflect an 18-year evolution.
Agency brand refresh reflects evolving landscape
The new Calypso brand not only captures the essence of who we are today but positions us for the future.
PORTSMOUTH, N.H. (PRWEB) March 21, 2018
Calypso, a strategic brand identity agency, today unveiled its own brand strategy to reflect an 18-year evolution. The agency, formed in 2000 in Portsmouth and strongly rooted in public relations, acknowledges it serves today's clients with an increasingly diverse array of modern branding tools and skills. Calypso is widely acclaimed for its work in web, digital, marketing, identity, and reputation management across a broad range of industries.
"Message development and elite writing will remain our core strengths, but we've greatly expanded our team and technologies to best craft and protect client brands," said Kevin Stickney, Calypso's founder. "Our refreshed identity symbolizes the ability to achieve this through any written, interactive, electronic, or visual platform."
Calypso, formerly Calypso Communications, introduced a newly shortened name and redesigned website (calypso.agency) that prominently features the agency's work, talent, and culture. The visual identity emphasizes Calypso's own collaborative culture, and its commitment to delivering a unified brand experience to clients.
A certified HubSpot Partner Agency, Calypso created and developed its new website on the HubSpot COS for seamless integration with both marketing and CRM platforms. The website portrays the agency's five service areas: brand identity, web design and development, inbound and digital marketing, video production, and reputation management. It also features detailed case studies of work with key clients.
The web development process included a comprehensive brand audit, employee surveys, and interviews with agency team members and partners. It resulted in a new agency brand identity, including a new mantra: Create with purpose.
"When collaborating with our partners, we often create strategic roadmaps to align them for success. Throughout this process we ask them to reimagine themselves - to find their true identities," said Houssam Aboukhater, Calypso's managing partner. "So as an agency, it's important to show our clients how we imagine ourselves. The new Calypso brand not only captures the essence of who we are today but positions us for the future."
Calypso is a strategic brand identity agency that crafts marketing strategies to position brands for growth. Located in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Calypso partners with its clients to build strong brands, create awareness, generate leads, and establish long-lasting relationships. For inspiring content and a comprehensive list of capabilities, please visit Calypso at http://www.calypso.agency.
Tiffany Keenan


Where would you land if your employees rated you in the top 6?
Our healthcare client leaders tell us their employees most enjoy informal engaged learning about each other, their organization, leadership's plan and of course their own career options – especially during times of organizational change. Leaders further agreed that best results came from a consistent strategy that invites personal employee sharing, earns rewards and always informs.
How can you know the plan is working? Make sure you're talking about what's critical to them.
Does the job fit for my career plan?
Is the job interesting and challenging?
Does the job access my personal strengths or passion?
Do I have the flexibility to meet the needs of my work and personal life?
Does the job compensation and benefits package meet my family's needs?
If I contribute to success, will I be recognized?
Once employees sense that their leaders understand and are aware of their broad, Maslow level concerns, engagement will grow – in both directions. As the Harvard Business Review study showed, leaders willing to make the engagement investment communicate more openly and effectively with employees. Employees feel respect and concern, and a more connected community will emerge – resulting in greatly improved employee retention.
If you're looking for examples, feel free to contact us.


Ultrasonic debridement? Is that like using sound waves to get a divorce? Kind of, if you're looking for a divorce from your dead or damaged tissue, or from some foreign matter lodged in a wound. And most of us who have either, are. Ultrasonic debridement uses focused sound waves to remove damaged tissue. In addition to providing the surgeon with great accuracy and control, sound waves have been shown to improve healing by stimulating the tissue, something scalpels can't do. This is an effective tool for many different types of foot injury, from removing damaged cartilage from an athlete's ankle to cleaning dead tissue from a diabetic's infected toe.
So how does ultrasonic debridement work, exactly? The surgical instrument is attached to a small, portable device that plugs into a wall outlet. The device converts an electrical signal into a mechanical vibration at a specific frequency. The debridement (or the removal of tissue) is actually caused by cavitation, a process that causes the formation of a cavity in a tissue. Think of it like this: imagine aiming a high-powered stream of air through a straw at the surface of a glass of water. That air will form a cavity in the water's surface, pushing the water molecules aside. High-powered sound waves can do the same thing with the body's tissue. And the same sound waves that separate damaged tissue from healthy tissue, stimulate the body's own healing process.
Another benefit of ultrasonic debridement: built-in irrigation. When a surgeon is operating on a body part, he has to use a sterile solution to rinse away debris or fill a cavity for better visibility. An ultrasonic debridement tool can also irrigate, shooting both sound waves and a sterile solution from the same surgical tip. This means the surgeon can irrigate exactly where he wants to exactly when he wants to, without having to remove his scalpel or switch instruments.
While traditional surgery is a wonderful thing (without it we wouldn't have many life-saving medical procedures) it isn't always the best course of action for all injuries. New surgical instruments like arthroscopes, EXSW machines, and ultrasonic cutting devices have transformed surgery for the better. Ultrasonic debridement has been shown to accelerate wound healing, reduce infection, reduce wound drainage, and reduce wound odor. In many cases your podiatrist can perform this procedure in his office with minimal local anesthesia. Recovery times are often much faster than with traditional methods. If you have a chronic injury involving scar tissue, have a difficult diabetes-related foot wound, or otherwise think you might be a candidate for ultrasonic debridement, please contact The Center for Podiatric Care and Sports Medicine.


Do you have a skill or talent that your friends and neighbors are interested in? Do you like sharing your knowledge with other people? You'd make a great instructor! We'd love to help you set up a class!
We are also looking for certified lifeguards to run our swim programs.
If interested please contact Emily at 926-2270 or stop in and see us. We're located in the William T. Hoag Educational Center; 42 Sunset Boulevard, Angola.
Please remember that if the district is CLOSED due to weather; the Community Education office is also closed and classes are cancelled for that day.


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Tech/Extreme Prog Metal
sbrushfan
Wow...just wow. What a wonderful record.
First things first. I dig the songwriting here, a lot, even though I'm not totally used to death metal songwriting. It's great here, as, for every (crushingly) heavy part, the band follows it with something so serene, so mild, like the calm before the storm.
My fave song? I dunno. Probably WREATH. One of the most well-written metal songs I've ever heard. A well-executed drum fill, headfirst into a blazingly heavy riff. Riff after riff ensues, with Akerfeldt is full growl mode. The difference betweem him, and, say, Glen Benton (Deicide) or Erik Rutan (Hate Eternal, ex-Morbid Angel) is that I don't really need the lyric booklet to understand what he's saying. But his growls pale in comparison to his clean vocals. When he DOES sing cleanly (this record is split 50-50, roughly), his singing is a thing of beauty. Warm, high-pitched, with an incredibly melodic tone.
Instruments are incredibly well-played, and I have to mention Lopez here while I'm at it. Lopez is rough and heavy when needed, but when the band shifts into a clean part, he's as delicate as can be. There's something about his cymbal work near the end of the title track that does obscene things to the hairs on the back of my neck. Can't figure it out, but I like it.
Now here comes the bad part. It's a big one. As I wrote in a previous review, I DON'T like the sound of digital productions. Sadly, this is what makes me knock this record down from 5 to 4 stars. It all seems too...well, planned-out, jaded, somewhat lifeless in spots. I know it sounds bad, but the production (courtesy of Steven Wilson AND Opeth) seems to drain some of the life and spontaniety from the songs. And these are some LONG songs. Hopefully, GHOST REVERIES sounds more organic.
sbrushfan | 4/5 | 2006-1-31
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