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Lighthouses know a thing or two
Lighthouses know a thing or two... They preside over ever-changing horizons and look out as far as the sea stretches. They light up the routes of others and have surveyed the sea from a vantage point since their conception. Little is certain about them but one thing is sure - they were born in Genoa.
Those who are born in Genoa, like Slam, can see the lighthouse par excellence from the moment they come into life. They see 'The Lantern', which guides sailors safely from the sea into port.
And what ties Genoa city to its port? The answer to this question can be found at the Zones Portuaires Festival, an international event that reveals to us all the connection between these two worlds (city and port) through visits to worksites, workshops, exhibitions, sailing trips and shows. The festival offers a meeting point with mutual exchange between the city and the area beyond the port's Customs Clearance. It reveals little-known areas, opening them up to the public so that they can start to understand what goes on in a shipyard, how a dry dock works, or what silos are used for.
And this year, the festival is aided in this mission by the lighthouses. There will be an exhibition dedicated to lighthouse keepers, evocative images narrated with thoughts and words. Stories of light traced on the sea, on the islands, on the faces of people. The lighthouses of the Upper Tyrrhenian all take starring roles, in homage to those who look out to sea from a different perspective. Here we reflect on just one of those lighthouses, with a story that stands out from the rest.
The lighthouse of St. Venerius (the patron saint of lighthouses) which, on the island of Tino, leads the way through the Gulf of Poets. Once there, it comes naturally to look up at the blue sky and then let your gaze drop to the highest point of the island. We have come here for this, to discover it and understand its people, study it and see what it sees - day and night, with its constant rotating gaze. We ask the Frigate Captain, Stefano Gilli, in charge of lighthouses in the Upper Tyrrhenian, to tell us about his first 'encounter' with a lighthouse. And we see that his face lights up with a smile, like a kid enchanted. That was the moment his future career chose him, and his eyes twinkle as he remembers and tells us.
Yes, because lighthouses are a bit like friends, some you meet and others almost never cross your path. But you know they're still there, always. And they will stay there, lighting up the night forever. This mission for safety inspired the creation of Lumen: the sailing clothes line by Slam that reflects light in low-visibility conditions. The nylon fabric is covered with aluminium-coated glass microspheres that capture light, even in low-visibility situations. Because light is the be-all and end-all, even if only reflected.
44°24'15''N
8°54'17''E
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How to measure your size
Height (inches) 158-164 164-168 168-172 172-176 176-180 176-180
Bust (inches) 33"-34½" 34½"-36" 36"-37½" 37½"-39½" 39½"-41" 41"-42½"
Waist (inches) 25½"-27" 27"-28½" 28½"-30" 30"-31½" 31½"-33" 33"-34½"
Trouser belt (inches) 29⅛"-30¾" 30¾"-32¼" 32¼"-33⅞" 33⅞"-35½" 35½"-37" 37"-38½"
Hip (inches) 35½"-37" 37"-38½" 38½"-40" 40"-41½" 41½"-43" 43"-45"
Leg length (inches) 38¼"-39" 39"-39¾" 39¾"-40½" 40½"-41⅜" 41⅜"-42⅛" 42⅛"-43"
Height (cm) 158-164 164-168 168-172 172-176 176-180 176-180
Bust (cm) 84-88 88-92 92-96 96-100 100-104 104-108
Trouser belt (cm) 74-78 78-82 82-86 86-90 90-94 94-98
Hip (cm) 90-94 94-98 98-102 102-106 106-110 110-114
Leg length (cm) 97-99 99-101 101-103 103-105 105-107 107-109
UK 3-3,5 4 4,5-5 5,5-6 6,5-7 7,5
USA 5-5,5 6 6,5-7 7,5-8 8,5-9 9,5
CM 55 56 57
INCHES 21 ½" 22" 22 ½"
IT, EUR 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58
UK 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48
Height (inches) 66"-67¾" 66"-67¾" 67¾"-69¼" 69¼"-71" 71"-72½" 72½"-74" 74"-75½" 74"-75½" 74"-75½"
Chest 31½"-33" 33"-34½" 34"-36½" 36"-37½" 37½"-40⅛" 40⅛"-42½" 42½"-45 45"-47¼" 47¼"-49½"
Waist 28½"-30" 30"-31½" 31½"-33" 33½"-34½" 34½"-36" 36"-37½" 37½"-39" 39"-41" 41"-42½"
Trouser belt (inches) 29⅛"-30¾" 30¾"-32¼" 32¼"-33⅞" 33⅞"-35½" 35½"-37" 37"-38⅝" 38⅝"-40⅛" 40⅛"-41¾" 41¾"-43⅜"
Hip (cm) 34½"-36" 36"-37½" 37½"-39" 39"-41" 41"-42½" 42½"-44" 44"-45½" 45½"-47" 47"-49"
Leg length (inches) 37⅜"-38¼" 38¼"-39" 39"-39¾" 39¾"-40½" 40½"-41⅜" 41⅜"-42⅛" 42⅛"-42⅞" 42⅞"-43¾" 43¾"-44½"
Height (cm) 168-172 168-172 172-176 176-180 180-184 184-188 188-192 188-192 188-192
Chest 80-84 84-88 88-92 92-96 96-102 102-108 108-114 114-120 120-126
Waist 72-76 76-80 80-84 84-88 88-92 92-96 96-100 100-104 104-108
Trouser belt (cm) 74-78 78-82 82-86 86-90 90-94 94-98 98-102 102-106 106-110
Hip (cm) 88-92 92-96 96-100 100-104 104-108 108-112 112-116 116-120 120-124
Leg length (cm) 95-97 97-99 99-101 101-103 103-105 105-107 107-109 109-111 111-113
UK 5,5 6-6,5 7 7,5-8 8,5 9-9,5 10-10,5 11-11,5
USA 6 6,5-7 7,5 8-8,5 9 9,5-10 10,5-11 11,5-12
INCHES 22" 23" 24"
Size SLAM, age
AGE 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-10 11-12 13-14 15-16
Height (cm) 104 116 128 140 152 164 170
Range height (cm) 98-107 107-119 120-132 133-145 146-157 158-168 168-175
UK 11,5 12 13 1 2 2,5
USA 12 12,5 13,5 1,5 2,5 3
Palm (cm) 19 20 21 23 24
Palm (inches) 7 ½" 8" 8 ½" 9" 9 ½"
Waist (cm) 100 110 120 130
Waist (inches) 39,5" 43 ¼" 47 ¼" 51"


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Cru is a 2004 album by Seu Jorge first released in France on September 21, 2004 by parisian independent label Fla-Flu (Favela Chic) with the record company Naïve. This was his second album to be released outside his native Brazil, the first being Carolina. Many of the songs on the album are covers such as "Chatterton", written by Serge Gainsbourg and "Don't" by Leiber & Stoller. The album  also includes political and social commentary in songs like "Mania de Peitão" and "Eu Sou Favela".

The song Tive Razão was featured in FIFA 07 by EA Sports.

Track listing
"Tive Razão" (I Was Right) (Seu Jorge) – 4:32
"Mania de Peitão" (Large Chested Mania) (Bento Amorim, Jorge) – 2:37
"Chatterton" (Gainsbourg) – 3:52
"Fiore de la Città" (Robertinho Brant) – 4:19
"Bem Querer" (My Dear) (Carlos Da Fé, Dom Mita) – 3:21
"Don't" (Jerry Leiber, Mike Stoller) – 3:07
"São Gonça" (Jorge) – 4:22
"Bola de Meia" (Sock-Filled Ball) (Duani) – 5:25
"Una Mujer" (A woman) (Murilo Antunes, Brant) – 4:37
"Eu Sou Favela" (I Am Favela) (Noca Da Portela, Sergio Mosca) – 2:27
"Mania de Peitao*" (Jamais Plus Jamais Mix) (Amorim, Jorge) – 2:48
"Tive Razão*" (Voltair Mix) (Jorge) – 4:38

Personnel

Marcelo Aube – Bass
Robertinho Brant – Guitar (Acoustic), Arranger, Vocals (background), Handclapping
Edmundo Carneiro – Percussion
Mathieu Chédid – Guitar (Acoustic)
Gringo DaParada – Synthesizer, Arranger, Vocals (background), Handclapping, Producer, Synthesizer Bass
Pretinho DaSerrinha – Percussion, Arranger, Vocals (background), Handclapping, Cavaquinho
Rafael Doria – Logo
Fabio Fonseca – Synthesizer
Seu Jorge – Guitar (Acoustic), Bass, Arranger, Vocals (background), Handclapping, Adaptation, Wah Wah Guitar
Renaud Letang – Mixing
André Perillat – Mastering
Benoit Peverelli – Photography
Alexandre Rabaço – Engineer
Claudio Manetta Scott – Artwork

References

Seu Jorge albums
2005 albums
Wrasse Records albums

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Willing to investigate sound art in its diversity, Transcultures organises every summer since 2003, with the support of the city of Mons, City Sonics Festival, dedicated to sound art in the city. Started in 2003 by Transcultures and the city of Mons, City Sonics is a festival dedicated to all contemporary aspects of sound. Every summer for a whole month, City Sonics proposes a unique path within the urban area. Installations, environments, listening salons, performances and concerts offer settings to sound, words and musics echoing with images. City Sonics invites a large audience to a playful and poetic deambulation in the very heart of today's sound universes. This international festival of creation brings together reknown and emergent artists, from various backgrounds and disciplines (music, visual arts, literature, digital art, radiophonic creation, design...), in unusual or heritage places of the city, all connected by sound. City Sonics also supports young creation through its « Sound Emergences » program, presenting a selection of students' projects from Belgian and European art schools. Transcultures / City Sonics productions or co-productions are touring and presented to diverse associated events.
city of Mons, in co-production with Musiques Nouvelles/le manège.mons CECN/le manège.mons et Technocité.


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Q: How can I use this template search button in place of my submit button in form? New to front end design as I'm mostly working in the backend. The problem is, I have a template that I'm using from Foundation: http://foundation.zurb.com/templates/workspace.html
I've tried to use my button (the one in gray) instead of theirs (one in blue) but for some reason my submit button will not move up in place of the template blue button.
So, instead I would like to use their blue button in the pic below instead of the search button from my form submit.

How can I use their button instead of the form submit button?
Search html code

            {# My search form #}
            <form action="{{ path('acme_demo_search') }}" method="GET">
                <input type="search" name="q" value={{ app.request.query.get('q') }}>

                            <input type="submit" value="Search" style="">

            </form>

    {# Blue Search button code from the Foundation template #}

        Search

A: In foundation you can use button styles in an input element maintaining its style concept, to use your submit button with foundation styles just use:

<form action="{{ path('acme_demo_search') }}" method="GET">

        <input type="search" name="q" value="{{ app.request.query.get('q') }}" />

        <input type="submit" value="Search"  class="small button" />

</form>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
The Descendants of Hudson P. Kidd is now available in print. See http://www.itstime.com/hudsonkidd.htm
The High Price of Manhood is available in print and e-book formats. See http://www.itstime.com/manhood.htm
Michael Speaks: The Legacy of Sarah Chambers is available in print and e-book formats. See http://www.itstime.com/mspeaks.htm.
Barbara Taylor
Michael Teachings
Personality Game
Spirituality Links
June 2005 - Become a Better Communicator by Keeping your Mouth Shut
Transplanting Monastic Practices
Silence as an Executive Competency
Mystery in the Marketplace
Resources (links, books, articles, humor)
Become a Better Communicator by Keeping your Mouth Shut
by Kenny Moore
As the sun warms my days, I find inspiration in the words of Robert Anton Wilson:
"You should view the world as a conspiracy run by a very closely-knit group of nearly omnipotent people, and you should think of those people as yourself and your friends."
In corporate life we are in serious danger of believing that those who talk the loudest win the day. My 20 years in business have taught me that leaders who can actually keep their mouths shut and ears open have a better chance of being heard, believed and followed.
When I lived in the monastery as a Catholic priest, we had a spiritual practice called the "Grand Silence." Each evening after dinner and night prayer, we would retire to our cells under a cloak of silence that reigned until after Mass the following morning.
It was spiritual time spent reflecting on life, death and one's relationship to the Divine. A chance to grapple with the dynamic tension between human frailty and the personal call to holiness. While religious reading was tolerated, we were encouraged to spend the time creatively doing nothing.
The Roman philosopher, Cato, once said: "Never am I more active than when I do nothing." Granted, he wasn't a monk, but he was articulating one of life's golden truths. In sacred silence, we have a chance to hear an alternative voice beyond our self-serving subconscious. There are certain messages that will only be revealed in darkness and uncluttered space. hose who have the fortitude and faith to wait there are often copiously rewarded.
I came to understand how valuable this silence was only after I left the monastery and got married. When my wife and I returned from our honeymoon and began our life of marital bliss, she would, each evening, talk about her day at work, planned projects for the house, the number and names of our expected offspring, as well as an endless array of other wifely concerns. It took about a week before I broke under the barrage of words. "Dear," I remember saying, "In the monastery, we didn't talk after dinner; we had the 'Grand Silence.'"
I explained that I wasn't used to ongoing evening conversations. "I need some quiet in the house," I whispered. With concern and respect for her new husband, she lovingly replied: "Honey, you're so damn weird!"
This tension between monastic silence and marital discourse went on for years. It eventually got resolved around the dinner table when my wife and I were sharing an evening repast, surrounded by our two young squabbling sons. Milk was being spilt, food was being thrown and parental patience was being compromised. After the ninth foray into a cacophony of sibling rivalry, my wife threw down her napkin and announced: "That's it. Grand Silence! There's no more talking. You boys leave the table, go upstairs and put your pajamas on and get into bed. I've had enough!" As the boys retreated to their lair, I looked at her with deep affection and said: "Honey, you're so damn weird!"
If my memory serves me well, I think I spent that night sleeping alone on the couch.
It's not just our personal life that benefits from silence. So does our corporate one.
I recently had a chance to work with one of our Operating officers. He asked my help in designing a group meeting with his managers to get their input regarding departmental goals. We worked assiduously in crafting a session largely focused on what the employees had to say, and intentionally kept executive remarks to a minimum. During the half-day program, participants broke into small groups to write down their thoughts about organizational needs, operational gaps and suggestions for productively moving the business forward. The employees spent some time writing and a lot of time speaking. The officer largely listened.
There were a few interesting insights. We came to learn that when executives speak, employees rarely listen or if they do listen they don't believe. But co-workers have great credibility and when they talk, they have a significant impact on their peers. Mostly because they're not seen as paid political envoys, but fellow workers laboring in the daily muck and mire. Even though the executive could have waxed eloquently about customer satisfaction and safety, having employees talk about their experiences on the job proved far more compelling.
After unedited conversations about business challenges and operational needs, one engineer remarked: "This is the first time I understand how our department actually fits into the company's Growth Strategy." Thank God the folks from Corporate Planning weren't in the room; they would have reeled in horror.
In the midst of executive silence, we also got a chance to hear about our newly minted performance appraisal program and forced ranking system. Seems we achieved exceptional results in disheartening our employees and marginalizing the workforce.
As one brave director said:
"I don't mind raising the performance bar, but I personally resent being badgered and threatened by the system." How surprising: our slavish adherence to "Best Practices" had once again ruptured employee relations and compromised intrinsic motivation.
When employees evaluated the half-day program, their one clear and consistent comment was: "How refreshing to be in a meeting with an officer who actually listens. It makes me hopeful about our future."
Additionally, for the last few years my CEO has been hosting informal dinner meetings with a handful of managers once a month. He wants to hear what's working well in the company and what's not. His main contribution to the conversation is silence, coupled with an intense interest in learning about what's really going on at the workplace. Oddly enough, our top-ranking officer has come to learn that he finds out more about the hopes and concerns of our workers when he doesn't speak. Initially, he had me joining him to make sure he didn't talk too much. Over time, he's become a pro at it. My main responsibility now is to pick up the dinner tab and fret over my diminishing value to the company.
While silence comes more easily to monks than to Alpha-males, it is a skill that can be learned and honed. Here are some practical steps to get you started:
The next time you're out driving, turn off the radio. Likewise, resist the temptation to use your cell phone. Besides being illegal, it's dangerous to your life: interior as well as exterior. Drive around in the glow of silence and pay attention to what your eyes notice and your soul surfaces. There's inspiration and beauty abounding.
At an upcoming business social, go around the room and hook up with as many strangers as possible. After a brief introduction, ask them what they do for a living, then shut up and listen. Periodically nod your head in agreement and use your eyes to offer support and encouragement. Occasionally say: "That sounds interesting, tell me more." People will be impressed. By evening's end, attendees will leave the gala affair commenting on your leadership potential and exceptional communication skills.
Stop watching TV. George W. Bush has gotten a few things right, and this is one of them. Television deadens our senses, causes undue anxiety about the future and leaves us feeling sullen and morose. In return for this small sacrifice, you'll receive a dividend of extra time to creatively do nothing. Spend it wisely. Perhaps lighting a candle or expanding your spirit of gratitude for life's little blessings.
Sit still for ten minutes each day in silence. No prayer needs to be said; no mantra recited. Simply be present and be quiet.
Mystery is marbled into all of life, and especially that of work. The realm of business is often the place where the drama of life unfolds. The perplexing realities of good, evil, suffering, and injustice are made manifest. The inscrutability of growth, transformation and personal redemption often accompanies our work. As we journey in our jobs, we come to realize that life is not a problem to be solved, but a mystery to be lived.
It's said that upon graduation, doctors are informed that half of what they were taught is wrong. The problem is, the medical establishment's not sure exactly which half it is.
When you're dealing with a human being, mystery runs rampant. Working with people is not a mechanical relationship. It's a sacred one.
If you consider that corporations are comprised of hundreds and thousands of human beings, it's unlikely we can readily mandate operating principles that will engage and motivate them.
Perhaps simply showing up and listening is a worthwhile strategy for business success.
When confronted with mystery, our most practical response is awe: boldfaced and with abject stupefaction. It's no surprise that "mystery" comes from the Greek verb meaning: keep your mouth shut. If we're looking for an executive role model for the competency of managing mystery, we might want to consider Moses standing before the burning bush. In stark imitation, we're well served to remain silent, remove our sandals and recall that we are standing on sacred ground.
I wonder how long it'll take Stephen Covey to add these to his list of "Highly Effective Habits"?
P.S. If you're thinking about writing me, give in to the temptation. I love getting mail ... and being influenced by what you have to say. Please E-mail me at kennythemonk [at] yahoo.com or call (973) 956-8210.
© Copyright 2005, Kenneth Moore. Used with permission of the author.
Kenny Moore is co-author of "The CEO and the Monk: One Company's Journey to Profit and Purpose" (John Wiley and Sons, 2004), rated as one of the Top Ten best selling business books on Amazon.com. He is Corporate Ombudsman and Human Resources Director at a New York City Fortune 500 company. Reporting to the C.E.O., he is primarily responsible for awakening joy, meaning and commitment in the workplace. While these efforts have largely been met with skepticism, he remains eternally optimistic of their future viability.
Upcoming Speaking Engagements:
PORTLAND, MAINE on 6/22-6/24/2005 at the "Corporate Ethics and Spirituality Conference" at Bangor Theological Seminary. See www.bcces.org or contact: Walter Corey: 207-831-4565.
SAN DIEGO, CA on 6/27-6/29/2005 at the Institute for International Research's (IIR) "Operational Transformation Summit." See http://www.iirusa.com/transformation/ or contact Elizabeth Kamper: 212-661-3500 x. 3018
TUCSON, AZ on 4/23-4/26/2006 at the 2006 HR Planning Society's Annual Global Conference at the JW Marriott Starr Pass Resort and Spa. See www.hrps.org.
Business Listening http://www.businesslistening.com
The CEO and the Monk: One Company's Journey to Profit and Purpose, Robert Catell, Kenny Moore, Glen Rifkin. John Wiley & Sons, 2004. ISBN: 0471450111
Listening: The Forgotten Skill: A Self-Teaching Guide. Madelyn Burley-Allen. # John Wiley& Sons, 1995. ISBN: 0471015873
Listening Leaders: The Ten Golden Rules To Listen, Lead & Succeed. Lyman K. Steil, Richard K. Bommelje. Beaver's Pond Press, 2004. ISBN: 1592980732
September 2001 - 9 Fun Things to do in Developing Your Leadership - Kenny Moore
Listening http://bbll.com/ch02.html
Listening and Empathy Responding http://mentalhelp.net/psyhelp/chap13/chap13c.htm
Listening in the Information Age http://www.csun.edu/~vcecn006/listen.html
Listening, a Tool for Leadership and Commitment http://www.bensimonton.com/Listening-leadership-skills.htm
Listen With Your Eyes: Tips for Understanding Nonverbal Communication http://humanresources.about.com/od/interpersonalcommunicatio1/a/nonverbal_com.htm
Leadership - Communication http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/leader/leadcom.html
Primal Leadership and the Role of Listening in Emotional Intelligence http://www.businesslistening.com/primal-leadership.php
Listening Like a Leader http://www.wynnsolutions.com/listeningarticle.htm
Learning v. Advocating http://leadwell.com/db/1/4/255/
Ten Commandments of Good Listening http://www.fireleadership.gov/toolbox/briefing_intent/commandments.html
Listening and Leading http://www.danhotchkiss.com/articles/FDR9901_listening_and_leading.htm
Listening, Learning and Leading http://www.stressdoc.com/listening_learning_and_leading.htm
Active Listening http://www.studygs.net/listening.htm
Active Listening - Hear What People are Really Saying http://www.mindtools.com/CommSkll/ActiveListening.htm
Active Listening http://members.aol.com/JehanaS/c_basics/c_bas2.html
"I know you believe you understand what you think I said, but I am not sure you realize that what you heard is not what I meant." .. Robert McCloskey
"I've learned that people will forget what you said, people will forget what you did, but people will never forget how you made them feel." .. Maya Angelou
"Leadership is about collectively listening to what is wanting to emerge in the world and having the courage to do what is necessary to help it emerge" .. Joseph Jaworski
Directory to Inspirational Quotes for Business and Work http://humanresources.about.com/od/workrelationships/a/quotations_dir.htm
About our resource links: We do not endorse or agree with all the beliefs in these links. We do keep an open mind about different viewpoints and respect the ability of our readers to decide for themselves what is useful.
If you have comments about this month's topic, please let us know or take our newsletter survey. If you would like to receive free notices of the new monthly topic, please sign up for our mailing list. See our Privacy Policy.
Page updated: March 31, 2014
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This past Friday, the U.S. Department of Labor reported that non-farm payrolls rose by 132,000 in May and that the unemployment rate held steady for the second month in a row at 4.5 percent. The payrolls report was cheered by Wall Street "experts" as an indication that the U.S. economy is healthy and that the bull market in equities is firmly intact.
While we agree that the employment report was favorable and that the U.S. economy is still expanding, a closer look at the payrolls report suggests the best days might already be behind us. And, the fact that the U.S. economy grew at an annualized rate of only 0.7 percent during the first quarter of 2007 is certainly nothing to shout home about.
In regards to the "strong" payrolls report, we note that the major contributors to May's employment gains came from the service sector where 135,000 jobs were created, and the government, which added 40,000 jobs. Meanwhile, 24,000 jobs were lost in the retail sector, while the important manufacturing sector witnessed a contraction of 18,000 jobs.
Perhaps more importantly is the recent trend in employment. As you can see from the chart below, job creation has slowed considerably since March 2006. Even more important, the number of hours worked by manufacturing production workers has been trending significantly lower over the past year. Not surprisingly, we rarely (if ever) hear the major financial media or Wall Street "experts" comment on these trends.
Another important employment indicator the Wall Street Cheerleaders failed to mention is the help-wanted index. This LEADING economic indicator, which is based on a survey of help-wanted advertising in major metropolitan newspapers, fell to its lowest level ever in May.
And for those of you who might think, "Yeah, but most jobs are now advertised on the Internet," we suggest you think again — although many jobs are now placed on the Internet, newspaper ads still account for the bulk of employment ads. But, for those of you who decided to go by online jobs, be aware that jobs posted on the Internet declined 2 percent in May, from the prior month.
By the way, the number of hours worked by manufacturing workers is also a LEADING economic indicator, as opposed to non-farm payroll growth and the unemployment rate, which are LAGGING indicators — employment doesn't begin to actually decline until after the economy enters a recession.
So, you can choose to listen to the Wall Street "experts," who are generally trying to sell you something, or you can look at the real facts.


These are just some of the things I see people do in mediation that are the worst way to resolve disputes. How many have you noticed in your own life?
Start out by saying something that you know the other person will find insulting, offensive, or just plain outrageous. If you forget to do this, walk out of the room, come back in, and say the insulting, offensive, or outrageous thing.
Do whatever you want and ignore everyone else. Pay no attention to others' needs, especially not to the needs of your coworkers and business as a whole. And definitely not the needs of family, friends, and other loved ones.
Try to get the mediator on your side. Smile at the mediator. Flatter the mediator. Roll your eyes at everything the other person says, so the mediator will sneer at them, too.
Refuse to listen to the other person's point of view. Refuse to even try to see the other person's perspective. If you find yourself realizing that the other person might have a valid point, commit even harder to your point of view.
Break all of the conversational rules that you and the other person share. For example, if you're both overlappers, stop contributing to the discussion. If you both speak indirectly, be as blunt as possible. If you both speak bluntly, be circumspect and passive-aggressive, Do it until you're sick of it. Then do it some more.
Bring a dagger or other bladed weapon to the discussion. Bonus points if it's really, really sharp. Super bonus points if it's double ended.
If there's something you do that you know makes the other person angry, irritated, scared, or any other mental/emotional state that makes them harder to deal with, do it. Over and over and over.
Punish the other person as much as you can. Ask for unreasonable, burdensome, and unnecessary clauses to your agreement.
Promise to do something you know you can't do and wouldn't actually do even if you could. Bonus points if you do this more than once.
Ignore your values regarding fair treatment, compassion, communication, honorable behavior, morals, and ethics. Abandon all of your principles. Who needs them anyway?
Photo credit: © 2010 Adam Koford, CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.


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text:
Dolores Mosquera Barral (España) es una psicóloga y psicoterapeuta española especializada en traumas graves y complejos, trastornos de personalidad y disociación. Es instructora y supervisora acreditada de EMDR Europe. Ha sido desde 1998 la directora del Instituto para el Estudio del Trauma y los Trastornos de la Personalidad (INTRA-TP) en La Coruña. En 2018 fue reconocida por la ISSTD (International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation) por su trabajo e investigación en el campo del trauma y la disociación y en 2017 recibió el premio David Servan-Schreiber por su contribución en EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitizatio and Reprocessing) por EMDR Europe.

Trayectoria
Mosquera es Licenciada en psicología por la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela en especialidad clínica en el año 1997. En 2003 realizó un master en psicología clínica adulto-infantil, Formación de Psicoterapeutas de conducta en el Centro de Psicología Conductual en Castilla y León.

Ha publicado dieciséis libros y una gran cantidad de artículos sobre el trastorno de personalidad, ha impartido conferencias, formaciones y se ha desarrollado como supervisora y experta en EMDR Europa, trastorno límite de la personalidad, trauma complejo y disociación. Mosquera también ha colaborado en programas públicos de atención y tratamientos a mujeres que han sido víctimas de violencia (PAPMVX). Ha colaborado en el programa de atención psicológica a hombres que ejercen violencia y con Red Nacional de Psicólogos para la Atención a Víctimas del Terrorismo. Es coeditora de la  European Society for Trauma and Dissociation (ESTD).

En 2001 participó en las I jornadas de trastorno límite de la personalidad y en las jornadas de La Alianza terapéutica fijando límites flexibles, en Zaragoza, en 2003 participó como poniente de las jornadas que de Intervención en trastornos de la personalidad y como conservar la maniobrabilidad terapéutica fijando límites flexibles, en Santiago de Compostela y en el 2005 fue invitada por la Junta de Andalucía a participar en una formación para tratar La importancia de la familia en el tratamiento del trastorno bipolar, entre otras muchas intervenciones a lo largo de su carrera profesional.

En 2018 participó en las XIII Jornadas científicas en donde compartió mesa con el colegio de médicos de Madrid y otros especialistas en salud mental.  En 2020 Mosquera participó en el Estudio Sociológico del Trastorno Límite de la Personalidad celebrado en Madrid. En  mayo del 2021 impartió un curso sobre el trastorno límite de la personalidad en Pamplona organizado por el Colegio de Psicólogos de Navarra. Y en noviembre de este mismo año fue la invitada principal en la Asociación Riojana para la Atención de Personas con Problemas de Drogas (ARAD) en donde abordó el trabajo con la terapia EMDR y adicciones.

Publicaciones

Libros
En 2004 Diamantes en Bruto I. Un acercamiento al Trastorno Límite de la Personalidad. Manual informativo para profesionales, pacientes y familiares. Ediciones Pleyades, SA ISBN 9788493774325, Diamantes en Bruto II. Manual psicoeducativo y de tratamiento del Trastorno Límite de la Personalidad. Programa estructurado para profesionales. Ediciones Pleyades, SA ISBN  8494801708.

En 2005 De la teoría a la práctica: Intervención en el trastorno límite de la personalidad. Ediciones Pléyades, SA  ISBN  8460946983 Y Más allá de lo aparente. Un acercamiento a los comportamientos, pensamientos y actitudes de los familiares de personas con trastorno límite de la personalidad. Manual para profesionales y familiares (co-autora: Laura Ageitos. ISBN 9788493464509.

En 2012 EMDR and Dissociation: The Progressive Approach ISBN 8461591704

En 2013 Profundizando En El Caos (LIBROS DE PSICOLOGIA). ISBN 8493464538, Desmontando Corazas (LIBROS DE PSICOLOGIA) ISBN 849346452X y La Autolesión (LIBROS DE PSICOLOGIA). ISBN  8493464562

en 2015 Rough Diamonds: A glimpse into Borderline Personality Disorder ISBN 1500868957

En 2021 Libre: Manual para la comprensión y el tratamiento psicológico integral de los efectos de la violencia de género en las mujeres. ISBN 979-8743943852.

Traducciones
En 2019 Deja de caminar sobre cáscaras de huevo. Cuando alguien que le importa tiene un trastorno límite de la personalidad. ISBN 9788460790860.

Terapia EMDR
Mosquera trabaja con esta terapia que consiste en un método científico con evidencia basada en el tratamiento del trastorno del trauma y de la  personalidad que cuenta con una investigación científica comprobada con el cual se fomenta la estimulación de un hemisferio cerebral a la vez. EMDR significa: reprocesamiento y desensibilización a través del movimiento ocular, por sus siglas en inglés que posee elementos como la estimulación bilateral. Es una terapia que fue desarrollada en Estados Unidos en los años 80 por la psicóloga Francine Shapiro. EMDR es una terapia para tratar a las personas que sufren trastornos de personalidad (TP), y según Mosquera, por lo general, los o las pacientes tienden a presentar múltiples defensas, dificultades en la regulación emocional, impulsividad y problemas severos en las relaciones interpersonales y esta terapia se adapta a cada caso en concreto para  conseguir, como defendió Shapiro, la anulación de los efectos negativos de los eventos traumáticos.

Reconocimientos
En 2017 recibió el premio David Servan-Schreiber por su contribución en EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitizatio and Reprocessing) por EMDR Europe y en 2018 fue reconocida por la ISSTD (International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation) por su trabajo e investigación en el campo del trauma y la disociación.

Véase también

 Francine Shapiro
 EMDR
 Trastorno de personalidad

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 EMDR Europa.
 Instituto de Investigación y Tratamiento del Trauma y los Trastornos de la Personalidad.
 Revista española de drogodependencias.

Psicoterapeutas
Psicología clínica


text:
\section{Introduction}\label{introduction}

In common electron-ion plasmas, some collective modes of interaction or eigenmodes can be found. And these waves are related to the charge density fluctuations. A low frequency one called ion acoustic wave corresponds to the characteristic frequency determined by ions and a high frequency one called Langmuir wave\cite{kruer,Nicholson} corresponds to the characteristic frequency determined by electrons. In inertial confinement fusion (ICF),\cite{ICF1,I_D,Tik} an incident pump laser can easily decay to a reflected electromagnetic wave and a Langmuir wave, which is the so-called stimulated Raman scattering (SRS).\cite{chen,chen1,Brunner1,xiao1,xiao2,xiao3,xiao4,xiao5} Because this instability consumes pump energy and produces hot electrons, which are detrimental to fusion, it is crucial to find the saturation mechanism of SRS.\cite{Estabrook,Vu,yin,Lin}

At $1960s$, Kruer $et$ $al.$ revealed a trapped-particle instability that Langmuir wave can decay to sidebands,\cite{KDS} and it can serve as a saturation mechanism of SRS.\cite{Brunner1}  The so-called Kruer, Dawson, and Sudan (KDS) model achieves great success in explaining the longitudinal sidebands in one dimension.\cite{Brunner2,Krasovsky} Recently, Friou et al. studied sidebands of Langmuir waves as a saturation of SRS by using Vlasov and particle in cell (PIC) code in one dimensional geometry,\cite{Friou} the results from different codes agree with each other and they found that the amplitude of growth rates of longitudinal sidebands have scaling law $\gamma \sim g_{1}\phi^{g_{2}}$, where $g_{2} \sim 0.6 - 0.9$ for different wavenumber of Langmuir waves. Also, another theoretical model given by Dewar, Kruer and Manheimer is used to study the sideband instability.\cite{Dewar} This model is based on the nonlinear Schr\"{o}dinger equation and shows that the sidebands are originated from the nonlinear frequency shift by trapped electrons.\cite{Berger1} Dewar's model was also be extended to two dimensions (so called Dewar-Rose-Yin model, $i.e.$ DRY model) to analyze the filamentation of Langmuir wave.\cite{rose1,rose2,winjum}

Recently, the transverse decay channels of plasma waves get many attentions.\cite{Berger2,Denis1,Denis2,Chapman}  Berger $et$ $al.$  used both generalization of KDS model (GKDS) and DRY model to study the transverse sidebands of Langmuir wave.\cite{Berger2} The growth rates of transverse sidebands of Langmuir wave are obtained from these two models and reasonably agreed with their single-wavelength Vlasov simulations. They found that transverse sidebands can lead to the filamentation of Langmuir wave.  Also, D. A. Silantyev $et$ $al.$ studied the transverse sideband of Langmuir waves.\cite{Denis1,Denis2} They found the scaling of the maximum growth rate is $\gamma_{max}\propto\sqrt{\phi}$ by using Vlasov-Possion simulations, where $\phi$ is the electrostatic potential of Langmuir waves.   Similarly, Chapman $et$ $al.$ observed that the ion acoustic waves (IAW) have the longitudinal decay channel, two-ion decay (TID), and the transverse decay channel, off-axis instability (OAI). Although they failed to explain OAI by existing theories, they conjectured the OAI is an ion-driven trapped particle instability.\cite{Chapman} We should note that the nature of TID instability is different from sideband instability.  These  works indicate that trapped particles can generate both longitudinal and transverse instabilities. Inspired by the transverse modulation of plasma waves, we believe that sidebands of Langmuir wave is a muti-dimensional instability, and the oblique sidebands whose wavevector has an oblique angle to the wavevector of Langmuir wave should be considered. In Berger's Vlasov simulations, they only considered one longitudinal wavelength of Langmuir wave, thus they cannot observe the longitudinal and oblique sidebands.\cite{Berger2} Now, we fill this gap by using multi-wavelength Vlasov simulations and DRY model to study the sidebands of Langmuir waves in multi-dimensions .

In this paper, first, we use two-dimensional Vlasov-Poisson simulations to observe the nonlinear evolution of sidebands of Langmuir waves, including longitudinal sidebands, oblique sidebands and transverse bands. We should note that the oblique sidebands are just the trapped particle instability in a new direction. We find that oblique sidebands are important decay modes of Langmuir waves, which is similar to longitudinal sidebands and transverse sidebands. When the amplitudes of sidebands are comparable with that of Langmuir wave, sidebands saturate through a violent process featured as vortex merging in the phase space. This phenomenon is firstly discovered  by Brunner $et$ $at$.\cite{Brunner2} Recently, Yang $et$ $al.$ also studied vortex merging by Vlasov simulations.\cite{yang} The $k_{x}$, $k_{y}$  component of modes then broaden rapidly. Finally, the system is developed into a turbulent state lasting from $t\omega_{pe}=880$ to the end of simulations. Second, we extent the DRY model to two dimension and obtain the growth rates of sidebands. The Landau damping of Langmuir waves in a non-Maxwellian distribution is considered.  In simulations, we obtain the scaling law for longitudinal sidebands is $\gamma \sim \phi^{0.75}$, and that for oblique sideband with $k_{y} = 0.03125$ is $\gamma \sim \phi^{0.85}$. The $g_{2}$ for longitudinal sidebands in our paper agree with the results in Friou's work,\cite{Friou} $g_{2} \sim 0.6-0.9$.  In our theoretical results, the scaling law for longitudinal sidebands is $\gamma \sim \phi^{0.5}$, and that for oblique sideband with $k_{y} = 0.03$ is $\gamma \sim \phi^{0.66}$. Our theoretical model can  describe the longitudinal sidebands, oblique sidebands, and transverse sidebands. The growth rates of sidebands qualitatively agree with our Vlasov simulation results.

This paper is structured in the following ways. Firstly, in Sec.~\ref{Simulation model}, we use Vlasov simulations to study the nonlinear evolution of the sidebands of Langmuir waves in two dimensions. Secondly,  DRY model are performed to study the growth rate of sidebands in Sec.~\ref{theory model}. At last, the conclusion and discussion are shown in  Sec.~\ref{conclusion}.

\section{Two dimensional Vlasov simulations }\label{Simulation model}

\subsection{Excitation of Langmuir waves}
The evolution of Langmuir waves is governed by Vlasov-Poisson equations. In two-dimensional (2D) and multi-wavelength system, the Vlasov-Poisson equations are given by \begin{equation}
\begin{split}
&\frac{\partial f_{e}}{\partial t} + v_{x}\frac{\partial f_{e}}{\partial x}+v_{y}\frac{\partial f_{e}}{\partial y}-\frac{eE_{x}}{m_{e}}\frac{\partial f_{e}}{\partial v_{x}}-\frac{eE_{y}}{m_{e}}\frac{\partial f_{e}}{\partial v_{y}}=0,\\
&\frac{\partial^{2}\phi}{\partial x^{2}}+\frac{\partial^{2}\phi}{\partial y^{2}}=\rho\\
& E_{x} = -\frac{\partial \phi}{\partial x}+E_{ext},E_{y} = -\frac{\partial \phi}{\partial y},
\end{split}
\end{equation}
where $f_{e}$ is the distribution function, $E_{x}$ and $E_{y}$ are the electrostatic field at longitudinal and transverse direction, respectively, $\phi$ is electrostatic  potential, and $\rho$ is the charge density. $E_{ext}$ is an external electric field, longitudinally driving the Langmuir wave. Ion motion is not considered in our paper since we mainly focus on the Langmuir wave.

\begin{figure}[tbp]
    \begin{center}
      \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth,clip,angle=0]{fig1.eps}

      \caption{\label{energy}$k_{L}\lambda_{De} = 1/3$, the spatial space is $L_{x} = 20 \lambda_{L}$, $L_{y} = 32 \lambda_{L}$. (a) The temporal evolution of field energy $E_{field}$ (blue line), electron kinetic energy $E_{kinetic}$ (red line) and the total energy $E_{total} = E_{field}+E_{kinetic}$ (black dashed line). The field energy times $2$ for better view. (b) is the temporal evolution of envelope of $E_{x}$ and $E_{y}$ at the center of the simulation box. (c) and (d) are the $E_{x}$ and $E_{y}$ at $t = 200 \omega_{pe}^{-1}$.  (e) and (f) are the corresponding spectrum at $k_{x}$-$k_{y}$ space. }
    \end{center}
  \end{figure}

We have developed a 2D version of Vlasov-Poisson code, \emph{PLAW2d} (2D Plasma Wave simulation), which uses Van Leer scheme (VL3)\cite{VL,VL2} to solve the Vlasov equation and fast Fourier transform (FFT) to solve the Poisson equation \cite{yang,yangs,feng}. The spatial domain occupies $X\in[0,L_{x}]$ and $Y\in[0,L_{y}]$, and the boundary conditions are periodic at each side. The  lengths of simulation box are $L_{x} = 20 \lambda_{L}$ and $L_{y} = 32 \lambda_{L}$, where $\lambda_{L} = 2\pi/k_{L}$ is the wavelength of Langmuir wave and $k_{L} = 1/3 \lambda_{De}^{-1}$ is the corresponding wavenumber. We choose $k_{L} = 1/3 \lambda_{De}^{-1}$ as the wavenumber in simulation because it corresponds to the kinetic regime of SRS in ICF. Some nonlinear effects by particle trapping will occur in kinetic regime, such as trapped particle instability (TPI), inflation of SRS because of the decreasing of Landau damping of Langmuir wave, and spatially auto-resonant Stimulated Raman Scattering due to the nonlinear frequency shift in inhomogeneous plasma. The physical spaces are discretized by $\Delta x = 1.0471 \lambda_{De}$ and $\Delta y = 6.032 \lambda_{De}$, where $\lambda_{De}$ is the electron Debye length. The velocity domain is $v_{x,y}\in [-12v_{te},12v_{te}]$ and they are discretized by $\Delta v_{x} = \Delta v_{y} = 0.1v_{te}$, where $v_{te} = \sqrt{T_{e}/m_{e}}$ is the thermal velocity of electrons, $T_{e}$ and $m_{e}$ are the temperature and mass of electrons, respectively. Therefore, the four dimensional meshgrids are  $360\times100\times241\times241$. Electrons in plasma are initialized by 2D Maxwellian distribution function, $f_{e0}(v_{x},v_{y}) = \frac{1}{2\pi v_{te}} exp(-\frac{v_{x}^{2}+v_{y}^{2}}{2v_{te}^{2}})$. The total simulation time is $t_{total} = 2500 \omega_{pe}^{-1}$, and the time step is $dt = 0.1 \omega_{pe}^{-1}$, where $\omega_{pe} = \sqrt{4\pi n_{e}e^{2}/m_{e}}$ is the plasma frequency and $n_{e}$ is the electron density of plasma. We should notice that in the remaining paper the units are normalized to electron unit, such as, $v_{te} =1$, $\omega_{pe} = 1$ and $\lambda_{De} = 1$, etc.

  At the drive phase shown in Fig.~\ref{energy}(a) , $t = 0\sim200 \omega_{pe}^{-1}$,  an external  electrostatic field
  \begin{equation}
  E_{ext} = E_{ext}^{max}\left[1+(\frac{t-\tau}{\triangle\tau})^{n}\right]^{-1}sin(k_{L}x-\omega_{L}t),
 \end{equation}
 is used to induce the Langmuir waves, where $E_{ext}^{max}= 0.01 m_{e}\omega_{pe}v_{te}/e$ is the amplitude of pump drive, $\tau = 100\omega_{pe}^{-1}$, $\triangle\tau = 50\omega_{pe}^{-1}$, $n = 10$ and $\omega_{L} = \sqrt{\omega_{pe}^{2}+3k_{L}^{2}v_{te}^{2}}$ is the Bohm-Gross dispersion relation of Langmuir wave and the phase velocity is $v_{\phi}=\omega_{L}/k_{L}$. In stage \uppercase\expandafter{\romannumeral1} shown in Fig.~\ref{energy}(a), the field energy and electron kinetic energy increase exponentially because the Langmuir waves are resonant excited.  Fig.~\ref{energy}(b) is the time history of $E_{x}$ and $E_{y}$ envelopes at the center of the simulation box, and it shows the amplitude of $E_{x}$ increases to $0.2$ at $t = 200 \omega_{pe}^{-1}$. Fig.~\ref{energy}(c) to (f) are $E_{x}$ and $E_{y}$ in physical space and the their spectra in $k_x-k_y$ space at $t = 200 \omega_{pe}^{-1}$, respectively. In Fig.~\ref{energy}(c), there occupies the longitudinal Langmuir wave with $20$ wavelengths, but no fields are observed in the transverse direction as shown in Fig.~\ref{energy}(d). Correspondingly, the Langmuir wave (LW) mode are clearly excited at $k_{x} = 1/3, k_{y} = 0$ in Fig.~\ref{energy}(e), and no mode are shown in the transverse directions in Fig.~\ref{energy}(f).

\subsection{Growth of sidebands}
\begin{figure}[tbp]
    \begin{center}
      \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth,clip,angle=0]{fig2.eps}

      \caption{\label{sideband}(a) and (b) are the $E_{x}$ and $E_{y}$ at $t = 560 \omega_{pe}^{-1}$.  (c) and (d) are the corresponding spectrum at $k_{x}$-$k_{y}$ space. In (c), the red diamonds stand for the selected sidebands of Langmuir waves. (e) The evolution of Langmuir wave (black line), the growth of longitudinal sideband(blue line), oblique sidebands (red and orange lines) and transverse sidebands(violet, green and manganese purple lines).}
    \end{center}
  \end{figure}

  At $t = 200 \omega_{pe}^{-1}$, the external field is turned off, leaving the Langmuir waves propagating freely. The excited wave is, however, unstable to many instabilities, such as sideband instability, modulational instability, and filamentation instability etc. The trapped-particle-induced sidebands of Langmuir wave are the earliest-developing ones. In Fig.~\ref{energy}(a), the stage \uppercase\expandafter{\romannumeral2} ($t = 200\sim880 \omega_{pe}^{-1}$) is defined as the growth of sidebands where three kinds of sidebands are observed. The first one is the longitudinal sideband, $i.e.$ $k_{x} \neq k_{L}, k_{y} = 0$. This kind of sideband is well-studied in one-dimensional systems.\cite{Brunner1,KDS,Brunner2,Dewar,yang} The second one is the transverse sideband defined by $k_{x} = k_{L}, k_{y} \neq 0$ and discussed by Berger et al. \cite{Berger2} The last kind is called the oblique sideband, $i.e.$ $k_{x} \neq k_{L}$ and $k_{y} \neq 0$, which exists in multi-wavelength and multi-dimensional systems and has never been discovered before.

  \begin{figure}
    \begin{minipage}[t]{0.5\linewidth}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=2.07in]{fig3a.eps}
    \label{fig:side:a}
    \end{minipage}%
    \begin{minipage}[t]{0.5\linewidth}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=2.07in]{fig3b.eps}
    \label{fig:side:b}
    \end{minipage}
    \caption{\label{vx_vy}(a) Distribution function of electrons in $v_{x}$-$v_{y}$ space at $t\omega_{pe} = 200$. (b) Distribution function of electrons in $v_{x}$-$v_{y}$ space at $t\omega_{pe} = 600$.}
\end{figure}

  Fig.~\ref{sideband}(a) and (b) are $E_{x}$ and $E_{y}$ in the physical space at $t = 560 \omega_{pe}^{-1}$. In addition to the nearly unchanged longitudinal fields, modes with small amplitudes are observed in Fig.~\ref{sideband}(b), which imply sidebands with $k_{y} \neq 0$ are excited. Fig.~\ref{sideband}(c) and (d) are the corresponding spectra of sidebands in $k_{x}$-$k_{y}$ space where longitudinal sidebands, transverse sidebands and oblique sidebands emerge clearly. In Fig.~\ref{sideband} (c), we pick some modes for further analyses: LW represents the Langmuir wave at $k_{x} = 1/3, k_{y} = 0$; LS stands for the longitudinal sidebands with the maximum growth rate at $k_{x} = 0.25, k_{y} = 0$; OS1 and OS2 are two chosen oblique sidebands for $k_{x} = 0.2667, k_{y} = 0.03125$ and $k_{x} = 0.2833, k_{y} = 0.0625$; TS1, TS2 and TS3 are three transverse sidebands at $k_{x} = k_{L}$ and $k_{y} = 0.03, 0.04167$ and $0.1$, respectively.

  \begin{figure}[tbp]
    \begin{center}
      \includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth,clip,angle=0]{fig4.eps}

      \caption{\label{vertex}(a) and (b) are the electron trapped structures at $t = 500 \omega_{pe}^{-1}$ and $t = 1500 \omega_{pe}^{-1}$. (c) and (d) are the temporal evolution of $k_{x}$ and $k_{y}$ spectrum. $t_{off} = 200 \omega_{pe}^{-1}$ is the time when the external driver is turned off, $t_{merge} = 880 \omega_{pe}^{-1}$ is when the vortex merging happens. (e) and (f) are the $E_{x}$ and $E_{y}$ at $t = 1500 \omega_{pe}^{-1}$.  (g) and (h) are the corresponding spectrum at $k_{x}$-$k_{y}$ space.}
    \end{center}
  \end{figure}

  The growth of these sidebands are shown in Fig.~\ref{sideband}(e). When resonant excited, the Langmuir wave (black line) gives its energy to other modes and particles. The fastest growing mode is the longitudinal sideband denoted by the blue line, and then it comes the oblique sidebands (the red line and the orange line), slowing down with the increase of $k_{y}$. The transverse sidebands are the slowest ones as indicated by the purple, green, and pink lines. As $k_y$ increases the growth rate of transverse sideband increases first and then decreases, showing the same features revealed by Berger et al. \cite{Berger2} The maximum growth rate of the transverse sideband is located at $k_{y}=0.04167$. However, this is valid only when $t = 200 \sim 600 \omega_{pe}^{-1}$, since a two-stage growth of transverse sidebands is observed. When $600\omega_{pe}^{-1}<t<1000\omega_{pe}^{-1}$, a rapid growth of the transverse sideband emerges, violating the linear growth pattern of sideband instabilities. Two-stage growth of sidebands can also be seen in earlier works.\cite{Brunner2,Berger2,Denis1} However, no excellent explanation of this phenomenon was provided by early works. Fig.~\ref{vx_vy} shows the phase space structures in $v_x$ and $v_y$ at two typical times $t = 200 \omega_{pe}^{-1}$ and $t = 600 \omega_{pe}^{-1}$. Based on the discovery of a recent work,\cite{yanxia} when the beam-like distribution function of electron was formed, there will be a beam plasma instability induced by the beam of electrons. The average beam velocity is equal to the phase velocity of Langmuir wave. This instability may lead to the two-stage growth of initially slower growing modes. Accordingly, the beam-like of distribution function of electron is also formed in Fig.~\ref{vx_vy}(b). So,we guess the two-stage growth of initially slower growing modes may be related to the beam-plasma instability.

  We summarize the results above that sidebands of the Langmuir wave can be excited by trapped electrons. In a two-dimensional and multi-wavelength system, there are sidebands in three kinds of directions, i.e. longitudinal sidebands, transverse sidebands and oblique sidebands. The maximum growth occurs with the longitudinal sideband, and the second maximum growth belongs to the oblique sideband, which is the trapping-induced sideband in a new direction. The slowest is transverse sideband.

  \subsection{Vortex merging and wave-particle-interaction-induced turbulence}

  At $t \approx 900 \omega_{pe}^{-1}$ in Fig.~\ref{energy}(a), there exists a violent energy exchange between kinetic and field energy, which implies strong wave-particle interactions. Also, in Fig.~\ref{energy}(b), $E_{x}$ and $E_{y}$ become unprecedentedly oscillative, revealing a whole new stage. This specific stage \uppercase\expandafter{\romannumeral3} is termed as the turbulent state. The term, turbulent state, means an utter destruction of the coherent phase-space structures into chaos, which is described in a recent one-dimensional study.\cite{Brunner2,yang}

 When different modes have similar amplitudes comparable to the fundamental Langmuir wave, they will interact with the BGK structure of Langmuir waves.\cite{Shoucr1,Shoucr2,Shoucr3} At $t \approx 880 \omega_{pe}^{-1}$, it hits the critical point and then vortex merging happens. In Fig.~\ref{vertex}(a), there are $20$ vortices in the phase space before vortex merging, but after that only $15$ vortices are left with irregular trajectories shown in Fig.~\ref{vertex}(b). The transition is demonstrated clearly in Fig.~\ref{vertex}(c) and (d), which plot the temporal evolutions of $E_{x}$ in $k_{x}$ and $k_{y}$ space, respectively. The black dashed lines, $k_{x} = 1/3$ in \ref{vertex}(c) and $k_{y}=0$ in \ref{vertex}(d)  represent the Langmuir wave. After turning off the driver, the longitudinal sidebands with the maximum growth rates occur along the black dashed lines ($k_{Lx} - \delta_{k}$ and $k_{Lx} + \delta_{k}$) in Fig.~\ref{vertex}(c). Oblique and transverse sidebands are subsidiary signals apart from the main Langmuir wave and longitudinal sidebands signals. An abrupt transition occurs at $t_{merge} = 880 \omega_{pe}^{-1}$, and within less than $50 \omega_{pe}^{-1}$ the spectrum explodes. After that transition, the broadening spectrum seems to be a long-term and stable structure, so we suppose the final state of the Langmuir wave is reached. Since the spectrum is much like the turbulence structure, we term the final state as the wave-particle-interaction-induced turbulent state.

  The turbulent states in physical space and spectral space are shown in Figs.~\ref{vertex}(e) to (h) at $t = 1500 \omega_{pe}^{-1}$. Filaments-like structures are easily observed in Fig.~\ref{vertex}(e) and (f). These structures are characterized by the stripes in the $k_x$-$k_y$ space resulting from nonlinear expansions of the sidebands along $k_y$.

\subsection{Amplitude dependence of sidebands}

\begin{figure}[tbp]
    \begin{center}
      \includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth,clip,angle=0]{fig5.eps}

      \caption{\label{gamma_s}Vlasov simulation results. (a) The positions of oblique sidebands for different amplitude of field at $k_{x}$-$k_{y}$ space. (b) The scaling law of growth rates of sidebands are obtained by using power law fitting $\gamma = g_{1}\phi^{g_{2}}$. We find that $g_{2} = 0.75$ for longitudinal sideband and $g_{2} = 0.85$ for oblique sideband with $k_{y} = 0.03125$.}
    \end{center}
  \end{figure}

By changing the starting amplitude of Langmuir wave potential, we find the nonlinear evolution experiencing such processes is rather robust. Here, only the amplitude of Langmuir wave potential is changed and other parameters keep the same as discussed above.

When the amplitude is getting larger, the number of trapped electrons also increases, leading to an increase of the frequency shift.\cite{Berger2} The amplitude dependence of positions of the brightest sideband signals in $k_{x}$-$k_{y}$ space are shown in Fig~\ref{gamma_s} (a). The $|k_{x}-k_{L}|$ for oblique sidebands increases with the electrostatic fields, which is similar to the longitudinal sidebands. And the maximum value of $k_{y}$ for oblique sidebands also increases with the electrostatic fields, which is similar to the transverse sidebands.

In Fig.~\ref{gamma_s} (b), we extract the maximum growth rates of longitudinal sidebands (red circles) and the growth rate of the oblique sideband  with $k_{y} = 0.03125$ (blue squares). Especially, the dependence on the  amplitude for longitudinal sideband is obtained by power law fitting $\gamma = g_{1}\phi^{g_{2}}$ with $g_{2} = 0.75$, and that for oblique sideband is $g_{2} = 0.85$. Our scaling law for longitudinal sideband agree with early work $g_{2} \sim 0.6-0.9$.\cite{Friou} $g_{2}$ for sidebands are close to $0.5$, which reminds us the sideband instability has a strong relationship with the trapped-particle induced nonlinear frequency shift, which is also the starting point of our theoretical model of multidimensional sideband instability.

\section{Theoretical Model: sidebands of Langmuir waves  }\label{theory model}

The Dewar-Rose-Yin (DRY) model was first used to study the 1D modulation instability of Langmuir wave and then extended to study 2D modulation and filamentation instabilities.\cite{Dewar,rose1,rose2,Berger2} Here we reuse this model to predict the sidebands of Langmuir wave. In 2D situation, the modulation instability can be described by nonlinear Schr\"{o}dinger equation,
 \begin{equation}\label{dry1}
 \begin{split}
  i&\left(\frac{\partial}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial \omega_{k}}{\partial k_{x}} \frac{\partial}{\partial x}+\upsilon\right)\phi_{k}\\
   &+ \left(\frac{1}{2}\frac{\partial^{2} \omega_{k}}{\partial k_{y}^{2}} \frac{\partial^{2}}{\partial y^{2}}+\frac{1}{2}\frac{\partial^{2} \omega_{k}}{\partial k_{x}^{2}}\frac{\partial^{2}}{\partial x^{2}} + \Delta\omega\right)\phi_{k} = 0,
 \end{split}
 \end{equation}
  where $\phi_{k}(x,y,t)$ is the envelope of potential, $\nu$ is the Landau damping, and $\omega_{k}$ is the root of the dispersion relation $\epsilon(\vec{k},\omega) = 0$. The fluid type of dispersion relation is used,\begin{equation}\label{dry2}
  \epsilon(\vec{k},\omega) = \epsilon(k,\omega) = 1-\frac{\omega_{pe}^{2}}{\omega^{2}-3k^{2}v_{te}^{2}},
 \end{equation} where $k = |\vec{k}|=\sqrt{k_{x}^{2}+k_{y}^{2}}$ is the wavenumber of sidebands. The nonlinear term causing instability is the trapped-particle induced nonlinear frequency shift, $\Delta\omega$. To express it analytically, we use the adiabatic driven formula, \cite{Berger1}
 \begin{equation}\label{dry3}
  \frac{\Delta\omega}{\omega_{pe}}=-\frac{\alpha}{\sqrt{2\pi}(k_{L}\lambda_{De})^{2}}\sqrt{\frac{eE_{max}}{T_{e}k_L}}(v^{2}-1)exp(-\frac{v^{2}}{2})|_{v = v_{\phi}/v_{te}}.
\end{equation}
where $\alpha=0.544$, $v_{\phi}$ is the phase velocity of Langmuir wave and $E_{max} = 0.2 m_{e}\omega_{pe}v_{te}/e$ is the electron field amplitude of the Langmuir wave, which corresponds to a potential of $|e\phi/T_{e}| = 0.6$.

In order to find instability growth rate of Eq.~\ref{dry1},  we assume two small sidebands $\omega_{k} = \omega_{L}\pm\Omega$, $k_{x} = k_{L}\pm \Delta k_{x}$ and $k_{y} = k_{Ly}\pm \Delta k_{y}$ where $\omega_{L}$, $k_{L}$ are linear frequency and wavenumber of Langmuir wave, and in our consideration, $k_{Ly} = 0$. Let the Landau damping $\nu$ be absorbed by $\Omega$. Assuming a trial solution $\phi(x,y,t)=1/2(\phi_{k}(x,y,t)exp(i\vec{k}\cdot \vec{x} - i\omega_{k}t )+ c.c.)$ for  Eq.~\ref{dry1}, we can obtain the dispersion relation,
\begin{equation}\label{dry4}
\begin{split}
  &\left(\Omega - \Delta k_{x}\frac{\partial\omega_{k}}{\partial k_{x}}\right)^{2}=\left(\frac{\Delta k_{x}^{2}}{2}\frac{\partial^{2} \omega_{k}}{\partial k_{x}^{2}}+\frac{\Delta k_{y}^{2}}{2}\frac{\partial^{2} \omega_{k}}{\partial k_{y}^{2}}\right)\\
  &\left(\frac{\Delta k_{x}^{2}}{2}\frac{\partial^{2} \omega_{k}}{\partial k_{x}^{2}}+\frac{\Delta k_{y}^{2}}{2}\frac{\partial^{2} \omega_{k}}{\partial k_{y}^{2}}+\frac{\Delta\omega}{2}\right),
\end{split}
\end{equation}
where $\Delta k_{x} = k_{x} - k_{L}$, $\Delta k_{y} = k_{y}$. The growth rate of sideband is
\begin{equation}\label{dry5}
 \gamma(k_{x},k_{y}) = Im(\Omega)+\upsilon.
\end{equation} \begin{figure}[tbp]
    \begin{center}
      \includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth,clip,angle=0]{fig6.eps}

      \caption{\label{damp}(a) Contours of solutions to the Langmuir wave when $|e\phi/T_{e}| = 0$ and $k_{y} = 0$, blue line stands for the real part of dielectric function, red line is the imaginary part of dielectric function. (b) Contours of solutions to the Langmuir wave when $|e\phi/T_{e}| = 0.6$ and $k_{y} = 0$. (c) Contours of solutions to the Langmuir wave when $|e\phi/T_{e}| = 0.6$ and $k_{y} = 0.12$. (d) The Landau damping as a function of $k_{y}$ with different amplitudes.}
    \end{center}
  \end{figure}The imaginary part of $\Omega$ exists only when $(\Delta k_{x}^{2}\frac{\partial^{2} \omega_{k}}{\partial k_{x}^{2}}+\Delta k_{y}^{2}\frac{\partial^{2} \omega_{k}}{\partial k_{y}^{2}})\Delta\omega<0$. Since $\frac{\partial^{2} \omega_{k}}{\partial k_{x}^{2}} =\frac{\partial^{2} \omega_{k}}{\partial k_{y}^{2}} \approx 3v_{te}^{2}/\omega_{L}$, thus modulation instability exists only when $\Delta\omega<0$. The maximum value of $Im(\Omega)$ and its location are easily solved from Eq. (\ref{dry4}),
\begin{eqnarray}
&(Im(\Omega))_m=\frac{\Delta\omega}{4}, \\
&(k_{x} - k_{L})^{2}+k_{y}^{2}=\frac{\Delta\omega\omega_L}{6v_{te}^2}.
\end{eqnarray}
Since $\Delta\omega$ is independent of $k$, if no damping is considered $\nu=0$, a constant maximum growth rate is located along a circle of the initial Langmuir wavenumber, $(k_{L}, 0)$. This is, of course, not consistent with our simulation results, so we must consider the distribution of Landau damping, $\upsilon=\upsilon(k_x,k_y)$.

\begin{figure}[tbp]
    \begin{center}
      \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth,clip,angle=0]{fig7.eps}

      \caption{\label{theory_side}(a) The growth rates of sidebands obtained by DRY model, $|e\phi/T_{e}| = 0.6$. (b) The growth rates of longitudinal sidebands. (c) The growth rates of transverse sidebands. (d) The growth rates of oblique sidebands with $k_{y} = 0.03$.}
    \end{center}
  \end{figure}

 To do so, we must calculate the Landau damping in a trapping distribution function, such as the one presented at $t=200\omega_{pe}^{-1}$ in our simulation. Following the treatment of early works,\cite{Berger2,Divol} a two-dimensional trapping distribution function is artificially constructed,
 \begin{equation}\label{disfun}
\begin{split}
 &f_{0}(v_{x},v_{y}) = N_{e}f_{0,x}(v_{x})f_{0,y}(v_{y}),\\
 &f_{0,y}(v_{y}) = f_{M}(v_{y}),\\
 &f_{0,x}(v_{x}) = f_{M}(v_{x})+\delta f_{x}^{flat}(u),\\
 &\delta f_{x}^{flat}(u) = P(u)  \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}v_{te}} exp(-u^{2}/2),\\
 & P(u) = \beta u+\gamma(u^{2}-1),\\
 & u = (v_{x} - v_{\phi})/\delta v,
\end{split}
\end{equation}
where $f_{M}(v_{x})$ and $f_{M}(v_{y})$ are one-dimensional Maxwellian distributions. $\delta v = 2\sqrt{e\phi/T_{e}}$ is the width of the plateau around the phase velocity. $\beta$ and $\gamma$ are the first and second derivatives of $f_{0,x}(v_{x})$ at phase velocity, \begin{equation}\label{disfun1}
\begin{split}
 &\beta = (\delta \tilde{v})\tilde{v}exp(-\tilde{v}^{2}/2)|_{\tilde{v}=v_{\phi}/v_{te}},\\
 &\gamma = \frac{\delta \tilde{v}}{3}(1-\tilde{v}^{2})exp(-\tilde{v}^{2}/2)|_{\tilde{v}=v_{\phi}/v_{te}},\\
\end{split}
\end{equation}
where $\delta \tilde{v} = \delta v / v_{te}$. The constructed distribution function resembles Fig.~\ref{vx_vy}(a), which enables the zero Landau damping near the phase velocity $v_\phi=\omega_L/k_L$. The kinetic dispersion function under the non-Maxwellian distribution function is
\begin{equation}\label{KineticDisp}
\epsilon(\omega,k)=1-\frac{\omega_{pe}^{2}}{k^{2}}P\int^{\infty}_{-\infty}\frac{\nabla_v f_0\cdot d\textbf{v}}{v-\omega/k}-i\pi\frac{\omega_{pe}^{2}}{k^{2}}|\nabla_v f_0|_{v=\frac{\omega}{k}},
\end{equation}
where $P$ means the Cauchy principal value, $\textbf{v}=(v_x,v_y)$, and $k=\sqrt{k_x^2+k_y^2}$.

  \begin{figure}[tbp]
    \begin{center}
      \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth,clip,angle=0]{fig8.eps}

      \caption{\label{theory_all}Theoretical results obtained by DRY  model. (a) and (b) use $\alpha = 0.544$, which corresponds to adiabatic approximation.\cite{Berger1} (a) The positions of oblique sidebands for different amplitude of field at $k_{x}$-$k_{y}$ space. (b) The amplitude of field dependence of growth rate of longitudinal sideband with maximum growth rate(blue squares) and the growth rates of oblique sideband with $k_{y} = 0.03$. (c) and (d) are the same results by using $\alpha = 0.823$, which corresponds to sudden approximation.\cite{Berger1}}
    \end{center}
  \end{figure}

Since the distribution function is almost flattened near the Langmuir wave phase velocity but decreases dramatically when $k_y$ increases, we assume the Landau damping varies with $k_{y}$ but is constant along $\Delta k_{x}$. Then we can numerically solve the dispersion function Eq. (\ref{KineticDisp}) along $k_x=k_L$ and obtain the Landau damping as a function of $k_y$ in Fig.~\ref{damp}. When $|e\phi/T_{e}| = 0$, it backs to the Maxwellian distribution function, so the Landau damping is $-0.026 \omega_{pe}$ as shown in Fig.~\ref{damp}(a). Fig.~\ref{damp}(b) shows the Landau damping at $k_{y} = 0$ when $e\phi/T_{e} = 0.6$, and the evaluated Landau damping being $0$ satisfies our designed distribution function. As $k_{y}$ increases to $0.12$ in Fig.~\ref{damp}(c), the phase velocity of sidebands becomes away from the trapped plateau, so the Landau damping increases to $-0.0296 \omega_{pe}$. Fig.~\ref{damp}(d) shows the overall Landau damping increases with $k_y$. And the Landau damping will decrease with the potential, because when $|e\phi/T_{e}|$ increases from $0.6$ to $1.2$, the width of trapped region becomes larger in accordance with our expectation. We should note that the distribution in Eqs.~\ref{disfun} is  artifical, thus, $v_{\phi}$ in Eqs.~\ref{disfun} and Eqs.~\ref{disfun1} is adjustable to make sure the Landau damping equals to $0$, when$ |e\phi/T_{e}| \neq 0$ and $k_{y} = 0$.

\begin{figure}[tbp]
    \begin{center}
      \includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth,clip,angle=0]{fig9.eps}

      \caption{\label{fit_t}Theoretical results by DRY model for $k\lambda_{De} = 1/3$ with sudden approximation. The scaling law of growth rates of sidebands are obtained by using power law fitting $\gamma = g_{1}\phi^{g_{2}}$. We find that $g_{2} = 0.5$ for longitudinal sideband and $g_{2} = 0.66$ for oblique sideband with $k_{y} = 0.03$.}
    \end{center}
  \end{figure}
Fig.~\ref{theory_side} shows the final theoretical growth rates of sidebands obtained when $|e\phi/T_{e}|  = 0.6$. The shape of sidebands in Fig.~\ref{theory_side}(a) resembles the spectrum in Fig.~\ref{sideband}(c). We pick out three kinds of sidebands in Fig.~\ref{theory_side}(b), (c) and (d). Fig.~\ref{theory_side}(b) represents the longitudinal sidebands, where its maximum growth rate locates at $k_{x} = 0.2733, k_{y} = 0$ and the maximum growth rate is $\gamma_{LS} = 0.0103 \omega_{pe}$. In our simulations, the corresponding quantities are $k_{x} = 0.25, k_{y} = 0$, and $\gamma_{LS} = 0.02199 \omega_{pe}$. The DRY model underestimates $\delta_{k}$ and the growth rate of sideband perhaps due to the underestimation of the nonlinear frequency shift $\Delta \omega$ in Eq.~\ref{dry3}. Fig.~\ref{theory_side}(c) is the transverse sidebands with $k_{x} = k_{L}$. The position of transverse sideband with the maximum growth rate locates at $k_{x} = k_{L}, k_{y} = 0.04$, and the maximum growth rate of transverse sideband is $\gamma_{TS} = 0.0052 \omega_{pe}$. While in simulations they are $k_{x} = k_{L}, k_{y} = 0.04167$ and $\gamma_{TS} = 0.00588 \omega_{pe}$, respectively, which show good consistencies for transverse sidebands. This is because the transverse sidebands are mostly affected by Landau damping of sidebands,\cite{Berger2} showing the Landau damping in our calculation is accurate. Fig.~\ref{theory_side}(d) stands for the growth rates of oblique sidebands with $k_{y} = 0.03$, which is between the longitudinal and transverse sidebands as indicated by our Vlasov simulations.

\begin{figure}
    \begin{minipage}[t]{0.5\linewidth}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=1.8in]{fig10a.eps}
    \label{fig:side:a}
    \end{minipage}%
    \begin{minipage}[t]{0.5\linewidth}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=1.8in]{fig10b.eps}
    \label{fig:side:b}
    \end{minipage}
    \caption{\label{theory_3}Vlasov simulation results with $|e\phi/T_{e}| = 0.6$. (a) The spectrum of $E_{x}$ in $k_{x}$-$\omega$ space with a time window  $t\omega_{pe} = 0\sim1000$. The green line represents the dispersion relation of Langmuir wave.  (b) The spectrum of $E_{x}$ in $k_{y}$-$\omega$ space with a time window $t\omega_{pe} = 0\sim1000$.}
\end{figure}

The theoretical shapes of sidebands with the maximum growth rates and the corresponding growth rates as a function of potential amplitude are shown in Fig.~\ref{theory_all}. To compare with the Vlasov results, a sudden driven model of nonlinear frequency shift is plotted in Fig.~\ref{theory_all}(c) and (d), in addition to the adiabatic model shown in Fig.~\ref{theory_all}(a) and (b). The difference is that in a sudden driven model, $\alpha = 0.823$ in Eq.~\ref{dry3},\cite{Berger1} which permits a higher Langmuir wave frequency shift. Fig.~\ref{theory_all}(a) shows the amplitude dependence of the positions of sidebands. As compared with Fig.~\ref{gamma_s}(a), the shape and dependence on amplitude are similar, but it shrinks inward. When turning to the sudden driven model with $\Delta\omega_{sudden}\approx1.5\Delta\omega_{adiabatic}$, the shapes get large. In Fig.~\ref{theory_all}(b) and (d), the growth rates of longitudinal sidebands scale linearly with $|e\phi/T_{e}|^{1/2}$, which agrees with early theoretical results.\cite{Dewar,Berger2} As the nonlinear frequency shift gets larger, Fig.~\ref{theory_all}(d) shows a better agreement with the simulation results in Fig.~\ref{gamma_s}(b). In Fig.~\ref{fit_t}, we obtain the scaling law for sidebands by power law fitting under sudden approximation. $g_{2} = 0.5$ for longitudinal sideband and $g_{2} = 0.66$ for oblique sideband with $k_{y} = 0.03$. Both in simulation and theoretical results, $g_{2}$ for oblique sideband is a little larger than that of longitudinal sidebands. This may be because the influence of Landau damping on oblique sidebands.

However, there still exist discrepancies between Vlasov simulations and DRY model, especially when $|e\phi/T_{e}|$ is large. We suspect that it is due to the underestimation of $\Delta \omega$ in DRY model. Therefore, in Fig~\ref{theory_3}(a) and (b), we plot  the spectra of $E_{x}$ in the $k_{x}$-$\omega$ space and the $k_{y}$-$\omega$ from Vlasov simulations with $|e\phi/T_{e}| = 0.6$, respectively. The observed nonlinear frequency shifts of Langmuir wave and sidebands is on the order of $\Delta \omega \approx 0.1 \omega_{pe}$, however, theory predicts that $\Delta \omega_{adiabatic} = 0.0413 \omega_{pe}$ for adiabatic approximation and $\Delta \omega_{sudden} = 0.0624 \omega_{pe}$ for sudden approximation. Though with some flaws, the DRY model is good enough to capture the main physics of sidebands of Langmuir waves, and the growth rates of sidebands are qualitatively agreed with our 2D electrostatic Vlasov simulations.

\section{Conclusion and discussion}\label{conclusion}

In this paper, first, we study the evolution of Langmuir waves in a muti-wavelength system through 2D Vlasov simulations. There are three stages in our simulations. In the drive phase, an external driver is used to excited a monochromatic Langmuir waves. In the phase of sideband growth, the sidebands of Langmuir waves are excited because of the trapped electrons. Three kinds of sidebands are observed, which are the longitudinal sidebands, oblique sidebands and transverse sidebands. The oblique sidebands are arc-shaped in the k-space. The growth rates of oblique sidebands are smaller than that of the longitudinal sideband with the maximum growth rate but higher than the transverse sideband. In the turbulent state, the vortex merging happens when the amplitudes of sidebands are comparable with that of Langmuir waves. After vortex-merging, $20$ vortices merges to $15$ vortices. And The spectra of $k_{x}$ and $k_{y}$ become broader, inducing the filamentation of Langmuir waves. The amplitude dependence of sidebands are also studied by Vlasov simulations. We find that $\Delta k_{x}$ of longitudinal sidebands and $\Delta k_{x}$ and $\Delta k_{y}$ of oblique sidebands increase with the amplitude. Next, we reuse the DRY model to study the sidebands of Langmuir waves. Based on the early work,\cite{Berger2} the Landau damping with $k_{y}$ should be considered. The growth rates of three kinds of sidebands are finally obtained by DRY model, and they are qualitatively agreed with our Vlasov simulations.

The sideband instability is a saturation mechanism of SRS in ICF, and in earlier works, researchers mostly focused on the Longitudinal sidebands of Langmuir wave.\cite{Brunner1,Friou} The Vlasov simulations and theoretical results show clearly that sideband of Langmuir wave is a multidimensional instability. So, the sidebands of Langmuir wave in oblique and tranverse direction should also be considered. In this paper, we only consider the situation in two dimensions. The sideband with $k_{z}$ component might also exist. Besides, in early works, some kinetic effects by particle trapping have been studied by using particle in cell (PIC) simulations, such as Langmuir wave bowing\cite{yin,Lin} the trapped particle side loss \cite{hxvu3} in multidimensions. These works indicate that Multidimensional effects are important for instabilities in ICF.  In the future works, PIC simulations will be used to study the sidebands of Langmuir wave in multidimensions.

\section*{Acknowledgements}
We are pleased to acknowledge useful discussions with T. Yang, Y. Z. Zhou and S. X. Xie.  This work was supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDA25050700), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11805062, 11875091 and 11975059), Science Challenge Project, No. TZ2016005 and Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, China (Grant No. 2020JJ5029).

\section*{DATA AVAILABILITY}
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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text:
Reconstruction and Livelihood
Change Stories, Reconstruction and Livelihood
Thumbu Ghale of Kispang Rural Municipality in Nuwakot district was living in his house when the first tremor of earthquake hit on 25 April 2015. The disaster severely destroyed their house leaving Thumbu and his wife buried under the rubble unconscious. They remained unaware of the catastrophe and its consequence. They also did not know several of their relatives and neighbors were killed. One of their son-in laws living in Kathmandu reached there on the third day and somehow rescued them. Villagers and their son-in-law had thought the earthquake killed Thumbu and his wife too. "I later knew that the villagers kept me in the tent together with other dead bodies. When the villagers were getting ready to begin death rituals of our bodies, one of my neighbors noticed two of us were still alive, then he shouted", recalls Thumbu with full of tears in his eyes.
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Finally, 27 households were able to build safe house together in a safe location because of facilitation support from CSRC. Some of the family members are now working in others' farm on sharecropping basis.


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SU noticed contributions all through the lineup, as they outshot USU 18-11, with nine shots on goal to the Aggies' 6. On the defensive finish of the area, sophomore Jordan Salisbury produced a number of clutch stops to stop Utah Condition from at any time being able to get a goal benefit. The Redhawk central defender frequently ended up being SU's Ukraine University final line of defense and was regularly successful in cutting off the Aggie striker's operates into the Seattle box. In between the posts, Goverde experienced 4 saves on the working day to deliver her period total to 50.
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There's a sunscreen product for nearly every pores and skin kind and sunlight exposure situation. If you're only buying one, make sure it is drinking water-resistant and has each UVA and UVB safety and an SPF of at minimum 30. Once you buy it, make sure use correctly. It requirements to be utilized at least each two hours and right following any exposure to water, weather it's water-resistant or not. If you wear a moisturizer with an SPF of fifteen, that is not sufficient safety if you're at the seaside or pool. You also require a sunscreen for optimum protection from the suns dangerous rays.
Her adopted daughter is more critical. She experienced no choice but to increase her younger siblings for she is the eldest. She could rarely be noticed at house and creating her step into her motherly shoes is asking too much. Since she was so dedicated in her job, she seldom experienced time for us. Anytime she, their mother was not at house and people started to appear for her, they'd share the standing joke which was that their mother was out for she was active conserving people's lives. But one of her daughters speak up of the sense of fun she had as their mom. She would shock her children each time she can by bringing pompoms or megaphones to their soccer games or when there is a parade, she would sometimes read in atop a hearth motor.
The two-story cafe, located at 71 Courtroom Street in the former website of Coffee Speak and Buffy's Burritos, is serving both lunch and dinner. It is owned by Christine Pasquale and Andrew Urso, two of the proprietors of the Rathskeller Pub that is so well-liked with Binghamton ukrayna üniversitesi college students and faculty.
First of all it is essential for you to make a list of all the items that are usually needed by the dentists. You should first discover out the most important resources with out which you cannot commence your occupation. There are 3 common resources which are discovered in chambers of all the dentists.
Medical goods stores are current in every and every locality. Before you visit the store you can produce a spending budget for your self and choose the most essential products required.


Until recently I did the same.
version number and date rather than rely on the file date.
objects and checking easy one and copying locally got to be too slow.
workstation on startup makes sure they are using the newest program version.
checking each individual DEO object.
have found. It's a great approach.
objects always starting with the latest version of the program.
> application with its DEO objects locally.
> network is the initial load of the EXE.
> Fastest speed is always having as much locally as you can.
> I also create and use any temp files on the local drive.
> Any tables that are pretty much static I also place locally.
> subset of the data locally before using.


text:
Róża Biernacka, z d. Jodłowska (ur. 28 lutego 1934, zm. 25 lipca 2021) – polska historyk sztuki, kierownik redakcji Polskiego Słownika Biograficznego.

Życiorys
Z wykształcenia była historykiem sztuki. Od 1955 związana była z Pracownią Biograficzną działającą w ramach Instytutu Historii Polskiej Akademii Nauk. Przez wiele lat pracowała jako redaktor działu historia sztuki w Polskim Słowniku Biograficznym. w latach 1978–2003 była sekretarzem redakcji PSB, w latach 1994–2003 p.o. kierownika Zakładu PSB w ramach IH PAN.

Była autorką 80 biogramów w Polskim Słowniku Biograficznym.

W 2000 została odznaczona Krzyżem Kawalerskim Orderu Odrodzenia Polski.

Jej mężem był Andrzej Biernacki.

Przypisy

Polscy historycy sztuki
Odznaczeni Krzyżem Kawalerskim Orderu Odrodzenia Polski (III Rzeczpospolita)
Pochowani na Cmentarzu Rakowickim w Krakowie
Urodzeni w 1934
Zmarli w 2021


Pedal Power wins the day and £250 raised for Music in Hospitals & Care Scotland (MiHC Scotland)!
Huge thanks to Alison Frazer, her sister Kirsty, and her 11 year old grand-niece, Felicity. They recently undertook an epic family cycle ride along the canal tow path from Linlithgow to Ratho and back to support MiHC's 70th anniversary. With a combined mileage of 78 miles and combined age 151 years we think it's a tremendous job well done.
A down pour of rain failed to deter these brave ladies as they took up their trusty bikes and headed out. They were duly rewarded with lovely sunshine and the best fish and chips EVER – even though the kitchen was closed the kind chef at the Bridge Inn at Ratho obliged this fabulous trio.
By the end of the return journey, all were exhausted but exhilarated and delighted to have some funds from their wonderful relatives to send to MiHC Scotland.
If you're inspired to take on a challenge for MiHC Scotland this year in aid of our 70th Anniversary please get in touch with Sarah Johnston, Partnership Development Manager by email: sarah@mihc.org.uk or Tel: 0151 556 5848.


text:
Influential WPIAL administrator Charles 'Ace' Heberling dies
Monday, December 9, 2019 | 11:50 AM
Tribune-Review file
Charles "Ace" Heberling, who directed the WPIAL for more than two decades and is credited with making the league what it is today, died Monday.
Charles "Ace" Heberling, who directed the WPIAL for more than two decades and is credited with making the league what it is today, died Monday. He was 94.
The former NFL official became the first full-time administrator of the WPIAL in 1976, a job he held until retiring in 1997. Under his leadership, the WPIAL elevated girls sports to be equal with boys, created a centralized system for scheduling and made the football championships a four-game event at Three Rivers Stadium.
He also saw the league headquarters move from a home in Monroeville to an office in Green Tree, one of many upgrades that brought structure to the WPIAL.
"The WPIAL — what it is and how it's thought of — you have to attribute that to him," current WPIAL executive director Tim O'Malley said. "He's the guy that built the league. It's the league that Ace built. And candidly, when I came in, my goal was not to screw it up."
He was in declining health and had recently undergone treatment for cancer, O'Malley said.
Born April 28, 1925, Heberling was a multi-sport high school athlete at Perry in Pittsburgh's North Side and later for Washington & Jefferson College, where he graduated in 1949. He went on to work as a salesman for General Electric, became a respected referee and had a 23-year career as an NFL official. Among his top games, he was referee for the 1986 AFC Championship, remembered for "The Drive" by Denver Broncos quarterback John Elway late in the fourth quarter.
Heberling also officiated high school football and basketball games, a connection that earned him a seat on the WPIAL Board of Control and ultimately led him to work for the league. When William Lohr resigned as executive director (then called executive secretary) in 1976, Heberling was hired to run the rapidly growing organization.
Heberling led the WPIAL to many achievements while ruling at times with an iron fist. He was charismatic but also could be cantankerous with school administrators, coaches and media members.
"I always told him, 'God doesn't know what to do with you, so you might be here forever,'" O'Malley said. "Because he's never lost a debate up there and you've probably never lost a debate here."
O'Malley called this "a tough day for the WPIAL."
Heberling was proud of the WPIAL's strength and used to give away ink pens that declared it the largest and the best athletic league in the country, O'Malley said. The WPIAL, founded in 1906, includes more than 130 schools.
Among his accomplishments, Heberling oversaw the consolidation of the WPIAL and the WPGAL into one organization in the late 1970s, boosting support for girls athletics. He also founded a WPIAL scholar-athlete program in 1992 that continues to award scholarships to students annually.
"He was a good one," former Upper St. Clair football coach Jim Render said. "He was controversial, but he ran a pretty good ship. He and I had a great respect for each other, especially toward the end of his career. But we had our moments a couple of times."
Once, Render recalled, Heberling complimented him on the radio, so Render called him at the WPIAL office the next day.
"I asked him, 'What are you doing?'" Render said with a laugh. "He said, 'Who is this?' … I said, 'I've got a reputation to maintain and here you go saying nice things about me.' He knew who it was and started laughing."
In 1986, Heberling made arrangements for all four football championships to be played on the same day at Three Rivers Stadium, a tradition that continues today at Heinz Field. Playing the championships at marquee sites was important to him.
"We've lost a powerhouse," said John Giammarco, founder of the Pittsburgh Basketball Club. "He was so far ahead of his time, playing the championship games at the big venues. He ruled with an iron fist but deep down, he cared."
Giammarco remembered his first conversation with Heberling in the 1990s.
"I got off the phone and said, 'I think I just talked to God,'" Giammarco said. "The guy sounded like John Facenda," the voice of NFL Films.
Larry Hanley followed Heberling as WPIAL executive director for a decade, and O'Malley took the job in 2006.
Several weeks ago, O'Malley and WPIAL associate executive director Amy Scheuneman met Heberling for lunch. Scheuneman, who was hired in July, is expected to eventually replace O'Malley as executive director.
"He can be as gracious as anybody," O'Malley said. "He was a charming, very gracious guy, but he can be cantankerous and everybody knew that side of Ace. During lunch, he just looked over at her and asked, 'Can you say no?' in a very stern way. That was Ace."
Heberling was inducted into the WPIAL Hall of Fame during its inaugural class in 2007. He's also a member of the Washington & Jefferson Hall of Fame and the Washington-Greene County Chapter of the Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame.
The WPIAL is one of 12 districts statewide that combine to form the PIAA, but the WPIAL is unique because of Heberling, said Bill Sinning, who represents male-sports officials on the WPIAL board of directors.
"We are different than the others, and that's because of everything that he did," Sinning said. "He was the key. He's why we are who we are."
As an NFL official, Heberling also used his connections to help others from Western Pennsylvania break into that field, Sinning said.
Heberling was preceded in death by his wife Jane, who died in 2015. They were married for 65 years and had four children, Karen, Kevin, David and the late Daniel Heberling.
Visitation is 6-8 p.m. Wednesday, and Thursday from 2-4 p.m. and 6-8 p.m. at Devlin Funeral Home in Ross. The funeral service is noon Friday at St. Alexis Church in McCandless.
"When he came into the position as executive director, the league was a shadow of what it is now," O'Malley said. "He had a vision when he came in that it should run in a certain way, and he took it upon himself to take it in that direction."
Tags: Perry


text:
Q: Java POI Exception when using a password: The part /xl/styles.xml failed to be saved in the stream We are dealing with an exception when trying to create a create an encrypted xlsx file from an unencrypted one.
Caused by: org.apache.poi.openxml4j.exceptions.OpenXML4JException: The part /xl/styles.xml failed to be saved in the stream with marshaller org.apache.poi.openxml4j.opc.internal.marshallers.DefaultMarshaller@852ef8d
at org.apache.poi.openxml4j.opc.ZipPackage.saveImpl(ZipPackage.java:543) ~[poi-ooxml-4.1.2.jar:4.1.2]

I have read around that it is because one of the files involved is open more than once. That is not the case. There are say, 2 parts to the process. There's one that creates an xlsx file, then there's another that kicks in to encrypt it. I have split them apart them so that I could test them one after the other separately. Run first step, I create the xlsx file, unit test finishes, I don't run anything else. Then I run the second step on a separate test session (to make sure that there's nothing that is holding the previous file open) and I get that exception.

A: Ok.... there are two parts to the problem.
First, the exception happens when encrypting because the /xl/styles.xml is too big. Encryption is performed on a valid xlsx file, but it does have a very big styles.xml file.
Second: I could skip the problem by reusing styles instead of creating new ones for the cells that i create on the first file. Then encryption doesn't fail.... but this begs the question: why does encryption fail if the original file is created fine?
Thanks go to @AxelRichter for pointing in the right direction.


Import is a command typically located within a program's File menu (File → Import...). Like the standard File → Open... command, Import is used for opening files, but it serves a more specific purpose. Instead of opening standard file types, Import is often used for importing parts of files, program settings, plug-ins, or other unconventional file formats.
Not all applications include an Import option, since the "Open..." command is often sufficient. Instead, the Import command is only found in programs that require a means of importing unique types of data. For example, Adobe Photoshop includes an Import command that allows users to import frames from a video file as layers in an image document. Intuit Quicken includes an Import feature that allows users to import data from .QIF documents or download information directly from the Web. Most Web browsers also include an Import option that allows users to import saved bookmarks and other settings.
While the Import command can serve a number of different purposes, its main function is to import file types that cannot be opened with the standard "Open..." command. Therefore, if you want to import unconventional types of data into an application, the File → Import... command may be your best bet.
Many programs also include an Export command, which is used for saving data in a specific format.
This page contains a technical definition of Import. It explains in computing terminology what Import means and is one of many software terms in the TechTerms dictionary.
All definitions on the TechTerms website are written to be technically accurate but also easy to understand. If you find this Import definition to be helpful, you can reference it using the citation links above. If you think a term should be updated or added to the TechTerms dictionary, please email TechTerms!


text:
<?php

namespace Loo\Html;

/**
 * Represents a submit field.
 */
class SubmitElement extends InputElement
{
    /**
     * @param string $id
     * @param string $title
     * @param array  $htmlAttributes
     */
    public function __construct($id, $title, array $htmlAttributes = [])
    {
        parent::__construct('submit', $id, $htmlAttributes);

        $this->setValue($title);
    }
}