When it is really a great time for buying a new vehicle? This is a question that you need to ask when you are thinking about buying a new car. There is a time that you should not consider purchasing a new car. You need to make sure that you are going to know when the best and worst time of year is to buy a new car.
You will not see any automotive marketing done at the end of the month. This is the time that is best to purchase a new vehicle. And, there are many people that don't know it. They think that you should wait until the first week in a month to purchase a vehicle.
But, this is in fact not true. You should consider purchasing a vehicle in the last week of the month. This is the time when you are going to get the better deals and promotions. People don't really have money left at the end of the month, and this is why you will find the best deals.
This is that time of year. There is a new vehicle model released and everyone is waiting for it to be available to be purchased. The automotive marketing is going to be all about the new model, and the older models need to be sold as soon as possible.
This is the best time to consider purchasing the older model vehicle. This is because they want to start selling the newer and more expensive models. They will put the older models on sale. Meaning that you are going to get the best possible deal. Check here.
There is always that one vehicle that is high in demand. The one that everyone wants to purchase. This is the worst time for you to consider purchasing the vehicle.
Because buying a new vehicle that is high in demand, you are going to pay higher prices. The more the vehicle is in demand, the higher the price is going to be. You should wait until the vehicle isn't as high in demand anymore. Then, you will be able to get a much better price and a much better deal.
You are waiting for the new model vehicle, just like anyone else. You keep watching the automotive marketing for info about when you can purchase your vehicle. This isn't a good idea. This is because when a new model is released for purchase for the first time, the vehicle is going to be expensive. A lot more expensive than when you are waiting for a couple of months.
Low credit is normally thought as a credit score under 629 which is Bad Credit Car Loans. You could have low credit for a number of reasons, including a brief history of making overdue repayments to lenders, personal information theft or just devoid of enough many years of credit score.
This guide can help you work out how your credit history impacts your car finance together with your options so you can get a car loan with affordable repayments if you have bad credit.
Focus on Your Credit Prior To Going Car Shopping.
Check your credit file once you start considering buying a fresh car, even whether it's a few months or years beforehand. By clearing up your credit before trying to get financing, you better your chances of being qualified with good conditions. Clearing up your credit includes paying down past-due accounts, disputing credit file mistakes, and adding positive information to your credit file thus avoiding Bad Credit Car Loans.
Avoid Additional Bad Credit Items.
In the calendar months before your application for the loan, be on your very best patterns. Pay everything promptly. Don't undertake any major credit responsibilities, including new bank cards. Potential warning flag for a car lender include past due rent obligations, charge-offs, debt series, bankruptcy, duty liens, and lawsuit judgments.
Check Current Interest Levels for Bad Credit Car Loans Before Buying a car.
You can examine online for the latest average car finance rates to raised know very well what rate you should expect. With good credit, you'll qualify for an interest rate at or substandard. With bad credit, you'll routinely have a higher interest, but be skeptical of any Bad Credit Car Loans rate more than twice the common.
Your credit score will limit how big is car finance you can get, and a higher interest rate can make the total amount even lower. A deposit can offset the eye, fees, and fees and broaden selecting vehicles you can choose from. See more tips Bad Credit Car Loans.
Know Very Well What You Are Able to Pay.
You might be lured to overestimate what you are able to enable you to get into an improved car. Consider how much extra cash you have gone over right after paying bills every month for Bad Credit Car Loans. That is the amount you can find the money for. Check your budget to see what you really can manage to pay and adhere to that amount, even if you are approved for financing with bigger repayments.
Get pre-approved: You could shop more realistically when you yourself have a pre-approved loan total work with.
Miss the extras: If you are buying an automobile with bad credit, you may well not be approved for high loan amount, which might imply you have to sacrifice a few of the features you want.
Talk with nonprofit agencies: Before you undertake an expensive car finance, determine if a state has any nonprofit businesses that provide lending options or vehicles to low-income consumers. Have a look at this PDF list car possession programs by condition.
Lastly Bad Credit Car Loans documents can be perplexing, however your money as well as your credit are at risk, so it is important to remember to understand the conditions of the loan.Don't buy with the expectation of trading for a fresh vehicle in a year or two then then your Bad Credit Car Loans will be worthy.
Does it make sense to spend four to eight percent more for a Buying a pre-owned vehicle more than a non-certified car or truck? Well, maybe. You've seen the ads and listened to the media hype, but you may be a little fuzzy about how exactly the added cost of certification results in real value.
However, there are a few things you have to know and some actions you can take that may help you tiptoe through the decision-making minefield.
How is the documentation issued?
There are two types of certification: is made on the seller level, and the other is underwritten by the used car's original company.
Some dealers talk about certifying their used cars Buying a pre-owned vehicle by using inspection checklists, and then by sometimes providing short-term 30-to-90-day limited warranties. Such qualification provides some reassurance that, for example, when a wheel falls off a dealer-certified vehicle two blocks from the dealership, the dealer will correct it for free.
Who is the prospective CPO buyer?
A couple of two types of purchasers who might consider CPO: those searching for a new vehicle and those searching for a used vehicle. Yes, that's just about everybody. By opting for a CPO, new-car shoppers can often buy more car than they can afford new, yet receive lots of the same incentives. Used-car customers, by Buying a pre-owned vehicle, can wind up with added guarantee protections and other benefits usually reserved for new-car owners.
How do CPO deals differ by manufacturer?
Virtually every size carmaker has a Buying a pre-owned vehicle program of some kind, however the details vary wildly from supplier to manufacturer. You can see the list of manufacturers offering CPO and compare the details of their programs here.
Every manufacturer's CPO program has maximum time and mileage requirements and a limited warranty. Many also provide special funding rates, a vehicle history statement from Carfax or AutoCheck and 24-hour roadside assistance. Some also provide a degree of reimbursement for out-of-town auto repairs and trip interruption bills. Read more.
Why not just buy an extended-warranty that costs less than CPO?
You might be in a position to buy an extended warranty on a used car-particularly later models-that costs less than the premium documentation adds to the used-car price. Cost, though, isn't really the only difference between the two approaches.
A CPO warranty serves just like the warranty that was included with the automobile when new. The dealer's service division performs the warranty work and charges the manufacturer, therefore you drive the car home. When Buying a pre-owned vehicle the warranties require a small deductible, exactly like most medical care insurance, but this is the limit of your out-of-pocket price for warrantee work.
Are you prepared to do the work?
All CPO really means is that you are heading to pay a little more for a car or truck. The maker asserts is above average and backs up that assertion with a guarantee. That in no way lets you from the hook.
You nevertheless still need to select the automobile that best suits your wallet as well as your needs. Most traders break out their Buying a pre-owned vehicle inventory on the Web sites. You are able to compare the price tag on the CPO vehicle with the common price that model brings in your area. This provides a general idea of the excess cost CPO offers.
Thousands of people each and every day think about bad credit car loans and yet only a select few actually go through in applying for them. Car loans are highly needed today as very few people have the ability to actually successfully buy outright a vehicle, whether new or used. Buying anything outright in a modern world is not easy and sometimes there is the need for a loan. So, who actually needs a bad credit car loan?
Nine times out of ten, bad credit loans are usually for those with bad or poor credit! Now, usually if your credit is really bad you won't be eligible for standard loans and when that's the case, you need to look at specialist lenders. These are the lenders who will be able to help you buy a vehicle. Buying a used vehicle can still be pretty expensive and you may need all the help you can get to acquire it! Bad credit loans are great for a lot of people but usually if your credit is in fairly decent shape, you won't have to look into one of these.
Should You Consider Taking Out Bad Credit Loans?
In a way, yes, these loans can be highly important and very useful. When you don't have good enough credit it can be very difficult to get any loan and when that happens, you have very few options available to you. However, when you look into bad credit loans then it might be a lot easier to get the financial assistance you need. Yes, bad credit car loans might not appeal to you and it's not too difficult to see why but at the same time, they can help in many ways. These are the loans which offer so much to so many and they really are simple little loans too.
When you have the right car loan things can look brighter and far more appealing! It doesn't have to be such a terrible thought to take out a loan but again the right one is needed. You really have to ensure the loan you are applying for is the one for you otherwise things can get worse. There are a lot of loans out there right now and you can get a great car loan even with bad credit. Bad credit car loans are going to be the ideal solution and really something that will help a lot of people too.
When To Apply For Bad Credit Loan Programs – How Do They Work?
If you're thinking about buying a used vehicle and its a few thousand dollars, ideally you shouldn't be taking out a loan. Now, you might think two thousand dollars is a lot of money and it is but sometimes taking out a loan for that amount isn't worth it simply because you'll end up paying two or three times more back! What is more, you might be able to save, it might take a while but it is achievable. However, when it's over three or four thousand dollars then you really need to think about loans. Buying a vehicle is not always easy and knowing when the best time to apply for the bad credit loan programs is hard. Usually, if you won't be able to get regular finance that is when you know it's time to make a move.
You also have to remember that when you are looking into bad credit loan programs, you are still taking out a loan and it must be repaid back. If you fail to repay the loan then your vehicle may be repossessed and it's going to affect your credit even more. When you pay all funds back however you're able to put a positive spin on your credit history. However, when you want to know when to apply for bad credit car loans you have to think about your finances first and what position they are in. if you really can't afford to take out another loan, don't, it'll make things far worse.
What Happens When You Take Out a Loan?
Bad credit loans really work as standard loans with the exception they are created for those with poor credit history or ratings. First of all, you go through the usual application stage and once you have been accepted and granted the money, you will enter into the agreement of repaying. It might take several years to repay the loan off in full but once it is, the vehicle is technically 100% yours. Buying a used vehicle can be very cost-effective too and it can work even when you use a loan.
Applying for any loan can be tricky and you do have to ensure you are in the right position financially and mentally so that you don't make your current situation worse. Once you apply for the loan you shouldn't have too much trouble and you can honestly find it's a piece of cake too. Bad credit car loans are ideal and really are a lot easier to apply for too.
Buying a used vehicle has really become highly popular today since more and more people want a new car but cannot afford to buy brand new. Used can be just as good as new and sometimes you can get a lot more value for money too! However, when it comes to securing bad credit loans for a vehicle, a lot of people struggle to do so. It can be a lot easier when you think about it and with a little help on your side, anything is possible. Read on to find a few simple but great tips to secure a bad credit car loan.
First and foremost, there is just no point in applying for any loan until you know how good or bad your finances really are. It is absolutely necessary to take a moment to look into your finances and see what shape your credit is in and whether or not you can actually afford to take out a loan. You'd be surprised with the amount of people who don't realize they cannot afford to borrow money because the repayments are far too high. Bad credit car loans are great—but only when you can afford to take one out! Far too many people don't think before they get a loan and end up stuck in a worse financial situation.
You Must Be A Little More Realistic As To What You Can Afford!
Will you really need a $10,000 loan to buy an $8,000 vehicle? Can you really afford to take out more than you need? In truth, a lot of people who borrow money take out extra in order to be able to have money left over which isn't actually very smart. You will end up wasting far more money and remember you have to pay it back! What's more, lenders aren't willing to risk large sums of money—especially when your credit is bad—which is why you have to be realistic over what you ask to borrow. With bad credit car loans you must ask for a sensible amount. If you want to secure a loan, this is the only way.
Buying a vehicle outright is not always a possibility and that does mean taking out a loan. However, while loans are a great solution to a lot of money issues, the right one has to be found and securing it can be difficult too. You have to remember, lenders are getting even more wary than ever before over who they lend money too and how much. Buying a used vehicle can be a great idea as long as it works for your finances.


A generous gift from The Crain Foundation enhanced the SMU campus with a pedestrian walkway that links the Hughes-Trigg Student Center on the north with the Residential Commons complex on the southern end of the campus.
The Crain Family Centennial Promenade adds a highly visible, convenient passageway for the campus community and visitors to sites including the George W. Bush Presidential Center, Moody Coliseum, Collins Executive Education Center and Blanton Student Services Building. Learn more about the Crain Family and the promenade.


I got up to pee in the middle of the night and spent a moment taking in the environment I had somehow found myself in. The whole scene was surreal! Where was I and what was I doing out there? All night long, the wind kicked up the dirt, blowing it all over us. I awoke to a layer of dirt coating my sleeping bag, as well as my face! Oh my goodness!! I said a cheery "Good Morning!" to my friend and it was returned with silence. (!!) He went over to talk to Birches and avoid me. While that was not cool of him, I didn't mind having a bit of personal space to clean up. Dinnertime woke up and began cursing the dirt that had blown into his tent. "Can't I have at least one enjoyable day out here?!" he yelled out. I was amused that he was more troubled by the dirt than I was! I told him that he was the one who chose to be out here!
After everyone had packed up, we headed back to the road. I walked ahead of everyone on my own. It was the second time I had walked this stretch. Dinnertime needed to get into town to resupply and the others wanted breakfast. It's hard to turn down an opportunity for a real breakfast! Our friend was already talking about hitching back to his car after today's hike, which was surprising to me. He had planned to hike for two days and now no longer wanted to do that. His mood was upsetting. But the other two were laid-back and nice to be around and I enjoyed eating with them. Time seemed to stop regarding the constant pressure of miles and moving forward with this unplanned stop. We each paid for our own food and then went to a grocery store so Dinnertime could pick up what he needed. And then we drove back to the parking lot where Birches' friends would be coming to pick him up. After a lot of waiting, we finally headed back to the trail! Dinnertime somehow dropped back and I lead my "friend", chatting a good part of the way. I was not used to hiking with anyone and I worried about not being in a good mood in the heat, and about my constant need to take off my backpack (which he agreed was annoying), but I was perfectly pleasant! It turns out that my companion was the grumpy one. He asked if he could use my sun umbrella. I was glad someone could make use of it after carrying it all that way! We came upon some trail magic after a road crossing that included a big container of water with a pump. However, I couldn't get the pump to work! My friend offered no help and when I asked if he could help me, told me that I went to MIT and could figure it out for myself!! Luckily, Dinnertime caught up and graciously helped me out. (There was something very wrong with this picture!!).
We moved along and later came to a second cooler with some water and fruit on it! Wow! A day of trail magic! My friend sat on the cooler, taking up the entire width, as he read through the registry. I looked around for a place to sit, but couldn't find one. Instead, I did something really nice for him, and he completely ignored me! Wow! Again, Dinnertime caught up and said we had just missed sandwiches! Apparently, a couple had come by to do trail magic, just as we had started up the hill, and wondered if they should run after us. They made Dinnertime a sandwich.
My friend and I moved on. This time, he took the lead, but did no talking. So, we were both quiet. The day was growing hotter and the temperature was now in the upper 90s. The trail took us around Silverwood Lake, which was incredibly beautiful and a surprising sight for being in the desert! I kept wanting to take pictures! By this time, I was having painful chafing issues, but decided I could make it to our destination and then take care of it. My friend kept saying that we were very close, but I checked my GPS and told him we actually had three more miles.
Finally, we made it down to the Pavillion and bathrooms. I thought we could hang out by the water, but he said he was going to walk to the road and try to hitch back to get his car. Really? Why now? Why did he need to do this right at this moment and even today for that matter? I suggested he ask for a ride from someone in the parking lot, but he was determined to walk to the road and hitch.
Dinnertime and I separately made our way over to the water. Lots of locals were hanging out there. I went in partway and then tried to dry off while lying on my sleeping pad (not very successfully). A few other hikers rolled in and we each claimed our own spot on the grass.
I headed back to the Pavillion and cooked some dinner, although I didn't have an appetite. My friend returned, even more grumpy because he had a hard time hitching. He said he was going to go for a swim. I asked if I could at least have a hug. This whole day had been upsetting. More and more hikers gathered at the pavillion. I was not at all in the mood to socialize, so I took my things over to a picnic table that would act as my bed. There was a bit of reception at this place, so I texted a friend and asked if he could talk. He finally made a bit of time for me and I got to tell someone what was going on. He told me to stay away from this guy. He didn't have much time to listen to me, so the call ended very abruptly and I returned to not feeling so well. Then, the "friend" put his sleeping pad on the other table in this section. He still didn't have anything to say to me. I tried to ignore his presence, wondering if I should just move somewhere else. But I have a hard time not wanting to resolve things. I went over to him and said a few things I needed to say, and while he didn't have much to say back, at least he heard some of those things.
I went back to my picnic table, got into my sleeping bag, and closed my eyes.
This entry was posted in Uncategorized and tagged Pacific Crest Trail, PCT 2103 blog, PCT thru-hike by Wendy. Bookmark the permalink.


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Mon, 03 January 2022 at 11:05 pm
Elizabeth Olsen Is Going Viral for Answering Why She's Nicer to Paparazzi Than Her Sisters
A video of Elizabeth Olsen is going viral on Twitter right now, almost 10 years after it was originally released.
The video shows Elizabeth leaving NBC Studios on March 8, 2012 and being greeted by paparazzi and autograph seekers outside on the sidewalk.
Elizabeth kindly stopped to sign some autographs and one of the photographers asked her, "How come you're so much nicer than your sisters [Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen]?"
Click inside to find out what she said in response…
In response, Elizabeth said, "Because you guys have been bothering them their whole lives."
The video has been viewed on Twitter more than 420,000 times in the last two days and the most viral tweet with the video has over 55,000 likes. The fan wrote, "elizabeth olsen knows how to clear a bitch."
Last year, Elizabeth went viral while talking about the life advice that her sisters gave her.
Posted to: Ashley Olsen, Elizabeth Olsen, Mary-Kate Olsen, Olsen Twins

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text:
Debts, Deficits and Demographics
1988-01-04T16:59:49-05:00https://images.c-span.org/Files/63b/19880104170425001_hd.jpgPanelists discussed the effects of deficits on programs for the elderly. They answered audience questions.
Panelists discussed the effects of deficits on programs for the elderly. They answered audience questions.
Text type Text People Graphical Timeline
Filter by Speaker All Speakers Richard "Dick" D. Lamm Uwe Reinhardt Joseph A. Califano Jr. John H. Makin Richard Thornburgh
Richard "Dick" D. Lamm Governor (Former) [D] Colorado
Uwe Reinhardt Professor Princeton University
Joseph A. Califano Jr. Secretary (Former) Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
John H. Makin Director American Enterprise Institute->Fiscal Policy Studies
Richard Thornburgh Governor (Former) Pennsylvania
Americans for Generational EquityAmericans for Generational Equity
Public Affairs Event
Nov 30, 1987 | 10:23pm EST | C-SPAN 1
Jan 10, 1988 | 1:55am EST | C-SPAN 1
Jan 04, 1988 | 4:59pm EST | C-SPAN 1
See all on Elderly
Presidential News Conference
President Clinton talked with reporters about how to strengthen Medicare using part of the budget surplus. He commented on…
Democratic Radio Address
Senator Johnson spoke briefly about the history of the Medicare program, and he discussed the Senate's recent debates on the issue.…
Ms. Cherry spoke about legislation on matters affecting the elderly and retirees. Following the interview telephone…
Pension Protection Act Signing
President Bush signed H.R. 4, the Pension Protection Act of 2006. He characterized the legislation as the most sweeping…


You can buy it if you wish.
It will cut your grass.
There is, of course far more to the HYM460SPR than just the basics gone over in that generalisation. Consider, for instance, soft grip handles which take the strain out of mowing or the hose connection that takes the drama out of cleaning it after use. The mower is also self-propelled, again reducing the amount of hard work required to get a good clean cut.
This mower has large front wheels and rear roller in order to handle slightly rugged terrain, and to leave a stripe pattern on your lawn. It has 7 cutting positions between 17 and 75mm with an easy to use central height adjustment allowing you to customise the length of your grass.
This comes complete with a free bottle of oil.


text:
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Covid-19 Emergency Response Service
Personal Assistant Service
Residential Care at Holmfield
Frequently asked questions about our services during the Coronavirus outbreak
This Christmas set to be the loneliest yet
Chorlton charity shop to reopen thanks to community support
We're partnering with Freesat to donate 4K set-top boxes to isolating older people in Manchester
Age UK Manchester calls on supporters to join The 2.6 Challenge from Sunday 26 April 2020
Support over the Bank Holiday Weekend
Published on 30 March 2020 04:09 PM
During this time, we understand that many of our clients, their families and carers and the wider public will have questions about our services and what we can do to help.
Is Age UK Manchester open?
Yes, we are. Our advice line – 0161 833 3944 – is open four days a week (Mondays, Tuesdays, Thursdays and Fridays, 9am-4:30pm). If you need our help, please call. You can also send us an enquiry 24 hours a day here. We aim to respond to all enquiries as soon as possible, usually within 48 hours or less.
What services are available?
All our services have had to adapt to comply with government advice and ensure our clients, staff and volunteers stay safe.
Day Care: We have temporarily closed our Day Care services. We are supporting those clients at home with things like shopping, collecting prescriptions and regular telephone calls and/or visits to ensure they are safe and well.
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Information and Advice and Counselling: Our Information and Advice and Counselling Services are continuing to provide support for clients with telephone support. Home visits and face to face appointments are not available at this time.
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I need help for myself or someone I care about. How can Age UK help at this time?
Whilst our Day Centres are closed, the premises are acting as donation and distribution centres to supply our older clients and other nearby vulnerable older people with the help and support they need at this time. This is primarily in the form of providing packs of essentials (i.e. food, cleaning supplies, toilet roll, soap, etc) and making telephone welfare calls to make sure people are safe and well.
If you or an older person needs a one-off pack of essentials and advice about longer-term support, contact our Centre closest to you:
Gorton Day Centre
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We still need donations of tinned food, toiletries, paper products, cleaning supplies and other essentials to distribute to older people in need. These can be dropped off by individuals at any of our three day centres. To make a large donation of goods, please contact Terri Torevell on terri.torevell@ageukmanchester.org.uk
For those who are unable to donate goods or their time, please consider making a donation on our Virgin Money Giving page here. Every donation, no matter the size, will help us to support Manchester's older people at this difficult time.
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For people living in Manchester and in need of help, Manchester City Council have set up a hub to provide support. Call 0800 234 6123 or click here for more information.
For advice from Age UK National, call 0800 678 1602. The line is open seven days a week from 8am-7pm.
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We will continue to monitor the Coronavirus situation and keep up to date with all of the latest government advice to ensure the most vulnerable older people in our community continue to receive our care through adapted services where needed, whilst our normally operated services are delivered safely.
This website is managed by Age UK Manchester working in partnership with Age UK. Age UK Manchester, 20 St Ann's Square, Manchester M2 7HG.
Registered charity number 1083242. Company number 4075099. VAT registration number 818054141. ® Age UK Manchester 2021. All rights reserved.


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I think this lament is common. The workplace has always been stressful. These days, many companies ask employees to do more with less. Support staff has been cut to a minimum. For global companies, it seems as though the workday never really ends, because business is always open somewhere.
So, if stress is making us miserable, then less stress will make us happy, right?
Not exactly. It turns out, it is trickier to get from stress to happiness than you might think. To understand why, it is important to learn more about these emotions.
Emotions arise from our interpretation of the feelings we have. There are three key dimensions of emotions that we need to distinguish: valence, arousal and motivation.
Valence is whether the feeling is positive or negative. Stress is clearly negative, while happiness is positive.
Arousal is the strength of the feeling. Think: excitement versus boredom. Stress is often a low arousal emotion, though sometimes it can be particularly strong. Happiness is also generally low arousal, though there can be moments of great joy.
Motivation refers to the particular motivational system that is active. We have two motivational systems. The approach system becomes active when there is something that we are trying to pursue. The avoidance system is active when there are potential negative consequences that we are trying to prevent.
You feel stress when the avoidance system is active. At work, responsibilities and deadlines reflect negative consequences you are trying to avoid, and so they engage the avoidance system. When you are concerned that you may not successfully avoid a problem, then you experience a negative emotion. The bigger the consequences, the stronger the emotion, the higher your stress.
Happiness differs from stress in two key ways. First, happiness involves engagement of the approach system. And second, it is a positive feeling rather than a negative one. Happiness is not, therefore, the absence of stress. It is actually two dimensions away.
That means that if you want to turn stress into happiness, you have to take two (often very big) steps. First, you must shift from avoiding negative outcomes (i.e. disengage the avoidance system) to pursuing positive ones (activating the approach system). Then, you need to pursue your positive goals until you succeed. Therein lies true happiness.
And if you need some help fitting those big picture contributions into your work life, check out the Smart Change Journal. Use it to chart your path to happiness. You're going to need to stop living from crisis to crisis if you want to find happiness. If you're stressed out at work, figure out what disasters you are trying to avert. Then, spend some time thinking about the big picture goals you want to achieve at work, such as making a bigger contribution or earning a promotion. Focus on those desirable outcomes and go after them.


Angular – | ?- BlogName = _.
When doing web development I fix all the errors that show up in the console. Often they don't seem to impede the actual use of the software, but nevertheless I think it's a good practice to fix them all. This following example should illustrate why.
I was doing some maintenance on an Angular project at work. I noticed that there were a couple of errors showing up in the console, but the web site still worked great, even with the errors.
The reason I was working on this project was because of a bug that was reported by QA. There was a display error that was happening and it was related to animations that were used in the Angular transitions, these are used when switching from one component to another. The error manifested itself with Android phones and iPhones. This bug probably slipped by because everything was working fine on desktop browsers.
After investigating, I saw that there was an error in the console about calling a property on undefined. On a view, this can be fixed using the ?. operator. The view used the ?. operator elsewhere but there was one place it was missing. I was sure this couldn't be what was messing up the display of the animated transition.
I searched and searched but couldn't find the problem.
So I decided that while I was there, I might as well fix this error that showed up in the console. I changed the . operator for ?. and lo and behold this also fixed the display problem.
By correcting it, it also corrected the other problem, which was probably caused by having an error during the Angular rendering.
This example demonstrates that you should never let console errors live, even if they don't seem to have any negative effect on the web site.
If you wish to prevent your users from clicking on a button multiple times in a row, for example if the button triggers some animation that needs to complete before being triggered again, you can use debouncing.
Debouncing is a form of rate limiting in which a function isn't called until it hasn't been called again for a certain amount of time. That is to say, if the debouncing time is 200ms, as long as you keep calling the function and those calls are within a 200ms window of each other, the function won't get called.
You could use a button's [disabled] attribute and setTimeout, but I have ran in some cases where this interfered with the ongoing animation of the first call.
Here is how to use RxJs with Angular to implement debouncing.
Debouncing is similar to throttling. With throttling you limit the number of calls to 1 per time frame of unit so the first call happens automatically. If the user keeps mashing the button continuously, throttled calls will be made at a rate of 1 per throttleTime whereas with debouncing only one call will be made. Which one you want depends on your particular scenario.
You can mix both, but you must apply the debouncing before the throttling and the throttlingTime must be at least twice the debouncingTime. Otherwise one of them will have no effect.


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text:
BROWN v. FREESE
District Court of Appeal, Fourth District, California.
BROWN v. FREESE et al.
Civ. 2099
Chester Allen Smith and Robert B. Burch, both of San Diego, for appellant. Stearns, Luce, Forward & Swing, of San Diego, for respondents.
This is an appeal from a judgment in favor of the respondents, denying, in effect, specific performance of a written agreement between Mary E. Whitney, now deceased, and the appellant, wherein Mrs. Whitney agreed not to revoke a will and codicils thereto in so far as they related to property left to appellant. Herein, both the will and codicils will be referred to as the will.
Mrs. Whitney was the widow of Willard W. Whitney, deceased, who left an estate of considerable value. Mrs. Whitney and C.L. Fairbank were heirs. Among Mr. Whitney's many bequests was one in trust for the benefit of the scientific library of the National History Museum of Balboa Park, San Diego. Litigation developed between Mrs. Whitney and other heirs, and the trustees of the museum trust.
Appellant claims that she rendered valuable services to Mrs. Whitney in that action and also other services, which constituted the consideration for the agreement not to revoke the will and codicils.
Appellant was a distant cousin of Mrs. Whitney. They had been friends since October, 1922, about two or three years prior to making the will. In that year appellant called to see Mrs. Whitney and then left for Arizona with a sick daughter, returning in November, 1923, after the daughter's death. Appellant's funds, at that time, were practically exhausted, and she had no income. Shortly after returning from Arizona, appellant again saw Mrs. Whitney and told her she was going to return to Los Angeles. This resulted in Mrs. Whitney's securing a position for appellant at the scientific library at a salary of $40 per month. In April, 1924, after appellant had spent about three weeks as a guest in Mrs. Whitney's home, the two women had an oral understanding that they would live together during Mrs. Whitney's lifetime, and Mrs. Whitney would make provision for the care and support of appellant. Appellant received her salary of $40 per month from the library until the end of May, 1924, at which time she gave up her position at the library and thereafter, until December, 1925, Mrs. Whitney paid her $40 per month, and in return therefor appellant cooked the food, and Mrs. Whitney washed the dishes and paid for all the food, and also paid a laundress who did the other work. In June, 1924, the two women traveled to Alaska, and in the following year they took another trip to Yosemite and Yellowstone Park, all at Mrs. Whitney's expense. In December, 1925, appellant became ill and was taken to a hospital. The $40 per month payments ceased, but Mrs. Whitney paid all expenses incidental to such sickness. About March 1, 1926, appellant returned from the hospital to Mrs. Whitney's home, but too ill to do any household work, and Mrs. Whitney suggested to her that in view of appellant's illness they ought to live apart, which was agreeable to appellant.
At that time Mrs. Whitney stated to appellant that she had drawn up an agreement to be signed, and proposed that they submit it to her attorney. On March 3, 1926, they both saw this attorney and handed him the draft of agreement Mrs. Whitney had prepared. He suggested that the words in the agreement: "and if she does nothing to injure me", be changed to "and if she remains faithful to her duties as a friend". This change was made by Mrs. Whitney in a new draft of the agreement, which was again submitted to the attorney, and at his suggestion the word "unrevoked" was written in the agreement in the last line, and as thus changed it was signed by both parties. This agreement, which is the subject of this litigation, is as follows:
"Agreement between Mary E. Whitney and Elizabeth S. Brown.
"This agreement made this 3rd day of March, 1926, between Mary E. Whitney, party of the first part, and Elizabeth S. Brown, party of the second part, in which both parties hereby agree that, after two years of living together in congenial companionship, circumstances seem to require a change, and the party of the second part to seek a new home.
"As the party of the first part has, during the past two years, provided for the expenses of the party of the second part; and as the party of the second part has rendered valuable assistance to the party of the first part, as well as to all the other legatees under the will of W.W. Whitney, in the litigation between the legatees and the Trustees of the Whitney estate; therefore, as compensation and reward to the party of the second part for her services and assistance, the party of the first part agrees to give to the party of the second part as an allowance the sum of One Hundred Dollars ($100.00) per month during the life of the party of the first part; and, provided the party of the second part fulfills her part of this agreement; and remains faithful to her duties as a friend to the party of the first part, the party of the first part promises that the terms of her will dated January 27, 1925, and her codicil dated June 10, 1925, and November 28, 1925, relating to Elizabeth S. Brown, party of the second part, shall remain unrevoked and unaltered as to any property left to Elizabeth S. Brown therein.
"Mary E. Whitney
"Elizabeth S. Brown.
"Witnesses:
"Charles E. Butler
"John W. Rummage."
From the date of the agreement until the death of Mrs. Whitney, covering a period of about ten and one-half years, the two women saw very little of each other and had but little communication or association with each other, although their relations remained friendly and were always pleasant and congenial.
Under the terms of the will referred to in the agreement there had been devised to appellant the real estate sought to be recovered in this case.
Mrs. Whitney carried out the terms of the agreement for the payment of $100 per month, except for the last two months prior to her death, making the total cash payments to appellant $12,700, but revoked the will and left the real estate to Ione B. Fairbank. This real estate was found by the court to be worth about $12,000. It was also found that the services rendered by appellant in connection with the litigation consisted mainly in clerical assistance to Mrs. Whitney and her attorney; that all information obtained by appellant in her examination of papers and documents could have been readily obtained by Mrs. Whitney and her attorney; that such services were not of any substantial value to Mrs. Whitney or her attorney; that all such services were rendered while appellant was receiving the $40 per month from Mrs. Whitney, together with her room and board, and without any agreement as to any compensation, and as an act of friendship to Mrs. Whitney; that appellant did not procure evidence of any facts of a personal or secret nature in respect to the affairs of Williard W. Whitney which were confidential; that since the execution of the agreement the appellant had not rendered any substantial service to Mrs. Whitney or performed any services of a friendly nature or that were of any value and advantage or benefit to Mrs. Whitney, except a few very unsubstantial acts and matters which were of no value or substance whatsoever; that the agreement was not fair, just or reasonable as to Mrs. Whitney and that the consideration therefor was wholly inadequate; that appellant was fully compensated by Mrs. Whitney by the payment of said sum of $12,700.
The action is, in effect, one in equity, to enforce specific performance of the written agreement. "The principle upon which courts of equity undertake to enforce the execution of an agreement to dispose of property in a particular way by last will and testament is one which is referable to the subject of specific performance." Rundell v. McDonald, 62 Cal.App. 721, 728, 217 P. 1082, 1086. See, also, Wolf v. Donahue, 206 Cal. 213, 220, 273 P. 547.
Relying upon these principles of equity, respondents contend that the agreement is not fair or just to Mrs. Whitney nor supported by an adequate consideration, and around this contention centers much of the argument on this appeal. Appellant not only refutes respondent's contention, but maintains that she has performed her part of the agreement, and therefore these equitable principles are not available to respondents. Before entering into this phase of the controversy it may be well to consider whether the agreement is entire or separable. The first part relates wholly to past services for which an agreed money compensation is fixed. The second part relates to a different subject-matter—a promise not to revoke a will so as to affect appellant's right to inherit certain real estate thereunder.
In Waybright v. Meek, 90 Cal.App. 13, 17, 265 P. 370, 372, it is said: "Whether a contract is entire or separable depends upon its language and subject-matter, and this question is one of construction to be determined by the court according to the intention of the parties. Where several things are to be done under a contract, if the money consideration is apportioned to each of the items to be performed, the covenants are ordinarily regarded as severable and independent. Pacific Wharf, etc., Co. v. Standard American Dredging Company, 184 Cal. 21, 192 P. 847. Here the consideration is apportioned to each of the items of services. Neither item is a part of the other, nor are they in any manner dependent upon each other. The first one was fully performed by respondent and his assignor, and they are entitled to the compensation which the agreement provided for." See, also, Sterling v. Gregory, 149 Cal. 117, 85 P. 305.
Under the rules of construction announced in these cases we think the agreement must be held to be separable, but whether this view is correct or not would not affect our ultimate conclusion as to whether the agreement was fair, just or reasonable, or the consideration adequate. Appellant suggests that the words "and provided the party of the second part fulfills her part of this agreement", preceding the words "and remains faithful to her duties as a friend", ties the contract together as an entire contract. There is nothing in the contract that requires appellant to do anything except to "remain faithful to her duties as a friend", and the expression requiring appellant to fulfill her part of the agreement, we think, relates to the expression to remain faithful, etc., and has no relation to the first part of the agreement.
To enforce the contract it must appear that it was just, fair and reasonable as to Mrs. Whitney; that the consideration was adequate; that it is definite and certain in its terms; that the case presented shows "such changed conditions on the part of the plaintiff to have been worked by reason of the promise alleged as would result in a fraud being permitted to be perpetrated against the plaintiff should the relief be denied"; and that it is founded upon good morals, not against public policy. Kurtz v. De Johnson, 42 Cal.App. 221, 227, 183 P. 588. See, also, Stiles v. Cain, 134 Cal. 170, 171, 66 P. 231; Baumann v. Kusian, 164 Cal. 582, 589, 129 P. 986, 44 L.R.A.,N.S., 756; Wolf v. Donahue, supra.
Before enforcement can be had in cases of this character "the court will be more strict in examining into the nature and circumstances of such agreements, than any others, and will require very satisfactory proof of the fairness and justness of the transaction." Wolfsen v. Smyer, 178 Cal. 775, 783, 175 P. 10, 12. "Whether relief should be granted or denied in a particular case addresses itself peculiarly to the conscience of the chancellor, and, before a plaintiff entitles himself to it, many considerations enter, and are to be weighed." Owens v. McNally, 113 Cal. 444, 450, 45 P. 710, 712, 33 L.R.A. 369.
In construing the contract, it must be with reference to the obligations which its terms impose. These are, expressed in the language of the contract, "and provided the party of the second part (appellant) fulfills her part of this agreement; and remains faithful to her duties as a friend to the party of the first part" (Mrs. Whitney). What part of the agreement was appellant to fulfill? Nothing that preceded the quoted language obligated appellant to do anything. Her obligation, whatever it may have meant, was to "remain faithful to her duties as a friend". This obligation was the basis for Mrs. Whitney's promise not to revoke the will. What appellant's duties were are not defined. We might speculate as to these duties, but this would not satisfactorily clear up the uncertainty that exists. Does the expression mean that appellant would be as faithful as a friend would or ought to be in the performance of her undefined duties, or does it mean that she would be a dutiful friend—that her relations with Mrs. Whitney would be friendly and that she would take an active interest in Mrs. Whitney's welfare, or has it another or an undisclosed meaning?
In whatever view we may consider it, there still remains a decided element of uncertainty. If we consider the circumstances under which the agreement was made, at least some of the uncertainty is removed. In the original draft of the agreement by Mrs. Whitney she used the expression "and if she does nothing to injure me", but when the attorney looked over the agreement he suggested that this expression be changed to read, "and remains faithful to her duties as a friend". He explained to them that it would mean the same thing, but sounded better. Perhaps he had in mind one of the Century Dictionary's definitions of the word "duty"—"the binding and obligatory force of that which is morally right". The change was made, and both parties apparently understood that the two expressions meant the same thing so far as they were concerned.
What led to this original clause in the agreement is perhaps best explained by appellant in her complaint and in her testimony. She, in effect, alleges that the expression in the agreement "remain faithful to her duties as a friend" was intended by both parties to mean that appellant would not reveal certain information she had obtained in connection with her services for Mrs. Whitney in the examination of her files, and that she would follow the direction of Mrs. Whitney in the matter. Appellant testified in her own behalf as follows:
"Q. Did Mrs. Whitney ask you not to reveal any information which you acquired in your investigation? A. Yes.
"Q. Of what nature was that information? A. I should call it strictly confidential. *
"Q. Transactions in which Mr. Whitney had participated? A. Yes.
"Q. Mrs. Whitney expressed the desire that you did not reveal what you had learned in respect to it? A. Yes, sir."
On cross-examination, in answer to some questions relative to the same matter she said that Mrs. Whitney told her "there would not be a cent left in the Whitney estate if the stockholders got hold of it".
"Q. She asked you to keep it confidential? A. To keep her confidence and keep it buried."
Asked as to whether she, as a friend of Mrs. Whitney's would have obeyed Mrs. Whitney's request not to reveal the information, she answered:
"Yes, I think I would, it is a matter of principle.
"Q. As a matter of principle. A. But she didn't look at it in that way, she said I could make lots of money, as she expressed it, by giving up this information to the proper authorities. *
"Q. Did you discuss with her what she meant by 'if you did nothing to injure her'? A. Well, she mentioned something that would injure her, if I told of that, and I said I would not think of such a thing.
"Q. Are you referring now to the information that you have just been telling us about? A. Yes, and other information. *
"Q. The fact that she was going to leave you something in her will had nothing to do with your decision not to disclose that information, did it? A. That is a hard question to answer."
In response to a question relative to the consideration, appellant testified: "It was her (Mrs. Whitney's) idea of what constituted injury to her. She put the price, I didn't."
There is considerable additional testimony relative to the "other information" which Mrs. Whitney desired not to have disclosed, but it is unnecessary to further quote the testimony. It is quite apparent that Mrs. Whitney was under the impression that the so-called "strictly confidential" information acquired by appellant would or might reflect upon the honesty and integrity of her deceased husband, and to protect his memory she was willing to "put the price" therefor. With this background, we can readily understand why Mrs. Whitney incorporated into the agreement the words "if she does nothing to injure me". Apparently the consideration for the agreement not to revoke the will grew out of at least an implied promise or understanding that appellant would not disclose the so-called "strictly confidential" information.
It is said in Restatement of the Law of Contracts, section 557:
"A bargain that has for its consideration the nondisclosure of discreditable facts, or facts that the promisee is under a fiduciary duty not to disclose, is illegal.
"Comment: a. In many cases falling within the rule stated in the section the bargain is illegal whether or not the threats go so far as to bring the case within the definition of duress. In some cases, moreover, disclosure may be proper or even a duty, and the offer to pay for nondisclosure may be voluntarily made. Nevertheless the bargain is illegal. Moreover, even though the offer to pay for nondisclosure is voluntarily made and though there is no duty to make disclosure or propriety in doing so, a bargain to pay for nondisclosure is illegal."
Even though we treat the contract as valid, it still cannot be enforced in a court of equity, as one of the essential elements to be established is that the consideration was adequate.
The findings, fully supported by the evidence, show that since the execution of the agreement, appellant had not rendered any substantial services to, nor conferred any substantial benefit upon, Mrs. Whitney, other than a few very unsubstantial acts and matters which were of no value or substance. It is unnecessary to attempt to review the testimony of the various witnesses upon this point. Whatever services had been rendered by appellant prior to the execution of the agreement had been compensated as provided for therein by the monthly cash payments.
The promise not to revoke the will was based upon a new and different consideration than that for past services. This consideration, as expressed in the agreement, required appellant to "fulfill her part of this agreement; and remain faithful to her duties as a friend". Appellant's part under the agreement was to "remain faithful to her duties as a friend". The consideration mentioned is too indefinite and uncertain to suggest what the duties were. The nature of them, the time or manner of performance, how long to be continued, and where or how to be performed are all left to conjecture and speculation. Other elements of uncertainty, unnecessary to detail, arise when we undertake to consider just what appellant was to do to "fulfill her part of this agreement". In Owens v. McNally, supra, the court, in commenting on the uncertainty of the contract under consideration, said: "As to the services to be rendered by plaintiff, those were that she should leave her home and parents, accompany McNally to California, 'and thereafter live with him and care for him.' There is here much vagueness and uncertainty as to how long she was to live with him, as to what kind of service she was to render him. * Neither the length of time which plaintiff was to spend in living with and caring for the intestate is made certain, nor the kind or character of the services which she was to render."
The court cites several cases, all to the effect that where the services to be rendered were uncertain, both in respect to the time they were to continue, and as to their character and extent, specific performance would be refused and plaintiff left to her action at law upon quantum meruit.
The consideration being vague and uncertain renders it subject to the objection that it was inadequate. If we look at the meaning of the expression from any other angle than that discussed, we do not escape its uncertainty.
It is not necessary to enter into any further discussion to support the findings that the contract as to Mrs. Whitney was not fair, just or reasonable and supported by an adequate consideration. We may say, as was said by the appellate court in Kurtz v. De Johnson, supra, 183 P. 591, "Were we to sweep aside these objections, which we deem insuperable to the enforcement of the contract, we would still have to consider as to whether the plaintiff, by reason of the making of the agreement, so changed her situation that to deny her relief would work a fraud upon her." In the instant case the appellant has failed to show any change of situation that could be held to work a fraud upon her in denying her the relief sought. This is true, whether we look at the agreement as an entirety or as separable. She was adequately compensated for any service she rendered, and it cannot successfully be said that she suffered any detriment growing out of the agreement. All services rendered could readily be compensated in money, and a resort to equitable relief under such circumstances is not available to appellant.
In Flood v. Templeton, 148 Cal. 374, 378, 379, 83 P. 148, 150, speaking of the courts entertaining contracts for specific performance, it is said: "* it does so only where the plaintiff cannot be compensated in money. * So it will be found that, in all of the cases in which specific performance of these agreements to leave property by will has been upheld by the courts, there has been the element of peculiar personal services, fully performed and incapable of compensation in money."
Other points are urged by respondent in support of the judgment, but it is unnecessary to notice them.
Appellant contends that the defense of inadequacy of consideration, and the defense that the agreement was not fair, just or reasonable, cannot be raised against her because such defenses were not specifically pleaded by defendants, and that Mrs. Whitney had accepted the consideration. The burden of stating a cause of action was upon appellant. In Flood v. Templeton, supra, it is said, "the complaint must show that the party against whom enforcement is sought has received adequate consideration, and that the contract is just and reasonable". In Stiles v. Cain, supra, 66 P. 232, it is said, referring to another California case, Bruck v. Tucker, 42 Cal. 346: "the party seeking such relief must show, both by averment and proof, that the contract is, as to the defendant, fair and just". Appellant's complaint contains certain allegations which the parties assumed stated a cause of action, and these allegations were denied. This, we think, was sufficient. In any event, the case was tried upon the theory that these issues were presented by the answer.
On the point that an acceptance of the consideration constituted a waiver to any claim of inadequacy, it may be said, first, that there is nothing to show that the consideration was accepted because it cannot be detemined with any certainty what the entire consideration was; and, second, that acceptance alone is not sufficient to constitute a waiver. It must also appear that the accepted services were incapable of compensation in money. Flood v. Templeton, supra.
Appellant further contends that monetary relief should have been awarded to her. There is nothing in the case that would either warrant or support a money judgment. Under the facts of the case as found by the trial court, and supported by the evidence, to have given a money judgment to appellant would have been unjust and inequitable.
Some other points are relied upon by appellant, but what has been said renders it unnecessary to consider them.
LEONARD, Justice pro tem.
We concur: BARNARD, P.J.; MARKS, J.


All that is gone now. The US is rapidly emerging as what is likely to be the largest producer of petroleum products in the world. Saudi oil and LNG is still useful but not vital. There is no Soviet Union.
Is Obama dumb enough to accept such a role for the US. I doubt it. The level of his resistance to Saudi, Israeli and R2P/neocon excess is sometimes impressive.
Reprinted with permission from Sic Semper Tyrannis blog.


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Budget Adoption: City Manager's 2019-20 Proposed Budget https://www.phoenix.gov/calendar/budget/2437 Budget Adoption: City Manager's 2019-20 Proposed Budget City Council Chambers, 200 W. Jefferson St. 5/7/2019 9:30:00 PM 5/8/2019 12:00:00 AM GP0|#b8191dab-1b37-4552-a2cc-bb0cb05f34f5;L0|#0b8191dab-1b37-4552-a2cc-bb0cb05f34f5|Budget & Research;GTSet|#517b07ab-dd83-4937-994c-c703834583f1;GPP|#c91454cd-5b28-4d66-bc01-17d32298aa9b City Manager's 2019-20 Proposed Budget City Council Policy Sessions are conducted in the City Council Chambers, 200 W. Jefferson St. Live coverage and videos of the City Council meetings are cablecast on Phoenix Channel 11 and online at www.phoenix.gov/phxtvView the City Council Meetings page on the Thursday prior to the Council meeting after 500 P.M. to view the report in the agenda packet. For more information, please visit the Budget and Research Department's website at www.phoenix.gov/budget Questions or comments on the budget can be submitted on the online form, by email at budget.research@phoenix.gov, or by phone at 602-262-4800., TTY dial 7-1-1. The meeting end time is estimated.
Council Decision on the 2019-20 Budget https://www.phoenix.gov/calendar/budget/2438 Council Decision on the 2019-20 Budget City Council Chambers, 200 W. Jefferson St. 5/22/2019 9:30:00 PM 5/23/2019 12:00:00 AM GP0|#b8191dab-1b37-4552-a2cc-bb0cb05f34f5;L0|#0b8191dab-1b37-4552-a2cc-bb0cb05f34f5|Budget & Research;GTSet|#517b07ab-dd83-4937-994c-c703834583f1;GPP|#c91454cd-5b28-4d66-bc01-17d32298aa9b The Council Decision on the 2019-20 Trial Budget is scheduled to be presented to the City Council on Wednesday, May 22, 2019. The City Council Report is scheduled to be available by the evening of May 17, 2019, on the City Council Meeting website under the May 22 meeting under the following link https//www.phoenix.gov/cityclerk/publicmeetings/city-council-meetingsCity Council Policy Sessions are conducted in the City Council Chambers, 200 W. Jefferson St. Live coverage and videos of the City Council meetings are cablecast on Phoenix Channel 11 and online at www.phoenix.gov/phxtv For more information, alternative formats of the proposed budget, or reasonable accommodations, please complete the online form at https//www.phoenix.gov/budget/contact-us, email budget.research@phoenix.gov or call 602-262-4800, TTY please use 7 - 1 - 1. The meeting end time is estimated.
Budget Adoption: 2019-20 Tentative Budget Ordinance Adoption https://www.phoenix.gov/calendar/budget/2439 Budget Adoption: 2019-20 Tentative Budget Ordinance Adoption City Council Chambers, 200 W. Jefferson St. 6/5/2019 9:30:00 PM 6/6/2019 12:00:00 AM GP0|#b8191dab-1b37-4552-a2cc-bb0cb05f34f5;L0|#0b8191dab-1b37-4552-a2cc-bb0cb05f34f5|Budget & Research;GTSet|#517b07ab-dd83-4937-994c-c703834583f1;GPP|#c91454cd-5b28-4d66-bc01-17d32298aa9b 2019-20 Tentative Budget Ordinance Adoption City Council Formal Sessions are conducted in the City Council Chambers, 200 W. Jefferson St. Live gavel-to-gavel coverage and videos of the City Council meetings are cablecast on Phoenix Channel 11 and online at phoenix.gov/phxtv The agenda and packet will be posted at https//www.phoenix.gov/cityclerk/publicmeetings/city-council-meetingson the Thursday night prior to the meeting date. For more info, please visit phoenix.gov/budget The meeting end time is an approximate end time.
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text:
Laughter, pain and shadow
Juan Muñoz, Towards the Corner, 1998
From behind it's the grey uniformity of the figures that's striking. They look relaxed and comfortable on the wooden terraced seating. One or two lean in towards one another conspiratorially, but in the main though they are sharing the experience, they seem lost in their own enjoyment of whatever it is they're watching. Working one's way round the edge of the piece to see the the work from what we assume to be the front is a very different experience. No longer one of the crowd of watchers – and by now trapped in the corner of the room by the work – one immediately becomes not merely the watched but the laughed at. Regular readers will probably have realised by now that I like art that makes me laugh; disconcertingly, in Juan Muñoz's Towards the Corner it is the art that is doing the laughing. And it's laughing at me.
Towards the Corner, 1998
The characters who populate Towards the Corner are similar to the figures found in many of Muñoz's installations. They are small, grey and lacking distinguishing features. The figures usually wear similar, nondescript outfits. We become part of their world without ever really finding out their story; this suggested, unfulfilled narrative makes the work all the more engaging. Muñoz told stories through his work but the lack of clarity means the audience needs to work that bit harder to figure them out.
Double Bind, 2001
This was perhaps particularly evident in Double Bind, Muñoz's installation in the Turbine Hall of Tate Modern in which the strange grey men inhabited a curious, half-hidden world we could only catch glimpses of built into the ceiling above us. Something strange happens when you have to crane your neck to look at overhead art; though the space may be crowded – and the Turbine Hall often is – it feels like no-one else is there looking at the same work. Looking down on Double Bind from above was confusing in a different way: Muñoz created a false floor – through which two lifts that rose and fell without ever transporting anyone or anything – was disrupted by a series of apertures – some real but most optical illusions – that seemed to offer routes down into the world of the grey figures.
The combination of the vast, and empty open space created by the unreachable false floor and the strange, dark space below it from which the audience could see but not access a third space was an intriguing one. The installation, still one of the most ambitious mounted in the Turbine Hall, both existed and operated on different levels creating a space which could be viewed by turns with bafflement and a certain sense of wonder.
On a smaller scale – and let's face it, pretty much all art is on a smaller scale than installations for the Turbine Hall – there's an exhibition of Muñoz's work at Frith Street Gallery at the moment which is what made me think about his strange grey men again now.
On entering the gallery, the visitor is greeted by a decapitated figure, in a slightly deferential pose, holds his own head; smaller figures spill from its mouth. In the basement space, which somehow has a similar feel to it to the lower space of Double Bind, albeit without the darkness – think concrete in a way that's vaguely reminiscent of an underground car-park – one of the grey men, his eyes tight shut, proffers a fluorescent tube.
I find the individual figures less compelling than the larger works, not least because – perhaps inevitably – they don't draw the viewer into their own space in the same way, and the central question about our relationship with architecture that seems to permeate the larger installations is absent. Though there is still a sense of theatre and a suggestion of narratives we can't quite resolve, with the individual figures we don't become part of the work.
Juan Muñoz: An Inaccessible Moment (installation view), Frith Street Gallery, 2012
The show is still interesting though, not least because it includes works on paper that I wasn't familiar with and which offer an insight into the role of drawing in Muñoz's practice and because I enjoyed the strange interactions between items of furniture in the Mobilario series made in 1996.
Juan Muñoz: An Inaccessible Moment is at Frith Street Gallery, 17-18 Golden Square, London W1F 9JJ until 20 June 2012
This entry was posted in Identity, Installation, Sculpture and tagged art, Conversation Piece, installation, Juan Munoz, sculpture, Towards the Corner by Ann Jones. Bookmark the permalink.
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Significance: The Kohl Mansion property, now the site of Sisters of Mercy High School, is significant for its association with C. Frederick Kohl a San Francisco capitalist and socialite. Kohl inherited the Alaska Commercial Company (ACC) which acquired the Russian American Company (RAC) in 1867 when Alaska became a United States Territory. ACC was originally Hutchison, Kohl & Company of San Francisco, founded by Frederick Kohl's father William Kohl. ACC "had a near-monopoly on Alaska commercial and trading ventures, with a specific interest in the fur trade (primarily sea otters) developed by the RAC" according to the Northwest Trading Company. Kohl was one of the richest men in the San Francisco "Gold Belt". In addition to the Burlingame estate Kohl owned property in downtown San Mateo that is now Central Park, the Kohl office building in downtown San Francisco and a "castle" at Lake Tahoe, California.