The Daniel Island Historical Society was officially organized as a non-profit organization in the State of South Carolina in March of 2012, although its origins can be traced back a bit farther than that. It began as an idea sparked by a love of history and a fascination with the people and events that shaped Daniel Island into the special place it is today. Two Daniel Island friends, Michael Dahlman and Beth Bush, met one day over coffee in 2010 to "talk history." Michael had finished writing the book "Daniel Island," with his son Michael K. Dahlman, Jr., and was looking to share more of the island's stories. Beth, a freelance writer for The Daniel Island News, had taken an interest in the island's past after covering a few stories on the subject and was eager to help.
Together, Michael and Beth decided to launch an organization that would help them preserve and promote the island's rich and unique history for the benefit of the community. They decided to test the waters on their idea by setting up an information booth at the Daniel Island Holiday Festival in December of 2010. Michael brought several artifacts he had collected on the island over the years, as well as his book, and displayed them on the table. One by one, two by two, and even several at a time, they came. They listened. They asked questions. At the end of the day, more than 50 people had signed up to be on our "interest list," and the Daniel Island Historical Society was born. From just a paid few members in the beginning of 2011, the organization has grown to include close to 200 members. Years later we have a robust membership but also take pride that EVERYONE, member or not, is welcome at our informative, educational and frequently entertaining meetings. Please feel free to attend…and hopefully, to become a member!
Our monthly meetings have featured a variety of enlightening and educational topics— shipwrecks off the coast of Daniel Island, Civil War veterans buried on the island, the tragic and heroic stories of Charleston, understanding our genealogy, St. Thomas Church and its connection to Daniel Island, the people of the Cainhoy Peninsula, Robert Daniell, and the island's Native American history. We have also celebrated the island's history with many special events, including a 100th birthday commemoration honoring the late Philip Simmons in June of 2012. Please check our calendar to see a list of upcoming offerings.


text:
Brevipalpus lagasceae är en spindeldjursart som beskrevs av De Leon 1960. Brevipalpus lagasceae ingår i släktet Brevipalpus och familjen Tenuipalpidae. Inga underarter finns listade.

Källor

Spindeldjur
lagasceae

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Флуктуационно-диссипационная теорема
 Фотодинамическая терапия


text:
FRIENDSHIP COLOURS OF THE CHARS OPENS RETAIL SHOP IN BANANI
Friendship Colours of the Chars launched its first retail shop in Banani road 12, on Thursday, the 5th of September. The shop featured an exquisite line of handmade, natural-dyed clothing; handcrafted jewellery and artisan boats. Amongst the attendees at the massive turnout were Chief Guest Dr. Rubana Huq, President, BGMEA and Special Guest Ms. Mia Seppo, The Resident Coordinator, United Nations.
Friendship NGO began by working with vulnerable women from remote communities in river islands (chars). The women from these marginalized char communities embraced their free training programmes to learn how to weave and produce the handmade, natural dyed clothing and handcrafted jewellery now available at the store. The artisans adore creating the products, and the customers were pleased with the purity and ethical manufacturing practices behind the products.
These char women are provided a first chance to learn technical skills and earn enough to provide for their families in extremely underdeveloped areas. The process is eco-friendly, keeping emissions as low as possible while preserving culture, promoting inclusive citizenship as well as sustainable economic development. Moreover, the products are exclusively designed and packaged with care; each representing positive change impacting everyone along the way.
A view inside the store
Boat room
Jewellery, clothes and handicrafts
"I don't believe in development which does not bring identity and dignity. And that is why Friendship is ingrained with these two core values. The women I see in remote areas are subdued just because of a lack of education. That is why we began with adult education. Next, they needed income generation. That lead to a decade in training and development. Bangladesh is equipped with such strong women who can bring forth good work and aid in development" said Runa Khan, speaking about the weavers involved with the shop.
Natural dyed saris
Colourful scarves
She continued, speaking of the ecological difference; "We cannot do anything that harms the environment, because then we would harm the very people we are trying to help, so we needed to be using absolutely natural, azo-free dyes, whilst ensuring the women who are coming (to work) are given a lot of kindness. Each fabric that you creates an impact, as it directly means that that one woman whose husband left and was hardly able to eat – that woman is find a home, and a means to provide for herself"
"Friendship can become a bridge for us," said Dr. Huq at the ribbon cutting ceremony, "I represent the government industry and often we're not linked with higher value addition, which is actually required by the work. So, what we export is basic, and if we can collaborate with Friendship and Colours, we'd be more than happy"
Lines at the checkout counter
A packed event
Live model boat crafting
"I've seen so much joy in how the dress and how the wear their national culture and tradition" said Ms. Seppo, remarking about her experience with the designers and weavers.
Multiple news agencies were also at the event, having published coverage of their own.
Daily Star: Friendship Colours of the Chars
New Age: Friendship Colours of the Chars opens retail shop at Banani
The Financial Express: Friendship Colours of the Chars opens first outlet in capital
Find the shop on Floor 2, House 40, Road 12, Block E, Banani, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
10 Difference between Carpenter Ants and Termites (With Table)
Carpenter ants and termites cause damage to wood hence they are not preferred by human beings to live near them.
Carpenter ants clean and polish their galleries of wood so that they may appear smooth inside while galleries of termites contain large amounts of soil and mud.
You May Also Enjoy: Difference between Carpenter Ants and Black Ants
Comparison Table (Carpenter Ants Vs Termites)
Basic terms Carpenter Ants Termites
Habitat They make their nests in the decaying wood. They build their nests underground or in wet areas above the ground. They build tunnels to reach food and every spring.
Signs Piles of wood shavings, ants crawling in a building, faint rustling noise in walls. Small pinpoint holes in drywalls, drooping dry wall, peeling paint resembles water damage.
Lifecycle The eggs hatch to larvae, pupa then adults, it may take up to 10 months depending on the weather. Eggs hatch into larvae and moult, to develop into workers, soldiers and primary or secondary reproductive. I t may take 6 to 7 years for a termite to mature.
Damage They excavate tunnels in decaying wood making it unstable. The damage appears similar to water damage, it includes buckling wood, swollen floors and ceilings.
Appearance They have a wasp-like waist and evenly round thorax, they have two pairs of wings where the front wings appear longer, they have bent or jointed antennas. Their wings are equal in length and their antennas are straight.
Identification They have a waist with one node, their thorax is evenly round, and they are black or reddish-brown in color. They have soft bodies and straight antennas, their color ranges from white to light brown.
Treatment Their nests are sprayed with insecticides to kill them. Applying liquid soap where the termites are, building materials impregnated with termiticides.
Nests They build their nests by excavating the tunnels in the decaying wood. The nests are built underground or on wet areas above ground where they build tunnels to reach food.
What they eat They feed on sources of proteins and sugar, the outdoor ones feed on both living and dead insects. They feed on dead plants and trees, they get their nutrients from cellulose found in trees.
See also Hawk Vs Eagle: 15 Top Differences & Similarities
What Is a Carpenter Ant?
Carpenter ants are large ants that get their name from their nest building. They excavate the wood and form smooth tunnels inside the wood. Although they do not eat wood, they only create tunnels to create their nests.
The ants damage the wood as they will excavate sawdust-like debris and that will make the wood to be hollow hence not useful to human beings.
The ants can be controlled by spraying insecticides where they have already infested and trying to block their ways before they get into the wood.
The ants feed on sources of proteins and sugar. The ones living outside, feed on both living and dead insects.
You Can Also Read: Can Squirrels Eat Almonds?
What Is a Termite?
Termites are insects that build their nests underground or on wet areas above the ground where they build tunnels to reach food. They are more like carpenter ants but slightly different. A termite has no waist as opposed to a carpenter ant that has a waist.
Termites are destructive insects as they feed on dead plants and trees. They get cellulose from the plants and trees. They also feed on other materials such as paper, plastic, and drywall but the wood makes a bigger part of its diet.
They can be controlled by applying liquid soap where the termites are and also using building materials impregnated with termiticides.
See also 6 Differences Between Giant Squid and Colossal Squid with Table
Main Differences Between Carpenter Ants and Termites
Carpenter ants build their nests by excavating the wood to form a smooth tunnel while termites build their nests underground or on wet surfaces above the ground.
Carpenter ants are black or reddish-brown in color while the termites range from white to light brown in color.
Carpenter ants have waists, bent or jointed antennae and their wings are not equal in length while termites do not have waists, their antennas are straight and their wings are equal in length.
Carpenter ants feed on sources of proteins and sugar, living and dead insects while the termites feed on dead plants and trees.
Carpenter ants will look for moist and damaged wood to excavate their nests while the termites will chew right into the healthy wood.
Tunnels for carpenter ants are smooth and finished while tunnels for termites will be rough and ragged because they are filled with layers of soil and mud.
Similarities between Carpenter Ant and Termites
Both carpenter ants and termites are destructive to wood.
They are both similar in appearance whereby they both have bulbous chitin shells.
They both make tunnels when building their nests.
They both have wings which may sometimes be small.
Both look for moist areas to build their nests.
What is the difference between ant and termite?
Both ants and termites have wings but the termite's wings are equal in length while the ants have larger front wings, the antennae of ants are bent or jointed while the wings of termites are straight, also ants appear a little bit segmented because of their waist.
Are carpenter ants worse than termites?
Carpenter ants do not cause the same structural damage as termites. The carpenter ants boreholes in deck railings and other wooden structures to build their nests. The termites also attack the wooden structures in the home so both are destructive.
See also 7 Difference Between Parasite and Saprophyte with Similarities
What are the signs of termites in your home?
There are various signs that show that termites have infested your home. They include; drooping drywall, peeling paint that resembles water damage, wood that sounds hollow when tapped, small pinpoint holes in drywall, buckling wood, tiles loosening, and excessively squeaky floorboards.
How do you kill termites?
The most popular method used to kill termites is to treat the soil around the house with termite insecticide. Wood can also be treated directly if the termites have already infested the tree.
What are the dangers of termites?
They cause the structure to weaken as they eat the wood that has been used to make any item and it remains hollow hence weak to be used for the purpose it was made.
Are termites more destructive than carpenter ants?
Both termites and carpenter ants are destructive as they weaken the structure hence they are all destructive to structures.
You Can Also Read: Can Fish Eat Bread?
Both carpenter ants and termites are insects. The carpenter ants only excavate a tunnel in the wood to create their nest while the termites feed on the wood. This makes the carpenter ants look for decaying wood so that it may be easy for them to create the nests. The termites look for healthy trees as they need to feed on them.
Both insects are destructive to structures and this makes it hard for human beings to tolerate them. They are both controlled by spraying insecticides.
Termites. Wikipedia
Carpenter Ants. Wikipedia


We now offer Cryopaks that you can add to your order.
Shipping and local pick up available.
For awhile now I've had people confusing Carolina Reptiles with the "rescue" reptile store that's also in Kernersville. Many people have thought we are the same business.
Local order pick up is available by appointment.
Buying whole collections, clutches or individual animals.
Also buying cages and supplies.


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Q: How can I use a variable from another Controller in JavaFX I have two scenes Login.fxml and MainView.fxml and two diferent controllers LoginController.java and MainViewControler.java
In LoginController I do the whole process to login and get the value of JSessionID and store it in a object, like below:
loginGateway = loginGateway(gateway);

Now in MainViewController I need to use the this object (loginGateway) to getJSessionID and make other requests to the server. But how can I acess this object in another Controller Class (MainViewController.java) ????

A: Use a variation on the solution in Passing Parameters JavaFX FXML.
Setup a LoginManager which has a reference to both the LoginController and the MainViewController.

*

*The loginManager creates a login screen using the loginController and passes a reference to itself to the loginController.

*When login has passed, the loginController notifies the loginManager of the login sessionID.

*The loginManager can then create a MainViewController, passing the mainViewController the sessionID and replacing the scene contents with the main view.

Here is a link to some sample code to demonstrate this approach.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
\section{Introduction}
Quantum Darwinism (QD) is a theoretical framework that allows one to understand the emergence of objectivity out of quantum superpositions~\cite{darwin1}, which treats environment as a communication channel.
As the system decoheres due to the interaction with an environment~\cite{decohe1,decohe2,decohe3,decohe4}, selective information of the system---information about the pointer states---is duplicated into different parts of the environment~\cite{darwin2,darwin3,darwin4,darwin5}.
Then many observers can independently access and measure different parts of the environment and independently obtain the same information about the system~\cite{darwin6,darwin7,darwin8}. This redundancy explains the emergence of objective reality.

The emergence of QD has been extensively studied in various models, such as spin system~\cite{theore1}, random unitary model~\cite{theore2}, quantum Brownian~\cite{theore3}, multilevel environment~\cite{theore4}.
One of the main issues of these researches is to understand the fundamental mechanism through which QD emerges.
Recently several works have shown that the emergence of QD is sensitive to the microscopic description of quantum dynamics, such as the nature of interaction and initial conditions~\cite{CMQD1,CMQD2}.
It has been shown that the nature of correlations among the environmental constituents, i.e., whether they are quantum or classical, is important for the emergence of QD~\cite{CMQD2}.
In addition, the relation between QD and non-Markovianity~\cite{nonMarkov1,nonMarkov2,nonMarkov3,nonMarkov4,nonMarkov5,nonMarkov6} have been investigated.
Beyond these, recently some works have elaborated the consistent predictions on objectivity between quantum Darwinism and spectrum broadcasting~\cite{broadcast1,broadcast2,broadcast3,broadcast4,broadcast5,broadcast6}.
Experimental investigations of QD were also reported in photonic cluster ststes~\cite{experiment1}, photonic quantum simulators~\cite{experiment2} and nitrogen vacancy centers~\cite{experiment3}.
Generally QD demands the analysis of quantum mutual information between system and environment, and hence it is necessary to keep track not only of the system but also of the environment.
The master equation is widely used to obtain the dynamics of open system by tracing out environmental degrees of freedom, while it cannot treat the full system-environment dynamics.
The collision model (CM)~\cite{collide1,collide2,collide3,collide4} which decomposes a complicated dynamics in terms of discrete elementary processes, offers an alternative way to the description of open quantum system dynamics. And for CM, the correlations between the open quantum system and its environment can be easily traced.
In the standard framework of CM, the environment is represented by an ensemble of uncorrelated identical environment constituents termed ancillas and the system of interest interacts with each ancilla sequentially. Recently, the CMs have found application in the investigation of QD~\cite{CMQD1,CMQD2,CMQD3}.

In the most general scenario, a quantum system interacts with an environment with a large number of degrees of freedom such that environment forms a many-body system. Very recently, for the characterization of the dynamics in quantum many-body system the question of how quantum information spreads over the constituent degrees of freedom have attracted more and more attention. The delocalization of information in a many body system is referred to as scrambling~\cite{scram1}.
Recently, the study of information scrambling has attracted significant attention in quantum information fields~\cite{scram7,scram17}. Ref.~\cite{scram2} has shown that the scrambling is
 linked with the entanglement propagation in a diffusive system. It has been recognized that the scrambling plays an important role in information propagation~\cite{scram19,scram20}. It is also intimately related to the phenomena of transportation in non-Fermi liquids~\cite{nonFermi}, local thermalization in nonequilibrium many-body system~\cite{scram3}, and black-hole information paradox~\cite{scram4,scram5,scram6}, etc.
A well-known probe of quantum information scrambling is the out-of-time-order correlator (OTOC), whose decay rate is connected to the Lyapunov exponent in the semiclassical limit~\cite{scram7,scram8,scram9}.

Recently, in many-body quantum systems more attention has been paid to tripartite mutual information (TMI), which is an alternative measure of information scrambling. At first, temporal TMI has been investigated by using the channel-state duality in Refs.~\cite{scram10,scram11}. Later, instantaneous TMI also has been used to study information scrambling in Refs.~\cite{scram12,scram13,scram14}.
In terms of TMI, the scrambling of information has been studied in various models, such as quantum lattice~\cite{scram10}, spin-1/2 Ising model~\cite{scram13}, spin chain~\cite{scram14} and collision models~\cite{scram15}. Their typical settings assume that at the initial time, the information of the small system is locally encoded in the many-body system through entanglement. Once the information is encoded, the small system is isolated and does not evolve anymore. The many-body system then evolves unitarily and the locally encoded information will spread over the entire many-body system. Remarkably, different from these configurations, Ref.~\cite{scram16} studied a scenario where a nuclear spin is collectively coupled to a spin bath. Such a difference needs to be emphasized: in this situation, scrambling of information in the bath is not due to the internal dynamics of environment but rather because the spin-bath dynamics take places.

Different from OTOC, TMI is an operator-independent quantity. The method used in this paper is instantaneous TMI, the sign of which indicates whether information is scrambled or not. When TMI is non-negative at some time, the information at this moment is localized, while at some time TMI is negative, the information is delocalized now. If TMI is non-negative at the beginning and becomes negative as time evolves, which means that information turns into delocalized, namely, scrambling occurs.

A full characterization of locally encoded quantum information spread in many-body system could be key in understanding the process of objectivity. This raises the question of what is the interplay between information scrambling and QD.
In this paper, we investigate the emergence of QD and information scrambling from a new perspective, and try to find their interplay. First we give a discussion about their relationship, and arrive at the conclusion that when the system shows a Darwinistic behavior initially localized information is not scrambled in the environment, while when there is no Darwinistic behavior appearing, scrambling occurs.
We then verify the above conclusion by using a CM which consists of a system (containing one qubit or two qubits) and an environment (a quantum-body system) compose of a collection of environment ancillas. In our model, similar to Ref.~\cite{scram16}, the scrambling of initially localized system information in the environment is due to the sequential system-environment interactions, which is different from the typical configurations where the scrambling is because of the internal dynamics of a many-body system~\cite{scram10} or environment~\cite{scram18}.
We consider the pure dephasing and exchange interactions between the system and environment, respectively.
Moreover, dependent on the nature of interactions between the system and environment, our results also shows that the single qubit and two-qubit systems behave differently for the emergence of QD and the scrambling of information, but the relevance between them remains valid.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\includegraphics[scale=0.45]{fig1.eps}
\centering
\caption{$\bar{I}(S : F_f)$ as a function of $f$. Line (a) corresponds to the signature of QD, where a small fraction $f_\delta$ of $E$ contain almost all (all but $\delta$) of the information about $S$. The linear profile (b) shows the behavior of independent environment. Line (c) shows an ``encoding" environment or an antiredundancy, i.e., $\bar{I}/H_S$ takes on an $S$-shaped profile.}
\label{Fig1}
\end{figure}
\section{Relevance between Quantum Darwinism and information scrambling}\label{Sec2}
In QD the signature of objectivity is described by the quantum mutual information (QMI) between the system $S$ and a fragment of
the environment $F_f \subseteq E$
\begin {equation}\label{eq:1}
I(S:F_f)=H_S+H_{F_f}-H_{SF_f}.
\end {equation}
 Here $H(X)$=$-$Tr$[\rho_{X}\ln\rho_{X}]$ is the von Neumann entropy for the reduced state $\rho_X$ of subsystem $X$, and $f\in[0, 1]$ is the fraction of $E$ contained in $F_f$ (e.g., $F_f$ contains $fN$ individual subsystems if $E$ is compoesd of $N$ individual quantum systems).
The averaged mutual information $\bar{I}(S : F_f)$, is defined by the average of $I(S : F_f)$ over all possible fragments $F_f$ with the same size $f$.
The redundant information encoding throughout the environment is when the averaged mutual information takes value $\bar{I}(S : F_\delta)=(1-\delta)H_S$, i.e., the fragment $F_\delta$ with the size $f_\delta$ is said to contain roughly all the information of the system state.
If this occurs at sufficiently small fragments $F_\delta$, we can say that Darwinistic phenomena emerges. In a plot of $\bar{I}(S : F_f)$ versus fraction size $f$, such redundancy behavior is characterized by a rapid rise of $\bar{I}(S : F_f)$ at relatively small $f$, followed by a long ``classical plateau''. This plateau continue until the fragment of the environment encompasses the whole environment and $\bar{I}$ increases to $2H_S$ [see line (a) in Fig.~\ref{Fig1}].
Line (b) in Fig.~\ref{Fig1} shows that each environment ancilla provides unique and independent information. Line (c) indicates that information about $S$ is encoded in multiple subenvironments and to learn about the system one requires access to at least half of the environmental fraction~\cite{decohe4}.
For pure global state, the curve ($\bar{I}$ vs. $f$) is always antisymmetric with respect to $\bar{I}=H_S$ and $f = 0.5$.

The tripartite mutual information (TMI) has been used as a quantifier of information scrambling. The TMI among three subsystems $A$, $B$, and $C$ is defined as
\begin {equation}\label{eq:2}
I_3(A:B:C)=I(A:B)+I(A:C)-I(A:BC)
\end {equation}
where $I(X:Y)$ is the mutual information between $X$ and $Y$.
From an information-theoretic point of view, TMI quantifies how the total (quantum and classical) information is shared among the subsystems $A$, $B$ and $C$.
TMI is negative when $I(A:B)+I(A:C)<I(A:BC)$, which implies that the sum of the total information that shared between $A$ and $B$, $A$ and $C$ is smaller than that between $A$ and $BC$ together.
In this case, the information about $A$ is nonlocally stored in $B$ and $C$ such that measurements on $B$ and $C$ alone are not able to reconstruct $A$.
Thus, a negative value of TMI is associated with delocalization of the total information, or the total information being scrambled

Now we explore the relation between the emergence of QD and the information scrambling.
Consider a composite system of a quantum system $S$ and an environment $E$ consisting of a collection of $N$ ancillas ($E_1$, $E_2$, ..., $E_N$). At the initial time, information about $S$ is locally encoded in the environment by entangling the system and
the first ancilla $E_1$ in the environment. Specifically, we set the initial system-environment state to be:
\begin {equation}\label{eq:3}
|\Psi_0\rangle=|\phi_{SE_1}\rangle \otimes |\eta_0^1\rangle \otimes |\eta_0^2\rangle \otimes ... |\eta_0^N\rangle.
\end {equation}
Here $|\phi_{SE_1}\rangle$ is an entangled state between the system and ancilla $E_1$, and $|\eta_0^j\rangle$ $(j=1, 2, ..., N)$ is the initial state of $E_j$, respectively.
Dependent on different system-environment dynamics, the joint system-environment state after the evolution is also different.
We first assume that the composite system, after time $t$, evolves into the state,
\begin {equation}\label{eq:4}
|\Psi_t\rangle= \sum\limits_{k} \alpha_k|\phi_k\rangle \otimes |\eta_k^1\rangle \otimes |\eta_k^2\rangle \otimes ... |\eta_k^N\rangle
\end {equation}
where $|\phi_k\rangle$ is the pointer states of the system and $\{|\eta_k^j\rangle\}$ being the eigenbasis of the subenviornment $E_j$. In fact, the state of Eq.~(\ref{eq:4}) is a extreme case where QD emerges perfectly in the sense that even a single environmental ancilla is sufficient to access all the information about $S$.
To study how it relates to the information scrambling measured by the TMI, we divide the environment $E$ into three nonoverlapping subsystems $E_1\in B$, $\{E_2, ..., E_{m+2}\}\in C$, and $\{E_{m+3}, ..., E_N\}\in D$.
We now consider the mutual information between $S$ and $B$($C$). In terms of Eq.~(\ref{eq:4}), tracing out all subsystems that are not associated with $S$, we obtain the reduced density matrix of the system $S$
\begin {equation}\label{eq:5}
\rho_S= \sum\limits_{k} |\alpha_k|^2  |\phi_k\rangle\langle\phi_k|
\end {equation}

Similarly, we can obtain
\begin {equation}\label{eq:6}
\rho_{B(C)}= \sum\limits_{k} |\alpha_k|^2 |\varphi_k^{B(C)}\rangle\langle\varphi_k^{B(C)}|,
\end {equation}
\begin {equation}\label{eq:7}
\rho_{SB(SC)}= \sum\limits_{k} |\alpha_k|^2  |\phi_k\rangle\langle\phi_k|   \otimes  |\varphi_k^{B(C)}\rangle\langle\varphi_k^{B(C)}|,
\end {equation}
where $\varphi_k^{B} :=\otimes_{j\in B} |\eta_k^j\rangle$ and $\varphi_k^{C} :=\otimes_{j\in C} |\eta_k^j\rangle$.
Using the definition of Eq.~(\ref{eq:1}), we have
\begin {equation}\label{eq:8}
I(S:B)=I(S:C)=H(S)=-\sum\limits_{k}|\alpha_k|^2\log_2p_k,
\end {equation}
which is independent of $m$. This means that from the joint system and environment state of Eq.~(\ref{eq:4}), one can acquire information about the system through the measurement on any size of the fraction of the environment. In other words, the state of Eq.~(\ref{eq:4}) perfectly exhibits the emergence of QD. According to Eq.~(\ref{eq:2}) the TMI among the $S$, $B$ and $C$ can be obtained as
\begin {equation}\label{eq:9}
I_3(S:B:C) = -\sum\limits_{k}|\alpha_k|^2\log_2p_k>0.
\end {equation}
This positive TMI indicates that when QD emerges, initially localized information about the system is not scrambled in the environment. This happens because, in this case more information about the system $S$ is shared among individual subenvironment, and thus measurement on a smaller fraction of the environment can have access to almost the same amount of information about the system, leading to the emergence of QD.

Now we consider another case where no QD appearing. For the same initial state Eq.~(\ref{eq:3}), we assume that, after time $t$, it evolves into the state,
\begin {equation}\label{eq:10}
|\Phi_t\rangle= \sum\limits_{k} \alpha_k|\phi_k\rangle \otimes |\xi_k\rangle,
\end {equation}
where $|\xi_k\rangle$ are entangled environment states. In this case, due to the presence of entanglement between the subenvironments, information about the system is shared among the joint environment ancillas rather than with the individual ancilla. Hence, any measurement on a smaller fraction of the environment may not obtain enough information about the system. To illustrate this, assume the main system $S$ is a qubit and the environment is composed of $N$ qubits, for which we assume that the evolved state $|\Phi_t\rangle$ is
\begin {equation}\label{eq:11}
|\Phi_t\rangle= |0\rangle \otimes |D_N^{(2)}\rangle + |1\rangle \otimes |D_N^{(1)}\rangle,
\end {equation}
where environmental state $|D_N^{(d)}\rangle$ is $N$-qubit Dicke state with $d$ excitations, defined as
\begin {equation}\label{eq:12}
|D_N^{(d)}\rangle=\binom{N}{d}^{-1/2} \sum\limits_{i}P_i \{|1\rangle^{\otimes d} |0\rangle^{\otimes {(N-d)}} \},
\end {equation}
where $\sum\limits_{i}P_i\{\cdot\}$ denotes the sum over all possible permutations. From Eq.~(\ref{eq:11}), in Fig.~\ref{Fig2} we plot normalized mutual information $\bar{I}/H_S$ as a function of environment fractions $fN$ for different environment sizes $N=5$, $N=6$ and $N=7$. It can be seen that $\bar{I}/H_S$ takes on an $S$-shaped profile indicating an ``encoding" environment.
To investigate its links with the scrambling, we then calculate the TMI between the $S$, $B$ and $C$ in this case, and obtain $I_3(S:B:C)<0$
independent of the choice of $m$. This negative TMI implies that when there is no any signatures of QD appearing initially localized system information is scrambled in the environment. This can be understood as following: in this case initially localized information is predominantly nonlocally shared among the joint system $BC$, which cannot be detected by local measurement just on $B$ or $C$. In other words, measurement just on a smaller fraction of the environment cannot acquire the information of system state.
In the next section, we will explore their relationship quantitatively from a more specific model.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\flushleft
\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{fig2.eps}
\centering
\caption{Normalized mutual information $\bar{I}/H_S$ as a function of $fN$ for different $N$. The plotted curves are the results of averaging over 1000 possible environment fragments with the same $f$.}
\label{Fig2}
\end{figure}

\section{model}\label{Sec3}
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\includegraphics[scale=0.32]{fig3.eps}
\centering
\caption{Schematics of the collisional model. (a) A single qubit system $S$ and (b) two interacting qubit system $S$ couple to a environment $E$ composed of a collection of ancillas ($E_1, E_2, ..., E_N$), respectively. For both cases, the ancilla $E_1$ is initially correlated with $S$, and the left ancillas $E_k (k\geq2)$ are initialized in the same state  $|\eta_k\rangle$. (c) The whole environment $E$ is divided into three nonoverlapping subsystems $B$, $C$, $D$, whose sizes (the numbers of the ancillas) are, respectively, given by 1, $l$, and $N-l-1$.}
\label{Fig3}
\end{figure}
We consider a collision model, which consists of a system $S$ and an environment $E$. The environment consists of a collection of $N$ non-interacting environment ancillas $(E_1,E_2,...,E_N)$, which is considered as a many-body system. We study two cases where the system $S$ contains a single qubit (Fig.~\ref{Fig3}(a)) and two qubits (Fig.~\ref{Fig3}(b)), respectively. For the single qubit system, the Hamiltonian is given by
\begin {equation}\label{eq:13}
{H}_{S}^1=\frac{1}{2} {\sigma}_z
\end {equation}
with $z$-Pauli operator ${\sigma}_z$ (we set $\hbar = 1$).
For the two-qubit system, the Hamiltonian is
\begin {equation}\label{eq:14}
{H}_{S}^2 = {H}_{S_1}+{H}_{S_2}+{H}_{S_1,S_2},
\end {equation}
where ${H}_{S_i }=\frac{1}{2} {\sigma}_z (i=1,2)$ is the free Hamiltonian of $S_i$ and
\begin {equation}\label{eq:15}
{H}_{S_1,S_2}=\epsilon({\sigma}_x\otimes{\sigma}_x + {\sigma}_y\otimes{\sigma}_y)
\end {equation}
is the interaction Hamiltonian between $S_1$ and $S_2$ with coupling strength $\epsilon$.
We assume throughout this paper that each ancilla of the environment is qubit, and its Hamiltonian is given by
${H}_{S,E_k}=\frac{1}{2} {\sigma}_z$.

Initially, information of the system is locally encoded in the environment by entangling the system and the first ancilla $E_1$ in the environment. Specifically, we set the initial state of the system and environmental ancillas to be:
\begin {equation}\label{eq:16}
|\psi_0\rangle=|\phi_{SE_1}\rangle  \mathop{\otimes}\limits_{k=2}^{N} |\eta_k\rangle,
\end {equation}
where $|\phi_{SE_1}\rangle$ is the entangled state between the system and ancilla $E_1$, and $|\eta_k\rangle$ are the initial state of the $k$th $(k\geq2)$ ancilla $E_k$.
A schematic sketch of the collision model is given in Fig.~\ref{Fig3}.

We consider the general Heisenberg interaction between system and ancilla:
\begin {equation}\label{eq:15}
{H}_{S,E_k}=\mathop{\sum}\limits_{j=x,y,z} J_j(\sigma_S^j \otimes \sigma_{E_k}^j),
\end {equation}
with coupling strength $J_j\ (j=x,y,z)$.
In any $n$th step, the $S-E_k$ interaction is realized by the application of the unitary operation
\begin {equation}\label{eq:16}
U_{S,E_k}=\exp{[-i({H}_{0}+{H}_{S,E_k})t]},
\end {equation}
where ${H}_{0}=H_S^{1(2)}+H_{E_k}$ for the single (two-qubit) system, and $t$ stands for the interaction time, i.e., the duration of each collision. Thus the joint system-environment state $\rho_0=|\psi_0\rangle\langle\psi_0|$, after $N$ steps, evolves into the state
\begin {equation}\label{eq:17}
\rho_N=U_{\{N\}}\rho_0 U_{\{N\}}^\dag
\end {equation}
with $U_{{\{N\}}}=U_{S,E_{N}}U_{S,E_{N-1}}...U_{S,E_2}U_{S,E_1}$.

To investigate the information scrambling, we divide the whole environment $E$ into three nonoverlapping subsystems $B$, $C$, $D$, whose sizes (the number of the ancillas) are, respectively, given by 1, $l$, and $N-l-1$, as shown in Fig.~\ref{Fig3}(c). Then we compute the averaged TMI $\bar{I}_3(S:B:C)$ defined as the averaging over possible partitions of $E$ for a given $l$.
\section{results}\label{Sec5}
In this paper we will examine two types of system-environment interactions, the pure dephasing interaction and exchange interaction, for both the single qubit and two-qubit systems, repectively.
\subsection{Dephasing channel}
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\flushleft
\includegraphics[scale=0.6]{fig4.eps}
\centering
\caption{Normalized mutual information $\bar{I}/H_S$ and averaged TMI $\bar{I}_3$ for the pure dephasing interaction in the case of single qubit system. Upper panel: $\bar{I}/H_S$ versus $fN$ and $t$. Lower panel: $\bar{I}_3(S:B:C)$ as a function of $t$. (a), (c) $N=5$. (b), (d) $N=6$. We set $\epsilon=1$, $J=1$ and $l=2$. The plotted curves are the results of averaging over 1000 possible environment fragments with the same $f$ for $\bar{I}/H_S$ and 1000 possible environment partitions for $\bar{I}_3$, respectively.
}
\label{Fig4}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\flushleft
\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{fig5.eps}
\centering
\caption{Normalized mutual information $\bar{I}/H_S$ as a function of $fN$ at different $t$. All parameters are the same as those in Fig.~\ref{Fig4}(b).}
\label{Fig5}
\end{figure}
First we examine the pure dephasing channel, i.e., $J_x=J_y=0$ and $J_z=J$. First we consider the single qubit system.
The initial entangled state $|\phi_{SE_1}\rangle$ between the system and ancilla $E_1$ is prepared in $(|-+\rangle+|+-\rangle)/\sqrt{2}$ with $|\pm\rangle=(|0\rangle\pm|1\rangle)/\sqrt{2}$. And all the ancillas $E_k$ ($k\geq2$) are initially prepared in identical state $|\eta_k\rangle=(|0\rangle+|1\rangle)/\sqrt{2}$.
For the single qubit system, we show in Figs.~\ref{Fig4}(a) and 4(b) the normalized mutual information $\bar{I}/H_S$ versus time $t$ and environment fractions $fN$. To understand the connection between QD and information scrambling, we also plot the corresponding averaged $\bar{I}_3(S:B:C)$ as a function of $t$ in Figs.~\ref{Fig4}(c) and 4(d), respectively. It can be seen from Figs.~\ref{Fig4}(a) and 4(b) that at small $t$, the mutual information increases almost linearly with the size of the environment fragment. As $t$ increases, first we can see that a small fraction of the environment already has averaged mutual information close to $H(S)$, being the signature of QD. That is, the redundancy plateau gets more and more pronounced with the increase of $t$, and then a sharp characteristic plateau appears.
Subsequently, this clear signatures of objectivity is gradually lost and the redundancy plateau emerges periodically as $t$ increases further. From Figs.~\ref{Fig4}(c) and 4(d), it can be seen that $\bar{I}_3(S:B:C)$ is positive, and it experiences successive increasing and decreasing behaviors with the increase of $t$. We find, quite interestingly, the change of $\bar{I}_3$ can be correlated to the emergence of objectivity as witnessed by QD. Specifically, when the positive $\bar{I}_3$ increases, the plateau gets more pronounced. And the sharp plateau occurs when the positive $\bar{I}_3$ is maximized. The redundancy plateau is suppressed when the positive $\bar{I}_3$ decreases. To clearly illustrate this, in Fig.~\ref{Fig5} we plot $\bar{I}/H_S$ as a function of $fN$ at some instants of time corresponding to different value of $\bar{I}_3(S:B:C)$.
From Fig.~\ref{Fig5} we find that, for a small $\bar{I}_3$ ($\bar{I}_3=0.0031$), the mutual information varies almost linearly with the size of the environment fragments (black line). It is clear that as $\bar{I}_3$ grows, the signature of QD begins to appear and become apparent (see the red ($\bar{I}_3=0.3746$) and green ($\bar{I}_3=0.7740$ ) lines. For a large $\bar{I}_3$ ($\bar{I}_3=0.9994$), the sharp characteristic plateau appears (blue line) such that even a single ancilla give essentially all classical information about $S$ and additional ancillas just confirm what is already known. Physically, this can be understood as following: a larger positive value of $\bar{I}_3$ indicates that more information about the system $S$ is shared among individual environment ancillas. Thus, measurement on a smaller fraction of the environment can have access to almost the same amount of information about the system, leading to the emergence of QD. In contrast, a smaller positive value of $\bar{I}_3$ means that measurement on an individual ancilla knows less information about the system such that a larger fraction of the environment is required to know the information about the system state.
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\flushleft
\includegraphics[scale=0.6]{fig6.eps}
\centering
\caption{Normalized mutual information $\bar{I}/H_S$ and averaged TMI $\bar{I}_3$ for the pure dephasing interaction in the case of two-qubit system. Upper panel: $\bar{I}/H_S$ versus $fN$ and $t$. Lower panel: $\bar{I}_3(S:B:C)$ as a function of $t$. (a), (c) $N=4$. (b), (d) $N=5$. We set $\epsilon=1$, $J=1$ and $l=2$. The plotted curves are the results of averaging over 1000 possible environment fragments with the same $f$ for $\bar{I}/H_S$ and 1000 possible environment partitions for $\bar{I}_3$, respectively. }
\label{Fig6}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[t]
\flushleft
\includegraphics[scale=0.6]{fig7.eps}
\centering
\caption{Normalized mutual information $\bar{I}/H_S$ as a function of $fN$ for the pure dephasing interaction. Upper panel: single qubit system with the same parameters as in Fig.~\ref{Fig4}. Lower panel: two-qubit system with the same parameters as in Fig.~\ref{Fig6}. The blue, red, and green lines correspond to $t$=0.05, 0.8 and 1.2, respectively. (a), (c) $N=10$. (b), (d) $N=12$.}
\label{Fig7}
\end{figure}

Now we consider the two-qubit system.
The initial entangled state $|\phi_{SE_1}\rangle$ between the system and ancilla $E_1$ is prepared in $(|-+-\rangle+|+-+\rangle)/\sqrt{2}$, and all the ancillas $E_k$ ($k\geq2$) are initially prepared in identical state $|\eta_k\rangle=(|0\rangle+|1\rangle)/\sqrt{2}$.
Figs.~\ref{Fig6}(a) and 6(b) show the normalized mutual information $\bar{I}/H_S$ varying with $t$ and $fN$. In this case, in spite of a quantitative difference, its behaviors are similar to those of single qubit system. We also see that a redundancy plateau emerges periodically with the increase of $t$. We also examining the behavior of the $\bar{I}_3(t)$ in Figs.~\ref{Fig6}(c) and 6(d). And we again arrive at a conclusion similar to that of single qubit system: the larger positive value of $\bar{I}_3$, the more pronounced the Darwinistic plateau gets and vice versa.

Until now, we have only considered the environment $E$ consisting of up to $N=6$ ancillas. In Fig.~\ref{Fig7} we show that above effects persist for larger environment when $N=10$ and $N=12$. Because the global $S+E$ state is pure, the plots ($\bar{I}/H_S$ versus~$f$) is antisymmetric about $f=1/2$. Based on this, for convenience of calculations, we plot $\bar{I}/H_S$ as a function of $fN$ varying from 0 to $N/2$. It can be seen from Fig.~\ref{Fig7} that the larger positive TMI, the more pronounced the Darwinistic plateau gets and
vice versa, showing that above results are valid for larger environments.
\subsection{Exchange interaction}
\begin{figure}[h]
\flushleft
\includegraphics[scale=0.6]{fig8.eps}
\centering
\caption{Normalized mutual information $\bar{I}/H_S$ and averaged TMI $\bar{I}_3$ for the exchange interaction in the case of single qubit system. Upper panel: $\bar{I}/H_S$ versus $fN$ and $t$. Lower panel: $\bar{I}_3(S:B:C)$ as a function of $t$. (a), (c) $N=5$. (b), (d) $N=6$. We set $\epsilon=1$, $J=1$ and $l=2$. The plotted curves are the results of averaging over 1000 possible environment fragments with the same $f$ for $\bar{I}/H_S$ and 1000 possible environment partitions for $\bar{I}_3$, respectively. }
\label{Fig8}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\flushleft
\includegraphics[scale=0.6]{fig9.eps}
\centering
\caption{Normalized mutual information $\bar{I}/H_S$ and averaged TMI $\bar{I}_3$ for the exchange interaction in the case of two-qubit system. Upper panel: $\bar{I}/H_S$ versus $fN$ and $t$. Lower panel: $\bar{I}_3(S:B:C)$ as a function of $t$. (a), (c) $N=5$. (b), (d) $N=6$. We set $\epsilon=1$, $J=1$ and $l=2$. The plotted curves are the results of averaging over 1000 possible environment fragments with the same $f$ for $\bar{I}/H_S$ and 1000 possible environment partitions for $\bar{I}_3$, respectively.}
\label{Fig9}
\end{figure}
Now we turn our attention to the exchange interaction, i.e., $J_x=J_y=J$ and $J_z=0$. First we consider the single qubit system.
The initial entangled state $|\phi_{SE_1}\rangle$ between the system and ancilla $E_1$ is initially prepared in the same state as that in Sec.~\ref{Sec5}A, while all the ancillas $E_k$ are initially prepared in identical state $|\eta_k\rangle=|0\rangle$.
For the single qubit system, in Figs.~\ref{Fig8}(a) and 8(b) we show the normalized mutual information $\bar{I}/H_S$ varying with $fN$ and $t$. In this case, there is no sharp plateau appearing when compared to the case of the pure dephasing interaction. Nonetheless, the key features of quantum Darwinism still persists, i.e., the functional behavior of $\bar{I}/H_S$ is still qualitatively consistent with QD. We then examining the corresponding behavior of $\bar{I}_3$ in Figs.~\ref{Fig8}(c) and 8(d). It can be seen from Figs.~\ref{Fig8}(c) and 8(d) that $\bar{I}_3$ is much smaller compared with that in Figs.~\ref{Fig4}(c) and 4(d) for all time.
This indicates that less quantum information about the system $S$ is shared among individual environment ancillas. Thus, measurement on a smaller fraction of the environment can only have access to less information about the system. This is why the signature of QD is less manifest in this case.

Now we consider the two-qubit system.
The initial entangled state $|\phi_{SE_1}\rangle$ between the system and ancilla $E_1$ is initially prepared in the same state as that in Sec.~\ref{Sec5}A, while all the ancillas $E_k$ are initially prepared in identical state $|\eta_k\rangle=|0\rangle$. Figs.~\ref{Fig9}(a) and 9(b) show the normalized mutual information $\bar{I}/H_S$ as a function of $t$ and $fN$. Different from the single qubit system, we find that the signature of QD is completely lost and there is no redundant encoding of system information. And at some time-window, we find that $\bar{I}/H_S$ takes on an $S$-shaped profile indicating an ``encoding" environment or an antiredundancy, i.e., information about $S$ is encoded in the multiple ancillas and to learn about the system one requires access to at least half of the environmental ancillas.
To understand the emergence of this antiredundancy behavior, we examine the corresponding $\bar{I}_3$ in Figs.~\ref{Fig9}(c) and 9(d).
Interestingly, it can be seen that when $\bar{I}/H_S$ takes on an $S$-shaped profile, $\bar{I}_3$ becomes negative indicating the scrambling or delocalization of quantum information. Specifically, a negative $\bar{I}_3$ with a larger absolute value corresponds to a stronger antiredundancy and vice versa. To clearly illustrate this, in Fig.~\ref{Fig10} we plot the normalized mutual information $\bar{I}/H_S$ as a function of $fN$ at some instants corresponding different value of $\bar{I}_3$. It can be seen in Fig.~\ref{Fig10} that $\bar{I}_3$ with a larger absolute value corresponds to a stronger antiredundancy (i.e., the more pronounced $S$-shaped profile of the curve). This happens because, a negative $\bar{I}_3$ with a larger absolute value means that more information about the system $S$ is nonlocally stored in the joint system $BC$ and cannot be detected by local measurement just on $B$ or $C$. Thus, we conclude that the delocalization of quantum information play detrimental role in the emergence of QD feature.

We also show that above results persist for larger environments with $N=10$ and $N=12$ in Fig.~\ref{Fig11} where $fN$ varies from 0 to $N/2$. For the single qubit system in Figs.~\ref{Fig11}(a) and 11(b), when $\bar{I}_3>0$, as the $\bar{I}_3$ increases redundant features of QD gets more pronounced. For the two-qubit system in Figs.~\ref{Fig11}(c) and 10(d), when information is scrambled ($\bar{I}_3<0$) the features of QD is completely lost. And $\bar{I}_3$ with a larger absolute value corresponds to a stronger antiredundancy.
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\flushleft
\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{fig10.eps}
\centering
\caption{Normalized mutual information $\bar{I}/H_S$ as a function of $fN$ at different $t$. All parameters are the same as those in Fig.~\ref{Fig9}(a).}
\label{Fig10}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\flushleft
\includegraphics[scale=0.55]{fig11.eps}
\centering
\caption{Normalized mutual information $\bar{I}/H_S$ as a function of $fN$ for the exchange interaction. Upper panel: single qubit system with the same parameters as in Fig.~\ref{Fig8}. Lower panel: two-qubit system with the same parameters as in Fig.~\ref{Fig9}. The blue, red, and green lines correspond to $t$=0.3, 0.5 and 0.8, respectively. (a), (c) $N=10$. (b), (d) $N=12$.}
\label{Fig11}
\end{figure}

Besides, dependent on the nature of interactions between the system and environment, our results also shows that the single qubit and two-qubit systems behave differently for the emergence of QD and scrambling. For the dephasing interaction, both of them allow the redundant encoding to emerge. Yet, this is not for the exchange interaction where the redundant encoding is completely lost for the two-qubit system.

\section{Conclusions}
We mainly address the relation between the emergence of QD and information scrambling in the environment. At first, we generally illustrate a correlation between information scrambling and the emergence of Darwinistic behavior.
Our main effort shows that when the system shows a Darwinistic behavior initially localized system information is not scrambled in the environment, while when Darwinism disappears scrambling occurs. This is because: when information is scrambled in the environment, initially localized system information is predominantly nonlocally shared among the environment ancillas. In this case, local measurement just on a smaller fraction of the environment cannot acquire the information of system, leading the lost of QD feature. In contrast, when there is no scrambling appearing, more information is shared among individual environment subsystems. Thus, measurement on a smaller fraction of the environment can have access to almost the same amount of information about the system, leading to the emergence of QD.

Then we  verify our result through a collision model which consists of a system interacting with an ensemble of environment ancillas.
We study two cases where the system contains a single qubit and two qubits, respectively, and examine two types of system-ancilla interactions, the pure dephasing interaction and exchange interaction. For the pure dephasing interaction, we find that QD emerges for both the single qubit and two-qubit systems. And the corresponding TMI have a positive value. Specifically, the larger positive value of TMI, the more pronounced the Darwinistic plateau gets and vice versa. For the exchange interaction, we find that the single qubit and two-qubit systems behave differently for the emergence of QD and scrambling. For the single qubit system, although no sharp plateau appearing, the key features of quantum Darwinism still persists. And we find that this behavior coincides with small but positive TMI. However, for the two-qubit system, there is no redundant encoding of the system information and we do not see any signatures of QD. And we find that the corresponding TMI is negative, indicating that information initially localized in the system is scrambled in the environment. Specifically, the larger negative value of TMI, the stronger antiredundancy.

\section{acknowledgement}
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.~11775019 and 11875086).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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text:
Otto Arendt (* 10. Oktober 1854 in Berlin; † 28. April 1936 ebenda) war ein deutscher Publizist und freikonservativer Politiker.

Leben
Arendt stammte aus einer jüdischen Familie und konvertierte später zum Christentum. Nach dem Besuch des Gymnasiums studierte er in Leipzig und Freiburg Rechts- und Staatswissenschaften. Er promovierte zum Dr. phil.

Durch seine Schrift "Die vertragsmäßige Doppelwährung" von 1880 bekam er Anschluss an die Bewegung für Bimetallismus. Im Streit zwischen den Anhängern einer Gold- oder Silberwährung trat Arendt für eine Doppelwährung auf Gold- und Silberbasis ein. Diese sollte auf internationalen Verträgen beruhen und so Währungsschwankungen verkleinern. Im Jahr 1882 wurde Arendt Mitbegründer des "Deutschen Vereins für internationale Doppelwährung." Er wurde auch Schriftführer der Organisation. Auch war er Herausgeber der Veröffentlichungen des Vereins. Arendt gilt als theoretischer Hauptvertreter der Bimetallbewegung in Deutschland.

Seit 1886 gehörte Arendt dem Preußischen Abgeordnetenhaus als Vertreter des Wahlkreises Regierungsbezirk Merseburg 5 (Mansfelder See- und Gebirgskreis) und seit 1898 dem Reichstag für die freikonservative Partei an. In beiden Häusern saß er bis zum Ende des Kaiserreichs 1918. Zwischen 1888 und 1898 war er Arendt Herausgeber des "Deutschen Wochenblattes." Das Blatt war das Sprachrohr der Reichs- und freikonservativen Partei. Arendt war Feind aller sozialistischen Bestrebungen, war Imperialist, Befürworter der Flottenrüstung und Vertreter der Schutzzollpolitik. Ernest Hamburger bezeichnet ihn als den "reaktionärsten Abgeordneten jüdischer Herkunft".

Insbesondere setzte sich Arendt seit 1885 für die Kolonialpolitik ein. Er war Mitbegründer und Schriftführer des "Deutschen Emin-Pascha-Komitees." Ziel des Komitees war es, im Wettbewerb mit englischen Bemühungen dem am oberen Nil tätigen Forscher Eduard Schnitzer ("Emin Pascha") zu Hilfe zu kommen. Die Organisation rüstete 1889 eine Expedition unter Leitung von Carl Peters aus. Arendt war außerdem Gründungsmitglied der Deutschen Kolonialgesellschaft und Vorstandsmitglied des Alldeutschen Verbandes. Er war damit eine der wenigen Personen jüdischer Herkunft, die sich dieser antisemitischen Organisation anschlossen. Auch im Ostmarkenverein spielte er zeitweise eine führende Rolle.

Gegenüber Frankreich vertrat Arendt keine aggressive Haltung, sondern sprach sich 1892 aus Nützlichkeitserwägungen sogar für ein Deutsch-Französisches Bündnis aus. Im Jahr 1907 war Arendt einer der entschiedensten Gegner des Bülow-Blocks.

Im Jahr 1893 heiratete er die Schauspielerin und Rezitatorin Olga Morgenstern.

Arendt war Verfasser zahlreicher volkswirtschaftlicher und politischer Schriften. Er war auch Mitbegründer des Vereins für Socialpolitik.

Nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg wurde er Mitglied der antisemitischen DNVP und wechselte erst nach dem Kapp-Putsch zur DVP.

Werke (Auswahl)
 Die Silberenquete. Eine Auseinandersetzung mit Ludwig Bamberger. Walther, Berlin 1894;
 Herr Reichsbankpräsident Dr. Koch und die Währungsfrage. Eine Antwort auf die Herrenhausrede des Herrn Dr. Koch vom 16. Mai 1895. Walther, Berlin 1895;

Literatur
 Otto Arendt. In: Ernest Hamburger: Juden im öffentlichen Leben Deutschlands: Regierungsmitglieder, Beamte und Parlamentarier in der monarchischen Zeit. 1848–1918. Mohr, Tübingen 1968, S. 347–350.

 Protokolle des preußischen Staatsministeriums, Band 10, S. 374. Digitalisat (PDF; 2,9 MB) preussenprotokolle.bbaw.de
 A. Plate: Handbuch für das preußische Abgeordnetenhaus. Ausgabe für die 20. Legislaturperiode. Berlin 1904, S. 290.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Reichstagsabgeordneter (Deutsches Kaiserreich)
Mitglied des Preußischen Abgeordnetenhauses
Mitglied der Freikonservativen Partei
DNVP-Mitglied
DVP-Mitglied
Mitglied im Alldeutschen Verband
Deutscher
Geboren 1854
Gestorben 1936
Mann


From early springtime, the native flora, mainly lime-loving plants, is very varied and abundant.
The Saxifraga oppositifolia opens up the season covering the rocks with bright pink patches.
Another very abundant native plant particularly among the rocks is the Primula auricula. It flowers at the same time as the Primula elatior which is found mostly in grass thus making primrose yellow the dominant colour as soon as the snow melts.
At the same period, one can also find the Gentiana verna and the much more discreet Soldanella alpine, among many other flowers.
This very spring-like flora is followed on by more and more rich and varied vegetation.


This map server from the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) provides cryospheric data and information pertinent to the Northern Hemisphere. Map images and source data are provided through Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc. (OGC) protocols (WMS, WFS, and WCS). For other related OGC data sets from NSIDC, see also the Atlas of the Cryosphere at: http://nsidc.org/data/atlas/. If you have questions, comments or suggestions, please contact NSIDC User Services at +1.303.492.6199 or nsidc@nsidc.org.
Stockli, R, Vermote, E., Saleous, N., Simmon R., and D. Herring. 2005. The Blue Marble Next Generation - A true color earth dataset including seasonal dynamics from MODIS. Greenbelt, Maryland USA: NASA Earth Observatory. Digital media. Available at ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/pub/DATASETS/BM/ and http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view_set.php?categoryID=2355. Accessed 12 September 2007. Background: Cloud-free satellite image mosaic at 500-meter resolution compiled from NASA's Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) spaceborne remote sensing instrument for the month of January in 2004. Included in this data set is topographic and bathymetric relief shading from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), GTOPO30, Radarsat Antarctic Mapping Project (RAMP) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Version 2, and the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO).
Stockli, R, Vermote, E., Saleous, N., Simmon R., and D. Herring. 2005. The Blue Marble Next Generation - A true color earth dataset including seasonal dynamics from MODIS. Greenbelt, Maryland USA: NASA Earth Observatory. Digital media. Available at ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/pub/DATASETS/BM/ and http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view_set.php?categoryID=2355. Accessed 12 September 2007. Background: Cloud-free satellite image mosaic at 500-meter resolution compiled from NASA's Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) spaceborne remote sensing instrument for the month of January in 2004. Included in this data set is topographic and bathymetric relief shading from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), GTOPO30, Radarsat Antarctic Mapping Project (RAMP) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Version 2, and the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO). This layer only shows the imagery from the Northern Hemisphere, which has the appearance of a circle in a polar projection.
Stockli, R, Vermote, E., Saleous, N., Simmon R., and D. Herring. 2005. The Blue Marble Next Generation - A true color earth dataset including seasonal dynamics from MODIS. Greenbelt, Maryland USA: NASA Earth Observatory. Digital media. Available at ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/pub/DATASETS/BM/ and http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view_set.php?categoryID=2355. Accessed 12 September 2007. Background: Cloud-free satellite image mosaic at 500-meter resolution compiled from NASA's Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) spaceborne remote sensing instrument for the month of July in 2004. Included in this data set is topographic and bathymetric relief shading from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), GTOPO30, Radarsat Antarctic Mapping Project (RAMP) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Version 2, and the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO).
Stockli, R, Vermote, E., Saleous, N., Simmon R., and D. Herring. 2005. The Blue Marble Next Generation - A true color earth dataset including seasonal dynamics from MODIS. Greenbelt, Maryland USA: NASA Earth Observatory. Digital media. Available at ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/pub/DATASETS/BM/ and http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view_set.php?categoryID=2355. Accessed 12 September 2007. Background: Cloud-free satellite image mosaic at 500-meter resolution compiled from NASA's Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) spaceborne remote sensing instrument for the month of July in 2004. Included in this data set is topographic and bathymetric relief shading from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), GTOPO30, Radarsat Antarctic Mapping Project (RAMP) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Version 2, and the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO). This layer only shows the imagery from the Northern Hemisphere, which has the appearance of a circle in a polar projection.
Manley, W.F. 2002. Alaska North Slope 100 m Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital media. Available at http://nsidc.org/data/arcss301.html. 7 November 2001. Background: This data set is a 100-m resolution digital elevation model (DEM) for the Brooks Range and the North Slope of Alaska. The DEM was created by merging 100 National Elevation Dataset DEM tiles for areas of Alaska north of 67 degrees north latitude. A small area of Canada, derived from the global GTOPO30 DEM, is also included.
Cavalieri, D., and J. Comiso. 2004, updated daily. AMSR-E/Aqua Daily L3 12.5 km Tb, Sea Ice Conc., & Snow Depth Polar Grids V001. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital media. Available at http://nsidc.org/data/ae_si12.html. Background: The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer - Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) instrument on the NASA EOS Aqua satellite provides global passive microwave measurements of land, ocean, and atmospheric variables for the investigation of water and energy cycles. This Level-3 gridded product (AE_SI12) includes daily average sea ice concentration mapped to a polar stereographic grid at 12.5 km spatial resolution.
Cavalieri, D., and J. Comiso. 2004, updated daily. AMSR-E/Aqua Daily L3 12.5 km Tb, Sea Ice Conc., & Snow Depth Polar Grids V001. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital media. Available at http://nsidc.org/data/ae_si12.html. Background: The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer - Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) instrument on the NASA EOS Aqua satellite provides global passive microwave measurements of land, ocean, and atmospheric variables for the investigation of water and energy cycles. This Level-3 gridded product (AE_SI12) includes daily ascending average sea ice concentration mapped to a polar stereographic grid at 12.5 km spatial resolution.
Cavalieri, D., and J. Comiso. 2004, updated daily. AMSR-E/Aqua Daily L3 12.5 km Tb, Sea Ice Conc., & Snow Depth Polar Grids V001. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital media. Available at http://nsidc.org/data/ae_si12.html. Background: The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer - Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) instrument on the NASA EOS Aqua satellite provides global passive microwave measurements of land, ocean, and atmospheric variables for the investigation of water and energy cycles. This Level-3 gridded product (AE_SI12) includes daily descending average sea ice concentration mapped to a polar stereographic grid at 12.5 km spatial resolution.
Cavalieri, D., and J. Comiso. 2004, updated daily. AMSR-E/Aqua Daily L3 12.5 km Tb, Sea Ice Conc., & Snow Depth Polar Grids V001. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital media. Available at http://nsidc.org/data/ae_si12.html. Background: The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer - Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) instrument on the NASA EOS Aqua satellite provides global passive microwave measurements of land, ocean, and atmospheric variables for the investigation of water and energy cycles. This Level-3 gridded product (AE_SI12) includes the difference in daily average sea ice concentration between the Enhanced NASA Team (NT2) algorithm and the Bootstrap Basic Algorithm (BBA) mapped to a polar stereographic grid at 12.5 km spatial resolution.
Cavalieri, D., and J. Comiso. 2004, updated daily. AMSR-E/Aqua Daily L3 12.5 km Tb, Sea Ice Conc., & Snow Depth Polar Grids V001. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital media. Available at http://nsidc.org/data/ae_si12.html. Background: The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer - Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) instrument on the NASA EOS Aqua satellite provides global passive microwave measurements of land, ocean, and atmospheric variables for the investigation of water and energy cycles. This Level-3 gridded product (AE_SI12) includes the difference in daily ascending average sea ice concentration between the Enhanced NASA Team (NT2) algorithm and the Bootstrap Basic Algorithm (BBA) mapped to a polar stereographic grid at 12.5 km spatial resolution.
Cavalieri, D., and J. Comiso. 2004, updated daily. AMSR-E/Aqua Daily L3 12.5 km Tb, Sea Ice Conc., & Snow Depth Polar Grids V001. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital media. Available at http://nsidc.org/data/ae_si12.html. Background: The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer - Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) instrument on the NASA EOS Aqua satellite provides global passive microwave measurements of land, ocean, and atmospheric variables for the investigation of water and energy cycles. This Level-3 gridded product (AE_SI12) includes the difference in daily descending average sea ice concentration between the Enhanced NASA Team (NT2) algorithm and the Bootstrap Basic Algorithm (BBA) mapped to a polar stereographic grid at 12.5 km spatial resolution.
Cavalieri, D., and J. Comiso. 2004, updated daily. AMSR-E/Aqua Daily L3 12.5 km Tb, Sea Ice Conc., & Snow Depth Polar Grids V001. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital media. Available at http://nsidc.org/data/ae_si12.html. Background: The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer - Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) instrument on the NASA EOS Aqua satellite provides global passive microwave measurements of land, ocean, and atmospheric variables for the investigation of water and energy cycles. This Level-3 gridded product (AE_SI12) includes a five-day running average of snow depth over sea ice, excluding Arctic perennial ice regions, mapped to a polar stereographic grid at 12.5 km spatial resolution.
Cavalieri, D., and J. Comiso. 2004, updated daily. AMSR-E/Aqua Daily L3 12.5 km Tb, Sea Ice Conc., & Snow Depth Polar Grids V001. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital media. Available at http://nsidc.org/data/ae_si12.html. Background: The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer - Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) instrument on the NASA EOS Aqua satellite provides global passive microwave measurements of land, ocean, and atmospheric variables for the investigation of water and energy cycles. This Level-3 gridded product (AE_SI12) includes daily average brightness temperatures (TBs) at 18.7 GHz at vertical polarization mapped to a polar stereographic grid at 12.5 km spatial resolution.
Cavalieri, D., and J. Comiso. 2004, updated daily. AMSR-E/Aqua Daily L3 12.5 km Tb, Sea Ice Conc., & Snow Depth Polar Grids V001. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital media. Available at http://nsidc.org/data/ae_si12.html. Background: The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer - Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) instrument on the NASA EOS Aqua satellite provides global passive microwave measurements of land, ocean, and atmospheric variables for the investigation of water and energy cycles. This Level-3 gridded product (AE_SI12) includes daily average ascending brightness temperatures (TBs) at 18.7 GHz at vertical polarization mapped to a polar stereographic grid at 12.5 km spatial resolution.
Cavalieri, D., and J. Comiso. 2004, updated daily. AMSR-E/Aqua Daily L3 12.5 km Tb, Sea Ice Conc., & Snow Depth Polar Grids V001. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital media. Available at http://nsidc.org/data/ae_si12.html. Background: The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer - Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) instrument on the NASA EOS Aqua satellite provides global passive microwave measurements of land, ocean, and atmospheric variables for the investigation of water and energy cycles. This Level-3 gridded product (AE_SI12) includes daily average descending brightness temperatures (TBs) at 18.7 GHz at vertical polarization mapped to a polar stereographic grid at 12.5 km spatial resolution.
Cavalieri, D., and J. Comiso. 2004, updated daily. AMSR-E/Aqua Daily L3 12.5 km Tb, Sea Ice Conc., & Snow Depth Polar Grids V001. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital media. Available at http://nsidc.org/data/ae_si12.html. Background: The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer - Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) instrument on the NASA EOS Aqua satellite provides global passive microwave measurements of land, ocean, and atmospheric variables for the investigation of water and energy cycles. This Level-3 gridded product (AE_SI12) includes daily average brightness temperatures (TBs) at 18.7 GHz at horizontal polarization mapped to a polar stereographic grid at 12.5 km spatial resolution.
Cavalieri, D., and J. Comiso. 2004, updated daily. AMSR-E/Aqua Daily L3 12.5 km Tb, Sea Ice Conc., & Snow Depth Polar Grids V001. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital media. Available at http://nsidc.org/data/ae_si12.html. Background: The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer - Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) instrument on the NASA EOS Aqua satellite provides global passive microwave measurements of land, ocean, and atmospheric variables for the investigation of water and energy cycles. This Level-3 gridded product (AE_SI12) includes daily average ascending brightness temperatures (TBs) at 18.7 GHz at horizontal polarization mapped to a polar stereographic grid at 12.5 km spatial resolution.
Cavalieri, D., and J. Comiso. 2004, updated daily. AMSR-E/Aqua Daily L3 12.5 km Tb, Sea Ice Conc., & Snow Depth Polar Grids V001. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital media. Available at http://nsidc.org/data/ae_si12.html. Background: The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer - Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) instrument on the NASA EOS Aqua satellite provides global passive microwave measurements of land, ocean, and atmospheric variables for the investigation of water and energy cycles. This Level-3 gridded product (AE_SI12) includes daily average descending brightness temperatures (TBs) at 18.7 GHz at horizontal polarization mapped to a polar stereographic grid at 12.5 km spatial resolution.
Cavalieri, D., and J. Comiso. 2004, updated daily. AMSR-E/Aqua Daily L3 12.5 km Tb, Sea Ice Conc., & Snow Depth Polar Grids V001. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital media. Available at http://nsidc.org/data/ae_si12.html. Background: The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer - Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) instrument on the NASA EOS Aqua satellite provides global passive microwave measurements of land, ocean, and atmospheric variables for the investigation of water and energy cycles. This Level-3 gridded product (AE_SI12) includes daily average brightness temperatures (TBs) at 23.8 GHz at vertical polarization mapped to a polar stereographic grid at 12.5 km spatial resolution.
Cavalieri, D., and J. Comiso. 2004, updated daily. AMSR-E/Aqua Daily L3 12.5 km Tb, Sea Ice Conc., & Snow Depth Polar Grids V001. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital media. Available at http://nsidc.org/data/ae_si12.html. Background: The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer - Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) instrument on the NASA EOS Aqua satellite provides global passive microwave measurements of land, ocean, and atmospheric variables for the investigation of water and energy cycles. This Level-3 gridded product (AE_SI12) includes daily average ascending brightness temperatures (TBs) at 23.8 GHz at vertical polarization mapped to a polar stereographic grid at 12.5 km spatial resolution.
Cavalieri, D., and J. Comiso. 2004, updated daily. AMSR-E/Aqua Daily L3 12.5 km Tb, Sea Ice Conc., & Snow Depth Polar Grids V001. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital media. Available at http://nsidc.org/data/ae_si12.html. Background: The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer - Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) instrument on the NASA EOS Aqua satellite provides global passive microwave measurements of land, ocean, and atmospheric variables for the investigation of water and energy cycles. This Level-3 gridded product (AE_SI12) includes daily average descending brightness temperatures (TBs) at 23.8 GHz at vertical polarization mapped to a polar stereographic grid at 12.5 km spatial resolution.
Cavalieri, D., and J. Comiso. 2004, updated daily. AMSR-E/Aqua Daily L3 12.5 km Tb, Sea Ice Conc., & Snow Depth Polar Grids V001. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital media. Available at http://nsidc.org/data/ae_si12.html. Background: The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer - Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) instrument on the NASA EOS Aqua satellite provides global passive microwave measurements of land, ocean, and atmospheric variables for the investigation of water and energy cycles. This Level-3 gridded product (AE_SI12) includes daily average brightness temperatures (TBs) at 23.8 GHz at horizontal polarization mapped to a polar stereographic grid at 12.5 km spatial resolution.
Cavalieri, D., and J. Comiso. 2004, updated daily. AMSR-E/Aqua Daily L3 12.5 km Tb, Sea Ice Conc., & Snow Depth Polar Grids V001. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital media. Available at http://nsidc.org/data/ae_si12.html. Background: The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer - Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) instrument on the NASA EOS Aqua satellite provides global passive microwave measurements of land, ocean, and atmospheric variables for the investigation of water and energy cycles. This Level-3 gridded product (AE_SI12) includes daily average ascending brightness temperatures (TBs) at 23.8 GHz at horizontal polarization mapped to a polar stereographic grid at 12.5 km spatial resolution.
Cavalieri, D., and J. Comiso. 2004, updated daily. AMSR-E/Aqua Daily L3 12.5 km Tb, Sea Ice Conc., & Snow Depth Polar Grids V001. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital media. Available at http://nsidc.org/data/ae_si12.html. Background: The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer - Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) instrument on the NASA EOS Aqua satellite provides global passive microwave measurements of land, ocean, and atmospheric variables for the investigation of water and energy cycles. This Level-3 gridded product (AE_SI12) includes daily average descending brightness temperatures (TBs) at 23.8 GHz at horizontal polarization mapped to a polar stereographic grid at 12.5 km spatial resolution.
Cavalieri, D., and J. Comiso. 2004, updated daily. AMSR-E/Aqua Daily L3 12.5 km Tb, Sea Ice Conc., & Snow Depth Polar Grids V001. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital media. Available at http://nsidc.org/data/ae_si12.html. Background: The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer - Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) instrument on the NASA EOS Aqua satellite provides global passive microwave measurements of land, ocean, and atmospheric variables for the investigation of water and energy cycles. This Level-3 gridded product (AE_SI12) includes daily average brightness temperatures (TBs) at 36.5 GHz at vertical polarization mapped to a polar stereographic grid at 12.5 km spatial resolution.
Cavalieri, D., and J. Comiso. 2004, updated daily. AMSR-E/Aqua Daily L3 12.5 km Tb, Sea Ice Conc., & Snow Depth Polar Grids V001. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital media. Available at http://nsidc.org/data/ae_si12.html. Background: The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer - Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) instrument on the NASA EOS Aqua satellite provides global passive microwave measurements of land, ocean, and atmospheric variables for the investigation of water and energy cycles. This Level-3 gridded product (AE_SI12) includes daily average ascending brightness temperatures (TBs) at 36.5 GHz at vertical polarization mapped to a polar stereographic grid at 12.5 km spatial resolution.
Cavalieri, D., and J. Comiso. 2004, updated daily. AMSR-E/Aqua Daily L3 12.5 km Tb, Sea Ice Conc., & Snow Depth Polar Grids V001. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital media. Available at http://nsidc.org/data/ae_si12.html. Background: The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer - Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) instrument on the NASA EOS Aqua satellite provides global passive microwave measurements of land, ocean, and atmospheric variables for the investigation of water and energy cycles. This Level-3 gridded product (AE_SI12) includes daily average descending brightness temperatures (TBs) at 36.5 GHz at vertical polarization mapped to a polar stereographic grid at 12.5 km spatial resolution.
Cavalieri, D., and J. Comiso. 2004, updated daily. AMSR-E/Aqua Daily L3 12.5 km Tb, Sea Ice Conc., & Snow Depth Polar Grids V001. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital media. Available at http://nsidc.org/data/ae_si12.html. Background: The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer - Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) instrument on the NASA EOS Aqua satellite provides global passive microwave measurements of land, ocean, and atmospheric variables for the investigation of water and energy cycles. This Level-3 gridded product (AE_SI12) includes daily average brightness temperatures (TBs) at 36.5 GHz at horizontal polarization mapped to a polar stereographic grid at 12.5 km spatial resolution.
Cavalieri, D., and J. Comiso. 2004, updated daily. AMSR-E/Aqua Daily L3 12.5 km Tb, Sea Ice Conc., & Snow Depth Polar Grids V001. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital media. Available at http://nsidc.org/data/ae_si12.html. Background: The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer - Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) instrument on the NASA EOS Aqua satellite provides global passive microwave measurements of land, ocean, and atmospheric variables for the investigation of water and energy cycles. This Level-3 gridded product (AE_SI12) includes daily average ascending brightness temperatures (TBs) at 36.5 GHz at horizontal polarization mapped to a polar stereographic grid at 12.5 km spatial resolution.
Cavalieri, D., and J. Comiso. 2004, updated daily. AMSR-E/Aqua Daily L3 12.5 km Tb, Sea Ice Conc., & Snow Depth Polar Grids V001. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital media. Available at http://nsidc.org/data/ae_si12.html. Background: The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer - Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) instrument on the NASA EOS Aqua satellite provides global passive microwave measurements of land, ocean, and atmospheric variables for the investigation of water and energy cycles. This Level-3 gridded product (AE_SI12) includes daily average descending brightness temperatures (TBs) at 36.5 GHz at horizontal polarization mapped to a polar stereographic grid at 12.5 km spatial resolution.
Cavalieri, D., and J. Comiso. 2004, updated daily. AMSR-E/Aqua Daily L3 12.5 km Tb, Sea Ice Conc., & Snow Depth Polar Grids V001. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital media. Available at http://nsidc.org/data/ae_si12.html. Background: The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer - Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) instrument on the NASA EOS Aqua satellite provides global passive microwave measurements of land, ocean, and atmospheric variables for the investigation of water and energy cycles. This Level-3 gridded product (AE_SI12) includes daily average brightness temperatures (TBs) at 89.0 GHz at vertical polarization mapped to a polar stereographic grid at 12.5 km spatial resolution.
Cavalieri, D., and J. Comiso. 2004, updated daily. AMSR-E/Aqua Daily L3 12.5 km Tb, Sea Ice Conc., & Snow Depth Polar Grids V001. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital media. Available at http://nsidc.org/data/ae_si12.html. Background: The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer - Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) instrument on the NASA EOS Aqua satellite provides global passive microwave measurements of land, ocean, and atmospheric variables for the investigation of water and energy cycles. This Level-3 gridded product (AE_SI12) includes daily average ascending brightness temperatures (TBs) at 89.0 GHz at vertical polarization mapped to a polar stereographic grid at 12.5 km spatial resolution.
Cavalieri, D., and J. Comiso. 2004, updated daily. AMSR-E/Aqua Daily L3 12.5 km Tb, Sea Ice Conc., & Snow Depth Polar Grids V001. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital media. Available at http://nsidc.org/data/ae_si12.html. Background: The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer - Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) instrument on the NASA EOS Aqua satellite provides global passive microwave measurements of land, ocean, and atmospheric variables for the investigation of water and energy cycles. This Level-3 gridded product (AE_SI12) includes daily average descending brightness temperatures (TBs) at 89.0 GHz at vertical polarization mapped to a polar stereographic grid at 12.5 km spatial resolution.
Cavalieri, D., and J. Comiso. 2004, updated daily. AMSR-E/Aqua Daily L3 12.5 km Tb, Sea Ice Conc., & Snow Depth Polar Grids V001. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital media. Available at http://nsidc.org/data/ae_si12.html. Background: The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer - Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) instrument on the NASA EOS Aqua satellite provides global passive microwave measurements of land, ocean, and atmospheric variables for the investigation of water and energy cycles. This Level-3 gridded product (AE_SI12) includes daily average brightness temperatures (TBs) at 89.0 GHz at horizontal polarization mapped to a polar stereographic grid at 12.5 km spatial resolution.
Cavalieri, D., and J. Comiso. 2004, updated daily. AMSR-E/Aqua Daily L3 12.5 km Tb, Sea Ice Conc., & Snow Depth Polar Grids V001. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital media. Available at http://nsidc.org/data/ae_si12.html. Background: The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer - Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) instrument on the NASA EOS Aqua satellite provides global passive microwave measurements of land, ocean, and atmospheric variables for the investigation of water and energy cycles. This Level-3 gridded product (AE_SI12) includes daily average ascending brightness temperatures (TBs) at 89.0 GHz at horizontal polarization mapped to a polar stereographic grid at 12.5 km spatial resolution.
Cavalieri, D., and J. Comiso. 2004, updated daily. AMSR-E/Aqua Daily L3 12.5 km Tb, Sea Ice Conc., & Snow Depth Polar Grids V001. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital media. Available at http://nsidc.org/data/ae_si12.html. Background: The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer - Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) instrument on the NASA EOS Aqua satellite provides global passive microwave measurements of land, ocean, and atmospheric variables for the investigation of water and energy cycles. This Level-3 gridded product (AE_SI12) includes daily average descending brightness temperatures (TBs) at 89.0 GHz at horizontal polarization mapped to a polar stereographic grid at 12.5 km spatial resolution.
Hall, D.K., G.A. Riggs, and V.V. Salomonson. 2006, updated daily. MODIS/Terra snow cover daily L3 global 0.05deg CMG V005. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital media. Available at http://nsidc.org/data/mod10c1.html. Background: This data set consists of 7200 columns by 3600 rows of global arrays of cloud cover in a 0.05 degree Climate Modeling Grid (CMG). MODIS snow cover data are based on a snow mapping algorithm that employs a Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI) and other criteria tests. The amount of snow observed in a CMG cell is based on the cloud-free observations mapped into the CMG grid cell for all land in that cell. Snow and cloud discrimination techniques are based on differences between cloud and snow/ice reflectance and emittance properties. Clouds typically have high reflectance in visible and near-infrared wavelengths, while reflectance of snow decreases in near-infrared wavelengths. Only pixels having a daylight, clear-sky view of the land surface are analyzed for snow. The NDSI can generally separate snow from most obscuring cumulus clouds, but it cannot always discriminate optically-thin cirrus clouds from snow. Instead, clouds are masked using data from the MODIS Cloud Mask data product (MOD35_L2). If the cloud mask algorithm was not applied to a MOD10_L2 pixel, the snow algorithm proceeds while assuming that the pixel is unobstructed by cloud. V005 data uses the summary cloud result field and the unobstructed field-of-view flag from MOD35_L2 to generate a single cloud mask for the snow algorithm. In some cases, MOD35_L2 identifies snow as clouds, which prevents the snow algorithm from mapping true snow extent.
Hall, D.K., G.A. Riggs, and V.V. Salomonson. 2006, updated daily. MODIS/Terra snow cover daily L3 global 0.05deg CMG V005. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital media. Available at http://nsidc.org/data/mod10c1.html. Background: This data set consists of 7200 columns by 3600 rows of global arrays of snow cover in a 0.05 degree Climate Modeling Grid (CMG). MODIS snow cover data are based on a snow mapping algorithm that employs a Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI) and other criteria tests.
Hall, D.K., G.A. Riggs, and V.V. Salomonson. 2006, updated daily. MODIS/Terra snow cover daily L3 global 0.05deg CMG V005. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital media. Available at http://nsidc.org/data/mod10c1.html. Background: This data set consists of 7200 columns by 3600 rows of global arrays of snow cover in a 0.05 degree Climate Modeling Grid (CMG). The Confidence Index (CI) was developed to provide users with an estimate of confidence in the snow value reported for a cell. This index indicates how confident the algorithm is that the snow percentage in a cell is a good estimate based on data such as snow, snow-free land, cloud, and other, binned into the grid cell. A high CI (max = 100%) is indicative of cloudless conditions and good data values, and that the snow percentage reported is a very good estimate. A low CI (min = 0%) is indicative of a lot of cloud cover and that the snow percentage may not be a good estimate because of the cloud cover obscuring all or parts of a cell.
Hall, D.K., G.A. Riggs, and V.V. Salomonson. 2006, updated daily. MODIS/Terra snow cover daily L3 global 0.05deg CMG V005. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital media. Available at http://nsidc.org/data/mod10c1.html. Background: This data set consists of 7200 columns by 3600 rows of global arrays of snow cover in a 0.05 degree Climate Modeling Grid (CMG). A quality assessment (QA) of the reported snow cover values is provided where 0 is good quality and 1 is other quality.
Maslanik, J. and J. Stroeve. 1999, updated daily. Near real-time DMSP SSM/I daily polar gridded sea ice concentrations. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital media. Available at http://nsidc.org/data/nsidc-0081.html. Background: This data set provides a near real-time map of sea ice concentrations for both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Near real-time passive microwave brightness temperature data from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) F13 Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) are received daily from the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) and gridded onto a polar stereographic grid. Investigators generate sea ice concentrations from these data using the NASA Team algorithm. These data are available via FTP for the most recent three to six months, and are retained on the FTP site until NSIDC's Sea Ice Concentrations from Nimbus-7 SMMR and DMSP SSM/I Passive Microwave Data (preliminary data) become available for the same time period. These data are primarily meant to provide a best estimate of current ice and snow conditions based on information and algorithms available at the time the data are acquired. Near real-time products are not intended for operational use in assessing sea ice conditions for navigation and should be used with caution in extending the sea ice time series in NSIDC's Sea Ice Concentrations from Nimbus-7 SMMR and DMSP SSM/I Passive Microwave Data.
This layer displays an x/y grid in meters for the lambert azimuthal equal-area projection used in the Atlas of the Cryosphere web interface. This rectangular coordinate system shows the planar distance in meters from the map projection origin in the x and y dimensions. The distances are displayed in exponential notation: e.g. 2.5e+06, which is the same as 2.5x10^6 or 2,500,000 meters. The map origin is at the North Pole (90° ) in this case, so x values above this position on the map are positive and thse below it are negative; similarly, y values to the right of the North Pole are positive while those to the left are negative. The maximum extent (min x, min y, max x, max y) is : -9036842.762 m, -9036842.762 m, 9036842.762 m, 9036842.762 m.
The Prime Meridian is the 0 degree line of longitude, which separates the Western Hemisphere from the Eastern Hemisphere.
The Antimeridian is the +/-180 degree line of longitude, which separates the Western Hemisphere from the Eastern Hemisphere. It is directly opposite the globe from the Prime Meridian (0 degree line of longitude).
The Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) instrument on the Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) provides global measurements of elevation, and repeats measurements along nearly-identical tracks; its primary mission is to measure changes in ice volume (mass balance) over time. This digital elevation model (DEM) of Greenland is derived from GLAS/ICESat laser altimetry profile data and provides new surface elevation grids of the ice sheets and coastal areas, with greater latitudinal extent and fewer slope-related effects than radar altimetry.
Provides the text 'National Snow and Ice Data Center' to the lower-left-hand portion of the map to help identify NSIDC as the source of this map server. All maps, data, and information contained herein are public domain unless specifically stated otherwise. Proper citation and acknowledgement is requested: an example citation for each data source is provided in the OGC abstract/description of each layer in a GetCapabilities request.


Do you feel cold all the time? Some of us know what it's like.
which gives direction to the thyroid gland.
bodies burn food for energy (see below).
increase metabolism in order to create more heat.
soul in that room full of obnoxiously comfortable people.
Did you know that skipping meals can make you colder?
time, skip a meal here or there.
could be to blame for your seemingly unusual feelings of cold.
in order to ward off the cold.
3. High Blood Pressure, Cold, and Salt.
bottom line: bad, bad, bad.
hypertension is bad because it could lead to kidney disease.
your treatment against high blood pressure.
4. How's Your Immune System? If it´s Bad, Stop Smoking.
from 2009, is to stop smoking.
than workers who don't smoke).
problems at once, by putting down that cigarette?
5. Do You Have Hypothyroidism?
Are you usually the one who wants the windows closed or thermostat turned up when you are in a room with other people?


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HomeA-BOOK SALE !Everything is a blessing
Everything is a blessing
Everything is a blessing quantity
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The Wisdom Of The Crowd
In this fascinating book, New Yorker business columnist James Surowiecki explores a deceptively simple idea: Large groups of people are smarter than an elite few, no matter how brilliant–better at solving problems, fostering innovation, coming to wise decisions, even predicting the future.
With boundless erudition and in delightfully clear prose, Surowiecki ranges across fields as diverse as popular culture, psychology, ant biology, behavioral economics, artificial intelligence, military history, and politics to show how this simple idea offers important lessons for how we live our lives, select our leaders, run our companies, and think about our world.
An Unsuitable Job for a Woman
Handsome Cambridge dropout Mark Callender died hanging by the neck with a faint trace of lipstick on his mouth. When the official verdict is suicide, his wealthy father hires fledgling private investigator Cordelia Gray to find out what led him to self-destruction. What she discovers instead is a twisting trail of secrets and sins, and the strong scent of murder. An Unsuitable Job for a Woman introduces P. D. James's courageous but vulnerable young detective, Cordelia Gray, in a top-rated puzzle of peril that holds you all the way (The New York Times).
The Innocent is another action-packed thriller from David Baldacci, one of the world's most popular writers.
HE COULD NO LONGER REMEMBER THE NAMES OF ALL THE PEOPLE WHOSE LIVES HE HAD ENDED.
Master assassin Will Robie is the man the US government call to eliminate their most ruthless enemies at home or abroad. He never questions his orders, and he never misses his mark.
He's just returned from a covert assignment in Edinburgh to neutralize a growing threat, having drawn upon all his expertise to complete his mission and disappear without a trace. The odds were stacked against him, but that's never made a difference before.
But now he's facing the most difficult operation of his career. Dispatched to kill a US government employee, he does the unthinkable when things don't add up – he refuses to pull the trigger. In doing so, Robie finds himself becoming the target. On the run from his own government and with everything on the line, does he need to change sides to save lives – including his own?
The Innocent is the first novel in David Baldacci's blockbuster Will Robie series.
Kimberly and the Captives (The Colonial Captives Book 1)
In 1627 a shipload of children makes its way to the colony of Jamestown. The children are not passengers but cargo to be sold into servitude. Only two people aren't destined for this sad fate–Kimberly Hollis and her mother, who are sailing to America to join Kimberly's father. The voyage won't be easy. Not only is the main hold dirty and crowded with homeless children, the crew of the Seven Brothers ship will have to courageously battle a fierce storm. Kimberly and the captives must rely on each other and God to make it safely to the New World. Recommended for ages 10-13.
Beautiful Darkness
Beautiful Darkness is the second bewitching instalment in the bestselling love story Beautiful Creatures – a romance that is bound to capture the hearts of Twilight fans everywhere.
Some loves are meant to be. Others are cursed . . .
One night in the rain, Ethan Wate opened his eyes and fell in love with Lena Duchannes. His life would never be the same.
Lena is a Caster and her family is locked in a supernatural civil war: full of darkness and demons. On her sixteenth birthday Lena made a terrifying choice, which now haunts her day and night.
And as her seventeenth birthday approaches Lena and Ethan face even greater danger. A Caster and a Mortal can never truly be together.


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Ти () е американски телевизионен сериал, създаден от Грег Берланти и Сера Гамбъл. Продуциран е от Warner Horizon Television със съдействието на Alloy Entertainment и A&E Studios. Първият сезон е базиран на едноименния роман на Каролин Кепнес от 2014 г., който проследява историята на Джо Голдбърг (Пен Баджли), управител на книжарница в Ню Йорк, който се влюбва в клиентка на име Гуинивир Бек (Елизабет Лейл) и бързо се обсебва от нея.

Премиерата на сериала е на канал Lifetime на 9 септември 2018 г. в Съединените щати, а международно – по Netflix на 26 декември 2018 г. Lifetime обявяват, че Ти ще се завърне за втори сезон, базиран на следващата част от книгата на Кепнес – Скрити тела (Hidden Bodies) на 26 юли 2018 г. На 3 декември 2018 г. е обявено, че сериалът ще се премести към Netflix като Netflix Original преди премиерата на втория сезон.

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 Официален уебсайт
 Ти в IMDb

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Оригинални сериали на Нетфликс
Американски сериали по книги
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