text:
// Copyright 2016 The Bazel Authors. All rights reserved.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

package com.google.devtools.build.lib.rules.cpp.proto;

import static com.google.common.truth.Truth.assertThat;
import static com.google.devtools.build.lib.actions.util.ActionsTestUtil.getFirstArtifactEndingWith;
import static com.google.devtools.build.lib.actions.util.ActionsTestUtil.prettyArtifactNames;

import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
import com.google.common.collect.Iterables;
import com.google.common.eventbus.EventBus;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.actions.Artifact;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.analysis.ConfiguredTarget;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.analysis.actions.SpawnAction;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.analysis.util.BuildViewTestCase;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.bazel.rules.cpp.proto.BazelCcProtoAspect;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.cmdline.LabelSyntaxException;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.cmdline.RepositoryName;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.packages.AspectParameters;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.packages.util.Crosstool.CcToolchainConfig;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.packages.util.MockProtoSupport;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.rules.cpp.CcCompilationContext;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.rules.cpp.CcInfo;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.rules.cpp.CppCompileAction;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.rules.cpp.CppRuleClasses;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.testutil.TestConstants;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.vfs.FileSystemUtils;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.vfs.PathFragment;
import java.util.List;
import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.junit.runners.JUnit4;

@RunWith(JUnit4.class)
public class CcProtoLibraryTest extends BuildViewTestCase {

  @Before
  public void setUp() throws Exception {
    scratch.file("protobuf/WORKSPACE");
    scratch.overwriteFile(
        "protobuf/BUILD",
        TestConstants.LOAD_PROTO_LANG_TOOLCHAIN,
        TestConstants.LOAD_PROTO_LIBRARY,
        "package(default_visibility=['//visibility:public'])",
        "exports_files(['protoc'])",
        "proto_library(",
        "    name = 'any_proto',",
        "    srcs = ['any.proto'],",
        ")",
        "proto_lang_toolchain(",
        "    name = 'cc_toolchain',",
        "    command_line = '--cpp_out=$(OUT)',",
        "    blacklisted_protos = [':any_proto'],",
        ")");
    scratch.appendFile(
        "WORKSPACE",
        "local_repository(",
        "    name = 'com_google_protobuf',",
        "    path = 'protobuf',",
        ")");
    MockProtoSupport.setupWorkspace(scratch);
    invalidatePackages(); // A dash of magic to re-evaluate the WORKSPACE file.
  }

  @Test
  public void basic() throws Exception {
    getAnalysisMock()
        .ccSupport()
        .setupCcToolchainConfig(
            mockToolsConfig,
            CcToolchainConfig.builder()
                .withFeatures(
                    CppRuleClasses.SUPPORTS_DYNAMIC_LINKER,
                    CppRuleClasses.SUPPORTS_INTERFACE_SHARED_LIBRARIES));
    scratch.file(
        "x/BUILD",
        TestConstants.LOAD_PROTO_LIBRARY,
        "cc_proto_library(name = 'foo_cc_proto', deps = ['foo_proto'])",
        "proto_library(name = 'foo_proto', srcs = ['foo.proto'])");
    assertThat(prettyArtifactNames(getFilesToBuild(getConfiguredTarget("//x:foo_cc_proto"))))
        .containsExactly("x/foo.pb.h", "x/foo.pb.cc", "x/libfoo_proto.a",
            "x/libfoo_proto.ifso", "x/libfoo_proto.so");
  }

  @Test
  public void canBeUsedFromCcRules() throws Exception {
    scratch.file(
        "x/BUILD",
        TestConstants.LOAD_PROTO_LIBRARY,
        "cc_library(name = 'foo', srcs = ['foo.cc'], deps = ['foo_cc_proto'])",
        "cc_binary(name = 'bin', srcs = ['bin.cc'], deps = ['foo_cc_proto'])",
        "cc_proto_library(name = 'foo_cc_proto', deps = ['foo_proto'])",
        "proto_library(name = 'foo_proto', srcs = ['foo.proto'])");

    update(
        ImmutableList.of("//x:foo", "//x:bin"),
        false /* keepGoing */,
        1 /* loadingPhaseThreads */,
        true /* doAnalysis */,
        new EventBus());
  }

  @Test
  public void disallowMultipleDeps() throws Exception {
    checkError(
        "x",
        "foo_cc_proto",
        "'deps' attribute must contain exactly one label",
        TestConstants.LOAD_PROTO_LIBRARY,
        "cc_proto_library(name = 'foo_cc_proto', deps = ['foo_proto', 'bar_proto'])",
        "proto_library(name = 'foo_proto', srcs = ['foo.proto'])",
        "proto_library(name = 'bar_proto', srcs = ['bar.proto'])");

    checkError(
        "y",
        "foo_cc_proto",
        "'deps' attribute must contain exactly one label",
        "cc_proto_library(name = 'foo_cc_proto', deps = [])");
  }

  @Test
  public void aliasProtos() throws Exception {
    scratch.file(
        "x/BUILD",
        TestConstants.LOAD_PROTO_LIBRARY,
        "cc_proto_library(name = 'foo_cc_proto', deps = ['alias_proto'])",
        "proto_library(name = 'alias_proto', deps = [':foo_proto'])",
        "proto_library(name = 'foo_proto', srcs = ['foo.proto'])");

    CcCompilationContext ccCompilationContext =
        getConfiguredTarget("//x:foo_cc_proto").get(CcInfo.PROVIDER).getCcCompilationContext();
    assertThat(prettyArtifactNames(ccCompilationContext.getDeclaredIncludeSrcs()))
        .containsExactly("x/foo.pb.h");
  }

  @Test
  public void blacklistedProtos() throws Exception {
    scratch.file(
        "x/BUILD",
        TestConstants.LOAD_PROTO_LIBRARY,
        "cc_proto_library(name = 'any_cc_proto', deps = ['@com_google_protobuf//:any_proto'])");

    CcCompilationContext ccCompilationContext =
        getConfiguredTarget("//x:any_cc_proto").get(CcInfo.PROVIDER).getCcCompilationContext();
    assertThat(prettyArtifactNames(ccCompilationContext.getDeclaredIncludeSrcs())).isEmpty();
  }

  @Test
  public void blacklistedProtosInTransitiveDeps() throws Exception {
    scratch.file(
        "x/BUILD",
        TestConstants.LOAD_PROTO_LIBRARY,
        "cc_proto_library(name = 'foo_cc_proto', deps = ['foo_proto'])",
        "proto_library(",
        "    name = 'foo_proto',",
        "    srcs = ['foo.proto'],",
        "    deps = ['@com_google_protobuf//:any_proto'],",
        ")");

    CcCompilationContext ccCompilationContext =
        getConfiguredTarget("//x:foo_cc_proto").get(CcInfo.PROVIDER).getCcCompilationContext();
    assertThat(prettyArtifactNames(ccCompilationContext.getDeclaredIncludeSrcs()))
        .containsExactly("x/foo.pb.h");
  }

  @Test
  public void ccCompilationContext() throws Exception {
    scratch.file(
        "x/BUILD",
        TestConstants.LOAD_PROTO_LIBRARY,
        "cc_proto_library(name = 'foo_cc_proto', deps = ['foo_proto'])",
        "proto_library(name = 'foo_proto', srcs = ['foo.proto'], deps = [':bar_proto'])",
        "proto_library(name = 'bar_proto', srcs = ['bar.proto'])");

    CcCompilationContext ccCompilationContext =
        getConfiguredTarget("//x:foo_cc_proto").get(CcInfo.PROVIDER).getCcCompilationContext();
    assertThat(prettyArtifactNames(ccCompilationContext.getDeclaredIncludeSrcs()))
        .containsExactly("x/foo.pb.h", "x/bar.pb.h");
  }

  @Test
  public void outputDirectoryForProtoCompileAction() throws Exception {
    scratch.file(
        "x/BUILD",
        TestConstants.LOAD_PROTO_LIBRARY,
        "cc_proto_library(name = 'foo_cc_proto', deps = [':bar_proto'])",
        "proto_library(name = 'bar_proto', srcs = ['bar.proto'])");

    Artifact hFile =
        getFirstArtifactEndingWith(
            getFilesToBuild(getConfiguredTarget("//x:foo_cc_proto")), "bar.pb.h");
    SpawnAction protoCompileAction = getGeneratingSpawnAction(hFile);

    assertThat(protoCompileAction.getArguments())
        .contains(
            String.format(
                "--cpp_out=%s", getTargetConfiguration().getGenfilesFragment(RepositoryName.MAIN)));
  }

  @Test
  public void outputDirectoryForProtoCompileAction_externalRepos() throws Exception {
    scratch.file(
        "x/BUILD", "cc_proto_library(name = 'foo_cc_proto', deps = ['@bla//foo:bar_proto'])");

    scratch.file("/bla/WORKSPACE");
    // Create the rule '@bla//foo:bar_proto'.
    scratch.file(
        "/bla/foo/BUILD",
        TestConstants.LOAD_PROTO_LIBRARY,
        "package(default_visibility=['//visibility:public'])",
        "proto_library(name = 'bar_proto', srcs = ['bar.proto'])");
    String existingWorkspace =
        new String(FileSystemUtils.readContentAsLatin1(rootDirectory.getRelative("WORKSPACE")));
    scratch.overwriteFile(
        "WORKSPACE", "local_repository(name = 'bla', path = '/bla/')", existingWorkspace);
    invalidatePackages(); // A dash of magic to re-evaluate the WORKSPACE file.

    ConfiguredTarget target = getConfiguredTarget("//x:foo_cc_proto");
    Artifact hFile = getFirstArtifactEndingWith(getFilesToBuild(target), "bar.pb.h");
    SpawnAction protoCompileAction = getGeneratingSpawnAction(hFile);

    assertThat(protoCompileAction.getArguments())
        .contains(
            String.format(
                "--cpp_out=%s/external/bla",
                getTargetConfiguration().getGenfilesFragment(RepositoryName.MAIN)));

    Artifact headerFile =
        getDerivedArtifact(
            PathFragment.create("external/bla/foo/bar.pb.h"),
            targetConfig.getGenfilesDirectory(RepositoryName.create("bla")),
            getOwnerForAspect(
                getConfiguredTarget("@bla//foo:bar_proto"),
                ruleClassProvider.getNativeAspectClass(BazelCcProtoAspect.class.getSimpleName()),
                AspectParameters.EMPTY));
    CcCompilationContext ccCompilationContext =
        target.get(CcInfo.PROVIDER).getCcCompilationContext();
    assertThat(ccCompilationContext.getDeclaredIncludeSrcs().toList()).containsExactly(headerFile);
  }

  @Test
  public void commandLineControlsOutputFileSuffixes() throws Exception {
    getAnalysisMock()
        .ccSupport()
        .setupCcToolchainConfig(
            mockToolsConfig,
            CcToolchainConfig.builder()
                .withFeatures(
                    CppRuleClasses.SUPPORTS_DYNAMIC_LINKER,
                    CppRuleClasses.SUPPORTS_INTERFACE_SHARED_LIBRARIES));
    useConfiguration(
        "--cc_proto_library_header_suffixes=.pb.h,.proto.h",
        "--cc_proto_library_source_suffixes=.pb.cc,.pb.cc.meta");
    scratch.file(
        "x/BUILD",
        TestConstants.LOAD_PROTO_LIBRARY,
        "cc_proto_library(name = 'foo_cc_proto', deps = ['foo_proto'])",
        "proto_library(name = 'foo_proto', srcs = ['foo.proto'])");

    assertThat(prettyArtifactNames(getFilesToBuild(getConfiguredTarget("//x:foo_cc_proto"))))
        .containsExactly("x/foo.pb.cc", "x/foo.pb.h", "x/foo.pb.cc.meta", "x/foo.proto.h",
            "x/libfoo_proto.a", "x/libfoo_proto.ifso", "x/libfoo_proto.so");
  }

  // TODO(carmi): test blacklisted protos. I don't currently understand what's the wanted behavior.

  @Test
  public void generatedSourcesNotCoverageInstrumented() throws Exception {
    useConfiguration("--collect_code_coverage", "--instrumentation_filter=.");
    scratch.file(
        "x/BUILD",
        TestConstants.LOAD_PROTO_LIBRARY,
        "cc_proto_library(name = 'foo_cc_proto', deps = ['foo_proto'])",
        "proto_library(name = 'foo_proto', srcs = ['foo.proto'])");
    ConfiguredTarget target = getConfiguredTarget("//x:foo_cc_proto");
    List<CppCompileAction> compilationSteps =
        actionsTestUtil()
            .findTransitivePrerequisitesOf(
                getFirstArtifactEndingWith(getFilesToBuild(target), ".a"), CppCompileAction.class);
    List<String> options = compilationSteps.get(0).getCompilerOptions();
    assertThat(options).doesNotContain("-fprofile-arcs");
    assertThat(options).doesNotContain("-ftest-coverage");
  }

  @Test
  public void importPrefixWorksWithRepositories() throws Exception {
    FileSystemUtils.appendIsoLatin1(
        scratch.resolve("WORKSPACE"), "local_repository(name = 'yolo_repo', path = '/yolo_repo')");
    invalidatePackages();

    scratch.file("/yolo_repo/WORKSPACE");
    scratch.file("/yolo_repo/yolo_pkg/yolo.proto");
    scratch.file(
        "/yolo_repo/yolo_pkg/BUILD",
        TestConstants.LOAD_PROTO_LIBRARY,
        "proto_library(",
        "  name = 'yolo_proto',",
        "  srcs = ['yolo.proto'],",
        "  import_prefix = 'bazel.build/yolo',",
        ")",
        "cc_proto_library(",
        "  name = 'yolo_cc_proto',",
        "  deps = [':yolo_proto'],",
        ")");
    assertThat(getTarget("@yolo_repo//yolo_pkg:yolo_cc_proto")).isNotNull();
    assertThat(getProtoHeaderExecPath())
        .endsWith("_virtual_includes/yolo_proto/bazel.build/yolo/yolo_pkg/yolo.pb.h");
  }

  @Test
  public void stripImportPrefixWorksWithRepositories() throws Exception {
    FileSystemUtils.appendIsoLatin1(
        scratch.resolve("WORKSPACE"), "local_repository(name = 'yolo_repo', path = '/yolo_repo')");
    invalidatePackages();

    scratch.file("/yolo_repo/WORKSPACE");
    scratch.file("/yolo_repo/yolo_pkg/yolo.proto");
    scratch.file(
        "/yolo_repo/yolo_pkg/BUILD",
        TestConstants.LOAD_PROTO_LIBRARY,
        "proto_library(",
        "  name = 'yolo_proto',",
        "  srcs = ['yolo.proto'],",
        "  strip_import_prefix = '/yolo_pkg',",
        ")",
        "cc_proto_library(",
        "  name = 'yolo_cc_proto',",
        "  deps = [':yolo_proto'],",
        ")");
    assertThat(getTarget("@yolo_repo//yolo_pkg:yolo_cc_proto")).isNotNull();
    assertThat(getProtoHeaderExecPath()).endsWith("_virtual_includes/yolo_proto/yolo.pb.h");
  }

  @Test
  public void importPrefixAndStripImportPrefixWorksWithRepositories() throws Exception {
    FileSystemUtils.appendIsoLatin1(
        scratch.resolve("WORKSPACE"), "local_repository(name = 'yolo_repo', path = '/yolo_repo')");
    invalidatePackages();

    scratch.file("/yolo_repo/WORKSPACE");
    scratch.file("/yolo_repo/yolo_pkg/yolo.proto");
    scratch.file(
        "/yolo_repo/yolo_pkg/BUILD",
        TestConstants.LOAD_PROTO_LIBRARY,
        "proto_library(",
        "  name = 'yolo_proto',",
        "  srcs = ['yolo.proto'],",
        "  import_prefix = 'bazel.build/yolo',",
        "  strip_import_prefix = '/yolo_pkg'",
        ")",
        "cc_proto_library(",
        "  name = 'yolo_cc_proto',",
        "  deps = [':yolo_proto'],",
        ")");
    getTarget("@yolo_repo//yolo_pkg:yolo_cc_proto");

    assertThat(getTarget("@yolo_repo//yolo_pkg:yolo_cc_proto")).isNotNull();
    assertThat(getProtoHeaderExecPath())
        .endsWith("_virtual_includes/yolo_proto/bazel.build/yolo/yolo.pb.h");
  }

  private String getProtoHeaderExecPath() throws LabelSyntaxException {
    ConfiguredTarget configuredTarget = getConfiguredTarget("@yolo_repo//yolo_pkg:yolo_cc_proto");
    CcInfo ccInfo = configuredTarget.get(CcInfo.PROVIDER);
    ImmutableList<Artifact> headers =
        ccInfo.getCcCompilationContext().getDeclaredIncludeSrcs().toList();
    return Iterables.getOnlyElement(headers).getExecPathString();
  }

  @Test
  public void testCcProtoLibraryLoadedThroughMacro() throws Exception {
    if (!analysisMock.isThisBazel()) {
      return;
    }
    setupTestCcProtoLibraryLoadedThroughMacro(/* loadMacro= */ true);
    assertThat(getConfiguredTarget("//a:a")).isNotNull();
    assertNoEvents();
  }

  private void setupTestCcProtoLibraryLoadedThroughMacro(boolean loadMacro) throws Exception {
    scratch.file(
        "a/BUILD",
        getAnalysisMock().ccSupport().getMacroLoadStatement(loadMacro, "cc_proto_library"),
        TestConstants.LOAD_PROTO_LIBRARY,
        "cc_proto_library(",
        "    name='a',",
        "    deps=[':a_p'],",
        ")",
        "proto_library(",
        "    name='a_p',",
        "    srcs = ['a.proto'],",
        ")");
  }
}


text:
Merapu The Original Religion Of The Sumba Island
Culture helloindonesia House Tribe Indonesia Indonesian Lombok Nusa Tenggara Timur Religion Tradition
bali indonesia
indonesia tribe
Indonesian Beach
Traditional House
Helloindonesia.id – Marapu is a belief in the ancestral heritage of the people of Sumba. The original belief of the archipelago is still sustainable to date, and is held firmly by some of the people of Sumba.
Traditional House Of Sumba
Marapu is formed from two words, namely mar and apu. The word mar means the creator of the universe and the source of life, while apu means grandfather. Marapu also means the one who is played or glorified.
The core teachings of the beliefs of the ancestral heritage of the people of Sumba are worship of the spirits of the ancestors. They have faith, through ancestral spirits, humans can relate to the Creator. The Sumba community believes that the ancestors who have died and are in the eternal realm can communicate with God.
This original belief is still preserved on Sumba Island until now. Marapu followers generally live together in traditional villages. Generally, traditional villages are in the lowlands and hills that are far from the center of the crowd.
Houses in a traditional village in the form of a stilt house with thatched roofs and wooden pedestals. There are two types of houses there, namely big houses (uma kalada) and ordinary houses (ana uma).
Uma kalada is the first house built by an ancestor in a traditional village. In a traditional village, there is more than one uma kalada. The big houses are inhabited by kabisu, or descendants of tribal ancestors who have traditional land. The chieftain called Rato lived in Uma Kalada with his wife and child.
Whereas uma was occupied by other Marapu believers. Even though it's not called a big house, actually Uma has the same shape and size as Uma Kalada.
Houses in traditional villages stand parallel around a courtyard. The court is a place for holding traditional ceremonies or religious rituals at certain times.
Marapu followers have various rituals. One of them is Wulla Poddu, which is the holy month for followers of Marapu. Wulla means moon and poddu means bitter. Called bitter because all this month all citizens must abstain from a number of things. These rules must be obeyed by followers of Marapu.
As long as Wulla Poddu, Marapu adherents are not allowed to build houses, hold any parties, if anyone dies it is forbidden to beat the gong and even cry, may not have sex with a partner, and may not repair the house, especially the roof.
During the holy month, Marapu followers were also obliged to fast eating pork and dogs. They are allowed to eat vegetables, chicken and rice.
There are various rituals held during Wulla Poddu. There are rituals that aim to invoke blessings and as an expression of gratitude. Some also tell about the origin of ancestors and the process of making and birth of the first human.
Wulla Poddu is also a period of hunting wild boar. The first wild boar captured is usually used as an indicator of harvest. Male pigs, for example, are considered a sign of good harvest. While if the pigs bite people means there will be rat pests.
In this month also young people who have gone back to undergo the circumcision process. For several days, the young people who have been converted will be exiled to the wild to live independently as a sign of maturity.
The highlight of the Wulla Poddu celebration is always awaited and welcomed. The moment was so special that the people who were being monitored would return home to celebrate.
Another Marapu ritual that is no less unique is Pasola, which is a peaceful customary war. Pasola is an agility fight throwing wooden javelin while riding a horse. When the Pasola is held, each tribe will fight using horses and wooden javelins. They will be confronted with each other to throw javelins at each other towards the opponent.
Also Read :
https://helloindonesia.id/pacu-itiak-sumatra-barat/695/indonesian/
At first glance, it was scary, Pasola became the moment of adhesive for the relationship between the community of Marapu. The ritual that is held as a form of worship of the spirits of the ancestors is usually done at the beginning of the growing season every year.
Pasola is a dexterous fighting ritual typical of the Sumba community as a ceremony of worshiping the gods. (Photo: culture.kemdikbud.go.id)
Marapu followers also have a unique marriage procedure. Based on the traditions they inherited from the ancestors, dowry or belis must be given to the prospective bride's family to the bride's family. However, the belis delivered is not cheap.
Families of prospective grooms are usually asked to hand over belis in the form of tens to hundreds of animals, such as horses or buffaloes. The presentation must be brought before the female family when the application takes place.
What's interesting is that the large number of belis can be paid in installments. If you have not been able to pay for everything, the male family can bring some of it first, for example 20 animals, along with mamuli (Sumba's special jewelry). The rest is paid later.
Regular applications are carried out the day before the wedding. The wedding ceremony is held at the residence of the bride.
After a legal marriage by custom, women must go directly to the man's house.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Back in 2017 I received a message from Scott and Hannah. They'd been engaged just 24 hours. They didn't have a wedding date in mind yet, but in their words "we needed to touch base so we can lock in our dream team photographers!!!" We always know we've found 'our people' when we get messages like this. It's a huge privilege when couples go out of their way to have us as a part of their day and we absolutely cherish the friendships we make because of it.
On Friday Scott and Hannah's wedding day arrived and we LOVED being there to capture all the fun, laughter, celebration and beauty! Scott and Hannah are a laidback, fun-loving duo and their day was a true reflection of that. Hannah had thought of every last detail and the day ran like clockwork. We were made to feel so welcome and we had many laughs with their epic bridal party.
These two chose the awesome Hawthorn Den just out of Gore for their ceremony celebrations. And having a first look timeline, where they got their portraits done before the ceremony, they had all afternoon to hang out with their guests in the garden before moving on to the RSA in Gore for the party portion of the day.
Hannah and the girls got ready at Bell's Cottage out at Hawthorn Den Inn. The cottage was filled with sunshine and laughter all morning.
Hannah had the cutest gifts for her bridesmaids including personalised makeup totes. There were tears as Hannah received a gift from Scott - hands down the most EPIC gift I've ever seen from a groom! A box filled with memories, letters and photos, with room for all the more memories they have yet to make.
Scott got ready at their home in Gore. I'm slightly obsessed with the guys outfits! They did well - relaxed chinos, navy jackets and shoes to match the bridesmaids' dresses.
During speeches later on in the night the subject of Hannah's slight addiction to online shopping was brought up. Funnily enough a package turned up on the morning of the wedding to Scott and Hannah's house - and the lads thought it fitting to get a photo with the courier!
Hannah and Scott saw each other first at Hawthorn Den before getting their bridal party together for portrait time. Look at those smiles!
Scott and Hannah loved the greenery of Hawthorn Den and for their second location they wanted a forest look. The problem with a lot of forestry is the undergrowth and how dark it can be. I found a wee block of pines tucked in by the Hokonui's on the other side of Gore and I think we nailed the pine forest look these two were dreaming of!
Jokes aside, this bridal party were so AWESOME - thanks team for such a fun day!
Scott and Hannah had their ceremony in the new Barn at Hawthorn Den Inn.
Congratulations Mr & Mrs Coyle!!!
Family and friends spent the afternoon in the garden at Hawthorn celebrating before heading to the Gore RSA for the reception and a night of dancing.
BRIDE'S DRESS: Bride & Winter | BRIDESMAID DRESSES: Evolution | SUITS: Hallenstein Brothers | MAKE-UP: Brinly Weller at Scape | HAIR: Sarah Wallis & Cassie Crawford | FLOWERS: Lily Jackson's | CELEBRANT: Janine Byars | CEREMONY VENUE: Hawthorn Den Inn | CATERING: Heidi Blake | STATIONERY: The Avenue Design Studio | RECEPTION VENUE: Gore RSA | CAKE: Jude Taylor | MUSIC: Road Block.


4 practice tips - Reggster If there is any additional information you would like us to take into account, please indicate that below.If there is any additional information you would like us to take into account, please indicate that below.If this is your first filing for this trademark, you may be entitled to protect your trademark in other countries with the same priority (application date) within 6 months.If this is your first filing for this trademark, you may be entitled to protect your trademark in other countries with the same priority (application date) within 6 months.You can claim priority if you have made an identical application for the same trademark in the last 6 months in another country. If you select "yes", we will contact you to verify whether you are eligible to claim priority (effectively an earlier application date)You can claim priority if you have made an identical application for the same trademark in the last 6 months in another country. If you select "yes", we will contact you to verify whether you are eligible to claim priority (effectively an earlier application date)If these goods and services below to other classes than chosen above, extra government fees apply. In that case we will contact you before filing the application.If these goods and services below to other classes than chosen above, extra government fees apply. In that case we will contact you before filing the application.This is only for communications between you and as. The information will not be disclosed to EU trademark office.This is only for communications between you and as. The information will not be disclosed to EU trademark office.Write here the full legal name of the applicant. The application will be filed in the name of the entity identified here. Make sure that the name is correctly written. Include the legal form (e.g. "Limited Company") in the name.Write here the full legal name of the applicant. The application will be filed in the name of the entity identified here. Make sure that the name is correctly written. Include the legal form (e.g. "Limited Company") in the name.
Despite EU trademark application has to be filed in two languages, it is possible to have all proceedings in one major language of your choise. The trick is to choose the first language for the application from any of the non-official EUIPO languages. The official languages are English, Spanish, French, Italian and German. The second language must then be on of the five (e.g. English). In this way any possible opposition or cancellation proceedings will be in English. It is also possible to ask the application to be examined in the second language (in this case, English). For example, filing the application in Finnish and English will ensure that the proceedings will be in English. If the first language is e.g. English, the second must still be on of the official remaining 4 languages (e.g. German). In that case the proceedings (oppositions, invalidations) may be in either language, determined by the other party. To get the language benefit, avoid English, German, French, Italian and Spanish as the first language of the application and choose from those the best possible languange as the second language of the application. Ipriq Intellectual Property Law files the applications in Finnish (first language) and English (second language) in order to secure English as the language of the proceedings for our clients.
EUIPO provides top world class online tools for a variety of needs, such as classification, trademark searches, analysing similarity of goods and services, etc. These are useful even if you are not applying for an EU trademark. You can for example find out if two products will be considered similar (and to what degree), get translations of goods and services for many language, even non-EU languages like Chinese, Russian and Korean. See EUIPO's online tools and there descriptions and links here.
If a mark is devoid of distinctive character or descriptive in any of the 24 official EU languages, it cannot be registered. Due to the concept of "unitarity", a registration obstacle, even if it relates to only one country or one language, is sufficient to prevent EU trademark completely. The distinctiveness (descriptiveness) is assessed in every EU language. Another point to notice is that EUIPO does not autumatically considered prior similar trademarks to prevent the EU trademark registration. It is for the owners of prior rights to oppose conflicting applications if they consider it necessary. As with distinctivenvess, a prior registered similar trademark even in one country is sufficient to prevent the registration of the EU trademark as a whole. If there is a registration obstacle in only some of the EU countries, it is possible to "convert" the EU trademark into national applications without losing the filing date.


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Talking Points: 9 January 2023
A quick roundup of the issues driving the healthcare reform conversation.
HEALTHCARE PRIORITIES Healthcare issues look to dominate the policy agenda heading into the new legislative calendar.
Quick takeaway: With 2023 underway, it's expected that many of the same healthcare storylines will continue to consume lawmakers' energies. Congress has already made clear its intention to focus on a handful of key priorities, including:
The role that Pharmacy Benefit Managers (PBMs) play in addressing prescription drug costs.
The drivers of rising healthcare costs and how transparency can help bring down those costs.
Data privacy standards aimed at protecting people's health information.
Further context: This focus is largely informed by what these elected officials are hearing from the people who voted them into office, as recent polling indicates a shift in Americans' priorities, particularly when it comes to healthcare issues.
What it means: While lawmakers are busy mapping out their healthcare agenda, regulators are already hard at work on theirs, with top officials at the nation's health agencies steering their respective departments towards issues like mental health and addiction treatment, the continued COVID response, and Medicaid redeterminations.
Rx PRICES Drugmakers announce price hikes on hundreds of drugs.
Quick takeaway: As they've been doing every January, pharmaceutical companies greeted the New Year by raising prices on at least 350 prescription drugs.
Further context: Stakeholders are quick to draw attention to the increases, noting that they come amidst lawmakers' growing focus on drug cost reform.
What it means: Last January, drug manufacturers raised prices on nearly 800 drugs by an average of almost 5 percent, followed by mid-year increases to an additional 100 products.
Against this backdrop, a new analysis reminds us that these drugs are already hitting the market bearing astronomically high price tags. According to the research, the annual median price of new drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) last year was more than $220,000.
SURPRISE MEDICAL BILLS An avalanche of disputed medical bills overwhelm resolution portal.
Quick takeaways: One year since the No Surprises Act (NSA) went into effect, the number of medical bills headed to Independent Dispute Resolution (IDR) far exceeds what had been initially anticipated.
Further context: Federal agencies had estimated that around 17,000 claims would be submitted annually. But, according to an analysis released late last year, at least 275,000 such claims had been submitted via the IDR process through the first three quarters of 2022.
What it means: Between mid-April and the end of September last year, approximately 90,000 disputes were submitted to the IDR portal. According to a federal report, just over one-quarter of those disputes have been considered closed, with 15 percent having reached a payment decision.
Regulators point to the complexity in determining eligibility for the IDR process as being responsible for the logjam. Meanwhile, the data also points to the vast majority of disputes originating from visits to the emergency room (81 percent).
AFFORDABILITY Rising healthcare costs top the list of reasons Americans are delaying care.
Quick takeaway: According to recent survey data, nearly one-third (31 percent) of respondents said they deferred healthcare, while more than a quarter (26 percent) failed to fill a prescription owing to cost concerns.
Further context: National healthcare spending spiked during the height of the ongoing coronavirus pandemic. Despite tapering off, that spending still grew 2.7 percent in 2021 to reach $4.3 trillion, or nearly $13,000 per person.
What it means: All that spending doesn't translate into better outcomes, with an updated analysis showing that the US has the lowest life expectancy among large, wealthy nations, while drastically outspending them on healthcare.


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Regional Integration
BRIEF April 5, 2018
Regional Trade Agreements
Shipping Containers at the Port of Rades, Tunisia
Dana Smillie / World Bank
Overview | Research | Data
A regional trade agreement (RTA) is a treaty between two or more governments that define the rules of trade for all signatories. Examples of regional trade agreements include the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), Central American-Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR), the European Union (EU) and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC).
Regional trade agreements are increasing in number and changing their nature. Fifty trade agreements were in force in 1990. There were more than 280 in 2017. In many trade agreements today, negotiations go beyond tariffs to cover multiple policy areas that affect trade and investment in goods and services, including behind-the-border regulations such as competition policy, government procurement rules, and intellectual property rights. RTAs that cover tariffs and other border measures are "shallow" agreements; RTAs that cover a larger set of policy areas, at the border and behind the border, are "deep" agreements.
Deep trade agreements are important institutional infrastructure for regional integration. They reduce trade costs and define many rules in which economies operate. If efficiently designed, they can improve policy cooperation across countries, thereby increasing international trade and investment, economic growth and social welfare. World Bank Group research finds that:
Deep agreements boost trade, foreign investment and global value chain (GVC) participation more than shallow agreements. On average, deeper agreements increase goods trade by more than 35 percent, services trade by more than 15 percent, and GVC integration by more than 10 percent.
Aspects of deep agreements are public goods. Certain provisions of these agreements benefit all trading partners, and have positive welfare effects through expanded trade and an improved policy environment. But their efficient design requires a balancing of interests between different members and between member and nonmember countries.
Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) are currently at the center of many policy debates and are likely to shape trade and economic relations in the coming years. Some of these discussions are about reversing or renegotiating current arrangements, as in the case of Brexit and the North American Free Trade Agreement. In many other cases, often involving developing countries, new trade agreements have been concluded or are being negotiated, including the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for a Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), the European Union–Mercosur trade agreement, the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership between the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries and six of their major trading partners, and the Continental Free Trade Area (CFTA) in Africa.
Working with partners such as the WTO and OECD, the World Bank Group informs and supports client countries that are seeking to sign or deepen regional trade agreements. Specifically, WBG work includes:
Data and indicators – on the content and depth of regional trade agreements.
Analysis – on the impact and efficient design of regional trade agreements.
Advisory services – inform the design of regional trade agreements, to strengthen capacity.
WBG research on regional trade agreements:
Maliszewska M, Z. Olekseyuk and I. Osorio-Rodarte, March 2018, Economic and distributional impacts of comprehensive and progressive agreement for trans-pacific partnership : the case of Vietnam. Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.
Mattoo, A., A. Mulabdic, and M. Ruta. 2017. "Trade Creation and Trade Diversion in Deep Agreements." Policy Research Working Paper Series 8206, World Bank, Washington, DC.
Mulabdic, A., A. Osnago, and M. Ruta. 2017. "Deep Integration and UK–EU Trade Relations." In The Economics of UK-EU Relations, edited by Nauro F. Campos and Fabrizio Coricelli, 253–282. Springer.
Osnago, A., N. Rocha, and M. Ruta. 2017. "Do Deep Trade Agreements Boost Vertical FDI?" World Bank Economic Review 30 (Supplement): 119–125.
Osnago, A., N. Rocha, and M. Ruta. forthcoming. "Deep Trade Agreements and Vertical FDI: The Devil Is in the Details." Canadian Journal of Economics.
Ruta, M. 2017. "Preferential Trade Agreements and Global Value Chains: Theory, Evidence, and Open Questions." Policy Research Working Paper Series 8190. World Bank, Washington, DC.
Dataset: Content of Deep Trade Agreements
The Trade Post Blog
TRUST FUND: Umbrella Facility for Trade
Database: Content of Regional Trade Agreements
WTO Regional Trade Agreements Gateway
OECD: Regional Trade Agreements
Aaditya Mattoo
Research Manager, Trade and International Integration
Michele Ruta
Lead Economist, Macroeconomics, Trade & Investment


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Tag: age verification
Interview: Porn Researcher Rosie Hodsdon
Published on February 25, 2019 February 25, 2019 by CKLeave a comment
I was thrilled when Rosie Hodsdon reached out to volunteer to be an interview subject. I've known her through the UK kink scene for a while and she's totally lovely as well as ridiculously smart. Here, we chat sex and relationships, academic porn research, and why the Digital Economy Bill sucks.
Tell us a little bit about you and the work you do?
I am currently working towards my PhD at Northumbria University, looking at the regulation of online pornography in the UK and how this affects the people who produce it.
What made you want to get into porn research?
My research interests float around sexualities more broadly, and this stems from the failure that was my school's sex education! I felt incredibly alienated from everything we were taught and had to find the information that I felt I needed out for myself, and was very lucky to be able to do this at a time when the internet made this a little easier! I knew that I never wanted people to feel as alienated as I did growing up, and wanted to be someone who helped others to learn about the range of sexualities out there in a safe and supportive way.
To me, porn forms just one part of that much wider sphere of things, and I have worked, or would love to work, on projects concerning kink, polyamory and sex work as well. [My work is] about dispelling misconceptions surrounding sexuality more broadly and wanting to work towards a society where these things are free from stigma and judgement.
What's your background and how did you break into this work?
Almost by accident, really! I did my first degree in Anthropology and Sociology and I knew as soon as I started that I wanted to focus on sexualities research. Towards the end of my undergraduate degree, I had a guest lecture on my Sociology of Gender and Sexuality module from Professor Clarissa Smith on extreme pornography, which I found fascinating. At the same time, the AVMS regulations had been passed, so pornography was at the forefront of my mind. However, the more I tried to read into academic research on the porn industry, the more I noticed that the voices of those who worked in the industry were rather absent, so when I got an email in my inbox asking for PhD proposals relating to law and sexuality, I knew exactly what I wanted to do.
What's the most challenging thing about your work?
There's a few things that spring to mind, which all cover somewhat different aspects of what I do!
The first problem is somewhat inherent to academia, which is that I can't ever really escape my work – I can't go home at the end of a work day and forget about it, because it's always going to be in my mind and if it's in my mind, then I'm thinking on it and working!
The second is how frustrating it can be. There's something very futile about trying to work for a better understanding of sexuality and sex work in a society where everything seems to be pushing back against it – everything from the Digital Economy Act to FOSTA/SESTA. Even in the few days that I've been working on this interview, Tumblr has announced its porn ban and Facebook has tightened their control over what language you can use.
The third is that the work itself can be pretty misunderstood and stigmatised. I'm very wary of saying so, because the stigma attached to this academic work really can't be compared to the stigma attached to actually making porn, and I wouldn't want to ignore that. But I have had a lot of judgement myself because of what I do, from strangers on the internet all the way to previous partners. Shout-out to my ex specifically, who told me that no one else would ever love me because of what I do. Look at me now, dickbag!
What about the most rewarding thing?
I get to meet some incredible people who are doing some fantastic work, both as producers and as activists. And sometimes I get to be considered amongst them as well! Feeling like I have the ability to change people's viewpoints or give them a new perspective on things is both very powerful and very humbling, and I feel a huge responsibility with it, but it's also incredibly rewarding.
Who's your favourite porn performer and why? What about your favourite production company?
I have to pick just one? I'm not going to play by these rules! [Spoken like a true polyamorist! – Amy] There are some amazing performers who represent the industry in such a positive way, both in the US and the UK.
Stoya was the first person I encountered who combined porn with activism, and I've appreciated her work ever since. I'm also a huge fan of Pandora/Blake, who works tirelessly to support sexual freedom. Jiz Lee has done some amazing work, and their book, Coming Out Like a Porn Star, has been hugely influential to me in its approach to centering performer voices.
As for my favourite company, it has to be Crash Pad Series! It's radical, queer, kinky, feminist-grounded porn which focuses on a fair production process and has the inimitable Shine Louise Houston at its helm, also fighting for new approaches to sexuality in society more broadly. And it's hot.
There's been a lot in the news recently about the incoming age verification regulations to access online porn in the UK. What's your take?
Where do I start!? The whole thing is a tangled mess of clusterfuck. I could spend hours ranting about this, so I'll do what I can to condense why the entire thing is a terrible idea. It's time for some bullet points.
The rationale behind the law is to "protect children", and this is based on fundamentally flawed evidence. The study which forms the basis of the legislation, carried out by the NSPCC, has since been discredited by 37 academics for poor methods and conclusions which stretched far beyond the scope of the study. This is no basis for legislation.
Furthermore, what are we protecting children from? Of course no one should have to see porn without wanting to, but this does not just apply to children. There is no evidence which proves that children are harmed en masse by watching pornography. In studies which have explored young people's motivations for viewing such material, the overwhelming theme is that pornography allows them to explore their sexuality and learn about sex in a way that they otherwise do not have access to. Pornography should not be a substitute for sex education, and this can only be solved with a drastic overhaul of the SRE curriculum. Porn should form a part of this, but so should issues of queer identity, pleasure and safe sex practices. All of these are currently very much lacking in the UK (and in most other places!).
The laws are also almost certainly going to have the least impact on young people, given that they are generally far more technologically literate than a lot of adults. Anyone, including young people, can just get around these restrictions through the use of a VPN. On a practical level, it won't work.
So what will it do? For the consumer, it will place their private personal information in the hands of companies who are not required to enforce stringent protections of this data. As much as I would like to live in a world where people are not shamed for their sexual desires and preferences, this is not currently the case. We can see in countless examples how information about people's non-normative sexual preferences has had major real-world consequences, such as losing their jobs or custody of their children. A database which stores information about what porn people watch? Hackers are going to have a field day.
Finally – given that this is where my research lies! – it's going to decimate the porn industry. The financial impact is likely to be significant, particularly for smaller companies with more niche audiences, who are likely to struggle to implement AV systems from an economic standpoint. These are often the studios which produce explicitly ethical, feminist, queer, kink pornography so to lose these would make the industry even more homogeneous and less diverse. There's also the emotional impact of the regulations to consider – people are fearing for their jobs and businesses. The government is telling people that their work is actively harmful for society. Their own sexualities are being delegitimised. And when you consider further that people with a significant background in porn may well find it harder to find "square" work due to the stigma attached to sex work more broadly, people are very worried about their future.
Ultimately, the AV laws are like trying to fill in the Gran Canyon with a bucket and spade. I'm going to actually be rather lazy here and take a quote from my own response from the BBFC consultation of which I am rather proud:
"Age verification seems to be merely an ineffective, unsubstantiated patch-up for a much wider social issue with regards to how we inform young people about sex and our wider sexual culture– including pornography. Young people are desperate for accurate, inclusive, informed sex education, which produces greater positive outcomes for their sexual, emotional and relationship wellbeing. Focusing on age verification serves to mask that problem rather than confront it, and may instead be detrimental to the development of sexual knowledge if not supported by compulsory and comprehensive sex education. This would be a much more effective use of government resources."
They rest on fundamentally-flawed foundations of research and are likely to cause a significant amount of social harm.
What's something that people always misunderstand about your work?
People think that I sit around just watching porn all day. They're not wrong, but I then have to write about it afterwards. People seem to find that part much less sexy.
What do you really wish everyone understood about pornography?
Ooh, this is a really interesting one! There's a lot I could say here, so I'll break it down into some more bullet points:
That (most) porn costs money to make, and all of it takes work. Pay for your damn porn. Or, at least, access it for free only directly from creators, not through any pirated means.
That porn performers (and producers) are human! There's a narrative in anti-porn discourse which tends to paint performers particularly as being nothing more than vapid, blow-up fuckdolls, which not only removes their agency and autonomy, but also reduces them to their having sex. We live in an age now where it's easier than ever to move past this image – we have performers doing some amazing activist work or simply engaging with their fans on social media, and the image that persists of people, particularly women, in porn as being either a mindless set of holes or an exploited victim, denies them their personhood,
That it's not a public health danger. There is no research out there which proves that porn is inherently harmful, and while I would never want to belittle any individual issues that pornography has caused (because yes, people can have issues with it and people who do need appropriate support), it does not do this on a large scale.
That pornography can be massively positive. Emerging research is starting to show that porn isn't just used by consumers to get off, though that's part of it too. It's a way to explore their sexuality and identity, a way to connect with others (if you've never shared the Lemon Stealing Whores introduction with your friends, I recommend it), an education resource, a method of stress relief, and much more.
Finally, that it's okay not to like pornography! Whether that's a particular type or the genre as a whole – as much as I'm positive about what pornography is, what it can do and who makes it, I don't expect everyone to like it. All I want is for it to be respected as a form of labour and as a creative product, and for the freedom of others to be able to access it and make it should they choose to.
Who inspires you personally and professionally?
On a professional level, there are so many people I want to name here! First of all, I have to note the amazing things that my participants have shared with me over the course of my research, and their openness and trust with me is massively motivating.
Secondly, my PhD supervisory team – Chris Ashford, Tony Ward and Laura Graham – who continue to blow my mind and push me to succeed, even when I want to give up, and whose research has paved the way for someone like me to do something like this.
Thirdly, the tireless activism of Pandora/Blake and Myles Jackman. I'm so in awe of the both of them that even now, having met both multiple times, they still scare me slightly!
Fourth (and finally, for this part of the question), the awesome communities that my research has allowed me to become immersed in – academics, sex work activists, porn producers and creators – who are all doing such amazing things themselves!
On a personal level, I am very lucky to be surrounded by some incredible people. My partner, Lewis; my boyfriend, Willtom; and my girlfriend, Tiggy, have all provided me with invaluable support and happiness. They push me to keep going even when I just want to throw my thesis in a fire! (They're also hella cute). I also have an amazing family, who have dealt with trying to explain my PhD topic to far too many people! I hate feeling like I'm "lucky" to have their support, because it should be a given. But I know that that's not always the case and that I am grateful that they've not disowned me yet. And I can't not also mention the lovely people of the Durham, Leeds and Reading kink scenes, who are unfailingly wonderful and who have also supported me along the way.
Who's your favourite sex educator and why?
So much of my inspiration to enter sexualities education (in a sense) myself came from Scarleteen, so I'd like to say their entire website! Also, my entire Twitter feed has been improved since introducing Alix Fox into its mix. She combines some spectacular puns with activism and awareness work, and I'm always impressed by her willingness to reach out and continue learning from others. [We love Alex here at C&K! – Amy]
What's something you used to believe – about sex, relationships or porn – that you don't believe any more?
I feel like there's a tendency to put romantic love on a pedestal, and as has probably been demonstrated in this interview, there are so many other forms of relationships that can be just as wonderful, supportive and fulfilling.
And just for fun because it is "Coffee & Kink" – do you like coffee? How do you take it?
…I don't. Unless *insert enema joke here*?
(Please don't hate me!)
Thank you so much to Rosie for her time and for the awesome work she's doing, which will undoubtedly benefit all of us – when porn and sex work are destigmatised, all of us gain greater sexual freedom. You can keep up with Rosie via her Twitter, and as ever if YOU are doing something awesome in the field of sex or relationships and would like to be featured on the blog, hit me up.
Categories Interview•Tags academia, academic porn research, age verification, bdsm, crashpad series, digital economy bill, ethical porn, feminist porn, kink, myles jackman, pandora blake, porn, porn research, relationships, rosie hodsdon, sex
Ten Things a Collar Can Mean (But Doesn't Have To)


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Nicola Geuer and Anna Zaja were the defending champions, but Zaja chose not to participate. Geuer played alongside Cornelia Lister, but lost in the semifinals to Ysaline Bonaventure and Bibiane Schoofs.

Bonaventure and Schoofs won the title after defeating Camilla Rosatello and Kimberley Zimmermann 4–6, 7–5, [10–7] in the final.

Seeds

Draw

Draw

References
Main Draw

Engie Open Andrézieux-Bouthéon 42 - Doubles

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
Blå stjärnkolibri (Heliomaster furcifer) är en fågel i familjen kolibrier.

Utbredning och systematik
Fågeln förekommer från Bolivia till Paraguay, centrala och södra Brasilien, Uruguay och norra Argentina. Den behandlas som monotypisk, det vill säga att den inte delas in i några underarter.

Status
IUCN kategoriserar arten som livskraftig.

Noter

Externa länkar

Kolibrier
Fåglar i neotropiska regionen


KKR is plotting a bid for Walmart's Asda unit after plans to merge the UK supermarket with rival J Sainsbury faced objections from competition regulators, The Sunday Times reported on Feb. 24.
The newspaper, which did not cite its sources, said Asda would have a lower valuation than the 7.3 billion pounds price tag set by the Sainsbury's deal because it would not enjoy the same economies of scale.
Britain's Competition and Markets Authority on Feb. 20 published the preliminary findings of its probe into the Sainsbury's merger with Asda, concluding that there could be a significant lessening of competition if the deal went ahead.


Mariko dies this issue, mercy killed by Wolverine to spare her a long, painful death by blowfish toxin after she was poisoned by Reiko at Matsu'o & Silver Fox's behest. Though she hasn't been around much of late, it still marks a tragic end for a character that dates back to the classic Claremont/Byrne days. Hallucinatory and alternate reality appearances aside, the character has remained dead.
This is the issue of the series drawn by Marc Silvestri, as he too leaves Marvel to join his fellow X-artists over at Image, ending a run on this series that goes back to issue #31 and with the character that goes all the way back to Uncanny X-Men #218 (barring fairly consistent fill-in work, of course), which is a pretty remarkable artistic run for any character/series.
Mariko asks Wolverine to wear his old brown-and-orange costume in defense of her home; not sure why that is, unless Silvestri just wanted to draw him in that costume one last time.
This issue reveals that the ancestral home of the Yashida clan was heavily booby-trapped by Mariko's father Shingen.
Matsu'o has had the hand Wolverine cut off in X-Men #7 replaced with a bionic one that is capable of being launched, not unlike Kane's hands.
I've always been conflicted about Mariko's death in this issue. On the one hand, she's barely been used since the mid-late 80s, having never appeared and barely been mentioned in this series prior to this story. Once it became clear that Marvel was never going to let one of its most popular characters get married, her and Wolverine's relationship stalled out, and even Claremont himself largely ignored it after that point, having Wolverine die and come back and perpetuate a ruse that he was still dead with nary a thought given to how it might effect Mariko, let alone showing readers her reaction to the news that he was dead, and then to the news that he was not. If the character isn't going to be used anyway, and won't ever be allowed to move her relationship with Wolverine forward, why not kill her off, and wring as much pathos out of it as possible?
On the other hand, killing a character is always tricky (an unused character can be dusted off with ease; a dead one, especially an otherwise "normal" civilian character, less so), especially when said character is, at least technically, the love interest of the main character (the event which gave us the phrase "Women in Refrigerators" hasn't occurred yet, but Mariko is very definitely fridged in this issue, her death occurring only because of the impact it will have on Wolverine). Mariko's lack of presence in Wolverine's life prior to this story also takes away a lot of the impact fridging her is supposed to have (if Wolverine's barely mentioned or thought of her in the previous 53 issues of his series, let alone all those concurrent and previous X-Men issues, is her death really that big a deal to him?), as does the means in which it occurred (carried out by an agent of Matsu'o & Silver Fox, two relatively new characters with relatively young grudges against Wolverine; this is hardly Sabretooth, or even someone like Silver Samurai, getting a big win against Wolverine). It also doesn't help that, in hindsight, this loss won't really have that big an impact on Wolverine, aside from giving him someone who can appear in his dreams or alternate realities and be immediately suffused with extra meaning.
The best thing that can be said for the death is that by having Reiko be the direct agent of Mariko's death, it creates a nice bookend to the Hama/Silvestri run, using a character from their first story to close out their last, and the desire of the creative team to end a run that has revitalized this series on a big, impactful note is understandable. The issue itself is well-crafted, if a little dense; given how much of the previous issue was ninja-fighting filler, it would have worked better if some of this issue's plot machinations had occurred there, just to give some moments, like the reveal of Matsu'o & Silver Fox's ultimate goal, more room to breathe, and the ending is also abrupt, cutting from Wolverine refusing to use his claws on Mariko to him emerging with her dead body (so much so that I thought I missed some pages), and while the actual moment of her death doesn't need to be depicted the moment when Wolverine ceases his objections and decides to do what she's asking seems like an important one to show). There's also a definite feeling of almost Shakespearean tragedy infused into this issue, with the bad guys just straight up winning the day outright, which is rare but occasionally welcome in serialized fiction. There's no denying that Mariko's death is a loss for Wolverine; the impact of it, however, and thus the justification for it as well, would be greater if the series prior to this had done more to show just how tremendous a loss it is, instead of simply telling readers how big a deal Mariko is here, at the last possible moment.
Next week: Uncanny X-Men #291, X-Force #13, X-Factor #81.
I buy it. They're grown-ups in love and both with strong sense of responsibility, or giri if you like, and neither is into lower Mississippi teen love dramatics. Both accept the circumstances that unavoidably keep them apart as is and it's easier for them to just keep out each other's eyes while that is the situation. Logan's "death" in FoTM may in fact have been kind of a blessing to both in that sense.
But, during the outback era Logan had Mariko's picture curiosity on the show there while discussing his Mardipoor escapades with Storm, whom he allegedly were being friends with benefits around the time. The Reavers were discussing of escaped Wolverine not putting Mariko and Amiko in danger. The flame's there and it's alive and it is an important point that they would now be freed of the shackles of those responsibilities. It's pretentious to talk of it as Shakespearean, but goddamn it is so Shakespearean.
"Mariko asks Wolverine to wear his old brown-and-orange costume in defense of her home; not sure why that is, unless Silvestri just wanted to draw him in that costume one last time."
I read somewhere that brown and orange are the colors of the Yashida clan, explaining why Logan changed costumes post-Dark Phoenix.
Horrible implication, as he changes back to blue-yellow the minute he moves back to under the same roof with Jean and the story right before this one teases the auld Scott-Jean-Logan love triangle through Mystique. It's almost like Mariko gets moved away here to chase that path.
Somewhat curious that again it's Spiral whose actions send Logan to Japan through Jubilee's misplacement for all this to happen and that it's last of the Reavers, Claremont's editorial stand-ins, who keeps Logan occupied for Mariko's death to happen.
Couldn't it just be that he wore that outfit when he fought for her against Shingen, so she thinks it would be appropriate for him to wear it here as well?
To be clear, I'm personally more interested in the real world question of why they went that way. Did Hama request it? Silvestri? Was it a last hurrah thing for Silvestri, or did Hama think it made more sense for Mariko to have a copy of that costume? Etc.
Either you forgot the Nutshell logline or you're suggesting the best synopsis for this issue is the black void of death.
I did not know this. Not cool, Hama, especially in an issue that struck me as decidedly subpar in the scripting department, never mind her general disuse.
We do get a "snikt" that the other characters react to, right before Logan emerges with Mariko's body, although that ending is still quite abrupt.
Man, I really wish I could say it was the latter.
Yeah, I have no qualms with the way Hama & Silvestri tell us that Mariko died, with the little snikt followed by Wolverine holding her body. It just goes from Wolverine refusing to use his claws to Wolverine using his claws, and it seems like showing us the means or at least the moment in which he goes from the former to the latter might be worthwhile.
I think doing it by the very cinematic trick of showing other characters react to what's the equivalent of a gunshot from the next room is okay, especially on the heels of the equally film-like exposition cut scene from the villains telling what goes to showing it. The page about Jubes and Yukio watching Cylla limp away probably is in the wrong place though for the flow of things.
We've seen Wolverine's approach on the matter of adamantium claw -induced euthanasia on the one hand in UXM #166 and on the other in #205 where he refused the mercy from Lady Deathstrike, so it works for the readers who have those scenes in their character toolbox. Of course there's being lot of overhaul in readership in betwixt these particular years so maybe ditching the "every issue is someone's first" approach in that sense is not so successful one.
I find it kind of book-endy. Mariko becomes an actual character in the context of UNCANNY during the Paul Smith run, which had the momentous moment in #166 where Logan decides that he owes his Brood-infected loved ones his life... or quick, clean death. The "walk the walk" moment has come.
I was actually shocked at the time, as my back issue absorption was such that Marino looked very large in the Logan legend. It seemed really huge. The execution did feel rushed though, as you say.
In retrospect it's easy to see this as more of the same post-Claremont housecleaning that also killed the Reavers, the Hellions, etc.
Reading it now, I like it. The detail that makes it work (for me) is that she dies having purged the Yashida house of its criminal ties, the big stumbling block to her wedding Wolverine. That's a nice little dramatic/tragic irony.
And while it's delayed because of fill-ins, the "mourning" sequence in issue 60 is a suitable epilogue.
I agree that Silver Fox being the murderer is bad, but then I hate the whole Silver Fox retcon in the first place.
Jason, I'm enjoying your autocorrect woes. I had forgotten about the time Sylvester drew Marino in that one issue of WOLVERINE.
He was too much ahead of his time of course, but Marvel must have been kicking itself in hindsight for some years now for getting rid of Wolverine's lover Marino so soon.
Oh, again, I don't know. Technically I should be there with you about Matsu'o and Silver Fox as singular new characters being unworthy, but if you read it like it's the combined forces of the Hand and the Hydra who finally manage to revenge themselves on Logan after the Madripoor Knights shenanigans it works for me. Again we return also to UNCANNY #172-173 and, even if the Viper wasn't the Madame Hydra anymore and even if Silver Fox being now the acting one is a bit meh, goshdangit if it isn't appropriate that she's there when Mariko is finally successfully poisoned. If they only had done it right like Nathan Adler has proposed and revealed that it was Baron von Strucker who was behind the Experiment X. Viper having been the Madame H who was more the thorn in Captain America's flesh, the Madripoor Knights reveal itself to have been quite a nodsworthy retcon.
And, if there is hypothetically an element of fridging to be found here, I must note that it is a female conspirator who manages to kill the female love interest, through the usage of a female assassin and a female cyborg to keep the titular hero busy while the former's at it. Each have their own separate on-going motivations and character arcs. If one was to set out to fail the Bechdel test on this one because "yeah but they all talk about the male characher all the time!" it would be a petty notion.
It flies under the radar, but Mariko's ultimate undoing is voluntarily agreeing to do a thing full in the Yakuza way, after she has so hard tried to cut the clan from its criminal underworld connections.
Oh, shuck. I can't remember in Nathan already suggested it, but Department H secretly being Department Hydra would've been kind of awesome.