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Sonic Hedge Hog Form Liner Builts
Cement Molding Kings
Different Uses of Concrete Formliners in Construction and Architecture
There are many different ways to utilize concrete formliners. The videos below show you different uses for formliners and how different companies within the industry are putting them to use.
The picture above represents a good use of form liners as noted by the Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce:
Inside the Spheres is a five-story independent structure made with 12 million pounds of concrete.
While the typical concrete shear core is rectangular-shaped and rough construction, these concrete cores were shaped like a football and a guitar pick with an exposed finished surface. The design team also wanted the structure to be a sculptural feature. The curved forms were over-sized by 2 inches, and form-liner pieces were used to impress a tree pattern climbing up the core.
Here we see use of form liner to create a cast for a bridge rebuild projects according to the Times Free Press article below:
"The project does have some aesthetic features. There is a specially selected form liner used to make the cast concrete on the project look similar to cut limestone block walls that are located throughout Chattanooga, along with the use of the tri-star from the Tennessee State Flag on the bridges," Flynn said.
More usage of formliners in architecture can be seen below as seen in the article by Construction Canada:
With this advancement, came the increased desire for patterns, textures, and colours. Coloured concrete was introduced in 1915 when Lynn Mason Scofield begain producing colour additives for concrete; a half-century later, manufactured patterns became possible. With the advent of formliners, patterned concrete once only achievable through handcrafting could now be replicated in a controlled and more expedient fashion while maintaining the classic look borrowed from ancient architecture. In the 1970s, formliner manufacturers were able to add textures.
Types of formliners
Contemporary formliners lend an almost endless array of pattern and texture opportunities. North American manufacturers provide a standard selection of products, with some offering more than 300 choices.
In the 1970s and 80s, ribbed patterns were widely used in designs for sound walls, industrial buildings, mass transit stations, and other various building exteriors. As polyurethane formliners emerged, the ribbed patterns gave way to more natural and unique patterns. This provided the architect with more options and flexibility when designing a concrete building exterior.
Patterns and textures previously only available by extracting them from natural materials are now exactly replicated in formliners. Even the most traditional building materials, brick and block, have been recreated. Stone, wood, stucco, masonry, and abstract esthetics can all be incorporated in designs.
For Concrete Formliner services, contact: http://www.fantasycardmaker.com/
and also visit: https://customrock.com/
All rights reserved © Sonic Hedge Hog Form Liner Builts	Powered by WordPress Theme by Mina Themes


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College of the Arts
Department of Visual Arts
Department Map
Academic Roadmaps
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Study Abroad: Summer 2023
University Catalogue (2022-2023)
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Mike McGee
Professor, Art History
Location: VA 197B
Email: mmcgee@fullerton.edu
Please contact the Art Department Office
(657-278 -3471) for current office hours
Mike McGee has worked as an art writer, curator, and arts administrator since 1982. He served as the director of Begovich Gallery from 1992-2018. McGee has organized and written catalog essays for more than two hundred exhibitions working with artists such as Lita Albuquerque, Don Bachardy, Tony DeLap, Paul McCarthy, Rachel Rosenthal, Mark Ryden, Kenny Scharf, and Robert Williams. Recent books include John Paul Jones: The Pursuit of Beauty's Perfect Proof (Begovich Gallery; 2009), Manuel Pardo: Universo Sonado in Technicolor (Grand Central Press; 2011), F. Scott Hess: A Retrospective (Grand Central Press; 2014), Roland Reiss: Painting and Sculpture (Grand Central Press; 2015), and Fred Tomaselli: The Early Work or How I Became a Painter (Grand Central Press; 2015).
McGee is an active arts advocate and a committed volunteer leader for arts organizations. He is past President of the Board of Trustees for the Orange County Center for Contemporary Art and a founding board member for Arts Orange County. He is also a founding a member of the City of Santa Ana Arts Commission. On campus, McGee nearly doubled the number of works in the CSU Fullerton sculpture collection and established the Richard Newquist Memorial Sculpture Court. He also founded the Cal State Fullerton Grand Central Art Center, a University satellite center, in downtown Santa Ana, California.
This site is maintained by College of the Arts.
To report problems or comments with this site, please contact jbussell@fullerton.edu.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Adding headers dynamically in PreferenceActivity For my android application, I'd like to allow the user to save multiple user profiles in the sharedpreferencies.
The app is for now able to store only one profile and I handled it from a PreferenceActivity with headers (one to store the user profile and one to store some app config) which are respectively linked to their dedicated PreferenceFragment.
My approach is now to create a new header called "Add profile", let the user save its datas in the PreferenceFragment and once he finishes by pushing the back button, update the PreferenceActivity's headers with the new created profile.
PreferenceActivity headers before adding

*

*Add Profile

*App config

After adding

*

*Profile 1

*Add Profile

*Remove Profile

*App Config

Does someone have an example for this?

A: I solved the issue by using an SQLite approach instead of sharedpreferencies.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Domestic/ Craft
Rating: 3.4167
30 Henchmen
The definition of a Henchman: a man who really knows his away around a hench.
What is a Henchman?
In the original context, a henchman was the retainer who cared for a lord's horse, literally a groom. The term hechman comes from the old english word Hengst, which in turns comes from the german word for horse. In more modern literary and game conventions the role of the Henchman is generally any role subordinate to either the primary villain, or the PCs and their direct allies. Unless soldier types or 'elite' henchmen, the general henchman is not going to be a match for even a single PC. The strength of the henchman comes from either specialization, or from massed numbers.
The principle Henchman is the Goon. Combat skills tend to be the Goon's main skill and most are chosen for their ability to fight and follow orders with a minimum of fuss.
1. The Willing Goon
This goon, likely a large bruiser with sunken knuckles and a penchant for fighting signed on as a henchman with little bargaining required. As a minion of the villain, the Willing Goon is the eager henchman ready to brawl at a moment's notice. The Willing Goon seldom works alone as he tends to have a good number (1D4+1) of other Willing Goons working with him.
2. The Coerced Goon
The opposite of the Willing Goon, the Coerced Goon is working against his will. Most often the minion of a the villain, this goon has a loved one held hostage, is bespelled, or only follows orders out of fear for the villain's wrath. Captured enemy minions can be forceably recruited by PCs and function as coerced goons. Coerced Goons generally require regular pressure to keep them working, and they also tend to be sullen, moody, and likely canditates for traitors.
3. The Inept Goon
Often the first goon encountered, the Inept Goon is new to the job and not much of a challenge to overcome. Most are rookies, and after some time are able to become normal goons. Others, like Barney Fife remain inept and end up as sword fodder. In a game, Inept Goons can be pumped for information, offer comic relief, or a minimal threat to low level PCs.
4. The Specialist Goon
Rather an elite goon, the Specialist has a skill that sets him apart from the mundane goon stock. this could be a specialization in using ropes and snares, being a sharpshooter with a bow and arrow, or the like. While overall inferior to a PC, the Specialist is a peer in terms of their special skill. Thus the Specialist Swordsman goon can match blades with the PCs and survive, but can be outwitted, out-spelled, and such.
5. The Drowsy Goon
Mr. Sleepy Head is most often the goon assigned to guard duty, watching prisoners, and protecting weapon supplies, the horses, and anything else the PCs need to take with as little noise as possible.
6. The Sergeant Goon
The Villain can seldom be bothered to lead squads of goons in the field and often elite lieutenants are too busy on other dastardly missions to serve as leaders. The Sergeant Goon is an elite goon with tactical and leadership skills enough to operate a detachment of goons, generally between six to two dozen. Like the Specialist, the Sergeant can hold his own against a PC but deprived of his squad, he can be overcome.
7. The Goon-in-Training
A counterpoint to the Inept Goon, the Goon in Training is a rookie that shows basic competence and has the potential to become an elite goon with some character progression. Often encountered early in the game, the Goon in Training appears later in the game promoted to a lieutenant or other officer in the Villain's retinue.
8. The Hooded Goon
Wearing a black Hood, this goon is the interrogator and torturer for the Villain. Doing double duty as executioner, the Hooded Goon is generally also the head of the dungeon watch and frequently berates the Sleepy Goon for not properly watching the prisoners. An elite goon, the Hooded Goon can be a danger with his killing skills, intimidation factor and cadre of lesser guard goons and enforcers.
9. The Groundskeeper Goon
Mazes of briars don't trim themselves, moats need to be dredged, and the portcullis needs to be oiled to keep working properly. The Groundskeeper maintains the lair of the Villain, or even the home base of the PCs. Often overlooked, the Groundskeeper does his work and keeps his head down.
10. The Lieutenant Goon
Higher ranking than the Sergeant Goon, the Lt. Goon is on par with the PCs for basic abilities but primarily serves as a leader for two dozen to one hundred goons. The Lt. Goon will generally have one Sergeant Goon for each dozen normal goons under his command.
11. The Kitchen Goon
Nominally cooks and butchers, these goons can be surprisingly dangerous foes with their knives, cleavers, and meat hooks. Responcible for the Villain's food, the head of the Kitchen will be an elite goon fanatically devoted to the villain.
12. The Seneschal
With terrible combat abilities, the Seneschal is the general manager of the Villain's house and affairs while the boss is away. At any given time, he is accompanied by 1D6 Inept Goons, drowsy goons, and a 50% of a Sergeant Goon or better.
13. The Mutant Goon
Inhuman or a monsterous experiment, the Mutant has higher than normal combat abilites but balances this with abysmal social and mental skills. Either sorcery spawned lizard-men, members of the allied hobgoblin tribe or the like, mutants generally are encountered on their own and have Mutant equivalents to Sergeant and Lieutenant Goons. Mutant goons generally fight to the death.
14. The Green Goon
Most evil lords, and higher ranking PCs are going to have land that they have to survey and tax. In a typical setting, they are going to have at least some forest or timberland to cover. The Green Goon is a native of the woods, but is also a loyal henchman of the employer. Green Goons can be woodland bandits, forestals in service to a lord and even druids sympathetic to the cause.
15. The Menial Goon
The most extra of extras, menial goons include but are not limited to household servants, scullery maids, and other professions that have no combat skills and no real skills of value in the realm of adventurering. Menial goons are best used as petty sabotours and to take up attention in the form of prisoners to be watched, refugees to be tended to or possible accomplice criminal types, depending on their master.
16. The Platemail Goon
A freelance knight, the Platemail Goon is well armed, well equiped, has a mount and a good deal of combat skill and pseudo-noble education. He might be a disenfranchised noble, a pretender mercenary or the like. An elite combatant, he works alone and is likely at first seemingly a rogue threat rather than a pawn of the PCs or the Villain.
17. The Magic Goon
Wizards and sorcerers seldom sell their services out to petty masters such as most villains, and PCs for that matter. Apprentice mages, failed mages, and mortals with a magic knack are more than willing however. Lacking the full versatility of a full-fledged magus, the Magic Goon has a handful of spells, generally 3 to 5, that remain fairly useful but not overpowering. Magic Goons seldom venture out alone considering their skills, and as such are generally attended by a Sergeant Goon, and several normal or mutant goons as protection.
18. Beastly Goon
Not a mutant of any sort, the Beastly Goon tends for the Master's animals, be they hawks and hounds, wyverns or flesh eating giant centipedes. Un unloving job, most Beastly Goons wear scars from their charges. On the other hand, when a Beastly Goon is called into the field, there is no telling what sort of beastie he is going to have in tow and chained with him. Warhounds are common, while more exotic creatures are not out of the question.
19. Mucky-Muck Goon
Pompous, self-serving and self-important the Mucky-Muck Goon is a functionary who works in administration beneath the Master. Most affect grand titles for their tasks, and the truth of the matter is that even if they were to vanish for weeks no one would really miss them. Lacking combat skills, the Mucky-Muck expects a retinue of protective goons and sycophantically sucks up to the master. Most of the other henchmen hate the Mucky-Muck.
Mucky-Muck is a term I have long used to describe self-aggrandizing middle managers and other less than important positions. As a rule, Mucky-Mucks tend to be better dressed, condescending towards normal workers and arrogant to their office peers.
20. The Skulk Goon
Assassins are expensive, and Goons are much more expendable. The Skulk Goon is trained to be a low level assassin, often using standard technique of poison in the goblet, the old knife in the back, or strangling with wire during the loud theatre performance. Often thin and of rogueish disposition, most Skulks avoid combat and are generally elite Goons.
21. The Whore Goon
No good villain goes with a suitable harem of women to please his every carnal desire and to demonstrate his mastery over that the most elusive of creatures, the female. The Whore Goon is part assassin, part advisor, part meat shield, and entirely expendable.
22. The Gypsy Goon
Not so much one of the Roma people, the Gypsy Goon is a fortune teller that the superstitious villain consults from time to time over various matters. Most maintain witch like appearances, are solitary by nature, and cause fear in the other goons. If pressed to combat, the Gypsy will flee, attack with a poison weapon or powder, and die quickly on the end of a sword.
23. The Hunchback Goon
There are certain tasks that mundane goons are not cut out to do. These tasks are relegated to the misshapen and deformed. Laboratory assistants, grave-robbers, disposers of bodies and other unsavory tasks often fall on the mis-matched shoulders of the often freakish and outcaste Hunchback Goon. The Hunchback is often the whipping boy for the other goons.
24. The Fool Goon
Generally kept close to the Master, the Fool Goon is an entertainer, acrobat, or musician. Fools can be canny political manipulators, terrified imprisoned musicians, or mutant freaks chosen for their ability to survive sadistic beating after sadistic beating.
25. The Goon of the Law
Having a legitmate claim to a domain, the Master of this goon has placed him as a traveling enforcer of the law. The Goon of the law can be a position of privelage for a well serving goon for the PCs, or can be a oppressive Sherrif of Nottingham Goon of the Law. This Goon generally has a rank similar to a Lieutenant Goon and associated 'deputy goons'.
26. The Bounty Hunter
Only nominally one of the Master's henchmen, the Bounty Hunter is a skilled goon who uses a variety of exotic weapons and non-lethal modes of attack. The bounty is generally better for a live capture, but sometimes taking a head and a cut in pay is acceptible. Often has his, or her own sense or code of honor.
27. The Family Goon
Being a person of some wealth and influence means that there is generally pressure from the family to spread some of the goods around. Sitting at the table of goondom are untold numbers of cousins, nephews, ambitious uncles, and scheming brothers. While skills vary from being inept goons on up to specialists and Lieutenants, most have a good understanding of the master and their goals. A Family Goon can be a boon in the concept of blood being thicker than water, or can be a liability in being not worth much but requiring close protection.
28. The Senior Goon
Not all goons have to be young. The Senior goon has a head full of gray hair and years of experience serving as a henchman. Full of anecdotes for PCs, and nasty surprises for villains, the Senior uses brains more than bull rushes and frontal attacks.
29. Automatic Goons
Hailing from the mineral kingdom Automatic Goons are animated objects that serve the Master. The most common form of automatic goon is the zombie and the lowly skeleton. More powerful versions of the Automatic can include bound elementals and golems. always combative type goons, Automatics seldom have skills beyond Hit Things Hard or Take it Like a Man.
30. The Henchman Goon
Horses require a good deal of care, from basics like feeding and daily brushing to advanced care like trimming hooves, shoeing, and floating teeth. Somewhere between a groom and veterinarian, the Henchman takes the best care of the master's horse at home and in the field. Other tasks include the upkeep on saddles, bridles, and barding for the horse if it has any. The Henchman himself generally has a horse of his own just to keep up with his master, but it is always an inferior animal.
30 great goons.
MoonHunter
Goonies. Goonies. Goonies.
Sorry it had to be said.
Not what I have expected; very silly and useful at the same time! Nice list all around.
Another good solid list. Not as good as some of your other 30s, but still good and useful.
EchoMirage
June 15, 2007, 4:21
A write up of one goon per type would be cool.
You mean something more like a single person written up for each of the goon types? It could be done, but proper goons are extras and like most extras on television won't have a name.
PC: "Who do you work for!?"
Goon: "I'll never talk!"
PC: "What's your name?"
Goon: "I'll never...oh, my name. Well you surprised me with that one. My name is Vlech and I'm originally from the Alley District. I've been working to help my sister, she's sick with bonerot fever and I need to raise the money to pay for her operation.
"Hmmm... I admit I didn't exactly want this kind of job, but there was the money, and the guys turned out to be actually fine. You know, the boss paid us some extra on teambuilding activities, so we hanged out in the bars, and, you wouldn't believe the stories I heard there. I think it is injust if people go with the stereotypes, and don't look at a person's background. For instance, when Bob finally started to talk, ..."
Sorry... couldn't resist.
Nuchiha101
August 21, 2010, 0:31
This was extremely useful for me,
And the above post, I didn't expect that
RGTraynor
April 9, 2011, 7:53
I wish I could give it a higher vote, but to a degree, I'm with EchoMirage: I do understand that goons are extras, but without any personality traits attached to the list at all, this is just a list of possible goonish positions in a Big Bad's entourage ... and most GMs can figure out that much anyway. One or two personality traits per Goon would make this more than a collection of red shirts.
I think the point was that it was a collection of red shirts.
This just gives you a chance to add one trait that makes them different from the rest of them that come out of "the vat".
April 13, 2011, 2:00
Mm, but it doesn't actually do that, which is what I like seeing out of many of the other '30' submissions: that they generally ascribe at least one distinctive personality trait to what would otherwise be a random list of princesses, courtiers, beggars etc. The worth of a sub, IMHO, is that it does some work that I don't have to do.
My above comment said, I am not overly enchanted by the listing. Some of the listings seem desperately random. Still, it is what it is and it does deliver what it said.
Dossta
Does what it set out to do.
Link Backs
Other role playing ideas link to this one.
The 30 By: MoonHunter
By: Scrasamax
The PCs are invited to play in lumberjack games. They must see how quickly they can cut down a tree, how quickly they can use a great saw to cut a wheel from an already dropped tree, and must stay on top of a floating log while a lumberjack tries to roll the log to make them fall in the water. The winner gets beer and pancakes
Ideas ( Plots ) | August 7, 2004 | View | UpVote 0xp


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tv Anderson Cooper 360 CNN November 9, 2012 8:00pm-9:00pm EST
honestly. tom foreman, cnn, washington. >> 15,000 books. isn't that incredible? yet we all still want to know more about him, and apparently in the movie you see a lincoln that is far from perfect, of course, as we all know, no matter how heroic and amazing the real man must have been. thanks for watching. "anderson cooper 360" starts right now. good evening. we're coming to you from staten island, new york. we're here nearly two weeks after hurricane sandy hit. we begin with breaking news, a story that has blindsided the american intelligence community and the obama administration, and it's still developing at this hour. general david petraeus resigned today as director of the cia after admitting he had an extramarital affair. they confirm to cnn that the
investigators have been exploring tips on an affair with eleanor broadbar. they tried to see if there was a potential security risk, in other words, perhaps petraeus was blackmailed. she is the one with whom petraeus admitted having an affair. petraeus is a highly respected, four-star general who commanded forces in both iraq and afghanistan. he was sworn in to run the cia a little over a year ago with vice president biden with his wife holly at his side. that was the swearing in. they've been married 35 years, have two grown kids. so how will this revelation impact the committee? member of the cia's external advisory committee, and also cnn's officer, and intelligence correspondent. susan, let's start with you. what can you tell us about this probe with paula broadwell.
what would the fbi have been looking for, and do we know how long this was going on for? >> we don't know how long it was going on, but just the -- so they're the ones that would look into classification, they look into hold clearances. are they doing what they need to be doing to make sure that information stays safe. is there any opportunity that that information could be exploited by either a spy or anyone else who shouldn't have access to that information. so the fact they were the ones looking into this tells us they were concerned about some e-mail things. let's back up for just a moment. this was a tip given that there was a relationship going on between the two, so they would have dug into things like e-male e-mails and text and see things like that. if it turns out to be paula, they would be looking at communications between the two over the years, and especially since, as you mentioned, general
david petraeus has taken over the directorship of the cia which happened in september of last year. anderson? >> and susan, you said we don't know how long the fbi was investigating. do we know the obama administration knew about this before the election? >> no, but wouldn't we all love to know the answer to that. that really is a burning question. it's just days after the election and something like this comes out. but clearly, something like this had been going on for a while. it wasn't -- you know, it's not likely that a couple days after the election, general petraeus had sort of a crisis of conscience and decided this is the time now for me to come clean on everything. which also makes you wonder, did other people know about this, and was there a possibility they could have used this against him or to blackmail him in any way? that would have spoken directly to his ability to hold a security clearance and protect those secrets as well, anderson, so lots of unanswered questions, but i'm told more will be coming out in the coming days. >> i guess oert questithe other did the administration, if they
did know about it, decide not to let this be announced before the election because they didn't want to do anything to impact the election. fran, i should reiterate that cnn is not admitting that petraeus admitted to having an affair with paula broadwell, just that he admitted to having an affair. he did not say publicly with whom. the fbi investigated a tip that he was involved in an ext extramarital affair with petraeus. you know petraeus. did the general's cooperation with paula broadwell on her biography of him ever raise eyebrows of people you knew in the intelligence circle? >> she had incredible access. she spent a year over in afghanistan, and in washington, unfortunately, any sort of very professional, competent woman who has that kind of access and is that successful, there's bound to be some sort of sniping and gossiping. but i don't think anybody took it seriously, anderson. he seemed beyond reproach.
he worked incredibly hard, he was incredibly competent. diane feinstein today called his resignation tragic. and that's right, i think his resignation is a real loss to the country, this aside, right? you asked suzanne about when would the white house have known, and i think that's exactly the right question. whenever the fbi opens a counterintelligence or a criminal investigation of a senior cabinet official or administration official, they've got to make notifications of that, especially if there is some counterintelligence concern. we've heard that that would have been to director of national intelligence, jim clapper who likely would have notified either the white house chief of staff or the national security adviser. so they would have been aware of this, anderson, because of the very concern of a breach of some sort of national security information that they were investigating. >> and bob, you're a former cia officer. i know you say this is an
extraordinary event. the fact the fbi was investigating this alleged affair by the cia director, does that add up so far to you? what do you want to know that you don't know? >> there is something missing. the fbi does not, as a matter of routine, look into the affairs of cia officers, nor the director. it's not criminal on the face of it. i'm quite sure, and this is sheer speculation, that there was some sort of leak, there was some sort of criminal investigation or cia investigation based on a solid piece of information that there was a leak that petraeus was talking too much to this woman, that somebody else was monitoring the relationship, something else was there. i have never seen in my career or afterwards a cia director investigated like this. john deutsch was because there was misuse of computers, but that was a fairly minor affair, and as far as affairs go, there's only been one reported, and that was colby, and that
came out after he had died. and the other thing is, normally when a cia director resigns under this sort of pressure, he would do it quietly. he would say that he was doing it for family reasons. he would go off, we would never hear any more about it. someone would write a book ten years later, but to use it in his resignation later is extraordinary. >> and it makes me wonder if he wanted to get out in front of it just from a public relations standpoint or if there is another shoe to drop or more information to come out, or rather than having it come out in drips, bob, he thought get it out and just admit it. >> that's one way to get ahead of it, but there's also the question of benghazi. there was a lot of echoes around washington that he was going to take the fall for the death of the ambassador and the fact that the cia controlled the compound there. i know the cia was leaking right and left on the timeline of what happened in benghazi. did it offend the white house?
did this contribute to releasing the fbi investigation about his affair? we just don't know now. >> suzanne, what do you make of that? there is a lot of chatter, obviously, on line about benghazi and a lot of conspiracy theory about it. >> i take a cautious approach to the benghazi effort. the person who is going to announce it in the hot seat and answer questions before the oversight committee is going to be mike morale, and he's been involved in this since the beginning, putting in the timeline and whatnot. the president, if he really needed a fall guy from benghazi, that would have happened before the election, somebody to say, all right, i messed up. i really don't think we've seen any strong evidence yet that the cia made such fatal mistakes in benghazi that somebody had to take a fall like this. this is so significant that you just have to have a really strong body of evidence to prove
something like that. >> i just -- if this investigation has been going on for a long time, and we don't know, but we wouldn't know, and that raised the question if there was a security risk or security kirconcerns, should it have been dealt with sooner, and you rest assured because of the potential security concern, at a minimum the white house chief of staff would have known. it wouldn't have been widely briefed for many good reasons. he would have kept it in a very tight circle, but you be sure that someone at the white house at a very senior level would have been made aware of it,
frankly to make sure they were watching any interactions with the president, anything that seemed out of the ordinary so they could have reported that into the fbi investigation. the other thing is, these are -- if the fbi was looking at e-mails and text messages, the sort of natural investigative steps they would have taken, whether going back to when he was -- she was writing the biography, this would have been a substantial body of material that would have taken some time to get through. so this wasn't a new investigation, and it wasn't done quickly. it would have been taken very seriously. >> yeah. well, obviously more questions, i guess, right now than answers. appreciate your reporting. let us know what you think. call me@twitter at anderson cooper. up next, the company responsible for about 150,000 people in the new york area still being without power. we're going to tell you about a damning report how unprepared that company was for a storm like sandy. keep it on us.
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i want to tell you about them, and that's why as always, tonight we're keeping him honest. the worst of it involves one utilities company failure and their contractors' failure as well to restore power to about 150,000 customers in all. the company's name is lipa, the long island power authority. the contract er which does the operations work is annals grid. >> they're an expert at doing this and they failed, and they should be held accountable for their failure. in the meantime, they should be doing everything humanly possible to improve their
performance and get these people out of the pain and suffering that they've been subjected to. >> what they've been subjected to includes more than just a dozen days without power. it's service calls the customers say are going unanswered, crews that don't show up, companies that seem to not know where the problems even are. >> the governor and the president of the united states have come into this area to see the devastation that is katrina without the bodies. >> we have to turn to lipa. president, vice president, we need people to take care of our community. they're screwing up! we're angry and we're not taking it anymore. >> if you can say something to lipa right now, what would it be? >> you stink. >> thank you so much for nothing. you're fabulous. >> one day they told us it was going to be maybe thanksgiving. so yes, it's very rough. very, very rough.
>> there's no inspectors, we don't know where an inspector is, and we're not flooded. >> it's so bad that some local officials want the military and u.s. department of energy to step in and temporarily take over lipa management. lipa just can't hack it. they did not budget enough for disaster response. paper maps like this one were pretty much state of the art, according to the report. paper maps they're using. lipa has lagged behind other utilities, not using smartphones or computers. even worse, lipa's power outage system runs on a 25-year-old mainframe computer. it was blamed in part for lipa's slow response last year to irene, and it cast doubt on how seriously lipa and national grid
took its lessons from irene. a person who helped prepare the report said, and i quote, all of these things were identified, but they all cost money. that includes simple preventative measures like trimming trees around power lines and inspecting utility poles. the report says lipa lacked even basic procedures for repairing downed wires, keeping communications open with customers. by the way, our inquiries to lipa went unanswered. they denied they were failing its customers. they said it's progressing very well based on the unprecedented storm. however, a lot of people disagree and we managed to speak to some of them. >> reporter: anger, frustration and despair in the rockaways, as people demand to know why the neighborhood remained dark as weather hit this community.
>> i can't get nothing. >> reporter: workers from the power authority known as lipa are visible but can't seem to get the electricity back in 150,000 homes, especially those in the flood area. new york's governor has threatened to pull the company's operating license. >> we paid them and we gave them a franchise because they represented themselves as experts at doing this, and they failed. and they should be held accountable for their failure. >> reporter: at the mt. carmel baptist church next to a public housing complex, volunteers worked hard at serving meals and keeping up morale. one woman told us it felt like martial law here with people bolted inside their homes after dark. >> there is no power, no light. you could barely see in front of you. it's difficult. you have a hard time. so usually you try to get in before the sun goes down. >> reporter: kenneth gonzalez, a registered nurse, is now crammed into his living room, what he
now shares with three other people and the few belongings he could save. >> if someone comes in here with guns to take what little i have left, what am i supposed to do? it's like armageddon or something, they just forgot about us. how are we to survive? >> as you know, it is bitterly cold in these areas. people talk about looting. there is a real fear here about looting. how much is that fear based on reality? how many cases do we know there has been? is it more widespread or is it kind of more a fear of what might happen? >> reporter: actually, anderson, it is the only crime over the last two weeks that has actually gone up in numbers, according to the police department. burglaries up 7%. even murders are down during this particular period, but you've got burglary that is up. it's a crime of opportunity. you have people who are either going to homes and they're seeing if anybody is inside, or what you also have is you have people sort of stealing things that are being left out. people are trying to take copper
wires from refrigerators, from freezers, anything that ey can really get their hands on. so it is a palpable number that people are afraid. but think about it, anderson. even if you look, this is a floodlight. that light over there is in a place where there are usually six or seven lights, so people really are in the dark. and that is a problem. now, we do see a lot of police cars out here, and they are demobilized to heavily lit areas. we see the sanitation trucks starting to get back in order. the housing, the hra brought some extra resources out here to help people get extra food stamps and benefits, because 25% of all the public housing in queens is actually here in this part of the rockaways. so there is a socioeconomic component to it, and it's one where people really feel like they've been abandoned, anderson. >> debra, i appreciate the reporting. we've seen police come by a couple times here, but a lot of folks in the blocks around here
which have no power are basically holding watch over their own homes, very concerned about the safety of what little they have left being taken away. with us now is new york city councilman elect george sanders. he calls the power failure, the lipa failure, in his words a powder keg. you met with lipa officials today. they said some people on long island may not have power until christmas? is that true? >> when i raised the question to the man and said, how soon will everyone have power, they wouldn't give me an answer, and i said, well, can we say november? can we say december? how about christmas? at that point they said, it is possible. >> what do you make of this? i mean, i know you called for the president of lipa to resign if power isn't restored by monday, but you also said the buck stops with governor cuomo since he appoints lipa board
members. who should be held accountable here? >> the first people held accountable should be lipa. lipa has the responsibility to make sure this area has been powered. that responsibility is a dismal failure. what hasn't been mentioned is some people are freezing out here, and we are absolutely -- there are people who are dying thanks to this cold. and we can't -- as an elected official, i can't sit by quietly. lipa must go, and the person who has the power to make this happen is our good governor. >> it's not the first time that lipa has come under fire. it's had a bad reputation when it comes to getting power restored after storms, right? >> lipa is historically one of the worst-performing authorities that new york state has, and why we allow this to continue, i
don't know. at a minimum, the captain needs to go down with the ship. the ship went down 12 days ago, and yet the captain is still skating away. the captain needs to go down with the ship. >> councilman sand erers, i appreciate you being with us tonight, thank you very much. >> thank you. >> so much grief after hurricane sandy and also a large desire to help. many americans are opening their wallet. we want to warn you about fraudulent charities. to add insult to injury, the fact there are fraudulent charities targeting you and using sandy to get your money, drew griffin investigates ahead. stay tuned for this. [ male announcer ] alka-seltzer plus presents the cold truth.
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you know, over the years we did a lot of work with doctors without borders. this is the first time they're operating on the u.s. on the front lines dealing with the aftermath of this storm. we're going to talk with the director of the critical organization ahead on 360. is it really 100 calories? let me put you on webcan... ...lean roasted chicken... and a creamy broth mmm i can still see you. [ male announcer ] progresso. you gotta taste this soup.
many of the victims of superstorm sandy have lost everything. their needs are enormous right now, food, clothing, medicine, shelter and a lot more. but now the fbi is warning that scammed charities could be steering relief away from victims by stealing from you. we've been report ing on bad charities for months, but what we didn't know about is extensive business on these pop-up charities that come up in the wake of a disaster. they exist only to prey on the weak and take your money. >> reporter: the scams start according to internet expert jan ulrich even before the storm begins. as soon as a hurricane announced, the internet is
abuzz, announcing their names and domains. >> you have no idea who these people are. >> what you do notice is they do register hundreds of these domains, in part trying to trick people to go to these domains and donate the money. >> reporter: from his home in jacksonville, florida, he's already tracked more than a thousand internet domains with the words sandy or relief. some registered early but most as soon as the forecast predicted this would be a killer storm. sites that pop up like this one registered in north carolina, urging people to donate to help victims in jamaica, linking the would-be donor to a paypal account. >> i couldn't find what was behind it. you can check registered the domaining, and there is this tool that tells you who registered the domaining. let's just look this up here and see what comes back. it's here, a person in north carolina that hasn't registered,
but whether or not that's real, who knows. >> reporter: we checked. the charity is not registered with the state of north carolina as the law requires. some sites are even more blatant. personal appeals on crowd sourcing sites, creating a web page just asking for money. on this site called indy go go, there were 32 pages for pleas for cash. we headed -- we left the city and headed south towards family in pennsylvania. we were finally let back into salem and our home was destroyed. there is simply no way to determine if any of these pleas or people are real. and before you think no one would send donation to see blind sites or unknown charities, think again. >> most people respond to charities because they are asked by a letter. >> reporter: art taylor, who heads the better business
bureau's alliance, and is following our reporting on bad charities, says 70% of americans who give money donate that money without ever checking to find out where it's going. >> we welcome the public scrutiny that is coming to this. we welcome, you know, the media for getting involved in this because if you don't, i worry that things are going to get worse. people are going to continue to be duped by, you know, unscrupulous claims. >> reporter: which leads us to the real victims of charity scams, the people who really need charity. like these people lined up at the bethel assembly church of god not far from downtown newark, new jersey. a missouri-based charity called convoy of hope is here handing out coats, blankets, food, water. real help for real victims. any donations mistakenly sent to a bad charity or a scammer is a donation not committed to you. >> you'll find good apples and
bad apples, and you do your best to be one of the good guys. you do your best knowing that, hey, there's going to be others out there that do things wrong, that do things for the wrong reasons that are unethical, but when you go in with the right heart in the first place, everything works out. >> it's so outrageous, it makes me so mad. i hear there's even a charity using cnn's name. >> we just heard about this, it's an e-mail being sent out, and what you will see is an e-mail which seems to show our page, cnn 360 which shows breaking news about sandy. what we're told is this is a way to actually try to infect your computer. put in some malware and eventually get your banking information. so they're even using cnn at a time like this. >> obviously there's been a lot of talk about asking people to donate to the american red cross. there's been criticism of the red cross as well. where is the money going? >> they're the biggest. they get the most money.
$117 million donated in pledges so far to the red cross to date. we look at these rating systems, charitynavigat charitynavigated.com. they tell us 92% of the funds donated actually go to funds to help people. the red cross is good and they're pretty big. they can handle it. >> they don't target for particular things. you give to the red cross, right? >> this is the big criticism, that they use sandy to raise tremendous amount of funds that go to other disasters, other programs, other overhead that might need it. they tell us, and we've been in contact with the red cross, no. the sandy money is going to sandy victims. they guarantee that. they've got 300 trucks out, served 3.5 million meals so far. they're in ten different states. we don't see them here, there's been a lot of complaints, but the red cross is saying if you donated to hurricane sandy, your money is going to help hurricane sandy victims.
we'll keep on it. >> drew griffin, thank you so much for the reporting. it's so important. in addition to the red cross, we've git couple more places to find legitimate charities and to help the people here. the first is chari charitynavigator.org. they basically rank these charities and give you a sense of which ones are transparent. go to cnn.com/impact, and you can find a list of other groups. but charitynavigator.org will tell you the legitimate ones out there. it's sickening that people prey on these victims. how do you deal with this every day? >> i survive. i'm in survival mode. i caught a guy coming out of one of my neighbor's houses with a
sack of i.d.s, security card, picture i.d.s. i stay out here all night long and patrol the block. >> you patrol the block. >> that's right. you can ask any one of my neighbors. i'm out here all night long patrolling the block, doing the best i can. people are taking things. we have nothing now and they're taking what little we have left. >> no one wants to leave their house because they're afraid someone will come and take their stuff. >> exactly. so i stay out here with my friends, and my son stays by my side 24/7. >> and when do they say you might see electricity or anything? >> they don't know. they've given us no answers what so soefr on that. they don't know themselves, i guess. they just tapped my electric and i can't get electrical.
>> how are you doing? >> it breaks my heart. i put that cross up and five minutes later a priest walked up my block, and that's the truth. he blessed my home. i said, father, look, i just hung up this cross and then he blessed my home. an out-of-town priest. he came from out of town, a church, to help out. >> there have been a lot of volunteers here, which is amazing. >> unbelievable. but they have other lives, they have to work. they can't be here every day. but i'm here every day. i'm retired, so i'm here every day just doing what i can do. i'm by myself with my son. >> do you think this block will come back? >> i'm not leaving. i've been here 20 years. i have a family here. i'm gog rebuild. >> so you're going to rebuild. >> yeah, i'm not going nowhere. i'm not going nowhere. >> thanks. appreciate it. >> thank you. >> we're standing here in staten island where so many homes have
been lost, people are still without power, living in the freezing cold. one of the striking facts is manhattan is so close. for those who aren't familiar with this area, i want to show you what i'm talking about. times square manhattan was mainly the dividing line. staten island sits just southwest of manhattan. you can take the ferry back and forth. that's how close we are. in the wake of sandy, it seems like a world away. boarders are on the scene bringing medical relief to victims. the first time they've responded to a disaster in the united states. the director of doctors without borders, she joins us now. when i think of doctors without borders, i think of you guys in rwanda and all around the world. what's it like to work in the united states? >> it's different, i should say, but we learned our lesson from katrina when we thought medical needs would be covered, and when we realized there were gaps, it
was too late for us to react. so this time we decide to do monitor the situation and be able to respond and try to fill some of the medical gaps. >> what were you doing? you guys were in the rockaways, which was very badly hit. >> we've been supporting some shelters in staten island here. with the help of the community, we've been working with shelters in brooklyn. but this is a very difficult situation for us, because we have to cover large areas, and it's not about working in shelters where people are regrouped, it's really about reaching out to the population who are homebound in high-rise buildings, who can't move, and who have been without electricity nor heating nor any contact with the outside world for almost two weeks now. >> they're in these high-rise buildings, they have no power, they can't use the toilets in many cases, and these are people who the storm hit right at the end of the month. a lot of them received public
assistance, they would have gotten their checks, and their medicine would have been sent at the beginning of the month, so they're without their medicine. >> that's exactly the problem, and 60% of the contacts we've made were about drug refill and prescription refill. we have a lot of high blood pressure, hypertension, and that's where we need mitigation at this moment. >> if someone is hiv positive and they miss their medication even one day, that can have a very serious health impact on them. >> that's true. we had one patient today who was in need of an hiv medication and could only get it from manhattan. so we are only able to get it tomorrow and bring it back to them. >> i'm surprised there aren't health workers from the city health department going door to door checking on people, but you don't see that. >> that's a very complicated story because there are actually a lot of people on the ground, lots of community. the mobilization of the community is absolutely phenomenal. >> there are no health clinics on various blocks. >> there are health clinics but
clearly a lack of coordination. you can't ask the local community to take care of the coordination and do the planning in the coming days. >> right, somebody needs to be organizing it -- >> the borough gets the public services to do that, and it's been very hard to mobilize them on this front. >> it's ridiculous that two weeks after the storm that that kind of organization from the city isn't in existence, and hopefully getting some attention on it will help. i appreciate all you're doing. >> thank you very much. >> excellent organization. up next, can the men and women at these two addresses head off a deal for the major crisis. we're talking about congress and the white house. should republicans reshape themselves after this republican defeat? mary matalin joins us ahead. imagine you, with less pain. cymbalta can help. cymbalta is fda-approved to manage chronic musculoskeletal pain. one non-narcotic pill a day, every day, can help reduce this pain.
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hey, welcome back. we'll have a lot more on the situation here in staten island and also on the looming fiscal cliff and what anyone in congress may do about it. we'll be right back.
i was talk to go the doctors at doctors without borders during the break, and one thing they said they really needed was someone from the city health department or the city government, a decision maker, to answer their calls, to get in touch with them to try to help organize kind of the medical response in the rockaways in particular, to try to get it organized because they're not organized. so if someone from the health department or city government is listening, doctors without borders would really like to get in touch with you. the bush tax cuts, as you know, expire on new year's day and automatic budget cuts kick in, unless congress and the white house can agree that damage cuts won't destroy the government. >> if we're serious about reducing the deficit, we have to combine spending cuts with revenue. and that means asking the wealthiest americans to pay a
little more in taxes. >> so that was the president, and here's speaker boehner. >> on wednesday, i outlined a responsible path forward to avert the fiscal cliff without raising tax rates. about 24 hours after i spoke, the congressional budget office released a report showing the most harmful consequences of the fiscal cliff come from increasing tax rates. >> what speaker boehner did not mention was the cbo report said raising the top rate would only shave 1% of 10% off economic growth and only temporarily. those were the two open conditions in washington's showdown since the disaster. budget negotiators reconvene next week to try, in the words of one aide, to assess where they are. that's what puts republicans where they are in election 2012. it depends on who you ask or how
you ask the question, what happened on tuesday night? gop strategist mary matalin, and david fromm, author of "why romney lost and what the gop can do about it." president obama and speaker boehner have said a lot of right things talking about compromise and cooperation, but on taxes, it seems the gap between the two sides is as big as ever, doesn't it? did the election not change anything? >> the election changed a lot. the election changed the underlying power dynamic between the two parties. you know that great line of al capone's, you can get more with a kind word and a gun than you can get with a kind word alone? the president now has a gun in his hand. the bush tax cuts expire and that makes the republicans sweat. it's a consequence of losing elections, and it's going to be a very uncomfortable month for the two parties. >> mary, what i don't understand, i hear from a lot of republicans, well, the president
doesn't have a mandate on this, but both republicans and democrats for a month now have been saying, look, the choice was very clear between these two men. they couldn't be more different. people have said on our program, and yet all of a sudden, if the choice is so clear and before the vote, didn't the american people make that choice, and so shouldn't the president get some capital on this tax issue? >> well, if the exit polls are accurate, and i believe that they are by almost a 10-point margin, voters said they did not want to raise taxes to reduce the deficit. where the common ground is and where it's always been and why the president has resisted this because he'd rather have an issue than a solution is that we could raise revenues which would largely fall on the rich that he seems to want to pay so much, and we could raise more revenues more quickly without disincentivizing work by raising theinal tax rate.
so i think there is something there between what the president said and what speaker boehner said, if you want to raise revenues, you can close the loopholes that largely fall on rich people and that will raise way more revenues than the top marginal rate which will disincentivize work. so i hope they can do this. but more than this, as a democratic issue, even president clinton said this. we have a new congress, we have new members in both bodies who did not run on tax increases. there should be some sort of just, let's buy some time, as if the government can't dispense with the trigger, and then come back and do real tax reform. >> but mary, you're quoting exit polls. president obama ran on the pledge that richer people should pay more taxes, and the american people voted for him. >> but he said, alternately, and inconsistent
inconsistently, i'm going to use these taxes to reduce the deficit, and i'm going to use these taxes to reduce more spending. you can't do both. if you raise the taxes on the rich the way he said we would raise, we spend $10 million a day and we would raise 3 billion a year. it doesn't solve the problem. there was no discussion today about medicare reform, entitlement reform, structured debt reform, which is really what's burdening the economy, not these deficits. >> all right, david fromm, you said something earlier today that i found interesting and it's getting a lot of attention. you said the conservatives have been fleeced and lied to by the, quote, conservative inner context. tell me what you mean by that? >> there is a large industry that borders the line between show business and information that misleads people about where they really stand. i think that is happening again right now. our -- mary's exchange with mine is a good example of this. there has been a real shift in power dynamics between the president and the republican
parties, the republicans' disadvantage. mary and i both deplore it, but it's a fact. the republicans need power, and they've been beaten badly. losing the presidency after throwing everything in this year, economic strain, losing seats in the senate on top of the four seats that were given away by the tea party in 2010, the cost of majority that was otherwise available, losing seats in the house. and all of the bush tax cuts expiring without the president needing to sign anything, without congress needing to do anything. this is a change in power dynamics to the disadvantage of the republican party. i think it's a disadvantage for the country, too, but the president has this power. and all of it comes from structural problems in the republican party plus a badly executed election, which was lost not because of fancy
promises the president made but because republicans failed to deliver a middle class-oriented economic policy. >> well, anderson -- none of that is true -- >> it's all true. >> there is not deplorable. none of it is true, david. you're a friend and you're smart and you're an intellectual, but none of that is true. we didn't turn out our vote, it was conservatives that didn't turn out. not moderates, not independents, and we did not have a good turnout drive. i've done this for 35 years. >> this is complex. isn't there sort of a republican echo chamber. the whole thing about all the polls are wrong and there's this enthusiasm, were they sold a bill of goods, viewers of these shows? >> and what about there's no liberal echo chamber and liberal blogs and liberal tweets or whatever -- yes, that's the part that's ancillary. but the larger problem here --
david, i've done this for 35 years. romney never overcame that onslaught, that onslaught in the spring. >> when hugh grant got in chernobyl with that prostitution scandal a decade ago, he made a joke on one of the evening chat shows about the people he paid that lied to him. let's not mistake the people that lied to him. this is a big defeat, and it's not just the mechanics of voter turnout, and this was bad. why were they bad? >> that's a legitimate question. was dallas -- >> it's a party that has cut a connection to reality, and the assistance that the turnout vote was good when it was bad, that's just one of the problems. who was it that -- >> i have to go to a commercial. >> that was also a disaster, yet
truth was never told. >> david, i want to have you back on, mary matalin as well. i appreciate it. more news tonight. we'll be right back. or that printing in color had to cost a fortune. nobody said an all-in-one had to be bulky.
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paid for postage online and arranged a free pickup. and i'm gonna track them online, too. nice. between those boxes and this place, i'm totally staying sane this year. do i smell snickerdoodles? maybe. [ timer dings ] got to go. priority mail flat rate boxes. online pricing starts at $5.15. only from the postal service. email marketing from constant contact reaches people in a place they're checking every day -- their inbox. and it gives you the tools to create custom emails that drive business. it's just one of the ways constant contact can help you grow your small business. sign up for your free trial today at constantcontact.com/try. 11 days ago at the height of the storm, two little boys
drowned here on staten island. today they were laid to rest in a single casket. four-year-old connor moore and two-year-old brandon were swept away from their mother's arms in floodwaters. the mother asked for help at a nearby house but was turned away. her husband, who works for the sanitation department, was at work that night. friends carried their sons' caskets. friends of the family have set up a fund to help pay for the cost of the funeral. we put that on our website at anderson360.com. piers morgan starts right after the break. [ male announcer ] when was the last time something made your jaw drop? campbell's has 24 new soups that will make it drop over, and over again. ♪ from jammin' jerk chicken, to creamy gouda bisque.
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Essays>
Salt has always been the greatest income of Hungarian kings. Besides gold which gave 2/3 of Europe's needs and silver which provided 1/4 of it, salt mining made Hungarian kings richer than the European monarchs. One may ask how was King Matthias Corvinus able to finance his standing army and the rest of his soldiers whose numbers altogether could reach 164,000 men at times? Without crippling the economy? Moreover, during his 32-year-reign the number of newly built splendid late-Gothic churches and buildings has been multiplied.
Salt mining and trade in the age of the Árpád dynasty
The country was visibly rich and admired by the foreign diplomats; the wars (mostly) raged outside of the borders and the peace and safety helped the economy tremendously. The king had a strong part in creating this stability and wealth and let us take a look at the Hungarian economy and see that income from salt was perhaps more valuable than anything.
As for gold, copper, and silver mining, please read about the Mining Towns here:
https://www.hungarianottomanwars.com/essays/the-mining-towns-of-upper-hungary
Later, we are going to learn about the sudden financial crisis before the Battle of Mohács. Perhaps, it will be easier to understand how come that 30 years after the death of Matthias Corvinus, the young King Louis II had to ask for loans to feed his own kitchen. Where did the money disappear? Why was King Matthias able to finance his wars against the Ottomans so successfully and why the Habsburg kings could not do the same one hundred years later?
Hungary, 14th-15th century, trade and economy
Salt – the "white gold" of Hungary
Did you know that the Kingdom of Hungary provided Europe with 75% of mined salt before the Battle of Mohács in 1526?
Salt was used in huge quantities in the Middle Ages not only for cooking but also for food preservation. Besides, many soldiers, servants, and officials of the King and the Church received their payment in salt. Salt was just as important as oil in our days.
No wonder, why King Matthias Corvinus took control of the salt business back into his hands in 1464: he made a law that banned the sale of imported salt in the kingdom and ordered that the king`s salt must be distributed everywhere. It was one of his first laws that targeted the regaining of royal monopolies.
salt on the surface in Transylvania
Mining salt was one of the greatest incomes of the Hungarian kings. This business was flourishing in Transylvania already in the 13th century. The workers were organized in guilds, they called themselves "cellérek" aka "salt-cutters". This activity was done almost exclusively by Hungarians in Transylvania.
Salt on the hill-sides, Transylvania
Each mine had its own "salt office", led by the "mine-big" (bányanagy) or Comes of Chamber (kamara ispán). The officers mainly worked as auditors. The workers (salt-cutters) were divided into two groups: the cutters who received money and broad-cloth as payment and the so-called "guest-cutters" who were paid only in salt. Most of the time, the salt-cutters had a kind of local authority, they chose their own judges and leaders. These privileges were based on documents given by the kings in the 15th century. King Zsigmond (Sigismund) banned salt mining for the landlords in 1405.
salt in abundance
King Matthias Corvinus granted the royal right of mining and trading salt to the Székely (Szekler) people of Transylvania in 1463. In Székelyföld (Szeklerland) there is an area called "Sóvidék" (Salt-countryside") where salt can be found in abundance. King János II Zsigmond took away their rights in 1562 after a Székely uprising, though. It was Prince Báthori Zsigmond who gave these rights back to the Székely people in 1601. More about the Székely people:
https://www.hungarianottomanwars.com/essays/who-were-the-szekelys/
somewhere in Transylvania
Even the not very strong-handed Prince Apafi Mihály was able to protect the salt mines of the Székely people from the Turks in 1661. It was Prince Rákóczi Ferenc II who fully returned the salt rights to them but the Habsburgs took it away in 1714 and it was never granted again. (Please, note that I am using the Eastern name order for Hungarian names.)
The salt was transported by boats and by wagons to Szeged which was an important junction of roads. There was a huge harbor for salt-carrying boats, too.
Parajd, a Székely chapel in the salt mine
The centers of the Hungarian Counties had an important role in distributing the salt. (Like Szeged or Szolnok.) The salt was shipped on boats on the Maros river to Szeged or by wagons to Szolnok via the road of Szalacs. Many settlements developed around the salt mines which gained privileges from the rulers, these usually did not depend on the landlords. Towns like Dés, Kolozs, Szék, and Torda developed because of salt mining. It was the same with the five royal towns of Máramaros: Huszt, Visk, Hosszúmezõ, Sziget, and Técsõ where salt miners settled. Salt mining was famous in Torda, Parajd, and Bonchida.
salt corridor in Torda
You can watch a video about the salt mine of Torda (Transylvania, Romania) here:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p3LT8EHDkJ8&fbclid=IwAR0spvvTbjjwTu746z8UnsOV7tUGLiIVwt-jrotc5RHrjxh9NQlie9n66sM
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Home > Liverpool
Liverpool Experience – Pass for Cruise, Bus Tour and Ticket for Liverpool Cathedral
See all activities in Liverpool
Exploring Liverpool at your own pace
Doing three of Liverpool's unmissable activities
The breathtaking views from the cathedral tower
The commentary on board the ferry and bus
Duration 3hrs30 mins
Opening times 8:30 AM - 6:00 PM
Departure point/location
Discover Liverpool from all angles with the Liverpool Experience Pass! Climb aboard for a cruise on the Mersey, go on a bus tour of the city and admire the views from the height of its cathedral.
Climb aboard a dazzle camouflaged ferry for a history-packed cruise on the Mersey, the river that flows through the city. Once on board, you can admire the view of Liverpool Docks, listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Then, board a double-decker bus and explore the city's main places of interest, such as Chinatown, the metropolitan cathedral, the museum district... After that, you can climb up the tower of Liverpool Cathedral and take in the views. The tower provides another viewpoint on the city, with spectacular panoramas.
You are free to organise the order of your trip as you wish.
Availability: every day (excluding exceptional dates) The cathedral is closed every Sunday
Ferry times: 10am–4pm during the week and Saturday and Sunday from November to March. 10am–6pm Saturday and Sunday from April to October
Cruise duration: 50 mins
Bus times: between 10am and 4:30pm depending on the time of year (See document above)
Bus tour duration: 50 mins (without stopping time)
Cathedral opening hours: 8:30am–6pm. Until 10pm every Tuesday from April to October
Cathedral tour duration: 1 hr. 30 mins approx.
Departure point: Liverpool Pier Head
Languages (commentary on the ferry and bus): English
Leaflet languages on the ferry: English, French, German, Spanish, Italian and Japanese
Once you have picked up your pass, you are free to carry out the activities in the order you wish
You are free to get off the ferry and get back on wherever you want, as long as you do not do more than one complete cruise
The cruise on board the camouflaged boat Snowdrop is available most days, but the schedule is subject to change
You can get on and off the double-decker bus freely (12 stops)
The cathedral tour is accessible via two elevators followed by 108 steps. This activity is not accessible for people with reduced mobility or in a wheelchair or to those with respiratory problems
For safety reasons, access to the cathedral tower may be limited while the bells are ringing
This activity cannot be cancelled, modified or refunded.
The ferry cruise
Informational leaflets on board the ferry
Double-decker bus tour
The guide's commentary on board the bus
Admission to the cathedral tower
Audio guide in the cathedral
Access to the 360° high definition presentation film in the cathedral
Hotel pick-up/drop-off
All other extras
Très bonne prestation.
Jacques G.
Cruise on the River Mersey and Free Entry to the U-Boat Story
Go on a cruise on the River Mersey, the river that runs through Liverpool and visit a real submarine from the First World War!
ZAR227.67 pp
Cruise on the River Mersey and Bus Tour of Liverpool
Set off on a cruise on the River Mersey and on a bus tour of Liverpool and enjoy the best views the city has to offer!