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El yacimiento arqueológico Plaza de Armas se encuentra en una de las cotas más elevadas de la ciudad de Écija, en la comunidad autónoma de Andalucía, España. Los restos arqueológicos hallados abarcan un período enorme, incluyendo los restos más antiguos de la ciudad del siglo IX antes de Cristo con Tartessos y turdetanos, así como residencias romanas con grandes mosaicos y restos andalusíes. Su recuperación y excavación comenzó en 1999 y continúa en la actualidad.

Historia
La primera mención del antiguo Alcázar Real de Écija se remonta a 1263, cuando se dice que veinte años antes con el Repartimiento de Écija se había entregado la «torre de la Calahorra», que estaba ubicada en el castillo de la ciudad, a los nobles cristianos. A partir de entonces los terrenos pasaron por las manos de diversos alcaides que recibían tropas especialmente durante las luchas contra el Reino nazarí de Granada. De hecho, fue Diego García de Castrillo, alcaide de los alcázares de Écija, quien puso una cruz, el pendón de Santiago y el Real en la torre del Homenaje de la Alhambra tras la conquista de la ciudad el 2 de enero de 1492. Al concluir la guerra el alcázar quedó inutilizado y abandonado a partir del siglo XVI y propició que los mismos vecinos se quejaran en 1682 de su estado al temer que los restos cayeran encima de sus casas colindantes, lo que da una idea del gran estado de ruina en el que se encontraría.

El 30 de abril de 1700 se reúne el cabildo de la ciudad para decidir que hacer con esta zona que llevaba tantos siglos en decadencia y se decide que podría destinarse a picadero de caballos debido a la ausencia de estas actividades. Así pues, se solicita su conversión a la Corona española a través de la Real Chancillería de Granada, quien accede a este cometido el 18 de mayo del mismo año. Las obras de remodelación para este objetivo hacen que se pierda el aspecto original del alcázar a lo largo del siglo XVIII, del que únicamente nos han quedado bocetos de algunos viajeros a Écija como Joris Hoefnagel y Anthonis van den Wijngaerde (1567) o Piero Maria Baldi e Israël Silvestre (segunda mitad del siglo XVII). A pesar de que la denominación de «picadero» se mantiene actualmente entre los ecijanos, en el siglo XIX el área se había convertido en un vertedero de escombros y basuras, y finalmente, a partir de la década de 1950, en el antiguo alcázar se edificaron chabolas que lo van a convertir en uno de los barrios más degradados y marginales.

Excavaciones

Esta situación no mejoró hasta 1999, cuando el Ayuntamiento de Écija decide reubicar a estos ciudadanos de pobreza extrema en viviendas sociales de promoción municipal y demuele todas las chabolas que impedían estudiar de manera científica el yacimiento de Plaza de Armas, comenzando estos proyectos arqueológicos en noviembre de 2001. Las sucesivas campañas permitieron verificar que en el yacimiento se encontraban las capas históricas más antiguas de la ciudad, pertenecientes al Bronce Final, en torno al siglo IX antes de Cristo, prosiguiendo con una fase tartésica y turdetana, hasta la fundación de la ciudad romana a finales del siglo I antes de Cristo. La creación de la nueva urbe romana arrasó las diversas capas del oppidum turdetano para la creación de una serie de viviendas que han podido salir a la luz con algunos mosaicos romanos. Otra de las excavaciones recientes ha revelado la denominada como domus de los Fabii en el sector noroccidental de la Plaza de Armas con dos estancias y un balneum (terma privada) con bóveda de cañón realizada en ladrillo. El pavimento de la Estancia 4.4 es de una calidad exquisita, realizado con diversos mármoles polícromos y en la técnica conocida como opus sectile, mientras que en la Estancia 4.3 destacan las pinturas murales con decoración polícroma y vegetal, rombos y círculos.

En 2001 apareció el Mosaico de la doble cara, debido a que representa a un joven sátiro o a un anciano sileno con pandereta báquica, según la perspectiva desde donde se visualice; esta característica únicamente la albergan tres mosaicos más en el mundo. En 2015 se encontró el denominado como Mosaico de los amores de Zeus ubicado en una estancia de 40 metros cuadrados que podría pertenecer al comedor debido a su parte geométrica con cubos en tres dimensiones en forma de L. El tema mitológico representa los diversos romances que acontecieron al dios Zeus, en los que se transformaba para lograr su cometido sexual, con Dánae y la lluvia dorada, Leda y el cisne, Antíope acosada por el sátiro y Ganímedes y el águila, mientras que en el tema central estaría representado el rapto de la princesa Europa por el toro. Asimismo, rodean estos temas las cuatro estaciones, de las que solo se han preservado el otoño y el invierno y una parte mínima del verano, y Cástor con un equino. Este último mosaico fue extraído en verano de 2015 para su restauración, aunque hasta diciembre de 2017 no se trasladó desde el palacio de Peñaflor al Instituto Andaluz del Patrimonio Histórico (IAPH), regresando a su lugar de origen una vez restaurado en noviembre de 2019. El último mosaico encontrado fue en septiembre de 2019: representa figuras geométricas, mide 12,5 metros de lado y pertenecía a un gran patio central con ninfeo, una gran fuente monumental y un arriate con vegetación, cuyas dimensiones podrían alcanzar entre 200 y 400 metros cuadrados.

Delito contra el patrimonio
La madrugada del 9 de marzo al 10 de marzo de 2015 dos individuos entraron en el yacimiento con el objetivo de robar algunas piezas y venderlas, destrozando al completo el Mosaico de las dos caras y siendo atrapados esa misma noche gracias a las cámaras de seguridad. Las piezas fueron encontradas en un descampado donde las habían ocultado, a la espera de su restauración, mientras que los acusados acabaron reconociendo los hechos y aceptaron una condena de once meses de cárcel.

Referencias

Monumentos de Écija
Yacimientos arqueológicos de la provincia de Sevilla
Bética
Ciudades de la Antigua Roma en España
Turdetanos


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Our Mission To build community through media, enhance democratic communication, and facilitate free expression by providing our five towns with a state-of-the-art media resource center. We broadcast on Comcast Channel 99, serving the towns of Barnstable, Yarmouth, Dennis, Harwich and Chatham. Memberships start at just $30 and include expert training on our state-of-the-art Studio Production equipment, Field Location equipment and the the Adobe Creative suite, including Premier Pro for editing video. Stop in to tour the facility any time- Monday through Thursday 9am to 9pm, Fridays and Saturdays, 9am to 5pm.


During the 1970s, Fairbanks was a hub of construction activity for the Trans Alaska Pipeline System. In those years, a construction and storage yard for the pipeline was located on part of Tax Lot 201, the southern portion of the adjoining Tax Lot 203, and the Johansen Expressway right-of -way between the tax lots. Vehicle maintenance and other heavy industrial businesses also operated on Tax Lot 201.
Significant areas of contaminated soil and groundwater have been found from those days gone by, caused by various leaks, spills and outdated disposal/storage practices of oil and hazardous wastes. Cleanup has allowed the area to be redeveloped with a mall and several large stores. An innovative collaborative process between multiple landowners has guided continued cleanup, even as the land became available for development.
The pipeline construction and storage yard and other businesses were abandoned in the early 1980s. Except for limited development in the eastern and southeastern portions of its 154-acres, Tax Lot 201 remained idle until the late early 2000s.
The Johansen Expressway, constructed in the late 1980s and early 1990s, now runs between the two lots. Gravel mining took place periodically on the 213-acre Tax Lot 203, from 1990 through 2002. Operators pumped significant quantities of groundwater from the pit areas in the summer of 1990. The significance of this act to the spread of contamination came to light only in the last several years.
The Bentley Family Charitable Trust, now the "Bentley Beneficiaries Trust," has owned the lots, and the Union Bank of California as Co-Trustee of the trust has overseen site investigation. DEC has provided regulatory oversight. In 2004, Alyeska Pipeline Service Company, as the operator of the old pipeline construction and storage yard, began to participate directly in the process to clean up the contaminant trichloroethylene (TCE) and the chemicals produced during its breakdown.
To facilitate sale of the land, site investigations began in the late 1990s by the removal and cleanup of known underground storage tanks and injections wells. Soil and groundwater contamination was also detected at several locations. The contaminants are petroleum hydrocarbons such as diesel and chlorinated solvents such as TCE - a degreasing agent. A variety of chemicals have been detected which are typical components or degradation products of petroleum products, chlorinated solvents, or both.
In the early 2000s, portions of Tax Lot 201 were sold and developed, beginning on the eastern side the property and proceeding westward over time. Continuing investigation revealed wide-spread groundwater contamination on the western portion of the lot. By 2003, a major source area of chlorinated solvent contamination was identified in the vicinity of the former Double Jointing and Coating buildings, associated with construction of the Trans Alaska Pipeline. The groundwater was contaminated to a depth of at least 30 to 40 feet below the water table.
A plume of groundwater contamination originates at the source area and extends off Tax Lot 201 toward the west/southwest. The plume has also migrated northward to Tax Lot 203, approaching the ponds, and the Lemeta and Palace Court Subdivisions further to the west/southwest. These subdivisions are a mixture of residential and commercial properties. A portion of the plume may also intercept a small section of Noyes Slough.
There is no evidence that the Bentley Family Charitable Trust caused the contamination. As the current landowner, however, the trust has been responsible under Alaska statutes for cleanup. Union Bank of California, as Co-Trustee, has worked diligently with DEC in meeting their legal responsibilities. Portions of Tax Lot 201 have been purchased and developed by several large stores - Home Depot, Wal-Mart, and Fred Meyer - and the responsibility for cleanup has at times shifted to the new landowners. Cleanup decisions have been made in a way which meets state standards and at the same time allows for redevelopment of the land.
Chlorinated solvents and petroleum products have contaminated the soil and groundwater. Analyses of groundwater and soil samples taken in 2001 and 2002 have indicated that TCE contamination resulted from several sources. A TCE plume likely extends off-site beyond Anna Avenue to the west-northwest and to the west of Harriet Avenue, and possibly south of College Road. Occupied properties in these areas are supplied with safe drinking water by a public water utility, so there is no need to consume groundwater from private wells. Two private residential wells used for gardening purposes (i.e., irrigation) were sampled in the fall of 2002 and found to have TCE levels above the safe drinking water levels. The well owners were advised not to use the wells for drinking water. As a precaution, DEC has requested that owners or occupants of any residences or businesses contact DEC if they are using private water wells for other than drinking water purposes.
Visit the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry for more information on the health effects from exposure to TCE.
Northeast portion: In the 1970s, this was the site of a facility operated by a pipeline contractor, Surfcote (see picture at the bottom of the page). The remediation of soil and groundwater at took place largely before construction of a Wal-Mart store. An Air Sparging (AS)/Soil Vapor extraction (SVE) system was installed and run from late fall of 2002 until May of 2003. When Wal-Mart took possession of the property, the system and associated monitoring wells were removed for construction. DEC worked with Wal-Mart's environmental contractor to develop a pre-approved plan that would handle any unexpected environmental problems during construction, helping minimize construction delays during the short Fairbanks construction season. Wal-Mart performed follow-up sampling to verify that cleanup was complete.
Southeast portion: Fred Meyer bought and developed this area. Historically the area has seen limited use, and environmental soil samples did not detect any soil contamination. DEC worked with the company's environmental contractor to develop a pre-approved environmental plan for the construction phase.
Western portion: Wide-spread groundwater contamination on the western portion of former Tax Lot 201 was identified and interim corrective action begun in 2003-2004. The chlorinated solvent TCE was delineated at the source area – the site of former Double Jointing & Coating facilities – with a combination of soil gas, soil borings and groundwater samples. An AS/SVE system was installed in November 2003 in the source area, and operated until September 2005. (See below for "Citizen's Guide to Soil Vapor Extraction and Air Sparging".) Alyeska Pipeline Service Company began direct participation in the cleanup process in 2004.
The TCE (and its breakdown product, dichloroethylene, or DCE) groundwater plume extends to a monitoring well on Antoinette Avenue. The concentration of TCE at this location has typically been above the safe drinking water standard of 5 micrograms per liter (µg/L) and may be influenced by an off-site source area. Also detected at this monitoring well was the chlorinated solvent tetrachloroethene (PCE), a common dry cleaning chemical. There may be a yet undiscovered PCE source area not associated with the former TL-201. If so, some or all of the TCE detected in this well may come from the unknown source area, since TCE is a natural degradation product of PCE.
There is no source identified to date on former Tax Lot 203 that may be contributing to the ground water plume. Investigators hypothesize that the intensive dewatering of gravel pits on Tax Lot 203 in 1990s temporarily drew the groundwater contaminant plume from former Tax Lot 201 onto former Tax Lot 203.
With the consent of the former Bentley Trust, Alyeska Pipeline Service Company began direct participation in the cleanup process in 2004, with the collection of data to evaluate any risk posed by the contamination to human health and/or animals and plants. The human health and screening ecological risk assessment included the western portion of former Tax Lot 201, the southwestern portion of former Tax Lot 203, and the Lemeta and Palace Court Subdivision areas, including a portion of Noyes Slough.
Land use restrictions for onsite former Tax Lot 201 prohibit use of groundwater and off site transport of contaminated soils without DEC approval.
Land use restrictions for onsite former Tax Lot 203 prohibit use of ground and surface water without DEC approval.
Alyeska Pipeline Service Company implement a long-term groundwater monitoring plan.
The frequency of groundwater monitoring is subject change (either increase or decrease) as additional data is collected. Typically it takes multiple sampling events over several years before concentration trends become evident and predictable. The groundwater will be monitored until it attains drinking water standards.
Due to increased concerns of the vapor intrusion exposure pathway over large, dilute groundwater plumes, as well as new of TCE toxicity, DEC re-opened this site in 2015 to evaluate exposure assumptions in the 2006 Risk Assessment, and to evaluate vapor intrusion risks.
Groundwater monitoring and evaluation of monitored natural attenuation continues for the contaminated groundwater plume. Recent data suggests contaminant concentrations continue to attenuate and decline over time.
Due to increased scientific understanding in recent years of the vapor intrusion exposure pathway over large, dilute groundwater plumes, as well as increased understanding of short-term exposure risks to TCE, an assessment of contaminant soil vapors in down-gradient portions of the groundwater plume in the Palace and Lametta subdivisions is underway.
Three pipeline-era businesses, shown here in operation in 1976, were sources of various kinds of contamination.
2016 Groundwater Monitoring location with the plume.
Locations of former tax lots in relation to ongoing development.


The 2 Days gorilla trek in Uganda Bwindi national park offers tourists a chance to see mountain gorillas at $600 half price for Rwanda. This 2 days safari is perfect when it starts in Kigali and drive for 3-4 hours crossing the border to Bwindi southwestern Uganda. This is a short distance compared to starting in Entebbe/ Kampala to Bwindi.
1 night accommodation and meals provided include dinner, breakfast and lunch.
Gorilla tracking starts at 07:30am in the morning you must be at the visitor center. Guides will brief you about gorilla rules and lead you to the forest. Encounter with gorillas lasts for 1 hour but you have chances to take many photographs and also learn how they feed. You will return for lunch and afterwards drive back Kigali city.


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Chu (, Altchinesisch *s-r̥aʔ) war ein Königreich im Gebiet des heutigen Süd-China während der Westlichen Zhou-Dynastie (1046 bis 771 v. Chr.), der Zeit der Frühlings- und Herbstannalen (722 bis 481 v. Chr.) und der Zeit der Streitenden Reiche (475 bis 221 v. Chr.). Ursprünglich war das Land als Jing () und nachfolgend als Jingchu () bekannt. Die größte Ausdehnung bildete ein umfangreiches Gebiet, einschließlich das der heutigen Provinzen Hunan, Hubei, Chongqing, Henan, und Teilen der Provinz Jiangsu.

Kennzeichnend für den Staat Chu war die auf den chinesischen Schamanismus aufbauende Kultur und Politik. Die Gedichtesammlung Chuci, welche als das früheste vollkommene schriftliche Zeugnis der schamanistischen Kultur Zentralasiens gilt, entstand im Staat Chu.

Historische Überlieferung

Als erstem Vasallen der Zhou-Könige gelang es dem Fürst Chu Wuwang (König Wu von Chu) im Jahr 703/704 vor Christus, sich selbst dauerhaft als König zu etablieren und sich damit gleichrangig zum Herrscher der regierenden Zhou-Dynastie zu machen.  Hintergrund dafür war die Lage des nie voll unterworfenen, teilautonomen Flächenlandes im südlichsten Teil des Zhou-Herrschaftsbereichs. Historiker erklären diese Selbsterhöhung mit diplomatischen Schwierigkeiten, welche der Zi (子, übersetzt meist als Vizegraf) von Chu mit seinen südlichen Nachbarn gehabt haben müsse. Führer jener nichtchinesischen Regionen und Stammestümer bezeichneten sich ebenfalls als Könige. Nachdem dem Fürsten von Chu ein gebührender Rang (etwa der eines Gongs) durch die regierenden Zhou jahrzehntelang trotz inständigen Bittens verweigert worden war, sei die Königs-Ernennung weniger als Akt der Rebellion gegen die Zhou-Könige zu verstehen, denn als Bemühung, sich den Respekt der Vasallen und Nachbarreiche zu erhalten. Für lange Zeit blieb Chu das einzige chinesische Fürstentum, welches von einem dem Zhou-König formell gleichrangigen Herrscher regiert wurde, und beanspruchte auch bald in vielerlei weiteren politischen Gesten den Status eines unabhängigen Staates, der nicht länger Vasall der Zhou sei. Erst zur Zeit der Streitenden Reiche wagten es weitere mächtige Gongs, sich ebenfalls als Könige zu bezeichnen, angefangen in der Mitte des 6. Jahrhunderts in den Staaten Wu und Yue.

Das südliche Chu war damit seit Beginn der Frühlings- und Herbstannalen eine stetige Bedrohung für die brüchigen Bündnispartner rund um den Zhou-Hof des Nordens. Chu blieb darum auch lange einer der mächtigsten Staaten Chinas; der spätere König Zhuang (um die Jahrhundertwende 600 v. Chr.) wird meist zu den Fünf Hegemonen gezählt und somit zu den Garanten für die Aufrechterhaltung der feudalen Ordnung Chinas in dieser Zeit.

Chu wurde dafür bekannt, seine Verbündeten und Vasallen (zumeist kleine bis sehr kleine Staaten in seinen Randgebieten) zu annektieren und auf diese Weise seinen direkten Herrschaftsbereich langsam auszudehnen. Dazu gehörten (alle Jahreszahlen vor Christus): E (863), Quan (704), Luo (690), Shen und Xi (zwischen 688 und 680), Deng (678), Huang (648), Dao (nach 643), Jiang (623), Liao und Lù (622), Ruo (nach 622), Yong (611), Shuliao (601), Sui (nah 506), Shuyong (574), Lai (538), Xu (512), Chen (479), Cai (447), Qi (445), Ju (431), Pi (nach 418), Zou, Yue (334) und Lu (249).

223 wurde Chu im Zuge der Reichseinigung als einer der letzten chinesischen Staaten durch Qin erobert.

Hauptstädte

In den 1200 Jahren des Bestehens von Chu wurde die Hauptstadt mehrfach verlegt. Zunächst befand sich die Hauptstadt in Danyang (), anschließend in Yanying (), Jiying (), Chenying (), Shouying (), und schlussendlich in Pengcheng (); verlinkt sind die heutigen Namen der jeweiligen Standorte.

Archäologischer Befund

Archäologisch wurde durch Auswertung von Grabgestaltung und -beigaben erwiesen, dass der Staat Chu um 600 v. Chr., also in der mittleren Zeit der Frühlings- und Herbstannalen, hinsichtlich seiner Sitten und Kultur voll unter dem Einfluss der Zhou-Könige stand, während seine Führer zugleich politische Souveränität und Gleichrangigkeit zu den Zhou beanspruchten. Ob die Chu-Herrscher und ihre Kultur allerdings einer einheimischen Führerschaft entstammten oder aber ob und unter welchen Umständen sie aus dem Zhou-Reich im Norden gekommen waren, ließ sich bislang nicht feststellen. Auch die erste Hauptstadt Danyang ist bislang nicht gefunden worden.

Ausgrabungsstätten
Es existieren heutzutage mehrere Ausgrabungsstätten in denen Artefakte des Staates Chu gefunden wurden. Bei den beiden größten handelt es sich um:

 Die Gruppe alter Gräber am Xia-Tempel (; auch  genannt): Eine Sammlung von Gräbern des Chu-Adelsgeschlechts der mittleren und späten Zeit der Frühlings- und Herbstannalen, welche 1978 entdeckt wurde. Insgesamt wurden 25 Gräber und 5 Wagengruben ausgegraben, sowie mehr als 6.000 Grabbeigaben aus Bronze und Jade. Der Premierminister des Chu Staats Zigeng (zh) ist dort begraben worden. Die gesamte Grabfläche erstreckt sich über 100.000 Quadratmeter. Die Ausgrabungsstätte befindet sich im heutigen Kreis Xichuan in der Provinz Hunan.

 Die Gruppe der Mönchsgräber und der Xu-Familie (): Zwei sehr nahe beieinander liegende Gräbergruppen, welche zusammengenommen nach den Gräbern am Xia-Tempel die zweitgrößte Gruppe an entdeckten Gräbern des Chu-Adelsgeschlechts bilden. Eine große Anzahl an Bronze-Artefakten wurden ebenfalls gefunden. Die Ausgrabungsstätte liegt unweit der Gräbern am Xia-Tempel, ebenfalls im heutigen Kreis Xichuan, Hunan. 1992 und 2007 wurden die Grabstätten in die Liste der Top Ten der archäologischen Entdeckungen in China vom Staatlichen Büro für Denkmalschutz aufgenommen. Die Erkenntnisse aus den Ausgrabungen wurden als von höchster Relevanz für das Verständnis der Entwicklung, Geschichte und Kultur (insbesondere das stark ausgeprägte Ritual- und Musiksystem sowie die alte Schrift und Kalligraphie) des Staates Chu, als auch für Erkenntnisse über die Beziehungen zu den umliegenden Vasallenstaaten eingestuft.

Sprache
Obwohl Bronzeinschriften aus dem Staat Chu kaum schriftsprachliche Unterschiede zu der in der Zentralchinesische Ebene verwendeten Sprache () zur Zeit der Östlichen Zhou-Dynastie aufweisen, wird seit langem angenommen, dass die in Chu gesprochene Varietät des Altchinesischen lexikalische Entlehnungen und syntaktische Interferenzen aus nicht-sinitischen Substraten reflektiert. Im Zuozhuan wird jedoch berichtet, dass es so große Unterschiede in der gesprochenen Sprache der Chu und den Varietäten in der Zentralchinesische Ebene gab, dass die Kommunikation mit Chu Soldaten schwierig war.

Es besteht die Hypothese, dass die Sprache der Chu die genannten Entlehnungen möglicherweise im Zuge einer Südwanderung in das vermuteten Ursprungsgebiet der Kra-Tai oder (Para-)Hmong-Mien in Südchina, erworben hat.

Es existieren konkurrierende Hypothesen über ihre genealogische Zugehörigkeit der Sprache der Chu:
 Überbleibsel frühchinesischer Dialekt, ursprünglich aus dem Norden Chinas
 Austroasiatisch (Norman & Mei 1976, Boltz 1999)
 Hmong-Mienisch (Erkes 1930, Long & Ma 1983, Brooks 2001, Sagart et al. 2005)
 Tai-Kadaisch (Liu Xingge 1988, Zheng-Zhang Shangfang, 2005)
 Tibeto-Burmanisch (Zhang Yongyan 1992, Zhou Jixu 2001)
 Mischung aus Austroasiatisch oder Hmong-Mienisch (Pullyblank 1983)
 Mischung aus Austroasiatisch und Tibeto-Burmanisch (Schuessler 2004, 2007)
 Unbekannt

Möglicherweise handelt es sich bei dem Nachnamen Mi (), den die Herrscherfamilie trug, um ein Wort welches ursprünglich aus der Chu Sprache stammt und "Bär" bedeutet.

Herrscher

Frühe Herrscher
Ji Lian (), verheiratet mit Bi Zhui (), Enkelin des Shang-Dynastie-Königs Pan Geng; nahm Mi () als Ahnennamen an
Ying Bo (𦀚伯), Sohn von Jilian
Yu Xiong (), regierte 11. Jh. v. Chr.: auch Xuexiong genannt (), Lehrer von König Wen von Zhou
Xiong Li (), regierte 11. Jh. v. Chr.: Sohn von Yuxiong, erste Verwendung des Ahnennamen Yan (), später geschrieben als Xiong ()
Xiong Kuang (), regierte im 11. Jh. v. Chr.: Sohn des Xiong Li

Monarchen
Xiong Yi (), regierte 11. Jh. v. Chr.: Sohn von Xiong Kuang, belehnt von König Cheng von Zhou
Xiong Ai (), regierte ca. 977  v. Chr.: Sohn von Xiong Yi, besiegte und tötete König Zhao von Zhou
Xiong Dan (熊䵣), regierte ca. 941 v. Chr.: Sohn von Xiong Ai, besiegte König Mu von Zhou
Xiong Sheng (), Sohn von Xiong Dan
Xiong Yang (), jüngerer Bruder von Xiong Sheng
Xiong Qu (), Sohn von Xiong Yang, gab den Titel König an seine drei Söhne
Xiong Kang (), Sohn von Xiong Qu.
Xiong Zhi (), Sohn von Xiong Kang, dankte wegen Krankheit ab
Xiong Yan (älter) (), regierte ?–848 v. Chr.: jüngerer Bruder von Xiong Zhi
Xiong Yong (), regierte 847–838 v. Chr.: Sohn von Xiong Yan
Xiong Yan (jünger) (), regierte 837–828 v. Chr.: Bruder von Xiong Yong
Xiong Shuang (), regierte 827–822 v. Chr.: Sohn von Xiong Yan
Xiong Xun (), regierte 821–800 v. Chr.: jüngster Bruder von Xiong Shuang
Xiong E (), regierte 799–791 v. Chr.: Sohn von Xiong Xun
Ruo'ao () (Xiong Yi 熊儀), regierte 790–764 v. Chr.: Sohn von Xiong E
Xiao'ao () (Xiong Kan 熊坎), regierte 763–758 v. Chr.: Sohn von Ruo'ao
Fenmao () (Xiong Xuan 熊眴), regierte 757–741 v. Chr.: Sohn von Xiao'ao

Könige
König Wu von Chu () (Xiong Da 熊達), regierte 740–690 v. Chr.: entweder jüngerer Bruder oder jüngster Sohn von Fenmao, ermordete Sohn von Fenmao und usurpierte den Thron. Erklärte sich zum ersten König von Chu.
König Wen von Chu () (Xiong Zi 熊貲), regierte 689–677 v. Chr.: Sohn von König Wu, verlegte die Hauptstadt nach Ying
Du'ao () oder Zhuang'ao () (Xiong Jian 熊艱), regierte 676–672 v. Chr.: Sohn von König Wen, getötet von jüngerem Bruder, dem zukünftigen König Cheng
König Cheng von Chu () (Xiong Yun 熊惲), regierte 671–626 v. Chr.: Bruder von Du'ao. Niederlage gegen den Staat Jin in der Schlacht von Chengpu. Ehemann von Zheng Mao. Er wurde von seinem Sohn ermordet, dem zukünftigen König Mu.
König Mu von Chu () (Xiong Shangchen 熊商臣) regierte 625–614 v. Chr.: Sohn von König Cheng
König Zhuang von Chu () (Xiong Lü 熊侶) regierte 613–591 v. Chr.: Sohn von König Mu. Besiegte den Staat Jin in der Schlacht von Bi, und wurde als Hegemon anerkannt.
König Gong von Chu () (Xiong Shen 熊審) regierte 590–560 v. Chr.: Sohn des Königs Zhuang. Wurde vom Staat Jin in der Schlacht von Chengpu besiegt.
König Kang von Chu () (Xiong Zhao 熊招) regierte 559–545 v. Chr.: Sohn des Königs Gong
Jia'ao () (Xiong Yuan 熊員) regierte 544–541 v. Chr.: Sohn von König Kang, ermordet von seinem Onkel, den zukünftigen König Ling.
König Ling von Chu () (Xiong Wei 熊圍, geändert in Xiong Qian 熊虔) regierte 540–529 v. Chr.: Onkel von Jia'ao und jüngerer Bruder von König Kang, wurde von seinen jüngeren Brüdern gestürzt und beging Selbstmord.
Zi'ao () (Xiong Bi 熊比) regierte 529 v. Chr. (weniger als 20 Tage): jüngerer Bruder von König Ling, beging Selbstmord.
König Ping von Chu () (Xiong Qiji 熊弃疾, geändert in Xiong Ju 熊居) regierte 528–516 v. Chr.: jüngerer Bruder von Zi'ao, verleitete Zi'ao zum Selbstmord.
König Zhao von Chu () (Xiong Zhen 熊珍) regierte 515–489 v. Chr.: Sohn von König Ping. Nachdem der Staat Wu Hauptstadt Ying eroberte, floh er in den Staat Sui.
König Hui von Chu () (Xiong Zhang 熊章) regierte 488–432 v. Chr.: Sohn von Königs Zhao. Er eroberte die Staaten Cai und Chen. Im Jahr vor seinem Tod starb Marquis Yi von Zeng, daher ließ er eine Gedenkglocke anfertigen und nahm an der Beerdigung des Marquis in Suizhou teil.
König Jian von Chu () (Xiong Zhong 熊中) regierte 431–408 v. Chr.: Sohn von König Hui
König Sheng von Chu () (Xiong Dang 熊當) regierte 407–402 v. Chr.: Sohn von König Jian
König Dao von Chu () (Xiong Yi 熊疑) regierte 401–381 v. Chr.: Sohn von König Sheng. Er machte Wu Qi zum Kanzler und reformierte die Regierung und Armee von Chu.
König Su von Chu () (Xiong Zang 熊臧) regierte 380–370 v. Chr.: Sohn von König Dao
König Xuan von Chu () (Xiong Liangfu 熊良夫) regierte 369–340 v. Chr.: Bruder von König Su. Besiegte und annektierte den Staat Zuo um 348 v. Chr.
König Wei von Chu () (Xiong Shang 熊商) regierte 339–329 v. Chr.: Sohn von König Xuan. Besiegte und teilte mit dem Staat Qi den Staat Yue auf.
König Huai von Chu  () (Xiong Huai 熊槐) regierte 328–299 v. Chr..: Sohn von König Wei. Wurde vom Staat Qin betrogen und als Geisel gehalten bis zum Tod 296 v. Chr.
König Qingxiang von Chu () (Xiong Heng 熊橫) regierte 298–263 v. Chr.: Sohn von König Huai. Als Prinz wurde einer seiner älteren Tutoren am späteren Ausgrabungsort der Guodian-Bambustexte in Hubei begraben. Während seiner Herrschaft wurde die Chu-Hauptstadt Ying von Qin erobert und geplündert.
König Kaolie von Chu () (Xiong Yuan 熊元) regierte 262–238 v. Chr.: Sohn von König Qingxiang. Verlegte die Hauptstadt nach Shouchun.
König You von Chu () (Xiong Han 熊悍) regierte 237–228 v. Chr.: Sohn von König Kaolie.
König Ai von Chu () (Xiong You 熊猶 oder Xiong Hao 熊郝) regierte 228 v. Chr.: Bruder von König You, getötet von Fuchu
König Fuchu von Chu ( Xiong Fuchu) regierte 227–223 v. Chr.: Bruder von König Ai. Wurde von Qin-Truppen gefangen genommen und abgesetzt
Fürst Changping () regierte 223 v. Chr. (Chu von Qin erobert): Bruder von Fuchu, getötet im Kampf gegen Qin

Weitere Herrscher aus dem Staat Chu
 Chen Sheng () als König Yin von Chu () regierte 210–209 v. Chr.
 Jing Ju () als König Jia von Chu 楚假王 (Jia für fake) regierte 209–208 v. Chr.
 Xiong Xin () als Kaiser Yi von Chu () (ursprünglich König Huai II 楚後懷王) regierte 208–206 v. Chr.: Enkel oder Urenkel von König Huai
 Xiang Yu () als Hegemon-König von West-Chu () regierte 206–202 v. Chr.

Weitere bedeutende Personen
 Qu Yuan, vermuteter Autor des Chuci, erste historisch fassbare Dichterpersönlichkeit der chinesischen Geschichte, beging Selbstmord
 Fürst Chunshen, einer der vier Herrscher der Streitenden Reiche
 Xiang Yu, König des westlichen Chu, der die Qin in der Schlacht von Julu besiegte und mit Liu Bang im Chu-Han-Streit rivalisierte
 Liu Bang, später Bürger der Qin-Dynastie und dann Gründer der Han-Dynastie
 Königinwitwe Xuan (), Mutter und Regentin des Qin-Königs Zhaoxiang, erste historisch belegte weibliche Herrscherin der chinesischen Geschichte

Rezeption in Populärkultur

TV-Serien
 The Qin Empire II: Alliance (2012) und The Qin Empire III (2017): Thematisiert unter anderem die Eroberung von Chu durch Qin
 The Legend of Mi Yue (2015): Leben der Königinwitwe Xuan mit Sun Li in der Hauptrolle

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 CCTV Dokumentation "The Rise and Fall of the State of Chu" Teil 1 (2016)

Historischer Staat (China)
Zhou-Dynastie
Zeit der Frühlings- und Herbstannalen
Ehemaliger Binnenstaat

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The graceful, flowing design of Art Nouveau period jewelry is unmistakable. This wonderful example is a watch pin/pendant is by Krementz. A company that created jewelry for over 100 years. The earlier pieces like this one are 14k gold and well crafted. They are well known for their incredible enamel work which appears on this piece.
With 14k gold, an amethyst, pearls and an enamel finish, a sublime jewelry piece is created. Originally, it was created to be worn as a pin with the option of suspending a watch from the hook. This same hook can be used as pendant bale.
Condition: Watch hook can be used as pendant bail. Contemporary chain. Extremely hard to notice slight enamel loss just to the left of the pearl otherwise in excellent condition.


text:
Toscano è un tipo di olio extravergine di oliva ad indicazione geografica protetta le cui fasi di produzione delle olive, frangitura e imbottigliamento devono avvenire nell'ambito del territorio amministrativo della Regione toscana.

Un olio extravergine di oliva può fregiarsi della denominazione "Toscano" soltanto con la rispondenza ai requisiti chimico-fisici e sensoriali previsti dall'apposito disciplinare di produzione.

L'indicazione geografica protetta "Toscano" può essere accompagnata da una delle seguenti menzioni geografiche aggiuntive "Seggiano", "Colline Lucchesi", "Colline della Lunigiana", "Colline di Arezzo", "Colline Senesi", "Colline di Firenze", "Montalbano", "Monti Pisani" se l'olio risponde alle condizioni e ai requisiti del disciplinare.

Le aziende
Le aziende iscritte al Consorzio per la Tutela e la Valorizzazione dell'Olio Toscano IGP sono più di 11.000 di cui oltre 300 frantoi (su circa 400 presenti in Toscana). La distribuzione geografica della base associativa vede una netta prevalenza delle province di Grosseto, Firenze e Siena con relativa copertura territoriale pari al 67.5%. Le province di Livorno, Arezzo, Pisa e Pistoia il 30.3%. Il restante 2.2% è distribuito nelle province di Lucca, Prato e Massa.
Le aziende produttrici coprono il 43% della superficie catastale iscritta (42.000 ettari su 97.000) ed il 44% delle piante iscritte della regione (6.5 milioni su 15).

Tracciabilità
Il Toscano è un olio garantito e controllato in ogni fase della sua produzione. Il consumatore, inserendo il numero impresso sul contrassegno e la capacità della confezione sul sito del Consorzio di Tutela, ha modo di conoscere chi ha coltivato le olive, chi le ha frante e chi ha imbottigliato l'olio scelto.

Voci correlate
 Chianti Classico (olio di oliva)
 IGP Toscano menzione Montalbano
 Terre di Siena DOP

Collegamenti esterni
Disciplinare di produzione della indicazione geografica protetta dell'olio extravergine di oliva «Toscano», Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 843 del 17 ottobre 1998

Toscano
Oli italiani IGP


text:
Scientific Team Leaders
PHARMACEUTICAL CANNABINOIDS
Dronabinol for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Ampakines
Spinal Cord Injury (SCI)
GABAkines
SEC Reports
GABAkines Background
The GABAA receptor is a pentameric neurotransmitter gated chloride ion channel composed of five transmembrane protein subunits. Multiple cDNAs (DNA that is complementary to RNA) that encode GABAA receptor subunits have been cloned and, based on sequence homology, eight subunit families (α, β, γ, δ, ε, θ, π, ρ) comprising 20 distinct gene products have been identified (See illustration) Based on just the α, β and γ subunits, immunoprecipitation studies suggest the presence of perhaps 10 distinct hetero-pentamers, creating a considerable degree of receptor subtype heterogeneity.
Benzodiazepines (BDZ), such as Valium® (diazepam), Librium® (chlordiazepoxide) and Xanax® (alprazolam) were the first major class of drugs reported to act as GABAkines (GABAA PAMs), by binding at a site distinct from the binding site for GABA. These drugs produced a wide range of pharmacological properties, some desirable and some not, including anxiety reduction, sedation, hypnosis, anti-convulsant, muscle relaxation, respiratory depression, cognitive impairment, as well as tolerance, abuse and withdrawal. For this reason, it was not surprising that benzodiazepines were observed to act as GABA PAMs indiscriminately across all GABAA receptor subtypes. Following the identification of BDZ binding sites on GABAA receptors, Dr. Lippa described CL218,872, the first non-BDZ to demonstrate that these receptors were heterogeneous by binding selectively to a subtype of GABAA receptor. This demonstration of receptor heterogeneity led to the hypothesis that the various pharmacological actions of the BDZs might be separable. In animal testing, CL218,872 provided the proof of principle that such a separation could be achieved by displaying anti-anxiety and anti-convulsant properties in the absence of sedation and muscular incoordination. These findings gave impetus to the search for novel therapeutic drugs for neurological and psychiatric illnesses that display improvements in efficacy and reductions in side effects.
While CL218,872 was not clinically tested in humans, Dr. Lippa identified a related derivative compound, ocinaplon, which displayed similar receptor subtype selectivity and also produced the same pharmacological profile in animal studies as did CL218,872. In Phase 1 clinical studies, ocinaplon was safe and well-tolerated with no BDZ-like effects noted. In two Phase 2 clinical trials in patients suffering from chronic general anxiety disorder (GAD), ocinaplon produced a rapid, highly significant reduction in anxiety scores with no evidence of BDZ-like side effects. Development of ocinaplon was halted due to elevations in liver function tests observed in a small number of patients during the conduct of a larger Phase 3 clinical trial. Nevertheless, these results with ocinaplon greatly reinforced the hypothesis that drugs could be developed that selectively produced certain therapeutic effects of the BDZs without displaying their undesirable side effects.
Over the last several years, a group of scientists led by Drs. James Cook and Jeffrey Witkin, now Scientific Team Leaders for RespireRx, have synthesized and tested a broad series of novel chemical compounds that display GABAA receptor subtype selectivity and pharmacological specificity. As part of an option to license agreement with the University of Wisconsin (UWMRF), RespireRx intends to acquire, by September 2020, rights to certain of these chemical compounds.
Of these compounds, we have emphasized KRM-II-81as a clinical lead. KRM-II-81 is the most advanced and druggable of a series of compounds that display certain receptor subtype selective and pharmacological specificity. In studies using cell cultures, brain tissues and whole animals, KRM-II-81 acts selectively as a GABAkine at GABAA receptor subtypes that we feel are intimately involved in neuronal processes that underly epilepsy, pain, anxiety and certain other indications. KRM-II-81 has demonstrated highly desirable properties in animal models of of these indications, in the absence of or with greatly reduced liability to produce sedation, motor incoordination, cognitive impairments, respiratory depression, tolerance, abuse and withdrawal seizures, all side effects associated with benzodiazepines. We currently are focused on the potential treatment of epilepsy and pain.
©2016 RespireRx Phamaceuticals Inc. All Rights Reserved.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Top Ten News Stories of 2021
Akshata Tiwari and Mia Roman|February 4, 2022
The Omicron variant, after having been detected in mid-November in South Africa, had spread to over 77 countries. The Center for Disease control determined the virus as responsible for 73 percent of all new cases in December. Omicron has 30 mutations, and has been found to evade vaccines and is the most contagious variant so far. However, it exhibits symptoms similar to those exhibited by vaccinations, and is much less serious.
January 6th Insurrection
On January 6, 2021, a mob of supporters of President Donald Trump rioted at the United States capitol. They attempted to call for a recount of presidential votes in the previous election in November 2020. Protesters broke through the windows of the capitol building and several people were arrested for their
U.S. Pulls its forces out of Afghanistan
In August 2021, the United States removed its forces from Afghanistan. The Taliban then captured two of Afghanistan's main capitals, helping them take control over the government.
U.S. rejoins Paris Climate Agreement
Only after a few hours in office, President Biden signed the executive order to reenter the Paris Climate Agreement. In February 2021, the United States re- joined the Paris agreement, a landmark accord committed to limit greenhouse gas emissions.
2020 Summer Olympics Take Place in 2021
The 2020 Olympics took place in Tokyo during 2021, due to COVID-19 placing restrictions on events during 2020. Tokyo was deemed the "best ever prepared host," due to its incredible attention to social distancing requirements and adaptations for thousands of people.
Hurricane Ida Hits
Hurricane Ida, category 4, lasted from August 26 to September 4 in 2021. Ida affected Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama. Louisiana was the most affected and there were about 115 fatalities.
Derek Chauvin Pleads Guilty
On December 15, 2021, Derek Chauvin pled guilty to violating George Floyd's civil rights. Chauvin faces from 20 to 25 years in jail.
SpaceX and Jeff Bezos make civilian space travel reality
On September 15, 2021, four civilians circled Earth for three days. This was the beginning of "a new era for human spaceflight and exploration."
Kamala Harris becomes first female and black Vice President of U.S.A
On January 20, 2021, Kamala became the first female vice president. She also became the first black and Asian American Vice President.
Japanese Princess Mako Renounces Title
On October 26, 2021, Japanese Princess Mako lost her royal status when she married a commoner. She married her college sweetheart, Kei Komuro, causing mass protest and controversy in society.
Akshata Tiwari, Senior Editor
Akshata is a senior who loves to be creative and put her mind to things. She has been in the newspaper for three years, and is excited to finish her final...
Mia Roman, Social Media Coordinator
Mia Roman is a senior at Aliso Niguel High School. This is Mia's third year on the Newspaper Staff. In her spare time, Mia enjoys listening to music and...


text:
Vancouver Aquarium drops cetacean ban lawsuit against Park Board, signs new 35-year deal
By Simon Little Online Journalist Global News
The Vancouver Aquarium's cetacean ban lawsuit against the City of Vancouver and its Park Board appears to be water under the bridge.
The aquarium's parent organization, Ocean Wise, says it has signed a new 35-year licence agreement with the board and reaffirmed its commitment to no longer display whales and dolphins.
It also announced that "all legal action related to the Park Board's May 2017 amendment to its bylaw restricting cetaceans in Vancouver parks has now been discontinued."
The Park Board banned the keeping of whales and dolphins on its property shortly after the last two belugas residing at the facility died suddenly in 2016.
The Aquarium said in January 2018 that it would no longer display the animals, but won a court challenge a month later that found it was exempt from the board's ban — only to have that overturned on appeal a year later.
In May this year, Ocean Wise launched a lawsuit against the city and the board claiming that the 2017 ban had resulted in millions of dollars of financial losses and was a breach of contract.
The federal government banned the keeping of whales and dolphins in captivity earlier this month.
"We both have the idea of sustainability, in mind and working towards climate mitigation and biodiversity, and this new extension, or a new renewal of our agreement, puts it all on a positive foot that we can move in tandem for the future."
The new deal essentially extends Ocean Wise's existing agreement with the board, which was set to expire in 2029.
The new lease agreement comes at no cost to the Aquarium for the first five years, then starts at $175,000 in 2024 and climbs by $25,000 per year until it reaches $300,000 annually.
Asked why there was no public consultation on a lease agreement that extends three decades into the future, Mackinnon said the negotiations had to be conducted privately because of the pending litigation.
In a media release, Ocean Wise said the new licencing agreement sets the stage for the organization's new five-year vision, which will be launched in January 2020.
That plan will focus on conservation, public education, governance and research, it said.
"The new licence agreement marks the start of an exciting, new chapter in Ocean Wise's evolution and provides the foundation for our ambitious five-year strategic plan," Ocean Wise president and CEO Lasse Gustavsson said in a media release.
"We appreciate the Park Board's support for Ocean Wise's evolution and are thrilled that the Vancouver Aquarium is staying in Stanley Park, which has been its home since 1956."
Posted by Stuart Mackinnon at 12:01 PM No comments:
Ocean Wise and Vancouver Park Board sign new 35-year licence agreement
Ocean Wise announces new vision for conservation and public education
"We look forward to a new future with Ocean Wise as leaders in raising awareness of the vital role of our oceans and sharing the importance of conservation with their visitors." Stuart Mackinnon, Chair of the Vancouver Park Board
June 25 2019 –
Ocean Wise and the Vancouver Board of Parks and Recreation are pleased to announce that a new licence agreement has been reached, which will allow the Vancouver Aquarium to remain in Stanley Park for the next 35 years.
"The new licence agreement marks the start of an exciting new chapter in Ocean Wise's evolution and provides the foundation for our ambitious five-year strategic plan," said Lasse Gustavsson, CEO and President of Ocean Wise. "We appreciate the Park Board's support for Ocean Wise's evolution and are thrilled that the Vancouver Aquarium is staying in Stanley Park, which has been its home since 1956."
World-class visitor attraction
The Vancouver Aquarium has connected more than 45 million people from around the world to our oceans and all the wonders within them. It's a world-class visitor attraction, home to thousands of incredible ocean species and aquatic life. It's also a place that sparks awareness and inspires action to help protect our oceans.
"The Vancouver Aquarium in Stanley Park is a partner for the biodiversity and ecological issues we both champion," said Stuart Mackinnon, Chair of the Vancouver Park Board. "We look forward to a new future with Ocean Wise as leaders in raising awareness of the vital role of our oceans and sharing the importance of conservation with their visitors."
New five-year vision
With the new licence agreement in place, Ocean Wise will launch its new five-year vision in January 2020 with a renewed focus on conservation, public education, governance, and enhancing the visitor experience. Ocean Wise will also continue to invest in research programs, which have contributed to global knowledge of marine wildlife and set apart the organization as a world-class institution.
"Ocean Wise aspires to become a global ocean conservation organization and wants to inspire people in every corner of the planet to participate in creating healthy oceans, but for most people the ocean is 'out of sight, out of mind,' " said Gustavsson. "There are many threats to the ocean, but the greatest threat is that many believe someone else is going to save it. Ocean Wise has an important role to bring the ocean to the people and the people to the ocean, and the Vancouver Aquarium is one of the best tools we have to do that."
No longer displaying cetaceans
In reaching this new agreement, Ocean Wise has confirmed its 2018 commitment to no longer display cetaceans in Stanley Park.
All legal action related to the Park Board's May 2017 amendment to its bylaw restricting cetaceans in Vancouver parks has now been discontinued.
'It's an emergency:' Vancouver park official alarmed by urban forest drought
Dave Demers wants to speed up plan to plant more drought tolerant species
Chad Pawson · CBC News · Posted: Jun 21, 2019
A Vancouver Park Board commissioner wants to accelerate plans to protect Vancouver's urban forest from drought.
Dave Demers, a landscaper who was elected in October as a Green Party representative, wants the city to do more to make sure that the varieties of trees it plants in parks and along streets can handle hotter, dryer and longer summers in the city.
'I think the situation is changing very fast and it's an emergency, we have to really speed up and double down on what we are already doing and not let go," he said. "The canopy, it's important, it's what makes the city livable and we cannot let that go."
"To make sure ... in 10, 20 years, 30 years from now we have a canopy that's very resistant and healthy we really need to be careful what we plant and where," he said.
Vancouver is currently trying to increase the canopy of its urban forest, which is the amount of leaf cover over a city seen from the sky.
Urban forest benefits
The city had a 22 per cent canopy cover in 1995, but a combination of development, pests and even property owners bent on improving their views by cutting down mature trees caused that figure to decline to around 18 per cent.
The City of Vancouver is trying to plant 150,000 new trees across Vancouver in a 10-year span from 2010 to 2020 as part of its Urban Forest Strategy. There are more than 450,000 park and street trees combined in Vancouver, made up of around 500 different species.
A healthy urban forest can help clean the air, slow climate change, ease strong winds, conserve rainwater, provide wildlife habitat and contribute to a sense of wellbeing for city residents.
But Demers is worried that any gains will be snuffed out by the damage caused to trees, especially native ones such as Westernred cedars, as drought becomes more common.
City foresters are already doing work to assess kind of trees will thrive in Vancouver's future forest. They not only have to contend with climate change, but also encroachment from construction and development.
They are working to figure out what species of trees, such as those from naturally warmer regions in Oregon or Washington, will be best to plant here.
Demers wants that work to speed up. He says he's working on a motion to present in July that will strike a large committee to study the concept.
Demers also wants the Park Board to look for ways to ease stresses on the urban trees, such as putting in place other irrigation systems.
The City of Vancouver now uses more than 4,000 special water bags that are attached to trees to help give them steady water in the summer.
Signs of weakened forests continue to pop up however. This week a teen was killed near Sooke on Vancouver Island after a tree toppled on him. Experts say dry conditions and wind can impact thestability of trees.
Meanwhile a mature catalpa tree fell in strong winds in Vancouver's West End this week, but the Park Board say the tree was otherwise healthy.
With files from Timothé Matte-Bergeron. (c) 2019 CBC News
Posted by Stuart Mackinnon at 8:18 AM No comments:
Temporary transfer station for green waste opens in False Creek
An action to help prevent the spread of Japanese beetle
As part of our efforts to eradicate the Japanese beetle, an invasive and destructive pest that feeds on the flowers, fruit and leaves of over 300 species of plants, a temporary transfer station has been opened in the False Creek area for homeowners and landscapers to drop off their green waste.
The Japanese beetle was first discovered in Vancouver's False Creek area in 2017. It can significantly damage landscape and ornamental plants, fruit and vegetable gardens, nurseries, orchards, and agricultural crops. In response, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) is restricting plant material and soil from being moved outside the regulated area which includes False Creek and Downtown, to help prevent the beetle from spreading.
Movement restrictions for above-ground plant materials are in effect June 15 to October 15.
Movement restrictions for soil or plants mixed with soil, including root balls and sod, are in effect year-round.
Residents and business owners in the regulated area should continue to use their green bin for their yard trimmings. However, any excess green waste should be brought to the temporary transfer station.
Landscapers who work in the regulated area and who have large quantities of green waste and/or soil to dispose of should only move this material outside the regulated area by obtaining a movement certificate from the CFIA by calling 604-292-5742 or emailing cfia.wstjb-sj.acia@canada.ca. Those in non-compliance of CFIA's movement restrictions may be subject to fines.
Using the temporary transfer station
Location: 301 W 1st Ave
Open: June 17 to Oct 18
Hours: Monday to Friday, 2pm to 6pm
Accepted materials
Green waste and small amounts (one wheelbarrow limit) of plants mixed with soil, including root balls and sod, from within the regulated area.
Commercial landscapers and gardeners can drop off small (pickup truck) quantities. Larger quantities (more than one pickup truck) require a movement certificate from the CFIA by calling 604-292-5742 or emailing cfia.wstjb-sj.acia@canada.ca.
Homeowners should continue using their green bin first. However, any green material in excess of regular green bin quantities should be brought to the temporary transfer station. Food waste is not accepted.
Fees for services
$25 for half pickup truck load
$50 for pickup truck load even with the top of the box
$75 for pickup truck load that is heaped up over the top of the box
Plants mixed with soil, including root balls and sod, are $15 per load in small quantities only (one wheelbarrow limit)
Payments can be made on-site using debit, MasterCard, or Visa. For commercial operators, monthly invoicing is available. A 15% administrative fee will be added to monthly invoices.
For verification and billing purposes, site users will be required to provide their name, name of company (if applicable), address, and contact details.
Learn more about the temporary transfer station
Get details about the Japanese beetle and the movement restrictions
Commissioner Dumont to forward motion aimed at eliminating gas and diesel powered generators from Vancouver parks
Published Jun 18, 2019 1:18 PM
VANCOUVER, B.C. – On Monday, June 24, 2019, Green Party Commissioner Camil Dumont will introduce a motion asking staff to develop a strategy to transition the Vancouver Parks and Recreation system to one that is free of gas and diesel powered generators. The transition plan will cover all Park Board operations as well as contracted partners and all others within the system.
"The Vancouver Park Board leads by example when it comes to sustainable practices in our city; but we can be better," said Dumont.
"We can't continue to maintain any baseline that acts as a driver of climate breakdown. Step-by-step we must ensure that true ecological sustainability is placed at the core of policy. We must identify where it is not and collaboratively transition to a paradigm where preserving a safe climate and maintaining ecological health are non-negotiable; and we must do so with urgency.
"Gas and diesel powered generators contribute to climate change, pollute our air, water, and soil and cause substantial noise pollution.
"This policy proposal is a significant shift from our current status quo. It is impactful and will require adjustment for many of the components of our system. It is also a transition we must make. We can't continue with 'business as usual' on this file; we are in a climate emergency, we must accept that reality and act accordingly."
Gas and diesel generators are used extensively in Vancouver's park system to power events, food trucks, festivals and more. Dumont's motion asks staff to explore the provision of electrical infrastructure as one possible emission-free alternative. Green City Councillor Adriane Carr is working on a similar motion to transition Vancouver's film industry off of gas and diesel powered generators.
Motion: Gas and Diesel Generator Pollution Elimination Strategy
Posted by Stuart Mackinnon at 8:45 PM No comments:
Park Board approves strategy for improved non-motorized watercraft opportunities
Our waterfront is a treasured asset and a key part of our identity – from the seawall to our beautiful beaches. The On Water Strategy, I hope, will encourage more people to explore non-motorized water sports & increase access to the water from the shore. Vancouver Park Board Chair Stuart Mackinnon
The Vancouver Park Board has approved the On Water Strategy PDF file (15 MB), a document that will guide the planning and design of facilities and programs serving canoers, kayakers paddleboarders, and many other water recreation enthusiasts in Vancouver over the next 10 years.
The On Water, Vancouver's Non-motorized Watercraft Recreation Strategy was approved by the Board at a meeting last night. Non-motorized water sport activities include canoeing, kite surfing, rowing, dragon boating, outrigging, windsurfing, kayaking, paddleboarding, and small craft sailing.
The strategy includes quick start projects, including a user map that illustrates potential locations for different activities and abilities, as well as information about safety, facilities, and amenity locations.
Waterfront is treasured asset
The guide will be distributed online and at community centres and be updated every two years.
"Our waterfront is a treasured asset and a key part of our identity – from the seawall to our beautiful beaches. The On Water Strategy, I hope, will encourage more people to explore non-motorized water sports and increase access to the water from the shoreline," said Vancouver Park Board Chair Stuart Mackinnon.
The strategy examines the waterway areas of False Creek, Spanish Banks, English Bay, and Burrard Inlet near Coal Harbour. The Fraser River was not included due to its heavy industrial use, strong currents, and the lack of facilities. Future updates to the strategy should consider expanding the scope to align with increased recreational activity expected along the Fraser River.
Comprehensive public engagement
The strategy was developed and supported through a comprehensive public engagement process, which began in summer 2017 and ran until early this year.
It describes the current state of non-motorized watercraft facilities and activities, and proposes strategies to deliver on five key directions (expand opportunities and participation, increase access to water, improve safety and access to information, protect the environment, and foster opportunities to build community) over the next decade to help bring Vancouver closer to a vision for high-quality, accessible non-motorized watercraft recreation.
Other quick start projects include identifying and providing watercraft launch areas at beaches and parks, delivering more learn-to-paddle programs, and replacing the Alder Bay Dock next to the False Creek Community Centre with a dock that is universally accessible. A concept plan was developed through a series of engagement events with the False Creek Community Association and CMHC Granville Island, user groups, and the public.
Next steps include hiring a structural marine engineer to produce detailed design drawings and specifications.
Canada Bans Keeping Whales And Dolphins In Captivity
By Amy Held | NPR
An orca surfaces near Vancouver Island, Canada. The country's Parliament has passed legislation banning the practice of breeding and holding dolphins, whales and porpoises in captivity.
VW Pics / Universal Images Group via Getty
Canada's Parliament has passed legislation banning whales, dolphins and porpoises from being bred or held in captivity, a move that was hailed by animal rights activists.Violations are punishable by fines of up to $200,000 (about $150,000 USD).
The bill contains some exceptions: Marine mammals already held will be allowed to remain in captivity. And the animals can be kept during rehabilitation from injury or for the purposes of licensed scientific research.
Animal rights activists, who have long argued that containing marine mammals and training them to entertain amounts to cruelty, celebrated the news, tweeting under the hashtags #EmptyTheTanks and #FreeWilly.
Former Sen. Wilfred Moore of Nova Scotia introduced the measure, known as the Ending the Captivity of Whales and Dolphins Act, in 2015, said in a statement from Humane Society International/Canada that phasing out the animals' captivity was a "moral obligation."
Canada's Senate's passed the measure last year, and the House of Commons voted to approve it on Monday. The legislation now goes through a process known as royal assent before it can become law.
The CBC reports that the measure "notably impacts Marineland, the Niagara Falls [Ontario] amusement park and zoo that is considered the last Canadian park committed to keeping cetaceans in captivity."
Marineland has some 61 cetaceans: "55 beluga whales, five bottlenose dolphins and one orca, according to the CBC, citing data from Fisheries and Oceans Canada.
The park had initially opposed the ban, saying it would hurt attendance as well as conservation efforts. But in a statement Monday, Marineland said its operations have been evolving since its founding in the 1960s and that it would comply with the legislation.
The Vancouver Aquarium bowed to public opposition last year and said it would no longer keep dolphins and whales for display. At the time, it had one dolphin in captivity.
"The public told us they believed the continuing importation and display of these intelligent and sociable mammals was unethical and incompatible with evolving public opinion and we amended our bylaws accordingly," park board Chair Stuart Mackinnon said in a statement.
In the U.S., SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment, which has SeaWorld parks in California, Florida and Texas, announced in 2016 that it would stop breeding captive killer whales and shift its focus to marine mammal rescue operations.
Three years earlier, the documentary Blackfish sparked a public outcry over the treatment of captive orcas. The film documented the killing of SeaWorld trainer Dawn Brancheau by an orca named Tilikum in 2010.
Nearly 60 orcas are in captivity at parks and aquariums worldwide. "A third of the world's captive orcas are in the United States, and all but one of those live at SeaWorld's three parks in Orlando, San Diego, and San Antonio," National Geographic reports.
And while SeaWorld has shifted attention to other attractions, it has continued to put on dolphin shows, to the chagrin of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, a longtime critic. The animal rights group maintains that such displays can harm the animals.
SeaWorld's vice president of animal health and welfare, Hendrik Nollens, recently defended the practice, saying the dolphins "are faster than us, they are stronger than us."
"They are in charge. They choose," Nollens said. "They decide whether to do the interaction or not."
Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit npr.org. Original article here.
Posted by Stuart Mackinnon at 11:30 AM No comments:
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Collaboration Disc: Kanye West Announces G.O.O.D. Music Album; Dropping Next Year
By Donovan | October 21, 2011 0 Comments
On October 19, rapper and fashion designer Kanye West returned to his official Twitter page @KanyeWest to announce that his G.O.O.D. Music label will be releasing an album this upcoming Spring 2012. Kanye West's G.O.O.D Music label include artists such as Kid Cudi, Big Sean, Common, Pusha T, John Legend and CyHi the Prynce. West is gearing up to embark on the "Watch The Throne" tour with Jay-Z, which kicks off October 29 in Atlanta. Peep Kanye's tweet below:
Tyga, Migos Signed To Kanye West's G.O.O.D. Music
Kanye West Signs Brooklyn Rapper Desiigner To His G.O.O.D. Music Imprint
Album Artwork: G.O.O.D. Music 'Cruel Summer' Cover
The Summer Is His: Kanye Releasing 'Cruel Summer' Film & Album
HELL UP IN HARLEM: Teyana Taylor Officially Signs To Kanye West's G.O.O.D.
Heard Him Say: 2 Chainz Is Headed Over To Kanye's G.O.O.D. Music & Speaks On Tyler The Creator Diss
"Lamborghini, Murci" G.O.O.D. Music Announces First Single Off Compilation Album
The Grammy Family: Kanye West's G.O.O.D. Music Album 'Almost Done'
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Bold and eloquent in front of an audience; stumbling and inarticulate on the page. Hugely savvy at navigating the web; cowed and reluctant when scanning the library shelves. Well versed in technology, interview techniques and primary sources; flimsy on poetry, algebra and history.
Such is the picture that emerges of students who entered university in 2006, after The TESS asked academics from across the country about school-leavers' ability to handle university work.
The findings did not surprise Jim Docherty, depute general secretary of the Scottish Secondary Teachers' Association. But it would be a mistake to brand today's university entrants as less able - they just have a broader range of skills, he said.
"We all know about the perception that young people are not as good with writing and numbers as they were 20 years ago," he said. "That may well be true, but I think we're faced with a curriculum that is very much expanded; young people are doing things they were never doing before."
EIS general secretary Ronnie Smith was encouraged by the reports from universities of an improvement in oral skills.
He shifted the focus onto the abilities of university students upon graduation. "There doesn't seem to be a crisis in terms of what's coming out at the end of the process - we are producing good young graduates in significant numbers."


When we caught up with Kareena Kapoor a few months back talking about all things Taimur, she did mention how the attention on her son is a bit too much. "I think it is a bit much, but there is nothing that I can do about it. But I would want him NOT to have so much attention. As parents, we do not say much, but we hope that he has as normal a childhood as I wanted him to have. Right now, he does not understand it (the media attention), but at some point, we will make him understand it. I think it is all because of the lights, he is trying to figure out what is this." Well, she understands that Taimur will always be photographers' favourite boy but it seems his popularity is getting a little too much now.


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Three bedroom furnished cottage on leased land at Kettle Point. Open concept living room - kitchen with vaulted ceilings, two bathrooms, both updated 2014, one has toilet & basin second bathroom has tub & shower. Covered front porch is 10 x 6 foot, propane space heater in living room. Septic tank new in 2017 and field bed system installed 2014. 100 amp hydro w/breakers new 2015, insulated pump room new in 2016, water pump new 2017, Seller will install a 1000 gallon water storage tank before closing, or will negotiate price if Buyer wants to install, concrete patio in front yard, many mature trees, located on paved road just 2 blocks from great sand beach at Ipperwash. Note: existing five year land lease started Jan. 1st., 2015 at $2,500. per year, current band fees are $1,079.00. per year. Immediate possession available. Call Bill or Jon now to arrange a private viewing 519-296-4277.


This gajar halwa tastes like one you get from markets with lots of khoya. Don't need to cook it for hours. Gajar halwa tastes great with pure desi ghee and lots of nuts and khoya.
Peel and grates carrot, cook in 1 kg milk, when milk nearly dries add sugar, cook till sugar water dries.
Heat ghee in a saucepan add green cardamom, add this ghee to the carrot mixture and fry well for at least 15 minutes lastly add khoya, saffron, almonds, and pistachio.
Leave it on dum for 10 minutes and remove.


Awarded : 3rd place in the Portrait Photography category from the Sinchi Foundation 2018.
The man under the hat. I met Luciano in Ayacucho in the Peruvian Andes. I took his portrait to remember the look in his eyes as he recalled me of our humanity.
"No somos de aquí, porque nacemos para morir"


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How Does Hearing Loss Contribute To Loneliness During The Holidays?
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Standards Guide
Multi-Modal Transport Data Model
MMT in Transport and Logistics
Message Subsets
Building Electronic Documents from MMT
Example of Process - River Bill of Lading
Brief Introduction to the Transport and Logistics Domain
There are both recommendations and standards produced or published by UN/CEFACT, for the transport and logistics domain the core data model is known as the Multi Modal Transport Reference Data Model (or MMT RDM), this is a collection of classes containing attributes that when used in the right structure form the base of the documents or data structures used daily in the transport and logistics domain.
The MMT reference data model project has taken a holistic approach to develop a reference data model based on the UN/CEFACT Core Component Library (CCL) which brings together the data exchange requirements of international multimodal transport processes including related trade, insurance, customs and other regulatory documentary requirements based on the integration of trade facilitation and e-Business best practices.
The UN/CEFACT MMT Reference Data Model is a subset of the Buy/Ship/Pay Reference Data Model and a sister to the Supply Chain Reference Data Model (SCRDM) which is also a subset of the Buy/Ship/Pay Reference Data Model. The MMT and SCRDM Reference Data Models are closely aligned contextualised subsets of the Buy/Ship/Pay Reference Data Model.
All UN/CEFACT Reference Data Models include support for CCBDA compliant data exchange document structures which will be developed in separate projects. Derivation from this reference data model by future projects will ensure that each resultant data document specification will be aligned with the definitions and concepts described in this BRS document. This will enable trading partners to choose the type of document technology that best meets their business requirements when implementing MMT CCBDA compliant data exchange message structures and also provide a migration path for the adoption of future technologies as needed.
For the complete Business Requirement Specification (BRS) you should look at https://unece.org/trade/uncefact/brs and search for the 'Multi-Modal Transport Reference Data Model'
We will do a deep dive on MMT and explain some of the key classes that you can use and familiarise yourself with shortly.
Standards for Transport and Logistics
There are some key standards that in transport and logistics you should familiarise yourself with before digging into the detail:
UN/LOCODE - A coded list of global locations used in trade and transport transactions, the UN/LOCODE identifies the smallest administrative area rather than a terminal or facility. Take a look at the list and find your own town or city, for Example Liverpool UK has a coded value of GBLIV full details on UN/LOCODE can be found at https://unece.org/trade/uncefact/unlocode
Code List Recommendations - When transferring data electronically codes are often used to provide certainty and clarity so they can be used across many business systems, you will find a full list of the codes used in many messages such as IncoTerms, Packaging Types, Currency, Units of Measure and more at https://unece.org/trade/uncefact/cl-recommendations
UN/EDIFACT - The set of internationally agreed standards, directories and guidelines for electronic exchange of structured data, UN/EDIFACT is over 30 years old and still today supports the majority of electronic transactions between actors in the supply chain. This covers things like shipping instructions, tracking, booking and customs messages. Further information can be found at https://unece.org/trade/uncefact/introducing-unedifact
Some examples of Standards published to facilitate Trade and Transport are:
Booking of Transport
Shipping Instructions to Carrier
WayBill (Transport Contract)
Status Report or Request
Smart Containers
IMO FAL Compendium
Verified Gross Mass (VERMAS)
This list is not comprehensive and you should refer to the streamlined standards page of UN/CEFACT for the complete list.
Transport Contract Comparison
Goods moving between buyer and seller would move under a contract of carriage, regardless of the mode of transport the MMT RDM has a transport modal subset to cover the 'set' of data required to be exchanged as per the guidelines and regulations for that mode, all of these modes have been mapped from business requirements and regulatory requirements onto the appropriate subset, for the transport contract here are some of the standards that are of interest:
Ocean Waybill (Deep Sea Ocean Carriers)
River Waybill (Inland Waterway Navigation)
eCMR (Road Consignment Note mapped to the CMR Convention)
CIM-SGMS Consignment Note (Railway)
UN/CEFACT have produced a matrix for these transport Contract Documents to show the Business Names, and the MMT RDM path as a comparison and to help navigate the data between various modes of transport and their dataset requirements. Note that these subsets are all using the MMT RDM as a base and as such it is easily interoperable to move from one mode to another. This is a key point of the MMT RDM, it is mode independant by nature to allow for this flexibility.
An output from the https://unttc.org work on Transport and trade connectivity in the age of pandemics compared the transport contracts for various mdoes of transport, this can be found in the excel matrix below.
TransportContractDocumentMatrix.xlsx
Transport Contract Matrix Comparison
Next - Multi-Modal Transport Data Model


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A few weeks ago, while Anna, Andria, and I went to the Rose Bowl Flea Market, my husband went to the Huntington dog beach with our neighbor, Yue, and his dog, Boba. Yue used to take photos professionally, so he brought along his nice camera equipment to snap some shots of the dogs. Looking at these photos, I feel like Kipling looks like a different dog! It's funny to see Kipling, who I photograph so often, through the lens of someone else (but of course she still looks cute). I didn't do any editing to these photos, but I wanted to share! The Huntington dog beach is one of our favorite places here in Southern California to visit, and Kip loves it too!


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Patrick J. Massey
Regional Director, Office of Infrastructure Protection
Mr. Massey serves as the Regional Director for the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Office of Infrastructure Protection responsible for assisting private and public sector partners enhance the resiliency of critical infrastructures in the Region 10 states of Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. Prior to his current position, Mr. Massey served for twenty years with FEMA Region 10 including eight years as the Director, National Preparedness Division. Mr. Massey has deployed to a number of large disasters throughout the country, and has also served in State and local government emergency management departments, and as a U.S. Army officer. M.S., M.A., M.A. | CEM, CPP, CBCP
Disaster Resilience: Election Infrastructure & Cybersecurity Meeting Room 10Eric Holdeman • Chad Houck • Patrick J. Massey • David Matthews • Julie Wise


Which Song Was Your '00s High School Anthem? Find Out!
Did you jam out to Kesha...or cry with The Killers?
While listening to the Pandora station, "2000s Hip Hop Radio," I found myself Diddy bopping to J Kwon's tale of underage drinking, "Tipsy." Almost immediately, I was transported back to all of the awkward school dances where I would "turn up" when this song came on. As embarrassing as it is, everyone has that one song that instantly reminds their high school "glory" days.
To prove it, we created a quiz that'll ultimately remind you of the person you were in high school. Let's take a stroll down memory lane and remember that one song that embodied your entire experience. Be honest, did we guess right?


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'Opium of the people'
Column by E.M.S. NAMBOODIRIPAD. December 1, 1995.
Print edition : January 15, 2010 T+ T-
TRENCHANT critics, as well as some ardent supporters, of the Marx-Engels-Lenin theory of Dialectical and Historical Materialism appear to agree that the essence of the Marxist theory concerning religion is the celebrated observation "religion is the opium of the people".
Non-Marxist rationalists therefore criticise Marxist-Leninists for ignoring the Marxist theory on religion when Marxist-Leninists join hands with religious leaders on questions of struggle for national independence, democracy, world peace and social justice.
On the other hand, dedicated religious leaders turn their guns against Marxists for sticking dogmatically to Marx's formulation that "religion is the opium of the people".
Both, however, forget the context in which Marx made the observation. In his Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right, Marx says: "Man, who looked for a superman in the fantastic reality of heaven and found nothing there but the reflection of himself, will no longer be disposed to find but the semblance of himself, the non-human (Unmensch) where he seeks and must seek his true reality."
He goes on:
"Man makes religion, religion does not make man. In other words, religion is the self-consciousness and self-feeling of man who has either not yet found himself or has already lost himself again. But man is no abstract being squatting outside the world. Man is the world of man, the state, society. This state, this society, produce religion, a reversed world-consciousness, because they are a reversed world. Religion is the general theory of that world, its encyclopaedic compendium, its logic in popular form, its spiritualistic point d'honneur, its enthusiasm, its moral sanction, its solemn completion, its universal ground for consolation and justification. It is the fantastic realisation of the human essence because the human essence has no true reality. The struggle against religion is therefore mediately the fight against the other world, of which religion is the spiritual aroma."
He then concludes:
"Religious distress is at the same time the expression of real distress and the protest against real distress. Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, just as it is the spirit of a spiritless situation. It is the opium of the people."…
The religious leaders in their criticism of Marx and the Marxist who consider the opium formally to be the essence of Marx's approach to religion have therefore taken that particular formulation out of context. What it really means is that, helpless in the oppression of class society, man seeks imaginary help from religion. That help is provided by religion but only temporarily, just as opium relieves the agony of someone suffering excruciating pain. That immediate relief is no substitute for a real and permanent cure of the malady.... For the latter, man should organise himself, struggle against class oppression, take political power and create a classless society.…
What is the attitude of the revolutionary political party of the working class towards religion? This question is answered by Lenin in an article entitled "Socialism and Religion". He makes three major observations: First,
"Religion must be declared a private affair. In these words socialists usually express their attitude towards religion. But the meaning of these words should be accurately defined to prevent any misunderstanding. We demand that religion be held a private affair so far as the state is concerned. But by no means can we consider religion a private affair as far as our party is concerned. Religion must be of no concern to the state, and religious societies must have no connection with governmental authority.
"So far as the party of the socialist proletariat is concerned, religion is not a private affair. Our party is an association of class-conscious advanced fighters for the emancipation of the working class. Such an association cannot and must not be indifferent to lack of class-consciousness, ignorance or obscurantism in the shape of religious beliefs. We demand complete disestablishment of the Church so as to be able to combat the religious fog with purely ideological weapons and solely ideological weapons, by means of our press and by word of mouth."
Secondly, Lenin answered the question, "Why do we not declare in our programme that we are atheists?" and then explains:
"Our programme is based entirely on the scientific, and moreover the materialist, world outlook. An explanation of our programme, therefore, necessarily includes an explanation of the true historical and economic roots of the religious fog. Our propaganda necessarily includes the propaganda of atheism; the publication of the appropriate scientific literature, which the autocratic feudal government has hitherto strictly forbidden and persecuted, must now form one of the fields of our party work…. But under no circumstances ought we to fall into the error of posing the religious question in an abstract, idealistic fashion, as an intellectual question unconnected with the class struggle, as is not infrequently done by the radical-democrats from among the bourgeoisie. It would be stupid to think that in a society based on the endless oppression and coarsening of the worker masses, religious prejudices could be dispelled by purely propaganda methods. It would be bourgeois narrow mindedness to forget that the yoke of religion that weighs upon mankind is merely a product and reflection of the economic yoke within society. No number of pamphlets and no amount of preaching can enlighten the proletariat which is not enlightened by its own struggle against the dark forces of capitalism. Unity in this really revolutionary struggle of the oppressed class for the creation of a paradise on earth is more important to us than unity of proletarian opinion on paradise in heaven" (emphasis added).
Thirdly, "That is the reason why we do not and should not set forth our atheism in our programme; that is why we do not and should not prohibit proletarians who still retain vestiges of their old prejudices from associating themselves with our party. We shall always preach the scientific world outlook, and it is essential for us to combat the inconsistency of various 'Christians'. But that does not mean in the least that the religious question ought to be advanced to first place, where it does not belong at all; nor does it mean that we should allow the forces of the really revolutionary economic and political struggle to be split up on account of third-rate opinions or senseless ideas, rapidly losing all political importance, rapidly being swept out as rubbish by the very course of economic development" (emphasis added).
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Interview: Mohammed Hanif"Writing a novel is about being fearless"
An artist as an anarchist
Short Story in translationBlack chinks
Interview'India never had a golden age'
ReminiscencesThe world through a village
FictionTwo different estimates
Interview: Sukrita Paul Kumar'A writer first, then a father'
Poet of the past, present and future
Faultlines of Hindi and Urdu
The underdog and the odd one out
50 years of Sri Lankan Tamil literature


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Biografia
Fu romanziere in catalano e castigliano, nonché autore di forbite biografie di Jacint Verdaguer (1970), Oscar Wilde (1966) e Cervantes (1954).

Ottenne il Premio Fastenrath nel 1934 con Terre de l'Ebre e il Premio Nadal nel 1948 con Sobre las piedras grises.

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Scrittori in lingua catalana