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News Synthesis | 21 Jun 2012
B Cells Step Into the Limelight
Why MS researchers recast a well-known character
Meghan Rosen
In the body's theater, the immune system's show veers off-script to produce multiple sclerosis. Miscues and mixed signals direct cast members to creep into scenes where they don't belong and to muck up intricately choreographed dances. The ensemble, which normally protects the body, wreaks havoc in the central nervous system (CNS) by stirring inflammatory trouble that trips up brain cells. These slip-ups and stumbles send the plot in new and dangerous directions.
Researchers are trying to figure out how different immune actors bumble the lines and steps. They want to know who is directing the performance, and how the disease's devastating drama unfolds.
One candidate crew of immune-cells-gone-rogue is B cells, the stars of pathogen tagging. They're famous for pumping out tiny molecular flags—antibodies—that stick to trespassers, marking them for destruction. In healthy people, B cells bear antibodies that brand mostly bad guys. In MS, however, misbehaving B cells might churn out flags that also latch onto patients' own tissues.
But B cells could make mischief in other ways as well. They perform many parts besides "growing up to be antibody-producing cells," says neurologist Robert Lisak of Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan. Many of these functions could contribute to MS. In the past few years, the seedling idea that antibody-independent roles of B cells could promote MS has not only sprouted, it's blossomed. In 2008, Stephen Hauser of the University of California, San Francisco, and colleagues showed that rituximab, a drug that wipes most B cells from the bloodstream, drastically cut down on brain lesions and clinical relapses in MS patients (Hauser et al., 2008). Because the drug skips over B cells that make antibodies—and because clinical results often precede drops in preexisting autoantibody levels—Hauser's study pointed to an antibody-independent role for B cells in MS.
The rituximab finding also helped shift the field's focus from T cells—another member of the immune cast—to B cells, says Francesca Aloisi, a neuroimmunologist at the Istituto Superiore di Sanità in Rome, Italy. Since its publication 4 years ago, about 600 studies have cited Hauser's paper, according to Google Scholar. "It switched on something in people's heads," Aloisi says, and spurred researchers to think more about B cells. Now, they're figuring out how rituximab works, tracking misplaced collections of B cells in the CNS, and coming up with novel ideas about potential B-cell involvement in MS. For instance, one new study suggests that B cells might attack the CNS by secreting cell-killing toxins (Lisak et al., 2012).
Evidence for antibody-independent B cell functions in MS broadens the base of support for B cells' involvement in the disease and adds to a growing body of research that recognizes myriad mechanisms of immune cell attack. Swiveling the spotlight to B cells could expose what goes wrong in MS and spark new ideas for treating the disease.
Enter B cells
In healthy brains, cells called oligodendrocytes sheathe neurons in insulating layers of myelin. The fatty coating acts as a protective jacket and helps messages dart along cells; this speedy transit is crucial for proper brain function. Oligodendrocytes also release chemicals that help keep nerve cells healthy. Scientists agree that MS damages the external myelin layer and the neuron underneath, but they're less certain about what triggers the disease's characteristic demyelination. "We don't really know what starts MS off," says Amit Bar-Or, a neurologist at the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital at McGill University in Canada (who is an Accelerated Cure Project Scientific Advisory Board member). "It's still an outstanding question."
Early insights into myelin damage and attack came from animal models of MS. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice helped cast T cells as the divas of disease pathogenesis (Kasper and Shoemaker, 2010, and "Animal Arsenal"). Because EAE T cells—and not B cells—can transfer the disease from mouse to mouse, and because T cells crop up in patchy inflammatory zones inside MS patients' brains, many researchers focused on T cells' part in the disease. What's more, the biggest genetic risk factor in MS lies in the MHC region of the genome, which encodes proteins that aid T cell activation. But treatments that affect only T cells have failed in MS trials, says Timothy Vollmer, a neurologist at the University of Colorado, Denver, School of Medicine in Aurora. "Despite the perception that this is a T-cell-driven disease, we do not have any selective T cell therapy that works in MS," he says. Indeed, every approved treatment for MS blocks some form of B-cell activity (Kitsos et al., 2012). Therefore, Vollmer says, B cells deserve as much scrutiny as T cells do.
A potential role for B cells in MS has been bubbling in the background for decades. In 1960, Armand Lowenthal and colleagues at the Institut Bunge in Antwerp, Belgium, spotted B cells in MS patients' cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—the liquid that cushions the brain and spinal cord. When tested in the lab, CSF from these patients tattooed protein gels with "oligoclonal bands"—a hallmark of antibodies and thus a signature of B cells. These bands pop up in the CSF of more than 95% of MS patients (Franciotta et al., 2008) and might come from a ballooning population of antibody-pumping B cells in the brain (Dobson et al., 2011).
In 1979, neurologist John Prineas, then at the College of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, reported "thin-walled channels" of lymphoid tissue—which is packed with immune cells—in the brains and spinal cords of MS patients (Prineas, 1979). Aloisi and colleagues extended these findings in 2004, when they discovered that B cells were setting up shop in finger-shaped projections inside MS patients' meninges, the three-layer sandwich of membranes that encases the CNS. Because B cells normally mature and multiply only in lymphatic organs, which reside outside the brain and spinal cord, their presence in the CNS waves a red flag to researchers. "It's well documented that the B lymphocytes we see in the CNS are undergoing full development there: Everything they're normally doing in the lymph nodes, they're doing in the brain," Vollmer says. "That's unusual." What's more, the "follicle-like structures" overlap with damaging lesions in the cortex, the wrinkled outer covering of the brain. The suspicious structures also harbor other immune players, but because they're relatively rich in B cells, Bar-Or says, "it's very attractive to speculate that [B cells] may contribute importantly to inflammation and injury within the CNS."
Although B cells in MS might target myelin by making self-reactive antibodies that mark the fatty wrapper for immune attack, researchers have never bagged a definite disease-causing autoantigen. One recent study tested whether antibodies from MS patients could strike myelinated cells in culture. Researchers collected blood serum from MS patients, healthy controls, and patients with other neurological diseases. Then they purified antibodies from the serum and added the molecules to rat neurons in culture. They found that 30% of patients with MS harbored autoantibodies that could damage the myelinated cells; material from healthy subjects and individuals with other neurodegenerative diseases could not.
"The absolute bottom line is that this confirms [that] at least a subset of patients with MS develop autoantibodies that can mediate primary demyelination and axon injury," says Christopher Linington, the study's senior author and an immunologist at the University of Glasgow in the U.K. The findings, published 4 May 2012 in Brain, reinforce the idea that autoantibodies contribute to MS onset or progression (Elliott et al., 2012). But because researchers detected the self-reactive molecules in only a third of MS patients, the results suggest that these antibodies are not the central drivers of the disease, says Leila Jackson, a neurologist at the University of Colorado, Denver, School of Medicine in Aurora.
Linington acknowledges that the total percentage of MS patients with myelin-targeting antibodies was lower than he expected, but he says the result might arise from a technical issue. "We're using rat cultures to detect human antibodies," he says. "If the antibodies recognize a human antigen but not a rat antigen, there would obviously be patients we'd miss."
Taking on new roles
Clues about B cells' antibody-independent roles in MS might reveal themselves when researchers pull back the curtains on rituximab's mechanism of action. The genetically engineered antibody sticks to a surface protein—CD20—on B cells and kicks off an immune cascade that clears B cells from the blood (Kitsos et al., 2012). Because it doesn't knock out plasma B cells—the antibody-makers—or knock down antibody levels in the CSF, the drug's showstopping results cued scientists to look for other aspects of B-cell performance.
Although rituximab is known for depleting B cells from the blood, it's conceivable that some of the drug's clinical benefits stem from its ability to target B cells in the brain or meninges. However, many researchers find this scenario unlikely: Because rituximab is an antibody, and thus bulky, significant quantities couldn't slip into the CNS unless the blood-brain barrier was seriously broken, they say. What's more, if B cells tucked away in follicles rev up trouble in MS, it's even more of a stretch to imagine that rituximab or other B-cell-targeted drugs could reach them. Meningeal follicles are solid structures hundreds or thousands of cells deep, Aloisi says. It's hard to know how far the drug could penetrate, she says.
Regardless of where rituximab acts, one possible way it works is by interfering with B cells' influence on T cells. Getting rid of B cells limits the number of T cells in the CNS and curtails exaggerated T cell activation in MS patients, Bar-Or says. For instance, B-cell-depletion therapy snuffs out B cells that produce IL-6, an inflammatory compound that urges T cells to proliferate, according to a report by Tom Barr of the University of Edinburgh and colleagues, including Bar-Or. Their results, published 30 April in The Journal of Experimental Medicine, were from experiments on EAE mice but might also apply to humans (Barr et al., 2012). The authors note that B cells from MS patients secrete more IL-6 than do cells from their healthy counterparts.
Other researchers have suggested that rituximab targets B cells' antigen-presenting ability. Usually, antigen-presenting B cells decorate their surfaces with bits of bacteria or other invaders to alert T cells about likely villains—thus creating a molecular "most wanted" list. Rogue B cells could adorn themselves with pieces of myelin, directing T cells to attack the body instead of the intruders. Exposing such rebel antigen presenters might help explain rituximab's effects.
Toxin-brewing villains
As scientists probe how rituximab and other B-cell-depleting therapies—such as mitoxantrone and ofatumumab—work, new research is pointing toward alternative methods by which B cells contribute to MS through activities other than antibody production. They might, for instance, make chemicals that poison brain cells, Bar-Or and Lisak reasoned. Other immune cells "secrete substances that have been shown to damage oligodendrocytes," Lisak says. "It made me think that B cells might be able to do it too."
Lisak and Bar-Or's research teams harvested B cells from the blood of seven patients with relapsing-remitting MS and four healthy controls; then they tested whether cells from each group could spit out brain-damaging toxins. After cultivating the donors' cells in the lab and adding a slew of different molecules to stimulate B cell activity, they siphoned off the broth in which the cells grew and added it to mixed cultures of rat glial cells, non-neuronal cells of the CNS.
Fluid from patients' B cells killed significantly more rat cells than did growth media from healthy controls, the researchers reported 28 March in the Journal of Neuroimmunology (Lisak et al., 2012). And the toxic brew seemed to zero in on one particular cell type: oligodendrocytes. Within 3 days, these myelin-makers shriveled and sloughed off the petri dishes in fragmented sheets. Neighboring rat cells in the culture—astrocytes and microglia—escaped injury-free.
This work is the first to show that B cells have a T cell- and antibody-independent mechanism that leads to oligodendrocyte death, Vollmer says. The finding is important, he says, because people have always assumed "that antibodies or activation of T cells mediate the toxic effect on oligodendrocytes."
But Aloisi cautions that the results are preliminary: "The subject is interesting, but the sample size was very limited." Furthermore, using cultures of rat cells could complicate the findings: "You cannot exclude that something can be toxic to rat oligodendrocytes but not to human oligodendrocytes," she says. However, because human oligodendrocytes come only from patient biopsies, she concedes, it's very difficult to harvest enough tissue for the types of experiments performed in the study.
Still, the finding "certainly deserves further investigation," says Gareth John, a neurologist at Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York City. He wants to know whether the toxic effect on oligodendrocytes is mediated by B cells directly. Because researchers added the B cell medium to a mixture of CNS cells, it's possible that other cells in the culture—astrocytes and microglia—provoked oligodendrocyte death.
"I think that's one of the interesting questions that now should be chased down," Bar-Or says. "What exactly is the mechanism, and what are the molecules that are involved?" The researchers tried to pin down the toxic factor's identity by screening for the usual suspects—antibodies, cytokines, and growth factors—but netted no culprits. Bar-Or says that the team has a few leads, but "none that would be ripe for naming" just yet.
If toxic B cells do play a leading role, and if researchers could target the rogue actors, it might be possible to selectively deplete the bad ones. Because treatments such as rituximab are relatively safe compared to other MS therapies, Bar-Or says, directing drugs toward even smaller subsets of cells could mean therapies with fewer side effects. Furthermore, John says, understanding what controls oligodendrocyte survival could point scientists toward strategies for protecting the nerve-insulating cells. Doing so "may lead to reduced tissue damage in patients."
Next acts
As scientists audition novel hypotheses for how B cells might act in MS, they are scouting far and wide for breakout performances. In addition to making autoantibodies, talking to T cells, infiltrating the meninges, and secreting toxins, B cells—or other immune players—might, for instance, erode myelin by attacking neurons, whose back-and-forth chatter with oligodendrocytes is essential for making the lipid-laden sheaths. Injury to neurons, therefore, could act as a muzzle, cutting off communication and subsequently myelin maintenance, says Vittorio Gallo, a neuroscientist at Children's National Medical Center in Washington, D.C. Rather than operating through one mechanism or another, however, demyelination, Gallo says, "is likely to occur through a mosaic of different scenarios."
Although B cells aren't performing solo, they seem to be the new rising stars of MS research. Now that these immune actors have nudged their way closer to center stage, scientists are lining up to observe how B cells' talents and blunders play out. Examining how they bumble the immune performance will broaden our understanding of the disease and might set the scene for new treatment options.
Key open questions
By what mechanism does B-cell depletion improve patient outcomes?
Does rituximab target B cells in follicle-like structures?
How do follicular B cells colonize the meninges?
What substance (or substances) mediates MS patient B cells' toxic effect on oligodendrocytes?
Is the toxic factor(s) specific to patients with MS, or is it present in patients with other autoimmune diseases?
Does the toxic factor(s) directly harm oligodendrocytes, or does it stimulate other cells (such as astrocytes or microglia) to produce something that harms oligodendrocytes?
Can the toxic factor(s) injure neurons as well as oligodendrocytes?
Thumbnail on landing page. "State Theater" bagaball/Wikimedia Commons, 2008. Released under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0) license.
Fig. 1. Courtesy of Barbara Serafini and Francesca Aloisi, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
Fig. 2. "Rituximab targets B cells by binding specifically to CD20 on the cell surface." Courtesy of National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.
Fig. 3. Courtesy of Robert Lisak, Wayne State University.
B cell depletion therapy ameliorates autoimmune disease through ablation of IL-6-producing B cells.
Barr TA, Shen P, Brown S, Lampropoulou V, Roch T, Lawrie S, Fan B, O'Connor RA, Anderton SM, Bar-Or A, et al.
J Exp Med. 2012 May 7; 209(5):1001-10. Epub 2012 Apr 30. PMID: 22547654. Abstract
More to come: humoral immune responses in MS.
Dobson R, Meier UC, Giovannoni G
J Neuroimmunol. 2011 Dec 15; 240-241:13-21. Epub 2011 Oct 21. PMID: 22019113. Abstract
Functional identification of pathogenic autoantibody responses in patients with multiple sclerosis.
Elliott C, Lindner M, Arthur A, Brennan K, Jarius S, Hussey J, Chan A, Stroet A, Olsson T, Willison H, et al.
Brain. 2012 Jun; 135(Pt 6):1819-33. Epub 2012 May 04. PMID: 22561643. Abstract
Researchers who study multiple sclerosis have long debated whether MS is a bona fide autoimmune disease in part because a clear, disease-causing autoantigen has never been identified despite extensive efforts to find one. In this study, Elliott et al. used a novel assay for the search: They exposed myelinated rat neurons cultured from spinal tissue to blood serum taken from individuals with MS (n = 37), healthy controls (n = 13), and those with other neurological diseases (n = 10) to test whether antibodies in the serum could attack myelin antigens and cause demyelination. They identified pathogenic immunoglobulin G responses in the serum of approximately a third of the MS group but not in serum from any other subjects. This observation suggests that autoantibodies can contribute to demyelination by targeting oligodendrocytes and the myelin sheaths they extend. Three people from that subgroup who had undergone plasma exchange therapy showed significantly reduced demyelinating IgG activity after the procedure. Further work is necessary to determine the relation between the antibodies, such treatment, and disease course.
B cells and multiple sclerosis.
Franciotta D, Salvetti M, Lolli F, Serafini B, Aloisi F
Lancet Neurol. 2008 Sep; 7(9):852-8. PMID: 18703007. Abstract
B-cell depletion with rituximab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.
Hauser SL, Waubant E, Arnold DL, Vollmer T, Antel J, Fox RJ, Bar-Or A, Panzara M, Sarkar N, Agarwal S, et al.
N Engl J Med. 2008 Feb 14; 358(7):676-88. PMID: 18272891. Abstract
Multiple sclerosis immunology: The healthy immune system vs the MS immune system.
Kasper LH, Shoemaker J
Neurology. 2010 Jan 5; 74 Suppl 1:S2-8. PMID: 20038759. Abstract
Rituximab and multiple sclerosis.
Kitsos DK, Tsiodras S, Stamboulis E, Voumvourakis KI
Clin Neuropharmacol. 2012 Mar-Apr; 35(2):90-6. PMID: 22421587. Abstract
Secretory products of multiple sclerosis B cells are cytotoxic to oligodendroglia in vitro.
Lisak RP, Benjamins JA, Nedelkoska L, Barger JL, Ragheb S, Fan B, Ouamara N, Johnson TA, Rajasekharan S, Bar-Or A
J Neuroimmunol. 2012 May 15; 246(1-2):85-95. Epub 2012 Mar 28. PMID: 22458983. Abstract
Multiple sclerosis: presence of lymphatic capillaries and lymphoid tissue in the brain and spinal cord.
Prineas JW
Science. 1979 Mar 16; 203(4385):1123-5. PMID: 424741. Abstract
doi/10.7493/msdf.10.2160.1
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Where can I find good arguments showing it is highly unlikely that we are created by nasty evolved 'gods'(unlike Dawkins's non-evolved God)?
~~~ The best argument is that 'creation', of any sort, is impossible!
And that can be supported scientifically and philosophically!
If you want to go deeper, e-me.
And Dawkins is no theologian or philosopher, he's a 'scientist' and entertainer!
His opinions on God are as irrelevant, or relevant, as anyone else's who has no experience (knowledge), but plenty of vain imagination!
Can anybody please either provide me with, or tell me where I can find, good arguments to suggest that it is highly unlikely that we are created by a non-supernatural quasi-deity (or quasi-deities), one(s) who has/have presumably evolved somewhere in some place such as the Multiverse (if the Multiverse exists; or if not, then somewhere else) by some mechanism such as natural selection, who is/are presumably neither all-powerful nor all-knowing nor perfectly good, nor necessarily appropriate for us to worship, etc, and who for some reason has/have created us, quite likely as part of some kind of experiment running in some kind of computer simulation (with both the apparent age and size of our 'universe' thus probably being illusions, which, oversimplifying a little for the sake of brevity, would seemingly make them deceivers, while human suffering, if not also some kind of illusion-and-apparent-deception, would seemingly make them at best indifferent to our suffering, and at worst make them sadists).
Please note that, unfortunately, in The God Delusion, Richard Dawkins seemingly barely touches on this question and concentrates on attacking the notion of a 'supernatural' or 'Skyhook' 'God'.
chapter 1, page 33 (page numbers are from the 2009 paperback edition, though the version I actually read is an earlier version which may be slightly different) : "The Nobel-Prize-winning physicist (and atheist) Steven Weinberg ... is surely right that, if the word God is not to become completely useless, it should be used in the way people have generally used it, to denote a supernatural creator that is "appropriate for us to worship"
chapter 1, page 36: "... As I continue to clarify the distinction between supernatural religion on the one hand and Einsteinian religion on the other, bear in mind that I am calling only SUPERNATURAL gods delusional."
chapter 2, page 98-99: "...Science Fiction authors, such as Daniel F. Galouye in Counterfeit World, have even suggested (and I cannot think how to disprove it) that we are in a computer simulation, set up by some vastly superior civilisation. But the simulators themselves would have to come from somewhere. The laws of probability forbid all notions of their spontaneously appearing without simpler anticedents. They probably owe their existence to a (perhaps unfamiliar) version of Darwinian evolution: some sort of cumulatively ratcheting 'crane' as opposed to 'skyhook', to use Daniel Dennett's terminology. Skyhooks - including all gods - are magic spells. ..."
chapter 4, page 185-6: "...Or maybe the elusive crane that cosmologists seek will be a version of Darwin's idea itself: either Smolin's one or something similar. Or maybe it will be the multiverse plus anthropic principle espoused by Martin Rees and others. It may even be a superhuman designer - but, if so, it will almost certainly NOT be a designer who just popped into existence, or who always existed. If (which I don't believe for a moment) our universe was designed, and a fortiori if the designer reads out thoughts and hands out omniscient advice, forgiveness and redemption, the designer himself must be the end product of some kind of cumulative escalotor or crane, perhaps a version of Darwinism in another Universe."
Is this a question, or a sermon?
You find good arguments by learning your own subject fully. Arguments you collect ("ammunition") are not worth anything if you don't know what you are talking about.
All gods are unlikely. Start there.
That is easy just open up the good book known as the bible. It can solve problems of any kind try it.
Dawkins does not have any god.
Did god created adam and eve or we evolved from apes ?
Does Dawkins believe that if God were real He must have evolved?
I am losing faith in my atheism because of this can you help me? I am looking for good arguments against God's existence I can't find any?
Why do I keep getting told "there's plenty of evidence God exists" without being shown any?
Athiests!: What's your favourite argument that denies the existence of God?
Is it true that we are quite mistaken if we have to give up things when we go to Heaven?
Why is Flowerchild such an annoying b*tch? Dear this dear that, I'll shove one more dear up her as* the next time she says it?


text:
package config

import (
	"gopkg.in/mgo.v2"
	"gopkg.in/mgo.v2/bson"
	"log"
)

var (
	mdb      *mgo.Database
	msession *mgo.Session
)

var (
	_MGOUserName string
	_MGOPassword string
	_MGOAddress string
	_MGOPort string
	_MGODatabase string
)

func SetMGOUserName(s string) {
	_MGOUserName = s
}

func SetMGOPassword(s string) {
	_MGOPassword = s
}

func SetMGOAddress(s string) {
	_MGOAddress = s
}

func SetMGOPort(s string) {
	_MGOPort = s
}

func SetMGODatabase(s string) {
	_MGODatabase = s
}

func GetMongo() *mgo.Database {
	if mdb == nil {
		msession, mdb = ConnectMongoDB()
	}

	return mdb
}

func GetMongoConnectionString() string {
	if _MGOUserName == `` || _MGOPassword == `` {
		return `mongodb://` + _MGOAddress + `:` + _MGOPort + `/` + _MGODatabase
	}

	return `mongodb://` + _MGOUserName + `:` + _MGOPassword + `@` + _MGOAddress + `:` + _MGOPort + `/` + _MGODatabase
}

func ConnectMongoDB() (*mgo.Session, *mgo.Database) {
	var err error
	s := GetMongoConnectionString()

	log.Println("MongoDB Connection String ", s)

	MDBSession, err := mgo.Dial(s)
	if err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}

	MDB := MDBSession.DB(_MGODatabase)

	return MDBSession, MDB
}

type Auto_Inc_Struct struct {
	Name string `bson:"name"`
	ID   int64  `bson:"id"`
}

const Auto_Inc = "auto_inc"

func GetAutoIncID(name string, mdb *mgo.Database) (*Auto_Inc_Struct, error) {
	var ais Auto_Inc_Struct
	change := mgo.Change{
		Update:    bson.M{"$inc": bson.M{"id": 1}},
		ReturnNew: true,
		Upsert:    true,
	}
	_, err := mdb.C(Auto_Inc).Find(bson.M{"name": name}).Apply(change, &ais)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return &ais, nil
}

func UpdataAutoIncID(name string, mdb *mgo.Database, id int64) (*Auto_Inc_Struct, error) {
	var ais Auto_Inc_Struct
	change := mgo.Change{
		Update:    bson.M{"id": id},
		ReturnNew: true,
		Upsert:    true,
	}
	_, err := mdb.C(Auto_Inc).Find(bson.M{"name": name}).Apply(change, &ais)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return &ais, nil
}

// GetAutoID仅仅查询当前自增的数量,如果没有就自动初始化
func GetAutoID(name string, mdb *mgo.Database) (*Auto_Inc_Struct, error) {
	var ais Auto_Inc_Struct
	err := mdb.C(Auto_Inc).Find(bson.M{"name": name}).One(&ais)
	if err != nil {
		if err == mgo.ErrNotFound {
			return GetAutoIncID(name, mdb)
		}
		return nil, err
	}
	return &ais, nil
}

// ## this is a test for submit!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
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Journalist Judy Woodruff, co-anchor of the long-running "PBS NewsHour," and Boston Pops conductor. Pops in 2015, is second only to Arthur Fiedler in the length of his tenure as conductor. In that.
There's a reason thousands of people camp out on the Esplanade hours before the Boston Pops Fireworks Spectacular. Moreno, the rare EGOT winner for her Emmy, Grammy, Oscar and Tony Awards, is part.
By Don Church and Tony Schillaci, Critics On The Aisle (Photos Courtesy. including the 75th Anniversary Season at Tanglewood with Keith Lockhart and the Boston Pops, and in yearly concerts, cabaret.
J. Elizabeth Clark (Liz) teaches a range of courses in the Department of English including: ENG 099, ENG 101, Creative Writing, Introduction to Poetry, Introduction to Children's Literature, and LIB 200.
NEW YORK | Actor Tony Danza called in to the weekly radio show of New. of this site constitutes agreement to its user agreement and privacy policy. The Boston Pops Orchestra is kicking off a series.
Keith Lockhart is best known as the conductor of the Boston Pops Orchestra. Succeeding a. Oscar and Tony: Award-Winning Music from the Stage and Screen.
To mark the 100th anniversary of the Christmas Truce of 1914, the Boston Pops commissioned. Flaherty said of the truce. For the Pops commission, he and Ahrens crafted a nine-minute work for choir,
HAVEN BURTON (Fiona) Broadway credits include Kinky Boots, Violet (Violet standby), Shrek The Musical (Gingy, Fiona u/s), Legally Blonde (Margot, Elle u/s), Rent (Maureen).National Tours/ concerts: Shrek (Princess Fiona), Rent (Maureen), Carnegie Hall's 'Take the Stage,' Symphony POPs in Santa Rosa.A BIG Thank You to my amazing agents at CESD
If the 2018 flick "Green Book" was your first reference to the concert pianist Don Shirley, you're likely not alone. The Golden Globe award-winning, five-time Oscar-nominated movie, starring.
The Boston Symphony Orchestra engaged him as Music Director from 1969 to. With three Oscars, four Grammys, a Tony and three Golden Globe awards to.
Tony Award winner Jim Dale will narrate "The Night Before Christmas" accompanied by the Boston Pops Orchestra for the opening concert on December 8, with repeat performances on Thursday, December 9 at.
who is celebrating his own 15th anniversary with the orchestra. "The 125th anniversary is a good excuse to celebrate and remind people of the incredible tradition that is the Boston Pops, although I.
If not, surely Oscar-nominated editor Maryann Brandon must have been. While performing with the Boston Pops Orchestra on Thursday night, Williams admitted to the crowd in attendance at the Symphony.
Michel Legrand, three-time Oscar winner and composer of such classic film. National Symphony of Washington, D.C., Boston Pops, Minnesota Orchestra and others. Legrand was born Feb. 24, 1932, the.
Kristin Chenoweth's career effortlessly spans film, television, voiceover, and stage. The Emmy and Tony Award-winning actress and singer joins conductor Thomas Wilkins and the Boston Pops for what is.
A guide to the work of Stephen Sondheim, including production information, publications, recordings, a complete song listing and more.
Jacques Gilbert Physicist by trade and amateur musician born in Quebec in 1932, Jacques Gilbert began playing trumpet in 1950 with a number of Montreal big band formations of the era.
1986 Sesame Street episode 2159 Oscar sings a small bit of the song, with new lyrics, to himself during the first scene.
Dec 11, 2018. On December 5, two-time Tony nominee Laura Osnes joined The Boston Pops and conductor Keith Lockhart at Boston's Symphony Hall to.
Mar 31, 2017. Boston Pops Violinist Dorothy Han Returns to Alma Mater to Teach Kenwood. Now a violinist with the Boston Pops Esplanade Orchestra, Han returned to. Han and the Boston Pops Esplanade Orchestra perform with three-time Tony Award. This Video of Pianist Oscar Peterson Tearing It Up While John.
Working.com – Canada's most comprehensive job search engine. Find your dream job today!
Three-time Oscar winner Michel Legrand, who composed the groundbreaking score for "The Umbrellas of Cherbourg," has died at the age of 86.
For decades, the Tanglewood Festival Chorus, the Boston Symphony Orchestra's all-volunteer group of singers. mistake" and referred to a letter BSO artistic administrator Tony Fogg sent the chorus.
The Internet's Largest List of Famous Jewish Actors and Actresses, Producers, Singers with their biographies, photographs, productions, and awards, all of it gathered and published for free and unfettered use by the public at www.jewwatch.com
Young audiences and Tony Award voters alike. a Venice Baroque Orchestra program with mandolinist Avi Avital; and inventive themed concerts by the Art of Time Ensemble. The summer home of the Boston.
Film historian Robert Osborne, the effervescent primetime host of Turner. including the Hollywood Bowl Orchestra, the Boston Pops and the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra. He took a three-month medical.
List of All Boston Symphony Orchestra Musicians since 1881. Associate Principal flute and after Doriot Anthony Dwyer retired as BSO. Kunze, Max Oscar.
Music/Composer/Educator. The Los Angeles Philharmonic Association presented the Henry Mancini Institute Orchestra in an exciting Mother's Day Event at the Walt Disney Concert Hall.
Seat Assignments Are Posted For Dave Matthews Band 2019 Tour Dates The Warehouse seating assignments for the Dave Matthews Band 2019 tour dates are posted.
HSO is following a trail blazed many years ago by pioneers such as the late Arthur Fiedler and the still-going-strong Boston Pops. Orchestra in North Carolina, where he was music director before.
He has composed a wide scope of work for ensembles, soloists, and organizations, including the American Symphony Orchestra, Boston Pops, Chicago Symphony Orchestra. to theater audiences for.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Moqua Well (Studnia Moqua) – małe podziemne jezioro o powierzchni 0,2 ha (0,002 km2), zlokalizowane w nauruańskim dystrykcie Yaren. To niezbyt znane jezioro jest jedną z kilku atrakcji turystycznych wyspy. W jego pobliżu znajduje się sieć jaskiń Moqua Caves. Średnia głębokość Moqua Well wynosi 2,5 m, a największa to około 5 m.

Zobacz też
 hydrografia

Linki zewnętrzne
 Google Maps

Jeziora na Nauru

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Home Developments The "New" German Teacher Headscarf Decision
The "New" German Teacher Headscarf Decision
—Claudia E. Haupt, Columbia Law School
The German Federal Constitutional Court last week published its opinion in the "new" teacher headscarf case (available here in German, English language press coverage here).
The Court held that a general prohibition against teachers' wearing headscarves in public schools is unconstitutional under Article 4 (1) and (2) of the German Basic Law.[1] In a 2003 decision (English translation), the Court had dodged the question of the teacher headscarf's ultimate constitutionality. In that earlier decision, it held that state legislatures had to create a legal basis for such bans. This new decision now squarely addresses the constitutional question of religious freedom. For convenience, I'll refer to the decisions as "Headscarf I" and "Headscarf II" respectively.
After Headscarf I, the state legislature of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia enacted a provision in its statute governing public schools that prohibited political, religious, or other ideological expressions by public school teachers if these expressions have the potential to endanger or disturb state neutrality or the peace at school. In particular, these outward expressions are impermissible if they could suggest to students and parents that the teacher objects to human dignity, equality, fundamental rights or the democratic order. Finally, the provision also declared the expression of Christian and Western teachings, cultural values, and traditions to be permissible.
Two teachers who were employed in the North Rhine-Westphalian public school system challenged the provision in a constitutional complaint after adverse rulings in the labor courts. The first teacher had been asked by school administrators to stop wearing her headscarf at school. She complied and instead started wearing a pink Basque-style beret covering her hair and ears, and a matching turtleneck sweater. School administrators then issued a disciplinary warning formally threatening to terminate her employment if she did not stop wearing a religiously motivated head covering. The second teacher was fired for refusing to stop wearing her headscarf at school.
The Federal Constitutional Court, in a 6-2 decision via its First Senate, held that the state law provisions have to be narrowly construed in light of Article 4 to ensure their constitutionality. The state labor courts and the Federal Labor Court, which initially ruled on the teachers' challenges, failed to do so. In light of Article 4, the Federal Constitutional Court did not deem the abstract possibility for endangering state neutrality or the peace at school a sufficient basis to issue a blanket ban on headscarves. Only a concrete danger to state neutrality or the peace at school would justify prohibiting the exercise of a binding religious command. The Court explained that the state legislature did have a legitimate goal in securing peace at school and state neutrality in matters of religion. However, the state-wide prohibition of religious expression by outward appearance—wearing a headscarf—was disproportionate. There has to be some concrete danger to the values the state is trying to protect. While such a concrete danger might materialize, it was absent in this case. Thus, the Court reversed and remanded for further proceedings in light of this construction of the state law provision.
On the question of privileging Christian symbols and traditions, the Court concluded that such favoring treatment is unconstitutional. If the display of religious messages by teachers is to be prohibited, such a prohibition must apply equally to all religions. The Court accordingly invalidated the provision.
The two dissenting judges argued that in the Court's analysis, the individual teacher's religious freedom receives too much weight and countervailing constitutional interests too little weight. Moreover, the narrowing construction preempts the legislature's decision on how strictly neutrality should be enforced in the public schools. In this respect, they argued, Headscarf II departs from Headscarf I. The state legislature's judgment should receive deference as long as the religious message communicated is sufficiently strong. Under the dissenters' view, the first teacher's beret and turtleneck had no obvious religious connotation and were not readily identifiable as communicating a religious message. Thus, they concurred with the majority's conclusion as far as the first teacher was concerned. But they concluded that the second teacher's headscarf communicated a strong religious message, and therefore, that the state should be able to prohibit it.
I want to focus on two issues that have been of particular interest to me for some time: the meaning of "neutrality" in religion-state relations and the attribution of religious messages (and in particular, religious symbols) to the state or individuals. I will then turn to the possible implications of this decision on the transnational level.
Do we gain more clarity on the Federal Constitutional Court's understanding of "neutrality"? Headscarf I contained the Court's most extensive discussion of neutrality in religion-state relations to date; I quoted the direct language from Headscarf I on neutrality in this earlier blog post. Headscarf II provides a somewhat more nuanced account (and for the rest of this paragraph, I'm largely providing a direct translation). Starting from the premise that the Basic Law creates the state as a home for all citizens, as the Federal Constitutional Court has long recognized, the Court cites the state's obligation to ideological and religious neutrality. This neutrality includes prohibitions against a state church and the privileging of certain creeds as well as the exclusion of others. The state must ensure the equal treatment of all religious and ideological communities. It may not identify with a particular religious group. It is characterized by openness toward the diversity of ideological and religious convictions that finds its basis in the notion of the human being as shaped by human dignity, free self-determination, and responsibility for oneself. State neutrality is not to be understood as distancing in the sense of a strict separation of church and state, but rather as an open and encompassing posture that equally promotes religious freedom for all creeds. The state is obliged to create space for the active expression of belief and the autonomous realization of one's personality in matters of ideology and religion. But the state may not directly exert influence on behalf of a specific political or ideological belief. Nor may it expressly or impliedly align itself with a specific belief or ideology and thus endanger the religious peace within society by its own activity. Finally, neutrality in matters of ideology and religion prohibits the state from judging the beliefs and doctrine of a religious community as such.
The dissenters suggest that Headscarf I gave state legislatures considerable leeway in determining the scope of neutrality in the public schools. Indeed, they suggest that Headscarf I provides a basis to interpret state neutrality in the public school context as stricter and more distancing—that is, increasing the distance between religion and the state—than before.
The elements the Court cites in explicating the concept of state neutrality largely align with prior statements, as indicated by frequent citations to Headscarf I as well as other cases from the religion-state relations canon (most notably, the Crucifix decision). However, the Court's emphasis on non-identification seems noteworthy, particularly in light of its discussion of the attribution of religious messages to the state as opposed to individuals.
So let's turn to the Federal Constitutional Court's focus on the question of attribution. As I've discussed in more detail here, that question appeared to gain more importance in the European context as well. And this decision confirms that trend on the national level. The Court pointed out that students are required to be in the classroom, and the state thus creates an environment in which the student cannot escape religious expressions. But with respect to the effect on students, it must be asked whether the religious message is articulated based on a decision by school administrators or due to the personal choice of an individual teacher. Individual teachers can base their decisions on the right to religious freedom in Article 4. The state does not assume responsibility for the message if it permits a teacher to wear her headscarf as an expression of her own religious belief. Wearing a headscarf is obviously the exercise of an individual right. The Court also distinguishes the individual teacher's headscarf from the classroom cross or crucifix—unlike the cross on the wall, the teacher's headscarf does not signal identification of the state with a particular religion.
The dissenters reject this division of attribution. They suggest that teachers are the state's representatives in the classroom. Distinguishing between symbols attributable to the state and clothing attributable to the teacher underestimates the effect of the teacher's religious garb on the students.
What makes this particularly interesting is that the Court is asking about the line between state expressions of religious messages and individual expressions. But it does so in the absence of a clear division between a free exercise-type provision and a nonestablishment-type provision. Put another way, we're perfectly familiar with this division from the U.S. perspective, and we ask the same question all the time, but that doesn't tend to be the constitutional setup in most European national systems or, for that matter, the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) to which I'll turn now.
The Court rightly rejected the teachers' challenges under Articles 9 and 14 of the ECHR. In Germany, the ECHR has the status of federal law; thus, petitioners in a constitutional complaint can directly challenge state law under the ECHR (whereas such a direct challenge is impermissible for federal law). The Court emphasized the "margin of appreciation" the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has awarded the national states in this area. Nonetheless, a fascinating open question now is this: How will Headscarf II interact with recent decisions of the ECtHR? The ECtHR seemed to be embarking on a trend toward what I've called "Transnational Nonestablishment." How that trend might be influenced by an emphasis on the attribution question perhaps developing in national courts will be interesting to see. To be sure, the margin of appreciation doctrine still is doing considerable work in the area of individual religious freedom, despite the ECtHR's incipient move to address nonestablishment-type concerns.
Suggested Citation: Claudia Haupt, The "New" German Teacher Headscarf Decision, Int'l J. Const. L. Blog, Mar. 17, 2015, at: http://www.iconnectblog.com/2015/03/the-new-german-teacher-headscarf-decision
[1] Article 4 [Freedom of faith and conscience]
(1) Freedom of faith and conscience, and freedom to profess a religious or philosophical creed, shall be inviolable.
(2) The undisturbed practice of religion shall be guaranteed.
(3) No person shall be compelled against his conscience to render military service involving the use of arms. Details shall be regulated by a federal law.
Author: Claudia Haupt Filed under: Developments
Tags: establishment clause, European Convention on Human Rights, European Court of Human Rights, Federal Constitutional Court, German Basic Law, Human dignity, neutrality, religious symbols, Transnational constitutionalism
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Constitutional Interpretation ... »


Well, Valentine's Day will soon be upon us, which means I need start figuring out what I'm going to get Tony. If I'm going to order Tony something online then I need to do it soon in order to make sure it arrives in time. All he's been asking for the past year is ammo (ha!) but with New York's crazy new [unconstitutional] gun laws, I don't think I'm going to be able to make his dream of bandoliers come true. Last year I got Tony some delicious handmade bacon caramels for our one year anniversary (it's the week after Valentine's Day, so we've just been combining the two) and they were a huge hit. Here are a few gift ideas for this year.
1. DVD Set - So I figure I've made Tony sit through a fairly significant number of movies and tv shows he really had no interest in. So what better gift than a movie that he actually likes and would like to watch. I mean, this is fine with me because I love just about any kind of movie. If Thor isn't his cup of tea try some of the classics - The Godfather Trilogy, Casino, Lord of the Rings Trilogy, Dune etc. Not matter what your guy's personality, I'm sure there are some movies out there that he loves. Pop some popcorn, grab some beer (unless he's a wine kind of guy) and have a cozy, romantic night in.
2. Classic Briefcase by Saddleback Leather Co. ($568-704) - If you're really looking to spoil your man this Valentine's Day consider this bag from Saddleback. It is amazing. I got one for Tony this exact model and color (Classic Briefcase, Large, Chestnut) for his birthday a few years ago and it's his most cherished possession. He never goes to work or on a trip without it. It's wonderfully made from high quality, super thick leather. It's durable, well made, and is aging wonderfully. I can't even count the number of compliments he's gotten on it. Needless to say I am quite jealous.
3. Ralph Lauren Polo Black Cologne ($59 for 2.5oz) - Cologne is a pretty standard gift, and if you're not digging your guys current scent or are looking to try something different, Valentine's Day is a great time to gift him with something new. My brother is a great fan of Polo Black and I have to agree with him, it's a great scent. Sephora calls it "Modern. Daring. Bold" Well, I don't know about that, but it sure does smell good. Other personal favorites of mine (and Tony's) include Acqua Di Gio, Lacoste Green, and Lacoste Red.
4. Salted Caramel Pecan Patties by The Candy Basket ($13.95 for 7.5oz) - These are amazing. I literally can not say enough about them. Tony got me a 2lb box that was a mix of milk chocolate and dark chocolate and it was some of the most delicious chocolate I have ever eaten. These make a wonderful gift for anyone with a sweet tooth.
5. Skin Diver: Active Charcoal Body Wash by Origins ($21) - For some reason men think that the only bath and body products they can use are ones that have been specifically made for men. Silly boys. Skin Diver is one of my favorite body washes (which is saying a lot, since I don't really like body wash) because it's made for men, it a cool black color, yet is still an awesome wash that gets you squeaky clean.
6. Sterling Silver Knot Cufflinks by Shopbop ($125) - Cufflinks are a great gift for guys. It gives us ladies the satisfaction of being able to buy nice jewelry while simultaneously giving a practical present. I really like this pair on Shopbop, not only are they 50% off (who doesn't love a deal!?), but they are totally classic. If you're guy doesn't have an extensive cufflink collection (cufflinks are the only jewelry mine owns) I suggest you go with a simple sterling silver design or silver and black enamel. It's a classic look that will go with everything.
Wow, I can't believe I used the phrase "your guy" or "your man"....let alone used it in every other sentence. I feel like I just wrote an article for Cosmo, "Hey Ladies! Here's how to get your man!" By the, way, if you're looking for something to spice up your V-Day, check out these suggestions from Cosmo. I'm pretty sure they'll blow your (and his) mind. I wish I could find the article, but my most favorite Cosmo suggestion ever is to put a little fruit in your hooha so he gets a tasty treat while he's exploring down there. And then you can have a romantic week in together as you lovingly treat one another for yeast and bacterial infections. You know, Cosmo might be on to something. I can't imagine anything that would breakdown barriers and bring two people closer together than this scenario.
Here are some more ideas, because the creative juices are flowing tonight.
Pickle of the Month Club (1 Jar for 3 months, $64.96; 2 Jars for 3 Months $89.95) - Actually I'd like this for me, thanks.
A Cheese and Meat Gift Box from Oscar's Smokehouse ($20.95 - 45.95) - If you know someone who either loves meat or is a a food this is a great option. Oscar's offers a selection of cheeses and meats, as well as jerky and gift boxes. I've gotten gifts from Oscar's for both my father and brother and they have both loved them. They will also ship you an actual gift card. They are particularly known for their smoked cheese.
Bacon of the Month Club ($145.95 for 3 Months) - For the man who loves bacon.
First Down from Yankee Candle's "Man Candles" line ($17.99) - Tony mentioned to me once that he found this line amusing. Many candle companies besides Yankee now offer "man" scents, so I might go looking for one on Etsy.
Chocolate Caramel Covered Pretzels with Bacon from Carolina Pretzel (4 pieces for $10) - I'm seriously considering this one!
Milk Chocolate Maple Bacon Fudge from Jewel of the Lion (1/2lb for $12) - Another one on my favorites list. I can guarantee Tony will receive this at some point in the next year.
Wool Lined Black Leather Gloves by The P Store ($67) - I love these gloves and they have great reviews. Tony isn't in need of gloves, but as soon as his wear out I'll be getting him a pair from here. They look so elegant and warm, I think I would like a pair for myself!
Alcohol Themed Typography Maps by Designed by Dallas ($40) - I got the map of Irish whiskey as Christmas gift for my father. I had a few hiccups with the seller (I paid extra for customization and then they forgot to customize it), but when I finally for the correct product it was great, and my father loved it.
Flasks from DNA Creations ($18)) - I got a flask here 2 years ago and still love it. They also make original cigarette cases (don't smoke!), cellphone cases, wallets, etc.
Men's Hardwood Shaving Kit by Heart J Creations ($29.99) - Comes with shaving bowl, shaving brush, and 1 handmade shaving bar in the scent of your choice. I purchased this set for my brother and I thought it was great, or at least it looked great. Apparently he uses an electric razor, so we'll never know! This is a great gift if you have a man in your life who would appreciate an old fashioned shave. Or you could just shave your legs.
Vegan Fudge Combo Gift Box by Super Foxy Sweets ($10 for 1/2lb) - Have a vegan with a sweet tooth? I've got you covered! With over 100 positive reviews on Etsy, this vegan fudge is a great alternative to the usual butter and milk loaded sweets.
Hand Knitted Wool Mittens by Art of Handicrafts ($30) - I know everyone is all about spring right now, but let's be honest, it's the middle of February and it's pretty darn cold. These mittens are amazing. The quality and design for the cost are a great deal, especially when you take into account that they are handmade! Available in a number of color combinations. I like this one for the "fiery boarder," but they are also available in more traditional masculine color combos like black and gray.
Muscle Rescue Massage Balm by Little Flower Soap Company ($10) - A gift that you can both use. Also, this only works as a Valentine's Day gift if you then give your loved one a massage.
So, what are you getting, or thinking of getting, your guy?
My boyfriend wears Polo Black! It honestly is the best thing I have ever smelled. It is definitely a good choice!
& enter the Msdressy giveaway on my blog to win an amazing gift!


text:
A BEAR NAMED WINNIE
Based on the true story of a Canadian soldier, enroute to World War I from Winnipeg, who adopts an orphaned bear cub at White River Ontario. It is namned Winnie (for Winnipeg) and eventually ends up at the London Zoo where it became the inspiration for A.A.Milne's Winnie The Pooh stories.
Based on the Charles Dickens tale of an old bitter miser is given a chance for redemption when he is haunted by ghosts on Christmas Eve.
Miserly Ebenezer Scrooge learns the error of his ways through the intervention of the ghost of his former partner and of three spirits in this faithful adaptation of the Dickens classic.
The three most beloved versions are the 1938 film starring Reginald Owen, the 1951 version starring Alistair Sim and the 1984 made-for-television movie starring George C. Scott.
An orphan girl, sent to an elderly brother and sister by mistake, and charms her new home and community with her firey spirit and imagination.
At the turn of the century on Prince Edward Island, Matthew Cuthbert and his sister Marilla decide to take on an orphan boy as help for their farm. But they get an unexpected jolt when they're mistakenly sent a girl instead: Anne Shirley. Anne's a dreamer with an unusual point of view, far removed from Marilla's pragmatic ways, and it's only on trial that Marilla agrees to keep Anne...if Anne can keep out of trouble, only Anne has a positive genius for it. As Anne falls into a series of scrapes (and off a roof), makes a bosom friend, searches (and finds) several kindred spirits, Matthew and Marilla discover that their lives have become a great deal richer, now that Anne is at Green Gables.
This brilliant cast is headed by Megan Follows, Colleen Dewhurst and Richard Farnsworth.
BROKEN BLOSSOMS
Broken Blossoms is a 1919 film directed by D. W. Griffith and starring Lillian Gish, Richard Barthelmess and Donald Crisp. The film paints an intimate portrait of Cheng Huan (Barthelmess), a kind hearted Chinese man, and his love for a poor abused girl named Lucy Burrows (Gish).
Cheng Huan leaves his native China to spread the word of the Buddha in the western world. His optimism fades as he is faced with the brutal reality of London's gritty inner-city. However, his mission is realized in his devotion to the "broken blossom" Lucy Burrows, the beautiful but unwanted and abused daughter of boxer Battling Burrows.
After being beaten and discarded one evening by her raging father, Lucy finds sanctuary in Cheng's home, the beautiful and exotic room above his shop. As Cheng nurses Lucy back to health, the two form a romantic bond as two unwanted outcasts of society. All goes astray for the young lovers when Lucy's father learns of his daughters' whereabouts and in a drunken rage drags her back to their home to punish her.
By the time Cheng arrives to rescue his beloved, it is too late. Lucy's lifeless body lies on her modest bed as Battling has a drink in the other room. As Cheng gazes at Lucy's youthful face which, in spite of the circumstances, beams with innocence and even the slightest hint of a smile, Battling enters the room to make his escape. The two stand for a long while, exchanging spiteful glances, until Battling lunges for Cheng with a hatchet, who returns the sentiment by shooting Burrows repeatedly with his handgun. After returning to his home with Lucy's body, Cheng builds a shrine to Buddha and takes his own life with a knife.
Regency Victorian & Edwardian Themed Films


text:
As The Tablet Sees It
Faith & Thought
Up Front and Personal
Sunday Scriptures
Pope and Patriarch Mark 50 Years of Ecumenism
by Francis X. Rocca
JERUSALEM (CNS) – Half a century after a historic encounter between their predecessors, Pope Francis and Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew met in the same place to seek inspiration for Christian unity at the site of Christ's death and resurrection.
"We need to believe that, just as the stone before the tomb was cast aside, so, too, every obstacle to our full communion will also be removed," the pope said May 25 during a prayer service at the Church of the Holy Sepulcher.
"Every time we put behind us our longstanding prejudices and find the courage to build new fraternal relationships, we confess that Christ is truly risen," the pope said, his voice hoarse and expression fatigued after two full days of public appearances in the Holy Land.
The pope also spoke of an "ecumenism of suffering, an ecumenism of blood," which brings Christians closer through the common experience of persecution. When others kill Christians, he noted, they do not ask if they are Catholic or Orthodox.
Patriarch Bartholomew said Jesus' tomb sends the message that "history cannot be programmed; that the ultimate word in history does not belong to man, but to God. In vain did the guards of secular power watch over this tomb. In vain did they place a very large stone against the door of the tomb, so that none could roll it away."
The patriarch said the tomb also encourages Christians to "love the other, the different other, the followers of other faiths and other confessions."
Their prayer service marked the 50th anniversary of an encounter in Jerusalem between Pope Paul VI and Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras of Constantinople. The earlier meeting, which led both churches to lift the mutual excommunications that started the East-West schism in 1054, opened the modern period of ecumenical dialogue.
Pope Francis and Patriarch Bartholomew reached the square in front of the church a few minutes after 8 p.m. They arrived from opposite sides and met in the center, where they embraced before entering the church.
Inside, they participated in common prayer with representatives of the Greek Orthodox, Armenian and Catholic churches, which share custody of the building. The event was extraordinary because members of the three communities usually observe a strict separation when praying inside the church. Representatives of other churches present in the Holy Land – including Coptic, Syriac, Ethiopian, Anglican and Lutheran archbishops – also participated in the ecumenical celebration.
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text:
Q: Recursively check object field (+ nested) to be true I have that object :
obj = {
    a: true,
    b: {
        c: false,
        d: true
    }

What's the best way to check if all fields of my object is set to true. In case all fields are true => result should be true, if not => false.

A: This solution recursively checks if all the values are truthy.

const obj = {
  a: true,
  b: {
    c: false,
    d: true
  }
}

const checkRecursive = (obj) => {
  return Object.values(obj).every(el => typeof el === "object" ? checkRecursive(el) : el);
}

console.log(checkRecursive(obj));

A: Try this.

let obj = {
  a: true,
  b: {
    c: false,
    d: true
  }
};

let objArray = []
function validate(obj) {
    for(const item in obj) {
        if(typeof obj[item] === 'object') {
            validate(obj[item]);
        } else  {
            objArray.push(obj[item]);
        }
    }
}

validate(obj);
// Use filter to check if there are any false value.
console.log(objArray.filter( item => !item).length === 0);

A: You can create your own recursive function with logic similar to the example below:

const obj = {
  a: true,
  b: {
    c: {
      d: true,
      e: {
        f: false
      }
    },
    g: false,
    h: {
      i: false,
      j: true,
      k: {
        l: false
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
TOD BROWNING'S THE MYSTIC (1925)
June 16, 2011 Alfred Eaker 1 Comment
Tod Browning's frequent collaborator Waldemar Young wrote the screenplay for The Mystic from Browning's story, and it is clearly part their family of work together which includes The Unholy Three (1925), The Blackbird (1926), The Show (1927), The Unknown (1927), London After Midnight (1927), West of Zanzibar (1928), and Where East is East (1929). The early knife-throwing act seen here could be a blueprint for the same act in The Unknown. The Mystic (1925) opens in a Hungarian gypsy carnival. The main attraction of the carnival is "The Mystic," Zara (Aileen Pringle). Zara is part of a trio which includes Poppa Zazarack (Mitchell Lewis) and Zara's lover Anton (Robert Ober). Of course, Zara's clairvoyant act is all illusion and Browning, as usual, lets his audience in on the trickery almost from the outset.
Conman Michale Nash (Conway Tearle) approaches the trio with a proposal to take their act to America, where they can bilk naive, rich Manhattanites out of their fortunes. The New Yorkers make Zara's seances a hit, although not all of the natives are so gullible, and the police are secretly investigating the scam. To complicate matters, Nash puts the moves on Zara, and Anton is pushed aside. Love does funny things, and soon Nash develops a conscience. He becomes reluctant to swindle a young heiress. The ever-jealous Zara believes Nash must want her for himself; but, Nash simply wants to reform and make a better, honest life for Zara. Their relationship is reminiscent of the one between Priscilla Dean and Wheeler Oakman in Browning's Outside The Law (1920), as are the familiar Browning themes of reformation and unpunished crimes.
Pringle shows considerable screen charisma; or, at least, Browning draws it out of her here. Her performance compares to other great female roles in Browning's ouevre: Joan Crawford in The Unknown and Lupe Velez in Where East is East. In many scenes, such as the knife throwing scene, Pringle looks remarkably like Crawford; in close-ups, Pringle exudes the same soft sensuality and subtle anguish. In other scenes, Pringle shares the bubbly quality that we see later in Velez's performance. At other times Pringle calls to mind the mysterious exoticism of Edna Tichenor. Unfortunately, Pringle and Browning never got to work together again. The actress was reportedly difficult to work with; most of her co-stars considered he an intellectual snob. Indeed, she kept company with many of the artisans and intellectuals of her day. George Gershwin and H.L. Mencken were among her notable lovers and she was married, briefly, to author James M. Cain. Pringle's acting career never really took off, and she didn't seem to care. She remained active in films (mostly small parts, which included uncredited roles) up until the mid 1940s and died in 1989 at the age of 94.
Because of the lack of usual Browning stars, The Mystic is an interesting, lesser known film in the director's canon. Not only is it thematically related to his other films, but it also shows the idiosyncratic continuity of his taste in actresses and his ability to mold actors, whoever they were.
Note: the luxurious costumes for The Mystic were the work of legendary French designer Erté. Erté, who was a big fan of Georges Méliès, later said it was a thrilling experience to collaborate with such a distinguished surrealist as Tod Browning.
1925Black and WhiteMelodramaObscure/Out of PrintSilent FilmTod Browning
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One thought on "TOD BROWNING'S THE MYSTIC (1925)"
Venkatesan Iyengar says:
"The actress was reportedly difficult to work with; most of her co-stars considered her an intellectual snob." Reinforces the popular perception that men in the industry are comfortable with beauty but not beauty with brains.


Leadership and The One Minute Supervisor written by Ken Blanchard at the side of Patricia and Drea Zigarmi was first written in 1985 and updated in 2013. Each classification is additional divided in three, making for 12 completely different personalities, every given a medieval title that matches with the story of a dysfunctional kingdom that needs an alternate administration strategy. Then he discusses one of the best methods to build relationships, integrity, and trust; get results by building dedication and motivating workers; and chart a path to leadership success.
Blanchard has coauthored over 30 finest-promoting books, together with The One Minute Manager which has offered greater than 13 million copies and has been translated into more than 37 languages. Which may surprise some individuals who bear in mind the one-minute manager as being slightly blunt with folks. The New One Minute Manager realizes that right now the previous prime-down administration model doesn't work, as folks need to have the ability to deliver their brains to work.
He emphasizes how vital it's that the objective is evident, by having the staff re-read the objective multiple times in a single minute, in addition to referring to the set objective throughout the day to verify their performance and their behavior matches the expectation. I learn the one minute supervisor books in my early managing days. This system not solely helps managers talk clearly what is expected, it helps them set targets that collaborators will use to measure their habits and not need to guess what ought to be finished.
There's one-minute objective setting, one-minute praising, and one-minute reprimands.
Administration suffers from one scarcity: time. Maintaining reliability requires leaders to be organized in such a approach that they're able to observe by on commitments, be on time for appointments and conferences, and get back to individuals in a well timed trend. Now, Ken Blanchard and Spencer Johnson have up to date The One Minute Manger to introduce the ebook's powerful, essential classes to a brand new era. The one purpose that the thinness of the e-book was not in a position to entice me in studying it was the fact that a lot of the famous management books that you just come throughout in your life become clichéd with time.
Based mostly on the unique bookThe New One Minute Manager that helped thousands and thousands of people all over the world in organizations giant and small, this new model of the classic story offers with a new world. Lastly, a One Minute Reprimand performs a significant role in management as a result of it reveals individuals when they are making a mistake, in order to correct it in the future. The idea of one-minute praises is encapsulated in the highlighted phrase, unchanged from the first version, Assist people reach their full potential.
But as soon as the targets are set and you have analyzed development stage and decided the management type, that all occurs in efficiency planning, now your job is to ship the management model that you've promised. If the worker fails to realize or does badly, then the supervisor immediately administers a one minute reprimand, this to include touching the worker and a interval of silence so the employee can really really feel the manager's displeasure (view spoiler) "bad employee!
'All new groups must have a sense of objective in addition to some clarity about staff values and objectives, particular person roles, group norms and decision making procedures,' state the authors.


Who won my Agoo $500 Shopping Spree Giveaway? Thank you to my 3,366 readers who entered this giveaway! Everyone can still take advantage of 50% everything at Agoo Apparel– that includes baby, toddler & kid clothing as well as LegHuggers and TushieHuggers. A great sale to pick-up a few things for your back-to-school wardrobe.


text:
Amazon g Add on GoodReads
She spends her nights treating patients, but Dr. Jocelyn Drake's own wounds are unfixable. Her ex-husband and his younger, bouncier girlfriend work just a few floors away at Tulane Medical Center, and they serve as a constant reminder of what Joss lost. But a fierce determination to continue her research project and a shred of remaining pride keep Joss from transferring out of the Big Easy.
Carson Stephens recently returned from a tour of duty in the Middle East, and though willing women present themselves at every turn, his closest companion is loneliness. His night-shift work supervising the electrical and mechanical systems at the hospital is a perfect fit - it's solitary work putting broken things back together.
When the electrical system on Joss' floor goes haywire, she's frazzled by the sexy electrician who sparks her dormant sex drive. He's brooding and cocky - so not her type. But if Carson has his way, his hands will work their magic on more than just the wiring, and he'll show Joss a night of passion that restores her shattered confidence.
But what happens after that night? As their relationship grows into something more, Joss and Carson face ups and downs, and they both realize that the healing has only just begun.


text:
Q: Replace a specific word in a text file Hello one of the exercise I have to do is to create a function that you put three parameters the row the col and a word. In fact, I have to work with a csv file of 3 cols so when the user inserts three parameters I have to replace in the specific row and col the word by the word that he puts. I success to do the first to things to find the rows and the cols and also the word that I have to replace but I don't success to replace this word in the csv file I don't know how I can do this (perhaps with fseek ?). So I need your help in order to solve my problem that I don't solve since many days.
Thanks You, I trust in your help !
int changeValue(int rows, int cols, char *curr_line, char* string_to_replace, char *original_file)
{
    int count_line = 0, flag_rows = 0, i = 0;
    char line_to_split[100]; char *split = NULL; char *arr[3];

    while (fgets(curr_line, SIZE, original_file) != NULL)
    {
        count_line++;
        if (count_line == rows)
        {
            flag_rows = 1;
            break;
        }
    }
    if (flag_rows)
    {
        strcpy(line_to_split, curr_line);
        printf("Line to split is : %s\n", line_to_split);
        split = strtok(line_to_split, ",");
        while (split != NULL)
        {
            arr[i] = split;
            printf("%s\n", arr[i]);
            i++;
            split = strtok(NULL, ",");
        }
        printf("Le numero correspondant a votre ligne est : %s\n", arr[cols - 1]);
        arr[cols - 1] = string_to_replace;  // I want to do this update in the text file
        printf("Bye\n");
    }
}


text:
Title: Critical Familism and the Reconstruction of Marriage
Author(s): BROWNING, Don
Volume: 9	Issue: 2 Date: 2003
DOI: 10.2143/INT.9.2.2004400
Two recent publications in the English speaking academic world have focused on the impact of modernity and the process of modernization on marriage: Adrian Thatcher's Marriage After Modernity: Christian Marriage in Postmodern Times (1999) and Don Browning's Marriage and Modernization: How Globalization Threatens Marriage and What to Do About It (2003). The INTAMS review has invited both authors, respected scholars in the fields of ethical and practical theology, to engage in a debate about their respective views. Both agree that some reshaping and restructuring is needed for marriage to fulfill its role in the 21st century. But has modernity with its undeniable achievements in terms of freedom, human rights, democracy, etc. something to contribute to this work of reconfiguration, as Adrian Thatcher would argue? Or is the process of technical rationality as expressed in government bureaucracy and market capitalism a threat to marriage unless checked by powerful religious and cultural forces, as Don Browning puts it? Another difference emerges about the function of Christianity and its resources in the process of revitalizing marriage. Has Christian practice from its very beginning tried to humanize marriage and family life in the face of the patriarchal gender hierarchy and the subordination of women and children in late antiquity? Or is the equal-regard marriage ? which both authors agree is a conditio sina qua non for today's understanding and formation of couple relationships ? a far cry from the origins of Christian marriage? Finally, what pastoral strategies should be implemented to reconstruct and strengthen the centuries-old institution of marriage in and by the church communities? Since people are now marrying much later than they did, should we accept pre-nuptial cohabitation? Or should we reinforce the legal role of marriage more directly by pointing out that informal cohabitation is harmful not only in the eyes of a church concerned with questions of morality but more fundamentally, that it is harmful to the common good? This discussion reveals that the marriage and family debate in our Western societies also revolves around fundamental positions and options which are too often neglected. If we do not want our civil and religious communities to fall into opposite and irreconcilable camps, we should take care that the discussion takes up the underlying presuppositions of many of our well-meant suggestions and programs to save marriage.


text:
Home Reviews Interviews Features Live Music Profiles Albums Photography Writers Search
Who - The Stereo Bonus Tracks
by Nick Dent-Robinson
published: 5 / 5 / 2021
Label: Polydor
Format: Download
Fantastic digital only EP which provides alternative versions of The Who's 1967 album The Who Sells Out', which is being reissued in an expanded version
Later this Spring, The Who are reissuing an expanded version of their 1967 'The Who Sell Out' album. Ahead of that they have now released a three-song digital EP as a taster. 'The Stereo Bonus Tracks' reminds us how exciting The Who were as they transitioned from making adolescent singles to the grown-up albums band behind rock operas like "Tommy" and "Quadrophenia". The new EP has an extended version of 'I Can See For Miles' - the Who's typically belligerent response to hippy-era psychedelia - plus a nicely raw, bluesy take on 'Magic Bus', a 1968 single featuring Keith Moon on Latin percussion as well as drums. This EP is an invigorating listen - and the new version of "'he Who Sell Out"'album should be well worth experiencing when it appears over the next few weeks.
1 I Can See For Miles (Full Version) (Previously Unreleased)
2 Facts Of Life (AKA Birds & Bees) (Backing Track New Remix)
3 Magic Bus (Take 6) (Previously Unreleased)
Band Links:-
https://www.thewho.com/
https://www.facebook.com/thewho
https://twitter.com/TheWho
Play in YouTube:-
Have a Listen:-
Location - ie London, UK
Fifty Years of The Who, Proud Galleries, London (2014)
Dave Goodwin attends a new exhibition of photographs on The Who at The Proud Galleries in London
Teen Cancer America (2013)
Who I Am (2012)
Blossom Music Center, Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, 10/9/2019
Lisa Torem finds The Who's 'Moving On!' tour at the Blossom Music Center at Cuyahoga Falls in Ohio, off the heels of a new release. drawing from seven albums and embellished by live, local orchestral arrangements.
Hyde Park, London, 2/7/2006
Favourite Albums
The Who Sell Out (2021)
In our 'Re:View' section, in which our writers look at albums from the past, Malcolm Carter finds that The Who's finest album, 1967's 'The Who Sells Out', is given the box set treatment it deserves with five CDs, two vinyl 7 inch singles and a book worth the price of admission alone.
Live at the Isle of Wight Festival 1970 (2013)
The Image That Made Me Weep (2020)
In 'The Image That Made Me Weep' John Clarkson reflects on a photograph of The Who taken backstage after their performance at Live Aid.
(Raging Pages) Mike Segretto: All That's Left to Know about Fifty Years of Maximum R and B (2014)
Who (2020)
Energetic and versatile eponymous first album in over a decade from rock veterans The Who
1. Jah Wobble - Interview
2. Pennyblackmusic - Writers and Photographers' Albums of the Year 2021
3. Cathal Coughlan - Interview
4. Tommy James - Me, The Mob and the Music: One Helluva Ride with Tommy James and the Shondells
5. Denzil Watson - A Life in Music
6. World Party - Interview
7. Spring '68 - Interview
8. Ava Cherry - Interview
9. Jesus And Mary Chain - Albert Hall, Manchester, 19/11/2021
10. Vinyl Stories - Penny Vinyl
1. Gabriel Moreno - The Year of the Rat
2. Honeyrunners - Everything is On Fire
3. Spidergawd - VI
4. Elvis Costello and the Imposters - The Boy Named IF
5. Neil Young And Crazy Horse - Barn
6. Courtney Barnett - Things Take Time, Take Time
7. Martha And The Muffins - Marthology: In and Outtakes
8. Various - Revolt Into Style 1979
9. Marina - Ancient Dreams in a Modern Land (Deluxe Edition)
10. Aeon Station - Observatory
Roger Daltrey: Live Review (2018
L. Paul Mann watches Roger Daltrey pull out some old Who gems at Vina Robles Amphitheater in California.
Roger Daltrey: Live Review (2018)
Simon Townshend: Interview (2016)
Simon Davies: Profile (2015)


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Editor's note: This article was written by Ruth Hill and first published in The Observer on Sunday July 4, 2004 in the early days of Original Dating when we ran events at The Park Lane Hilton. Mario and Caroline were the first couple in the UK to meet and marry as a result of meeting at a speed dating event. Article is republished below.
Barbara Cartland would have approved of the way Caroline Eversham and Mario Bassi fell in love: their eyes met across a crowded room and, in the course of a snatched, shy conversation, both recognised a kindred spirit.
In the interests of propriety, however, they turned to a third party to convey their mutual attraction and, after a romance lasting all of 20 days, Bassi proposed and the happy couple are due to exchange wedding vows in a traditional church ceremony next month.
Eversham and Bassi did not meet under the strict gaze of a chaperone, however. Instead, in a plotline that would no doubt have made Cartland shudder, they fell in love in the frenzied haste of a speed-dating evening.
The rise in popularity of the dating game has been as fast as it has been steep: a few years ago many thought that only the sad and desperate would even consider turning to an unknown third party to help them find love.
Now, one in five single adults in Britain happily admits to using some sort of dating service, enabling agencies to boast of memberships larger than the population of some small countries: DatingDirect.com, for example, has a membership of more than 1.5 million.
'This was an industry that you would have been embarrassed to be part of five years ago, but now everyone and their grandmother is taking part,' said Judith Meskill, senior editor of Weblogs Inc who has carried out research into the evolving status of dating services across the world.
There are currently 11 million single adults in Britain, a number that is predicted to increase to 16 million by 2010, and fairly evenly split between genders.
According to a Demos report last week, the number of socially isolated elderly people will rise by a third to 2.2 million by 2021, thanks to the failure of younger people today to find a partner.
'As the state of singledom has become stigma-free, using these sorts of services to find a partner has become run of the mill,' said Meskill. 'The increase in their popularity has been phenomenal; people are prepared to pay whatever it takes and jump through whatever hoops the agencies put up for them.
'Some ask people to answer hundreds of questions before they will even consider allowing them to spend hundreds of pounds on membership fees,' she added.
As the dating market explodes, so does the range of dating services on offer: Cartland might have been appalled at the drink-fuelled merry-go-round of three-minute dates where Eversham and Bassi fell in love, but compared to some of the options available their night was the model of sophisticated restraint.
Britain's first naked speed-dating event, for example, is due to take place next Sunday at Chez Nous restaurant in Brighton, but, says Meskill, such events mark a natural evolution of what is already on offer.
Among the most successful of these more sophisticated offerings is art2heart, which organises evenings for predominantly single people who prefer to have their romance themed around art, cinema, music and theatre.
Ranjit Majumdar, art2heart's founder, is preparing the organisation's second event, at the Hayward Gallery in London on Thursday evening. 'Speed-dating is a brilliant idea, but it encourages people's tendencies to make snap, shallow judgments about each other,' he said.
The 10,000 people who flock to speed-dating evenings every month in more than 40 towns and cities represent just a fraction of the millions of singletons who have embraced the promises of websites such as Eharmony, which claims credit for more than 3,000 marriages.
But while some of the winners in this dating game end up living happily ever after, there are other winners in this £600 million-a-year industry who end up extremely rich.
Darren Richards, for example, chief executive of DatingDirect.com, made a profit of £3.5 million in 2003, while Barry Diller, one-time Hollywood mogul turned visionary entrepreneur, bought the Udate website last year in a multi-million-pound deal.
At the head of the game, however, is YooMedia Dating, which announced last week that it had added Dateline and Club Sirius, two of the best-known brands in the British marketplace, to its already bursting portfolio of five other dating businesses.
The group's expansion was rewarded by a revamped sales forecast, completed by independent financial analysts, that estimated its profits rising from £7.9m to £10.9m, with even healthier amounts predicted over the next two years.
'There is massive money to be made in this industry, because people are looking for love on these sites, not just a date,' said David Docherty, chief executive of YooMedia, pointing to sites such as Gorgeous Lifestyle Plus, which charge £1,000 a year for membership.
'People might talk about membership to these sites laughingly, but they are actually taking it very seriously,' he added.
The rise in the popularity of the web-based dating industry in the past year alone is astonishing: there are 44 million links to dating agencies on the web today, compared to 13.1 million in March 2003; 3.95 million personal advertisements, compared to less than one million in 2003; and almost 7.5 million dating services, compared to 2.8 million a year ago.
Of those who are looking for love on the internet, Meskill found that 84 per cent surf the sites five or more times each week, spending £320 million between them - a rise of almost 50 per cent since 2002.
It is this repeated - almost compulsive - pattern of use, however, that is causing a fear among some experts that the industry is creating its own demons, in the form of serial daters, who compulsively go on first dates or attend speed-dating evenings.
Samuel, 27, a banker in Leeds, admits to being concerned that he is becoming addicted to speed-dating: 'I go two or three times a week if I can find enough events, because I love the rapid chatting up, and sometimes I meet girls I really fancy,' he confessed.
'But I never pursue it - I enjoy the mix of talking to lots of girls and I'm not comfortable with the idea of taking one out for a whole evening.
'I love the buzz of seeing how many have ticked my box, and I'm always trying to refine my chat-up technique to set new records. If I don't go for a few nights, I really miss it,' he added.
Mary Balfour, chief executive of the Drawing Down The Moon and the Only Lunch introduction agencies, and founder of LoveandFriends.com and smart-dating.com, admits to feeling concerned.
'People can become serial daters when they first discover the world of dating services, and go out every night of the week with different people without ever having a second date,' she said.
Meskill's research found that people tend to join an average of three dating websites, and log on to all of them at least once a day to 'binge' on meeting new people.


Web Perspectives is a site where users sign up to complete surveys, earning points that can be redemmed for gift cards, air miles or donated.
I will be updating the Pros as soon as I am able to complete a survey.
Setting up your account is quite exhaustive, I actually became uncomfortable at the number of questions I was being asked, and the questions were repetitive. There are 12 different areas of topic to complete in the profile, each area with 3-5 pages.
Extremely difficult to actually get surveys.
Limited reward options, the biggest omission being Paypal, most people who do surveys want the money to spend as they wish.
You must be 14 years of age or older and a Canadian citizen.
Quite honestly there is none, compared to other sites that I have registered with who actually have 'tours' or 'tutorials'. Okay you might say taking surveys is not rocket science, but some of these sites do have a lot of information and it does make it easier, especially to a newcomer, to have a tour.
I can't comment because I haven't tried the support as of yet. I am giving myself another few weeks to try and qualify for a survey, if that doesn't happen I will contacting them and will be in a position to provide my opinion on their support.
As of today I am on the fence about Web Perspectives. As mentionned I have not been able to get a survey to try, so therefore have not been able to earn points. I am disappointed that they do not have the option of cashing out via Paypal, which I do with other sites, allowing me to use the money where I choose.
For now, based on my own experience, I would not recommend Web Perspectives. If this should change I will be updating this review.
Hi Sylvie, Your site looks really good. It is very informative about this program. It sounds like this program would be too time consuming to get started. Thank you for the information.
Very interesting review, thanks. I will think twice before registering!


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