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Why study Dark Age Greece?
In the first Ancient World Magazine podcast Roel, Josh, and Josho discussed reasons to study the ancient world. Here are my reasons to study Early Iron Age – or "Dark Age" – Greece in particular.
Written by Matthew Lloyd on 6 December 2017
"From the Trojan Expedition until the battle of Marathon the Greeks seem to have done nothing either at home or abroad worth mentioning." –Zosimus, New History 1.2 (transl. Ronald T. Ridley)
Not so long ago, the sentiment the Greek historian Zosimus expressed around 500 AD was not uncommon in scholarship of the ancient world. If one translates "the Trojan Expedition" as "the Bronze Age" and accept some flexibility about the Archaic Period (ca. 700 to 489 BC, i.e. including the battle of Marathon), his comment covers almost the entire period that is known among ancient historians as the "dark age".
The idea of the "dark age" began to emerge as the chronology of Mycenaean and "Dipylon" (i.e. Late Geometric) pottery was figured out in the late nineteenth century. Subsequent excavations not only confirmed this picture but added to it: the decipherment of Linear B showed that the Greek language had not only been spoken in Late Bronze Age Greece, but that it was written down in a completely unrelated way to the Greek alphabet, which is first known in the eighth century BC.
The dark age has, however, become much more popular over the last half-century. In the 1970s three scholars in particular contributed to the elucidation of the period and our historical understanding of it. Anthony Snodgrass's The Dark Age of Greece was first published in 1971, surveying the entire period from the eleventh to the eighth century BC; the following year V.R.d'A. Desborough's The Greek Dark Ages focused on the eleventh and tenth centuries, the "Protogeometric" Period; while in 1977 J.N. Coldstream's Geometric Greece covered the latter two centuries. Anglophone scholarship in particular has followed their lead ever since.
The Centaur from Lefkandi, dated to the tenth century BC.
The term "dark age" was initially adopted on the analogy with medieval Europe, with the eighth-century BC acting as a "renaissance" in Greek history as the Greeks discovered their Bronze Age past. The pejorative connotations of the term mean that medievalists and archaeologists have reacted against the term; for this period of Greek history "Early Iron Age" is now usually preferred. When teaching, however, I have often found that this term also leads to some confusion, as there is no "Middle" or "Late" Iron Age in Greece once we reach historically defined periods (i.e. the Archaic and Classical, from 700 BC).
While it is important to understand how terminology affects our understanding of periods of history, the dark age would not be worth studying if the most interesting thing about it were arguments about what we call the period.
Post-apocalypse
The dark age begins with a civilisational collapse: the destruction of the Mycenaean Palaces. Or so it is normally understood. Certainly, around 1200 BC, the buildings we know as the Mycenaean Palaces are destroyed and there is a significant change in social organization in Greece.
But the scale and substance of that change depends on where you look. Mycenae itself certainly declines. Messenia in the south-west Peloponnese is largely abandoned (you may know it as the region from which the Pylos Combat Agate comes). But at the (former) palatial site of Tiryns, very near Mycenae, there appears to be substantial growth, and the same phenomenon is noticed at Achaia in the north-west Peloponnese and in the Euboean gulf. Mycenaean culture, in terms of pottery style, shapes, and burial practices, seems more resilient in this period than we might expect.
A map of southern and central Greece showing locations mentioned in this article.
Nevertheless, around a century later something has changed. When we reach the period of Desborough's book (beginning ca. 1100-1050 BC) it seems that Mycenaean civilisation is well and truly over. The most significant indicators – largely because of the nature of our evidence – is that burial customs change. It is around this period that the Athenian Kerameikos becomes a cemetery and that cremation becomes a much more widely known burial custom.
What we also see more generally we might consider a kind of recovery. For all that the eighth century seems to be an explosion of Greek culture, what we see is undoubtedly building upon several centuries of activity. Mycenaean civilization may have "collapsed", but the people of Greece survived and rebuilt. The Early Iron Age is, in this way, a kind of success story. It offers hope that "collapse" is not the end, and can in fact be the start of something new.
This sequence of events requires some acknowledgement of theory to be useful. Responses to disasters are a matter of human agency. Understanding that what we see in the twelfth century and later are the responses of human beings to the changing world around them helps us to understand how groups survived what appears to be the collapse of their entire world. They will be responding to events beyond their control – the collapse of the eastern Mediterranean empires – by making choices rooted in what their culture and society have taught them. What we see for the most part is human resilience, and survival.Show This observation was inspired by two sources. More directly, O'Brien 2017 discusses the use of "resilience theory" to explain responses to the collapse of the Mycenaean palaces. However, just before reading that paper I read Welsh 2016, who emphasises that in understanding the tectonic events at the end of the Cold War in AD 1989 we must emphasise not "inevitability" (as in Francis Fukuyama's 1989 essay "The end of history") and rather on "the interplay between tectonic forces, the actions of individual agents, and sheer accident".
Or at least, so it seems. For one thing, we are not completely certain how far the influence of the Mycenaean palaces was felt across Greece as a whole. In a period defined, in part, by the limitations of the material, part of what we can learn is that we do not know everything.
Knowing that you don't know
"I seem, then, in just this little thing to be wiser than this man at any rate, that what I do not know I do not think I know either." –Plato, Apology 21d (spoken by Socrates; transl. G.M.A. Grube)
In a recent Twitter conversation about Minoan Crete, I commented that it was strange to favour literally any explanation for an archaeological phenomenon over the idea that we don't know something, and do not have the means of knowing.Show The conversation-haver blogged about it. I developed this position on reading this sentence by Gregory F. Viggiano: "There is simply no reason to retreat to the position that we cannot know."Show Viggiano 2013. But the point is not usually that we cannot know; rather, it is that we do not know. For a period that is largely prehistoric, it does not seem to me that "not knowing" is an unreasonable position.
One aspect of "not knowing" is understanding what Anthony Snodgrass calls the "positivist fallacy". This fallacy is the belief that events that we can see in the archaeological record correspond to those that are historically important. Understanding the processes by which the archaeological record is created is an important element of countering this fallacy.Show The science fiction writer Malka Older coined the term "narrative disorder" in her novel Infomocracy (2016) to describe a similar phenomenon: the tendency to build narratives into everyday situations and expect life to follow cultural tropes.
The counterpoint to this agnosticism is that there are some things that we do know. Reading Oliver Dickinson's survey of the EIA, The Aegean from Bronze Age to Iron Age (2006), I was stuck by his unwillingness to say anything with any certainty. It struck me that his skepticism is highly cynical, his conclusion usually that the evidence we have is insufficient for us to conclude anything. It is an easy argument to make, because one of the defining characteristics of the Early Iron Age for many is the paucity of evidence, especially for settlements.
In contrast, other skeptical historians of early Greece such as Jonathan Hall (A History of Archaic Greece; 2014) and Robin Osborne (Greece in the Making; 2010) offer a different solution. Rather than focusing on what we cannot know, they emphasise that we simply need to ask different questions of the evidence we actually have. This approach, to think about the evidence that we do have in different ways that produce results, is a much better reason to study this period: focusing on the positives, rather than the negatives.
Challenging Greek exceptionalism
"But this does not necessarily make it any easier to fulfil the 'urgent task' identified by Snodgrass, to explain why, for such a relatively long period, the people of Greece were so unambitious materially, when they had supported cultures of marked achievement earlier and would do so again ([1971] 2000, p. xxxii)." –Oliver Dickinson, The Aegean from Bronze Age to Iron Age (2006, p. 238), citing Snodgrass, The Dark Age of Greece (second edition 2000).
Greek history has had a monumental impact on the world as a whole, both positive and negative. At times, it seems as if the Classical Greeks, particularly of the fifth century BC, are exalted to such heights as to be semi-divine in their own right. This may not be a particularly scholarly approach, but it is one with cultural currency, particularly among those who believe "Western Civilization" to be superior to others.Show This article by Donna Zuckerburg in Eidolon is a good starting place for understanding the relationship between Classics and White Supremacy.
The Mycenaean "Warrior Vase", dated to the mid-twelfth century BC, or about half a century after the fall of the Mycenaeans palaces. Currently in the National Archaeological Museum in Athens.
Less prominent, but certainly spectacular, is the Bronze Age history of Greece, particularly of Mycenae and the other palatial centres. Between artefacts such as the "Mask of Agamemnon", monuments like the Lion's Gate and Tholos tombs, and more recently beautiful agates with exquisite detail, mean that the achievements of Bronze Age Greece are easily understood.
The dark age, however, has no such spectacular achievements. Certainly, there are beautiful objects like the Lefkandi Centaur, the vases of the Dipylon workshop, and the gold earrings in the grave of a rich Athenian lady. But this a period in which the most monumental building we know may have been demolished because it was incapable of supporting itself; in which many regions of Greece produce so little evidence that we cannot tell whether they were inhabited.
Monumental vases like these were used as grave markers in Athens during the later parts of the Early Iron Age.
Snodgrass and Dickinson phrase this as a problem. Their solution is a massive population drop. It may be correct. Once again, I prefer to follow Jonathan Hall and ask the question "whose dark age?" The achievements of the Bronze Age and Classical Period belong to particular subsets of the population: elites, often men. With the collapse of the Mycenaean Palaces, the rest of the population may have gone on with their lives with limited interruption. After all, the people of dark age Greece probably had little idea about the achievements behind them, and no idea about those that were in front of them.Show How much they knew about their Bronze Age past is of course a matter of dispute: elements of it influenced the epic poetry that, in certain regions of Greece, would have been performed throughout the dark age. Nevertheless, the details – the walls that became known as Cyclopean, the fantastic metal- and stonework – largely do not seem to have been appreciated.
I do not aim here to undermine the achievements of Classical Greece, not even Mycenaean Greece. Only to show that they did not spring up because the Greeks were in any way special or unique; but rather they were the end result of an extremely long formative period. That the ancient Greeks were not exceptional and did, in fact, experience prolonged periods in which they achieved very little.
Earrings recovered from the tomb of a rich Athenian lady. From the Agora; dated ca. 850 BC.
The problem is that we are accustomed to expect Greek history to be exceptional, rather than expecting it to be human. This means that its exceptional achievements become blasé, and its regular behaviour becomes disappointing. If we are careful, the dark age can be a corrective to this belief. It reminds us that in Greek history there are prolonged periods where everyone got on with the business of living, with all the ups and downs that entails. It can remind us that the Greeks were human.
But still… it contains the origins of Greek culture
If I might have my cake and eat it too: one of the attractions of the Early Iron Age is that it contains the seeds of that prestigious Classical culture. It is difficult to look at the Lefkandi Centaur, with it's wounded leg that suggests narrative, perhaps that of Chiron, the wounded centaur who trained Achilles, without some excitement. To look at the metal urn burials at Lefkandi, Eretria, and on Cyprus, and to speculate which came first, these burials or their epic equivalents Achilles, Hector, and Patroclus.
Here, again, is the point: that the seed of Greek culture in this so-called dark age is present in a society that is rich or magnificent only insofar as it compares to some of its contemporaries, across the Mediterranean but also in Greece. But within this relatively impoverished period there is humanity and agency, and people who are making something wonderful, as their ancestors had done and their descendants would do on a grander scaler.
But where that seed lies is not just in Greece, but rather in those regions of Greece that are interactive, plugged into a Mediterranean network that is recovering and expanding after the Bronze Age "collapse". Here, in what seems to be the darkest point of Greek history, we see the importance of communication and cross-cultural interaction in growing and becoming something great. It is not Greece alone that blooms into the Classical Period, but a region that understood the importance of interacting with other cultures and societies, of travel, of adaptation.
"The Dark Age of Greece is our conception." –James Whitley, Style and society in Dark Age Greece (1991, p. 5).
As Whitley said, the idea of a Greek "dark age" is based on the modern perspective; but it is also comparative, relative, and, as others have also argued, rather arbitrarily defined. This perspective is not necessarily a problem, as I have said: it is useful for us to understand that not every period of history needs to be exceptional. The so-called dark age may be better understood not as an exception that needs explanation, but as a variation within the rules.
Nevertheless, there are reasons to study the Early Iron Age on its own terms. It helps us to understand the questions that we need to ask and to reformulate our ideas about what we can and cannot know. It shows us that a culture does not have to be spectacular to be interesting, informative, and exciting. It reminds us that the people of the past, like the people of the present, are human too.
By focusing mainly on surveys of the Early Iron Age, the works referenced have primarily been those written by male scholars. I should also mention the more recent synthesis of the eleventh and tenth centuries BC by my DPhil supervisor, Irene Lemos, The Protogeometric Aegean (2002); also the collection of essays that covers a wide range of subjects from the Late Bronze Age through the Early Iron Age, edited by Irene Lemos and Sigrid Deger-Jalkotzy, Ancient Greece: From the Mycenaean Palaces to the Age of Homer (2006).
Suggestions for further reading:
S. O'Brien, "Boredom with the Apocalypse. Resilience, regeneration, and their consequences for archaeological interpretation", in: Tim Cunningham and Jan Driessen (eds), Crisis to Collapse. The Archaeology of Social Breakdown (2017).
J. Welsh The Return of History. Conflict, Migration, and Geopolitics in the Twenty-First Century (2016).
G.F. Viggiano, "The Hoplite Revolution and the rise of the polis", in: D. Kagan and G.F. Viggiano (eds) Men of Bronze. Hoplite Warfare in Ancient Greece (2013), pp. 112-133.
Early Iron Age, Greeks


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That has fostered enclaves of refugees in San Juan's Arden Arcade area. And it has helped Sacramento build a reputation over the years as a somewhat welcoming destination.
Another refugee enclave is growing in North Highlands, where many are enrolled at Woodbridge Elementary School, Foothill Ranch Middle School and Foothill High School in the Twin Rivers Unified School District.
The growth has pushed refugee enrollment to notable levels at both districts. San Juan has nearly 1,670 refugees, including more than 990 in just the last three years, say administrators. That represents 4 percent of the district's 41,600 students, the highest share in recent years. The largest single category of refugees speak Arabic, languages common to Syria and Iraq.
"In our area in Sacramento, we're struggling to get any teachers who speak the primary languages of Arabic or Farsi," said Martha Quadros, program manager for English learners at San Juan. Hiring more teachers would be ideal, she said. "But there aren't teachers yet in those languages."
Even if the teachers were hired today, the need would remain. Refugees, like other English learners, are dispersed by school, grade level and classroom. And teachers may have classes where three, four or more languages are spoken, said Katie Combs, district spokeswoman. "We want to help grow all of our teachers' abilities to work with students of multiple languages," she said.
Combs said the district recently provided a workshop on engaging refugees in the classroom, cultural and religious norms and resettlement.
The approach at both school districts is to provide professional development for teachers whose classrooms have students of multiple languages. One strategy: Plenty of visual cues to help students learn English.
At Twin Rivers, about 500 refugees are enrolled, including more than 230 from Afghanistan, where Dari, Pashto and Farsi are common. The district with 25,500 students has 16 bilingual academic intervention specialists who monitor student progress, said Alberto Becerra, a coordinator of the English learner program. The specialists work with teachers and counselors to help guide student progress.
"Many of the refugees are not only coming with limited or varying amounts of English but they may be coming with considerable trauma," said Anne Zeman, assistant superintendent for school leadership at Twin Rivers. "Think of Syria. Some of the refugees that are leaving Syria because they fear for their lives and that of their families. Their homes may be destroyed. Some may have been in resettlement.
"The challenge is not only language. It's also acculturation. It's the connection with services, how they navigate transportation systems."
In the San Juan district, 49 schools have at least one refugee. Three schools have close to 400 refugees: Encina Preparatory High, Dyer-Kelly Elementary and Howe Avenue Elementary. The district has 45 bilingual instructional assistants who go to classrooms – sometimes at two schools – and work with small groups of refugees.
Nearly half work with Spanish-speaking students. Ten instructional assistants focus on Arabic. Eight on Farsi. And many visit multiple schools during the day.
At the Howe Avenue school last week, bilingual instructional assistant Dalya Abdullah sat with four first-grade boys who know Arabic but are learning English. While a teacher quizzed students on long vowels, short vowels and consonants, Abdullah did the same with her small group in one corner of the room.
She displayed a folded card with the letters T-A-P for the four boys.
"Tap," Yousef Alshaban said correctly when she held the card aloft.
He repeated the answer louder when a seatmate hesitated to answer. Then Abdullah refolded the card, adding an "E" at the end for a long-vowel word.
"Tape," said Yousef in unison with the other boys.
When the students seemed stymied, she shifted to Arabic to get them on track and then slid seamlessly back to English.
For nearly three years, Abdullah has worked at Howe Avenue Elementary with Arabic-speaking students, mainly from Syria and Iraq. The school is large, with 747 students, not including the 100 students in preschool and transitional kindergarten.
Abdullah came to the United States in 2010 as a refugee from Iraq, where she was a biologist. Now she's working toward her teaching credential so she can continue helping refugees. She also helps students who speak other refugee languages.
Among the school of 750 students, there are 145 refugees. More than half the student body is learning English.
"I know what they are experiencing," she said. "I always tell them, you need to take things step by step. Nothing can be perfect at the beginning. But you are in the right hands. I always be positive about that."
It took Mohammad Marouf Sharifi and his family 3.5 years to reach Sacramento from Afghanistan where he had served as an interpreter for U.S. military forces. His children, now 5 and 6, enrolled at Howe Avenue Elementary in fall 2015. His older child, a daughter in the first grade, gives him pointers on English pronunciation.
"They are doing great," said Sharifi, whose native language is Dari. "Now when I speak English my daughter tells me, 'Dad, it's not like this. It's like that,' because she took the pronunciation of America."
Sharifi said he and his family hope to stay permanently in Sacramento. "We feel like we have a house here in Sacramento," he said. "We feel like we have a place to call home."
Sharifi offers his services as an interpreter and works as an Uber driver. And, he said, he's already achieved one dream: He has written a novel in English, "The Homeless Afghan," self-published in 2016 through XLibris.
Phillip Reese contributed to this report. Loretta Kalb: 916-321-1073, @LorettaSacBee
Read The Bee's award-winning project, "No Safe Place," which documented the plight of Afghan refugees in Sacramento.
Sacramento-area resettlement agencies:
World Relief, Sacramento office; Sacramento Food Bank & Family Services (in partnership with the Diocese of Sacramento); Opening Doors Inc.; and International Rescue Committee
More refugee data:
During the 2015-16 school year, about 950 Arabic speakers in Sacramento County schools were classified as English learners, more than double the number from five years earlier, state figures show. Of those, more than 60 percent attend San Juan. Only Spanish and Russian are more common native tongues among English learners in the district.
Only three other school districts in the state – Cajon Valley Unified, Los Angeles Unified and Oakland Unified – had a higher number of English learners speaking Arabic during the 2015-16 school year, the state figures show.
Bilingual instructional aide Dalya Abdullah helps Ali Al-Shaban, 6, in his first grade class on Wednesday, Jan. 11, 2017. The number of refugee students in San Juan Unified and throughout Sacramento County as soared in recent years, boosting demand for language-proficient instruction for English learners whose native languages include Arabic, Farsi, Dari and Pasto. The influx comes as schools cope with growing shortfall of teachers prepared to teach on multiple fronts, including languages, science and special education. Hector Amezcua hamezcua@sacbee.com
Parizad Alamzai, 6, thinks about the answer to the sound of a letter in the alphabet as she gets help from bilingual instructional aide Dalya Abdullah at Howe Ave. Elementary School on Wednesday, Jan. 11, 2017. The number of refugee students in San Juan Unified and throughout Sacramento County as soared in recent years, boosting demand for language-proficient instruction for English learners whose native languages include Arabic, Farsi, Dari and Pasto. Hector Amezcua hamezcua@sacbee.com
Ali Al Madhi, 7, reaches for a pair of tongs to get oranges on Wednesday, Jan. 11, 2017. Ali is among the refugee students being introduced to the English language and American life style at Howe Ave. Elementary School. Hector Amezcua hamezcua@sacbee.com
Ali Al-Shaban, 6, sounds out a sentence to bilingual instructional aide Dalya Abdullah in his first grade class on Wednesday, Jan. 11, 2017. The number of refugee students in San Juan Unified and throughout Sacramento County as soared in recent years, boosting demand for language-proficient instruction for English learners whose native languages include Arabic, Farsi, Dari and Pasto. Hector Amezcua hamezcua@sacbee.com
From left, Yara Alshaban, 5, and her classmates Parizad Alamzai, 6, and Hamtaa, 5, sound out the letter 'n for noodles' with bilingual instructional aide Dalya Abdullah on Wednesday, Jan. 11, 2017. The number of refugee students in San Juan Unified and throughout Sacramento County as soared in recent years, boosting demand for language-proficient instruction for English learners whose native languages include Arabic, Farsi, Dari and Pasto. Hector Amezcua hamezcua@sacbee.com
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SBU News > Awards and Honors > Former Goldwater Winner Cultivates Young Researchers
Awards and HonorsFaculty/StaffNews HighlightsResearch
Former Goldwater Winner Cultivates Young Researchers
When David A. Rubenstein '04 won the prestigious Goldwater Scholarship, it launched him on a distinguished career that took him to Oklahoma State University and eventually brought him back to Stony Brook, where he is associate professor in the Department of Biomedical Engineering in the College of Engineering and Applied Sciences.
Now he's determined to help deserving students follow in his footsteps.
David A. Rubenstein teaches a class in Javits Lecture Hall.
Upon returning to Stony Brook in 2013, Rubenstein began collaborating with Jen Green from the Office of External Scholarships and Fellowships Advising, who works on supporting fellowship applicants by honing their narratives for this and other awards.
"We have amazing students at Stony Brook and I would like to give them the best chance to be recognized by the Goldwater Foundation," Rubenstein said. The Foundation established the Goldwater Scholarship in 1986 to award scholarships to college students who intend to pursue careers in mathematics, engineering and science.
"The Goldwater was a significant accomplishment, but one that was very unexpected," he said. "It helped reinforce my desire to stay with research and the academic profession."
At OSU, Rubenstein helped launch biomedical engineering programs at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. He worked with the Goldwater team in place there and was able to help that program grow rapidly. He means to do the same at Stony Brook, and not only with potential Goldwater scholars.
Rubenstein as an award-winning Stony Brook student.
Rubenstein has recently begun working with graduate students applying for two prestigious student fellowships — the National Institutes of Health Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award and the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program, awards that he called "career-transforming."
Rubenstein thoroughly enjoys the nomination process and takes it very seriously, devoting roughly four weeks to gather as much evidence and support for the students as he can possibly compile into their nomination packages. His mentorship is important, he said, but "ultimately, it is the accolades and the strengths of the students that win the fellowships."
Rubenstein is determined to go to bat for young researchers because he feels blessed by his own great mentors and role models. Growing up in Plainview, New York, the son of an engineer and a teacher, he jokes that he became the perfect combination of the two — an engineering professor.
His Bethpage High School teacher, Louis Palmeri, pushed for his application to a summer high school research program at Stony Brook, followed by an academic year program at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
Through these programs, Rubenstein became passionate about biomedical engineering. At the time he was looking for undergraduate engineering programs he recalls there were not many to choose from, so he went with what he knew, enrolled at Stony Brook and wound up staying for all three of his biomedical engineering degrees, which included a bachelor of engineering in 2004, a masters of science in 2005 and a PhD in 2007.
Armed with his degrees, Rubenstein answered the challenge to start biomedical engineering programs from the ground up at Oklahoma State.
"Professionally, I was in a place where I needed the combination of a strong engineering college with a strong medical school. Biomedical engineering at SBU is positioned at the nexus of those two strong programs," he said.
In 2016, Rubenstein was named the biomedical engineering graduate program director at Stony Brook.
"Admittedly I had the advantage of stepping in to lead a graduate program that was already performing very strongly, a program that currently boasts 100 masters and doctoral students," he said.
"To educate the next generation of scientists and engineers, we must be able to fund and train students on cutting-edge techniques and ideas," said Rubenstein. "Much of the money in the grants that I have been awarded goes to support student research at all education levels and this is perhaps the most rewarding aspect of conducting research and obtaining grant funding."
— Glenn Jochum
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Bartolomé de las Casas [bartolomé de las kásas], španski teolog, duhovnik, zgodovinar, filozof, kronist in borec za pravice južnoameriških staroselcev, * 24. avgust 1474 oz. 1484, Sevilja, Španija, † 17. julij 1566, Madrid, Španija.

Bil je pronicljiv pisec in pomembna oseba španskega dvora. Bil je prvi odposlani duhovnik v Ameriko. Danes ga pojmujemo kot prvega Evropejca, ki se je trudil za odpravo ekonomske, politične in kulturne neenakopravnosti kolonialnega sistema v Južni Ameriki. Bil je borec za človekove pravice, ki je verjel, da so edini pravi »lastniki« Novega sveta staroselci in da je prihod Špancev namenjen le njihovemu pokristjanjevanju. Zato je leta 1514 začel svoj pohod za pravice staroselcev z željo po mirni kolonizaciji s pomočjo misijonarjev.

Življenje

Mladost in šolanje

Bartolomejeva družina izhaja iz Francije in se je kasneje ustalila v Sevilji, kjer si je pridobila ugled in bogastvo. Rodil se je materi Isabeli de Sosa in očetu Franciscu de las Casasu, trgovcu in enemu prvih Evropejcev, ki so videli Novi kontinent. Podatki o njegovem izkrcanju v Ameriki niso gotovi, zgodovinarji pa menijo, da je Kolumba (skupaj s svojim bratom, kapitanom Franciscom de Peñaloso) spremljal samo na njegovi drugi odpravi. Vrnil se je leta 1497, ko je Bartolomé kot vojak šel v Granado in nato v Sevilji na Katoliški akademiji, ki jo je vodil Antonio de Nebrija, študiral latinščino. Oče mu je za darilo pripeljal moškega iz plemena »Taínos«, ki je z njim ostal do leta 1500, ko se je zaradi dekreta kraljice Izabele Katoliške vrnil nazaj v domovino.

Prvi stiki z Novim svetom in odnos do staroselcev

Bartolomé je skupaj s svojim očetom in stricem odpotoval na Novi kontinent na Hispanjolo leta 1502 v odpravi Nicolása de Ovanda. Takrat je imel 28 let in je že pridobil teološko izobrazbo. Odšel je iz radovednosti in želje po širjenju katoliške vere.

V Seviljo se je vrnil leta 1506 in svojo pot nadaljeval proti Rimu, kjer je bil imenovan za diakona. Ko se je čez dve leti odpravil nazaj na Hispanjolo, je prevzel prezbiterij portoriškega škofa in bil tako imenovan za prvega poslanega duhovnika v Novem svetu. Takrat je bil priča protestom proti izkoriščanju staroselcev, ki sta jih izvajala dominikanca Pedro de Córdoba in Antonio de Montesinos. Dosegla sta tudi zakon, ki je priznaval staroselce za svobodne prebivalce, vendar ga upravniki niso sprejeli. Tudi Bartolomé je bil prvih petnajst let enak ostalim kolonizatorjem: bil je upravnik, imel je rudnike in haciende ter pri obdelovanju zemlje izkoriščal staroselce. Spoznal se je s Cortésom, Pizarrom, Alvaradom in leta 1511, ko je bil imenovan za duhovnika v Santu Domingu, skupaj z Diegom de Velázquezom in Pánfilom de Narváezom odšel osvojit Kubo. S Hispanjole je prejemal novice o upravniških izkoriščanjih staroselcev, zato je začel dvomiti v legitimnost njihovega sistema.

Prvi boji za pravice staroselcev

Leta 1514 se je zoperstavil konkvistadorski politiki in se odpovedal svojim haciendam ter svojim sužnjem, ki jih je imel kot upravnik. Z njim se niso strinjali predstavniki oblasti v Santu Domingu, niti duhovniki ali funkcionarji. Svoje nezadovoljstvo s stanjem in prošnje o izboljšanju položaja je naslavljal na dvor v Madrid, vendar ni dobil odziva. Odločil se je, da bo odpotoval v Madrid in prepričal kralja v osnovanje zakonov, ki bodo preprečili suženjstvo, in s tem ustavil iztrebljanje staroselcev. Želel je braniti svoje prepričanje v to, da bi morala Španija in Novi svet tvoriti celoto, v katerem bi prva širila evangelij. Tako je poleti 1515 opravil prvega od svojih 14 potovanj čez ocean in se sestal s takratnim kraljem, Fernandom II.. Ta ga je podprl in napotil pred odbor, ker pa je bolehal in kmalu tudi umrl, je odbor razpadel in zanimanje o pravicah staroselcev je ugasnilo.

Nadaljnji poskusi za izboljšanje položaja staroselcev

Las Casas se je napotil k namestniku in začasnemu kralju Kastilje, Franciscu Jiménezu de Cisneru. Ta mu je podelil naziv varuha človekovih pravic staroselcev, dvornega svetovalca za vprašanja staroselcev in informatorja novega odbora, ki ga bo spremljal v Ameriko. Slednji se ob prihodu na Hispanjolo ni izkazal za podpornika, saj so ga podkupovali ali pa so mu grozili upravniki, zato se je Las Casas vrnil v Španijo in se sestal z novim kraljem Karlom V., kjer ga je podprl kancler Jean le Sauvage. 11. decembra 1517 so bili javno predstavljeni njegovi načrti o človeškosti staroselcev, njihovem pokristjanjevanju in civiliziranju, organiziranju skupnosti in ustavitvi njihovega izkoriščanja. Predlagal je uvoz temnopoltih sužnjev, dokler se kaže potreba po delovni sili, saj so vzdržljivejši in odpornejši. To možnost so takoj upoštevali, Bartolomé pa se je kmalu zavedel napake, ki jo je s to idejo naredil, ostali predlogi pa niso dosegli pričakovanih rezultatov zaradi smrti kanclerja. Zaradi hitrega iztrebljanja plemena Taínos, ki jih je hotel zaščititi, se je marca 1519 prestavil v Barcelono, da bi dobil pooblastilo o njihovem pokristjanjevanju. Zaradi sistematičnega zakonodajnega študija in sodelovanja s politiki je postal ekspert v poznavanju njihovega načina razmišljanja. Vedel je, da je kralj odvisen od evropskih bank in, posledično, davkov, ki jih dobiva z Novega sveta, zato mu je obrazložil, da z nasilnim koloniziranjem bogatijo le lokalni veljaki. Carlos V mu je tako podelil pravice o naseljevanju obale Paria, vendar ta praksa ni prinesla vidnih sprememb.

Umik in pisanje

Razočaran se je leta 1523 zaprl v samostan reda dominikancev, kjer je ostal deset let, ter se posvečal branju teoloških spisov in izboljševal znanje o pravu. V tem času je napisal osrednja dela: najprej je nastala Apologética historia sumaria in nato ključna Historia general (1527). Nastala je na podlagi sistematičnega zbiranja rokopisov, pisem in dokumentov o osvajanju Amerike in z dodajanjem izsledkov lastnega raziskovanja o kulturi staroselcev. Bil je eden prvih zgodovinarjev, ki je opozarjal na enakovrednost ras in govoril o pluralizmu civilizaciji in ne o eni sami, ki je pravilna, ter s tem pokazal na relativnost evropskega pogleda.

Politična angažiranost

To obdobje ga je utrdilo in še dodatno opolnomočilo za aktivnost v boju za pravice staroselcev. Ponovno je začel s političnim aktivizmom. Leta 1534 je obiskal Venezuelo, Peru, Nuevo Granado, Darién in Gvatemalo. Pet let kasneje je bil vpleten v nov škandal v Nikaragvi, kjer je bil odgovoren za poraz Špancev, kar je dvor v Madridu dojel kot izdajo. Ponovno je odpotoval v Španijo, kjer ni bil kaznovan. Tam je ostal štiri leta in v tem času napisal delo Uničevanje Indijancev in evangelizacija in bil imenovan v škofa. Na skupščini v Valladolidu je 20. novembra 1542 dosegel sprejetje novih zakonov o staroselškem vprašanju in reorganizacijo Sveta za zadeve staroselcev (Consejo de Indias) leta 1543. Novi zakon je prepovedoval suženjstvo staroselcev, njihovo vključevanje pod upravniki, predvideval pacifiško pokristjanjevanje in jih priznaval za svobodne z zaključnimi besedami: »Ameriške staroselce se v vseh okoliščinah obravnava kot svobodne državljane kastiljskega kraljestva, saj med njegovimi prebivalci in prebivalci Amerike ni nikakršnih razlik.« V Ameriki teh zakonov ni bilo mogoče uveljaviti, saj so bile takratne vladajoče elite odvisne od suženjstva in pod njihovo voljo je klonil tudi kralj, ki je 20. novembra 1545 preklical zakone.

Vnovičen poraz in nova taktika

Las Casas je sprevidel, da politične bitke ne bo dobil, zato se je umaknil in zopet predal teološkemu delu. Kot škof v Chiapasu (Mehika) je napisal (kasneje izdano) delo Avisos y reglas de confesores, v katerem je opisal pogoje, pod katerimi je mogoče dati odvezo konkvistadorjem, lastnikom haciend, upravnikom ter trgovcem s sužnji ali z orožjem. Dosegel je pravno potrditev izpolnjevanja odvez, ki se jim je spovedani zaobljubil. V večini primerov so bile posledica njihove oporoke v korist staroselcem. V Confesionariu je opisal, kako ravnati s premoženjem pokojnika. Bojazen pred peklom je bila močnejši kot pred kraljem, zato se je situacija staroselcev vsaj nekoliko izboljšala, dokler se ni strah pomiril in je moral Bartolomé leta 1547 vnovič na zagovor pred kastiljske oblasti.

Zadnja leta življenja

V preostalih desetih letih življenja se je posvečal zgodovinopisju, antropološkemu in pravniškemu raziskovanju ter skušal pridobiti podporo v prid staroselcem in usklajeval odprave duhovnikov in misionarjev.

Leta 1550 se je na veliki skupščini o nadaljnjem odkrivanju, osvajanju in prebivalstvu Amerike zoperstavil Juanu Ginésu de Sepúlvedi, ki je zagovarjal rasno manjvrednost staroselcev in njihovo »naravno suženjstvo« z Aristotelovimi argumenti ter s tem upravičenost ravnanj konkvistadorjev. Las Casas je po krščanskem prepričanju zagovarjal enakost vseh ljudi in ras ter dosegel, da je Sepúlveda odstopil s svojega položaja na dvoru. Čeprav je premagal konkvistadorsko ideologijo, se v realnosti položaj staroselcev še vedno ni popravil.

Po tem dogodku se je Las Casas umaknil s položaja škofa in se posvečal organiziranju misijonarskih ekspedicij ter preučevanju literature za dokončanje Historie de Indias ter se pripravljal na izdajo številnih traktatov. Končal jo je leta 1562 in v njej napovedal uničenje Španije kot kazen za nepravičnost, ki so jo Španci in Evropejci prizadejali ameriškim staroselcem. Čeprav je imel že 90 let je pisal spomine, kot je De Thesauris, kjer se je spraševal o pravičnosti prilaščene zemlje in bogastva v Ameriki.

Umrl je 17. julija 1566 v samostanu v Madridu in bil pokopan v kapeli, njegove ostanke pa so kasneje prenesli v dominikanski samostan v Valladolid.

Prevedena dela

 Nadvse kratko poročilo o Indijah. Prevedel Andrej Lokar. Uredil, spremno študijo napisal in z znanstvenim aparatom opremil Jernej Šček. Družina, Ljubljana 2021.

Izbor del

 Historia de la destrucción de las Indias
 De único vocationis modo (Del único modo de atraer a todos los pueblos a la verdadera religión)
 Uničevanje Indijancev in evangelizacija
 Los dieciséis remedios para la reformación de las Indias
 Apologética historia sumaria
 De thesauris
 Treinta proposiciones muy jurídicas

Opombe in sklici

Viri
 Jernej Šček, Glas drug(ač)ne človečnosti (Spremna študija), v: Nadvse kratko poročilo o razdejanju Indij, str. 167–223.

Glej tudi
 Evropska kolonizacija Amerike

Španski dominikanci
Španski pravniki
Španski zgodovinarji
Španski teologi

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Harry appeared 'scared to meet up with' William at 2019 Easter church service – expert
kmazzawi1 April 3, 2021
MEGHAN MARKLE and Prince Harry were merely "ancillary branches" of the Firm when they were senior royals, an expert has suggested.
The Duke and Duchess of Sussex stepped down as senior members of the Royal Family last year. The couple have since relocated to the US and are seeking a more financially independent and private life.
However, a royal author has highlighted how the Sussexes were not "central branches" of the monarchy due to Harry's position in line to the throne.
The Duke is only sixth in line to the throne after his father Prince Charles, his brother Prince William and his brother's three children.
Royal biographer Andrew Morton joined Roberta Fiorito and Rachel Bowie on their podcast Royally Obsessed and discussed the Sussexes' role in the Firm.
He explained how due to the line of succession, the Meghan and Harry were on a similar path to the Queen's younger sister, Princess Margaret.
Meghan Markle and Prince Harry were merely "ancillary branches" of the Royal Family (Image: getty)
Meghan Markle and Prince Harry stepped down as senior members of the Royal Family (Image: getty)
Mr Morton also claimed that they are likely to become "more irrelevant" when Prince William's children grow up.
The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge have three children together – Prince George, seven, Princess Charlotte, five, and Prince Louis, two.
Mr Morton said: "Harry and Meghan were ancillary branches of the Royal Family, they were not central branches of the Royal Family.
"So they were going on the same trajectory as Princess Margaret.
Kate Middleton and Prince William have three children together (Image: getty)
"Princess Margaret, when she was 18 or 19, she was the most glamorous woman, she was matched with Elizabeth Taylor, in all furs and jewels and looking fabulous, but she was Number Two."
The royal author added: "Same with Meghan and Harry – Number Two.
"And I'm sure they didn't properly appreciate that but it does mean, as the years tick by, Meghan and Harry will become more and more irrelevant as George, Louis and Charlotte grow and become the chew toys of the tabloids."
Royal Family: Line of succession (Image: Express.co.uk)
Other royal commentators claim that Meghan was a "huge missed opportunity" for the Royal Family.
Last month, British TV presenter Trisha Goddard told BBC Newsnight that the Duchess was "a huge beam of light" as a senior royal.
The broadcaster opined: "I think Meghan was a huge missed opportunity because Harry and Meghan were obviously screaming into their pillows not being heard.
"And first of all, I thought initially after the interview, I thought 'oh that's it the Royal Family have really quite blown it'."
Source: EXPRESS CO UK
Previous Previous post: 'Doesn't sit well!' Meghan Markle told she must give up Duchess title for Presidential run
Next Next post: Prince William urges people to 'change trajectory' to save planet from climate disaster


Most examinees are employed full-time while they are studying for the exam and finding time to study can be difficult, PPI's Civil PE Breadth + Depth Prep Courses.... Engineering Design Resources PE Exam section has all the resources, review courses, practice exams, etc. you need to prepare, study, and pass the PE Exam.
4/06/2010 · Anything about the PE Exam # of Hours of study & prep Sign in to follow this . Followers 0 I took the Civil Transportation exam and passed the first try.
© 2012 Loomis Seven LLC All Rights Reserved A complete Study Guide to Setting return to covering step 1 of the PE process, the Engineer in Training exam.
PE Exam Review is a professional engineers exam study guide resource. Civil PE Exam offers an up-to-date listing of resources available to you for the PE Exam.


text:
St. Matthew Baptist Church
Pastor: Rev. David Ford, Sr.
159 E. 9th Avenue, Roselle, NJ 07203
June 2019 is St. Matthew's 52th year Anniversary!!!!!!!!
www.stmatthewbaptistchurch.com
Ministries / Auxiliaries
OUR PASTOR: Photo Gallery
Pastor David Ford, Sr. with First Lady Rev. Sharae Ford at one of his Pastor Anniversary celebrations. Pastor Ford was installed as Pastor of St. Matthew Baptist Church in 2000.
"The time is now our elected official show the people of New Jersey that are placed above wealthy campaign donors and political ambitions," the clergy coalition said in a statement. "We need public servants who give the people of New Jersey hope and faith in our system of government. The present court room of the street where trial and sentencing are carried out must move from our communities back to its proper place, the court house. Now is the time to show that despite funding gaps we, as a community that mutually affirms the dignity of all people, value life more than politics as usual. - NJ Clergy Coalition for Justice
Thank you Senate President Steve Sweeney, Senator Shirley K. Turner and Senator Sandra Bolden Cunningham for answering the call of the NJ Clergy Coalition for Justice to introduce legislation for an independent prosecutor to handle investigation and prosecution of crime involving death caused by law enforcement officer. Together we can work toward re-establishing the community's trust in our justice system. Thank you the ACLU of New Jersey, NAACP and NOBLE- Northern NJ Chapter for your support.
Pastor Ford has been working hard on social justice issues with community leaders. Pastor Ford is 3rd from the right side, standing next to Archange Antoine (second from the right)
Pastor Ford is on the right side with the black cap on.
NJ Clergy Coalition for Justice
Pastor Ford (top right) and a group of pastors share a happy moment, followed by prayer during the Aug. 2014 joint Ordination Ceremony of First Lady Rev. Sharae Ford and Rev. Steven Wilson, Sr.
Ordination Ceremony of First Lady Rev. Sharae Ford and Rev. Steven Wilson, Sr.
Website by Dana Wilson, President of www.trinitysupportservices.com
© 2005-present. All rights reserved. Hosting by www.nenireseller.org


we live where we work.
we support where we live.
Berrybrook Enterprises is a strong believer in "Community".
To that end, we support our community in many ways and at multiple different levels. Our future is right before us and we are happy to support our schools, youth clubs and sports teams.
Whether it's donating the use of a building to build a parade float, cheer on the high school basketball team or participate at the county fair. It's the right thing to do and it just feels good!


The Zen approach aka the holistic approach can be applied to many problems in life-Motorcycle maintenance is one of them. Yes, I am referring to the famous book by Robert Pirsig. Holistic approach looks at the problem at a higher level in its entirety. The need to understand the problem completely is not the basic foundation.
The Zen approach is totally the opposite of the Reductionist approach - which relies on basically what is "divide and conquer" technique- break the big problems into smaller ones till they are either completely understood or can be divided further. Computer programming in general has mostly been in the camp of reductionist camp. Programs are designed to handle large complex problems by working on them by splitting them into smaller bite size chunks. This has been the case since the first computers were designed.
To get maximum bang for the big data buck you need to articulate the problem statement with zero ambiguity. Problem statement that is well defined and can be represented by your big data dictionary. If not, you need to refine and redefine the problem. Any thing else will not work. So, what is it that we did here? We basically ended up with the reductionist approach. I hate to disappoint the Zen crowd but it is the only way for now at least that you can get returns on your big data investment.
There are some attempts in the commercial start-up world that might change this in the future but for now I am firmly in the Reductionist camp.


Beyoncé and the Carter clan shut down Instagram every year with their spot-on Halloween costumes honoring great artists. While the family has yet to release this year's group shots, Queen Bey has already taken to social media to pay tribute to R&B diva Toni Braxton.
Not only did Mrs. Carter kill her look from Braxton's self-titled debut album cover, but she wrote a heartwarming note dedicated to the songstress who clearly influenced the Everything is Love artist.
Take a look at more shots from Bey's Braxton tribute below.
Beyoncé has previously dressed up as Janet Jackson, Salt of Salt-N-Pepa and Lil Kim, whom she honored last year beside her hubby, JAY-Z, who dressed as Kim's mentor & lover, The Notorious B.I.G.


text:
Q: How can I concatenate strings in a cell array with spaces between them in MATLAB? I want to concatenate (padding with spaces) the strings in a cell array {'a', 'b'} to give a single string 'a b'. How can I do this in MATLAB?

A: Small improvement (?) on the answer by Alex
strs = {'a','b','c'};
strs_spaces = [strs{1} sprintf(' %s', strs{2:end})];

A: You can accomplish this using the function STRCAT to append blanks to all but the last cell of your cell array and then concatenate all the strings together:
>> strCell = {'a' 'b' 'c' 'd' 'e'};
>> nCells = numel(strCell);
>> strCell(1:nCells-1) = strcat(strCell(1:nCells-1),{' '});
>> fullString = [strCell{:}]

fullString =

a b c d e

A: You can cheat a bit, by using the cell array as a set of argument to the sprintf function, then cleaning up the extra spaces with strtrim:
 strs = {'a', 'b', 'c'};
 strs_spaces = sprintf('%s ' ,strs{:});
 trimmed = strtrim(strs_spaces);

Dirty, but I like it...

A: matlab have a function to do this,
ref:
strjoin
http://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/ref/strjoin.html
strjoin
Join strings in cell array into single string
Syntax
str = strjoin(C) example

str = strjoin(C,delimiter)

Ex:
Join List of Words with Whitespace
Join individual strings in a cell array of strings, C, with a single space.
C = {'one','two','three'};

str = strjoin(C)

str =

one two three

A: Both join and strjoin are introduced in R2013a. However, the mathworks site about strjoin reads:

Starting in R2016b, the join function is recommended to join elements of a string array.

>> C = {'one','two','three'};
>> join(C) %same result as: >> join(C, ' ')

ans =

  string

    "one two three"

>> join(C, ', and-ah ')

ans =

  string

    "one, and-ah two, and-ah three"

Personally I like Alex' solution as well, as older versions of Matlab are abundant in research groups around the world.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
by Imperium Group November 24, 202111:11 am November 21, 2021
Gain Actor Beshoy Mehany Reveals Social Media Secrets That Will Supercharge Your Hollywood Career
29-year-old actor/influencer Beshoy Mehany, who has a featured role in 2022's $40-million Gain and has entertained millions with his prank videos, knows how important it is for actors to engage with the online community. "Hollywood is a tough industry to break into," he says. "Getting noticed by a studio or agent often comes down to how you're utilizing social media to promote yourself.
It's vital that you increase your online followers since that can help you to get a role over another actor whose following is smaller." With that in mind, Beshoy has offered to give actors the secrets behind his own successful Instagram page, where he engages with his followers each day through fun, compelling posts.
"First, it's crucial that you have a strategy for how you'll use social media to obtain specific results," Beshoy begins. "I have seen some of my very talented peers open an Instagram or Twitter account and just get going. The problem with that is they are posting great pictures that ultimately serve no purpose.
They're working hard to create content, but what is it adding up to? Sooner or later, they look around and realize that they haven't achieved the results they were hoping for. In my case, I knew that I wanted a strong platform that would allow me to post my prank videos and engage with my followers at the same time. Instagram was the perfect choice, and because I thought ahead, I knew where I was going with Instagram and was able to cultivate the strong following I have today."
Beshoy continues by saying that posting regularly and consistently will maximize an actor's online presence. "To gain followers, I recommend being predictable in your publishing schedule," he states. "You may love social media like I do, but really, it's a lot like a job. Whether you're sick, tired, busy, or something else, you still need to be posting when your followers expect you to. When you fall off because something major is happening in your life, you will lose people.
To accomplish my own publishing schedule, I get up pretty early in the morning, and often I'm up late creating more posts. It's all done to keep followers engaged, which can be a great boost to an actor's chances of receiving a role. Remember: the person who sees your posts could be the one who can open doors for you."
Beshoy is a big believer in being authentic. "People can smell 'fake' a mile away," he believes. "From the comments of my followers, I've come to believe they really do appreciate seeing you as a real person and not just an image. Let out your sense of humor. Show your goofy side! On my Instagram page, I've got my prank videos, of course, but also some candid shots that show me just chilling in New Jersey or meeting random people on the street. Try to show that you are a three-dimensional person and not just an actor who wants attention. That way, you can connect more with your followers."
While having varied content is important, remember to make it interesting, says Beshoy. "You may only have 30 seconds to capture someone's interest and make them a follower of your page. What will you post that is so captivating that they have to come back again and again? I decided to post prank videos because people love to laugh. They're also short and are the perfect way for someone to take a quick break from the stress of their day. What can you post that will be catchy and memorable?"
Ultimately, Beshoy believes that the secret behind an actor's ability to grow their social media platform is that they have fun. "It's a lot of work to manage your pages, but if you're having fun, it will be work that you enjoy and can help you to get noticed. See you online!"
Beshoy Mehany is an actor/influencer who was born on January 7, 1992, in Cairo, Egypt. At age 9, he moved to Jersey City in the United States after his father died. He then discovered his calling as an actor, and at 18, he was hired to be in the reality show Bear Swamp Recovery.
Beshoy received his bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from the New Jersey Institute of Technology. In 2019, he began making prank videos and has recently been offered a featured role in 2022's Gain. For more information on Beshoy and to watch the videos enjoyed by millions on the Internet, please visit:
Website: www.beshoymehany.com
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/beshoymehany/?hl=en
IMDB: www.imdb.me/beshoymehany
Imperium Group
Imperium Group is an American public relations firm focused on press placements and digital arbitrage, founded in 2016. Headquartered in Dallas, Texas. Imperium Group collectively owns over 100 sites and generates tens of millions of impressions every month.


text:
import './index.js';

import {bots_10, fleetCount, fleetDimensions, queryCount} from './test_data';
import {requireLogin, mockAuthdAppGETs} from '../test_util';
import fetchMock from 'fetch-mock';

(function() {
// Can't use import fetch-mock because the library isn't quite set up
// correctly for it, and we get strange errors about 'this' not being defined.

  // uncomment to stress test with 5120 items
  // bots_10.items.push(...bots_10.items);
  // bots_10.items.push(...bots_10.items);
  // bots_10.items.push(...bots_10.items);
  // bots_10.items.push(...bots_10.items);
  // bots_10.items.push(...bots_10.items);
  // bots_10.items.push(...bots_10.items);
  // bots_10.items.push(...bots_10.items);
  // bots_10.items.push(...bots_10.items);
  // bots_10.items.push(...bots_10.items);

  mockAuthdAppGETs(fetchMock, {
    delete_bot: true,
    list_bots: ['Chrome'],
  });

  fetchMock.get('glob:/_ah/api/swarming/v1/bots/list?*',
      requireLogin(bots_10, 500));

  fetchMock.get('glob:/_ah/api/swarming/v1/bots/dimensions?*',
      requireLogin(fleetDimensions, 400));

  fetchMock.get('/_ah/api/swarming/v1/bots/count',
      requireLogin(fleetCount));
  fetchMock.get('glob:/_ah/api/swarming/v1/bots/count?*',
      requireLogin(queryCount, 100));

  fetchMock.post('glob:/_ah/api/swarming/v1/bot/*/delete', requireLogin(200, 750));

  // Everything else
  fetchMock.catch(404);

  // autologin for ease of testing locally - comment this out if using the real flow.
  document.querySelector('oauth-login')._logIn();
})();

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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These Terms, along with any Supplementary Rules (as defined in section 2 below) shall be legally binding on you when you enter and/or participate in any Competitions.
By submitting an entry to any Competition you are agreeing to these Terms and any Supplementary Rules and you warrant that you have legal capacity to enter into and agree to be bound by these Terms and any Supplementary Rules.
All Competitions will be supplemented by some additional terms and rules that apply to that specific Competition, which we will also make available on our website or any third party websites that are used to advertise a Competition from time to time such as Facebook or Twitter (the "Supplementary Rules").
The Supplementary Rules are hereby incorporated into and form a part of these Terms.
g. any other additional terms that apply to that Competition.
In the event that there is any conflict between these Terms and the Supplementary Rules then the Supplementary Rules will prevail.
Unless otherwise specified in the Supplementary Rules, all Competitions are open to members of the United Kingdom's armed forces and their immediate family only and entrants must be either resident in the UK or stationed on a UK military base overseas that is subject to UK jurisdiction and be aged 18 or over, unless specifically stated otherwise.
Competitions are not open to any employees of Cannock Chase Radio or any third parties who are connected to the Competition or, in each case, any members of their immediate families (including their spouse, parents grandparents, children, brothers, sisters, uncles, aunts and cousins).
Any winners of a prize in any Competition with a value of more than £100 (as determined by Cannock Chase Radio in its reasonable discretion) are not eligible to enter any further Competitions for a period of 28 days from the date such prize was awarded to them.
Cannock Chase Radio reserves the right to require proof that an entrant meets the eligibility requirements for any Competition. Failure to provide proof of the eligibility requirements may result in disqualification from a Competition and the forfeit of any prizes awarded.
If any specific Competition only permits one entry per person you agree that you will not submit multiple entries.
Any other specific eligibility requirements that apply to a particular Competition will be set out in the Supplementary Rules.
All Competitions are free to enter. Details of how to enter a particular Competition will be set out in the Supplementary Rules.
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Entries must be correctly submitted by the closing date of the Competition. Cannock Chase Radio accepts no responsibility for any entries or information that is incomplete, incorrectly submitted or fail to reach us by the closing date for any reason.
Some competitions may have an 'on air' competent, such as requiring entrants to answer questions via telephone either during a live broadcast or as part of a recording to be broadcast at a later date.
You agree to comply with all reasonable instructions of Cannock Chase Radio in relation to your participation in any such on-air Competitions.
If you have been selected to participate in a live or recorded broadcast you acknowledge that you will be required to be available to participate at a specified time notified to you in advance. Cannock Chase Radio cannot be held responsible for any failure on your part to be available at the specified time for any reason including if due to any failure of your telephone network or communications equipment.
In the event that you are not available to take part in such on-air Competitions at the specified time we reserve the right to permit another entrant to participate in the on-air Competition.
b. you acknowledge that to the extent that any performance rights or similar apply to your participation in such broadcast you hereby waive all such rights to the fullest extent permitted by law and you consent to Cannock Chase Radio making full use of your participation in any such on air Competitions including by broadcasting or otherwise making the same available to the public without any further payment to you of any kind.
Details of prizes for specific Competitions will be announced on air and/or set out in any Supplementary Rules that apply to a particular Competition.
Prizes may be provided by our third party partners. Cannock Chase Radio cannot be held responsible and to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law accepts no liability for any prizes that are defective in any way or do not meet your expectations or requirements.
Where prizes are awarded by third parties you acknowledge and agree that additional third party terms and conditions may apply in respect of such prizes. We will stipulate in the Supplementary Rules whether any third party terms and conditions apply to any prizes for that Competition. You acknowledge that prizes are awarded subject to your acceptance of any such third party terms and conditions and Cannock Chase Radio reserves the right to award the prize to another entrant should you refuse to accept them.
All prizes are subject to availability. Cannock Chase Radio reserves the right to replace any prize with an alternative of equal or higher value (including a cash award) at any time in its absolute discretion.
Any failure on the part of the winner to meet the eligibility requirements set out in these Terms or the Supplementary Rules may result in the winner forfeiting their entitlement to a prize and you hereby acknowledge that in such circumstances, Cannock Chase Radio shall be entitled to offer the prize to another entrant.
The exact method for selecting winners of our Competitions may vary depending on the nature of the Competition. Unless we have stipulated a different mechanism for selecting the winner in the Supplementary Rules the winner shall be selected by a random prize draw.
Any decision by Cannock Chase Radio in relation to how the winner to any Competition is selected shall be final.
Competition winners will be notified as either on air for competitions being broadcast on BFBS Radio or by email (to the email address given by the individual when entering the competition) unless specified otherwise in the supplementary rules.
If Cannock Chase Radio cannot contact the winner or the winner does not complete any steps that may be required by Cannock Chase Radio to accept the prize within a reasonable period of time, Cannock Chase Radio reserves the right to offer the prize to another entrant.
The names of any Competition winners and the approximate area that such winners are resident may be announced either on-air or published on the Cannock Chase Radio website or any other website or social media pages where a Competition has been advertised. By submitting an entry to any Competition you agree to the publication or broadcast of your name and where you are resident in this way.
By submitting your entry and agreeing to these Terms you hereby grant Cannock Chase Radio a perpetual, non-exclusive, transferable, sub-licensable worldwide and royalty free licence to use your entry, including any intellectual property rights that may subsist in your entry for the purposes of the administration and promotion of the relevant Competition.
For the avoidance of doubt you shall retain ownership of any intellectual property rights that may subsist in any Competition entries that you submit to us.
b. you agree to indemnify Cannock Chase Radio against any third party claims arising from the submission of your entry to any Competition (which means you will be responsible for any losses or damage that Cannock Chase Radio suffers as a result of any such third party claims).
Cannock Chase Radio makes no representation or warranties of any kind regarding the nature or quality of any prizes which are provided. All prizes are provided on an 'as is' and 'as available' basis and any conditions, warranties or other terms implied by statute or common law are hereby excluded to the fullest extent permitted by law.
c. any other liability that cannot be excluded by law.
If you breach these Terms or any Supplementary Rules, or if Cannock Chase Radio considers in its reasonable discretion that you have acted in a way that may bring Cannock Chase Radio into disrepute or is otherwise inappropriate, Cannock Chase Radio may disqualify you from any Competition and you will be ineligible to win any prizes awarded in connection with such Competition.
Cannock Chase Radio may in its absolute discretion cancel or amend any aspect of any Competition without prior notice if it considers it necessary to do so, although Cannock Chase Radio will use reasonable endeavours to avoid changing any Competition that has already started in a way that disadvantages any entrants who have already submitted their entries.
Cannock Chase Radio may change these Terms at any time without notice to you.
If Cannock Chase Radio decides not to exercise or enforce any right that it has against you at a particular time, then this does not prevent Cannock Chase Radio from later deciding to exercise or enforce that right.
All the information on this website – www.cannockchaseradio.co.uk – is published in good faith and for general information purpose only. Cannock Chase Radio does not make any warranties about the completeness, reliability and accuracy of this information. Any action you take upon the information you find on this website (Cannock Chase Radio), is strictly at your own risk. Cannock Chase Radio will not be liable for any losses and/or damages in connection with the use of our website.
This site is owned by Cannock Radio Ltd whose office is at 2 Wynns Venture Centre, Broad St, Cannock WS11 0XL United Kingdom. Our company registration number is 09242457 and we are the 'data controller' of the personal information you provide to us.
E-mail correspondence with Cannock Radio Ltd via our website and email addresses accessible through, or obtained from, this site may be recorded and/or monitored.
Vital Interests: When the processing is necessary to protect someone's life.
i) As a general rule we do not contract with children to provide products or Services.
ii) We may record details of children if relevant and appropriate to our business activity or for the purposes of age appropriate entertainment or competitions and may subsequently reference such children in our records.
iv) In all cases where proportional and appropriate we will obtain parents consent or in their absence a suitable adult in loco parentis receive to record the child's details. An example of this would be the pre-arranged school visits to our studio or visits by ourselves to schools.
Should you wish to obtain a copy of the personal data which we hold about you, please contact Mr Andrew Buck Cannock Radio Ltd, 2 Wynns Venture Centre, Broad St, Cannock WS11 0XL. There is no charge for this service. As soon as we are satisfied as to your identity, we will send you, within 30 days a copy of all the data we hold relating to you.
If you believe that any personal data or information which we hold about you is incorrect or incomplete, please contact Mr Andrew Buck Cannock Radio Ltd, 2 Wynns Venture Centre, Broad St, Cannock WS11 0XL. Any information or data which is found to be incorrect will be corrected as soon as practicable.
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Effective conservation — from planning to implementation to monitoring — relies on having accurate, informative maps and spatial data. To help guide conservation decisions, Playa Lakes Joint Venture (PLJV) provides the following geospatial tools and data products, including interactive maps, source code for geospatial models, and downloadable data.
The Kansas Water Map is an interactive tool providing critical information on current surface water, as well as historical information over the last 30 years. The tool, which was funded by USDA Kansas Natural Resources Conservation Service through a Conservation Innovation Grant, can be used by conservation professionals, landowners, producers, and the general public to examine patterns in surface water distribution.
Sometimes, you just need a good old-fashioned map. These county based maps of probable playas can be viewed on a computer or printed out to take with you on the go. The maps were created using our region wide Probable playas dataset.
PLJV is committed to making science open and engaging with our agency partners and the public. On the technical-side, we share the source code used to generate most of our mapping products and spatial models. Our tools are made publicly available on Github, a repository used by software developers to share code. A collaborator can quickly and easily download our models and data, make changes, and share those contributions openly with the world.
Quality data underlies all of our geospatial tools. While we have many ways to view and interact with those data, you can also download it for yourself. View the list of downloadable data layers, including our probable playas dataset.


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Coffee and Cigarettes
Like the aroma of strong, black coffee mingling with the smoke from burning tobacco, the sublime and the ridiculous are virtually inseparable in Jim Jarmusch's Coffee and Cigarettes. The resultant…
MICHAEL O'SULLIVAN	May 28, 2004Updated: July 23, 2020, 3:35 pm
Like the aroma of strong, black coffee mingling with the smoke from burning tobacco, the sublime and the ridiculous are virtually inseparable in Jim Jarmusch's Coffee and Cigarettes. The resultant mixture, which produces a kind of sharp, heady dissonance, will act either as an irritant or a stimulant, depending on your stomach for that sort of thing.
Myself, I loved it -- as much for the self-conscious banality and surreal pointlessness of its dialogue, which unravels over the course of 11 more-or-less unrelated vignettes, as for its austerely retro black-and-white photography. As for Jarmusch's thematic exploration of duality -- along with the titular pairing of caffeine and nicotine, this is a film in which twins, cousins and siblings figure prominently -- I'm not entirely sure that works, or that it even matters.
After all, making sense of things has hardly ever been a prerequisite of taking pleasure in a Jarmusch film. Since Stranger Than Paradise, much of his work has taken advantage of a narrative structure that is more meandering than systematic.
Coffee and Cigarettes is no exception. Opening with a hilarious conversation in a restaurant between two overcaffeinated individuals named Roberto (Roberto Benigni) and Steven (Steven Wright), the latter of whom talks the former into taking his place at the dentist, the film goes nowhere fast, stopping along the way to introduce a redneck waiter played by Steve Buscemi, movie star Cate Blanchett, playing both herself and her own loser cousin Shelly, and Bill Murray as, well, Bill Murray -- assuming you can imagine that the Oscar-nominated actor might actually moonlight as an employee of a greasy spoon, where he drinks coffee straight from the pot and, at the urging of the Wu-Tang Clan's RZA and GZA, gargles with oven cleaner.
And no, none of that is a typo.
The universe of Coffee and Cigarettes, you see, is sort of parallel, but not quite, to the one we inhabit. Coffee and Cigarettes is a movie about two realities: the one we know and another shadow realm that looks like a documentary but feels like a dream. In that sense, Jarmusch's use of yin/yang, dark/light and good/evil symbolism makes glorious if goofy sense.
Filmed over the course of many years (starting with the Benigni-Wright episode, which first aired as a short film on Saturday Night Live in 1986, and ending with several vignettes filmed early last year), Coffee and Cigarettes has a stylistic wholeness, even if its thesis feels sometimes less than solid.
United by the archaic look of film noir and an overarching love-hate relationship with the blackness of coffee and the whiteness of cigarettes, the movie is, at least formally, beautiful. Like a Japanese rock garden, it is an arrangement of things at once random and unified.
Grade: B-
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Aamir Khan On Thugs Of Hindostan Failure: People Got An Opportunity To Take Out Their Frustration
a question was raised if he has forgiven his TOH director Vijay Krishna Acharya aka Victor for giving him a flop film
Sneha Hiro
Bollywood's Mr Perfectionist aka Aamir Khan failed to impress the audiences just like always with his recent film Thugs Of Hindostan. The audiences are quite sad and angry that their favourite actor couldn't entertain them this time.
Today, we met the Rangeela actor to speak about his recently released film Rubaru Roshni which aired on the occasion of Republic Day. The film was about forgiving others.
So a question was raised if he has forgiven his TOH director Vijay Krishna Acharya aka Victor for giving him a flop film. He said, "I don't need to forgive Victor. Every director that I've worked with, they are good and their intentions are good. We all aim to make a good film but sometimes it doesn't happen. Filmmaking is difficult. I'm a team player. If my director has gone wrong, I've gone wrong with him. I don't mind failing with my director on his or her instincts. I don't have a problem. I believe in the director and if he has gone wrong, I have too. We will learn from our mistakes."
He further added, "Audience came to watch the film on my name. So it was my responsibility. To that audience, I feel Personally and fully responsible. I've met a lot of people who told me they liked the film. But I don't judge these things. I think the audience has full right to say exactly what they want and they can be harsh in their criticism, that's their right."
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He also said that he hasn't given a flop for a while hence the audiences took out frustration. "If there was a certain amount of harshness, so be it. Also, I didn't give a flop film for a long time! So people got an opportunity to take out their frustration, which is good too. It's been years since I have had a failure. The best thing to do to from a failure is to do a good film, which I plan to do," he concluded."
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Home > Students and fellows > Tri-Agency Harmonization Scholarships Liaison Officers Working Group
Students and fellows Undergraduate programs Postgraduate programs Postdoctoral programs Summary of changes Eligibility How to apply Direct deposit Resource videos Contact Newsletter Canada Graduate Scholarships – Master's Program Resources Application deadlines and notification of results Policies and guidelines Award holder's guides
Tri-agency Harmonization Scholarships Liaison Officers Working Group
The Tri-agency Harmonization Scholarships Liaison Officers Working Group (SLO Working Group) provides advice to the agencies—the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC)—on matters related to implementing and delivering the Canada Graduate Scholarships – Master's (CGS M) program and the Canada Graduate Scholarships – Doctoral (CGS D) program. The SLO Working Group may also address the implementation and delivery of other tri-agency initiatives and harmonized programs, such as the Banting Postdoctoral Fellowships program and the Vanier Canada Graduate Scholarships program.
The mandate of the SLO Working Group is to provide the agencies with
independent, expert advice on operational and policy aspects related to tri-agency harmonized programs and processes
feedback on how tri-agency harmonized processes impact applicants and institution staff
The scope of the SLO Working Group is to provide advice and feedback on the implementation and delivery of harmonized tri-agency programs and processes. This includes elements such as tri-agency CGS program forms, the Tri-agency research training award holder's guide, various CGS program deadlines and the timing of various aspects of tri-agency program delivery. The scope does not include fundamental aspects of how the scholarships and fellowships programs are designed, such as selection committee membership, evaluation criteria, or weightings or rules for applicant references.
Institution, province
Deirdre Coburn University of Lethbridge, Alberta
Fong Di Caterina University of Toronto, Ontario
Marie Hawkins University of Windsor, Ontario
Justin Holme The University of British Columbia, British Columbia
Joanie Lavoie Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Quebec
Heather Lukey University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan
Paula Menzies The University of Western Ontario, Ontario
Michelle Nowlan Université de Moncton, New Brunswick
Diane Rodier Université de Montréal, Quebec
Marie-Claude Bergeron Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Quebec
Allison Whately-Doucet Lakehead University, Ontario
The SLO Working Group is composed of scholarships liaison officers or the fellowships equivalent from various institutions across Canada, and it is chaired by a representative from one of the three agencies.
The agencies will make reasonable attempts to ensure that membership reflects the diversity of the institutions they serve.
SLO Working Group members serve a term of 12 months with the option of renewal.
If you are interested in participating in the SLO Working Group, contact us at harmonization@cgs-besc.gc.ca.


The global market for Connectors is projected to reach US$91.1 billion by 2024, driven by the growing demand for high performing, reliable, fail-safe electronics in a wide range of industries such as automotive, telecommunication, consumer electronics, aerospace/ defense/military, medical equipment and industrial equipment. Functions of a connector that make it indispensable in electronics include joining electrical terminations to create a complete electrical circuit; electromagnetic interference (EMI) filtration and voltage surge protection. Automotive applications are poised to emerge into the spotlight supported by major trends in vehicle electronification and electrification such as commercialization of hybrid electric, plug-in hybrid electric and full-electric vehicles; growing complexity of in-vehicle networked systems against the backdrop of the development of smart connected and autonomous loaded with electronic sub-assemblies; and growing use of expensive and voltage sensitive electronic sub-systems that require reliable interconnects. In the consumer electronics space, proliferation of smartphones and ubiquitous use of computers for computing are helping drive demand for in-device connectors comprising board to wire connectors, board to board connectors, board to IC/memory card connectors and inter-device (device to device) connectors. Connectors for medical applications are also expected to witness strong demand supported by the growing use of embedded electronics in medical equipment and implants. Harsh environment connectors will continue to drive opportunities in the market in the coming years, given the fact that continuous functioning of infrastructure equipment, automobiles, aircraft, medical equipment such as life-saving defibrillators & ventilators and energy generation equipment will always be of prime importance and concern. Other major trends in the market include effervescent innovation and design improvements in connectors to meet high device quality and reliability standards; growing demand for versatile miniature connectors; growing commercial value of smart connector designs with EMI/RFI suppression features; growing popularity of IP-rated, RoHS-compliant and UL recognized connectors; growing demand for network bandwidth, rise in fiber optic deployments and the ensuing demand for fiber optic connectors. Asia-Pacific and Europe represent the two largest markets worldwide. Trailing a CAGR of 6.9% over the analysis period, Asia-Pacific ranks as the fastest growing market led by positive macro-economic cues; expanding industrial, business and commercial markets; robust consumer electronics industry; and increased demand for high-quality electronic interconnect solutions.
Through 2024, PCB Connectors will remain the largest market, followed by Rectangular I/O Connectors.
RF Coaxial Connectors are projected to witness the fastest growth driven by portable power requirements and sustained developments in network centric warfare/operations.
Connectors, also known as interconnects, are broadly defined as devices that connects two other devices, by setting up a signal link between two points such as two separate electronic devices/interfaces. Basically there are two types of connectors: male connectors, which contain exposed pins; and female connectors that have sockets in which male pins can be placed. Types of connectors include permanent and removable connectors.
Automobile, Computers, Telecommunications, Industrial, Aerospace & Defense, Consumer Electronics, Transportation, and Others.


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Victoria woman 'dumped' by family doctor for visiting walk-in clinic
By yuzda & Richard Zussman	Global News
Posted April 24, 2018 8:03 pm
Updated April 25, 2018 7:26 am
1:53 Island woman says doctor unexpectedly dropped her after clinic visit
A Vancouver Island woman says her doctor dropped her as a patient after she visited a walk-in clinic because she couldn't wait. Richard Zussman reports – Apr 24, 2018
It's a break-up Rachel Wilson wasn't expecting. The Victoria woman says she was told by her family doctor last week that she was no longer a patient because she had visited a walk-in clinic.
"My mom was saying, 'That's hilarious, you got dumped by your doctor,'" Wilson said. "Dating is hard enough, right?"
"I've been his patient for five years, I don't know why all of a sudden we wouldn't be getting along. I haven't seen him in ages because I can't get in for an appointment."
READ MORE: Doctor shortage puts pressure on Okanagan walk-in clinics
Wilson is in the midst of preparing an official complaint to the College of Physician and Surgeons of British Columbia against Dr. Kevin Wylie.
Wylie's office turned down multiple requests for an interview.
Wilson said the issue started after she returned from a trip to New Zealand. She tried to book an appointment with Wylie and was told there would be a lengthy wait. She then went to a walk-in clinic.
WATCH: Pressure growing on walk-in clinics amid growing doctor shortage
2:16 With the doctor shortage expected to get worse in the Okanagan and across B.C., the pressure on walk-in clinics is expected to grow as they serve an increasing number of patients who don't have a family doctor
With the doctor shortage expected to get worse in the Okanagan and across B.C., the pressure on walk-in clinics is expected to grow as they serve an increasing number of patients who don't have a family doctor – Mar 1, 2018
After that visit, Wilson called Wylie's office again to make an appointment and was told by the receptionist over the phone that her chart had been deactivated.
"She said, 'Oh, it looks like you've been going to walk-in clinics,' and I said, 'Yeah, when there's a month-long waiting list, of course I have to go to a walk-in clinic. Is that not allowed?'"
The College of Physician and Surgeons of British Columbia declined multiple requests for an interview about the case, saying "without knowing all of the details of the incident, and absent due process, it would not be appropriate for the college to comment."
In an email, the college detailed multiple possible reasons for why a doctor could dump a patient.
READ MORE: B.C. doctor shortage about to get worse as more physicians reach retirement age
Those reasons include a patient exhibiting threatening or abusive behaviour towards the physician or his/her medical office assistants; a patient poses a risk of harm to the physician or his/her medical office assistants or a physician chooses to reduce the number of patients in his/her practice due to personal health or similar reasons.
None of those reasons seem to be the case in this situation.
"Appropriately, I think in this case, the person has gone to the College of Physicians and Surgeons," Health Minister Adrian Dix said. "They'll look at the details of the case and review both sides, because there always are two sides."
READ MORE: No end in sight to B.C.'s doctor shortage as major online resource disappears
The college's policy also requires that a doctor notify a patient, preferably in person, that they will no longer serve as their physician. The doctor is also required to send a letter to be documented on the patient's medical record and help the patient for a month to find another doctor.
Wilson said none of those things happened.
WATCH: B.C. walk-in clinics calling for more doctors
6:09 Walk-in Clinics of BC calling for more doctors
Walk-in Clinics of BC calling for more doctors – Apr 4, 2017
"It's very frustrating. It's now a six-year waiting list for a doctor in Victoria," Wilson said.
"What do I do now, continue to go to walk-in clinics and not have someone help me with anything? It's really frustrating."
The B.C. government is currently working to address the shortage of family doctors in the province.
Dix said 15 per cent of people in the Victoria area do not have a family doctor. The province is working to reduce that wait and provide more primary care options for people.
"We will have doctors be more supported in the communities, family doctors to work more closely with nurses and nurse practitioners and other health practitioners to provide team-based care in parts of the province and you will see that response to deal with what we inherited," Dix said.
Doctor ShortageFamily DoctorCollege Of Physicians And Surgeonswalk-in clinicsRachel WilsonDr. Kevin Wyliedumped by doctor
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In the traditional DanceTrend programme, contemporary dancers, arrangers, choreographers and independent companies get a chance to introduce themselves. In the second half of the programme, audiences will get to know the Hungarian National Ballet's choreography, entitled Between the Balance.
The Badora Dance Company will perform the choreography by Dóra Barta entitled The Devil's Sand (God Created Man from the Sand that the Devil Brought up from the Depths of the Sea). The work of Attila Kozma, Fellini Étude, will be shown by the Miskolc Ballet.
In Transylvania, traditional belief has it that God made Man from the sand that the Devil brought up from the depths of the ocean. So, out of gratitude, Man raised a church to his Creator. But waiting proved useless: God just wouldn't come back to him. He had to acknowledge that he was alone. Instead of divine mercy, all he saw in the world was ruthless selfishness and cruelty. So he left to seek out Peace. He went, but just couldn't find what he was looking for. But he did gain wisdom from one experience: he realised that it was no use seeking for Heaven and Hell on earth. He would never find either of them, because both of them were inside him: no matter where he goes or what he does, they are there with him.
In this dance production, premiered in March 2015 in memory of the landmark Italian film director Federico Fellini, the dancers of the Miskolc Ballet guide us through the mysteries of the relationships between men and women. It's an adaptation, staged by Attila Kozma, the company's artistic head, of the Italian film director's magical realist masterpiece La Strada, which tells the tale of an unusual love triangle. The dance production examines exciting questions. How do people wind up with each other? What force causes them to stay together, and why do they grow apart? What kinds of relationships are born from anxiety, mistrust and fear? And where does that magic thing we call love originate from?
Two giant Italian composers – Verdi and Rossini – each wrote their own Otello. At the request of Tamás Solymosi, three young young choreographers from the Hungarian National Ballet – Kristina Starostina, Danielle Gould and Iurii Kekalo – have created a choreography to motifs from both works. This production explores the overwhelming emotional states in Shakespeare original drama: lust, contempt, jealousy, madness and grief. Completed in the autumn of 2015, the work has so far only been presented to the public on 23 October, the Opera's open day.