Why is Kevorkian threatening a hunger strike?
On April 14, 1999 Jack Kevorkian was sentenced to 10 to 25 years in prison for the second-degree murder of Thomas Youk. As he was being led off to prison, he declared that he would go on a hunger strike in protest. He told the Oakland Press of Pontiac, "My captivity is still enslavement, and I am not going to go along with it".
Jack Kevorkian has made himself the national champion for "assisted suicide". He freely admits that he has assisted 130 people in killing themselves. Plenty of people have made jokes about the obvious irony here. If Mr Kevorkian wants to starve to death, well, he's made it pretty clear that he believes that suicide is a fundamental human right, so we certainly wouldn't want to impose our morality on him by stopping him, would we?
But all jokes aside, let's ask ourselves a serious question: Why is Mr Kevorkian threatening to go on a hunger strike?
Does Mr Kevorkian really want to die? I think not. It's pretty clear that Mr Kevorkian is doing this as a form of protest, or an attention-getting scheme. Perhaps he hopes that people will say, "Wait, this man hasn't done anything so terrible that he deserves to die. If this is the choice, just let him go." Perhaps he is doing it for the media attention that he knows it will bring. Or perhaps he simply hopes that people will come forward and force-feed him, or at least talk him out of it, and assure him that they don't want him to die, that his life has value, that there are people out there who care about him. And he has plenty of friends and supporters who will surely come forward to assure him that he shouldn't do this, because he is needed to continue the fight for the "right to die", that his life is valuable and important.
But ... isn't it possible that the people who have come to Mr Kevorkian over the past nine years for assistance in suicide were seeking exactly the same thing?
Dr L J Dragovich, the Oakland County chief medical examiner, performed autopsies on 69 of the people who died with Mr Kevorkian's assistance. He reported that only 16 were terminally ill, and 5 showed no evidence of disease at all.
Most of the people who came to Mr Kevorkian were not terminally ill. It is likely that most were not suffering from unusual physical pain. For most, their problem was that they were old or handicapped, and they were feeling useless, a burden on their family and friends and society in general.
Did these people really want to die? Or were their attempted suicides a cry for help? How many planned a suicide in the hope that someone, anyone, would say, "Oh no, please don't do this terrible thing. We love you. We need you here with us. You still have so much to give." But no one said that. Instead, friends and relatives and doctors and juries smiled and said, "Yes, a wise choice. You're such a burden on your family. You're costing the insurance company so much money. Everyone would be so much better off if you'd just kill yourself and get out of the way."
And 130 unhappy people died sad and lonely deaths.
Copyright 1999 by Jay Johansen.


text:
Q: jQuery Image Changer: Alt tags Javascript isn't my strongest suit so please bear with me.
I've got an image changer on a website that someone has built for me. It changes a large image depending on which thumbnail is clicked (http://mitre.mitrebluelight.co.uk/shop/buy/footwear/cold-wet-weather).
I've got the ALT tags showing for the large image and the thumbnails, but I'm trying to get the script to change not only the large image SRC, but also the ALT tag.
Here's the script:
$(".small-images li a").click(function(){
    var $target = $(this).attr('href');

    $(".large-image img").fadeOut('fast',function(){
        $(".large-image img").attr('src',$target)
    $(".large-image img").fadeIn('fast');
})

And here's the HTML (please note, if some tags look unusual it's because I'm using ExpressionEngine as a CMS):

{exp:imgsizer:size image="/assets/media/{image_large}" width="389" height="250" alt="{image_large_title}"}

                    {images}
                        {exp:imgsizer:size image="/assets/media/{filenm}" width="389" height="250" alt="{image_title}"}
                    {/images}

More images:

                        {images}

{exp:imgsizer:size image="/assets/media/{filenm}" width="89" height="89" alt="{image_title}"}

                        {/images}

Any help is appreciated!
Regards,
Tom

A: Use $(".large-image img").attr('alt','your-alt'); as you used for src, well you had other errors in code, here is the fixed code:
$(".small-images li a").click(function(e){
     e.preventDefault(); // to prevent default action

     var $target = $(this).attr('href');

    $(".large-image img").fadeOut('fast',function(){
        $(".large-image img").attr('src',$target);
        $(".large-image img").attr('alt','your-alt');
        $(".large-image img").fadeIn('fast');
    });
});

Make sure to use it when DOM is ready or use document.ready

A: You want to change the alt attribute of an image tag? Add following code:
$(".large-image img").attr('alt', 'new alt text');

Alltogether it could be:
$(".small-images li a").click(function(){
    var $target = $(this).attr('href');
    var $alt = $(this).find('img').attr('alt');  // get alt attribute of next image

    $(".large-image img").fadeOut('fast',function(){
        $(".large-image img").attr('src',$target);
        $(".large-image img").attr('alt',$alt); // set alt attribute
        $(".large-image img").fadeIn('fast');
    });

A: Do you want to use the alt attribute of the image inside of the link? Try this:
$(".small-images li a").click(function(){
    var $target = $(this).attr('href');
    var alt = $(this).find("img").attr('alt');

    $(".large-image img").fadeOut('fast',function(){
        $(".large-image img").attr('src',$target).attr('alt',alt);
    $(".large-image img").fadeIn('fast');
})

A: You are already using the anchor's href attribute to set the images src, so you can use $('img', this) to find the alt of the image that has been clicked on and do the same.
$(".small-images li a").click(function(){
    var target = $(this).attr('href');
    var alt = $('img', this).attr('alt') ;
    $(".large-image img").fadeOut('fast',function(){
        $(this).attr('alt',alt) ;
        $(this).attr('src',target);
        $(this).fadeIn('fast');
    }) ;
}) ;

Although you can. you don't need to use $ for variables in javascript, simply var target is enough.
Edit - updated version following suggestions from @Usman's answer
(function($) {
    $(document).ready(function() {
        $(".small-images li a").click(function(){
            e.preventDefault() ;
            var target = $(this).attr('href');
            var alt = $('img', this).attr('alt') ;
            $(".large-image img").fadeOut('fast',function(){
                $(this).attr('alt',alt) ;
                $(this).attr('src',target);
                $(this).fadeIn('fast');
            }) ;
        }) ;
    }) ;
})(jQuery);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
In June, the thin, transparent plastic trays that fit over her leading and bottom teeth came in the mail. McKinney is resolving the series slowly, swapping the first set for the next, and the next, as her teeth move. It'll take about nine months in all. However after 3 months of wearing these trays practically every day and night, McKinney is excited about flaunting her brand-new smile (Free Test).
Danny Menendez/ BuzzFeed News Inside among SmileDirectClub's New York City places. SmileDirectClub's company model seems working. Align Innovation– the business that makes Invisalign, SmileDirect's main competitor– invested $46.7 million to end up being SmileDirect's exclusive supplier in 2015, and this year invested another $12.8 million, to own a total of 19% of the company.
On the other hand, lookalikes have actually launched with similar services: Orthly, introduced by 2 University of Pennsylvania trainees, now offers services to customers in Philadelphia, and Candid Co. released in New York this summertime. A SmileDirect client can be matched with one of 225 associated dental practitioners or orthodontists in all 50 states. These oral specialists from another location review patient cases and after that design the aligners that SmileDirect sends in the mail.
The company declined to name any of the medical professionals within its network, and would not provide details about its monetary relationships with them. "Basically they are collecting payments and paying us marketing fees," Fenkell stated."I think that claim is rather fake," AAO's general counsel Dillard stated. "The customers don't even see a dental practitioner.
(SmileDirectClub has a two-star ranking on Yelp.) And lots of professional dental professionals are alarmed that consumers never ever see a certified doctor before or throughout their treatment."It blew my mind," Casi Stubbs, a Florida orthodontist and member of the American Association of Orthodontists, told BuzzFeed News. Like normal orthodontists, SmileDirect's dentists base their prescriptions on computer system simulations of mouth scans.
"The teeth don't move biologically like they do on the computer system," Stubbs stated. One of her patients, 60-year-old Charlene Burnham, is a SmileDirect client whose too-tight aligners cut her gums, exposing part of her tooth near the root. Burnham told BuzzFeed News she invested a week trying– and stopping working– to talk with a SmileDirect dental expert on the phone, then went to Stubbs for help."They were bleeding, they were cut to the root," Burnham said.
"I was appalled."A SmileDirect agent told BuzzFeed News by e-mail that company-affiliated dental experts "track the patient's progress throughout treatment at routine periods."The company "facilitates the interactions" of clients and dental providers, the representative stated. "Oral service providers interact straight with clients through the consumer website and by means of SMS or phone when appropriate or indicated."In a YouTube video that's been viewed over 21,000 times considering that June, Baltimore orthodontist Jeffrey Miller alerted people far from the service, stating that no orthodontist would ever prescribe aligners without first taking the X-rays that SmileDirect avoids.
(The video was eliminated after this story published.)Grant Olson, a dentist in Springfield, Missouri, told BuzzFeed News that the business's product marketing, which compares itself with orthodontist-fitted Invisalign, is misguiding. Unlike Invisalign trays, which orthodontists can optimize by sticking special accessories on a tooth, SmileDirect's product is limited to extremely small corrections: The aligners can correct a tilt, but can't move a tooth's orientation or position along with its root.
He described that SmileDirect-affiliated orthodontists only approve cases that are appropriate for a remote assessment and do not require follow-up dental gos to (Free Test). Laws for dental professionals differ throughout states, but there are some typical themes in the 36 complaints sent by the AAO: Some states think about making impressions and supplying retainers to be the role of a certified physician, however SmileDirectClub usually supplies those services.
AAO basic counsel Dillard likewise informed BuzzFeed News that the business's business design incentivizes dental experts associated with SmileDirect to prescribe the trays even if they aren't necessary. Danny Menendez/ BuzzFeed News Although the company hasn't drew in the attention of regulators yet, customer grievances abound online. TL; DR: Prepare for a rough ride.
The huge majority of customers in these groups resign themselves to handling the snags due to the fact that there are merely no other choices (Free Test)."If you can be client, want a cost effective strategy, SDC IS properly to go! Having a favorable attitude and being patient goes a LONG method," Melanie Masso wrote to BuzzFeed News.
For numerous other consumers, the flight is a bust. Seattle resident Melissa Gulick told BuzzFeed News that at the end of nearly a year of treatment, the aligners have ruined her bite: Her front teeth touch prior to her molars can make contact (Free Test). "I'm pretty frustrated– food is hard to chew now and they won't fix it!"Gulick said that after grievances to the business, SmileDirectClub consented to continue treatment for totally free.
When asked about complaints that the trays messed up consumers' bites, a SmileDirect agent told BuzzFeed News: "Over 95% of our consumers total treatment and validate their finished new smile. It is essential to keep in mind that with any orthodontic procedure, bites will continue to move up until the treatment is completed."Another customer, 24-year-old Drexel College student Kacie Durham, informed BuzzFeed News that SmileDirectClub sent her a simulated treatment strategy that made her teeth look even worse."It in fact made my teeth appear more jagged at the bottom," she stated.
Durham returned her trays and made an application for a refund. Later, an orthodontist not connected with the company told her that her teeth would have to be filed and formed prior to they could be lined up. Durham felt duped: SmileDirect had actually approved her for a treatment that would never have worked."If a prospective consumer is unhappy with the 3d preview of his or her smile, there is no commitment to purchase aligners," the SmileDirectClub agent said (Free Test).
Minelle Tendler, a Boca Raton orthodontist, joined among the biggest Facebook groups, the 11,800-member SmileDirectClub Assistance, after 2 of her clients inquired about the product. In browsing the posts that appear in her Facebook feed, Tendler said that she's not seen anybody state they've had the ability to talk to a dentist at the business.
"You're asking someone who has no oral background, 'Is this going to work?'"More than when, Tendler has stopped short of responding to threads on the online forum. She sits on her hands due to the fact that the patients are not hers. "I'm taking a look at the pictures and thinking, Oh my god, you need to get teeth gotten, don't do it."Mainly, she is fretted that individuals who are wooed by SmileDirectClub's low price aren't totally knowledgeable about the drawbacks of avoiding an oral visit.
A previous version of this short article misidentified him as an orthodontist. Align Innovation owns 19% of SmileDirectClub. A previous version of this story specified it was 17%. Also, SmileDirectClub started operating in North Carolina in early October. A previous variation of this story, based upon an August interview with cofounder Alex Fenkell, stated that the business was not operating in North Carolina.
Mail-in aligners may appear like an excellent alternative for a slight repair. However remember you're not the specialist on how minimal a repair your teeth need. "It's challenging to go from something that's 90% excellent to make it 100% perfect; in my experience, I find that these are the harder cases," Dr.
The results of using invisible aligners can be exceptionally unpredictable, due to the fact that some people react well to them and others won't. "It's extremely tough to monitor this by yourself, because– like everything in medication– not everyone responds the very same," he states. The real difficulty features figuring out how to remedy your smile if you're not responding correctly to the retainers, he says.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The 1997 State of the Union address was given by President Bill Clinton to a joint session of the 105th United States Congress on February 4, 1997. The speech was the first State of the Union address of President Clinton's second term.
↑ Richard E. Sincere, Jr. (February 1997). "O.J., J.C., and Bill: Reflections on the State of the Union". Metro Herald. Archived from the original on 2002-07-31. Retrieved 2007-01-23. Watts told his audience -- about 100 high school students from the CloseUp Foundation watched in person, while a smaller number watched on television at home -- that he is "old enough to remember the Jim Crow" laws that affected him and his family while he grew up in a black neighborhood in small-town Oklahoma.
↑ Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives. "Office of the Clerk". Archived from the original on 2009-05-11. Retrieved 2009-04-14.


Taster Class – If you are new to Finchley Yoga, come and try your first class at our special offer price of £5 for a general, over 60s and teen classes.Summer Term starts on Tuesday 23rd April and our final class before the summer break will be on Thursday 18th July. Early Booking is now open with up to £24 discount if you book and pay before 4th April 2019.
If you would like to join one of our classes at any point during a term, please contact Julia for details on pro-rata payment for the remaining classes in the block.
Interview with Dianne Murphy who answers the question, "If you had 5 minutes yoga teaching time with teens about to step into an exam room what would you teach them?" and more questions about the value of yoga to teens to combat stress, improve body image and cope with the challenges of peer pressure.
Julia Davis of Finchley Yoga Interviews Dianne Murphy about How Teen Yoga is Benefitting Teens from Julia Davis on Vimeo.
Finchley Yoga run small, engaging classes to suit all age groups and abilities at our modern Maple Close Studio. We run a varied programme where students can learn to; increase flexibility, physical strength and stamina, relieve back pain and insomnia, improve general fitness and practice relaxation techniques to be calm and aware of their emotions to leave feeling positive and clear-headed. We welcome both women and men and we are happy to welcome babies to our Mother & Baby sessions.
Private classes available. Contact Julia for further details.
One-to-one Yoga Nidra with bespoke one off Yoga Nidras created for personal use – recordings provided.
*Teacher's Forum takes place monthly and is invitation only.
*Visit our Workshop page for Moon Circle dates.
Contact Julia for further information on any classes or if you have any questions.


text:
Bessel van der Kolk (born 1943) is a psychiatrist, author, researcher and educator based in Boston, United States. Since the 1970s his research has been in the area of post-traumatic stress. He is the author of The New York Times best seller, The Body Keeps the Score. Van der Kolk formerly served as president of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, and is a former co-director of the National Child Traumatic Stress Network. He is a professor of psychiatry at Boston University School of Medicine and president of the Trauma Research Foundation in Brookline, Massachusetts.

Van der Kolk has published over 150 peer-reviewed scientific articles. His books include Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (1984), Psychological Trauma  (1987), Traumatic Stress (1996, with Alexander C. McFarlane  and Lars Weisæth) and The Body Keeps the Score (2014).

Early life and education
Van der Kolk was born in the Netherlands in 1943. He studied a pre-medical curriculum with a political science major at the University of Hawaii in 1965. He gained his M.D. at the Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, in 1970, and completed his psychiatric residency at the Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Harvard Medical School, in 1974.

After his training, van der Kolk worked as a director of Boston State Hospital and then became a staff psychiatrist at the Boston Veterans Administration Outpatient Clinic, where he acquired his interest in studying traumatic stress.

Career
Van der Kolk started the Trauma Center in Brookline, Massachusetts, in 1982 when he was working as a junior faculty member at Harvard Medical School. Since then, he has conducted numerous training programs and clinical trials. He did extensive studies on the nature of traumatic memory, and he took a leading role in the first studies on the psychopharmacological treatments of PTSD. He conducted some of the first studies on the biological substrates of PTSD  and on stress-induced analgesia. He was involved in the first neuroimaging studies of PTSD and of Dissociative Identity Disorder, and he received the first grants from the National Institutes of Health to study EMDR and yoga.

He has a particular interest in developmental psychopathology, studying how trauma has a differential effect, depending on developmental stage and the security of the attachment system, and he coined the term "Developmental Trauma Disorder" for the complex range of psychological and biological reactions to trauma over the course of human development.

In 1999 he initiated the creation of the National Child Traumatic Stress Network, which by 2019 had grown in to a network of 150 sites specializing in treating traumatized children and their families around the US. He has advocated innovative treatments for traumatic stress in children and adults, such as trauma-sensitive yoga, embodied therapies, neurofeedback, and psychedelic therapies.

Since 1989, he has been course director of the annual Boston International Trauma Conference, which brings together leading scientists and clinicians specializing in trauma, developmental psychopathology, attachment studies, body-oriented therapies, theater and expressive arts.

In 2017, van der Kolk was terminated from the parent organization of the Trauma Center, Justice Resource Institute, due to allegations of creating a hostile environment that allowed van der Kolk, then executive director of the Trauma Center, to engage in abusive practices. Van der Kolk stated that the termination was an attempt by the Justice Resource Institute to mitigate its own legal responsibility for the alleged misconduct. The executive team of the Trauma Center unanimously protested this termination, and all senior members of the Trauma Center resigned. Van der Kolk filed a lawsuit against the Justice Resource Institute for several counts of action including misrepresentation and defamation. The suit ended in a Non-Disclosure Agreement (NDA). The suit was settled quickly out of court. In 2020, the Trauma Center at the Justice Resource Institute closed permanently.

In May 2018, van der Kolk used the funds won in his settlement with the Justice Resource Institute to found the Trauma Research Foundation.

Van der Kolk teaches within the United States and internationally, having taught all over Europe as well as in China, Japan, Australia, Indonesia, India, New Zealand, Egypt, Israel, the UAE, Turkey and South Africa.

Books
 Van der Kolk, B. A., ed. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: Psychological and Biological Sequelae. Washington DC: American Psychiatric, 1984.
 Van der Kolk, B. A., Psychological Trauma. Washington DC: American Psychiatric, 1987.
 Van der Kolk, B. A., McFarlane, Alexander C., Weisæth, L (editors): Traumatic Stress: the effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body and society. New York: Guilford, 1996
 The Body Keeps the Score: Brain, Mind, and Body in the Healing of Trauma. Viking, 2014. . Hardcover. 464 pages. English (translated into 32 different languages)

References

External links

 Trauma Research Foundation

1943 births
Living people
Boston University faculty
Psychotherapists
Kolk, Bessel van der

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Solving our consumer disputes out-of-court (Alternative Dispute Resolution) To make a complaint, the User may write to "Cyclocity Vilnius" either by using the form provided for that purpose on the website, or by letter sent to info@cyclocity.lt. To this end, the User has a time limit of 6 (six) months as from the event in dispute. If the User does not consider the final reply from "Cyclocity Vilnius" to be satisfactory, the possibility of ultimate out-of-court remedy is available to them if they write to the State Consumer Rights Protection Authority. Full case file should be written to the following address: Vilniaus str. 25, 01402 Vilnius, Lithuania, email tarnyba@vvtat.lt, telephone 852626751, fax 852791466, website www.vvtat.lt or filled online form http://ec.europa.eu/odr/ .


Why does my antivirus software warn me when I download the Coupon Printer?
It may be that your Antivirus settings are high and blocking the installation. Please rest assured that we do not deliever viruses, trojans, malware, or adware with our download. You can verify that our software has been approved by TRUSTe at http://www.truste.org/tdp/whitelist.
The Coupon Printer is a software program that enables you to send coupons to your printer with the click of a button. It is user-friendly and completely safe for you to download. If you find you are being blocked, you can disable your antivirus temporarily, install the Coupon Printer, and enable your antivirus and then print coupons. Please let us know if you have encountered this problem.


Salora, the Indian manufacturer mainly known for manufacturing TVs and music systems in the country, has announced the launch of its first Android powered smartphone in the region. Dubbed as Salora POWERMaxx, it features 4.5-inch IPS LCD (qHD) display and supports dual-SIM (3G+3G) network.
If we talk about the other prominent specifications of the device, we would not find any surprising features apart from Android 4.0, 1GHz dual-core processor, 512MB RAM and 4GB of internal storage with microSD card slot. It has 8MP rear camera and 1.3MP front camera as well for video calling. The smartphone is powered by a long lasting 3200 mAh battery and is upgradable to Android 4.1 Jelly Bean platform.
The display of the smartphone is engineered with Advanced Assembly Technology with zero air gap that provides dust-free and colorful display. Also the surface of the phone is made of forging aluminum Alloy through Fibre Drawing Technology and the there is a secondary microphone to eliminate ambient noise.
On the connectivity front, it supports Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g/n, Bluetooth with A2DP and aGPS. Priced at 15,999, it will hit the market soon preloaded with range of apps including Backup Restore App, Kingsoft Office, Skype, Facebook, Twitter and Google Chrome.


text:
National Wool Museum0300 111 2 333work MuseumThe National Wool Museum displays tell the story of the Woollen Industry through working machinery, archive material, and exciting hands-on displays and textile gallery.
Wool was historically the most important and widespread of Wales's industries and the National Wool Museum is housed in the historic former Cambrian Mills which made shirts and shawls, blankets and bedcovers, woollen stockings and socks sold throughout the world. The picturesque village of Dre-fach Felindre in the beautiful Teifi valley was once the centre of the thriving woollen industry, earning the nickname 'The Huddersfield of Wales'.
On your visit to the museum which holds the National Textile Collection, you can follow the process from Fleece to Fabric and visit the sympathetically restored listed mill buildings.
The Museum houses a wide variety of historic machinery used in the woollen mills of Wales including the electric powered Willower - the 'willy' or 'devil' - is used to disentangle wool with its large revolving drum, covered with rows of iron spikes, opening up the wool in preparation for carding.
The Carding Engine was invented in the 18th century. The carding engines comb the wool after it has been willowed, preparing the fibres for spinning. Cambrian Mills had four carding engines, 20 meters long and weighing 10 tons each. They were vital for mass production, because poorly carded wool would keep breaking when spun, wasting time and money, and reducing the quality of both the yarn and cloth woven from it.
A raised walkway gives a unique view of textiles in production at Melin Teifi, the site's commercial woollen mill, while the Textile Gallery displays aspects of the National Flat Textile Collection.
The National Wool Museum has excellent visitor facilities and a café and shop and not only tells the fascinating story of the wool industry in Wales but also supports the production of fabrics in traditional Welsh patterns by a working mill, which can be seen in operation within the museum.
Dre-fach FelindreNear Newcastle EmlynLlandysulSA44 5UPUnited Kingdom52.024953175300-4.399023696700http://museum.wales/wool/
Museum, free entry
The National Wool Museum displays tell the story of the Woollen Industry through working machinery, archive material, and exciting hands-on displays and textile gallery.
museum.wales/wool/
April - September: seven days a week from 10:00 - 17:00
October - March: Tuesday to Saturday from 10:00 - 17:00
Open public holidays excluding Christmas and New Year.
Village Trail
Events at this Venue
Sat 1 Feb Course: Intro to Hand Embroidery
Thu 20 - Fri 21 Feb Scrappy Sheep Club - Rainbows
Sat 29 Feb St David's Day Party
Sat 14 Mar Vintage & Makers Market
Sat 21 Mar Course: Visible Mending
Dre-fach Felindre,
Near Newcastle Emlyn,
Llandysul,
SA44 5UP
Located 4 miles east of Newcastle Emlyn, 16 miles west of Carmarthen off the A484. Follow the brown tourist signs for the National Wool Museum.
Accessible by Public Transport: 16 miles from Carmarthen station
Visual alarm system
Level access (no steps/thresholds) or access by ramp or lift to cafeteria
Menus available in large print (14pt and over)


text:
Frick board approves design for $160m extension
Rendering of the expanded Frick Collection from 70th Street. Courtesy of Selldorf Architects
Our daily round-up of news from the art world
Frick Collection board approves new design for $160 million extension | The Frick Collection's board of trustees has voted to approve plans for a major extension designed by Annabelle Selldorf of Selldorf Architects. The $160 million project represents the first major upgrade to the museum's facilities since 1935, and will provide it with amenities including an education centre and auditorium, improved access for disabled visitors, updated conservation laboratories, and new exhibition spaces that will increase the Frick's display capacity by around 30 per cent. The project is expected to break ground in 2020.
Jean-Luc Martinez signs on for further three-year term at Louvre | France's culture ministry has extended Jean-Luc Martinez's contract as director of the Louvre for a further three-year term, reports Le Figaro (French language article). Martinez, who has led the museum since 2013, has overseen several major projects both at the institution itself and elsewhere, having presided over the launch of the Louvre Abu Dhabi in 2017.
Theaster Gates named inaugural visiting artist at Maine's Lunder Institute | The Colby College in Waterville, Maine has appointed Theaster Gates as director of artist initiatives and inaugural distinguished visiting artist at the new Lunder Institute for American Art at the Colby Museum of Art. Gates's three-year appointment at the research centre will culminate in a major retrospective at the Colby Museum of Art in 2021.
Brooklyn Museum under fire over hiring of white curator of African art | The Brooklyn Museum has come under fire over its decision to hire Kristen Windmuller-Luna, who is white, as its consulting curator for African art. According to ArtNews, a number of groups and individuals have criticised the appointment, with an activist group known as 'Decolonize this Place' stating that it 'reflects deeper structural flaws within [the] museum's culture'.
Three new professorships announced at future Documenta Institute | The state of Hesse is to finance three new professorships devoted to the history and significance of the quinquennial Documenta exhibition based in the city of Kassel. According to the Art Newspaper, the state has set aside €180,000 for the positions this year, with a further €360,000 earmarked for 2019. The professorships will contribute to the research conducted by a planned Documenta Institute, to be built north of Kassel.
Suad Garayeva-Maleki appointed artistic director of Yarat in Azerbaijan | Yarat, a contemporary art centre in Baku, Azerbaijan has appointed Suad Garayeva-Maleki as its new artistic director. Garayeva-Maleki has served at the organisation as chief curator since 2014, working with artists including Goshka Makuga, Oscar Murillo and Hannah Black.
Christo reveals more details of Serpentine project
Art news daily: 4 April
MAC Lyon director Thierry Raspail retires
Lionel Barber appointed chair of Tate trustees
Art news daily: 29 March
The Getty Center presents highlights from its magnificent collection of medieval manuscripts
The National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., celebrates the past masters of making art that goes over your head
The New Delhi-based photographer's intimate and playful portraits of contemporary life in India go on show at the Louisiana Museum of Modern Art
Amarna: City of the Sun God
Akhenaten's sun-worshipping cult is the focus of this exhibition at the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek in Copenhagen
The Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation is one of Germany's most important cultural institutions, but why is its name such a relic from the past?
Ever since F.W. Murnau adapted Bram Stoker's Dracula for his seminal film Nosferatu, the vampire has haunted the modern imagination
A show at J/M Gallery compares art curating with the shadowy ways in which AI now shapes our online experience


When I started thinking of this post I was very far from where I am now, both physically and more importantly, mentally. I'll start with the now, where I am with laying on a sunbed next to the pool at Club-Med in Florida, where I am on vacation with my entire family.
Now the then, which was about a month ago. My man was gone for 2 weeks abroad, and I was home alone with my two little ones, a half a world away from any of my family. And I felt alone. Very alone. The winter decided to peak it's head back in for the last time, the sky's were grey and so was my mood.
My days were run by what I call "survival mode",where I do just what I need to do so that my work, both motherly and professionally are done properly. But when the kids went to sleep, I grabbed the quickest, most nutritious thing I could find that would make the least amount of dirty dishes (no allotted time for dish washing in survival mode).
The two times I get the most homesick for my far-away family is right after I come back from a visit or right before. It's odd and goes against rational thinking (and probably why my husband still can't quite figure out how to console me). But last month I was homesick bad, and with the guy being away, I knew that even though I was in survival mode I had to do something to pick myself up. And that something is what we American Jews call "the Jewish penicillin".
My mom has mastered two dishes down:1. Brisket and 2. Chicken Soup. But every time I've asked her for the chicken soup recipe I get the typical Jewish mother response "a little of this, a little of that, I don't have a recipe". So I've been mastering the art of the Chicken Soup this past winter and I finally perfected it. Just in time for when I needed it the most. So I made myself a large pot, warmed a bowl each night, and ate by myself, thinking about better times, like right now.
I prefer a chicken soup with no weird chicken pieces/skin floating around, and my son likes the soup to not have any "green leaves" floating around, so I perfected the method of making a clear (great flavored) broth with just chicken meat and veggies.
You can use any vegetables you prefer; I like my soup to be a bit on the sweet side so I use sweet potato and pumpkin and carrots, but you can make it less sweet by omitting the sweet potato and adding potatoes, cabbage or cauliflower.
It's important to cut your veggies the same size so that they cook evenly.
For passover you can add homemade or the store bought matzoh balls. I mastered the soup but still haven't found a good recipe for matzoh balls. I would love to hear if anyone has a good recipe, that don't end up hard as a rock.
Check out some of our other recipes for Passover here, here and here.
1. In a very large pot, add the chicken, parsley root, celeriac, onion, parsley, dill, peppercorns, bay leaves and all-spice. Fill pot with water until ingredients are covered. Bring to a boil, and then skim off any chicken fat that appears on top. Reduce heat and allow to cook, uncovered for 1-2 hours.
2. Remove pot from heat and using a fine sieve strainer, strain the soup. Place the liquid back in the pot and set aside only the chicken , discarding all of the other parts.
3. Bring the liquid back to a boil and then add the carrots, sweet potato, and pumpkin. Cook for 15-20 minutes and then add the zucchini and cook for an additional 15-20 minutes, until all the vegetables are softened.
4. Remove chicken meat from the cooked chicken thighs and add to the soup. Season with salt and pepper and serve.
I thought I would pass on my 87 year old Mum's recipe for knaidlach, since you asked. It is a bit of this and a bit of that – but you will be able to perfect it , just as you have the soup! It just takes a little practice-and that's part of our tradition, after all.
She takes one egg and a ladleful of the slightly cooled chicken soup (once its ready) and mixes them well with a fork . Then she adds enough matza meal to make a soft consistency,plus seasonings, herbs,if you like, or even a little ground almonds instead of matza meal. I like them with salt and pepper and maybe a little parsley from the garden.
And herein lies the rub. How much to add to make them hold together , but not so much that they turn into cannonballs.? I find that the mixture needs to be a little softer than you think necessary to make balls – cos you then put them in the fridge for a half hour or so, which helps them firm up.
After that , you form a ball and drop it into the soup, as an experiment. If it floats and holds together -and puffs up- you may be onto a winner. You can taste it, after you think its cooked- about 10 minutes, but it depends how big you made it. Small is beautiful-I like to form them the size of shelled walnuts.
If its OK- then go ahead with the rest of the mixture. If its too loose, then add a bit more matza meal and continue. If its too heavy , you may be able to loosen the mixture by adding a little more soup to it.
You can cook them separately, by the way, in a pan of boiling water, if you dont want to reduce a precious drop of the chicken soup.
Wow Steph! Thanks so much for sharing. I'll let you know! Chag sameach.


Hi to all the grandparents out there who are now helping with the grandchildren.
We can all remember the shock and grief we felt when we heard that our precious grandchild was diagnosed deaf. I well remember the phone call from a distraught daughter who had taken our new little bundle for a hearing test just because he had been in special care in hospital. I dropped everything and raced over to find the house in turmoil and my daughter sitting in the corner nursing her two week old with tears dripping down her face on to his blanket, and a son-in-law in shock, not knowing what to do.
How many things have happened since then. Our little man initially had a unilateral hearing loss but OH!!! How??? We would love to go back to that little problem. Our little fellow has had a lot of other thing since then but he is improving every day.
We are the support, the shoulder to cry on, the ones to be grumped at when things go bad and understand the reason for it and not get angry. We are the backstop to take the baby and give Mum a break. We are the font of all knowledge, and know nothing at all. We are the ones who give unconditional love to our beautiful grandchildren and walk with pride as we wheel them in the supermarket with the hearing aids and processors, and answer the questions from other children, and well meaning stupid adults.
The changes to my life have been massive. I have gone back to Uni, to become a Teacher of the Deaf, and I am loving every minute of it. I plan to change schools and teach in a Deaf Facility in the next year. I have learned so much about such a wide range of things in the last couple of years. I have amazed myself. My darling little red haired, monster, love, non sleeping devil, and a hundred other adjectives has changed my life for the better.
Grandma Carol - Torin 2 CI . My wonderful little red haired monkey.


text:
https://www.universitypressscholarship.com/search?f_0=keywords&q_0=network%20structure
Keywords: network structure x
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The Politics of Networking in the Grassroots Environmental Justice Movement
David Schlosberg
in Environmental Justice and the New Pluralism: The Challenge of Difference for Environmentalism
10.1093/0199256411.003.0005
Political Science, Environmental Politics
The central claim of this work is that the diverse and fast-growing environmental justice movement in the United States embodies the newly emerging concepts and practices of critical pluralism, so ... More
The central claim of this work is that the diverse and fast-growing environmental justice movement in the United States embodies the newly emerging concepts and practices of critical pluralism, so this chapter turns to the environmental movement for examples of this in practice. Specifically, it looks at the new network structures and processes that have been adopted by grassroots environmental movements, which make connections, and create solidarity out of an understanding and respect for both differences and similarities, and work from a variety of places with a wide array of tactics. The chapter begins by exploring the value of difference (plurality) in the movement, and continues by examining the bases of the environmental justice movement in a number of pre-existing social and political networks, looking at how these networks link issues and establish alliances among diverse groups, how they form in order to deal with environmental issues of varying dimensions, and how they are structured organizationally. The author also examines some of the reasons why this form of organizing is a tactical strength, as it confronts (mirrors and maps) itself onto changing practices in capital movement and political oversight. Finally, in an initial attempt to evaluate the network form, some of the difficulties in, and criticisms of, networking as a social-movement strategy are explored.Less
The central claim of this work is that the diverse and fast-growing environmental justice movement in the United States embodies the newly emerging concepts and practices of critical pluralism, so this chapter turns to the environmental movement for examples of this in practice. Specifically, it looks at the new network structures and processes that have been adopted by grassroots environmental movements, which make connections, and create solidarity out of an understanding and respect for both differences and similarities, and work from a variety of places with a wide array of tactics. The chapter begins by exploring the value of difference (plurality) in the movement, and continues by examining the bases of the environmental justice movement in a number of pre-existing social and political networks, looking at how these networks link issues and establish alliances among diverse groups, how they form in order to deal with environmental issues of varying dimensions, and how they are structured organizationally. The author also examines some of the reasons why this form of organizing is a tactical strength, as it confronts (mirrors and maps) itself onto changing practices in capital movement and political oversight. Finally, in an initial attempt to evaluate the network form, some of the difficulties in, and criticisms of, networking as a social-movement strategy are explored.
Keywords: critical pluralism, criticisms, difference, environmental justice, environmental movement, grassroots environmental movements, network structures, networking, similarity, solidarity, tactical strength, United States
Federal Governance in the United States and the European Union: A Policy Network Perspective
John Peterson and Laurence J. O'Toole
in The Federal Vision: Legitimacy and Levels of Governance in the United States and the European Union
Political Science, European Union
The authors start by pointing out that as institutional forms for the governance of polities on a massive scale in the USA and the EU, networks face serious and potentially disabling challenges in ... More
The authors start by pointing out that as institutional forms for the governance of polities on a massive scale in the USA and the EU, networks face serious and potentially disabling challenges in terms of legitimacy. Network forms of governance tend to advantage experts or sophisticated actors who are familiar with all levels of government in federal systems, as opposed to ordinary citizens. To ignore the normative questions about input legitimacy to which network governance gives rise to risks weakening the democratic foundations of the federalist contracts that bind together levels of governance, public, quasi‐public, and private actors, and states and citizens in Europe and America. The argument is presented in four sections: first, an explanation is given of why network forms of governance have proliferated and the legitimacy issues that arise are considered, yielding a set of assessment criteria to be applied in framing analyses of legitimacy in different, real‐world political systems; second, an examination is made of networks in the EU; third, an assessment is offered of network structures in American governance; last, network structures in the two polities are compared and contrasted, highlighting both critical issues and network features with implications for legitimacy, as well as ways in which the democratic deficit that plagues network forms of governance might be closed.Less
John PetersonLaurence J. O'Toole
The authors start by pointing out that as institutional forms for the governance of polities on a massive scale in the USA and the EU, networks face serious and potentially disabling challenges in terms of legitimacy. Network forms of governance tend to advantage experts or sophisticated actors who are familiar with all levels of government in federal systems, as opposed to ordinary citizens. To ignore the normative questions about input legitimacy to which network governance gives rise to risks weakening the democratic foundations of the federalist contracts that bind together levels of governance, public, quasi‐public, and private actors, and states and citizens in Europe and America. The argument is presented in four sections: first, an explanation is given of why network forms of governance have proliferated and the legitimacy issues that arise are considered, yielding a set of assessment criteria to be applied in framing analyses of legitimacy in different, real‐world political systems; second, an examination is made of networks in the EU; third, an assessment is offered of network structures in American governance; last, network structures in the two polities are compared and contrasted, highlighting both critical issues and network features with implications for legitimacy, as well as ways in which the democratic deficit that plagues network forms of governance might be closed.
Keywords: EU, federal systems, federalism, governance, input legitimacy, legitimacy, network governance, network structures, policy networks, USA
Consequences of Network Structure
Jordi Bascompte and Pedro Jordano
in Mutualistic Networks
Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This chapter reviews the consequences of network structure for community robustness in front of perturbations such as species extinctions, habitat loss, and biological invasions. The nested, ... More
This chapter reviews the consequences of network structure for community robustness in front of perturbations such as species extinctions, habitat loss, and biological invasions. The nested, heterogeneous structure of mutualistic networks allows a higher number of coexisting species, a higher robustness to perturbations, and a higher rate of return to equilibrium. In spatially extended models, such network architecture increases spatial heterogeneity. When looking at species identities, however, there is a phylogenetic signal on network patterns. This implies that coextinction cascades following species extinctions tend to involve phylogenetically similar species, therefore leading to a higher loss of taxonomic diversity and a biased pruning of the evolutionary tree. Regarding the implications of network structure for coevolution, models suggest that even very infrequent pairwise coevolutionary events might trigger evolutionary changes in other species, increasing the cohesiveness of the interaction network.Less
Jordi BascomptePedro Jordano
This chapter reviews the consequences of network structure for community robustness in front of perturbations such as species extinctions, habitat loss, and biological invasions. The nested, heterogeneous structure of mutualistic networks allows a higher number of coexisting species, a higher robustness to perturbations, and a higher rate of return to equilibrium. In spatially extended models, such network architecture increases spatial heterogeneity. When looking at species identities, however, there is a phylogenetic signal on network patterns. This implies that coextinction cascades following species extinctions tend to involve phylogenetically similar species, therefore leading to a higher loss of taxonomic diversity and a biased pruning of the evolutionary tree. Regarding the implications of network structure for coevolution, models suggest that even very infrequent pairwise coevolutionary events might trigger evolutionary changes in other species, increasing the cohesiveness of the interaction network.
Keywords: mutualistic networks, mutualisms, network structure, community dynamics, coevolution, plant–animal mutualisms, coextinction
An Introduction to Complex Networks
Mutualisms can involve dozens, even hundreds, of species and this complexity has precluded a serious community-wide approach to plant–animal interactions. The most straightforward way to describe ... More
Mutualisms can involve dozens, even hundreds, of species and this complexity has precluded a serious community-wide approach to plant–animal interactions. The most straightforward way to describe such an interacting community is with a network of interactions. In this approach, species are represented as nodes of two types: plants and animals. This chapter provides the tools and concepts for characterizing mutualistic networks and placing them into a broad context. This serves as a background with which to understand the structure of mutualistic networks. The discussions cover a network approach to complex systems, measures of network structure, models of network buildup, and ecological networks.Less
Mutualisms can involve dozens, even hundreds, of species and this complexity has precluded a serious community-wide approach to plant–animal interactions. The most straightforward way to describe such an interacting community is with a network of interactions. In this approach, species are represented as nodes of two types: plants and animals. This chapter provides the tools and concepts for characterizing mutualistic networks and placing them into a broad context. This serves as a background with which to understand the structure of mutualistic networks. The discussions cover a network approach to complex systems, measures of network structure, models of network buildup, and ecological networks.
Keywords: mutualisms, plant–animal interactions, mutualistic networks, network structure, ecological networks
Network Structures in Germany and Britain
PAUL WINDOLF
in Corporate Networks in Europe and the United States
Business and Management, Organization Studies
This chapter presents a detailed comparative analysis of firms and network structures in Germany and Great Britain. It focuses on the degree of ownership concentration, the different types of owners, ... More
This chapter presents a detailed comparative analysis of firms and network structures in Germany and Great Britain. It focuses on the degree of ownership concentration, the different types of owners, and the differences in the configuration of corporate networks, as well as competition and cooperation in the network. The concept of network configuration is explained, and national networks are compared in terms of ownership concentration and the overlap of capital networks and interlocking directorates. The overlap of interlocks and ownership and the mutual reinforcement of bureaucratic power (management) and power conveyed by ownership characterize the specific control structure of German capitalism.Less
This chapter presents a detailed comparative analysis of firms and network structures in Germany and Great Britain. It focuses on the degree of ownership concentration, the different types of owners, and the differences in the configuration of corporate networks, as well as competition and cooperation in the network. The concept of network configuration is explained, and national networks are compared in terms of ownership concentration and the overlap of capital networks and interlocking directorates. The overlap of interlocks and ownership and the mutual reinforcement of bureaucratic power (management) and power conveyed by ownership characterize the specific control structure of German capitalism.
Keywords: corporate networks, Germany, Great Britain, network structures, ownership, network configuration, interlocking directorates, capital networks, capitalism, competition
The Structure of Plant-Animal Mutualistic Networks
This chapter discusses the structure of mutualistic networks. Despite their apparent complexity, mutualistic networks show repeated, universal structural patterns independent of species composition, ... More
This chapter discusses the structure of mutualistic networks. Despite their apparent complexity, mutualistic networks show repeated, universal structural patterns independent of species composition, size, and other ecological details. First, mutualistic networks are very heterogeneous: whereas the majority of species have only one or a few interactions, a few species are much more connected than expected by chance. Second, mutualistic networks are highly nested, that is, specialists interact with well-defined subsets of the species generalists interact with. Third, mutualistic networks are built on weak, asymmetric interactions among species. Fourth, mutualistic networks have a strong small-world property; that is, they simultaneously have a short path length among any pair of species and a high clustering coefficient. Finally, these networks are significantly modular—that is, there are small groups of species with morphological convergence of traits that interact strongly among themselves and more loosely with species from other modules. These modules can be regarded as the basic building blocks of mutualistic networks and their coevolutionary units.Less
This chapter discusses the structure of mutualistic networks. Despite their apparent complexity, mutualistic networks show repeated, universal structural patterns independent of species composition, size, and other ecological details. First, mutualistic networks are very heterogeneous: whereas the majority of species have only one or a few interactions, a few species are much more connected than expected by chance. Second, mutualistic networks are highly nested, that is, specialists interact with well-defined subsets of the species generalists interact with. Third, mutualistic networks are built on weak, asymmetric interactions among species. Fourth, mutualistic networks have a strong small-world property; that is, they simultaneously have a short path length among any pair of species and a high clustering coefficient. Finally, these networks are significantly modular—that is, there are small groups of species with morphological convergence of traits that interact strongly among themselves and more loosely with species from other modules. These modules can be regarded as the basic building blocks of mutualistic networks and their coevolutionary units.
Keywords: mutualistic networks, mutualisms, network structure, ecological networks, coevolutionary units
Environmental Justice and the New Pluralism: The Challenge of Difference for Environmentalism
In this first ever theoretical treatment of the environmental justice movement, David Schlosberg demonstrates the development of a new form of 'critical' pluralism, in both theory and practice. ... More
In this first ever theoretical treatment of the environmental justice movement, David Schlosberg demonstrates the development of a new form of 'critical' pluralism, in both theory and practice. Taking into account the evolution of environmentalism and pluralism over the course of the century, Schlosberg argues that the environmental justice movement and new pluralist theories now represent a considerable challenge to both conventional pluralist thought and the practices of the major groups in the US environmental movement. Much of recent political theory has been aimed at how to acknowledge and recognize, rather than deny, the diversity inherent in contemporary life. In practice, the myriad ways people define and experience the 'environment' has given credence to a form of environmentalism that takes difference seriously. The environmental justice movement, with its base in diversity, its networked structure, and its communicative practices and demands, exemplifies the attempt to design political practices beyond those one would expect from a standard interest group in the conventional pluralist model. The book is arranged in four parts: I. Environmentalism and Difference: The Pluralist Challenge (two chapters); II. Critical Pluralism in Theory (two chapters); III. Environmental Justice: Critical Pluralism in Practice (two chapters); and IV. Conclusion (one chapter).Less
Environmental Justice and the New Pluralism : The Challenge of Difference for Environmentalism
In this first ever theoretical treatment of the environmental justice movement, David Schlosberg demonstrates the development of a new form of 'critical' pluralism, in both theory and practice. Taking into account the evolution of environmentalism and pluralism over the course of the century, Schlosberg argues that the environmental justice movement and new pluralist theories now represent a considerable challenge to both conventional pluralist thought and the practices of the major groups in the US environmental movement. Much of recent political theory has been aimed at how to acknowledge and recognize, rather than deny, the diversity inherent in contemporary life. In practice, the myriad ways people define and experience the 'environment' has given credence to a form of environmentalism that takes difference seriously. The environmental justice movement, with its base in diversity, its networked structure, and its communicative practices and demands, exemplifies the attempt to design political practices beyond those one would expect from a standard interest group in the conventional pluralist model. The book is arranged in four parts: I. Environmentalism and Difference: The Pluralist Challenge (two chapters); II. Critical Pluralism in Theory (two chapters); III. Environmental Justice: Critical Pluralism in Practice (two chapters); and IV. Conclusion (one chapter).
Keywords: communication, diversity, environment, environmental justice, environmental movement, environmentalism, networked structure, pluralism, political practice, United States
Joshua M. Epstein
in Agent_Zero: Toward Neurocognitive Foundations for Generative Social Science
Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
This part discusses the fourteen extensions of Agent_Zero: endogenous destructive radii; age and impulse control; fight vs. flight; replication of the Latané–Darley experiment; introduction of ... More
This part discusses the fourteen extensions of Agent_Zero: endogenous destructive radii; age and impulse control; fight vs. flight; replication of the Latané–Darley experiment; introduction of memory; couplings (entanglement of passion and reason); endogenous dynamics of connection strength; growing the 2011 Arab Spring; jury processes; endogenous dynamics of network structure; multiple social levels; the 18th Brumaire of Agent_Zero; prices and seasonal economic cycles; and mutual escalation spirals. Each of these extensions is explained in detail. In particular, the affective, deliberative, and social components of Agent_Zero are modeled as independent; they all affect disposition and they are entangled. This part also presents examples involving the activation of the yellow spatial sites as well as violent occupation by Blue Agent_Zero actors.Less
This part discusses the fourteen extensions of Agent_Zero: endogenous destructive radii; age and impulse control; fight vs. flight; replication of the Latané–Darley experiment; introduction of memory; couplings (entanglement of passion and reason); endogenous dynamics of connection strength; growing the 2011 Arab Spring; jury processes; endogenous dynamics of network structure; multiple social levels; the 18th Brumaire of Agent_Zero; prices and seasonal economic cycles; and mutual escalation spirals. Each of these extensions is explained in detail. In particular, the affective, deliberative, and social components of Agent_Zero are modeled as independent; they all affect disposition and they are entangled. This part also presents examples involving the activation of the yellow spatial sites as well as violent occupation by Blue Agent_Zero actors.
Keywords: extensions, Agent_Zero, fight vs. flight, endogenous destructive radii, Latané–Darley experiment, memory, connection strength, network structure, prices, mutual escalation spirals
Analysis of Crossword Puzzle Difficulty Using a Random Graph Process
John K. McSweeney
in The Mathematics of Various Entertaining Subjects: Research in Recreational Math
Mathematics, History of Mathematics
This chapter quantifies the dynamics of a crossword puzzle by using a network structure to model it. Specifically, the chapter determines how the interaction between the structure of cells in the ... More
This chapter quantifies the dynamics of a crossword puzzle by using a network structure to model it. Specifically, the chapter determines how the interaction between the structure of cells in the puzzle and the difficulty of the clues affects the puzzle's solvability. It first builds an iterative stochastic process that exactly describes the solution and obtains its deterministic approximation, which gives a very simple fixed-point equation to solve for the final solution proportion. The chapter then shows via simulation on actual crosswords from the Sunday edition of The New York Times that certain network properties inherent to actual crossword networks are important predictors of the final solution size of the puzzle.Less
This chapter quantifies the dynamics of a crossword puzzle by using a network structure to model it. Specifically, the chapter determines how the interaction between the structure of cells in the puzzle and the difficulty of the clues affects the puzzle's solvability. It first builds an iterative stochastic process that exactly describes the solution and obtains its deterministic approximation, which gives a very simple fixed-point equation to solve for the final solution proportion. The chapter then shows via simulation on actual crosswords from the Sunday edition of The New York Times that certain network properties inherent to actual crossword networks are important predictors of the final solution size of the puzzle.
Keywords: crossword puzzles, crossword puzzle difficulty, random graph process, network structure, iterative stochastic process, The New York Times, network properties, crossword networks
Ecological and Evolutionary Mechanisms
A persistent challenge in evolutionary biology has been understanding how coevolution has produced complex webs of interacting species. This chapter investigates the suite of ecological, ... More
A persistent challenge in evolutionary biology has been understanding how coevolution has produced complex webs of interacting species. This chapter investigates the suite of ecological, evolutionary, and coevolutionary mechanisms responsible for generating such network patterns. Although some predictors of a species position in a network of interactions have been studied—mainly species abundance and forbidden links—we are moving toward an integrative approach, where several variables are tested simultaneously within the framework of phylogenetically independent contrasts. This can help us quantify the relative contribution of different factors given that they are often correlated. Body size, phenological spread, regional abundance, and species abundance are significantly correlated with a species position in the network of interactions in the frugivore set. There is a phylogenetic signal in the position of a species in the network (e.g., its degree). Beyond this, the phylogenetic patterns of shared ancestry also play a key role in explaining the overall pattern of mutualistic associations between the two sets of species. This pattern of interaction is influenced mainly by the evolutionary history of the plants.Less
A persistent challenge in evolutionary biology has been understanding how coevolution has produced complex webs of interacting species. This chapter investigates the suite of ecological, evolutionary, and coevolutionary mechanisms responsible for generating such network patterns. Although some predictors of a species position in a network of interactions have been studied—mainly species abundance and forbidden links—we are moving toward an integrative approach, where several variables are tested simultaneously within the framework of phylogenetically independent contrasts. This can help us quantify the relative contribution of different factors given that they are often correlated. Body size, phenological spread, regional abundance, and species abundance are significantly correlated with a species position in the network of interactions in the frugivore set. There is a phylogenetic signal in the position of a species in the network (e.g., its degree). Beyond this, the phylogenetic patterns of shared ancestry also play a key role in explaining the overall pattern of mutualistic associations between the two sets of species. This pattern of interaction is influenced mainly by the evolutionary history of the plants.
Keywords: mutualistic networks, mutualisms, network structure, ecological networks, phylogenetic effects, coevolutioin
Mutualistic Networks
Mutualistic interactions among plants and animals have played a paramount role in shaping biodiversity. Yet the majority of studies on mutualistic interactions have involved only a few species, as ... More
Mutualistic interactions among plants and animals have played a paramount role in shaping biodiversity. Yet the majority of studies on mutualistic interactions have involved only a few species, as opposed to broader mutual connections between communities of organisms. This is the first book to comprehensively explore this burgeoning field. Integrating different approaches, from the statistical description of network structures to the development of new analytical frameworks, the book describes the architecture of these mutualistic networks and shows their importance for the robustness of biodiversity and the coevolutionary process. Making a case for why we should care about mutualisms and their complex networks, this book offers a new perspective on the study and synthesis of this growing area for ecologists and evolutionary biologists. It will serve as the standard reference for all future work on mutualistic interactions in biological communities.Less
Mutualistic interactions among plants and animals have played a paramount role in shaping biodiversity. Yet the majority of studies on mutualistic interactions have involved only a few species, as opposed to broader mutual connections between communities of organisms. This is the first book to comprehensively explore this burgeoning field. Integrating different approaches, from the statistical description of network structures to the development of new analytical frameworks, the book describes the architecture of these mutualistic networks and shows their importance for the robustness of biodiversity and the coevolutionary process. Making a case for why we should care about mutualisms and their complex networks, this book offers a new perspective on the study and synthesis of this growing area for ecologists and evolutionary biologists. It will serve as the standard reference for all future work on mutualistic interactions in biological communities.
Keywords: biodiversity, mutualistic interaction, network structures, coevolution, mutualisms, evolutionary biology
Introduction: A short introduction to networks and why we study them
M. E. J. Newman
in Networks: An Introduction
Physics, Theoretical, Computational, and Statistical Physics
A network is, in its simplest form, a collection of points joined together in pairs by lines. In the jargon of the field the points are referred to as vertices or nodes and the lines are referred to ... More
A network is, in its simplest form, a collection of points joined together in pairs by lines. In the jargon of the field the points are referred to as vertices or nodes and the lines are referred to as edges. Many objects of interest in the physical, biological, and social sciences can be thought of as networks and, as this book aims to show, thinking of them in this way can often lead to new and useful insights. This introductory chapter discusses why we are interested in networks and describes some specific networks of note. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.Less
Introduction : A short introduction to networks and why we study them
A network is, in its simplest form, a collection of points joined together in pairs by lines. In the jargon of the field the points are referred to as vertices or nodes and the lines are referred to as edges. Many objects of interest in the physical, biological, and social sciences can be thought of as networks and, as this book aims to show, thinking of them in this way can often lead to new and useful insights. This introductory chapter discusses why we are interested in networks and describes some specific networks of note. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.
Keywords: networks structure, Internet, computer networks, biological networks, social networks
Social networks: A discussion of social networks and the empirical techniques used to probe their structure
Social networks are networks in which the vertices are people, or sometimes groups of people, and the edges represent some form of social interaction between them, such as friendship. This chapter ... More
Social networks are networks in which the vertices are people, or sometimes groups of people, and the edges represent some form of social interaction between them, such as friendship. This chapter begins with a short summary of the origins and research focus of the field of social networks. It then describes some of the techniques used to discover social network structure, including interviews and questionnaires, direct observation, and data from archival or third-party records.Less
Social networks : A discussion of social networks and the empirical techniques used to probe their structure
Social networks are networks in which the vertices are people, or sometimes groups of people, and the edges represent some form of social interaction between them, such as friendship. This chapter begins with a short summary of the origins and research focus of the field of social networks. It then describes some of the techniques used to discover social network structure, including interviews and questionnaires, direct observation, and data from archival or third-party records.
Keywords: social networks, social network structure, affiliation networks, observation
Civic Participation and Social Capital: A Social Network Analysis in Two American Counties 1
Marc Porter Magee
in Social Capital: An International Research Program
Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This chapter aims to strengthen the empirical and conceptual understanding of the links between civic participation and the social network structure of social capital. It provides an analysis of ... More
This chapter aims to strengthen the empirical and conceptual understanding of the links between civic participation and the social network structure of social capital. It provides an analysis of original survey data that uses a position generator instrument, and considers some previous research.Less
This chapter aims to strengthen the empirical and conceptual understanding of the links between civic participation and the social network structure of social capital. It provides an analysis of original survey data that uses a position generator instrument, and considers some previous research.
Keywords: civic participation, social network structure, survey data, position generator instrument
Epidemics on networks: An introduction to the theory of the epidemic processes by which diseases spread over networks of contact between humans, animals, plants, and even computers
One of the reasons for the large investment the scientific community has made in the study of social networks is their connection with the spread of disease. Diseases spread over networks of contacts ... More
One of the reasons for the large investment the scientific community has made in the study of social networks is their connection with the spread of disease. Diseases spread over networks of contacts between individuals: airborne diseases like influenza or tuberculosis are communicated when two people breathe the air in the same room; contagious diseases and parasites can be communicated when people touch; HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases are communicated when people have sex. The patterns of such contacts can be represented as networks and a good deal of effort has been devoted to empirical studies of these networks' structure. This chapter looks at the connections between network structure and disease dynamics and at mathematical theories that allow us to understand and predict the outcomes of epidemics. Exercises are provided at the end of the chapter.Less
Epidemics on networks : An introduction to the theory of the epidemic processes by which diseases spread over networks of contact between humans, animals, plants, and even computers
One of the reasons for the large investment the scientific community has made in the study of social networks is their connection with the spread of disease. Diseases spread over networks of contacts between individuals: airborne diseases like influenza or tuberculosis are communicated when two people breathe the air in the same room; contagious diseases and parasites can be communicated when people touch; HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases are communicated when people have sex. The patterns of such contacts can be represented as networks and a good deal of effort has been devoted to empirical studies of these networks' structure. This chapter looks at the connections between network structure and disease dynamics and at mathematical theories that allow us to understand and predict the outcomes of epidemics. Exercises are provided at the end of the chapter.
Keywords: disease spread, network structure, disease dynamics, epidemic models, infection
Multilayer Networks: Structure and Function
Ginestra Bianconi
Multilayer networks are formed by several networks that interact with each other and co-evolve. Multilayer networks include social networks, financial markets, transportation systems, infrastructures ... More
Multilayer networks are formed by several networks that interact with each other and co-evolve. Multilayer networks include social networks, financial markets, transportation systems, infrastructures and molecular networks and the brain. The multilayer structure of these networks strongly affects the properties of dynamical and stochastic processes defined on them, which can display unexpected characteristics. For example, interdependencies between different networks of a multilayer structure can cause cascades of failure events that can dramatically increase the fragility of these systems; spreading of diseases, opinions and ideas might take advantage of multilayer network topology and spread even when its single layers cannot sustain an epidemic when taken in isolation; diffusion on multilayer transportation networks can significantly speed up with respect to diffusion on single layers; finally, the interplay between multiplexity and controllability of multilayer networks is a problem with major consequences in financial, transportation, molecular biology and brain networks. This field is one of the most prosperous recent developments of Network Science and Data Science. Multilayer networks include multiplex networks, multi-slice temporal networks, networks of networks, interdependent networks. Multilayer networks are characterized by having a highly correlated multilayer network structure, providing a significant advantage for extracting information from them using multilayer network measures and centralities and community detection methods. The multilayer network dynamics (including percolation, epidemic spreading, diffusion, synchronization, game theory and control) is strongly affected by the multilayer network topology. This book will present a comprehensive account of this emerging field.Less
Multilayer Networks : Structure and Function
Multilayer networks are formed by several networks that interact with each other and co-evolve. Multilayer networks include social networks, financial markets, transportation systems, infrastructures and molecular networks and the brain. The multilayer structure of these networks strongly affects the properties of dynamical and stochastic processes defined on them, which can display unexpected characteristics. For example, interdependencies between different networks of a multilayer structure can cause cascades of failure events that can dramatically increase the fragility of these systems; spreading of diseases, opinions and ideas might take advantage of multilayer network topology and spread even when its single layers cannot sustain an epidemic when taken in isolation; diffusion on multilayer transportation networks can significantly speed up with respect to diffusion on single layers; finally, the interplay between multiplexity and controllability of multilayer networks is a problem with major consequences in financial, transportation, molecular biology and brain networks. This field is one of the most prosperous recent developments of Network Science and Data Science. Multilayer networks include multiplex networks, multi-slice temporal networks, networks of networks, interdependent networks. Multilayer networks are characterized by having a highly correlated multilayer network structure, providing a significant advantage for extracting information from them using multilayer network measures and centralities and community detection methods. The multilayer network dynamics (including percolation, epidemic spreading, diffusion, synchronization, game theory and control) is strongly affected by the multilayer network topology. This book will present a comprehensive account of this emerging field.
Keywords: multilayer network, multiplex network, multi-slice temporal network, network of network, interdependent network, multilayer network structure, multilayer network dynamics, Network Science, Data Science
The Small Worlds of Corporate Governance
Bruce Kogut (ed.)
10.7551/mitpress/9780262017275.001.0001
Business and Management, Corporate Governance and Accountability
The financial crisis of 2008 laid bare the hidden network of relationships in corporate governance: who owes what to whom, who will stand by whom in times of crisis, what governs the provision of ... More
The financial crisis of 2008 laid bare the hidden network of relationships in corporate governance: who owes what to whom, who will stand by whom in times of crisis, what governs the provision of credit when no one seems to have credit. This book maps the influence of these types of economic and social networks — communities of agents (people or firms) and the ties among them — on corporate behavior and governance. The studies in the book are largely concerned with mechanisms for the emergence of governance networks rather than with what determines the best outcomes. The chapters identify "structural breaks" — privatization, for example, or globalization — and assess why powerful actors across countries behaved similarly or differently in terms of network properties and corporate governance. They examine, among other topics, the surprisingly heterogeneous network structures that contradict the common belief in a single Anglo-Saxon model; the variation in network trajectories among the formerly communist countries including China; signs of convergence in response to the common structural breaks in Europe; the growing structural power of women due to gains in gender diversity on corporate governance in Scandinavia; the "small world" of merger and acquisition activity in Germany and the United States; the properties of a global and transnational governance network; and the application of agent-based models to understanding the emergence of governance.Less
The financial crisis of 2008 laid bare the hidden network of relationships in corporate governance: who owes what to whom, who will stand by whom in times of crisis, what governs the provision of credit when no one seems to have credit. This book maps the influence of these types of economic and social networks — communities of agents (people or firms) and the ties among them — on corporate behavior and governance. The studies in the book are largely concerned with mechanisms for the emergence of governance networks rather than with what determines the best outcomes. The chapters identify "structural breaks" — privatization, for example, or globalization — and assess why powerful actors across countries behaved similarly or differently in terms of network properties and corporate governance. They examine, among other topics, the surprisingly heterogeneous network structures that contradict the common belief in a single Anglo-Saxon model; the variation in network trajectories among the formerly communist countries including China; signs of convergence in response to the common structural breaks in Europe; the growing structural power of women due to gains in gender diversity on corporate governance in Scandinavia; the "small world" of merger and acquisition activity in Germany and the United States; the properties of a global and transnational governance network; and the application of agent-based models to understanding the emergence of governance.
Keywords: financial crisis, social networks, corporate governance, credit, corporate behavior, governance networks, structural breaks, privatization, globalization, network structures
12 Evaluating Adaptive Network Strategies with Geochemical Sourcing Data: A Case Study from the Kuril Islands
S. Colby Phillips and Erik Gjesfjeld
in Network Analysis in Archaeology: New Approaches to Regional Interaction
Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical
New techniques for modelling social networks go beyond basic network visualization and node/graph-level measurements, and provide methods for testing the statistical significance of relationships ... More
New techniques for modelling social networks go beyond basic network visualization and node/graph-level measurements, and provide methods for testing the statistical significance of relationships between observed and hypothesized social network structures. This chapter focuses on the use of these methods for modelling exchange-based relationships that existed in the Kuril Islands of Far Eastern Russia in the North Pacific Ocean, where foraging groups lived for more than 4,000 years in an isolated environment prone to stochastic natural events and resource unpredictability.Less
S. Colby PhillipsErik Gjesfjeld
New techniques for modelling social networks go beyond basic network visualization and node/graph-level measurements, and provide methods for testing the statistical significance of relationships between observed and hypothesized social network structures. This chapter focuses on the use of these methods for modelling exchange-based relationships that existed in the Kuril Islands of Far Eastern Russia in the North Pacific Ocean, where foraging groups lived for more than 4,000 years in an isolated environment prone to stochastic natural events and resource unpredictability.
Keywords: social networks, social network structures, exchange-based relationships, far Eastern Russia, foraging groups
Complex Network Dynamics in Population Health
James Moody and Dana K. Pasquale
in Complex Systems and Population Health
Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
People constantly interact with each other and their environment, and these interactions—with whom and with what they interact—are not random. Interactions at multiple levels (cellular, neurological, ... More
People constantly interact with each other and their environment, and these interactions—with whom and with what they interact—are not random. Interactions at multiple levels (cellular, neurological, social, physical, environmental) shape one's experiences and affect health and well-being. These interactions can be represented as a set of networks that feedback and influence other networks. Here we limit our scope to the complex relationship between human social networks and behavior, which frequently forms a feedback loop, and the effect of this relationship on population health outcomes. This chapter introduces traditional network analysis as it pertains to population health, explores examples of interactions between macro-level networks, and proposes future directions for network analysisLess
James MoodyDana K. Pasquale
People constantly interact with each other and their environment, and these interactions—with whom and with what they interact—are not random. Interactions at multiple levels (cellular, neurological, social, physical, environmental) shape one's experiences and affect health and well-being. These interactions can be represented as a set of networks that feedback and influence other networks. Here we limit our scope to the complex relationship between human social networks and behavior, which frequently forms a feedback loop, and the effect of this relationship on population health outcomes. This chapter introduces traditional network analysis as it pertains to population health, explores examples of interactions between macro-level networks, and proposes future directions for network analysis
Keywords: network dynamics, network structure, diffusion, complex contagion, social network, biological network, physical network
Animal Social Networks
Jens Krause, Richard James, Daniel W. Franks, and Darren P. Croft (eds)
Biology, Animal Biology
The scientific study of networks — computer, social, and biological — has received an enormous amount of interest in recent years. However, the network approach has been applied to the field of ... More
The scientific study of networks — computer, social, and biological — has received an enormous amount of interest in recent years. However, the network approach has been applied to the field of animal behaviour relatively late compared to many other biological disciplines. Understanding social network structure is of great importance for biologists since the structural characteristics of any network will affect its constituent members and influence a range of diverse behaviours. These include finding and choosing a sexual partner, developing and maintaining cooperative relationships, and engaging in foraging and anti-predator behavior. This book provides an overview of the insights that network analysis has provided into major biological processes, and how it has enhanced our understanding of the social organisation of several important taxonomic groups. It provides an overview of the power of the network approach which is useful for understanding patterns and process in animal populations. It also outlines how current methodological constraints and challenges can be overcome.Less
The scientific study of networks — computer, social, and biological — has received an enormous amount of interest in recent years. However, the network approach has been applied to the field of animal behaviour relatively late compared to many other biological disciplines. Understanding social network structure is of great importance for biologists since the structural characteristics of any network will affect its constituent members and influence a range of diverse behaviours. These include finding and choosing a sexual partner, developing and maintaining cooperative relationships, and engaging in foraging and anti-predator behavior. This book provides an overview of the insights that network analysis has provided into major biological processes, and how it has enhanced our understanding of the social organisation of several important taxonomic groups. It provides an overview of the power of the network approach which is useful for understanding patterns and process in animal populations. It also outlines how current methodological constraints and challenges can be overcome.
Keywords: networks, animal behaviour, social network structure, sexual partner, cooperative relationships, network analysis, social organisation, network approach


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Article from BTNews 25 JANUARY 2010
ON TOUR: Florence
Florence is one of those places that ought to be a requirement to visit at least once in a lifetime. Many go back numerous times. It is one of the great cities of the Renaissance, easily the most complete, with a history that dates back to pre-Roman times. It is not large and you can walk just about everywhere, with one notable exception. The best overall views are obtained at the Piazza Michelangelo high up on the other side of the River Arno. Naturally there is a copy of the great man's statue of David. It is probably the most copied statue in history.
From the UK direct flights are limited to Meridiana from Gatwick to the small city airport, and there are regular bus services from Pisa Airport which is much better connected. Another way is via Milan.
By road Florence is in on Italy's A1, from Milan to Rome, which bypasses the city. The main railway station is a rather odd 1930s design that somehow blends in with the Gothic surroundings. It has high-speed services to Rome, and very recently to Bologna with connections to Milan and the European rail network. Cruise passengers sailing in for the day at Livorno can easily make Florence by road, 75 miles through the Tuscany countryside. The train is an alternative
With one or two exceptions Florence is without any multi-national branded hotels, and most of properties are relatively small in the Italian tradition. Typical is the Palazzo Magnani Feroni, just 12 elegant and spacious suites, decorated with antique Florentine furnishing but also equipped with all the latest comforts and services. The building was a palace in the 15th century. At the other end of the scale the Grand Hotel Mediterraneo has 331 rooms within a modern building that blends into the history that surrounds it.
Florence has been an UNESCO World Heritage site since 1982. Tradition has it that it was established by Julius Caesar in 59 BC but it is probably far, far older. In 774 the city and Tuscany was conquered by Charlemagne. From about the start of the second millennium its golden age began to emerge. For a time it was one of the richest and wealthiest of European cities. The Medici family emerged as patrons of the arts commissioning works by Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci and Botticelli.
What you see today is the result of competition between various families and hierarchy's in trying to build the biggest and best. For a short time (1865-1870) it was the capital of the Kingdom of Italy. The magnificent synagogue (1875) is a demonstration of the commercial wealth of the city 500 years after Michelangelo was born.
The famous medieval stone built Ponte Vecchio bridge on the Arno was not destroyed by the Germans at the end of WWII and today is full of jewellery shops, art dealers and other tourist attractions. In its heyday it mainly housed butchers. You can guess where the unused carcasses went.
At this point it is probably best to briefly describe some of the things to see and do in Florence.
The Palazzo Vecchio is the town hall of Florence. This massive, gothic fortress-palace is impressive overlooking the Piazza della Signoria with its one hundred year old copy of Michelangelo's famous David statue as well as the gallery of statues in the adjacent Loggia dei Lanzi. It is one of the most significant public places in Italy.
The actual David itself is housed in the Accademia dell'Arte del Disegno, founded in 1561 with patronage of the Medici by Giorgio Vasari, Agnolo Bronzino and Bartolommeo Ammannati, three of the central artists of Mannerism.
Michelangelo died in Rome in 1564 aged 89 and whilst that city wished to offer itself as his final resting place his wishes were fulfilled and he is buried in the Basilica di Santa Croce (Basilica of the Holy Cross), the principal Franciscan church of Florence. It lies to the east of the central area close by the National Library, another magnificent building but dating only from 1935.
The Uffizi Gallery is one of the oldest and most famous art museums in the world. In 1560, Giorgio Vasari built the palace for Cosimo I de' Medici as the offices for the Florentine magistrates.
The massive cathedral church, called the Duomo, was begun in 1296 but its elaborate neo-Gothic façade was not added until towards the end of the 19th century. The adjoining bell tower offers an unique view of the city and the surroundings. But be warned, there is usually a long queue and it has 414 steps.
In a short review it is impossible to mention everything regarding this iconic city, suffice to say that all the following either lived within its environs or were closely involved. Boccaccio, Botticelli, Brunelleschi, Roberto Cavalli, Dante, Donatello, Galileoi, Guccio Gucci, Machiavelli, Catherine de' Medici, Michelangelo and Emilio Pucci. And many others too. Building after building has its connections.
If you have not been add Florence to your "to do" list. You will not regret it.
www.italiantouristboard.co.uk www.firenzeturismo.it