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Kiinalainen lääketiede ja akupunktio
Hoitomenetelmät
Akupunktio ja moxibustio
Kiinalainen akupunktio
Japanilainen ja korealainen akupunktio
Mikroakupunktuuri
Kosmeettinen akupunktio
Lääketieteellinen akupunktio
Akupunktioneulat
Manuaaliset hoitomuodot
Ravintoterapia
Yrttilääkintä
Terveyden ylläpitäminen
Mitä voidaan hoitaa
Teoria ja filosofia
Viisi elementtiä
Puu
Yleistä tutkimusosiosta
Tutkimusta kivunhoidosta
Tutkimusta migreenistä
Tutkimusta: naisten terveys
Tutkimusta: miesten terveys
Tutkimusta: Sydän- ja verisuonet sekä metabolia
Tutkimusta: ruuansulatuselimistö
Tutkimusta: syövän tukihoito
Tutkimusta: psyykkinen terveys ja uni
Tutkimusta: neurologiset sairaudet ja ongelmat
Tutkimusta vaikutusmekanismeista
Tutkimusta: muut
Tutkimusta akupunktion vaikutusmekanismeista
Akupunktiolla on monissa tutkimuksissa havaittu olevan selviä vaikutuksia erilaisia sairaustiloja hoidettaessa. Akupunktion vaikutusten taustalla olevat mekanismit ovat kuitenkin vielä osittain huonosti tunnettuja. Nykyään tehdäänkin paljon uutta tutkimusta, jonka avulla yritetään paremmin ymmärtää tämän perinteisen hoitomuodon taustalla olevia vaikutusmekanismeja ja hoitomuodon mahdollisuuksia.
Pitkään suurin osa akupunktiota kohtaan esitetystä kritiikistä on perustunut sille, ettei sen vaikutusmekanismia ole tunnettu. Tilanne on kuitenkin muuttunut viimeisen vuosikymmenen aikana radikaalisti samalla kun erilaiset kuvannusmenetelmät ovat kehittyneet ja niiden hinta on laskenut sen verran, että niitä on voitu soveltaa paremmin myös akupunktiotutkimuksessa. Myös tehosta saatu näyttö on lisännyt kiinnostusta hoitomuodon tutkimista kohtaan ja hoitotuloksille on haluttu löytää perinteisiä selitysmalleja modernimpi ja tieteellisempi selitys.
Nykyinen ajatus akupunktion vaikutusmekanismeista liittyy tyypillisesti useiden erilaisten järjestelmien kuten immuniteetin, umpieritysrauhasten ja hermoston muodostamiin kokonaisuuksiin.
Selaa tutkimuksia tai valitse aiheaulue
Kipu Migreeni Naisten terveys Miesten terveys Metabolia & sydänterveys Ruuansulatuselimistö Syövän tukihoito Psyykkinen terveys ja uni Neurologiset ongelmat Vaikutusmekanismit Muut
Role of GRPR in Acupuncture Intervention in the "Itch-scratch Vicious Cycle" Spinal Circuit of Chronic Pruritus.
"Many previous studies have shown the potential antipruritic effect of acupuncture. This paper reviews the antipruritic mechanisms of acupuncture according to these aspects: sample characteristics, detail of intervention, and effects evaluation. The majority of research on acupuncture's antipruritic effect has focused on primary afferents of the peripheral mechanism. Relatively few studies, however, have addressed ..."
→ Lataa lyhennelmä Pubmedistä ←
Liu J., Li X. et al. (2023) Role of GRPR in Acupuncture Intervention in the "Itch-scratch Vicious Cycle" Spinal Circuit of Chronic Pruritus. Chin Med. 2023;18(1):2-2. 🔗
Treatment of Alzheimer's disease by combination of acupuncture and Chinese medicine based on pathophysiological mechanism: A review.
"Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by neurodegeneration, nerve loss, neurofibrillary tangles, and Aβ plaques. In modern medical science, there has been a serious obstacle to the effective treatment of AD. At present, there is no clinically proven and effective western medicine treatment for AD. The reason is that the etiology of ..."
Liu Z., Guan R. et al. (2022) Treatment of Alzheimer's disease by combination of acupuncture and Chinese medicine based on pathophysiological mechanism: A review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2022;101(49):e32218-e32218. 🔗
Acupuncture increases parasympathetic tone, modulating HRV - Systematic review and meta-analysis.
"...RESULTS: The searches identified 1698 potentially relevant articles, 9 RCTs were included. The statistical analysis of the available data showed that the changes between pre and post treatment HF (high frequency) and LF/HF (high frequency/low frequency) values in Verum group were significant, while there were no significant changes in these parameters in Sham groups. ..."
Hamvas S., Hegyi P. et al. (2022) Acupuncture increases parasympathetic tone, modulating HRV - Systematic review and meta-analysis. Complement Ther Med. 2022;72:102905-102905. 🔗
Relationship between acupuncture and transient receptor potential vanilloid: Current and future directions
"Acupuncture is a common complementary and alternative therapy around the world, but its mechanism remains still unclear. In the past decade, some studies indicated that transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) channels play a great role in the response of acupuncture stimulation. In this article, we discussed the relationship between acupuncture and TRPV channels. Different ..."
Luo D., Liu L. et al. (2022) Relationship between acupuncture and transient receptor potential vanilloid: Current and future directions Front Mol Neurosci. 2022;15. 🔗
Potential mechanisms of acupuncture in enhancing cerebral perfusion of ischemic stroke
"Ischemic stroke is the predominant cause of long-term disability and death worldwide. It is attributable to the sudden interruption of regional cerebral blood flow, resulting in brain cell death and neurological impairment. Acupuncture is a widely used adjuvant treatment for ischemic stroke in China and shows promising efficacy in clinical practice. This review mainly ..."
Wang L., Su X. et al. (2022) Potential mechanisms of acupuncture in enhancing cerebral perfusion of ischemic stroke Front Neurol. 2022;13. 🔗
Current status of neuroimaging research on the effects of acupuncture: a bibliometric and visual analyses.
"...RESULTS: Neuroimaging research on the effects of acupuncture began in the 1960 s and has since received the extensive attention of scholars. China, The United States and South Korea conduct more neuroimaging research on the effects of acupuncture than other countries. Academic journals such as Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, Neural Regeneration Research and Acupuncture in Medicine have published the highest number of acupuncture-related neuroimaging articles. Moreover, cluster analysis differentiates high-frequency keywords into six clusters. Furthermore, the use of the keyword 'density atlas' reveals that neuroimaging research on the effects of acupuncture surrounding pain and neurofunctional rehabilitation is currently the research focus. ..."
Xiong J., Wang Z. et al. (2022) Current status of neuroimaging research on the effects of acupuncture: a bibliometric and visual analyses. Complement Ther Med. 2022;71:102877. 🔗
Acupuncture for Parkinson's disease: From theory to practice.
"Advances in molecular biology and biochemistry have improved the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). There has been extensive evidence on the benefit of standard treatment (e.g., deep brain stimulation, levodopa, and dopamine agonists) and acupuncture for PD. This article aims to distill the similarities and differences in the treatment concepts between Chinese and ..."
Fan J., Lu W. et al. (2022) Acupuncture for Parkinson's disease: From theory to practice. Biomed Pharmacother. 2022;149:112907. 🔗
Memory-directed acupuncture as a neuromodulatory treatment for PTSD: Theory, clinical model and case studies.
"Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) poses an ongoing challenge to society, to health systems, and to the trauma victims themselves. Today PTSD is often considered an incurable chronic problem that lacks effective treatment. While PTSD is closely related to memory, it also affects many physiological systems. PTSD is usually treated with medications and psychotherapy with ..."
Assouline A., Mendelsohn A. et al. (2022) Memory-directed acupuncture as a neuromodulatory treatment for PTSD: Theory, clinical model and case studies. Transl Psychiatry. 2022;12(1):110. 🔗
Revealing the magic of acupuncture based on biological mechanisms: A literature review.
"Acupuncture has been used to treat various disease for more than 3,000 years in China and other Asian countries. As a complementary and alternative therapy, it has gained increasing popularity and acceptance among public and healthcare professionals in the West. Over the past few decades, basic and clinical research on acupuncture has made considerable progress. ..."
Zhang B., Shi H. et al. (2022) Revealing the magic of acupuncture based on biological mechanisms: A literature review. Biosci Trends. 2022;16(1):73-90. 🔗
Combination of stem cell therapy and acupuncture to treat ischemic stroke: a prospective review.
"Stroke is the second leading cause globally that leads to severe disability and death. Stem cell therapy has been developed over the recent years to treat stroke and diminish the mortality and disability rate of brain injuries. Acupuncture, which can activate endogenous recovery via physical stimuli, has been applied to enhance the recovery and ..."
Jia H., He J. et al. (2022) Combination of stem cell therapy and acupuncture to treat ischemic stroke: a prospective review. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2022;13(1):87. 🔗
Mast Cells and Acupuncture Analgesia.
"Mast cells are widely distributed in various parts of the human body and play a vital role in the progression of many diseases. Recently, the close relationship between mast cells and acupoints was elucidated, and the role of mast cells in acupuncture analgesia has attracted the attention of researchers worldwide. Using mast cells, acupuncture ..."
Li Y., Yu Y. et al. (2022) Mast Cells and Acupuncture Analgesia. Cells. 2022;11(5). 🔗
Activation of Subcutaneous Mast Cells in Acupuncture Points Triggers Analgesia.
"This review summarizes experimental evidence indicating that subcutaneous mast cells are involved in the trigger mechanism of analgesia induced by acupuncture, a traditional oriental therapy, which has gradually become accepted worldwide. The results are essentially based on work from our laboratories. Skin mast cells are present at a high density in acupuncture points where ..."
Wang L., Wang X. et al. (2022) Activation of Subcutaneous Mast Cells in Acupuncture Points Triggers Analgesia. Cells. 2022;11(5). 🔗
Evidence-Based Application of Acupuncture in Theriogenology.
"Historical evidence of acupuncture predates written history. It has been a component of Traditional Chinese veterinary medicine for many generations and is officially recognized in recorded history for treating equine disease in the Zhou Dynasty, circa 1050 BC. Drawing from a range of searchable databases, we present the use of veterinary acupuncture related to theriogenology. ..."
Holyoak G. & Ma A. (2022) Evidence-Based Application of Acupuncture in Theriogenology. Vet Sci. 2022;9(2). 🔗
Clinical Efficacy of Acupuncture for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials.
"...RESULTS: A total of eleven RCTs involving 796 patients with RA met the established inclusion criteria. This systematic review indicated the efficacy of acupuncture as an adjunctive treatment for patients with RA. Invasive acupuncture could reduce significantly in pain (MD = -1.00, 95% CI: -1.96 to -0.05, =0.040), health assessment questionnaire (HAQ, MD = -0.20, 95% CI: -0.30 to -0.11, < 0.001), physician global assessment (PhGA, MD = -0.98, 95% CI: -1.23 to -0.72, < 0.001), tender joint count (TJC, MD = -1.24, 95% CI: -2.11 to -0.37, =0.005), C-reactive protein (CRP, MD = -1.81, 95% CI: -3.32 to -0.29, =0.019), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR, MD = -3.03, 95% CI: -5.80 to -0.26, =0.032), while compared to control group. Laser acupuncture could reduce HAQ (MD = -0.15, 95% CI: -0.28 to -0.01, =0.034), the RA quality of life questionnaire (RAQoL, MD = -2.32, 95% CI: -4.40 to -0.25, =0.028), CRP (MD = -35.24, 95% CI: -36.49 to -33.99, < 0.001), and interleukin-6 (IL-6, MD = -29.63, 95% CI: -49.34 to -9.92, =0.003), while compared to control group. No adverse events associated with acupuncture were reported. ..."
Li H., Man S. et al. (2022) Clinical Efficacy of Acupuncture for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2022:5264977-5264977. 🔗
Comparison of Efficacy of Acupuncture-Related Therapy in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
"...RESULTS: A total of 32 RCTs were included, including 2,115 RA patients. The results of network meta-analysis were as follows: in terms of improving DAS28 score, Electro-acupuncture + DMARDs has the best efficacy. In terms of improving VAS score, Fire Needle + DMARDs showed the best efficacy. In terms of improving morning stiffness time, acupuncture-related therapies combined with DMARDs were not better than DMARDs alone in improving morning stiffness time in RA patients. In terms of reducing CRP and ESR, Fire Needle + DMARDs showed the best efficacy. In terms of reducing RF, Moxibustion + DMARDs has the best efficacy. ..."
Wan R., Fan Y. et al. (2022) Comparison of Efficacy of Acupuncture-Related Therapy in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Front Immunol. 2022;13:829409-829409. 🔗
The efficacy and mechanism of acupuncture in the treatment of male infertility: A literature review.
"Fertility, a social, cultural, and medical issue, has aroused public attention because of its potential to predict future health. In recent years, the incidence of male infertility has increased significantly, and various risk factors, such as congenital factors, acquired factors, and idiopathic factors, have led to this situation. Male infertility causes substantial psychological and ..."
Feng J., He H. et al. (2022) The efficacy and mechanism of acupuncture in the treatment of male infertility: A literature review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:1009537-1009537. 🔗
The impact of acupuncture on neuroplasticity after ischemic stroke: a literature review and perspectives.
"Ischemic stroke is common in the elderly, and is one of the main causes of long-term disability worldwide. After ischemic stroke, spontaneous recovery and functional reconstruction take place. These processes are possible thanks to neuroplasticity, which involves neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, and angiogenesis. However, the repair of ischemic damage is not complete, and neurological deficits develop ..."
Qin S., Zhang Z. et al. (2022) The impact of acupuncture on neuroplasticity after ischemic stroke: a literature review and perspectives. Front Cell Neurosci. 2022;16:817732-817732. 🔗
The autonomic nervous system: A potential link to the efficacy of acupuncture.
"The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a diffuse network that regulates physiological systems to maintain body homeostasis by integrating inputs from the internal and external environment, including the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems (ENS). Recent evidence suggests that ANS is one of the key neural pathways for acupuncture signal transduction, which has attracted ..."
Li Y., Li W. et al. (2022) The autonomic nervous system: A potential link to the efficacy of acupuncture. Front Neurosci. 2022;16:1038945-1038945. 🔗
Multidimensional Pain Modulation by Acupuncture Analgesia: The Reward Effect of Acupuncture on Pain Relief
"Pain is an intrinsically unpleasant experience with features that protect an organism by promoting motivation and learning. Pain relief, a negative reinforcement of pain, is considered a reward and activates the brain's reward system. The reward circuit in the brain involves reward and pain. Acupuncture has a multidimensional and comprehensive regulating effect on chronic ..."
Pan S., Wang S. et al. (2022) Multidimensional Pain Modulation by Acupuncture Analgesia: The Reward Effect of Acupuncture on Pain Relief Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2022. 🔗
Therapeutic applications and potential mechanisms of acupuncture in migraine: A literature review and perspectives.
"Acupuncture is commonly used as a treatment for migraines. Animal studies have suggested that acupuncture can decrease neuropeptides, immune cells, and proinflammatory and excitatory neurotransmitters, which are associated with the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation. In addition, acupuncture participates in the development of peripheral and central sensitization through modulation of the release of neuronal-sensitization-related mediators (brain-derived ..."
Chen Y., Liu Y. et al. (2022) Therapeutic applications and potential mechanisms of acupuncture in migraine: A literature review and perspectives. Front Neurosci. 2022;16:1022455. 🔗
Potential mechanisms of acupuncture for neuropathic pain based on somatosensory system.
"Neuropathic pain, caused by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory system, is common and distressing. In view of the high human and economic burden, more effective treatment strategies were urgently needed. Acupuncture has been increasingly used as an adjuvant or complementary therapy for neuropathic pain. Although the therapeutic effects of acupuncture have been ..."
Ma X., Chen W. et al. (2022) Potential mechanisms of acupuncture for neuropathic pain based on somatosensory system. Front Neurosci. 2022;16:940343. 🔗
Acupuncture Interventions for Alzheimer's Disease and Vascular Cognitive Disorders: A Review of Mechanisms.
"Cognitive impairment (CI) related to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular cognitive disorders (VCDs) has become a key problem worldwide. Importantly, CI is a neuropsychiatric abnormality mainly characterized by learning and memory impairments. The hippocampus is an important brain region controlling learning and memory. Recent studies have highlighted the effects of acupuncture on memory deficits ..."
Du K., Yang S. et al. (2022) Acupuncture Interventions for Alzheimer's Disease and Vascular Cognitive Disorders: A Review of Mechanisms. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022:6080282. 🔗
Cerebral Blood Flow Velocity Modulation and Clinical Efficacy of Acupuncture for Posterior Circulation Infarction Vertigo: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
"...Results: A total of 20 eligible RCTs (1541 participants) were included in this review, which compared acupuncture therapy (1 RCT) or acupuncture combined with pharmaceutical therapy (19 RCTs) to pharmaceutical therapy in patients with posterior circulation infarction vertigo. 7 studies assessed the blood flow velocities of the basilar artery examined by Transcranial Doppler (TCD), 8 studies assessed the bilateral vertebral arteries, and 13 studies evaluated the Clinical Effective Rate of posterior circulation infarction vertigo. Meta-analysis results showed that blood flow velocities of the basilar artery (SMD = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.40-0.76; < 0.05), left vertebral artery (SMD = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.22-0.73; < 0.05), and right vertebral artery (SMD = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.19-0.69; < 0.05) were significantly higher in the acupuncture group compared with the control group. Clinical Effective Rate (RR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.15-1.29; = 0.792) was significantly better in the acupuncture group compared with the control group. ..."
Li B., Zhao Q. et al. (2022) Cerebral Blood Flow Velocity Modulation and Clinical Efficacy of Acupuncture for Posterior Circulation Infarction Vertigo: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2022:3740856. 🔗
Acupuncture for Female Infertility: Discussion on Action Mechanism and Application.
"A higher incidence of female infertility has been reported with an unexpectedly early appearance in recent years. The female infertility treatment and application of assisted reproductive technology have recently gained immense interest from scientists. Many studies have discussed the beneficial effects of acupuncture on female infertility. With advancements in science and medical technology, acupuncture-related ..."
Xu J., Zhao A. et al. (2022) Acupuncture for Female Infertility: Discussion on Action Mechanism and Application. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2022:3854117. 🔗
Role of Bile Acids and Nuclear Receptors in Acupuncture in Improving Crohn's Disease.
"Nuclear receptors (NRs) are ligand-dependent transcription factors that regulate the transcription of target genes. Bile acids (BAs) can be used as effector molecules to regulate physiological processes in the gut, and NRs are important receptors for bile acid signaling. Relevant studies have shown that NRs are closely related to the occurrence of Crohn's disease (..."
Shen J., Qi Q. et al. (2022) Role of Bile Acids and Nuclear Receptors in Acupuncture in Improving Crohn's Disease. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2022:5814048. 🔗
Clinical Efficacy and Potential Mechanisms of Acupoint Stimulation Combined With Chemotherapy in Combating Cancer: A Review and Prospects.
"Although chemotherapy is the first-line treatment strategy for a variety of tumors, its side effects have limited its efficacy. This review summarizes the progress on the use of acupoint stimulation to combat chemotherapy-associated side effects, including chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN), cognitive impairment (CICI), and gastrointestinal toxicity (GI), as well as myelosuppression and immunosuppression. It ..."
Li S., Zhao S. et al. (2022) Clinical Efficacy and Potential Mechanisms of Acupoint Stimulation Combined With Chemotherapy in Combating Cancer: A Review and Prospects. Front Oncol. 2022;12:864046. 🔗
Revealing the Neuroimaging Mechanism of Acupuncture for Poststroke Aphasia: A Systematic Review.
"... Result: After searching, 885 articles were retrieved. After removing the literature studies, animal studies, and case reports, 16 studies were included in the final analysis. For the acupuncture type, 10 studies used manual acupuncture and 5 studies used electroacupuncture, while body acupuncture (10 studies), scalp acupuncture (7 studies), and tongue acupuncture (8 studies) were applied for poststroke aphasia patients. Based on blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) technologies, 4 neuroimaging analysis methods were used including amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF), regional homogeneity (ReHo), seed-based analysis, and independent component analysis (ICA). Two studies reported the instant acupuncture effect, and 14 studies reported the constant acupuncture's effect on poststroke aphasia patients. 5 studies analyzed the correlation between the neuroimaging outcomes and the clinical language scales. ..."
Li B., Deng S. et al. (2022) Revealing the Neuroimaging Mechanism of Acupuncture for Poststroke Aphasia: A Systematic Review. Neural Plast. 2022:5635596. 🔗
Visualization and Analysis of the Mapping Knowledge Domain of Acupuncture and Central Nervous System Cell Apoptosis.
"Chinese acupuncture therapy has demonstrated good clinical effects on neurological diseases and is widely used internationally. In the past 20 years, an increasing number of researchers around the world have devoted themselves to the study of the effect and mechanism of acupuncture for the treatment of central nervous system cell apoptosis. To discover the current ..."
Qi R., Xue Z. et al. (2022) Visualization and Analysis of the Mapping Knowledge Domain of Acupuncture and Central Nervous System Cell Apoptosis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2022:1751702. 🔗
A Review on the Immunomodulatory Mechanism of Acupuncture in the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
"Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease with a high prevalence and canceration rate. The immune disorder is one of the recognized mechanisms. Acupuncture is widely used to treat patients with IBD. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have proven the effectiveness of acupuncture in the treatment of IBD, and ..."
Liu Z., Jiao Y. et al. (2022) A Review on the Immunomodulatory Mechanism of Acupuncture in the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2022:8528938. 🔗
High-frequency electroacupuncture improves endometrial receptivity via regulating cell adhesion molecules and leukemia inhibitory factor / signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling pathway.
"Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) impairs the endometrium receptivity during the implantation window, resulting in a lower clinical pregnancy rate and a higher abortion rate. Our study explored the effect of electroacupuncture on the endometrial receptivity of COH rats. Female rats were randomly divided into normal treatment (Normal), model treatment (Model), low-frequency electroacupuncture treatment (LF-EA) ..."
You F., Du X. et al. (2021) High-frequency electroacupuncture improves endometrial receptivity via regulating cell adhesion molecules and leukemia inhibitory factor / signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling pathway. Bioengineered. 2021;12(2):10470-10479. 🔗
Neural Activation Acupuncture in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study
"...Results: A single session of acupuncture significantly tended to enhance the activation level of the left frontopolar cortex in patients with severe depression during VFT, but a null effect was found in those with mild to moderate depression. Among patients with severe depression, a strong correlation was observed between HAMD scores and the change in VFT-related activation after acupuncture in the left dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC). ..."
Zhang T., Zhang J. et al. (2021) Neural Activation Acupuncture in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study Front Psychiatry. 2021;12. 🔗
A neuroanatomical basis for electroacupuncture to drive the vagal-adrenal axis.
"Somatosensory autonomic reflexes allow electroacupuncture stimulation (ES) to modulate body physiology at distant sites (for example, suppressing severe systemic inflammation). Since the 1970s, an emerging organizational rule about these reflexes has been the presence of body-region specificity. For example, ES at the hindlimb ST36 acupoint but not the abdominal ST25 acupoint can drive the ..."
Liu S., Wang Z. et al. (2021) A neuroanatomical basis for electroacupuncture to drive the vagal-adrenal axis. Nature. 2021;598(7882):641-645. 🔗
Research Progress on the Mechanism of the Acupuncture Regulating Neuro-Endocrine-Immune Network System
"As one of the conventional treatment methods, acupuncture is an indispensable component of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Currently, acupuncture has been partly accepted throughout the world, but the mechanism of acupuncture is still unclear. Since the theory of the neuro-endocrine-immune network was put forward, new insights have been brought into the understanding of the mechanism ..."
Cui J., Song W. et al. (2021) Research Progress on the Mechanism of the Acupuncture Regulating Neuro-Endocrine-Immune Network System Vet Sci. 2021;8(8). 🔗
Roles of central orexinergic system on cardiovascular function and acupuncture on intervention of cardiovascular risk: Orexinergic system mediate the role of acupuncture?
"Central orexinergic system contributes to the regulation of cardiovascular function. Orexinergic neurons receiving projections of nerve fibers from multiple structures of brain which involved in control and regulation of cardiovascular function locate in hypothalamus, and their axon terminals widely project to various central structures where orexins receptors are expressed. Here, we summarize the present ..."
Gao H., Wu Z. et al. (2021) Roles of central orexinergic system on cardiovascular function and acupuncture on intervention of cardiovascular risk: Orexinergic system mediate the role of acupuncture? Neuropeptides. 2021;87:102132. 🔗
Evidence of Potential Mechanisms of Acupuncture from Functional MRI Data for Migraine Prophylaxis.
"PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To summarize the clinical neuroimaging evidence pertaining to the potential mechanisms of acupuncture for migraine prophylaxis. RECENT FINDINGS: From a descriptive perspective, converging evidence from recent neuroimaging studies, mainly from functional MRI (fMRI) studies, has demonstrated that when compared with sham acupuncture, verum acupuncture could normalize the decrease of the functional ..."
Chang C., Yang C. et al. (2021) Evidence of Potential Mechanisms of Acupuncture from Functional MRI Data for Migraine Prophylaxis. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2021;25(7):49. 🔗
Efficacy and Underlying Mechanism of Acupuncture in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review of Animal Studies.
"Acupuncture is a nonpharmacological intervention that can be useful in the clinical management of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), especially in situations with a lack of medical resources, including large-scale PTSD events such as disasters. Some clinical studies have reported the clinical effect of acupuncture in improving PTSD symptoms, but the underlying therapeutic mechanism has ..."
Kwon C., Lee B. et al. (2021) Efficacy and Underlying Mechanism of Acupuncture in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review of Animal Studies. J Clin Med. 2021;10(8). 🔗
Historical perspectives on using sham acupuncture in acupuncture clinical trials.
"...Results: Early trials demonstrated a lack of knowledge about acupuncture. As the methodology of trials improved, new sham treatment methods were developed and adopted; however, the sham treatment methods were implemented without physiological studies exploring their potential physiological effects and without examining the broader practice of acupuncture internationally. ..."
Birch S., Lee M. et al. (2021) Historical perspectives on using sham acupuncture in acupuncture clinical trials. Integr Med Res. 2021;11(1):100725. 🔗
Non-specific effects of acupuncture and sham acupuncture in clinical trials from the patient's perspective: a systematic review of qualitative evidence.
"...RESULTS: A total of 20 studies of high methodological quality were included. Our proposed model indicated that the effects of acupuncture may be increased by maintaining a professional status, applying a holistic treatment approach, practicing empathy, and providing patients with an appropriate explanation of the theory behind acupuncture and sham acupuncture. From the patient's perspective, the efficacy of treatment can be increased by following the lifestyle modification advice provided by acupuncturists, maintaining a positive attitude toward treatment efficacy, actively engaging with acupuncturists during consultation, and making behavioral changes based on experience gained during the trial. ..."
Ho R., Wong C. et al. (2021) Non-specific effects of acupuncture and sham acupuncture in clinical trials from the patient's perspective: a systematic review of qualitative evidence. Acupunct Med. 2021;39(1):3-19. 🔗
The mechanism of electroacupuncture for depression on basic research: a systematic review.
"...RESULTS: Twenty-eight articles met the inclusion criteria. The most commonly used method for inducing depression in animal models was 21 days of chronic unpredictable mild stress. For the depression model, the most commonly selected EA frequency was 2 Hz. Among the 28 selected studies, 11 studies observed depression-related behaviors and used them as indicators of EA efficacy. The other 17 studies focused on mechanisms and assessed the indexes that exhibited abnormalities that were known to result from depression and then returned to a normal range after EA treatment. Treatment of depression by EA involves multiple therapeutic mechanisms, including inhibition of HPA axis hyperactivity and inflammation, regulation of neuropeptides and neurotransmitters, modulation of the expression of particular genes, restoration of hippocampal synaptic plasticity, increased expression of BDNF, and regulation of several signaling pathways. ..."
Han X., Gao Y. et al. (2021) The mechanism of electroacupuncture for depression on basic research: a systematic review. Chin Med. 2021;16(1):10. 🔗
Acupuncture for the Treatment of Itch: Peripheral and Central Mechanisms.
"Despite the widespread clinical use of acupuncture in the treatment of pruritus caused by psoriasis, urticaria, uremic, and other diseases, insights into the mechanism of action of acupuncture are still emerging. For the above reasons, a beneficial effect of acupuncture on pruritus was not recommended or reported in recent clinical practice guidelines. Acupuncture is ..."
Tang Y., Cheng S. et al. (2021) Acupuncture for the Treatment of Itch: Peripheral and Central Mechanisms. Front Neurosci. 2021;15:786892. 🔗
Potential Mechanisms of Acupuncture for Functional Dyspepsia Based on Pathophysiology.
"Functional dyspepsia (FD), a common disorder of gastrointestinal function, originated from the gastroduodenum. Although the therapeutic effect of acupuncture has been investigated by various high-quality randomized controlled trials, the potential mechanisms showed obvious heterogeneity. This review summarized the potential mechanisms of acupuncture on FD in order to guide for future laboratory and clinical studies. ..."
Yang N., Tan C. et al. (2021) Potential Mechanisms of Acupuncture for Functional Dyspepsia Based on Pathophysiology. Front Neurosci. 2021;15:781215. 🔗
Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Acupuncture at ST36 Point: A Literature Review in Animal Studies.
"So far, a number of acupuncture studies have shown anti-inflammatory effects of acupuncture treatment, mostly known at specific point ST36. However, there is no literature that oversaw the inflammation-regulatory effects of acupuncture in each tissue. Therefore, we investigated how acupuncture at specific acupoint ST36 regulates inflammation and its underlying mechanisms. We searched literatures on ..."
Oh J. & Kim S. (2021) Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Acupuncture at ST36 Point: A Literature Review in Animal Studies. Front Immunol. 2021;12:813748. 🔗
Acupuncture for Parkinson's Disease: Efficacy Evaluation and Mechanisms in the Dopaminergic Neural Circuit.
"Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disease caused by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Existing pharmaceutical treatments offer alleviation of symptoms but cannot delay disease progression and are often associated with significant side effects. Clinical studies have demonstrated that acupuncture may be beneficial for PD treatment, particularly in ..."
Zhao Y., Zhang Z. et al. (2021) Acupuncture for Parkinson's Disease: Efficacy Evaluation and Mechanisms in the Dopaminergic Neural Circuit. Neural Plast. 2021:9926445. 🔗
The Anti-Inflammatory Actions and Mechanisms of Acupuncture from Acupoint to Target Organs via Neuro-Immune Regulation.
"Inflammation plays a significant role in the occurrence and development of multiple diseases. This study comprehensively reviews and presents literature from the last five years, showing that acupuncture indeed exerts strong anti-inflammatory effects in multiple biological systems, namely, the immune, digestive, respiratory, nervous, locomotory, circulatory, endocrine, and genitourinary systems. It is well known that ..."
Li N., Guo Y. et al. (2021) The Anti-Inflammatory Actions and Mechanisms of Acupuncture from Acupoint to Target Organs via Neuro-Immune Regulation. J Inflamm Res. 2021;14:7191-7224. 🔗
Mechanism of Acupuncture and Moxibustion on Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome: A Narrative Review of Animal Studies.
"Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is a genitourinary disease commonly seen in males, with symptoms involving pelvic pain, urinary system disease, and sexual dysfunction, which seriously affects physical and mental health, and it also influences the quality of life of patients. At present, the disease's aetiology and pathogenesis are unclear, and ..."
Wu X., Cheng K. et al. (2021) Mechanism of Acupuncture and Moxibustion on Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome: A Narrative Review of Animal Studies. Pain Res Manag. 2021:2678242. 🔗
Bibliometric Analysis of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies on Acupuncture Analgesia Over the Past 20 Years.
"...Results: We retrieved a total of 797 articles. Regarding the volume of publications, the total number of annual publications showed a fluctuating but overall increasing trend. (21 articles) was the most productive journal, and (225 articles) was the most cited journal. The most productive author was Qin W (16 articles), and the most co-cited author was Hui KKS (111). The most prolific institution and country were Massachusetts General Hospital (34 articles) and USA (212 articles). "Pain" was the top-ranked for keyword frequency and centrality. "Functional connectivity" was the frontier hotspot for 2018-2021. ..."
Huang L., Xu G. et al. (2021) Bibliometric Analysis of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies on Acupuncture Analgesia Over the Past 20 Years. J Pain Res. 2021;14:3773-3789. 🔗
Acupuncture for Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Potential Mechanism from an Anti-Inflammatory Perspective.
"The low adverse effects of acupuncture for primary dysmenorrhea (PD), known as one of the most commonly reported gynecological debilitating conditions affecting women's overall health, have been thus far confirmed. Moreover, it has been increasingly recognized that inflammation is involved in such menstrual cramps, and recent studies have further shown that the anti-inflammatory effects ..."
Yu W., Ma L. et al. (2021) Acupuncture for Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Potential Mechanism from an Anti-Inflammatory Perspective. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021:1907009. 🔗
The Temporal Dynamics of EEG Microstate Reveals the Neuromodulation Effect of Acupuncture With Deqi.
"The electroencephalography (EEG) microstate has recently emerged as a new whole-brain mapping tool for studying the temporal dynamics of the human brain. Meanwhile, the neuromodulation effect of external stimulation on the human brain is of increasing interest to neuroscientists. Acupuncture, which originated in ancient China, is recognized as an external neuromodulation method with therapeutic ..."
Si X., Han S. et al. (2021) The Temporal Dynamics of EEG Microstate Reveals the Neuromodulation Effect of Acupuncture With Deqi. Front Neurosci. 2021;15:715512. 🔗
Progress of Acupuncture Therapy in Diseases Based on Magnetic Resonance Image Studies: A Literature Review.
"The neural mechanisms of acupuncture are not well-understood. Over the past decades, an increasing number of studies have used MRI to investigate the response of the brain to acupuncture. The current review aims to provide an update on acupuncture therapy in disease. The PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases were searched ..."
Zhang J., Li Z. et al. (2021) Progress of Acupuncture Therapy in Diseases Based on Magnetic Resonance Image Studies: A Literature Review. Front Hum Neurosci. 2021;15:694919. 🔗
A Narrative Review of Neuroimaging Studies in Acupuncture for Migraine.
"Acupuncture has been widely used as an alternative and complementary therapy for migraine. With the development of neuroimaging techniques, the central mechanism of acupuncture for migraine has gained increasing attention. This review aimed to analyze the study design and main findings of neuroimaging studies of acupuncture for migraine to provide the reference for future ..."
Ma P., Dong X. et al. (2021) A Narrative Review of Neuroimaging Studies in Acupuncture for Migraine. Pain Res Manag. 2021:9460695. 🔗
Neuroimaging in the Understanding of Acupuncture Analgesia: A Review of Acupuncture Neuroimaging Study Based on Experimental Pain Models.
"With the development of real-time and visualized neuroimaging techniques, the studies on the central mechanism of acupuncture analgesia gain increasing attention. The experimental pain models have been widely used in acupuncture-analgesia neuroimaging studies with quantitative and controlled advantages. This review aimed to analyze the study design and main findings of acupuncture neuroimaging studies to ..."
Peihong M., Yuzhu Q. et al. (2021) Neuroimaging in the Understanding of Acupuncture Analgesia: A Review of Acupuncture Neuroimaging Study Based on Experimental Pain Models. Front Neurosci. 2021;15:648305. 🔗
Resting-State fMRI in Studies of Acupuncture.
"Research exploring the mechanism of acupuncture has been a hot topic in medicine. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) research is a noninvasive and extensive method, which is aimed at the research of the mechanism of acupuncture. Researchers use fMRI technologies to inspect the acupuncture process. The authors reviewed the application of rs-fMRI in ..."
Li X., Cai L. et al. (2021) Resting-State fMRI in Studies of Acupuncture. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021:6616060. 🔗
Mechanism of Action of Acupuncture in Obesity: A Perspective From the Hypothalamus.
"Obesity is a prevalent metabolic disease caused by an imbalance in food intake and energy expenditure. Although acupuncture is widely used in the treatment of obesity in a clinical setting, its mechanism has not been adequately elucidated. As the key pivot of appetite signals, the hypothalamus receives afferent and efferent signals from the brainstem ..."
Wang L., Yu C. et al. (2021) Mechanism of Action of Acupuncture in Obesity: A Perspective From the Hypothalamus. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:632324. 🔗
Acupuncture Medical Therapy and its Underlying Mechanisms: A Systematic Review.
"As a traditional Chinese alternative health care approach, acupuncture is gaining increasing attention and reputation in China and overseas. While becoming increasingly popular globally, some consumers and professionals still know little about the therapy and underlying mechanisms of acupuncture. Due to local superiority, there are large numbers of both clinical applications and mechanistic studies ..."
Wen J., Chen X. et al. (2021) Acupuncture Medical Therapy and its Underlying Mechanisms: A Systematic Review. Am J Chin Med. 2021;49(1):1-23. 🔗
The Role of Neuroglial Crosstalk and Synaptic Plasticity-Mediated Central Sensitization in Acupuncture Analgesia.
"Although pain is regarded as a global public health priority, analgesic therapy remains a significant challenge. Pain is a hypersensitivity state caused by peripheral and central sensitization, with the latter considered the culprit for chronic pain. This study summarizes the pathogenesis of central sensitization from the perspective of neuroglial crosstalk and synaptic plasticity and ..."
Lyu Z., Guo Y. et al. (2021) The Role of Neuroglial Crosstalk and Synaptic Plasticity-Mediated Central Sensitization in Acupuncture Analgesia. Neural Plast. 2021:8881557. 🔗
Somatotopic Organization and Intensity Dependence in Driving Distinct NPY-Expressing Sympathetic Pathways by Electroacupuncture.
"The neuroanatomical basis behind acupuncture practice is still poorly understood. Here, we used intersectional genetic strategy to ablate NPY noradrenergic neurons and/or adrenal chromaffin cells. Using endotoxin-induced systemic inflammation as a model, we found that electroacupuncture stimulation (ES) drives sympathetic pathways in somatotopy- and intensity-dependent manners. Low-intensity ES at hindlimb regions drives the ..."
Liu S., Wang Z. et al. (2020) Somatotopic Organization and Intensity Dependence in Driving Distinct NPY-Expressing Sympathetic Pathways by Electroacupuncture. Neuron. 2020;108(3):436-450.e7. 🔗
Hiding in Plain Sight-ancient Chinese anatomy.
"For thousands of years, scientists have studied human anatomy by dissecting bodies. Our knowledge of their findings is limited, however, both by the subsequent loss of many of the oldest texts, and by a tendency toward a Eurocentric perspective in medicine. As a discipline, anatomy tends to be much more familiar with ancient Greek ..."
Shaw V., Diogo R. et al. (2020) Hiding in Plain Sight-ancient Chinese anatomy. Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2020. 🔗
The selection of dermatomes for sham (placebo) acupuncture points is relevant for the outcome of acupuncture studies: a systematic review of sham (placebo)-controlled randomized acupuncture trials.
"BACKGROUND: Many randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of acupuncture reveal no significant differences between acupuncture and so-called placebo acupuncture. There is a strong tendency to replace the term "placebo" by the term "sham," because any needling stimulates a certain physiological response. However, neither concept accounts for the great diversity of results in RCTs comparing verum ..."
Ots T., Kandirian A. et al. (2020) The selection of dermatomes for sham (placebo) acupuncture points is relevant for the outcome of acupuncture studies: a systematic review of sham (placebo)-controlled randomized acupuncture trials. Acupunct Med. 2020;38(4):211-226. 🔗
Applications of Acupuncture Therapy in Modulating the Plasticity of Neurodegenerative Disease and Depression: Do MicroRNA and Neurotrophin BDNF Shed Light on the Underlying Mechanism?
"As the global population ages, the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases has risen. Furthermore, it has been suggested that depression, especially in elderly people, may also be an indication of latent neurodegeneration. Stroke, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD) are usually accompanied by depression. The urgent challenge is further enforced by psychiatric comorbid conditions, ..."
Li X., Zhao J. et al. (2020) Applications of Acupuncture Therapy in Modulating the Plasticity of Neurodegenerative Disease and Depression: Do MicroRNA and Neurotrophin BDNF Shed Light on the Underlying Mechanism? Neural Plast. 2020:8850653. 🔗
Verum- versus Sham-Acupuncture on Alzheimer's Disease (AD) in Animal Models: A Preclinical Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
"...Results: Twelve studies involving 229 animals met the inclusion criteria. Most of the studies had a moderate quality according to SYRCLE's risk of bias tool for animal studies. The results of the meta-analysis indicated that verum-acupuncture could reduce the escape latency (MD = -12.90, 95% CI (-17.08, -8.71), < 0.001) and increase the time spent in the original platform quadrant (MD = 7.28, 95% CI (4.23, 10.33), < 0.001) and frequency of the crossing former platform (MD = 2.01, 95% CI (1.53, 2.50), < 0.001) compared with the sham-acupuncture. ..."
Zhao F., Fu Q. et al. (2020) Verum- versus Sham-Acupuncture on Alzheimer's Disease (AD) in Animal Models: A Preclinical Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Biomed Res Int. 2020:5901573. 🔗
Augmented Mechanical Forces of the Surface-Modified Nanoporous Acupuncture Needles Elicit Enhanced Analgesic Effects.
"Over the past several decades, clinical studies have shown significant analgesic effects of acupuncture. The efficacy of acupuncture treatment has improved with the recent development of nanoporous needles (PN), which are produced by modifying the needle surface using nanotechnology. Herein, we showed that PN at acupoint ST36 produces prolonged analgesic effects in an inflammatory ..."
Bae S., Lim J. et al. (2019) Augmented Mechanical Forces of the Surface-Modified Nanoporous Acupuncture Needles Elicit Enhanced Analgesic Effects. Front Neurosci. 2019;13:652. 🔗
The Neuroscience of Nonpharmacological Traditional Chinese Therapy (NTCT) for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
"...Results: Six of twelve eligible studies showed that there was a significant improvement in favor of acupuncture in depressive symptoms (SMD -0.69, 95% -1.09 to -0.28, =0.002, = 73%, < 0.0008). Based on the available evidence, NTCT including acupuncture, Qigong, and Tai Chi was found to possibly improve brain metabolites, brain activity, and immune and endocrine systems in patients with major depressive disorder. ..."
Ye J., Cheung W. et al. (2019) The Neuroscience of Nonpharmacological Traditional Chinese Therapy (NTCT) for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019:2183403. 🔗
Effectiveness of Acupuncture in Treatment of Simple Obesity in Animal Models: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
"...Results: A total of 108 trials involving 5731 rats were included. Meta-analysis showed that acupuncture had better effect on reducing weight (SMD -2.60, 95%CI: -2.93 to -2.26, p<0.00001) and Lee's index (SMD -2.62, 95%CI:-3.18 to -2.06, p<0.00001) compared with control group. However, the methodological quality of included studies was generally poor. Details of blinding were not reported in most studies. In spite of high heterogeneity being observed on the merged data, sensitivity analysis using the leave-one-out approach, subgroup analysis based on different acupuncture techniques, and rat strains and meta-regression all failed to find the sources of heterogeneity. The asymmetric funnel plot suggested publication bias. Besides, adverse events were not reported in any reports. ..."
Fan X., Yu M. et al. (2019) Effectiveness of Acupuncture in Treatment of Simple Obesity in Animal Models: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019:5459326. 🔗
Central and Peripheral Mechanism of Acupuncture Analgesia on Visceral Pain: A Systematic Review.
"...Results: We retrieved 192 articles, out of which 46 studies were included in our review. The results of our review demonstrated that visceral pain behaviors were significantly alleviated in response to acupuncture treatment in groups treated with this intervention compared to in sham acupuncture or no-treatment groups. Changes in the concentrations of -endorphin, epinephrine, cortisol, and prostaglandin E2 in plasma, the levels of c-Fos, substance P, corticotropin-releasing hormone, P2X3, acetylcholinesterase (AchE), N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, and serotonin in the gut/spinal cord, and the neuronal activity of the thalamus were associated with acupuncture treatment in visceral pain. ..."
Lee I., Cheon S. et al. (2019) Central and Peripheral Mechanism of Acupuncture Analgesia on Visceral Pain: A Systematic Review. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019:1304152. 🔗
Effects of acupuncture on vascular dementia (VD) animal models: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
"...RESULTS: Sixteen studies involving 363 animals met the inclusion criteria. The included studies scored between 4 and 8 points, and the mean was 5.44. The results of the meta-analysis indicated remarkable differences with acupuncture on increasing the duration in the former platform quadrant both in EO models (SMD = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.02 ~ 2.11; p < 0.00001) and 2-VO models (SMD 4.29, 95% CI 3.23 ~ 5.35; p < 0.00001) compared with the control groups. ..."
Zhang Z., Liu Z. et al. (2018) Effects of acupuncture on vascular dementia (VD) animal models: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2018;18(1):302. 🔗
Coarse needle surface potentiates analgesic effect elicited by acupuncture with twirling manipulation in rats with nociceptive pain.
"...RESULTS: It was observed that the rougher the needle surface, the stronger the needle grasp force and thickness of subcutaneous connective tissue while rotating. TFL increased in proportion to surface roughness of the ground needles 10 min after acupuncture into the Zusanli acupoint (ST36) on rat's legs. In the rat formalin test, the rougher needle also significantly exerted the larger analgesic effect during both early and late phases compared to non-ground normal needle. ..."
Kwon S., Lee Y. et al. (2017) Coarse needle surface potentiates analgesic effect elicited by acupuncture with twirling manipulation in rats with nociceptive pain. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2017;17(1):1. 🔗
Manual and electrical needle stimulation in acupuncture research: pitfalls and challenges of heterogeneity.
"In the field of acupuncture research there is an implicit yet unexplored assumption that the evidence on manual and electrical stimulation techniques, derived from basic science studies, clinical trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses, is generally interchangeable. Such interchangeability would justify a bidirectional approach to acupuncture research, where basic science studies and clinical trials each ..."
Langevin H., Schnyer R. et al. (2015) Manual and electrical needle stimulation in acupuncture research: pitfalls and challenges of heterogeneity. J Altern Complement Med. 2015;21(3):113-28. 🔗
Mechanisms of Acupuncture-Electroacupuncture on Persistent Pain
"In the last decade, preclinical investigations of electroacupuncture mechanisms on persistent tissue-injury (inflammatory), nerve-injury (neuropathic), cancer, and visceral pain have increased. These studies show that electroacupuncture activates the nervous system differently in health than in pain conditions, alleviates both sensory and affective inflammatory pain, and inhibits inflammatory and neuropathic pain more effectively at 2–10 Hz ..."
Zhang R., Lao L. et al. (2014) Mechanisms of Acupuncture-Electroacupuncture on Persistent Pain Anesthesiology. 2014;120(2):482-503. 🔗
Acupuncture and depth: future direction for acupuncture research.
"The research on acupuncture has increased steadily over the years and regular review and revision of the direction of future acupuncture research are necessary. This paper aims to review and explore the significance of acupuncture depth in modern acupuncture research. Searches conducted in Science Direct and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases reflected a ..."
Goh Y., Ho C. et al. (2014) Acupuncture and depth: future direction for acupuncture research. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014:871217. 🔗
Cerebral hemodynamic responses to acupuncture in migraine patients: a systematic review.
"We review the literature conjoining acupuncture, migraine, and cerebral hemodynamics. To do so, we searched PubMed in March 2013 for studies investigating cerebral hemodynamics with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasound, and other tools in migraineurs, acupuncture recipients, and migraineurs receiving acupuncture. Our search identified 1321 distinct articles - acupuncture (..."
Lo M., Lin J. et al. (2013) Cerebral hemodynamic responses to acupuncture in migraine patients: a systematic review. J Tradit Complement Med. 2013;3(4):213-20. 🔗
Defining meridians: a modern basis of understanding.
"Acupuncture, one of the primary methods of treatment in traditional Oriental medicine, is based on a system of meridians. Along the meridians lie acupuncture points or acupoints, which are stimulated by needling, pressure or heat to resolve a clinical problem. A number of methods have been used to identify meridians and to explain them ..."
Longhurst John C.(2010) Defining meridians: a modern basis of understanding. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2010;3(2):67-74. 🔗


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By berussagroup on 17/01/2017 blues rock, funk metal, funk rock, Glen Hughes, hard rock, Heavy metal, musician, progressive rock, Singer-songwriter, So Mush Love To Give, soul Blues
Glen Hughes – So Mush Love To Give Glenn Hughes (born 21 August 1951) is an English rock bassist and vocalist, best known for playing bass and performing vocals for rock pioneers Trapeze, the Mk. III and IV line-ups of Deep Purple as well as working with Black Sabbath guitarist Tony Iommi as a […]
Deep Purple – Soldier Of fortune
By berussagroup on 05/10/2015 blues rock, Deep Purple, hard rock, Heavy metal, progressive rock, Soldier Of fortune Heavy Metal
Deep Purple – Soldier Of fortune Deep Purple are an English rock band formed in Hertford in 1968. They are considered to be among the pioneers of heavy metal and modern hard rock, although their musical approach changed over the years. Originally formed as a progressive rock band, the band shifted its sound to hard […]
Opeth – Burden
By berussagroup on 05/10/2015 Burden, Death Metal, Opeth, progressive metal, progressive rock Heavy Metal
Opeth – Burden Opeth is a Swedish heavy metal band from Stockholm, formed in 1990. Though the group has been through several personnel changes, singer, guitarist, and songwriter Mikael Åkerfeldt has remained Opeth's only founding member and the driving force throughout the years. Opeth has consistently incorporated progressive, folk, blues, classical and jazz influences […]
Brian May & Peter Gabriel & Djivan Gasparyan – The Feeling Begins
By berussagroup on 06/09/2015 art rock, Brian May, Djivan Gasparyan, experimental rock, musician, Peter Gabriel, pop rock, progressive rock, rock, Singer-songwriter, The Feeling Begins, Worldbeat Rock
Brian May & Peter Gabriel & Djivan Gasparyan – The Feeling Begins Brian Harold May, CBE is an English musician, singer, songwriter and astrophysicist who achieved international fame as the lead guitarist of the rock band Queen. He uses a home-built electric guitar, called the Red Special. Peter Brian Gabriel (born 13 February 1950) is […]
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By berussagroup on 22/08/2015 alternative rock, Festival, hard rock, Live at Main Square, Muse, progressive rock, space rock Concerts, General
Muse – Live at Main Square Festival Muse – Live at Main Square Festival 2015 (Full concert) Muse are an English rock band from Teignmouth, Devon, formed in 1994. The band consists of Matthew Bellamy (lead vocals, guitar, piano, keyboards), Christopher Wolstenholme (bass guitar, backing vocals) and Dominic Howard (drums, percussion, synthesisers). […]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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in Business, Food
The Most Successful Fast Food Chains Around the World
by Openiun updated August 13, 2021, 2:59 pm
The business model of a fast food restaurant is usually simpler than other kind of businesses. Most of the people opt to open a restaurant that serves fast food and snacks because things appear to be more manageable and less complex than other fields. As we all know, foodies are found in every corner of the world and definitely when someone serves them fresh burgers and tasty sandwiches, they are surely going to taste them.
However, the retention of customers depends on the quality and quantity of the food that is being served. Another thing that is strongly associated with the success of a restaurant is its branding. Nowadays, it has been made a common practice that while starting with their restaurant business, people acquire the franchises of existing well-known brands in food industry for a favorable initiation of the process. Whether it is about their taste, service or popularity; the names of the fast food chains that are going to be appear in this article are doing extremely well in food industry on a global scale.
Mc Donald's logo
Richard and Maurice McDonald founded Mc Donald's restaurant in the year 1940. Back in the old days people were in love with the hamburgers that were served to them by Mc Donald's and it caused this fast food restaurant to gain popularity with in no time. In 1953, Mc Donald's franchise was used for the very first time. Since its inception the branch network of this fast food chain is ever expanding and now it has over 36,000 outlets in almost 120 countries and serves almost 68 million customers daily.
It all started small in the year 1968 when a small sandwich shop was renamed as "Subway". However now it has presence in about 107 countries, and stands one of the fastest-growing franchises in the world. It is this fast food restaurant that offer its customers across the globe with over 38 million of subway sandwiches options available.
It is another brand of American origin but its exceptional taste and service has turned it into a success story and an inspiration for the other related food businesses to follow. The name of Subway has been mentioned in Entrepreneur Magazine's Top 500 franchises list owing to the success and popularity that this fast food chain has acquired over the course of time.
Yes, let's talk KFC or Kentucky Fried Chicken, a restaurant that is greatly loved by a large number of people living around the world. Harland Sanders was the man who founded KFC in the year 1930 in Kentucky. He had gone through a lot of hardships in his life but finally at the age of 40, his idea worked out as he came up with an amazing fried chicken recipe and it was this creation that brought a revolution in the fast food industry around the world and transformed his restaurant in international fast food chain.
Now KFC serves millions of customers all over the world at about 20,000 of its outlets in over 120 countries. However most of the people didn't know about the signature of product of KFC which is pressure fried chicken pieces.
First Pizza Hut Outlet | Wikipedia
Pizza hut undoubtedly holds the title of the largest pizza delivery service in the world. It has a signature taste and toppings that it offers in almost every part of the world and apart from that it has developed diversified specialties in terms of taste and flavors depending on the region of its existence. It was this restaurant that was founded in 1958 by Dan and Frank Carney in Wichita Kansas.
Like KFC, Pizza hut is also a subsidiary of Yum! Brands Inc. Pizza hut now has over 16,000 branches worldwide and like all the other brands, it serves millions of customers every day. So, next time when you will be ordering a pizza from Pizza hut you would realize that how long it has journey from its early history to the modern day just to get to your table.
Dunkin' Donut logo
Did someone say donut? Yes, we are about to reveal some amazing facts about your all-time favorite restaurant "Dunkin' Donut". This internationally recognized Donut Company was also founded in the United States. It has been accumulating success since its very first day of operation and has become one of the largest fast food chains that produce coffee and baked items.
The donuts that they serve are really irresistible and sell hundreds of millions of donuts and other items every day. Apart from their main attraction that is obviously donuts, they prepare a diverse line of products that include different kind of hot and cold beverages and many other delicious sweet treats.
The breakfast combos they offer comprises scrumptiously filling sandwiches paired with donuts and beverages such as tea or coffee depending on their availability or consumer preferences. Dunkin' donut has over 12,000 outlets and has existence in more than 35 countries in different regions of the world. So, now you know the bigger picture about the donuts you enjoy the most.
Burger King Logo
Let's talk about another fast food restaurant that originated in the United States. Burger King was founded in the year 1953 as InstaBurger King that was situated in Jacksonville, Florida. However just one year after it was established, this brand ran into financial crises, it was overtaken by David Edgerton and James McLamore and was rebranded as Burger King. This restaurant has almost 16,000 outlets and countless privately owned franchises.
Millions of customers around the world happily eat burgers and other delicious meals from Burger King. It is this popularity that has made majority of the franchisees of this fast food chain into larger corporation. It does not only deal in Burgers but this restaurant is serving people with some of the most delicious sandwiches from decades and has an interactive way to promote their products and meals.
brandsburgersdonutspizzas
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Voter registration forms are available at the Town Clerk's Office. Mail-in forms can be obtained online at the Lawrence Library and the Pepperell Post Office.
The deadline to register to vote in any Massachusetts State or Local election is 20 days prior to that election.
Precinct 2 also includes the north side of Main Street from Carter to the Nashua River, Cottage Street, and Mill Street address from Main Street, to the Nissitissit River.


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Selection of Statutory Auditor for the financial year 2017-18.
Providing Mess and Canteen facility at NIELIT Aurangabad.
Limited Tender Inquiry for Supply of goods:Network Connectivity from 4507 Switch to Every Lab/Section.
Limited Tender Inquiry for Supply of goods:Wireless Controller At Leat (25 AP Support), Wireless Access Point, Wireless Network access Systems.


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eBook (GRATIS)
THE EDINBURGH REVIEW OF CRITICAL JOURNAL
Escrito por DAVID WILLISON
landed, and set vigorously to work in digging • black ore and gathering pretty stones.' But a part of the frame of the wooden fort having been wrecked, and the stores not being found sufficient for a twelvemonth's provision, it was resolved to abandon the design of leaving a garrison. After various adventures in the country, and some unprincipled attempts to entrap the poor natives, who had now grown more wary, the Holy Sacrament was, on the 30th of August, celebrated on shore with great devotion. Next day a general consultation being held, respecting the expediency of any longer stay, the whole remaining fleet, with the precious cargo of black earth, took its departure for England. They were dispersed, however, by a violent storm; but most of them reached different ports about the beginning of October, with the loss of only forty men.
Frobisher appears, upon this occasion, to have rambled about the cluster o: islands in the mouth of the entrance to Hudson's Bay. But his voyage proved very unfortunate, and grievously disappointed the golden dreams of the adventurers. We hear no more of that rich black earth so eagerly coveted, which had been procured with such difficulty, and collected with so much toil and danger.
Though the hopes of finding a gold mine on the coast of Labrador had completely failed, the prospect of discovering a north-west passage to China was yet sufficiently alluring. Some gentlemen of the West of England, joined to a few London merchants, formed themselves into a society to resume the attempt of exploring that channel. They chose for the commander John Davis, one of the best skilled and most humane of the early English navigators; who sailed from Dartmouth on the 7th of June 1585, with the Sunshine of London, a bark of 50 tons and 23 men, and the Moonshine of Dartmouth, of only 35 tons and 19 men, some of them being musicians. From the 6th to the 18th of July, he saw multitudes of whales; and, on the 19th of that month, he met with numerous islands of floating ice, which, by their continual attrition, created a disagreeable rustling noise. He filled his boat. with the smaller pieces, which yielded excellent fresh water. Next day the fog dispersing, he descried the coast of Greenland, rising like a white sugar-loaf; but he could not land on account of the ice, which formed a broad rampart. On the 29th of July, he reached the latitude of 64° 15'; and the sea being there · utterly void of the pester of ice, and very temperate,' he anchored among a group of islands, one of which he ascended, and observed the natives screeching and howling like wolves. But having desired his musicians to play some simple airs, he soon drew the savages near him; and, while they capered and danced, he won their confidence by gentleness and attention. A brisk trade of barter was now carried on. The canoes crowded about the ships, and the utmost cordiality and ease prevailed. Great quantities of floating wood were seen among those islands, and the rocks appeared full of that shining mica which had tempted the avarice of Frobisher's employers.
Davis advanced, on the 1st of August, to the latitude of 66° 40', and found the coast clear of ice. There his men had various" hard conflicts with white bears. When the fog was dispelled, he landed, and saw sledges and large trained dogs with pricked ears and long bushy tails. Despairing of the existence of any passage, he now resolved to turn back; and arrived, without any remarkable occurrence, at Dartmouth on the 30th of September.
In the following year, Davis was again despatched by the same company a month earlier, with his two barks, and the addition of the Mermaid, a vessel of 120 tons. On the 15th of June, he descried Greenland at the latitude of 60°; but the coast was still inaccessible, being blocked with ice to the distance of ten, and in some places, to that of twenty or thirty leagues. After encountering much tempestuous weather, he saw land again in the latitude of 64°, and, approaching the shore, the natives pushed out to him in their canoes, shouting vehemently. These grateful creatures surrounded the Mermaid, embraced the Captain, and leaped for joy. More than a hundred canoes appeared at one time, loaded with skins of seals and stags, ptarmigans and partridges, salmon, cod, and other dried fish.
On the 3d of July, Davis manned one of his boats, and explored several inlets or sounds, attended by fifty canoes of the natives, who eagerly assisted his people in climbing over the rocks. These savages appeared to be of the Tartar race. • They were of good stature, well in body proportioned, with • small slender hands and feet, with broad visages and small • eyes, wide mouths, the most part unbearded, great lips, and ' close toothed.' They were idolaters, had store of images, and practisecl sorcery. After making a long oration, one of them proceeded to kindle a sacred fire. This priest took a 6. piece of board wherein was a hole half through; into that • hole he put the end of a round. stick like a bedstaff'; and whet(ting the end thereof in train and in fashion of a turner with a
piece of leather, with this motion did very speedily produce • fire.' This he then collected on dry turf, and added various other things to make a sacrifice, accompanied by many words and strange gestures. But Davis, to show his contempt of such witcheries, caused a sailor to kick the burning matter into the
sea. He observed that those hardy savages lived almost constantly in their canoes, and that they fed on raw fish, drank salt water, and ate grass and ice with delight. Their arms were darts, bows and arrows, and slings. They showed a disposition to petty theft; and his crew, beginning to complain that lenity had only encouraged their insolence, he was obliged to make a show of employing severer measures.
This intelligent captain sailed along the coast, exploring it çarefully as he advanced. On the 17th of July, he encountered an immense body of ice in the latitude of 63° 8'; and he spent nearly a fortnight in passing it, the weather being excessively foggy, and his ropes and sails all frozen. On the 1st of August, he descried the American coast, at the parallel of 66° 33', and found an excellent roadstead. Here he was now much annoyed with heat and with muskitos. The native Esquimaux were very obliging, and bartered their commodities. They resembled the Greenlanders in their general appearance, but spoke with a clearer intonation.
Davis now sailed southwards, following the direction of the coast till he came to the latitude of 56°, where he anchored, and found the country for many miles covered with forests of pine, alder, willow, and birch. He saw likewise large flights of various birds and wildfowl. The numerous islands which he had met with during this run, encouraged the hope of discovering the desired passage; which expectation was farther corroborated by what he perceived at another place where he touched, in the latitude of 54o. After having lost two of his men, who were unfortunately shot by the savages from an ambush, and having suffered severely from a dreadful storm, which lasted several days, he at last set sail with a fair wind on the 11th of September, and arrived on the west of England in the beginning of the following month. ! While Davis thus explored the west side of the Strait which bears his name, he directed the other ships to sail up the Greenland sea, and seek for a passage on the north side of Iceland, Having reached that station, they held a northwesterly course from the 16th of June to the 3d of July, when they found themselves' enclosed between two fields of ice. They now turned back, and saw Greenland rising high, and looking very blue; but they could gain no harbour, since a rampart of firm ice, at least three leagues in breadth, extended along the whole coast. Still keeping sight of land, they doubled Cape Farewell, and ascended as far as their former haven, in the latitude of 64o.
There they traded with the natives, till an accidental quarrel arose, which occasioned some bloodshed. , On the last day of August, they departed for England, and arrived safely in the Thames on the 6th of October.
On the 9th of May 1587, Davis sailed again with the same vessels, for the double purpose of trading in skins, and of discovering the north-west passage. On the 20th of June, he reached, as formerly, the islands opposite to Baal's river, in the latitude of 64°. But the natives had now become so bold and outrageous, as to tear his pinnace in pieces, merely for the sake of the iron. Thence pursuing his voyage, he saw great plenty of whales in the latitude of 67° 40', and had some traffic with the numerous canoes which he met. On the 30th, he ascertained, by observation, that he was in the latitude of 72° 12', and found the sea quite open, as far as his vision could reach, to the north and the west. But a strong northerly wind having sprung up, obliged him reluctantly to put back. He now bore away to the American coast, his progress being much impeded by excessive fogs and numerous shoals of ice. On the 13th of July, the natives crowded with their canoes from the shore, and he landed at the latitude of 68°, the weather having now become oppressively hot. During the rest of the month, he sailed along the coast, touching occasionally, till he descended to the latitude of 62°, where he found a large gulf, and a strong.current running from the west. He pursued the same track about a fortnight longer, though he met with frequent islands of ice; and, on the 15th of August, at the latitude of 52°, his vessel being leaky, and his provisions falling short, he departed for England; and, after much variable weather, he arrived at Dartmouth on the 15th of September.
The discoveries made by Davis in the Arctic Seas, though they failed in attaining the main object, were, on the whole, extremely important. But nothing more was attempted from England for many years. At last the Russia and Turkey Companies resolved to send, at their joint expense, an expedition to explore the northwest passage. Accordingly, on the 2d of May 1602, George Weymouth sailed from Radcliff, with two fly-boats, the Discovery of 70 tons, and the Godspeed of 60 tons, victualled for eighteen months, and carrying 35 men besides boys. On the 22d of June, he got sight of Cape Desolation, in Greenland, at the latitude of 60° 37'; and, steering nearly on the same course, he descried, in six days more, the bold shore of America at the parallel of 62° 30'. He now pushed northwards along the coast, in spite of the thick fog and the numerous banks of ice which he encountered. The cold was often so piercing, that the mist froze as it touched the rigging, and the sails and cordage became encrusted with thick ice. On the 20th of July, Wil.
loughby having reached the latititude of 68° 53', his crew, filled with alarms, secretly mutinied, and put back the helm during the night. Willoughby succeeded in restoring discipline, yet saw himself obliged, by circumstances, to continue a southerly course. Two days after, the sea being quite calm and smooth, he sent a boat tv procure a supply of ice from a floating island: it seemed as hard as a rock, but, after a few strokes, the whole mass, shaken by the internal tremor, was rent with a noise like thunder, and precipitated into the deep. About the latitude of 55°, he perceived, on the 16th of August, low land, girt with pleasant islands; and here he thought a passage might be found. But a violent storm arose, which drove him homewards, and, on the 4th of September, he was forced to put into Dartmouth.
The King of Denmark being now desirous of making similar discoveries, and valuing highly the skill of the British navigators, caused two ships and a pinnace to be got ready, and appointed John Cunningham a Scotchman, the chief captain, and James Hall an Englishman, the principal pilot; the rest of the commanders and the crew being, except John Knight the steersman, either Danes or Norwegians. This little squadron sailed from Copenhagen on the 2d May 1605, and on the 30th of that month descried the high and rugged cliffs of Greenland, in the latitude of 59° 50'; but found the shore inaccessible and full of ice. During three or four days following, the weather being very foggy, the ships were encompassed repeatedly with large islands of ice, drifting to the north-north-west, and making a hideous and grinding noise. Ranging along the coast, they met also with several immense banks of floating ice. But the seamen grew mutinous, and would not consent to proceed farther. On the 12th of June, the ships entered a bight, in latitude 66° 30'; and the captain and the pilot landed, and saw empty tents; the Greenlanders having run away through fear. Some intercourse afterwards took place with the natives, who must have thought themselves ill treated, however; for, in the sequel, they made a furious attack on the boats, with their bows and slings. The squadron was forced to put to sea; and, desisting from any farther prosecution of the voyage, returned to Copenhagen.
Not discouraged by this unpromising attempt, his Danish Majesty, the following year, despatched the same leaders, with four ships and a pinnace. They steered a north-westerly course, and were borne along by a strong current. On the 10th of July, they gained the American shore, at the parallel of 60° 16'. They now ranged northwards along the coast, which appeared high and rugged, covered with snow, and beset with ice. Have . VOL. XXX. NO. 59.


text:
'Happy Death Day' Sequel Gets Official Title
By Ryan Grow | October 21, 2018
Happy Death Day seemed to look like a cheap knock-off of Groundhog Day but was the surprise horror hit last year. Now, Blumhouse and Universal Pictures are gearing up for another round. Jessica Rothe will reprise her role in the newly titled Happy Death Day 2U, which is scheduled for a Valentine' Day 2019 release.
Christopher Landon is returning as writer and director with Jason Blum back as producer. Angela Mancuso, John Baldecchi, and Samson Muckle (Scouts Guide to the Zombie Apocalypse) are executive producers on the film.
Not much is known about the anticipated sequel, although a synopsis of the film has said that Rothe will find that "dying over and over again was surprisingly easier than what lies ahead."
The first filmed centered around young co-ed Tree (Rothe) who is brutally murdered on her birthday. Things get crazy when she reawakens and is forced to relive the same events ala "Groundhog Day." After the shock wears off, she goes on a mission to find her killer and avoid her gruesome fate. Happy Death Day also starred Israel Broussard, Ruby Modine and Rachel Matthews with Suraj Sharma and Steve Zissis joining the cast for the sequel.
"Chris has done this incredible thing where the sequel," Rothe said in an interview earlier this year with Collider," the way he described it to me, elevates the movie from being a horror movie – and I wouldn't even say it's just a horror movie because it's a horror, comedy, rom-com drama – into a Back to the Future type of genre film where the sequel joins us right from where we left off, it explains a lot of things in the first one that didn't get explained, and it elevates everything. I was really pleased to know that we weren't just gonna be pushing all the buttons that people loved the first time, over and over again, 'cause I think that gets old. I'm really excited to see if it comes to fruition and, if it does, what the final product looks like."
The original film grossed over $122 million worldwide with a budget reportedly worth $4.8 million.
Related Itemsgroundhog dayhappy death daymovies
Ryan Grow
Writer/Blogger. Movies, television and reviewing them are my passions. When I put my mind to something, there is nothing I can't accomplish. Ryan also has a movie blog: www.moviesontrend.com
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This highly versatile Sand and Water Picnic Table from Plum® does as the name suggests. It can be used as a picnic table in the garden for outdoor eating or for drawing and playing games, lift up the centre wooden panel to find a sand pit and water compartment neatly contained within the base of the table - which will entertain your children for hours! Let their creativity run wild, digging, building, splashing and playing in the sand and water.
A multi-purpose item with a small footprint makes it ideal for compact gardens or for patios. Made from premium FSC® certified timber with rounded corners for added safety.


text:
Огняново () — село в Благоєвградській області. Входить до складу общини Гирмен.
 Огняново () — село в Добрицькій області. Входить до складу общини Крушари.
 Огняново () — село в Пазарджицькій області. Входить до складу общини Пазарджик.
 Огняново () — село в Софійській області. Входить до складу общини Єлин Пелин.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Modern architectural photography in the San Francisco Bay area, and around the world: a variety of images of high tech companies, corporate campuses, law firms, interiors of technology firms in Silicon Valley, government buildings, high rise buildings, courtroom complexes and start ups, featuring interior design of companies like Expedia, OSIsoft, Sun Microsystems, Samsumg, SLAC, and Stanford Research Park. Due to confidentiality, some of the companies are not named, such as biggest maker of smart phones and the biggest search engine company.
Santa Clara County Family Justice Center Owner: Judicial Council of California Lead Design Firm: ZGF Architects LLP General Contractor: Hensel Phelps Construction Co. Woodwork: Beaubois Civil Engineer: BKF Engineers Structural Engineer: Rutherford + Chekene MEP Engineer: WSP Flack + Kurtz Inc.
Suite 2600, 500 Capital Mall, Sacramento, CA Interior view of penthouse office showing conference room with huge chandelier, conference table and view of Sacramento River.
Santa Clara County Family Justice Center Contractor: Hensel Phelps Owner: Judicial Council of California Lead Design Firm: ZGF Architects LLP General Contractor: Hensel Phelps Construction Co. Civil Engineer: BKF Engineers Structural Engineer: Rutherford + Chekene MEP Engineer: WSP Flack + Kurtz Inc.
Santa Clara County Family Justice Center Main lobby Owner: Judicial Council of California Lead Design Firm: ZGF Architects LLP General Contractor: Hensel Phelps Construction Co. Civil Engineer: BKF Engineers Structural Engineer: Rutherford + Chekene MEP Engineer: WSP Flack + Kurtz Inc.
Expedia Offices, San Francisco Alfred Hitchcock themed decor, featuring references to Tippi Hedren, Cary Grant, Jimmy Stewart, "The Birds", "Psycho", "Rear Window"
Santa Clara County Family Justice Center Courtroom hall Owner: Judicial Council of California Lead Design Firm: ZGF Architects LLP General Contractor: Hensel Phelps Construction Co. Civil Engineer: BKF Engineers Structural Engineer: Rutherford + Chekene MEP Engineer: WSP Flack + Kurtz Inc.


text:
Eureka! - I've seen the light...
This week I experienced a pivotal moment. The final realisation that none of the leading political parties fit the bill - including my hitherto preferred option, the Labour Party.
I faced a decision - do I withdraw my vote or find an alternative party to back? Certainly, withdrawal of my vote is anathema to me. People fought long and hard for the right to vote and in my book we are doing wrong if we don't exercise that right.
UKIP has always been a no-no for me, and the realisation that the majority of UKIP supporters favour very explicitly socialist ideas (in a major survey, 78% of UKIP supporters responded that they supported outright renationalisation of the UK energy market, and 73% of them supported renationalisation of the rail network) only underlines the futility of following that line! UKIP is essentially a right-wing Tory group - would they implement Socialist ideas? I think not.
So, what was the solution to my dilemma?
As a 70-year-old pensioner who looked very closely at the Green's policies (when it was the Ecology Party) nearly 40 years ago. I was impressed then, but as a life-long socialist who had been inspired by my forefathers in the Socialist movement, I always felt that those issues should be dealt with by the Labour Party.
In the 1990s I even became a ward party chairman for Labour but I was immensely disaffected by their purely Blair-ish attitudes of the time. I left the party and have since returned to my roots in Birmingham.
It has taken me untiil this year to realise I was wrong in expecting Labour to embrace what the Green movement stands for. I became severely disappointed - they are clearly a party (like the Liberals) who have had their time and now something fresh needs to grow in today's world. For the first time I voted for the Greens this year (in the European elections) ... only the second time I have not voted Labour (the previous occasion was a protest vote in favour of the Liberals in the early 80s).
It is the principles and ethos of the Green movement that are the only political relevancy in today's world. I retain a sympathy towards Labour, but their views are entrapped in yesterday's thinking to some extent.
We certainly need a system of politics that is centred on the idea of unity - of the planet, mankind and everything that lives - and their connection to the cosmos. Governmental policies need to derive from that concept.
It's All Coming Together...
It is three months since my last post, but now we've had a resolution to the 'Scottish question' (thank goodness for that!) it's time to switch to the forthcoming General Election that is only 8 months away.
The leader of the Labour Party, Ed Miliband, has surprised me in this week's party conference. I was not taken with his election as leader and thought (when he was appointed) that he lacked the force and conviction that I would hope in a leader. But his longer-then-expected speech yesterday seemed to confirm that he has qualities that are different to the norm. I gauge him now as a person who is intellectually very capable and one who has a reasonable view of the bigger picture. I also see him as being a team-man - one who is letting others get on with their share of the work while he confers with them and prompts them down discrete channels. The key word that he espoused yesterday - togetherness - sums him up: he does what he says. The label on the tin matches the contents.
Instead of admiring some of the fine philosophy that Miliband intoned, the media immediately jumped on the shortcomings of the speech. He had forgotten part of his speech, they said, on The Deficit. And that the scripted speech, in any case, said little on the subject. But the reality is that the Labour Party has had a policy to deal with The Deficit since they were voted out of office in 2010. They simply did not - nor do not want - cuts to be as swingeing as they have been under the ConDems. They want a fairer approach to the matter, not an approach that has seen the awful Bedroom Tax and other malevolent modes that the Tories want to impart on the less fortunate.
So why should Miliband have to satiate the media by returning to a discussion about situations we already know about? Instead he chose to paint a picture of a fairer and well-directed future. And one that is greener. Climate Change has to be addressed, and Miliband and his team know that very well.
Miliband (in my opinion) is taking steps in the right direction. There is a great deal of distance still to travel to achieve the ideal society, but let's at least try to get to that state rather than follow the 'me first' direction of the Tories. We need to move to a sustainable economy, and 'me first' tactics will just not work in future. We need to be One Nation (indeed, One World) in our approach - in fact, we need to work "together".
What are we here for? It's time we thought about that question.
In the UK, I fear that we are sinking further into deep hypocrisy. We like to give the image that all is fluffy and bright, but much - a lot - of that is only on the surface. At least, that's my view.
And two things occurred yesterday that cause me to revert to this blog. I will come back to them.
Why do I sound like a dischuffed septuagenarian? Probably because I am! I have spent my life believing that mankind will surely morph into something more beneficial both for the sake of its species and for planet Earth, but what I had overlooked was that the attitudes, mechanisms and institutions that exist today to implement the nation's will have not changed enough. And apathy is largely prevalent at election time. As a nation we are asleep. Asleep .. to real realities. Thanks to the 1980s revolution under Thatcher we are now a self-seeking lot in the main. We are continually thinking of our individual selves rather than thinking about what is best for the majority; for the nation.
What's going on amongst the Scottish Nationalists is a good example of selfishness going rampant. Their arguments are more to do with their dislike about being ruled by Tories from Westminster than anything else. Instead of helping to put together a realistic socialist movement for everyone, they are trying every trick in the book to convince proud Scots that they would be better off without being tacked on to England.
Where is our mutual sense of unity? Has it gone out of the window? What happened to One-Nation Politics?
Last night on our Channel 4 there was the weekly Dispatches programme that this time looked at the very real crisis that is occurring amongst the poorest families. No, the parents were not beer-swilling, fag-puffing, betting office ne'er-do-wells. They were ordinary but intelligent mothers and children trying to eke out a meal ticket on a budget of £1.80 per person per day in some circumstances. And when there was not enough money the mothers gave up food, giving preference to the children. And one or two otherwise intelligent mothers who felt they had to turn to prostitution to try to make life 'better'.
Luckily there are food banks, and they do a roaring trade. Sadly - they are a necessary facility in this day and age. The seventh richest country in the world cannot ensure its children are properly supported - we are slowly turning into a South American despot.
That was one of the upsetting 'things' that occurred. The other 'thing' was that the same day David Cameron announced that we must do all we can to cause schools to accept that they must communicate British Values as his response to the debacle surrounding a number of schools in Birmingham who are alleged to be trying to turn their schools into Islamic extremism.
Mr. Cameron, you cannot ensure the nation's children are being properly fed and yet you infer that Muslims don't have values that meet your own standards!
One of the major pillars of Islam is giving to charity and ensuring that women and children are well protected. Mr. Cameron, do your policies equate to the ideals of Islam?
Mr. Cameron seems to spend all his time sneering at the Scots and the Muslims. Does he know what resentment he is creating?
I despair. We - as a people, as a nation - need to deeply reconsider what are the important elements that can bind individuals into a balanced and sane society before the matter gets completely out of hand. And, having decided what those values are, do something about implementing them.
We have nearly a year to the 2015 General Election. There's still time.
What are we here for? It's time we thought about t...


text:
//==============================================================================
// Single Cell view information simulation widget
//==============================================================================

#include "cellmlfileruntime.h"
#include "singlecellviewinformationsimulationwidget.h"
#include "singlecellviewsimulation.h"

//==============================================================================

namespace OpenCOR {
namespace SingleCellView {

//==============================================================================

SingleCellViewInformationSimulationWidget::SingleCellViewInformationSimulationWidget(QWidget *pParent) :
    PropertyEditorWidget(true, pParent)
{
    // Populate our property editor

    mStartingPointProperty = addDoubleProperty(0.0);
    mEndingPointProperty   = addDoubleProperty(1000.0);
    mPointIntervalProperty = addDoubleProperty(1.0);

    mStartingPointProperty->setEditable(true);
    mEndingPointProperty->setEditable(true);
    mPointIntervalProperty->setEditable(true);
}

//==============================================================================

void SingleCellViewInformationSimulationWidget::retranslateUi()
{
    // Default retranslation

    PropertyEditorWidget::retranslateUi();

    // Update our property names

    mStartingPointProperty->setName(tr("Starting point"));
    mEndingPointProperty->setName(tr("Ending point"));
    mPointIntervalProperty->setName(tr("Point interval"));
}

//==============================================================================

void SingleCellViewInformationSimulationWidget::initialize(SingleCellViewSimulation *pSimulation)
{
    // Iniialise the unit of our different properties

    QString unit = pSimulation->runtime()->variableOfIntegration()->unit();

    mStartingPointProperty->setUnit(unit);
    mEndingPointProperty->setUnit(unit);
    mPointIntervalProperty->setUnit(unit);

    // Initialise our simulation's starting point so that we can then properly
    // reset our simulation the first time round

    pSimulation->data()->setStartingPoint(mStartingPointProperty->doubleValue(), false);
}

//==============================================================================

Core::Property * SingleCellViewInformationSimulationWidget::startingPointProperty() const
{
    // Return our starting point property

    return mStartingPointProperty;
}

//==============================================================================

Core::Property * SingleCellViewInformationSimulationWidget::endingPointProperty() const
{
    // Return our ending point property

    return mEndingPointProperty;
}

//==============================================================================

Core::Property * SingleCellViewInformationSimulationWidget::pointIntervalProperty() const
{
    // Return our point interval property

    return mPointIntervalProperty;
}

//==============================================================================

double SingleCellViewInformationSimulationWidget::startingPoint() const
{
    // Return our starting point

    return mStartingPointProperty->doubleValue();
}

//==============================================================================

double SingleCellViewInformationSimulationWidget::endingPoint() const
{
    // Return our ending point

    return mEndingPointProperty->doubleValue();
}

//==============================================================================

double SingleCellViewInformationSimulationWidget::pointInterval() const
{
    // Return our point interval

    return mPointIntervalProperty->doubleValue();
}

//==============================================================================

}   // namespace SingleCellView
}   // namespace OpenCOR

//==============================================================================
// End of file
//==============================================================================

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
An opinionated list of amazingly awesome coding standards styleguides. The aim
is to provide similar coding styles across multiple languages and platforms.

## CoffeeScript

* [PolarMobile CoffeeScript Style Guide](https://github.com/polarmobile/coffeescript-style-guide)
* [CoffeeLint](http://www.coffeelint.org/) with [coffeelint.json](https://github.com/polarmobile/coffeescript-style-guide/blob/master/coffeelint.json)

## JavaScript

* [Airbnb JavaScript Style Guide](https://github.com/airbnb/javascript#airbnb-javascript-style-guide-)
* [JSHint](http://jshint.com) with [.jshintrc](https://github.com/airbnb/javascript/blob/master/linters/jshintrc)
* [ESLint](http://eslint.org) with [.eslintrc](https://github.com/airbnb/javascript/blob/master/linters/.eslintrc)

## Lua

* [Olivine Labs Lua Style Guide](https://github.com/Olivine-Labs/lua-style-guide)
* [Luacheck](https://github.com/mpeterv/luacheck)

## PHP

* [PHP Framework Interop Group Coding Style Guide](http://php-fig.org/psr/psr-2/)
* [PHP CodeSniffer](http://github.com/squizlabs/PHP_CodeSniffer) with `phpcs --standard=psr2`

## Python

* [PEP-8 Python Style Guide](http://python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/)
* [Pylint](http://pylint.org)

## Ruby

* [Airbnb Ruby Style Guide](https://github.com/airbnb/ruby#ruby-style-guide)