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Home ⌂→Trimdon History→Shorthouse Family History→Eulogy for Lewis Walmsley
Eulogy for Lewis Walmsley
Stephen's Eulogy for his father Lewis Walmsley
Lewis Walmsley was born on 22 June 1918 at his aunt Ruth's private hospital in North Yass. He was the youngest of 8. His father married twice, his first wife, Charlotte Armstrong, dying after three children were born and when the eldest was 3. His second wife, Lewis' mother, was Catherine Eliot of Gundaroo. Therefore, Lewis had three half-brothers from his father's first marriage and three brothers and a sister from his second. One of his brothers, Ted, was killed in the Second World War in New Guinea. The other members of the family lived between 76 and 90 years. Lewis was 84.
He was raised at "Milford", on the Yass River. He attended local primary schools. The NSW Education Department provided a teacher to be shared with several of his local schools. Thus, he attended school for three days one week and two the next. He finished primary school but there was no secondary school available. So he enrolled in the correspondence school and was for a time supervised by the local primary school teacher. But that teacher was not paid for the supervision. The arrangement soon came to an end. So he left school and went to work on his father's farm.
He farmed for 10 years, then joined the AIF, serving in WA and New Guinea. While on leave from New Guinea he met Marion. They corresponded while he was back in New Guinea. They married on 14 April 1945. They were married for 57 years. They had three children. I was born in 1946, Faye in 1949 and Mark in 1958. Sadly, Faye died far too young, of a long illness, in 1980, when she was 30.
Though Lewis had little formal education, he was keenly interested in history, geography and world affairs. Like so many of his generation he was a veracious reader of books about the second world war, especially biographic of those prominent in that war. Even in the last few months I have given him several such books which he read.
He was a most successful grazier, winning prizes for breeding of fine Merino wool and for farming techniques.
He was always a keen sportsman, playing cricket in his youth (he tried to interest me in this but that was a waste of time). He later played tennis at competition level for many years at the Yass Methodist tennis club. Then he turned to lawn bowls. He had a keen eye for ball sports. He was not to be trifled with at the table tennis table. We had a table tennis table in the home on the farm for many years, He was rarely beaten at that sport and it was always a matter for some celebration when someone did beat him.
Lewis and Marion moved from the farm to Canberra in 1870 when Mark was about to start High School. In 1972 he sold most of Milford and for the next 15 years worked in Canberra in his own business and for City Parks. Though he retired formally at 65 he still ran sheep till he was over 70.
The sale of the farm made possible overseas travel, which he and Marion greatly enjoyed. They travelled to Europe twice, and took several other trips to Asia.
In his latter years Lewis took up jewellery making and won many prizes at the Canberra Show and elsewhere, Some may see that as surprising after farming but I see a certain symmetry. After all, as a farmer he spent a lot of time at the blacksmith's forge hammering together links for a chain he used to pull objects from behind a tractor. The jewellery he made included chains made of silver and gold and have exquisite charm and simplicity. The design is not so different from the chains forged for the tractor.
He was also interested in local history and joined the Canberra Historical Society. As I have noted, he lacked much formal education. Yet he wrote for publication in that society's journal a most moving account of his brother Ted's escape from the Middle East where he was wounded and then in a hospital tent which was bombed, then removed by ship at the dead of night when the moon was small and later sent to New guinea where ironically after such an escape, he was killed by the bullet of a Japanese sniper.
He was a shy and remote man and a perfectionist. The latter was a maddening one for him to have if you were his son. Mark has inherited that trait but not me I think. Notwithstanding those qualities he was a good teacher of farming skills. And taught me such skills as carpentry, mechanics, drainage and electrics (we had a home power plant in the early years and this skill was necessary then). He introduced me to making radios, which was a great interest of mine when I was young, and to photography, another of his interests. He taught me how to milk a cow and to crutch a sheep.
His perfectionist nature sometimes was overpowering by a fairly fiery temper. On one occasion when I was a child I came upon him wrestling with the Victa mower. I noticed the carburetter was broken I an unusual way and he later confessed that in a fit of temper he had attacked it with a hammer.
He was not able to persuade me or Mark to become graziers. Watching what he had to do had the opposite effect on us. We could see how hard physically he had to work. He had immense physical strength. When he was in his seventies I was asked to help him catch wethers. After up ending a few I was exhausted but he kept going till he'd upended and crutched the lot.
He was a great provider and ensured all of us had private school educations and paid for me to attend university. He had a view I think (and I tend to agree0 that the education was wasted on Mark, who later had, but gave up, a perfectly good and safe job in the public service to embark on the uncertain career of musician. Perhaps the uncertainty from farming was what attracted him.
Lewis was the last of the eight. In his last few months he lived at the Sir Leslie Morshead Home in Lyneham. Those months were a strain for him and for Marion. But he knew that he was better off there. He died on Sunday, early in the morning, peacefully, and in keeping with the way he had lived, quietly and without fanfare.
Mark's Eulogy for his father Lewis Walmsley
My grandfather's name was John, James, Hay, Norman, Theodoras Walmsley. By the time he had named 7 other children, he left it to his second wife, Kate who named Dad Lewis. Unfortunately, my grandfather…Norman for short (!) hated her choice and called Dad Bill, much to Mum's confusion when she first met the family!
The hard times of the Great depression shaped Dad's early life. As Stephen mentioned, he had to leave school early but continued reading widely. Norman couldn't afford to pay Dad or his brother Ted, to whom he was close and they relied on trapping rabbits and foxes for any extras during that time.
One Saturday after a hard week, there was a dance in Yass which Dad and Ted badly wanted to attend. Trouble was… no money! Fortunately, Ted remembered a ripe smelly cow carcass lying in a creek some distance from the farmhouse. Once skinned, they rode into Yass on Ted's Indian Motor Bike and the proceeds enabled them to get to the dance!
Dad, like Stephen but sadly not myself, had a phenomenal memory. Recently he gave me a very nice small bookcase, which he proudly told me had been his first ever item of furniture, He was able to tell me the date he bought it in the 1930's, the name of the man who built some glass doors for it and how much he paid for it!
Dad often seemed preoccupied by his work but every now and then would surprise us by some generous and thoughtful act. He really had a great love for Stephen, Faye and I… later Joshua, Claudia and Oscar as well.
I was about 10 and making a very poor attempt at making a billy cart. After a while, Dad noticed and in no time had the electric welder out and I was soon flying down the hill behind the farmhouse. He later decided that a concrete floor on the verandah was unsuitable for dancing and several weeks of hard work later he'd installed a timber floor just in time for Stephen's 21st birthday party.
Unlike me, Dad was also very particular about his possessions. He maintained things well, kept them tidy and very clean. As a 3 year old, I was 'helping' him at the back paddocks of the farm. After being left in the cabin of the ute for what seemed a VERY long time, I decided to see what he was up to. Unable to master the door handle, I picked up a ball pane hammer and smashed the driver's side window to get out. I couldn't understand why Dad seemed so upset!
Mum and Dad always seemed to be a very strong team. Every day started with an early cup of tea and a discussion of the day's events. Dad was always a strong supporter of Mum's many activities whether they be singing, putting on a musical, helping with various charities and especially her eldership in this church.
Even though he kept asking me for ten years when I was going to get a REAL job, he nonetheless supported me in many ways in my unconventional career choice.
Dad made a great job and a life's work from farming, something he never intended or particularly wanted to do. Anything he pursued had to turn a profit and be done well. As recently as last year, he had a successful stall of his jewellery work at the Canberra show. He took delight in explaining his work at length to Oscar, Joshua or anyone who would listen in his elaborate workshop.
I know Dad would have been happy with the good 'turnout' as he would have called it, and I want to thank you all very much for sharing this sad and special day with us.
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That first night, I had severe trouble sleeping, falling asleep in 30 minutes rather than my usual 19.6±11.9, waking up 12 times (5.9±3.4), and spending ~90 minutes awake (18.1±16.2), and naturally I felt unrested the next day; I initially assumed it was because I had left a fan on (moving air keeps me awake) but the new potassium is also a possible culprit. When I asked, Kevin said:
Nootropics are a broad classification of cognition-enhancing compounds that produce minimal side effects and are suitable for long-term use. These compounds include those occurring in nature or already produced by the human body (such as neurotransmitters), and their synthetic analogs. We already regularly consume some of these chemicals: B vitamins, caffeine, and L-theanine, in our daily diets.
Two additional studies assessed the effects of d-AMP on visual–motor sequence learning, a form of nondeclarative, procedural learning, and found no effect (Kumari et al., 1997; Makris, Rush, Frederich, Taylor, & Kelly, 2007). In a related experimental paradigm, Ward, Kelly, Foltin, and Fischman (1997) assessed the effect of d-AMP on the learning of motor sequences from immediate feedback and also failed to find an effect.
Kratom (Erowid, Reddit) is a tree leaf from Southeast Asia; it's addictive to some degree (like caffeine and nicotine), and so it is regulated/banned in Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar, and Bhutan among others - but not the USA. (One might think that kratom's common use there indicates how very addictive it must be, except it literally grows on trees so it can't be too hard to get.) Kratom is not particularly well-studied (and what has been studied is not necessarily relevant - I'm not addicted to any opiates!), and it suffers the usual herbal problem of being an endlessly variable food product and not a specific chemical with the fun risks of perhaps being poisonous, but in my reading it doesn't seem to be particularly dangerous or have serious side-effects.
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Flaxseed oil is, ounce for ounce, about as expensive as fish oil, and also must be refrigerated and goes bad within months anyway. Flax seeds on the other hand, do not go bad within months, and cost dollars per pound. Various resources I found online estimated that the ALA component of human-edible flaxseed to be around 20% So Amazon's 6lbs for $14 is ~1.2lbs of ALA, compared to 16fl-oz of fish oil weighing ~1lb and costing ~$17, while also keeping better and being a calorically useful part of my diet. The flaxseeds can be ground in an ordinary food processor or coffee grinder. It's not a hugely impressive cost-savings, but I think it's worth trying when I run out of fish oil.
First was a combination of L-theanine and aniracetam, a synthetic compound prescribed in Europe to treat degenerative neurological diseases. I tested it by downing the recommended dosages and then tinkering with a story I had finished a few days earlier, back when caffeine was my only performance-enhancing drug. I zoomed through the document with renewed vigor, striking some sentences wholesale and rearranging others to make them tighter and punchier.
One thing to notice is that the default case matters a lot. This asymmetry is because you switch decisions in different possible worlds - when you would take Adderall but stop you're in the world where Adderall doesn't work, and when you wouldn't take Adderall but do you're in the world where Adderall does work (in the perfect information case, at least). One of the ways you can visualize this is that you don't penalize tests for giving you true negative information, and you reward them for giving you true positive information. (This might be worth a post by itself, and is very Litany of Gendlin.)
By the end of 2009, at least 25 studies reported surveys of college students' rates of nonmedical stimulant use. Of the studies using relatively smaller samples, prevalence was, in chronological order, 16.6% (lifetime; Babcock & Byrne, 2000), 35.3% (past year; Low & Gendaszek, 2002), 13.7% (lifetime; Hall, Irwin, Bowman, Frankenberger, & Jewett, 2005), 9.2% (lifetime; Carroll, McLaughlin, & Blake, 2006), and 55% (lifetime, fraternity students only; DeSantis, Noar, & Web, 2009). Of the studies using samples of more than a thousand students, somewhat lower rates of nonmedical stimulant use were found, although the range extends into the same high rates as the small studies: 2.5% (past year, Ritalin only; Teter, McCabe, Boyd, & Guthrie, 2003), 5.4% (past year; McCabe & Boyd, 2005), 4.1% (past year; McCabe, Knight, Teter, & Wechsler, 2005), 11.2% (past year; Shillington, Reed, Lange, Clapp, & Henry, 2006), 5.9% (past year; Teter, McCabe, LaGrange, Cranford, & Boyd, 2006), 16.2% (lifetime; White, Becker-Blease, & Grace-Bishop, 2006), 1.7% (past month; Kaloyanides, McCabe, Cranford, & Teter, 2007), 10.8% (past year; Arria, O'Grady, Caldeira, Vincent, & Wish, 2008); 5.3% (MPH only, lifetime; Du-Pont, Coleman, Bucher, & Wilford, 2008); 34% (lifetime; DeSantis, Webb, & Noar, 2008), 8.9% (lifetime; Rabiner et al., 2009), and 7.5% (past month; Weyandt et al., 2009).
In addition, the cognitive enhancing effects of stimulant drugs often depend on baseline performance. So whilst stimulants enhance performance in people with low baseline cognitive abilities, they often impair performance in those who are already at optimum. Indeed, in a study by Randall et al., modafinil only enhanced cognitive performance in subjects with a lower (although still above-average) IQ.
We reviewed recent studies concerning prescription stimulant use specifically among students in the United States and Canada, using the method illustrated in Figure 1. Although less informative about the general population, these studies included questions about students' specific reasons for using the drugs, as well as frequency of use and means of obtaining them. These studies typically found rates of use greater than those reported by the nationwide NSDUH or the MTF surveys. This probably reflects a true difference in rates of usage among the different populations. In support of that conclusion, the NSDUH data for college age Americans showed that college students were considerably more likely than nonstudents of the same age to use prescription stimulants nonmedically (odds ratio: 2.76; Herman-Stahl, Krebs, Kroutil, & Heller, 2007).
Several new medications are on the market and in development for Alzheimer's disease, a progressive neurological disease leading to memory loss, language deterioration, and confusion that afflicts about 4.5 million Americans and is expected to strike millions more as the baby boom generation ages. Yet the burning question for those who aren't staring directly into the face of Alzheimer's is whether these medications might make us smarter.
Specifically, the film is completely unintelligible if you had not read the book. The best I can say for it is that it delivers the action and events one expects in the right order and with basic competence, but its artistic merits are few. It seems generally devoid of the imagination and visual flights of fancy that animated movies 1 and 3 especially (although Mike Darwin disagrees), copping out on standard imagery like a Star Wars-style force field over Hogwarts Castle, or luminescent white fog when Harry was dead and in his head; I was deeply disappointed to not see any sights that struck me as novel and new. (For example, the aforementioned dead scene could have been done in so many interesting ways, like why not show Harry & Dumbledore in a bustling King's Cross shot in bright sharp detail, but with not a single person in sight and all the luggage and equipment animatedly moving purposefully on their own?) The ending in particular boggles me. I actually turned to the person next to me and asked them whether that really was the climax and Voldemort was dead, his death was so little dwelt upon or laden with significance (despite a musical score that beat you over the head about everything else). In the book, I remember it feeling like a climactic scene, with everyone watching and little speeches explaining why Voldemort was about to be defeated, and a suitable victory celebration; I read in the paper the next day a quote from the director or screenwriter who said one scene was cut because Voldemort would not talk but simply try to efficiently kill Harry. (This is presumably the explanation for the incredible anti-climax. Hopefully.) I was dumbfounded by the depths of dishonesty or delusion or disregard: Voldemort not only does that in Deathly Hallows multiple times, he does it every time he deals with Harry, exactly as the classic villains (he is numbered among) always do! How was it possible for this man to read the books many times, as he must have, and still say such a thing?↩
Other drugs, like cocaine, are used by bankers to manage their 18-hour workdays [81]. Unlike nootropics, dependency is very likely and not only mentally but also physically. Bankers and other professionals who take drugs to improve their productivity will become dependent. Almost always, the negative consequences outweigh any positive outcomes from using drugs.
There is an ancient precedent to humans using natural compounds to elevate cognitive performance. Incan warriors in the 15th century would ingest coca leaves (the basis for cocaine) before battle. Ethiopian hunters in the 10th century developed coffee bean paste to improve hunting stamina. Modern athletes ubiquitously consume protein powders and hormones to enhance their training, recovery, and performance. The most widely consumed psychoactive compound today is caffeine. Millions of people use coffee and tea to be more alert and focused.
If you want to focus on boosting your brain power, Lebowitz says you should primarily focus on improving your cardiovascular health, which is "the key to good thinking." For example, high blood pressure and cholesterol, which raise the risk of heart disease, can cause arteries to harden, which can decrease blood flow to the brain. The brain relies on blood to function normally.
It may also be necessary to ask not just whether a drug enhances cognition, but in whom. Researchers at the University of Sussex have found that nicotine improved performance on memory tests in young adults who carried one variant of a particular gene but not in those with a different version. In addition, there are already hints that the smarter you are, the less smart drugs will do for you. One study found that modafinil improved performance in a group of students whose mean IQ was 106, but not in a group with an average of 115.
At this point I began to get bored with it and the lack of apparent effects, so I began a pilot trial: I'd use the LED set for 10 minutes every few days before 2PM, record, and in a few months look for a correlation with my daily self-ratings of mood/productivity (for 2.5 years I've asked myself at the end of each day whether I did more, the usual, or less work done that day than average, so 2=below-average, 3=average, 4=above-average; it's ad hoc, but in some factor analyses I've been playing with, it seems to load on a lot of other variables I've measured, so I think it's meaningful).
Finally, all of the questions raised here in relation to MPH and d-AMP can also be asked about newer drugs and even about nonpharmacological methods of cognitive enhancement. An example of a newer drug with cognitive-enhancing potential is modafinil. Originally marketed as a therapy for narcolepsy, it is widely used off label for other purposes (Vastag, 2004), and a limited literature on its cognitive effects suggests some promise as a cognitive enhancer for normal healthy people (see Minzenberg & Carter, 2008, for a review).
White, Becker-Blease, & Grace-Bishop (2006)	2002	Large university undergraduates and graduates (N = 1,025)	16.2% (lifetime)	68.9%: improve attention; 65.2:% partying; 54.3%: improve study habits; 20%: improve grades; 9.1%: reduce hyperactivity	15.5%: 2–3 times per week; 33.9%: 2–3 times per month; 50.6%: 2–3 times per year	58%: easy or somewhat easy to obtain; write-in comments indicated many obtaining stimulants from friends with prescriptions
An expert in legal and ethical issues surrounding health care technology, Associate Professor Eric Swirsky suggested that both groups have valid arguments, but that neither group is asking the right questions. Prof Swirsky is the clinical associate professor of biomedical and health information sciences in the UIC College of Applied Health Sciences.
At this point, I began thinking about what I was doing. Black-market Adderall is fairly expensive; $4-10 a pill vs prescription prices which run more like $60 for 120 20mg pills. It would be a bad idea to become a fan without being quite sure that it is delivering bang for the buck. Now, why the piracetam mix as the placebo as opposed to my other available powder, creatine powder, which has much smaller mental effects? Because the question for me is not whether the Adderall works (I am quite sure that the amphetamines have effects!) but whether it works better for me than my cheap legal standbys (piracetam & caffeine)? (Does Adderall have marginal advantage for me?) Hence, I want to know whether Adderall is better than my piracetam mix. People frequently underestimate the power of placebo effects, so it's worth testing. (Unfortunately, it seems that there is experimental evidence that people on Adderall know they are on Adderall and also believe they have improved performance, when they do not5. So the blind testing does not buy me as much as it could.)
And the drugs are not terribly difficult to get, depending on where you're located. Modafinil has an annual global share of $700 million, with high estimated off-label use. Although these drugs can be purchased over the internet, their legal status varies between countries. For example, it is legal to possess and use Modafinil in the United Kingdom without a prescription, but not in United States.
"I have a bachelors degree in Nutrition Science. Cavin's Balaster's How to Feed a Brain is one the best written health nutrition books that I have ever read. It is evident that through his personal journey with a TBI and many years of research Cavin has gained a great depth of understanding on the biomechanics of nutrition has how it relates to the structure of the brain and nervous system, as well as how all of the body systems intercommunicate with one another. He then takes this complicated knowledge and breaks it down into a concise and comprehensive book. If you or your loved one is suffering from ANY neurological disorder or TBI please read this book."
The information learned in the tasks reviewed so far was explicit, declarative, and consistent within each experiment. In contrast, probabilistic and procedural learning tasks require the subject to gradually extract a regularity in the associations among stimuli from multiple presentations in which the correct associations are only presented some of the time, with incorrect associations also presented. Findings are mixed in these tasks. Breitenstein and colleagues (2004, 2006) showed subjects drawings of common objects accompanied by nonsense word sounds in training sessions that extended over multiple days. They found faster learning of the to-be-learned, higher probability pairings between sessions (consistent with enhanced retention over longer delays). Breitenstein et al. (2004) found that this enhancement remained a year later. Schlösser et al. (2009) tested subjects' probabilistic learning ability in the context of a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, comparing performance and brain activation with MPH and placebo. MPH did not affect learning performance as measured by accuracy. Although subjects were overall faster in responding on MPH, this difference was independent of the difficulty of the learning task, and the authors accordingly attributed it to response processes rather than learning.
"We stumbled upon fasting as a way to optimize cognition and make yourself into a more efficient human being," says Manuel Lam, an internal medicine physician who advises Nootrobox on clinical issues. He and members of the company's executive team have implanted glucose monitors in their arms — not because they fear diabetes but because they wish to track the real-time effect of the foods they eat.
Since LLLT was so cheap, seemed safe, was interesting, just trying it would involve minimal effort, and it would be a favor to lostfalco, I decided to try it. I purchased off eBay a $13 48 LED illuminator light IR Infrared Night Vision+Power Supply For CCTV. Auto Power-On Sensor, only turn-on when the surrounding is dark. IR LED wavelength: 850nm. Powered by DC 12V 500mA adaptor. It arrived in 4 days, on 7 September 2013. It fits handily in my palm. My cellphone camera verified it worked and emitted infrared - important because there's no visible light at all (except in complete darkness I can make out a faint red light), no noise, no apparent heat (it took about 30 minutes before the lens or body warmed up noticeably when I left it on a table). This was good since I worried that there would be heat or noise which made blinding impossible; all I had to do was figure out how to randomly turn the power on and I could run blinded self-experiments with it.
That left me with 329 days of data. The results are that (correcting for the magnesium citrate self-experiment I was running during the time period which did not turn out too great) days on which I happened to use my LED device for LLLT were much better than regular days. Below is a graph showing the entire MP dataseries with LOESS-smoothed lines showing LLLT vs non-LLLT days:
AMP and MPH increase catecholamine activity in different ways. MPH primarily inhibits the reuptake of dopamine by pre-synaptic neurons, thus leaving more dopamine in the synapse and available for interacting with the receptors of the postsynaptic neuron. AMP also affects reuptake, as well as increasing the rate at which neurotransmitter is released from presynaptic neurons (Wilens, 2006). These effects are manifest in the attention systems of the brain, as already mentioned, and in a variety of other systems that depend on catecholaminergic transmission as well, giving rise to other physical and psychological effects. Physical effects include activation of the sympathetic nervous system (i.e., a fight-or-flight response), producing increased heart rate and blood pressure. Psychological effects are mediated by activation of the nucleus accumbens, ventral striatum, and other parts of the brain's reward system, producing feelings of pleasure and the potential for dependence.
Price discrimination is aided by barriers such as ignorance and oligopolies. An example of the former would be when I went to a Food Lion grocery store in search of spices, and noticed that there was a second selection of spices in the Hispanic/Latino ethnic food aisle, with unit prices perhaps a fourth of the regular McCormick-brand spices; I rather doubt that regular cinnamon varies that much in quality. An example of the latter would be using veterinary drugs on humans - any doctor to do so would probably be guilty of medical malpractice even if the drugs were manufactured in the same factories (as well they might be, considering economies of scale). Similarly, we can predict that whenever there is a veterinary drug which is chemically identical to a human drug, the veterinary drug will be much cheaper, regardless of actual manufacturing cost, than the human drug because pet owners do not value their pets more than themselves. Human drugs are ostensibly held to a higher standard than veterinary drugs; so if veterinary prices are higher, then there will be an arbitrage incentive to simply buy the cheaper human version and downgrade them to veterinary drugs.
Another ingredient used in this formula is GABA or Gamma-Aminobutyric acid; it's the second most common neurotransmitter found in the human brain. Being an inhibitory neurotransmitter it helps calm and reduce neuronal activity; this calming effect makes GABA an excellent ingredient in anti-anxiety medication. Lecithin is another ingredient found in Smart Pill and is a basic compound found in every cell of the body, with cardiovascular benefits it can also help restore the liver. Another effect is that it works with neurological functions such as memory or attention, thus improving brain Effectiveness.
Take at 11 AM; distractions ensue and the Christmas tree-cutting also takes up much of the day. By 7 PM, I am exhausted and in a bad mood. While I don't expect day-time modafinil to buoy me up, I do expect it to at least buffer me against being tired, and so I conclude placebo this time, and with more confidence than yesterday (65%). I check before bed, and it was placebo.
Nicotine's stimulant effects are general and do not come with the same tweakiness and aggression associated with the amphetamines, and subjectively are much cleaner with less of a crash. I would say that its stimulant effects are fairly strong, around that of modafinil. Another advantage is that nicotine operates through nicotinic receptors and so doesn't cross-tolerate with dopaminergic stimulants (hence one could hypothetically cycle through nicotine, modafinil, amphetamines, and caffeine, hitting different receptors each time).
Somewhat ironically given the stereotypes, while I was in college I dabbled very little in nootropics, sticking to melatonin and tea. Since then I have come to find nootropics useful, and intellectually interesting: they shed light on issues in philosophy of biology & evolution, argue against naive psychological dualism and for materialism, offer cases in point on the history of technology & civilization or recent psychology theories about addiction & willpower, challenge our understanding of the validity of statistics and psychology - where they don't offer nifty little problems in statistics and economics themselves, and are excellent fodder for the young Quantified Self movement4; modafinil itself demonstrates the little-known fact that sleep has no accepted evolutionary explanation. (The hard drugs also have more ramifications than one might expect: how can one understand the history of Southeast Asia and the Vietnamese War without reference to heroin, or more contemporaneously, how can one understand the lasting appeal of the Taliban in Afghanistan and the unpopularity & corruption of the central government without reference to the Taliban's frequent anti-drug campaigns or the drug-funded warlords of the Northern Alliance?)
I almost resigned myself to buying patches to cut (and let the nicotine evaporate) and hope they would still stick on well enough afterwards to be indistinguishable from a fresh patch, when late one sleepless night I realized that a piece of nicotine gum hanging around on my desktop for a week proved useless when I tried it, and that was the answer: if nicotine evaporates from patches, then it must evaporate from gum as well, and if gum does evaporate, then to make a perfect placebo all I had to do was cut some gum into proper sizes and let the pieces sit out for a while. (A while later, I lost a piece of gum overnight and consumed the full 4mg to no subjective effect.) Google searches led to nothing indicating I might be fooling myself, and suggested that evaporation started within minutes in patches and a patch was useless within a day. Just a day is pushing it (who knows how much is left in a useless patch?), so I decided to build in a very large safety factor and let the gum sit for around a month rather than a single day.
Do note that this isn't an extensive list by any means, there are plenty more 'smart drugs' out there purported to help focus and concentration. Most (if not all) are restricted under the Psychoactive Substances Act, meaning they're largely illegal to sell. We strongly recommend against using these products off-label, as they can be dangerous both due to side effects and their lack of regulation on the grey/black market.
Remember: The strictest definition of nootropics today says that for a substance to be a true brain-boosting nootropic it must have low toxicity and few side effects. Therefore, by definition, a nootropic is safe to use. However, when people start stacking nootropics indiscriminately, taking megadoses, or importing them from unknown suppliers that may have poor quality control, it's easy for safety concerns to start creeping in.
Amphetamines have a long track record as smart drugs, from the workaholic mathematician Paul Erdös, who relied on them to get through 19-hour maths binges, to the writer Graham Greene, who used them to write two books at once. More recently, there are plenty of anecdotal accounts in magazines about their widespread use in certain industries, such as journalism, the arts and finance.
It arrived as described, a little bottle around the volume of a soda can. I had handy a plastic syringe with milliliter units which I used to measure out the nicotine-water into my tea. I began with half a ml the first day, 1ml the second day, and 2ml the third day. (My Zeo sleep scores were 85/103/86 (▁▇▁), and the latter had a feline explanation; these values are within normal variation for me, so if nicotine affects my sleep, it does so to a lesser extent than Adderall.) Subjectively, it's hard to describe. At half a ml, I didn't really notice anything; at 1 and 2ml, I thought I began to notice it - sort of a cleaner caffeine. It's nice so far. It's not as strong as I expected. I looked into whether the boiling water might be breaking it down, but the answer seems to be no - boiling tobacco is a standard way to extract nicotine, actually, and nicotine's own boiling point is much higher than water; nor do I notice a drastic difference when I take it in ordinary water. And according to various e-cigarette sources, the liquid should be good for at least a year.
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** = Important note - whilst BrainZyme is scientifically proven to support concentration and mental performance, it is not a replacement for a good diet, moderate exercise or sleep. BrainZyme is also not a drug, medicine or pharmaceutical. It is a natural-sourced, vegan food supplement with ingredients that are scientifically proven to support cognition, concentration, mental performance and reduction of tiredness. You should always consult with your Doctor if you require medical attention.
In August 2011, after winning the spaced repetition contest and finishing up the Adderall double-blind testing, I decided the time was right to try nicotine again. I had since learned that e-cigarettes use nicotine dissolved in water, and that nicotine-water was a vastly cheaper source of nicotine than either gum or patches. So I ordered 250ml of water at 12mg/ml (total cost: $18.20). A cigarette apparently delivers around 1mg of nicotine, so half a ml would be a solid dose of nicotine, making that ~500 doses. Plenty to experiment with. The question is, besides the stimulant effect, nicotine also causes habit formation; what habits should I reinforce with nicotine? Exercise, and spaced repetition seem like 2 good targets.
Let's start with the basics of what smart drugs are and what they aren't. The field of cosmetic psychopharmacology is still in its infancy, but the use of smart drugs is primed to explode during our lifetimes, as researchers gain increasing understanding of which substances affect the brain and how they do so. For many people, the movie Limitless was a first glimpse into the possibility of "a pill that can make you smarter," and while that fiction is a long way from reality, the possibilities - in fact, present-day certainties visible in the daily news - are nevertheless extremely exciting.
"Cavin, you are phemomenal! An incredulous journey of a near death accident scripted by an incredible man who chose to share his knowledge of healing his own broken brain. I requested our public library purchase your book because everyone, those with and without brain injuries, should have access to YOUR brain and this book. Thank you for your legacy to mankind!"
NGF may sound intriguing, but the price is a dealbreaker: at suggested doses of 1-100μg (NGF dosing in humans for benefits is, shall we say, not an exact science), and a cost from sketchy suppliers of $1210/100μg/$470/500μg/$750/1000μg/$1000/1000μg/$1030/1000μg/$235/20μg. (Levi-Montalcini was presumably able to divert some of her lab's production.) A year's supply then would be comically expensive: at the lowest doses of 1-10μg using the cheapest sellers (for something one is dumping into one's eyes?), it could cost anywhere up to $10,000.
Flow diagram of cognitive neuroscience literature search completed July 2, 2010. Search terms were dextroamphetamine, Aderrall, methylphenidate, or Ritalin, and cognitive, cognition, learning, memory, or executive function, and healthy or normal. Stages of subsequent review used the information contained in the titles, abstracts, and articles to determine whether articles reported studies meeting the inclusion criteria stated in the text.
So the chi-squared believes there is a statistically-significant difference, the two-sample test disagrees, and the binomial also disagrees. Since I regarded it as a dubious theory, can't see a difference, and the binomial seems like the most appropriate test, I conclude that several months of 1mg iodine did not change my eye color. (As a final test, when I posted the results on the Longecity forum where people were claiming the eye color change, I swapped the labels on the photos to see if anyone would claim something along the lines when I look at the photos, I can see a difference!. I thought someone might do that, which would be a damning demonstration of their biases & wishful thinking, but no one did.)
My worry about the MP variable is that, plausible or not, it does seem relatively weak against manipulation; other variables I could look at, like arbtt window-tracking of how I spend my computer time, # or size of edits to my files, or spaced repetition performance, would be harder to manipulate. If it's all due to MP, then if I remove the MP and LLLT variables, and summarize all the other variables with factor analysis into 2 or 3 variables, then I should see no increases in them when I put LLLT back in and look for a correlation between the factors & LLLT with a multivariate regression.
Legal issues aside, this wouldn't be very difficult to achieve. Many companies already have in-house doctors who give regular health check-ups — including drug tests — which could be employed to control and regulate usage. Organizations could integrate these drugs into already existing wellness programs, alongside healthy eating, exercise, and good sleep.
Adrafinil is a prodrug for Modafinil, which means it can be metabolized into Modafinil to give you a similar effect. And you can buy it legally just about anywhere. But there are a few downsides. Patel explains that you have to take a lot more to achieve a similar effect as Modafinil, wait longer for it to kick in (45-60 minutes), there are more potential side effects, and there aren't any other benefits to taking it.
Spaced repetition at midnight: 3.68. (Graphing preceding and following days: ▅▄▆▆▁▅▆▃▆▄█ ▄ ▂▄▄▅) DNB starting 12:55 AM: 30/34/41. Transcribed Sawaragi 2005, then took a walk. DNB starting 6:45 AM: 45/44/33. Decided to take a nap and then take half the armodafinil on awakening, before breakfast. I wound up oversleeping until noon (4:28); since it was so late, I took only half the armodafinil sublingually. I spent the afternoon learning how to do value of information calculations, and then carefully working through 8 or 9 examples for my various pages, which I published on Lesswrong. That was a useful little project. DNB starting 12:09 AM: 30/38/48. (To graph the preceding day and this night: ▇▂█▆▅▃▃▇▇▇▁▂▄ ▅▅▁▁▃▆) Nights: 9:13; 7:24; 9:13; 8:20; 8:31.
QUALITY : They use pure and high quality Ingredients and are the ONLY ones we found that had a comprehensive formula including the top 5 most proven ingredients: DHA Omega 3, Huperzine A, Phosphatidylserine, Bacopin and N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine. Thrive Natural's Super Brain Renew is fortified with just the right ingredients to help your body fully digest the active ingredients. No other brand came close to their comprehensive formula of 39 proven ingredients. The "essential 5" are the most important elements to help improve your memory, concentration, focus, energy, and mental clarity. But, what also makes them stand out above all the rest was that they have several supporting vitamins and nutrients to help optimize brain and memory function. A critical factor for us is that this company does not use fillers, binders or synthetics in their product. We love the fact that their capsules are vegetarian, which is a nice bonus for health conscious consumers.
The compound is one of the best brain enhancement supplements that includes memory enhancement and protection against brain aging. Some studies suggest that the compound is an effective treatment for disorders like vascular dementia, Alzheimer's, brain stroke, anxiety, and depression. However, there are some side effects associated with Alpha GPC, like a headache, heartburn, dizziness, skin rashes, insomnia, and confusion.
Nicotine absorption through the stomach is variable and relatively reduced in comparison with absorption via the buccal cavity and the small intestine. Drinking, eating, and swallowing of tobacco smoke by South American Indians have frequently been reported. Tenetehara shamans reach a state of tobacco narcosis through large swallows of smoke, and Tapirape shams are said to eat smoke by forcing down large gulps of smoke only to expel it again in a rapid sequence of belches. In general, swallowing of tobacco smoke is quite frequently likened to drinking. However, although the amounts of nicotine swallowed in this way - or in the form of saturated saliva or pipe juice - may be large enough to be behaviorally significant at normal levels of gastric pH, nicotine, like other weak bases, is not significantly absorbed.
Smart drugs could lead to enhanced cognitive abilities in the military. Also known as nootropics, smart drugs can be viewed similarly to medical enhancements. What's important to remember though, is that smart drugs do not increase your intelligence; however, they may improve cognitive and executive functions leading to an increase in intelligence.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


There are two ways of approaching the analysis of the markets. The first is to use subjective techniques like Trend Lines and Gann Fans. There is nothing wrong with that at all. If you only work with a small number of securities, then this is a great way to work. It does take discipline to follow your rules, but it is an approach that has lasted for decades and has produced many masters of analysis.
The second way is to use objective rules to let the computer find the candidates that you should be trading. A lot of work goes into setting up the rules and testing them to ensure that they truly do add value, but once it is done, you have a statistical model that clearly defines the expectations.
Both ways of approaching the market are valid, which one you choose depends on the type of person you are and the number of securities that you need to trade. The rest of this page is dedicated to highlighting the Quantitative tools and process that is available in Optuma.
Note: Not all editions have all quantitative modules, but it is available as an optional add-on.
When you come up with an idea for a Signal (a trade entry or exit), you need to be able to test that idea to see if adds value. Traditionally people would use a Back Test (sometimes called a System Test), but the problem with that is that we have a veritable witch's cauldron of variables being tested at once (entry, exit, starting capital, position size, max number of positions, stops, targets etc). Adjusting any one of those will have an affect on your results. The worst part is that you may be missing some of the best (or worst) signals, due to insufficient capital, and you would not have known.
The Optuma Signal Tester has been designed to overcome all of that. It simply allows us to specify a signal using the easy Optuma Scripting Language. Then the signal tester finds every single instance of that signal and measures the returns over the following days. All those results are then averaged to give you your results.
The Signal Tester will allow you to see how often that signal leads to profit (Probability of Gain) and the Mean or Median returns. If you have a data source that supports it, you can even group equities by Sector and Size and see how the Signal works on different groups.
Signal Testing is a powerful tool that can take a bit of time to get used to, but it helps to answer the question whether your signals are really adding value. Every time a signal is being measured, a measurement is also being taken in the benchmark index. This way you can clearly see on the results how much value you are actually adding over the benchmark.
The next step is to test the combination of entry and exit signals together. This is exactly like the Signal Tester but introduces the exit rules. By using the Trader Tester, you can find every single trade opportunity, even if there were 3 buy signals followed by a single sell signal (as pictured). Every combination of Buy and Sell is a valid trade that "could" have happened. Our philosophy is that we would be making a big mistake if we did not test all three.
When you test with the Optuma Trade Tester, you are testing all the possible trade combinations. Again, like in the Signal Tester, totally ignoring all the constraints and biases that a Back Test can introduce. Once you know the effectiveness of your signals and the best combination for trade setups, then we can move to Back Testing.
The final step is the Optuma Back Tester. You can create tests to test based on entry and exit signals or rebalance a portfolio on a monthly basis based on your own ranking rules. Once the processing is done, you'll easily be able to see how your strategy went (blue shaded plot) compared to the benchmark index (red line). You'll even be able to see your drawdowns (red shaded plot) and how often your strategy went back to cash (yellow plot).
All the standard risk and reward measures are included as part of the report and you can export all the trades so that you can do further analysis in Excel. The best part is that you can use the Blue history slider at the top of the screen to see how your strategy performed at different phases in the market.
Any good scientific process needs to have a representative sample that you can compare your results against. It's all part of helping you answer the question whether your selections process (your signal) is any better than random or not. But how can you generate a representative sample? You can't just select random trades, as they will not match the profile of the idea being tested. The key point is that we make returns by being exposed to the market (having a trade). So if we want to compare apples with apples, we need to make sure that our sample distribution has the same exposure to the market.
The Optuma Back Tester has introduced a ground breaking method of using a Monte Carlo process to build a representative sample distribution. The software takes every trade in your system test results, randomizes the start date, randomizes the security that the trade was executed on, but keeps the hold time the same. The results are compounded and you have one result. The software then repeats that thousands of times to produce a random sample distribution that has the same exposure to the market.
The point at which the colour changes from Blue to Maroon, is where your test lands on the sample. Your goal is to have a strategy that has as little maroon as possible in the plots. In statistics we call the maroon area the p-value and the smaller it is, the less likely that your results are due to chance. That means that you have more confidence that you really did add value and you can have a lot of confidence in your strategy.
We have many webinars and articles available that talk about the Quantitative Tools in Optuma. A great place to start is the video introduction for a course that we are building for our clients.
You'll find a lot more information in our Knowledge Base, including webinars and articles.
At Optuma we are proud of our initiatives that are making Quantitative methods available to a new generation of financial analysts.
We know that Optuma can make a huge difference to your analysis and work-flow, but remember that it does take time to get used to a new way or working. There is an investment that you must commit to before wasting your own time with a trial. You need to spend at least an hour a day using Optuma. That way you will know by the end of the trial if Optuma adds value to you or not.
If you are ready to give it a go, you can click on the "Request Trial" button. If you would like to hear from us when we publish posts on our work, make sure you sign up to our free blog. We don't post often, but we make sure that what we post is beneficial to our clients and casual readers alike.


text:
Q: reducing number of plot ticks I have too many ticks on my graph and they are running into each other.
How can I reduce the number of ticks?
For example, I have ticks:
1E-6, 1E-5, 1E-4, ... 1E6, 1E7

And I only want:
1E-5, 1E-3, ... 1E5, 1E7

I've tried playing with the LogLocator, but I haven't been able to figure this out.

A: The solution @raphael gave is straightforward and quite helpful.
Still, the displayed tick labels will not be values sampled from the original distribution but from the indices of the array returned by np.linspace(ymin, ymax, N).
To display N values evenly spaced from your original tick labels, use the set_yticklabels() method. Here is a snippet for the y axis, with integer labels:
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

ax = plt.gca()

ymin, ymax = ax.get_ylim()
custom_ticks = np.linspace(ymin, ymax, N, dtype=int)
ax.set_yticks(custom_ticks)
ax.set_yticklabels(custom_ticks)

A: If you need one tick every N=3 ticks :
N = 3  # 1 tick every 3
xticks_pos, xticks_labels = plt.xticks()  # get all axis ticks
myticks = [j for i,j in enumerate(xticks_pos) if not i%N]  # index of selected ticks
newlabels = [label for i,label in enumerate(xticks_labels) if not i%N]

or with fig,ax = plt.subplots() :
N = 3  # 1 tick every 3
xticks_pos = ax.get_xticks()
xticks_labels = ax.get_xticklabels()
myticks = [j for i,j in enumerate(xticks_pos) if not i%N]  # index of selected ticks
newlabels = [label for i,label in enumerate(xticks_labels) if not i%N]

(obviously you can adjust the offset with (i+offset)%N).
Note that you can get uneven ticks if you wish, e.g. myticks = [1, 3, 8].
Then you can use
plt.gca().set_xticks(myticks)  # set new X axis ticks

or if you want to replace labels as well
plt.xticks(myticks, newlabels)  # set new X axis ticks and labels

Beware that axis limits must be set after the axis ticks.
Finally, you may wish to draw only an arbitrary set of ticks :
mylabels = ['03/2018', '09/2019', '10/2020']
plt.draw()  # needed to populate xticks with actual labels
xticks_pos, xticks_labels = plt.xticks()  # get all axis ticks
myticks = [i for i,j in enumerate(b) if j.get_text() in mylabels]
plt.xticks(myticks, mylabels)

(assuming mylabels is ordered ; if it is not, then sort myticks and reorder it).

A: Alternatively, if you want to simply set the number of ticks while allowing matplotlib to position them (currently only with MaxNLocator), there is pyplot.locator_params,
pyplot.locator_params(nbins=4)

You can specify specific axis in this method as mentioned below, default is both:
# To specify the number of ticks on both or any single axes
pyplot.locator_params(axis='y', nbins=6)
pyplot.locator_params(axis='x', nbins=10)

A: xticks function auto iterates with range function
start_number = 0
end_number = len(data you have)
step_number = how many skips to make from strat to end
rotation = 90 degrees tilt will help with long ticks
plt.xticks(range(start_number,end_number,step_number),rotation=90)

A: There's a set_ticks() function for axis objects.

A: if you want 10 ticks:
for y axis: ax.set_yticks(ax.get_yticks()[::len(ax.get_yticks())//10])
for x axis: ax.set_xticks(ax.get_xticks()[::len(ax.get_xticks())//10])
this simply gets your ticks and chooses every 10th of the list and sets it back to your ticks. you can change the number of ticks as you wish.

A: in case somebody still needs it, and since nothing
here really worked for me, i came up with a very
simple way that keeps the appearance of the
generated plot "as is" while fixing the number
of ticks to exactly N:
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

f, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.plot(range(100))

ymin, ymax = ax.get_ylim()
ax.set_yticks(np.round(np.linspace(ymin, ymax, N), 2))

A: To solve the issue of customisation and appearance of the ticks, see the Tick Locators guide on the matplotlib website
ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(plt.MaxNLocator(3))

would set the total number of ticks in the x-axis to 3, and evenly distribute them across the axis.
There is also a nice tutorial about this

A: If somebody still gets this page in search results:
fig, ax = plt.subplots()

plt.plot(...)

every_nth = 4
for n, label in enumerate(ax.xaxis.get_ticklabels()):
    if n % every_nth != 0:
        label.set_visible(False)

A: When a log scale is used the number of major ticks can be fixed with the following command
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

....

plt.locator_params(numticks=12)
plt.show()

The value set to numticks determines the number of axis ticks to be displayed.
Credits to @bgamari's post for introducing the locator_params() function, but the nticks parameter throws an error when a log scale is used.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


An air ambulance was called to the scene near Papworth Everard in Cambridgeshire on Wednesday morning.
It is reported a man in his twenties was injured in an incident involving farm machinery.
Full details of the incident have not been released, but an air ambulance spokeswoman described it as "very serious".
She said: "At 8.59am on September 20 Magpas doctor Vijayasankar and paramedic Alex Pearce landed in a rural location south of Papworth Everard via the Magpas Air Ambulance.
"They had been called to treat a man who had been injured in an incident involving farming machinery.
"The Magpas enhanced medical team assessed the patient (in his 20s) who had sustained a serious leg injury.
"They administered advanced pain relief at the scene, providing him with A&E level care, and accompanied him to Addenbrooke's Hospital via land ambulance.
"The man was in a very serious but stable condition upon arrival.
"An EEAST Ambulance Service paramedic crew and Cambridgeshire police were also in attendance."
The incident follows the death of a champion ploughman in Ireland earlier this week.
Martin Kehoe Jr, 33, died instantly while changing a pipe in the molasses tank on the farm in County Wexford.
It is not known if he was overcome by fumes and fell into the tank.
The dad-of-three had stayed at home to work the farm while his dad attended the National Ploughing Championships.
Martin's death has shocked the farming community as the family is one of the most prominent and best known in Irish farming circles - read tributes here.
Ploughing champions Willie John Kehoe, Martin Kehoe Sr. and Martin Kehoe Jr.


text:
Q: Soma de valores de coluna MySQL Tenho as seguintes tabelas MySQL:
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `tcc2`.`catalogo` (
`idPHL` BIGINT(20) UNSIGNED NOT NULL,
`isbn` VARCHAR(15) NULL DEFAULT NULL,
`titulo` LONGTEXT ,
`autor` LONGTEXT NULL DEFAULT NULL,
`edicao` VARCHAR(45) NULL DEFAULT NULL,
`anoPublicacao` LONGTEXT NULL DEFAULT NULL,
`editora` LONGTEXT NULL DEFAULT NULL,
`qtdEx` INT(11) NULL DEFAULT NULL,
 PRIMARY KEY (`idPHL`));

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `tcc2`.`disciplina_livros` (
`livro` BIGINT(20) UNSIGNED NOT NULL,
`disciplina` VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,
`tipoReferencia` INT(11) NOT NULL,
 PRIMARY KEY (`livro`, `disciplina`),
INDEX `fk_catalogo_has_disciplina_disciplina1_idx` (`disciplina` ASC),
INDEX `fk_catalogo_has_disciplina_catalogo1_idx` (`livro` ASC),
INDEX `fk_disc_livro_tipo_idx` (`tipoReferencia` ASC),
CONSTRAINT `fk_disc_disciplina`
FOREIGN KEY (`disciplina`)
REFERENCES `tcc2`.`disciplina` (`codDisciplina`)
ON UPDATE CASCADE,
CONSTRAINT `fk_disc_livro_tipo`
FOREIGN KEY (`tipoReferencia`)
REFERENCES `tcc2`.`tipoReferencia` (`idTipoRef`)
ON UPDATE CASCADE,
CONSTRAINT `fk_disciplina_catalogo`
FOREIGN KEY (`livro`)
REFERENCES `tcc2`.`catalogo` (`idPHL`));

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `tcc2`.`tipoReferencia` (
`idTipoRef` INT(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`descricao` VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`idTipoRef`));

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `tcc2`.`disciplina` (
`codDisciplina` VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,
`nome` VARCHAR(45) NOT NULL,
 PRIMARY KEY (`codDisciplina`));

Preciso fazer uma consulta onde sejam retornados o nome da disciplina, o titulo, a quantidade de exemplares e a soma da quantidade de exemplares. Estou tentando o seguinte:
select d.nome, ca.titulo, ca.qtdEx, sum(ca.qtdEx) from catalogo as ca, disciplina_livros as dl,
disciplina as d
where dl.disciplina = 'EDU140' and ca.idPHL = dl.livro and
dl.tipoReferencia = 1
group by ca.titulo;

O resultado é como abaixo, a coluna sum(ca.qtdEx) deveria retornar 18 e não 324.
Modelagem:

Como faço para retornar a soma da coluna qtdEx?

A: Talvez o retorno da consulta sendo somente o número de livros no estoque de uma determinada disciplina seja uma melhor maneira de realizar essa consulta
Query
SELECT D.NOME AS DISCIPLINA ,sum(CA.qtdEx) AS QNT_LIVROS FROM
     CATALOGO CA,
     DISCIPLINA_LIVROS DL,
     DISCIPLINA D
WHERE
     CA.idPHL = DL.LIVRO AND
     DL.DISCIPLINA = D.codDisciplina
GROUP BY D.nome

Exemplo de retorno de estoque
+-------------+------------+
| DISCIPLINA  | QNT_LIVROS |
+-------------+------------+
| Matemática  |          1 |
| programação |         33 |
+-------------+------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Se você quiser também dá para saber quantos livros há por disciplina
Query
SELECT D.NOME AS DISCIPLINA ,count(CA.titulo) AS QNT_LIVROS FROM
    CATALOGO CA,
    DISCIPLINA_LIVROS DL,
    DISCIPLINA D
WHERE
    CA.idPHL = DL.LIVRO AND
    DL.DISCIPLINA = D.codDisciplina
GROUP BY D.nome;

Exemplo de retorno
+-------------+------------+
| DISCIPLINA  | QNT_LIVROS |
+-------------+------------+
| Matemática  |          1 |
| programação |          2 |
+-------------+------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)


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text:
Side effects of brufen
by Christopher Mabary over a year ago
All the forms of Brufen, be it the tablets or the syrup, are contents wise grounded in an active substance known as ibuprofen (anti-inflammatory drug). This substance fulfills the purpose of a painkiller and is most commonly used to treat and alleviate mild/moderate pain, as well as to helps in bringing fever and inflammation down. Iburpofen acts as a blocker of a substance known as cyclo-oxygenase, which is responsible for the production of numerous chemicals in our body. These substances comes in being as a direct response to certain injuries and diseases, causing pain, inflammation and also in certain cases swelling.
The interesting thing is that ibuprofen brings the fever down by diminishing the production of the afore mentioned substances. Given the fact that it also diminishes inflammation and the pain that follows, it is often employed as a way to relieve pain in muscles, as well as lessen the rheumatic effects. Aside from these, it is also very efficient in easing the following conditions: migraine, toothache, nerve and period pain, and headaches. In order for Brufen to yield best results, it should be taken in combination with food, not to irritate your stomach. Just like its primary substance, Brufen as a medication is widely used for treating numerous conditions and aches. It is a preferred mean for treatment of rheumatic conditions (rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, frozen shoulder, tendonitis, backache, injuries of the soft tissue and sprains), mild and moderate pain (period pain, migraine, toothache, pain arising aftersurgery). Another form of syrup, is well known for its ability to bring down the fever in children, older than 1 year. As for the Brufen granules, one important warning and advice, is to dissolve them in water prior to intake. And never disobey your doctor's prescription directions, and overuse and exceed the given dosage.
Medications, non-steroidal in nature, and used for anti-inflammatory purposes, including ibuprofen, can in some cases be connected with a rise in risk of experiencing stroke or heart attack. Other side effects includes gut disturbances (vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, indigestion etc.), gastritis, skin rash, fluid retention, swelling, blood pressure rise, and heart failure. Also, very frequent occurrences are allergic reactions, which can evolve into some rather more severe conditions such as swelling of the lips, acute skin rashes, swelling of the tongue and throat and asthma attacks or bronchospasms. Aside from these conditions, more severe in nature, fairly frequent side effects are also visual disturbances, dizziness, confusion, depression, drowsiness, spinning sensation, sensation of ringing in ears. Extreme skin reactions to light exposure, disorders related to blood, kidney and liver. Given the fact that not all manufacturers includes all of the above side effects on their labels, it is always wise to get more information prior in taking a medication such as this one. That is the way you will protect yourself from any unwanted side effects.
www.nhs.uk/conditions/ibuprofen/
medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682159.html
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