Astronomy has been taught at the University for more than 80 years. The 6-inch Alvin Clark refractor, which is still in use for classes and occasional public nights, was purchased new for $1,000 and arrived on the campus on October 20, 1885. It was in use two nights later, according to the student paper.
The earliest University catalog available, that for 1887-88, lists two courses that were offered: Descriptive Astronomy and Practical Astronomy, the latter primarily for engineers. These were taught for three years by Mr. M. S. Franklin, an Assistant in Physics and Astronomy. In 1890 these were taken over by Prof. Ephraim Miller of the Department of Mathematics, which the next year became the Department of Mathematics and Astronomy and so remained until 1910. During this period Celestial Mechanics was added as a graduate course also taught by Prof. Miller. In 1910, a year after the arrival of Dr. F.E. Kester as chairman of the Physics Department, this became the Department of Physics and Astronomy, and during the first year the above three courses plus an Introduction to Astrophysics were taught by Prof. M.E. Rice. The next year they were offered by an unnamed instructor. In 1912 the curriculum was expanded considerably under the guidance of Dr. R.K. Young to include a semester of the Observational Astronomy, two semesters of General Astronomy, a course in Theoretical Astronomy and one in Practical Computing. For the next two years these were taken over by a Dr. Cornelius and then, from 1915 to 1917, they were taught by Dr. Ellis B. Stouffer.
In the fall of 1917, Dr. Dinsmore Alter was appointed to the faculty at KU but was granted leave of absence for two years of military service with the rank of colonel. On his return, the number of courses offered was further expanded to include the History of Astronomy, Method of Least Squares, Theory of Interpolation, Vector Analysis and Vector Mechanics, and the Calculation of Orbits and Perturbations - all apparently offered by Alter. These remained substantially unchanged until his leave-of-absence in 1935 and resignation in 1936 to become director of the Griffith Observatory and Planetariums in Los Angeles.
The facilities for Astronomy were greatly improved during Dr. Alter's regime. The 6-inch refractor, which up to this time had to be carried out-of-doors and set up on a tripod to be used, was now given a permanently based equatorial mounting in a separate building with a rotating conical roof over it. In the same building were a sizable classroom, an office, a library and a transit room housing both 3-in. and 2-in. transit instruments. A spectroscope was also acquired to be attached to the 6-in. telescope. The frame structure holding all these was originally on the spot were Hoch Auditorium now stands but, in 1926, it was moved bodily to a position west of Marvin Hall but east of the present position of Lindley Hall, not built until 1941 or '42. That observatory building was taken down in the fall of 1944 when the observatory was moved to the roof of Lindley Hall.
In the late 1920's, Dr. Alter had enlisted the cooperation of several persons in the design and construction of a 27-inch reflecting telescope, originally planned for the photographic following of the motions of asteroids. Mr. William Pitt of Kansas city with Dr. Alter's help did all of the work of grinding and polishing the mirror to a high degree of excellence. The mechanical parts were designed and the construction supervised by a few of the staff and advanced students in the School of Engineering and Architecture, notably Prof. George Hood and his son Manley. The older observatory building was enlarged to include a housing for this telescope, for some years the largest in the mid-west.
In 1935, Dr. N.W. Storer was given a temporary appointment during Dr. Alter's leave, and this was made permanent upon the latter's resignation. At this time, the curriculum was modified only to the extent of a few changes in the courses in which various topics were to be covered and the dropping of those (except Least Squares) which were not directly related to astronomy. The operation of the Pitt telescope was improved by the construction, at the base of the rotating conical roof, of a floor that gave ready access to the upper business end of the telescope. This made it possible, in 1938-39, for the first graduate student to earn his M.A. degree using the William Pitt Telescope as it was named on the occasion of its formal dedication on February 17, 1939.
But within two years after this it became necessary for Dr. Storer to devote much of his time to the teaching of Physics, Trigonometry, and Celestial Navigation to various military units. Upon the demolition of the old observatory building in the fall of 1944, the 6-inch refractor was moved to a new structure on the roof of Lindley Hall, and the Pitt Telescope was placed in storage. Storer designed the new structure so that housing for the transit instrument and the Pitt Telescope could be added to it later. These additions were finally completed in 1951-52 and included, beside the transit room and circular room for the Pitt Telescope, two small offices for the use of advanced students, a small shop and a photographic dark-room. Shortly after the war, Storer was asked to organize and teach a course called The Principles of Physical Science, a 5-hour course that was then taught by him every semester from the fall of 1948 to thee spring of 1967. It was soon clear that he could not handle that and at the same time teach the courses in Astronomy needed for both an undergraduate major and a master's program.
Consequently, Dr. Henry Horak, who had graduated here in 1940 and after service in the war had received his M.A. here in 1947, followed by a Ph.D. from Chicago in 1950, was added to the astronomy section of the department. With this more recent training in Astrophysics, he has guided most of the master's candidates up to the present time. In addition he was instrumental in procuring for the Pitt Telescope a double-slide plate-holder for use in direct photography and a measuring engine for the extremely precise measurement of photographs and spectrograms. He later had built a photoelectric photometer and a replica-grating spectrograph for use with the Pitt Telescope. In addition he added various more up-to-date features to the driving mechanism of the telescope. Mention should be made of the facilities in the main building - on the roof level with ready access to the telescopes. There are two small but adequate offices and a classroom in which small advanced classes are held. This room also serves as the main part of our library. The equipment kept in it consists of two marine chronometers and a chronograph and sidereal clock, the last two being connected electrically to all three of the telescopes.
1964 The Machine Computation of Spectroscopic Binary Orbits – Robert H. Wolfe, Jr.
1954 Dr. Horak chaired the committee in charge of the work toward a Ph.D. of Charles Arthur Lundquist. Thesis subject: "Application of the Invariance Principle Method to Layers Containing Sources"
1962 Dr. Horak chaired the committee in charge of the work toward a Ph.D. of John Joseph Walton. Thesis subject: "The Capillary Instability of Fluid Cylinders"
In 1935, when I first came to KU, the enrollment was usually around 40 or 50 in the elementary course and rarely more than two or three in the more advanced courses when they were offered. There were few semesters at first when I did not teach four courses. The enrollments have grown, recently with explosive speed, to the point where the enrollment in the elementary course has averaged about 200 during the last four semesters. The second semester course, Astronomy 192 had about 35 students last spring - 50% larger than ever before. Likewise, the first semester of Practical Astronomy, course 181, started out with 17 students - nearly twice what it ever was before. The same is true of course 188 that is now being taught to two graduate students, six senior majors and two junior majors. These, along with the number of Master's degrees awarded last summer, are all records.


text:
Florida IDs new Miami neighborhood as Zika zone
2 years 9 months 3 days ago Friday, October 14 2016 Oct 14, 2016 October 14, 2016 4:11 AM October 14, 2016 in News
By: APNewsNow
MIAMI - Florida health officials have identified another Miami neighborhood where mosquitoes have spread the Zika virus to people.
Gov. Rick Scott's office announced Thursday that five people have been infected with Zika in a 1-square-mile area of the city just north of the Little Haiti neighborhood.
According to the statement, four of the cases were previously announced by Florida's Department of Health as being under investigation. The fifth case was confirmed Thursday. Scott's office says that confirms federal criteria for identifying a new zone of transmission.
A large portion of Miami Beach remains an active Zika infection zone. Health officials said last month that another transmission zone in Miami's Wynwood district had been cleared.
Zika infections have been reported in over 1,020 people in Florida. Most caught it while traveling outside the U.S., but 155 cases aren't travel related.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Ottawa chief: State is putting local health departments in bind over vaccine
Arpan Lobo @ArpanLobo
HOLLAND — While Michigan health officials have announced more people would be eligible for the COVID-19 vaccine beginning Monday, health departments across the state have said they need more doses to begin the next round of vaccinations.
That includes Ottawa County, where officials are saying the state's announcement has put its health department in a "huge service delivery and public relations bind" since residents are calling for vaccines that aren't available yet.
"We have no idea why the state would authorize moving from 1A to 1B when 1A is not even completed yet, and the state is not sending anywhere near the vaccine to meet demand," Ottawa County Administrator Al Vanderberg wrote in a newsletter sent to residents Thursday.
Ottawa health officials say they've received 2,950 doses of the vaccine so far. Vanderberg wrote at the current rate the state is sending vaccines to Ottawa County, it would take nearly six years for all of the county's 300,000 residents to receive a vaccination.
"We are awaiting more vaccines from the state," an Ottawa County public health spokesperson told The Sentinel.
According to state health data, 10,400 doses have been sent to Ottawa County, although the state vaccine dashboard does not indicate how many doses are sent between health departments, hospitals and pharmacies.
"The public is and will be increasingly angry and the state has created a situation where the anger will be unfairly directed to the county public health departments," Vanderberg said. "We understand that the state is also challenged by not knowing the exact amount of vaccine they will receive weekly from the CDC.
"However, a more strategic vaccine distribution method must be established, if our state is ever to be successful in reaching the goal of a 70 percent vaccinated population."
The expanded vaccine eligibility in Phase 1B includes people 65 and older, as well as teachers, child care workers, law enforcement officers and other frontline essential workers.
But Ottawa County will use all of its existing vaccine allotment to complete Phase 1A — health care workers and people living and working in long-term care facilities — before moving on to Phase 1B.
Vanderberg said OCDPH has received over a thousand phone calls from residents hoping to schedule an appointment to receive the vaccine. The state has adopted a "don't call us, we'll call you" approach for Phase 1B, but that hasn't fully taken hold on residents yet.
"Please do not call local health departments for information," the state's COVID-19 vaccine website, michigan.gov/COVIDvaccine, says. "They are moving as quickly as possible to make vaccine available. They will not have more information than is on this website."
Ottawa isn't alone in pushing back on the state's Monday start for Phase 1B. Local health officials had almost no warning before Gov. Gretchen Whitmer announced anyone 65 or older would soon be eligible to be vaccinated.
Health departments of all sizes have indicated they will need more doses of the vaccine to begin vaccinating groups in Phase 1B.
Multiple rural health departments have announced they will continue to focus on groups eligible for vaccinations in Phase 1A until additional doses of the vaccine are available.
Some of the state's largest counties, like Wayne, Macomb and Oakland, have also indicated they will need more doses of the vaccine to begin vaccinating more residents.
Whitmer and other governors called on the federal government Thursday to release more vaccines to states.
— Contact reporter Arpan Lobo at alobo@hollandsentinel.com. Follow him on Twitter @arpanlobo. Kristen Jordan Shamus, Christina Hall and Dave Boucher of The Detroit Free Press contributed to this article.


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Summary of changes from December 3, 2016 to December 9, 2016.
Hosted repositories now work correctly with Git 2.11.0.
Phabricator now accepts inbound IPv6 requests with more aplomb.
Support for the Persona authentication provider has been removed. Mozilla officially planned to shut down Persona on November 30th.
We no longer believe the root word of "DNS" to be "dn".
Nonpublic installs can now set the default language properly.
Added a basic branch comparison feature in Diffusion.
Some aspects of Conduit and Diffusion are a bit less slow.
Disabled Herald rules now render with strikethrough.
Added a wide range of setup checks based on making HTTP requests to ourselves.
Fixed an issue where a custom logo with a bad visibility policy could lock users out of an install.
Fixed two bugs with matching milestones in typeaheads.


text:
Phytopharm shares dive after disappointing Parkinson's drug study results
Shares in development stage pharmaceutical group Phytopharm fell sharply on Monday after the company reported that a drug it has been developing to treat Parkinson's disease did not produce any improvements in patients' symptoms during a study.
The company, which has been developing a treatment trademarked 'Cogane', published the results of a study of the drug on unmedicated patients with early stage Parkinson's disease.
Analysis of the headline results indicated that Cogane had "no beneficial effects on patients' symptoms measured by the primary or secondary endpoints in the study", Phtopharm reported.
More than 400 subjects with early-stage Parkinson's disease were randomly allocated to receive Cogane or a placebo which was taken orally once a day for up to 28 weeks.
Three different dosages of Cogane were trialled on patients and measurements were taken during the study to determine the efficacy, safety and tolerability of each dose of Cogane.
The company reported: "No statistically significant effects or trends towards improvement were seen in any of these endpoints. Analysis of the results indicates that the study was well conducted and gave a clear, albeit negative result."
Professor C Warren Olanow, Professor of Neurology and Neuroscience at Mount Sinai Medical School and Co-chief Investigator for the study commented: "This is disappointing news for the Parkinson disease community. Trophic factors that enhance and restore function to remaining nerve cells is an extremely promising approach for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease.
Cogane offered the potential of providing trophic effects throughout the brain with an oral medication that was relatively safe and well tolerated. The company is to be congratulated for carrying out this important study in such a high-quality manner. Sadly, the results are negative. Nonetheless, the search for more effective therapies for the millions of patients who suffer from Parkinson's disease must continue."
Tim Sharpington, Chief Executive Officer of Phytopharm, added: "We are naturally disappointed with the outcome of this study of Cogane in patients with Parkinson's disease. Cogane had demonstrated encouraging efficacy in a wide range of industry standard pre-clinical models but this promise has not translated into clinically meaningful efficacy in this study.
"I would like to thank the investigators who conducted the trial, our collaborators and especially the patients who participated in the study, along with the Parkinson's disease community and all our stakeholders who have supported the development of Cogane.
Over the coming weeks, he said that the company would further analyse the results with its scientific advisors to better understand whether to continue the development of Cogane and Myogane.
Phytopharm's share price was down 80.5% to 1.95p at 10:52 on Monday.


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text:
Pfizer Inc. ( ) is an American multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology corporation headquartered on 42nd Street in Manhattan, New York City. The company was established in 1849 in New York by two German entrepreneurs, Charles Pfizer (1824–1906) and his cousin Charles F. Erhart (1821–1891).

Pfizer develops and produces medicines and vaccines for immunology, oncology, cardiology, endocrinology, and neurology. The company's largest products by sales are the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine ($37 billion in 2022 revenues), Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir ($18 billion in 2022 revenues), Apixaban ($6 billion in 2022 revenues), a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine ($6 billion in 2022 revenues), and Palbociclib ($5 billion in 2022 revenues). In 2022, 42% of the company's revenues came from the United States, 8% came from Japan, and 50% came from other countries.

Pfizer was a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average stock market index from 2004 to August 2020. The company ranks 43rd on the Fortune 500 and 43rd on the Forbes Global 2000.

History

1849–1950: Early history
Pfizer was founded in 1849 by Charles Pfizer and Charles F. Erhart, two cousins who had immigrated to the United States from Ludwigsburg, Germany, the year before. The business produced chemical compounds, and was headquartered on Bartlett Street in Williamsburgh, New York where they produced an antiparasitic called santonin. This was an immediate success, although it was production of citric acid that led to Pfizer's growth in the 1880s. Pfizer continued to buy property in the area (by now the Williamsburg district of the city of Brooklyn, New York and beginning in 1898, the City of Greater New York) to expand its lab and factory, retaining offices on Flushing Avenue until the 1960s; the Brooklyn plant ultimately closed in 2009. Following their success with citric acid, Pfizer (at the now-demolished 295 Washington Avenue) and Erhart (at 280 Washington Avenue) established their main residences in the nearby Clinton Hill district, known for its concentration of Gilded Age wealth. Pfizer spent summers in similarly exclusive Newport, Rhode Island where he died in 1906.

In 1881, Pfizer moved its administrative headquarters to 81 Maiden Lane in Manhattan, presaging the company's expansion to Chicago a year later. By 1906 sales exceeded $3million.

World War I caused a shortage of calcium citrate, which Pfizer imported from Italy for the manufacture of citric acid, and the company began a search for an alternative supply. Pfizer chemists learned of a fungus that ferments sugar to citric acid, and they were able to commercialize production of citric acid from this source in 1919. The company developed expertise in fermentation technology as a result. These skills were applied to the mass production of penicillin, an antibiotic, during World War II in response to the need to treat injured Allied soldiers.

On June 2, 1942, the company incorporated in Delaware.

1950–1980: Pivot to pharmaceutical research and global expansion
Due to price declines for penicillin, Pfizer searched for new antibiotics with greater profit potential. Pfizer discovered oxytetracycline in 1950, and this changed the company from a manufacturer of fine chemicals to a research-based pharmaceutical company. Pfizer developed a drug discovery program focused on in vitro synthesis to augment its research in fermentation technology. In 1959, the company established an animal health division with a  farm and research facility in Terre Haute, Indiana.

By the 1950s, Pfizer had established offices in Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Cuba, Mexico, Panama, Puerto Rico, and the United Kingdom. In 1960, the company moved its medical research laboratory operations out of New York City to a new facility in Groton, Connecticut. In 1980, Pfizer launched Feldene (piroxicam), a prescription anti-inflammatory medication that became Pfizer's first product to reach $1billion in revenue.

In 1965, John Powers, Jr. became chief executive officer of the company, succeeding John McKeen.

As the area surrounding its Brooklyn plant fell into decline in the 1970s and 1980s, the company formed a public-private partnership with New York City that encompassed the construction of low- and middle-income housing, the refurbishment of apartment buildings for the homeless and the establishment of a charter school.

In 1972, Edmund T. Pratt Jr. became chief executive officer of the company, succeeding John Powers, Jr.

1980–2000: Development of Viagra, Zoloft, and Lipitor
In 1981, the company received approval for Diflucan (fluconazole), the first oral treatment for severe fungal infections including candidiasis, blastomycosis, coccidiodomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, dermatophytosis, and pityriasis versicolor.

In 1986, Pfizer acquired the worldwide rights to Zithromax (azithromycin), a macrolide antibiotic that is recommended by the Infectious Disease Society of America as a first line treatment for certain cases of community-acquired pneumonia, from Pliva.

In 1989, Pfizer scientists Peter Dunn and Albert Wood created Viagra (sildenafil) for treating high blood pressure and angina, a chest pain associated with coronary artery disease. In 1991, it was patented in the United Kingdom as a heart medication. Early trials for the medication showed that it did not work for the treatment of heart disease, but volunteers in the clinical trials had increased erections several days after taking the drug. It was patented in the United States in 1996 and received approval by the Food and Drug Administration in March 1998. In December 1998, Pfizer hired Bob Dole as a spokesperson for the drug. The patents for Viagra expired in 2020.

In 1991, William C. Steere, Jr. became chief executive officer of the company, succeeding Edmund T. Pratt Jr.

In 1991 Pfizer also began marketing Zoloft (sertraline), an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class developed nine years earlier by Pfizer chemists Kenneth Koe and Willard Welch. Sertraline is primarily prescribed for major depressive disorder in adult outpatients as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder in both adults and children. In 2005, the year before it became a generic drug, sales were over $3billion and over 100million people had been treated with the drug. The patent for Zoloft expired in the summer of 2006.

In 1996, Eisai, in partnership with Pfizer, received approval from the Food and Drug Administration for donepezil under the brand Aricept for treatment of Alzheimer's disease; Pfizer also received approval for Norvasc (amlodipine), an antihypertensive drug of the dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker class.

In 1997, the company entered into a co-marketing agreement with Warner–Lambert for Lipitor (atorvastatin), a statin for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Although atorvastatin was the fifth statin to be developed, clinical trials showed that atorvastatin caused a more dramatic reduction in low-density lipoprotein pattern C (LDL-C) than the other statin drugs. Upon its patent expiration in 2011, Lipitor was the best-selling drug ever, with approximately $125billion in sales over 14.5 years.

2000–2010: Further expansion
In 2001, Henry McKinnell became chief executive officer of the company, replacing William C. Steere, Jr.

In 2002, The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation purchased stock in Pfizer.

In 2004, the company received approval for Lyrica (pregabalin), an anticonvulsant and anxiolytic medication used to treat epilepsy, neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, restless leg syndrome, and generalized anxiety disorder. The United States patent on Lyrica was challenged by generic manufacturers and was upheld in 2014, extending the expiration date to 2018. In 2016, the drug had sales of $4.2 billion.

In July 2006, Jeff Kindler was named chief executive officer of the company, replacing Henry McKinnell.

On December 3, 2006, Pfizer ceased development of torcetrapib, a drug that increases production of HDL, which reduces LDL thought to be correlated to heart disease. During a Phase III clinical trial involving 15,000 patients, more deaths than expected occurred in the group that took the medicine, and the mortality rate of patients taking the combination of torcetrapib and Lipitor (82 deaths during the study) was 60% higher than those taking Lipitor alone (52 deaths during the study). Lipitor alone was not implicated in the results, but Pfizer lost nearly $1billion developing the failed drug and its stock price dropped 11% on the day of the announcement.

Between 2007 and 2010, Pfizer spent $3.3million on investigations and legal fees and recovered about $5.1million, and had another $5million of pending recoveries from civil lawsuits against makers of counterfeit prescription drugs. Pfizer has hired customs and narcotics experts worldwide to track down fakes and assemble evidence that can be used to pursue civil suits for trademark infringement.

In July 2008, Pfizer announced 275 job cuts at its manufacturing facility in Kalamazoo, Michigan. Kalamazoo was previously the world headquarters of Upjohn Company, which had been acquired as part of Pharmacia.

Acquisitions and mergers
In June 2000, Pfizer acquired Warner-Lambert outright for $116billion. To satisfy conditions imposed by antitrust regulators at the Federal Trade Commission, Pfizer sold off or transferred stakes in several minor products, including RID (a shampoo for treatment of head lice, sold to Bayer) and Warner-Lambert's antidepressant Celexa (which competes with Zoloft). The acquisition created what was, at the time, the second-largest pharmaceutical company worldwide.

In 2003, Pfizer merged with Pharmacia, and in the process acquired Searle and SUGEN. Searle had developed Flagyl (metronidazole), a nitroimidazole antibiotic medication used particularly for anaerobic bacteria and protozoa. Searle also developed celecoxib (Celebrex) a COX-2 inhibitor and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to treat the pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis, acute pain in adults, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, painful menstruation, and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. SUGEN, a company focused on protein kinase inhibitors, had pioneered the use of ATP-mimetic small molecules to block signal transduction. The SUGEN facility was shut down in 2003 by Pfizer, with the loss of more than 300 jobs, and several programs were transferred to Pfizer. These included sunitinib (Sutent), a cancer medication which was approved for human use by the FDA in January 2006. A related compound, SU11654 (Toceranib), was also approved for cancer in dogs, and the ALK inhibitor Crizotinib also grew out of a SUGEN program.

In October 2006, the company announced it would acquire PowerMed.

On October 15, 2009, Pfizer acquired Wyeth for $68billion in cash and stock, including the assumption of debt, making Pfizer the largest pharmaceutical company in the world. The acquisition of Wyeth provided Pfizer with a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, trademarked Prevnar 13; this is used for the prevention of invasive pneumococcal infections. The introduction of the original, 7-valent version of the vaccine, developed by Wyeth in February 2000, led to a 75% reduction in the incidence of invasive pneumococcal infections among children under age5 in the United States. Pfizer introduced an improved version of the vaccine in 2010, for which it was granted a patent in India in 2017. Prevnar 13 provides coverage of 13 bacterial variants, expanding beyond the original 7-valent version. By 2012, the rate of invasive infections among children under age5 had been reduced by an additional 50%.

2010–2020: Further discoveries and acquisitions
In 2010, Ian Read was named chief executive officer of the company.

In February 2011, Pfizer announced the closure of its UK research and development facility (formerly also a manufacturing plant) in Sandwich, Kent, which at the time employed 2,400 people. In March 2011, Pfizer acquired King Pharmaceuticals for $3.6billion in cash. King produced emergency injectables such as the EpiPen.

On September 4, 2012, the FDA approved bosutinib (Bosulif) for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), a rare type of leukemia and a blood and bone marrow disease that affects primarily older adults. In November 2012, Pfizer received approval from the Food and Drug Administration for Xeljanz, a tofacitinib, for rheumatoid arthritis and ulcerative colitis. The drug had sales of $1.77billion in 2018, and in January 2019, it was the top drug in the United States for direct-to-consumer advertising, passing adalimumab (Humira).

On February 1, 2013, Zoetis, the Agriculture Division of Pfizer and later Pfizer Animal Health, became a public company via an initial public offering, raising $2.2billion. Later in 2013, Pfizer completed the corporate spin-off of its remaining stake in Zoetis.

In September 2014, the company acquired Innopharma for $225million, plus up to $135million in milestone payments, in a deal that expanded Pfizer's range of generic and injectable drugs.

On January 5, 2015, the company announced it would acquire a controlling interest in Redvax, expanding its vaccine portfolio targeting human cytomegalovirus. In February 2015, the company received approval from the Food and Drug Administration for palbociclib (Ibrance) for treatment of certain types of breast cancer. In March 2015, the company announced it would restart its collaboration with Eli Lilly and Company surrounding the Phase III trial of Tanezumab. In May 2015, Pfizer and a Bar-Ilan University laboratory announced a partnership based on the development of medical DNA nanotechnology. In June 2015, the company acquired Nimenrix and Mencevax, meningococcal vaccines, from GlaxoSmithKline for around $130million. In September 2015, Pfizer acquired Hospira for $17billion, including the assumption of debt. Hospira was the largest producer of generic injectable pharmaceuticals in the world. On November 23, 2015, Pfizer and Allergan announced a planned $160billion merger, in the largest pharmaceutical deal ever and the third largest corporate merger in history. The proposed transaction contemplated that the merged company maintain Allergan's Republic of Ireland domicile, resulting in the new company being subject to corporation tax at the relatively low rate of 12.5%. The deal was to constitute a reverse merger, whereby Allergan acquired Pfizer, with the new company then changing its name to "Pfizer, plc". On April 6, 2016, Pfizer and Allergan terminated the merger agreement after the Obama administration and the United States Department of the Treasury introduced new laws intended to limit corporate inversions (the extent to which companies could move their headquarters overseas in order to reduce the amount of taxes they pay).

In June 2016, the company acquired Anacor Pharmaceuticals for $5.2billion, expanding its portfolio in both inflammation and immunology drugs areas. In August 2016, the company made a $40million bid for the assets of BIND Therapeutics, which was in bankruptcy. The same month, the company acquired Bamboo Therapeutics for $645million, expanding its gene therapy offerings. In September 2016, the company acquired cancer drug-maker Medivation for $14billion. In October 2016, the company licensed the anti-CTLA4 monoclonal antibody, ONC-392, from OncoImmune. In November 2016, Pfizer funded a $3,435,600 study with the CDC Foundation to research "screen-and-treat" strategies for cryptococcal disease in Botswana. In December 2016, Pfizer acquired AstraZeneca's small-molecule antibiotics business for $1.575 billion.

In January 2018, Pfizer announced that it would end its work on research into treatments for Alzheimer's disease and Parkinsonism (a symptom of Parkinson's disease and other conditions). The company said about 300 researchers would lose their jobs. In July 2018, the Food and Drug Administration approved enzalutamide, developed by Pfizer and Astellas Pharma for patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer. In August 2018, Pfizer signed an agreement with BioNTech to conduct joint research and development activities regarding mRNA-based influenza vaccines. In October 2018, effective January 1, 2019, Albert Bourla was promoted to chief executive officer, succeeding Ian Read, his mentor.

In July 2019, the company acquired Therachon for up to $810million, expanding its rare disease portfolio through Therachon's recombinant human fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 compound, aimed at treating conditions such as achondroplasia. Also in July, Pfizer acquired Array Biopharma for $10.6billion, boosting its oncology pipeline. In August 2019, Pfizer merged its consumer health business with that of GlaxoSmithKline, into a joint venture owned 68% by GlaxoSmithKline and 32% by Pfizer, with plans to make it a public company. The transaction built on a 2018 transaction where GlaxoSmithKline acquired Novartis' stake in the GSK-Novartis consumer healthcare joint business. The transaction followed negotiations with other companies including Reckitt Benckiser, Sanofi, Johnson & Johnson, and Procter & Gamble. In September 2019, Pfizer initiated a study with the CDC Foundation to investigate the tracking of healthcare-associated infections, scheduled to run through to June 2023. In December 2019, Pfizer awarded the CDC Foundation a further $1,948,482 to continue its cryptococcal disease screening and treatment research in nine African countries.

In September 2020, the company acquired a 9.9% stake in CStone Pharmaceuticals for $200million (HK$1.55billion), helping to commercialise its anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody, CS1001. In October 2020, the company acquired Arixa Pharmaceuticals. In November 2020, using a Reverse Morris Trust structure, Pfizer merged its off-patent branded and generic drug business, known as Upjohn, with Mylan to form Viatris, owned 57% by Pfizer shareholders.

2021–onwards: Corporate developments and acquisitions
On January 5, 2021, Pfizer introduced a new logo. In April 2021, Pfizer acquired Amplyx Pharmaceuticals and its anti-fungal compound fosmanogepix (APX001). In August, the company announced it would acquire Trillium Therapeutics Inc and its immuno-oncology portfolio for $2.3 billion.

In March 2022, the company acquired Arena Pharmaceuticals for $6.7 billion in cash. In June 2022, the company acquired ReViral Ltd, for up to $525 million, gaining access to experimental drugs used to combat respiratory syncytial virus infections.

In October 2022, the company acquired Biohaven Pharma and its calcitonin gene-related peptide programs for $11.6 billion. It also acquired Global Blood Therapeutics for $5.4 billion, boosting Pfizer's rare disease business.

In March 2023, the company agreed to acquire Seagen for a total enterprise value of around $43billion.

Acquisition history

Pfizer (Founded 1849 as Charles Pfizer & Company)
Warner–Lambert
William R. Warner (Founded 1856, merged 1955)
Lambert Pharmacal Company (Merged 1955)
Parke-Davis (Founded 1860, Acq 1976)
Wilkinson Sword (Acq 1993, divested 2003)
Agouron (Acq 1999)
Pharmacia (Acq 2002)
Pharmacia & Upjohn (Merged 2000)
Pharmacia (Merged 1995)
Farmitalia Carlo Erba
Kabi Pharmacia
Pharmacia Aktiebolaget
The Upjohn Company (Merged 1995)
Monsanto (Merged 2000, divested 2002)
Searle (Merged 2000)
Esperion Therapeutics (Acq 2003, divested 2008)
Meridica (Acq 2004)
Vicuron Pharmaceuticals (Acq 2005)
Idun (Acq 2005)
Angiosyn (Acq 2005)
Powermed (Acq 2006)
Rinat (Acq 2006)
Coley Pharmaceutical Group (Acq 2007)
CovX (Acq 2007)
Encysive Pharmaceuticals Inc (Acq 2008)
Wyeth (Acq 2009)
Chef Boyardee (Acq 1946, divested 1996 with food div)
S.M.A. Corporation
Ayerst Laboratories (Acq 1943)
Fort Dodge Serum Company (Acq 1945)
Bristol-Myers (Animal Health div)
Parke-Davis (Animal Health div)
A.H. Robins
Sherwood Medical (Acq 1982)
Genetics Institute, Inc. (Acq 1992)
American Cyanamid (Acq 1994)
Lederle Laboratories
Solvay (Acq 1995, Animal Health div)
King Pharmaceuticals (Acq 2010)
Monarch Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
King Pharmaceuticals Research and Development, Inc.
Meridian Medical Technologies, Inc.
Parkedale Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
King Pharmaceuticals Canada Inc.
Monarch Pharmaceuticals Ireland Limited
Synbiotics Corporation (Acq 2011)
Icagen (Acq 2011)
Ferrosan (Consumer Health div, Acq 2011)
Excaliard Pharmaceuticals (Acq 2011)
Alacer Corp (Acq 2012)
NextWave Pharmaceuticals, Inc (Acq 2012)
Innopharma (Acq 2014)
Redvax GmbH (Acq 2014)
Hospira (Spun off from Abbott Laboratories 2004, Acq 2015)
Mayne Pharma Ltd (Acq 2007)
Pliva-Croatia
Orchid Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (Generics & Injectables div, Acq 2009)
Javelin Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Acq 2010)
TheraDoc (Acq 2010)
Arixa Pharmaceuticals (Acq 2020)
Anacor Pharmaceuticals(Acq 2016)
Bamboo Therapeutics (Acq 2016)
Medivation (Acq 2016)
AstraZeneca (Small molecule antibiotic div, Acq 2016)
Array BioPharma (Acq 2019)
Amplyx Pharmaceuticals (Acq 2021)
Trillium Therapeutics (Acq 2021)
Arena Pharmaceuticals (Acq 2022)
ReViral Ltd (Acq 2022)
Biohaven Pharma (Acq 2022)
Kleo Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Acq 2021)
Seagen (Acq pending)
Cascadian Therapeutics (Acq 2018)

COVID-19
Pfizer has developed and launched several products in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, including the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine and Paxlovid.

In March 2020, Pfizer joined the COVID-19 Therapeutics Accelerator funding vehicle to expedite development of treatments against COVID-19. The $125 million initiative was launched by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation in partnership with Mastercard and Wellcome Trust, with additional funding announced shortly after from Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office and Madonna.

The following month, the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health announced the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and Vaccines (ACTIV) public-private partnership to develop a coordinated research strategy for prioritizing and speeding up development of COVID-19 vaccines and pharmaceutical products. Pfizer joined the partnership as an industry "leadership organization", and participated as a collaborator in ACTIV-led clinical trials. CEO Albert Bourla attended the GAVI COVAX AMC 2021 Investment Opportunity Launch Event, otherwise named One World Protected, on April 15, 2021.

In Canada, Pfizer endorsed the use of a vaccine passport mobile app developed by CANImmunize in order to record and track status of COVID-19 vaccination.

COVID-19 pandemic and vaccine development

Initial development and testing
As the scale of the COVID-19 pandemic became apparent, Pfizer partnered with BioNTech to study and develop COVID-19 mRNA vaccine candidates. Unlike many of its competitors, Pfizer took no initial research funds from the United States' Operation Warp Speed vaccine development program, instead choosing to invest roughly $2 billion of its own funds. Pfizer CEO Albert Bourla has said that he declined money from Operation Warp Speed to avoid government intervention, stating later that "when you get money from someone that always comes with strings. They want to see how we are going to progress, what type of moves you are going to do. They want reports. And also, I wanted to keep Pfizer out of politics, by the way."

In May 2020, Pfizer began testing four different COVID-19 vaccine variations using lipid nanoparticle technology provided by Canadian biotechnology company Acuitas Therapeutics. Vaccines were injected into the first human participants in the U.S. in early May. In July 2020, Pfizer and BioNTech announced that two of the partners' four mRNA vaccine candidates had won fast track designation from the FDA. The company began PhaseII-III testing on 30,000 people in the last week of July 2020 and was slated to be paid $1.95billion for 100million doses of the vaccine by the US government. In September 2020, Pfizer and BioNTech announced that they had completed talks with the European Commission to provide an initial 200million vaccine doses to the EU, with the option to supply another 100million doses at a later date.

Efficacy results and authorization

On November 9, 2020, Pfizer announced that BioNTech's COVID-19 vaccine, tested on 43,500 people, was found to be 90% effective at preventing symptomatic COVID-19. The efficacy was updated to 95% a week later. Akiko Iwasaki, an immunologist interviewed by the New York Times, described the efficacy figure as "really a spectacular number." The announcement made Pfizer and BioNTech the first companies to develop and test a working vaccine for COVID-19.

Over the following month and a half, regulators in various countries approved Pfizer's vaccine for emergency use. The United Kingdom approved the vaccine first, on December 2, followed by Bahrain on December 4, Canada on December 9, and Saudi Arabia on December 10. On December 10, 2020, the United States FDA held an advisory committee meeting to discuss authorization of the vaccine. The next day, the US officially became the 5th country to approve use of Pfizer's vaccine under an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA), with an independent panel voting 17–4 in support of approval. On December 14, Singapore became one of the first in Asia to approve the vaccine through the Health Sciences Authority. On December 21, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) recommended granting a conditional marketing authorisation for the vaccine in the European Union, under the brand name "Comirnaty."

Manufacturing and distribution

As of early May 2021, Pfizer and BioNTech had manufactured at least 430 million vaccine doses, which have been distributed to 91 countries and territories. The companies have said they expect to manufacture nearly 3 billion total vaccine doses in 2021. Pfizer provided 0.9% Sodium chloride Injection USP diluent for use with the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine under the name of its subsidiary, Hospira. Pfizer also purchased large quantities of single-use medical and surgical gloves and protective bodysuits from Ansell during the process, contributing to a doubling of the supplier's manufacturing capacity.

Controversy
In February 2021, after a year long investigation relying on unnamed officials, Pfizer was accused by The Bureau of Investigative Journalism (TBIJ) of employing "high-level bullying" against at least two Latin American countries during negotiations to acquire COVID-19 vaccines, including requesting that the countries put sovereign assets as collateral for payments. According to TBIJ, these negotiation tactics resulted in a months long delay in Pfizer reaching a vaccine agreement with one country and a complete failure to reach agreements with two other countries, including Argentina and Brazil.

On 2 November 2021, TBMJ published an article after obtaining information from a whistleblower from the Ventavia Research Group. Ventavia was hired by Pfizer as a research subcontractor. The company falsified data, unblinded patients, employed inadequately trained vaccinators, and was slow to follow up on adverse events reported in Pfizer's pivotal phase III trial. The regional director, Brook Jackson, emailed a complaint to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Ventavia fired her later the same day. The European Medicines Agency (EMA) stated in a response to the European Parliament, that "the deficiencies identified do not jeopardize the quality and integrity of the data from the main Comirnaty trial and have no impact on the benefit-risk assessment or on the conclusions on the safety, effectiveness and quality of the vaccine".

On 10 October 2022, during a session of the European Parliament's Special Committee on the COVID-19 Pandemic, Pfizer executive Janine Small testified that the company had not evaluated their COVID-19 vaccine for its ability to reduce transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus prior to its release to the general public. Dutch MEP Rob Roos described the admission as "scandalous". CEO Albert Bourla was slated to attend, but withdrew. Roos' statements in turn have been described as "misleading".

Development of oral antivirals
In November 2021, Pfizer launched a new COVID-19 oral antivirus treatment known as Paxlovid. In January 2022, the Pfizer CEO Albert Bourla confirmed that the trial results of a fourth dose were pending until March 2022. He said that the firm was setting up a collaboration to develop an anti-COVID pill treatment along with a French company, Novasep. He also said the COVID vaccine was "safe and efficient" for children. In May 2022, reports emerged of patients experiencing "rebound" symptoms after completing a five-day course of Paxlovid. The FDA responded by announcing they had performed additional analyses of the drug's clinical trial data, and decided against changing its recommendations. U.S. President Joe Biden and Dr. Anthony Fauci were both reported to experience this rebound syndrome in the months that followed, while continuing to recommend the drug for those who may benefit from it.

Legal issues

Aggressive pharmaceutical marketing

Pfizer has been accused of aggressive pharmaceutical marketing.

Illegal marketing of gabapentin for off-label uses
In 1993, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved gabapentin only for treatment of seizures. Warner–Lambert, which merged with Pfizer in 2000, used continuing medical education and medical research, sponsored articles about the drug for the medical literature, and alleged suppression of unfavorable study results, to promote gabapentin. Within five years, the drug was being widely used for off-label uses such as treatment of pain and psychiatric conditions. Warner–Lambert admitted to violating FDA regulations by promoting the drug for pain, psychiatric conditions, migraine, and other unapproved uses. In 2004, the company paid $430million in one of the largest settlements to resolve criminal and civil health care liability charges. It was the first off-label promotion case successfully brought under the False Claims Act. A Cochrane review concluded that gabapentin is ineffective in migraine prophylaxis. The American Academy of Neurology rates it as having unproven efficacy, while the Canadian Headache Society and the European Federation of Neurological Societies rate its use as being supported by moderate and low-quality evidence.

Illegal marketing of Bextra
In September 2009, Pfizer pleaded guilty to the illegal marketing of arthritis drug valdecoxib (Bextra) and agreed to a $2.3billion settlement, the largest health care fraud settlement at that time. Pfizer promoted the sale of the drug for several uses and dosages that the Food and Drug Administration specifically declined to approve due to safety concerns. The drug was pulled from the market in 2005. It was Pfizer's fourth such settlement in a decade. The payment included $1.195billion in criminal penalties for felony violations of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, and $1.0billion to settle allegations it had illegally promoted the drugs for uses that were not approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) leading to violations under the False Claims Act as reimbursements were requested from Federal and State programs. The criminal fine was the largest ever assessed in the United States to date. Pfizer entered a corporate integrity agreement with the Office of Inspector General that required it to make substantial structural reforms within the company, and publish to its website its post approval commitments and a searchable database of all payments to physicians made by the company.

Termination of Peter Rost
Peter Rost was vice president in charge of the endocrinology division at Pharmacia before its acquisition by Pfizer. During that time he raised concerns internally about kickbacks and off-label marketing of Genotropin, Pharmacia's human growth hormone drug. Pfizer reported the Pharmacia marketing practices to the FDA and Department of Justice; Rost was unaware of this and filed an FCA lawsuit against Pfizer. Pfizer kept him employed, but isolated him until the FCA suit was unsealed in 2005. The Justice Department declined to intervene, and Pfizer fired him, and he filed a wrongful termination suit against Pfizer. Pfizer won a summary dismissal of the case, with the court ruling that the evidence showed Pfizer had decided to fire Rost prior to learning of his whistleblower activities.

Illegal marketing of Rapamune
A "whistleblower suit" was filed in 2005 against Wyeth, which was acquired by Pfizer in 2009, alleging that the company illegally marketed sirolimus (Rapamune) for off-label uses, targeted specific doctors and medical facilities to increase sales of Rapamune, tried to get transplant patients to change from their transplant drugs to Rapamune, and specifically targeted African-Americans. According to the whistleblowers, Wyeth also provided doctors and hospitals that prescribed the drug with kickbacks such as grants, donations, and other money. In 2013, the company pleaded guilty to criminal mis-branding violations under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. By August 2014, it had paid $491million in civil and criminal penalties related to Rapamune.

Illegal marketing
In June 2010, health insurance network Blue Cross Blue Shield (BCBS) filed a lawsuit against Pfizer for allegedly illegally marketing drugs Bextra, Geodon and Lyrica. BCBS alleged that Pfizer used kickbacks and wrongly persuaded doctors to prescribe the drugs. According to the lawsuit, Pfizer handed out 'misleading' materials on off-label uses, sent over 5,000 doctors on trips to the Caribbean or around the United States, and paid them $2,000 honoraria in return for listening to lectures about Bextra. Despite Pfizer's claims that "the company's intent was pure" in fostering a legal exchange of information among doctors, an internal marketing plan revealed that Pfizer intended to train physicians "to serve as public relations spokespeople." The case was settled in 2014 for $325million. Fearing that Pfizer is "too big to fail" and that prosecuting the company would result in disruptions to Medicare and Medicaid, federal prosecutors instead charged a subsidiary of a subsidiary of a subsidiary of Pfizer, which is "nothing more than a shell company whose only function is to plead guilty."

Removal of ads after unflattering article
According to Harper's Magazine publisher John R. MacArthur, Pfizer withdrew "between $400,000 and a million dollars" worth of ads from Harper's Magazine following an unflattering article on depression medication.

Quigley Company asbestos
The Quigley Company, which sold asbestos-containing insulation products until the early 1970s, was acquired by Pfizer in 1968. In June 2013, asbestos victims and Pfizer negotiated a settlement that required Pfizer to pay a total of $964million: $430million to 80% of existing plaintiffs and place an additional $535million into a settlement trust that will compensate future plaintiffs as well as the remaining 20% of plaintiffs with claims against Pfizer and Quigley. Of that $535million, $405million is in a 40-year note from Pfizer, while $100million is from insurance policies.

Shiley defective heart valves
Pfizer purchased Shiley in 1979, at the onset of its Convexo-Concave valve ordeal, involving the Bjork–Shiley valve. Approximately 500 people died when defective heart valves fractured and, in 1994, Pfizer agreed to pay $10.75million to settle claims by the United States Department of Justice that the company lied to get approval for the valves.

Firing of employee that filed suit
A federal lawsuit was filed by a scientist claiming she got an infection by a genetically modified lentivirus while working for Pfizer, resulting in intermittent paralysis. A judge dismissed the case citing a lack of evidence that the illness was caused by the virus but the jury ruled that by firing the employee, Pfizer violated laws protecting freedom of speech and whistleblowers and awarded her $1.37million.

Celebrex intellectual property
Brigham Young University (BYU) said a professor of chemistry, Dr. Daniel L. Simmons, discovered an enzyme in the 1990s that led towards development of Celebrex. BYU was originally seeking a 15% royalty on sales, equating to $9.7billion. A research agreement had been made between BYU and Monsanto, whose pharmaceutical business was later acquired by Pfizer, to develop a better aspirin. The enzyme Dr. Simmons claims to have discovered would induce pain and inflammation while causing gastrointestinal problems and Celebrex is used to reduce those issues. A six-year battle ensued because BYU claimed that Pfizer did not give Dr. Simmons credit or compensation, while Pfizer claimed that it had met all obligations regarding the Monsanto agreement. In May 2012, Pfizer settled the allegations, agreeing to pay $450million.

Nigeria Trovafloxacin lawsuit

In 1996, an outbreak of measles, cholera, and bacterial meningitis occurred in Nigeria. Pfizer representatives and personnel from a contract research organization (CRO) traveled to Kano to set up a clinical trial and administer an experimental antibiotic, trovafloxacin, to approximately 200 children. Local Kano officials reported that more than fifty children died in the experiment, while many others developed mental and physical deformities. The nature and frequency of both fatalities and other adverse outcomes were similar to those historically found among pediatric patients treated for meningitis in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2001, families of the children, as well as the governments of Kano and Nigeria, filed lawsuits regarding the treatment. According to Democracy Now!, "[r]esearchers did not obtain signed consent forms, and medical personnel said Pfizer did not tell parents their children were getting the experimental drug." The lawsuits also accused Pfizer of using the outbreak to perform unapproved human testing, as well as allegedly under-dosing a control group being treated with traditional antibiotics in order to skew the results of the trial in favor of Trovan. Nigerian medical personnel as well as at least one Pfizer physician said the trial was conducted without regulatory approval.

In 2007, Pfizer published a Statement of Defense letter. The letter stated that the drug's oral form was safer and easier to administer, that Trovan had been used safely in more than five thousand Americans prior to the Nigerian trial, that mortality in the patients treated by Pfizer was lower than that observed historically in African meningitis epidemics, and that no unusual side effects, unrelated to meningitis, were observed after four weeks.

In June 2010, the US Supreme Court rejected Pfizer's appeal against a ruling allowing lawsuits by the Nigerian families to proceed.

In December 2010, a United States diplomatic cables leak was released by WikiLeaks indicating that Pfizer hired investigators to find evidence of corruption against Nigerian attorney general Aondoakaa to persuade him to drop legal action. The Washington Post reporter Joe Stephens, who helped break the story in 2000, called these actions "dangerously close to blackmail". In response, the company released a press statement describing the allegations as "preposterous" and saying that it acted in good faith. Aondoakka, who had allegedly demanded bribes from Pfizer in return for a settlement of the case, was declared unfit for office and had his U.S. visa revoked in association with corruption charges in 2010.

The lawsuits were eventually settled out of court. Pfizer committed to paying US$35 million "to compensate the families of children in the study", another US$30 million to "support healthcare initiatives in Kano", and 10 million to cover legal costs. Payouts began in 2011.

Inflating Prices
In July 2022, UK antitrust authorities fined Pfizer £63 million for unfairly high priced drug that aids in controlling epileptic seizures. The Competition and Markets Authority stated that the company took advantage of loopholes by de-branding epilepsy drug Epanutin, by doing so the price of Epanutin's price was not regulated to the same standards the company are used to and therefore the price of the drug was raised. It was stated that over a four-year period, Pfizer had billed Epanutin for around 780% and 1,600% higher than its standard price.

Allegations of patent infringement on mRNA technology

In August 2022, Moderna announced that it will sue Pfizer and its partner BioNTech for infringing their patent on the mRNA technology.

Environmental record
Since 2000, the company has implemented more than 4,000 greenhouse gas reduction projects.

In 2012, the company was named to the Carbon Disclosure Project's Carbon Leadership Index in recognition of its efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Pfizer has inherited Wyeth's liabilities in the American Cyanamid site in Bridgewater Township, New Jersey, a highly toxic EPA Superfund site. Pfizer has since attempted to remediate this land in order to clean and develop it for future profits and potential public uses. The Sierra Club and the Edison Wetlands Association have opposed the cleanup plan, arguing that the area is subject to flooding, which could cause pollutants to leach. The EPA considers the plan the most reasonable from considerations of safety and cost-effectiveness, arguing that an alternative plan involving trucking contaminated soil off site could expose cleanup workers. The EPA's position is backed by the environmental watchdog group CRISIS.

In June 2002, a chemical explosion at the Groton plant injured 7 people and caused the evacuation of more than 100 homes in the surrounding area.

Public-private engagement
Pfizer engages with the public and private sectors in a variety of settings including to promote research and development, academic funding, event sponsorship, philanthropy, and political lobbying.

Academia

 Institute for Advanced Study - Matching gifts and direct donor.
 University of Toronto - Donor to the Boundless Campaign, and member of the President's Circle.
 University of Washington - Member of the Honor Roll of Donors, having contributed between $10 million and $50 million to funding the school as of 2020.

Activism
 Habitat for Humanity - Donor.
 Human Rights Campaign (HRC) - Corporate partner. HRC is a large LGBT civil rights activism group.
 National Women's Law Center - Donor.
 Share Our Strength - Donor.
 WaterAid - Partner.

Conferences and summits

 Women in Medicine Summit - Sponsor.
 World Neuroscience Innovation Forum - Strategic partner.

Media
During the COVID-19 pandemic, Pfizer engaged many forms of media to promote their COVID-19 vaccine, including a commissioned National Geographic documentary. Pfizer is also a donor to the National Geographic Society.

Pfizer was a prominent sponsor of the 2022 Oscars ceremony alongside BioNTech.

Pfizer has been a major donor to the National Press Foundation. Pfizer sponsored a program for the NPF called "Cancer Issues 2010" to train journalists to "understand the latest research" on various cancers, including the role of pharmaceutical products and vaccines. MicroRNA (miRNA) was also a listed topic.

Pfizer sponsors 19 to Zero, a "coalition of academics, public health experts, behavioural economists, and creative professionals" that develops media and educational materials to influence public perception surrounding COVID-19 and COVID-19 vaccines.

Medical societies

 American Society of Hematology - Sponsor.
 Arthritis Society - National partner. Pfizer also supports the organization's provincial branches in Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, and Quebec.
 Canadian Cancer Society - Sponsor.
 Canadian Paediatric Society - Funding. CPS is the organization that administers the Canadian Immunization Monitoring Program, Active (IMPACT) vaccine safety program.
 Canadian Society of Internal Medicine - Annual conference sponsor with Bristol Myers Squibb.
 Endocrine Society - Corporate Liaison Board member.
 European Society of Cardiology - Sponsor of the EURObservational Research Programme.
 Spanish Cardiac Society - Strategic partner.

Political lobbying
Pfizer is affiliated with a variety of industry organizations engaging in political lobbying, and has made substantial direct donations to government and regulatory agencies:

 Adult Vaccine Access Coalition - Member.
 Alliance for a Stronger FDA - Member.
 AMR Industry Alliance - Member.
 BIOTECanada - Member company.
 Bipartisan Policy Center - Donor.
 The Business Council - Member, represented by CEO Albert Bourla.
 Business Council for the United Nations - Member.
 Center on Budget and Policy Priorities - Funder.
 Community Anti-Drug Coalitions of America (CADCA) - Partner.
 COVID-19 Vaccine Education and Equity Project - Sponsor.
 European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations - Member.
 Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH) - Donor. Pfizer has given between $5,000,000 and $9,999,999 to the between 1997 and 2020, contributing to funding the activities of the National Institutes of Health.
 Global Health Council - Member.
 Immunisation Coalition (Australia) - Sponsor.
 Innovative Medicines Canada - Member. IMC is an association of pharmaceutical companies doing business in Canada. The group lobbies the Government of Ontario and House of Commons of Canada through Rubicon Strategy, a firm owned by Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario campaign manager Kory Teneycke.
 International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers & Associations (IFPMA) - Member.
 Life Sciences British Columbia (LSBC) - Member company and Platinum Sponsor.
 National Health Council (NHC) - Member organization. NHC is a non-profit organization that lobbies the U.S. Government on issues related to healthcare reform.
 National Pharmaceutical Council (NPC) - Member company.
 Personalized Medicine Coalition (PMC) - Member.
 Pharmaceutical Advertising Advisory Board (PAAB) - Client.
 Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) - Member company.
 Reagan-Udall Foundation for the Food and Drug Administration - Donor.
 Research!America - Member organization.
 U.S. Global Leadership Coalition - Member.
 World Economic Forum - Member organization.

Scott Gottlieb, who resigned as FDA commissioner in April 2019, joined the Pfizer board of directors three months later, in July 2019.

Pfizer lobbied various officials in the Government of British Columbia between April and November 2012, including then-premier Christy Clark, future premier John Horgan, future health minister Adrian Dix, and future deputy premier, minister of public safety and solicitor general Mike Farnworth. The disclosed purpose was to "provide health policy and pharmaceutical information and communications on behalf of Pfizer Canada," and "learn and understand the budgetary, policy and strategic directions of the Government."

Professional associations

 Bioscience Association Manitoba (BAM) - Sponsor.
 British Columbia Pharmacy Association (BCPA) - Event sponsor.
 Canadian Association for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (CACMID) - Patron (former).
 Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians (CAEP) - Corporate partner.
 Canadian Association of Medical Oncologists - Annual meeting sponsor.
 Canadian Medical Association - Sponsor. In 2009, Pfizer partnered with the CMA to launch a continuing medical education course for physicians.
 Canadian Pharmacists Association and Canadian Pharmacists Journal - Sponsor.
 Canadian Public Health Association - Sponsor.
 Canadian Rheumatology Association - Sponsor.
 Canadian Urological Association - Sponsor.
 Ontario Medical Association (OMA) - Donor to the Ontario Medical Foundation.
 Pharmacy Association of Nova Scotia - Sponsor.

Public health
Pfizer has engaged in a number of public health and global health initiatives worldwide, and provides funding for health care facilities of various specialties in Canada and the United States:

 CANImmunize - Endorsing partner. CANImmunize is a vaccine passport software company funded primarily by the Public Health Agency of Canada, and partnered with governments, health agencies, academia and pharmaceutical companies across Canada.
 Centre for Addiction and Mental Health - Donor.
 Dana–Farber Cancer Institute - Donor.
 Federation of Medical Women of Canada - Sponsor.
 Food Allergy Canada - Corporate partner, providing funding and advocacy support.
 Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids) - Donor to the SickKids Foundation.
 Medical Teams International - Corporate donor.
 North Bay Regional Health Center - Donor to the NBRHC Foundation.
 Princess Margaret Cancer Centre (PMCC) - Conference sponsor, and donor to the Princess Margaret Cancer Foundation.
 Scarborough Health Network (SHN) - Donor to the SHN Foundation.
 Sinai Health Foundation - Donor. The foundation funds Mount Sinai Hospital, Bridgepoint Active Healthcare, and the Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute in Toronto, Ontario.
 Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre - Donor.
 University Hospitals Kingston Foundation - Donor. UHKF raises funds for the Kingston Health Sciences Centre and Providence Care.
 William Osler Health System - Event sponsor.
Pfizer sponsored a presentation in January 2020 delivered by Julie Bettinger through British Columbia's Provincial Health Services Authority (PHSA) titled "Vaccine hesitancy: It doesn't matter if the vaccine works if nobody gets it."

In 2020, Pfizer provided funding in the range of $100,000.00 - $250,000.00 to Ronald McDonald House Charities "to provide resources that directly improve the health and well-being of children and their families."

Research and development
Pfizer has partnered with and sponsored many medical research networks and professional associations in the United States, Canada and globally:

 ABC Global Alliance - Main sponsor. The alliance is a Portuguese not-for-profit society supporting research into advanced breast cancer.
 Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and Vaccines (ACTIV) - Industry partner.
 AdvaMed - Member (former).
 Alliance for Regenerative Medicine - Member organization. The alliance is an international advocacy organization supporting the development of regenerative medicines including gene therapy and stem-cell therapy.
 Arthritis Australia - Donor.
 BioFIT - Sponsor. BioFIT holds events to connect academia, pharmaceutical companies, and investors in the field of life sciences and biotechnology.
 Canadian Frailty Network - Industry partner. CFN has provided research grants related to COVID-19.
 Colorectal Cancer Canada - Sponsor.
 Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative - Partner. DNDI is a non-profit drug research and development organization that expedites creation and delivery of medicines for diseases including leishmaniasis, sleeping sickness, and hepatitis C.
 GISAID - Funding for COVID-19 operations.
 Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada - National corporate partner and sponsor.
 Lung Health Foundation - Partner. Funds research into infectious lung disease and lobbying for policy changes.
 Mentoring in IBD - Sponsor. Annual educational program for Canadian gastroenterologists.
 Mount Sinai Hospital (Toronto) - Sponsor for research into infectious diseases such as COVID-19 through educational grants.
 Nova Scotia Chronic Pain Collaborative Care Network - Investment in Canadian health research.
 Ontario Hospital Research Institute (OHRI) - Research grants.
 Pinnacle Research Group - Sponsor.
 Radcliffe Cardiology - Industry partner.
 Truth Initiative - Featured partner. The initiative performs research and policy studies related to the reduction of tobacco use in youth.

See also

 Biotech and pharmaceutical companies in the New York metropolitan area
 Companies of the United States with untaxed profits
 Fire in the Blood (2013 film)
 List of pharmaceutical companies

References

External links

 Pfizer Inc. recipient profile on USAspending.gov

1849 establishments in New York (state)
1940s initial public offerings
American brands
American companies established in 1849
Biotechnology companies of the United States
Clinical trial organizations
Companies based in Manhattan
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange
Former components of the Dow Jones Industrial Average
Life sciences industry
Multinational companies based in New York City
Orphan drug companies
Pharmaceutical companies established in 1849
Pharmaceutical companies of the United States
Publicly traded companies based in New York City
Research and development in the United States
Vaccine producers
COVID-19 vaccine producers

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Charter a private jet from or to São Miguel do Araguaia Airport (SWUA)
How to charter a private flight from São Miguel do Araguaia Airport
For private jet charter to or from São Miguel do Araguaia Airport call Victor on: +44 (0)20 7384 8550.
Does São Miguel do Araguaia Airport have private jets?
São Miguel do Araguaia Airport Facts
IATA: SQM
ICAO: SWUA
For private jet hire to or from São Miguel do Araguaia Airport call Victor on: +44 (0)20 7384 8550.
To book a private jet to or from São Miguel do Araguaia Airport call Victor on: +44 (0)20 7384 8550.
What facilities are available at São Miguel do Araguaia Airport?


text:
Stockholm Waterfront
Stockholm Waterfront in May 2009
The City Hall and Stockholm Waterfront in June 2010
Stockholm Waterfront, also known as Klara Hotell och Konferens[1] is a building for offices, conferences and hotels. The building is located at Klarabergsviadukten in central Stockholm, at the place where Klara postterminal previously stood, overlooking Riddarfjärden. The complex is built for three functions, called Waterfront Building (for offices), Radisson Blu Stockholm Waterfront (for hotel) and Stockholm Waterfront (for congresses). Architect is the White arkitekter firm. Radisson Blu operates the hotel and congress parts and was opened on January 20, 2011.[2]
The first idea for a complex at the site was presented in early 21st century by architect Gert Wingårdh, a proposal for a new hotel and congress centre at the city block Bangårdsposetn 1 och 2. His proposition was however seen as to challenging at one of the most vulnerable places in Stockholm, on Riddarfjärden and neighboring the Stockholm City Hall and was never realized.
The present project Stockholm Waterfront began in 2005, when the City of Stockholm asked if Jarl Asset Management wanted to present a suggestion how the area at the old mail terminal could be developed. The city wanted a facility for congresses and a hotel, but for the project to be more economic the owners of Jarl Asset Management also build an office complex. White arkitekter was hired as architect.[3] According to "Remiss- och samrådsredogörelse, Innerstadsavdelningen" of March 9, 2007 (Dp 2006-11281-54), the opinion was mostly in favour of the proposal and in August the detailed plan was legalized. The demolition of the previous buildings on the site was started in mid-2008 together with Klara postterminal.
The stainless façade was constructed from duplex stainless steel Z-profiles, 3 to 16 metres (9.8 to 52.5 ft) in length, approx. 26 kilometres (16 mi) in total, fabricated from duplex grade EN 1.4462 (ASTM 2205) supplied by Outokumpu. Fingerprint resistant austenitic grade EN 1.4301 (ASTM 304) was also supplied by Outokumpu for interior window and door frames.[4]
On 27-28 September 2016, Stockholm Waterfront Congress Centre will host the inaugural IP Expo Nordic, part of the successful IP EXPO events series.
↑ Information from City of Stockholm
↑ "Press release". Cision Wire. Retrieved 2011-01-20.
↑ Uppgift enligt Byggvärlden
↑ "Stainless Vision Made Reality", Outokumpu
Coordinates: 59°19′47.43″N 18°3′20.32″E / 59.3298417°N 18.0556444°E / 59.3298417; 18.0556444


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text:
‧Features
Home / Features
Thu, Jan 16, 2020 - Page 13 News List
Vocalist silenced by sexual trauma sings again
Lucy Dhegrae rediscovers the voice that she lost after being assaulted in 2013
AFP, NEW YORK
Just as her career as a vocalist began taking off in 2013, singer Lucy Dhegrae found herself silenced, physically unable to produce the notes she once delivered with ease.
photo: AFP
Diagnosed with paresis of the vocal folds, a form of paralysis, the artist traced the condition threatening her future as a performer to a traumatic night a decade earlier, when she says she was drugged and raped as a first-year student at the University of Michigan.
"The moment of discovering that I couldn't sing — it felt like a death," Dhegrae said in an interview at her apartment in Manhattan's Greenwich Village neighborhood.
"It was just like my body saying, 'Okay, now you really have to deal with this. We're going to take away the one thing that you need, and that you use to make money, that you use to survive,'" she said. "It forced me to look at [the trauma], and honestly, I'm not sure I would have."
Dhegrae, who had kept her assault private, poured herself into research of her mysterious condition that doctors were unable to explain.
She found articles that referred to sexual assault survivors who eventually lost their voices altogether after keeping silent for a period of time.
She became an active volunteer with the US anti-sexual violence organization RAINN (Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network) and, through her research, learned survivors regained their ability to speak by starting to discuss their trauma. "I knew at that time, because I had lost my singing voice and not my speaking voice, that I would need to sing about it," she said.
GOING BEYOND UNDERSTANDING
She employed a range of healing techniques including meditation, breath work, massage, self-defense training and holistic alternative therapies.
Dhegrae also developed The Processing Series"of experimental voice concerts — already under way at Brooklyn's National Sawdust arts institution — that explore music's ability to help the body and mind deal with the impact of trauma.
"To heal trauma, we have to go beyond understanding it. It's beyond logic," she said. "Your brain can't make sense that all of a sudden, something horrible can happen to you at any time."
"You have to find a way to unravel that and to make your body whole, because your brain learns ... to section off that memory."
Advisors instructed Dhegrae to keep her vocal condition under wraps, saying it could "blacklist" her from getting hired, she said.
"Discovering that I had paresis really echoed the experience of being assaulted," the 35-year-old said, saying she plunged into depression. "I wasn't supposed to tell anyone."
"That's a lot like rape... you don't know who to talk to about this deep shame."
After years of therapy, Dhegrae hoped performing in her The Processing Series concerts based on her own healing journey could help other survivors feel less alone.
"I had these really powerful experiences of physical recovery, of physical cohesiveness — feeling like you're separate and coming together again — that was something I wanted to share," she said.
"I wanted to create a show that I would have wanted to see, that would have helped me in that moment, because in 2013 when I found out that I had paresis, I had no one to talk to," she continued. "If I had had one person to talk to... that would have made that period of my life just infinitely easier."
"I wanted to be that for other people."
2020 Elections: International community congratulates Tsai on win
Stocks rise after Tsai's election victory
'Wave' unboxed in Taipei
Experts warn over scale of Wuhan outbreak
EDITORIAL: Junk mail needs to be scrapped


text:
With women sack paid forced fumble seems more like
This coupled with Discover's significant support of our broadcast partners and NHL controlled media assets will provide a deeper engagement with our highly desirable fan demographic.
I told myself that weekend, 'I don't care who's coming in at right or left guard, I'm going in with the first team, I'm going to just try and block Kenny as many times.' As soon as it began to look like the door was closing again on his football career, the Packers called Patrick with a contract offer.
That's the same word Luke used to describe how his dad felt.
Chicago Cubs MLB $3B 17.
The Joint Committee will also receive periodic reports from a new Prescription Drug Monitoring Program that will monitor all prescriptions issued to NFL players by club physicians and unaffiliated physicians.
The longest running soap opera in the NFL personalized basketball jersey offered its latest twist this past week.
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A few teams checked in, but no offers.
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AEG said that its music merchandise company, BandMerch, would extend its online storefronts to the eBay marketplace, bringing seamless payment options and integrated access to eBay's customers to its roster of 135 world-class bands and performers.
The Pro Bowl was played in Hawaii from 1980 a week after the Super Bowl.
McCaw averaged 2 points, 1 rebounds and 13 minutes in 26 contests with the Raptors after signing as a free agent Jan.
McIlroy is second spot endorsements at $35 million including
Program doing national team just extraordinary


text:
Legit Season 2 Finale 2014 "Sober/Honesty"
Legit, News
Legit season 2 episode 12 & 13 "Sober/Honesty" airs Wednesday, May 14 2014 at 10:00 pm on FXX. Season Finale.
Episode Synopsis: Legit season 2 episode 12 & 13 "Sober/Honesty" – Jim stops drinking in solidarity with Steve and starts to suffer from panic attacks. Through a misunderstanding, Jim ends up at a married ex-girlfriend's house for a costume party; Jim deals with the fall out of being shot by a heckler and considers quitting comedy. Billy goes to a video game tournament.
Show Summary: In the new FX original comedy series, Legit, Jim Jefferies stars as an edgy, foul-mouthed, stand-up comedian from Australia, in his mid-30s and living in LA, struggling to make his life and career more "legit," only to find it a difficult, uncomfortable uphill struggle every step of the way.
Jim is encouraged in his quest by his neurotic best friend and roommate, Steve, a cyberlaw library salesman who struggles to stay on his feet in the wake of a divorce, and Steve's brother, Billy, who suffers from advanced staged Muscular Dystrophy and is confined to a wheelchair. Legit stars Jim Jefferies as 'Jim,' Dan Bakkedahl as 'Steve' and DJ Qualls as 'Billy.'
FXLegitPhotos
Sabienna Bowman
Sabienna is a freelance writer, pop culture junkie and unabashed fangirl. She blames an early exposure to The X-Files and the Must See TV era of NBC for her twin life-long loves of sci-fi and sitcoms. She's not sure where her all-consuming love for all things British came from, but it led her to Doctor Who so she doesn't complain.


The student may be required to consult with personnel from the College's Counseling Services or Health Services, or Residential LIfe, or other qualified provider approved by the Vice President for Student Life and Dean of Students to assess the seriousness and immediacy of the threat and to attempt to resolve the emergency situation. The provider conducting this intervention shall make recommendations to the Vice President for Student life and Dean of Students.
If the qualified provider determines that the student is undergoing a condition that poses a serious threat of eminent danger or injury to self or others, the student may be required to undergo medical/psychological assessment through the local hospital emergency room.
If the emergency situation persists or if the provider conducting the intervention described in Paragraph 1 so advises, the Vice President for Student Life and Dean of Students or person designated by the Vice President for Student Life and Dean of Students may contact parents or guardians in order to collaborate with how best to respond to the emergency situation. If consultation with parents is not possible, referral for emergency medical or psychological services will be made.
Upon returning to campus following a health and/or psychological emergency as described above, the student may be required to consult with personnel from the College's Counseling Services or Health Services, or Residential Life or other qualified provider approved by the Vice President for Student Life and Dean of Students to assess the seriousness and immediacy of the threat and to attempt to resolve the emergency situation. The provider conducting this intervention shall make recommendations to to Vice President for Student Life and Dean of Students.
The procedures listed above do not preclude sanctions in accordance with the Student Code of Conduct or other College policies.


text:
Nella mitologia greca, un autoctono (dal greco αὐτός, autòs, stesso, e χθών, chthòn, suolo) era un essere nato spontaneamente dalla terra, senza l'intervento di genitori mortali o divini.

Molti fondatori delle più antiche poleis greche erano considerati autoctoni. Il concetto si contrappone a quello di colono, che era invece un fondatore proveniente da un'altra regione.

Mitologia

Il fondatore e primo re di Atene, Cecrope, era considerato autoctono e nato con la parte inferiore del corpo a forma di serpente, che era considerato un simbolo della terra stessa. Anche altri re di Atene, tra cui Cranao e Anfizione, erano, in certe tradizioni, autoctoni. Il primo re della Laconia, Lelego, della Beozia, Ogigo, e dell'Arcadia, Pelasgo, erano parimenti considerati autoctoni.

Il mito presenta alcune varianti, e alcuni autoctoni nascono dalla terra tramite un intervento umano o divino: Cadmo, il primo re di Tebe, fu aiutato nella fondazione della città dagli Sparti, esseri nati dai denti di un drago gettati nella terra. Nel mito di Deucalione e Pirra, la coppia gettò dei massi nella terra, e da quelli gettati da Deucalione nacquero gli uomini, mentre da quelli gettati da Pirra nacquero le donne. Erittonio, un altro re mitologico di Atene considerato autoctono, nacque in realtà dal seme di Efesto disperso sulla terra.

Interpretazione
Il mito dell'autoctonia riflette la convinzione degli storici o delle tribù stesse di essere i primi umani ad abitare la loro terra, e fu probabilmente sviluppato per rafforzare l'autonomia delle poleis e il legame tra i cittadini e la loro patria.

Il concetto sopravvisse all'ambito della mitologia, e fu applicato anche dagli storici antichi, in riferimento a vari popoli: il termine appare dal V secolo a.C., negli scritti di Erodoto e di Tucidide, e fu impiegato anche da Ellanico di Lesbo e Strabone.

Note

Voci correlate
 Generazione spontanea

Mitologia greca


Cutting the US deepwater royalty rate from 18.75% to 12.5% for new leases, as proposed by the US Royalty Policy Committee in its meeting on February 28, would significantly improve the attractiveness of the country's fiscal regime, according to GlobalData, a leading data and analytics company.
The proposal comes after the same rate cut was already made for shallow water areas in 2017.
The passage of the US tax bill in December 2017, which cut the corporate tax rate from a 35% top rate to 21% and introduced immediate deductions for capital expenditure through 2022, already increases investors' shares of cash flow to make the regime more competitive than those in Brazil, Mexico and Guyana.


New passenger car and commercial vehicle registrations data in Passport reveal that global vehicle demand is on track to increase by 5% again in 2012, to 79.5 million units, which is only slightly shy of the 6% growth we predicted back in April. Global vehicle sales are therefore once again tracking the growth of households with a disposable income of over US$10,000 and US$15,000, which Euromonitor International now forecasts to rise by 4.3% and 4.5% respectively in 2012. This does, however, belie the mixed performance of key vehicle markets around the world.
Demand in the rest of Europe is set to increase by 4% in 2012, although it would be flat but for Russia, where vehicle sales will nudge 3.2 million units – 14% and almost 400,000 units higher than in 2011. Vehicle sales are also recovering in the US in 2012 due to increasing employment, consumer confidence and credit availability as well as pent-up demand. To put this into perspective, the 13% growth expected in US vehicle demand alone will result in 1.7 million more units registered than in 2011, which accounts for about half of the additional 3.5 million sales globally in 2012. The three emerging markets of Brazil, India and China will, not surprisingly, contribute the lion's share of the remaining 1.4 million additional vehicle sales in 2012 but Indonesia and Thailand also deserve some credit as vehicle sales in both markets will be at least 200,000 units higher than in 2011.


text:
Q: Mixing model binding with form posting in MVC 5? Is it possible to enable model binding along with a posted data from a form?
I have a collection property that I want to iterate in a foreach loop to save each selected item in the collection:

        @Html.LabelFor(m => m.Users, new { @class = "control-label col-md-2" })

            @{
                List<ApplicationUser> allUsers = ViewBag.AllUsers;
                bool assigned;
            }

                @foreach (var user in allUsers)
                {
//here I want to render all users, and only the users who are in the task, have a checked checkbox

                    assigned = Model.Users.Select(u => u.Id).Contains(user.Id);
                    <input type="checkbox" name="asndUsers" value="@user.Id" id="@user.Id" @Html.Raw(assigned ? "checked" : "") /> @user.UserName

                }

//fields updated with model binding:

        @Html.LabelFor(m => m.Status, new { @class = "control-label col-md-2" })

            @Html.EditorFor(m => m.Status, new { htmlAttributes = new { @class = "form-control" } })
            @Html.ValidationMessageFor(m => m.Status)

this is the Edit action post method:
[HttpPost, ValidateAntiForgeryToken]
public ActionResult Edit([Bind(Include = "Id,Title,Description,DueDate,Status")] UserTask task, string[] asndUsers)
{
    if (ModelState.IsValid)
    {
        task.Users = new List<ApplicationUser>();
        foreach (var item in asndUsers)
        {
            var user = context.Users.Find(item);
            task.Users.Add(user);
        }
        context.Entry(task).State = EntityState.Modified;
        context.SaveChanges();
        return RedirectToAction("Index");
    }
    return View(task);
}

it works when I debug, I see the new posted data has merged with the bound data.
but when the request redirected to the Index view, there is no change after editing an item, this is the Index action method:
public ActionResult Index(int? taskId)
{
    var viewModel = new TasksUsers();
    viewModel.Tasks = context.Tasks.Include(x => x.Users);
    if (taskId != null)
    {
        viewModel.Users = viewModel.Tasks.Where(t => t.Id == taskId).Single().Users;
        ViewBag.Row = taskId;
    }
    return View(viewModel);
}

A: Original answer

The proper way of updating the related entities is loading them first,
  so I used eager loading to redefine the incoming task parameter as
  follows:
task = context.Tasks.Include(t => t.Users).Single(s => s.Id == task.Id); Note that `Find` can't be used with `Include` so I used

Single.
That resolved the problem of updating the Users entity

this was wrong,
the proper way is to use explicit binding instead of implicit binding (TryUpdateModel())

A: The task that is posted back is no longer tracked by the DbContext. Try to Attach the task to the DbSet in the Edit action:
    context.Tasks.Attach(task);
    if (task.Users == null) {
        task.Users = new List<ApplicationUser>();
    }
    foreach (var item in asndUsers) {
        var user = context.Users.Find(item);
        task.Users.Add(user);
    }
    // may be important because Attach() sets the State to 'Unchanged'?
    context.Entry(task).State = EntityState.Modified;
    context.SaveChanges();

As a side note, you can pass parameters when you call RedirectToAction. (Only do this if you want to pass the id of the edited task to the Index action):
return RedirectToAction("Index", new { taskId = existingTask.Id });
//                                     ^^^^^^
//                                     must match parameter name of Index action

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Reminder plays an important role in most systems especially for a leave management system such as TimeTec Leave as it helps ensures that companies' operations are running accordingly. Therefore, we've prepared a quick guide on how to send out an email reminder for Holiday and Approved Leave prior to the upcoming dates throughout the entire organization.
1) Login to TimeTec Leave > go to Reminder.
i. Select the Reminder either for Leave or Holiday.
Leave - You may configure a reminder on the Approved Leaves prior to the leave dates.
Holiday – You may configure a reminder for Holiday prior to the holiday dates.
ii. Select the organization or department that you wish to assign for the Leave or Holiday under Organization Structure > click the Drop-down Option > Filter.
i. Leave Type – You need to choose the leave type from the dropdown option.
ii. Recipient – You may select the recipient for the reminder, i.e. system administrator, admin or user. Note that you may also include other recipient emails into this option.
iii. Occurrence – Frequency of the event to be sent out before the upcoming leave.
iv. Enable – Enable this option for the email notification.
Remark: Please ensure that you have already configured all the holiday setting at the Holiday tab.
i. Recipient – You may select the recipient for the reminder, i.e. system administrator, admin or user. Note that you may also include other recipient emails into this option.
ii. Occurrence – Frequency of the event to be sent out before the upcoming holiday.
iii. Enable – Enable this option for the email notification.