text:
Why Dr. Fauci Is Wrong On A Domestic Air Travel Vaccine Mandate
by Gary Leff on December 27, 2021
Dr. Anthony Fauci has been making the rounds on public affairs programs for several days talking up vaccination requirements for domestic travel. He emphasizes in each case that it makes sense for international travel to keep virus cases out of the country (but unvaccinated Americans are allowed to return, and the virus is already spreading here rapidly).
Fauci then goes on to suggest that a domestic vaccine travel requirement would make sense, not to 'keep the virus out', but to serve as an incentive to get vaccinated. Fauci has headed the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases for 37 years. His comments are not by accident. However in addition to being legally questionable, such a requirement may wind up having the opposite effect Fauci hopes.
In case you missed it this morning, Dr. Fauci talking on @MSNBC @Morning_Joe about the potential for a vaccination requirement for domestic air travel: "If you want to do that with domestic flights, I think that's something that seriously should be considered." pic.twitter.com/NZVDmt8UYK
— Ross Feinstein (@RossFeinstein) December 27, 2021
I would personally love this because those who are vaccinated and boosted with mRNA vaccines are less likely to get infected, clear the virus more quickly, and have virus coated in antibodies when they are infectious. In other words being surrounded only by vaccinated passengers would mean a safer environment within which I could travel.
However I do not favor it because,
The U.S. is not pursuing, and has never pursued, a zero covid strategy which would at least make domestic travel restrictions coherent
The virus is already spreading widely in the country, limiting travel to those who are vaccinated won't 'prevent spread'
And breakthrough cases are real, those who are vaccinated do get and spread the virus, just at lower rates than those who are not
Flying isn't a less safe environment than other indoor congregant activities that have no such legal restriction
And the Supreme Court has consistently held that there's a fundamental right to interstate travel. Cf. Crandall v. Nevada, 73 U.S. 35 (1868); United States v. Guest, 383 U.S. 745 (1966). While the court hasn't found a specific right to particular modes of transportation, placing restrictions on air travel from New York to California or Miami to Seattle would represent a substantial burden on these rights.
Since there are fundamental rights involved, at a minimum there would have to be carveouts to avoid infringing on religious liberty as well as those unable to obtain protection from vaccines. That means either placing a burden on airlines to grant or deny vaccine exemptions, or creating a federal vaccine passport and exemption system.
Of course the data behind who is and isn't vaccinated is generally held at the state level, and there's no good way to do this federally. The CDC can't even keep track of boosters versus first doses. Our federal system and data issues make this impractical.
Ultimately though Fauci's 'incentive to get vaccinated' argument falls flat. And that's because he's no longer talking about the science of vaccines, but about human psychology and about marginal benefits of political actions. U.S. public health authorities have consistently messed up the messaging, which has led to counterproductive results, and they'd be doing the same here.
There's little marginal vaccination left to encourage. Ninety percent of Americans aged 65-74 are fully vaccinated while the figure for those 75 and older is 85%. Over 80% of U.S. adults have taken a shot. As existing vaccine mandates kick, and as Omicron spreads, that'll probably rise to 85%. In any setting there's always going to be some vaccine refusals – that was true pre-pandemic. And not everyone flies.
This could backfire with even more skepticism – including for other vaccines. Fauci is right that there would be some people along a certain margin who would get vaccinated if there was a domestic air travel requirement. But that comes at a significant cost to rights, creates a significant bureaucracy to fly, all for little marginal benefit. And it likely creates even greater vaccine resistance not just to this vaccine, but as spillover to all vaccines. So there's a public health cost.
There may be more effective means available. Early in the year when Congress voted stimmies to most Americans I wrote that payments should be tied to vaccination. Fauci focuses on domestic air travel because there's some federal authority here, not because it's the strongest lever to pull. The Biden administration is pursuing a number of other mandates, which the Supreme Court will consider in early January. They haven't yet tried large dollar incentives for remaining holdouts to pick up a similar marginal increment.
Boosters are a better strategy for public health than forcing vaccines on remaining holdouts. At this point there's far more benefit to clear, coherent messaging on booster shots than there is trying to force a first shot on those unwilling to take one. And the government has already screwed that up, since the FDA advisory committee initially voted against boosters for everyone because Biden had promised them, appearing to undercut their authority.
We know from the data on Omicron that boosters do more than first and second doses to generate protection, and boosters can have an effect on the current Omicron wave while putting needles into the arms of those who haven't yet had a first shot likely will not (because of the waiting period after each shot to get the next dose).
Mostly a domestic air travel vaccine requirement would be for show, in the face of a federal inability to take decisive action that ameliorates the pandemic. It's taken 21 months for the government to prioritize testing, and they're still moving too slowly. How the government didn't step in with multibillion dollar at-risk orders for Paxlovid to speed up production months ago is hard to even fathom.
I would love to fly only with those that are vaxxed, and by the way only with those that are tested same day (not previous day) as well. However as a matter of public policy this isn't the best way to manage air travel or the pandemic. Let's focus on encouraging boosters, fast-tracking multivalent boosters, and on researching next generation vaccines (including pan-coronavirus vaccines). And let's quickly approve billions of tests, not hundreds of millions, so that we can all test regularly before interacting with others. Airlines might even consider waiving penalties on basic economy tickets for passengers who test positive.
Spittle says:
Dear Gary,
I would very much like a vaccine requirement for flying. It is annoying sitting next to or adjacent to coughing children or chin diaper wearing adults who hold a cup, can or bottle in their hand as an excuse.
I would feel safer if my seat opponents were fully vaccinated, including a booster shot.
Ted Wright says:
I'm sick to death of the "you have no right to risk my life" mantra of the authoritarian leninists in the U.S. As a 40+ year pro-driver I can say (you) people (everyone of you) risk my life a bazillion times a day with the stupid dung stunts you pull behind the wheel. So STFU.
DNN says:
Is Fauci is totally right or wrong?
Already walked it back within hours.
"Follow the Experts". Follow this one and you end up in circles. AGAIN.
Anthony Fauci on Monday said Americans shouldn't expect a Covid vaccination requirement for domestic air travel in the near future unless "things change dramatically."
The comments come after the president's chief medical adviser said earlier in the day that such a requirement should "seriously" be considered for travelers in the United States. Fauci said Monday evening that this should be another policy tool under consideration, but that he wasn't suggesting it was likely to happen.
The high dollar incentives have been tried in Colorado and elsewhere. No evidence that they moved the needle.
Tim Dunn says:
As stated, Fauci ran a trial balloon up the flag pole by suggesting a domestic vaccine requirement and had it shot down. Given that the majority of Americans no longer believe the current Administration is handling covid well, it isn't a surprise that the President just told governors that covid is probably something that needs to be handled by the states – which is also likely in preparation for having a bunch of policies ruled illegal by the Supreme Court.
Those that argue about other's rights being violated because someone else doesn't vaccinate or voluntarily mask should tell us what other disease in the history of the United States has involved a multi-year requirement for the healthy to do something in the interests of the country. Covid is not the first infectious disease, even transmitted by respiratory means, and yet people somehow think that they should require someone else to do something to protect them. You don't run around asking someone's TB status or whether they had the flu shot or any other health related status – and people somehow think they can justify it by the scope of what has been but not necessarily is covid now. If you believe in the vaccine or wearing masks for yourself, then they don't need to force other people to do something for your benefit. If someone has to do something for your benefit, then there really is no security in those procedures for you – in which case you should not expect to be running around the world during a pandemic but should stay home.
And the constitution does not address disease but it does address outside threats including of a military nature. It does not allow the government to remove your rights in the name of the country – and there is no gray; the requirements are either black or white – allowed or not allowed.
As for driving, I hate driving in the US more than any other developed country precisely because Americans approach traffic just like they do with everything else – whatever they want, everyone else be damned. But there are liabilities you incur – and they can be very steep – if you harm someone or their property while driving; whether others don't like how you drive is immaterial if you aren't violating laws.
Alot of these covid actions might have made sense 1 1/2 years ago but covid is now nothing but a nuisance for the vast majority of people, producing mild symptoms but likely not leading to death. That is exactly what viruses do as they adapt.
It is precisely because covid is at this point that Biden's advisers realize it is not worth fighting failing strategies that are illegal and unpopular, regardless of the fears and desires for government control that some have.
Fauci will be silenced either by his boss, the Courts or the public before long.
He is just grasping for his last relevance.
Post below from Alex Berenson this morning….
"Guys, I don't know how to say this any more clearly: it is OVER.
The Omicold (pronounced Immacold) variant is about to bring this clown show to its inevitable conclusion.
I know none of our supposedly non-racist public health authorities were willing to believe the South African numbers, but we now have almost a month of data out of Denmark.
They are real. And they are spectacular.
Between Dec. 13 and Dec. 20, Denmark reported approximately 50,000 confirmed Omicron cases.
Given the approximately one-week lag between infection and hospitalization, those people should be flooding into hospitals.
EXCEPT THE NUMBER OF OMICRON PATIENTS IN DANISH HOSPITALS HAS NOT RISEN IN THE LAST WEEK.
You read that right. 50,000 positive tests the week before, no change in hospitalizations. Admissions have risen slightly, but patients are being discharged as fast as they are being admitted.
The result: as of Dec. 21, Danish hospitals had 47 Omicron patients, with under five (the report is not more specific) in intensive care.
As of Dec. 27, the hospitals had 51 Omicron patients, again with under five in intensive care.
The question is no longer whether Omicron is a cold. It's whether it's as dangerous as a cold. (And, again, this has nothing to do with Covid vaccines; most South Africans are not vaccinated, and the pattern there was the same.)
The only sane political move at this point is to drop ALL mandates – vaccine and otherwise – and ALL asymptomatic or quarantine testing (dropping all non-hospital testing would be even better) – and declare victory and go home. Even if the country weren't burned out on scare stories and sick of being lied to, the reality of these figures is already obvious to most people. (Including LeBron James.)
When your media water-carriers have to write articles explaining the difference between Covid and a cold… it's over.
So why won't Uncle Joe just say so? Because the current strategy isn't working – not politically, and not for the country. It's time to surrender to the ro like you did to the Taliban and to inflation. At least this time admitting the problem will fix it."
But if we keep on boosting….all hell will break loose!
Dr. Fauci is an expert on medical issues. He has an understanding of medical issues that frankly most of us will never understand.
Dr. Fauci is not an expert on air travel.
Dr. Fauci does have an opinion, and like any of us…Will most likely give his opinion.
Any president listens to many opinions and makes decisions based on the advice of many.
The president has listened to many opinions, and has not put vaccine restrictions on domestic air travel.
I'm not sure why this still continuously makes the news cycles.
Dan,
probably because Fauci loves to jump in front of cameras and tell us what he thinks the world needs while Biden's legal team does not.
Oh my…. I just learned something new today. Had no idea….
The REAL reason for all this hysteria, mandates, vaccines/boosters, mainstream scare tactics. It is very simple. As long as a vaccine is approved for emergency use, big pharma cannot be sued. They have liability protection. Once it comes off emergency use they can be sued.
However, and this is the important point, once the vaccine is recommended to be used for children it goes back into a liability shield and you can no longer sue them. Not for kids who are harmed NOR for adults that are harmed. That is the real reason they are going after your kids. Pharma knows the vax will kill many kids. They don't care because they cannot be sued at that point. So all you parents shooting up your kids with a vax that is useless against Covid but harmful in many ways to their innate immune system…..all you can do is pray it won't be your child! Or, you for that matter!
NSL14 says:
Todd, the data about Denmark that you stated is very real. Omicron has hit Denmark hard, but Danes are not being hospitalized or dying at a high rate like we find in other countries. The problem with what you said is that your conclusion is wrong, essentially because you forgot to account for and including one critical stat: vaccination. Almost 80% of the Denmark people are fully vaccinated and of them, most are boosted. On the other hand, less than 63% of the American people are fully vaccinated and less than half of them are boosted.
It does appear that the Omicron variant is less damaging than Delta, but we can see in the U.S. not only a steep rise in cases, but one in hospitalizations and deaths. The increase in hospitalizations and deaths in the US is among the unvaccinated. If we take this new US data along with that of Denmark we see the unmistakable. We see the vaccines work. They were primarily designed to mitigate infection seriousness, reduce the need for hospitalization and prevent deaths. They're doing that in Denmark and they're doing that in the US.
If Omicron wasn't much of a virus just like in Denmark we would see a steep case rise in the US, and like in Denmark, at the same time, we wouldn't see a significant rise in hospitalizations and deaths, but that's not the case in the US. The inescapable conclusion is that Omicron does cause serious disease and death, but not among the fully vaccinated and boosted.
The answer isn't to forget it, but to double down on getting Americans vaccinated.
Personally, I wouldn't bother to mandate vaccination, but I think the idea of not allowing unvaccinated Americans hold the rest of us hostage makes sense. I am in favor of restricting where unvaccinated Americans can go and what they can do. For Americans who have a medical condition that precludes vaccination, no problem. For others, if they don't want to take it, that's okay too, but that decision means they must take responsibility for it. It means they must do whatever is necessary to prevent them from infecting others, from mask wearing to restricting themselves to where they can go and what they can do, and when they get infected and seriously ill to take the financial responsibility for their decision and take medical responsibility too, to make sure they pay for their illness instead of forcing others to do that and to step aside so that people who took responsibility to stay well to the best of their ability can get proper treatment.
The only reason the strategy of vaccination in the US isn't working is because of the moronic and unethical decision by too many to be irresponsible.
bhcompy says:
"but unvaccinated Americans are allowed to return"
Because American citizens can't be denied entry to the country. It has nothing to do with vaccine politics(not that there should be vaccine politics, but Republicans decided to join forces with Jenny McCarthy as antivaxxers)
Dan Sjolseth says:
If only 2% of what Robert F Kennedy Jr wrote in his "The Real Anthony Fauci" is true the conclusion is Fauci has decided to not follow science but to do everything to enrich and grow his ego.
JetAway says:
When Drudge Headlines about Fauci, "81 Years Old, Time to Go?" you know what's coming.
@NSL14
VAERS disagrees with you.
Israel on their 4th booster disagrees with your statement that vaccines work.
Experts like Geert Vanden Bossche disagrees with you and I'll accept his advice over yours.
If the vaccines work you should have no fear of the unvaccinated. This is now a pandemic of the vaccinated. Wake up man and accept it before this becomes unmanageable and really destroys human life!
You take away my rights for fears of Covid? What happens with the next Covid? And the next one after that? You have already taken many lives by silencing the experts from the other side to voice their opinions. So you believe that is ok as long as it is the narrative you believe. What happens when it is reversed for you one day in the future? You are ok with not allowing a debate in the open, on national tv with experts on both sides. Don't let them speak. The world is flat and that's that. My truth and only my truth. I'm sick of people like you.
Gary Leff says:
Everything in Todd's comment is wrong or misleading.
Adverse events following vaccination get logged, and by the way this is not all validated data. With a majority of the population vaccinated, it's going to capture a lot of data – much of which has nothing whatsoever to do with vaccines. Remember that in clinical trial data Moderna had to include adverse events involving study participants… including one that was struck by lightning!
Israel is moving to 4th shots (not fourth boosters, second boosters) **because they work** but while their effectiveness against severe disease is excellent, protection against infection wanes especially as the virus has mutated and the vaccines target the spike protein of the original Wuhan strain.
Geert Vanden Bossche has been making heavily-debunked doomsday claims for a year that haven't been true.
"If the vaccines work you should have no fear of the unvaccinated."
No, because vaccines aren't "either-or." Setting up vaccines as needing 100% effectiveness to 'work' is silly. The mRNA vaccines work far better than we could have possibly hoped (or that very many did hope) in mid-2020. They are not perfectly effective. And against a backdrop of high levels of community transmission, breakthrough infections are real, there's a reason to be cautious. And I'd add cautious where folks aren't boosted, where they're vaxed with J&J (or far worse, Sinovac!), or in especially large groups.
"This is now a pandemic of the vaccinated."
In places where vaccinated make up a substantial majority of the population, a majority of infectious will be among those who are vaccinated (that's just math) however severe outcomes are overwhelmingly among the unvaccinated. And infection is far more common among the unvaccinated than the boosted.
NSL,
the CDC has said 59% of cases are omicron – which still leaves a whole lot of people being infected by delta which is alot more dangerous.
The reason why hospitalizations and deaths have not fallen is because omicron is not the exclusive variant.
and todd is right….. anyone that doesn't realize that covid management in the US has been heavily influenced by enrichment of big pharma is incredibly naive.
Natural immunity and a number of far less expensive treatments have been used elsewhere in the world – but those have been completely shut down in the US while we listen to endless pushes to vaccinate and boost.
@Tim Dunn – we've underutilized fluvoxamine, for sure, but a lot of the "far less expensive treatments [that] have been used elsewhere in the world" like Ivermectin had some hope but were demonstrated not to work – by the way, the best study on Ivermectin is also the one (TOGETHER trial) that showed fluvoxamine, another low cost and widely available drug, did work. That study wasn't big Pharma trying to keep you from getting cheap cures!
The problem with clinical guidance on fluvoxamine – which is already FDA approved and can therefore be prescribed off-label – is that the FDA didn't know how to manage its own bureaucracy to handle an approval without sponsorship. So in that sense 'Big Pharma' matters because bureaucratic processes are built around it. But they're working to solve this and again there's real demonstrated clinical benefit and any doctor can prescribe it today. It isn't as effective as Paxlovid but until that's widely available it's important
@Gary –
Everything in your reply is wrong and that is where the problem is Gary. Isn't it? That many disagree with the narrative.
By the way, VAERS is extremely underreported. Perhaps at 1or 2 percent max.
Ivermectin along with HCQ have been used by thousands of real doctors across the planet and recovery has been amazing. My doctor alone has treated over 350 and only one older man with non-related complications past away. While you have "studies", some influenced by big pharma I and many others have real-world use case!.
Geet predicted in March if we vaccinate you will see variants. We have that now. His latest statement if we booster we will end up with a disaster. We shall see.
I live in a small area where there are hundreds like me who are unvaccinated. We all got Covid. We all recovered with therapeutics and we have natural immunity. NONE of us went to the hospital. This has happened the same all over the world.
Israel is a mess. Green pass no longer works unless you have had x amount of vaccines/shots/boosters, whatever you want to call it.
Why would FDA say it needs 75 years to release Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine data to the public if there is nothing to hide????
Math doesn't just work when the equations are skewed.
So, lets forget about our differences for a moment. I will put this same question out to you as I have done to others who think like you but are too weak to answer, except one. Lets see if you respond.
Gary – Would you be in favor of a national, live TV debate with experts from both side who present EVIDENÇE to support their argument. No editing, no "fact checkers" who are bought and payed for. No interruptions until the end and then debate. I think this would go far in helping to "heal" the divide if many on my side would perhaps see their experts defeated. Or, perhaps it goes the other way and then what happens? And, that's the reason why it will never happen. "They" know we have the evidence.
I'll wait for your response along with the rest of your subs.
thank you, Todd.
Gary failed to address naturally acquired immunity which is by far the biggest issue that alot of people have with the way the US has handled covid – and why there is little trust w/ the CDC or Fauci.
And many low income countries had no choice but to use low cost therapeutics because they couldn't get enough vaccines when they were first available and because they could not afford the few expensive therapeutics that the US and Europe did recognize.
Looking down at countries that did what they had to do absent vaccines and costly therapeutics and denying that they have achieved better covid numbers than the US is the height of tunnel vision.
Given that Biden himself admitted that the federal government can't solve the covid problem, they know full well that they are at the end of the ropes, are on the verge of losing one lawsuit after another over their strategies, and states that have resisted federal management of covid are doing no worse and in some cases better than states that have embraced the feds have managed covid including economic and QOL issues. The mere fact that migration out of the north and CA and democratically run states speaks volumes about how the American people think the feds have handled covid.
After Fauci having to be told that vax mandates are not happening for US airline passengers, the Administration is now in full retreat on covid.
Vaccines didn't create Omicron, and Omicron doesn't descend from Delta. There's a theory (caution) that it came from lab mice, but we don't know the exact origin. You cannot possibly claim we have this variant or others because of vaccines. Are you suggesting B.1.1.7 (Alpha) was caused by vaccines? Oops, it predates vaccines. Indeed the original D->G mutation made the virus more infectious early in the pandemic. Viruses mutate. Could Merck's pill accelerate this? Yes. But there's no evidence that vaccines have done so.
Here's a great comprehensive look at Ivermectin. It really did look promising a year ago! But early data didn't pan out, and some of the evidence was quite shoddy. https://astralcodexten.substack.com/p/ivermectin-much-more-than-you-wanted
Again, the TOGETHER trail was huge and found no benefit. It's not particularly harmful, take it if you want, but it's no miracle cure. I am *helping* your side by pointing to fluvoxamine but you can't argue that it's a big pharma conspiracy when the best trial showing iveermectin has no benefit (also by the way there's no good theory on why it SHOULD work either) also showed that another low cost and widely available drug DOES.
I would sort of dispute your characterization of Israel as a mess, cases there are just rising, it may be a mess for other reasons (the Mideast is messy in many ways!) but not because of vaccination.
As for VAERS, look, when 80% of 75 year olds are vaccinated, there are going to be health issues reported. People die every day, and they are going to die even when they're vaccinated, because there are other causes of death than Covid. That doesn't mean those are in any way related to vaccines. You aren't making a serious argument that understands maths.
@Tim Dunn – I have written consistently criticizing government policy for failing to address immunity from prior infection. Recovery from covid plus one mRNA shot is far better than a J&J shot, but the latter is considered vaccinated while the former is not. So strange. But what of it in terms of my arguments here?
Just like all the rest of you single-sided narratives you can't answer the question about debate. Why is it so hard for you to say "I would welcome a debate". Instead you ignore it just like mainstream does.
Everything you just stated above is completely obliterated by experts I agree with. I can post tons of links here disputing the claims you made. So I'm not going to continue this with you as you have your sources and I have mine.
Let the record show here that Gary is unable to answer a simple question that he would welcome a national debate to help heal the great divide we have in the USA and Worldwide.
John L says:
You shouldve just titled the article "Why Fauci is wrong… always"
That dirtbag costs Americans a lot of undue panic, wages, and freedoms due to his incompetence
This one is just too good not to share….
Covid-19: Researcher blows the whistle on data integrity issues in Pfizer's vaccine trial
bmj dot com/content/375/bmj.n2635
Cmc says:
One hundred percent agree with mandatory vaccinations. And skip any exceptions. This is not a government service so private companies can mandate. This will definitely control the spread.
This Todd f*cknut must be really out of breath continually railing against the vaccines every day…of course since the unvaccinated make up the vast, vast majority of hospitalizations and Covid deaths these days, he sure is totally on to something…douche
@Todd – I have never shied away from a debate. I was a member of the national championship CEDA team in college, placed in out rounds of the national finals as a freshman even. Bring it.
Good to hear you would be up for a debate. So many people I have asked the same question to but don't have the balls to reply! Unfortunately, probably will never happen. We have tried for years with the networks, way before Covid to discuss Vaccinated vs Unvaccinated and the issues with vaccines but only crickets.
Perhaps one day….
Corrections to several errors in Gary's original post:
–Boosters have been shown to only work for 9 weeks against Omicron. So no thanks. I'm double-jabbed, and that is MY LIMIT.
–More tests available won't help… cuz the same-day tests aren't sensitive enough to detect transmissible Omicron, while the PCR tests show positive long after infectiousness ends.
In general, Gary, I appreciated & agreed with your articulate oppositions to travel mandates.
Some additional oppositions:
–It's harmful to the airline industry (reducing their customer base), and by extension, the whole travel industry. It's a sneaky "soft-shutdown".
–Public health is NOT the nation's highest priority. It's Fauci's priority, but not the U.S. priority. Good grief, all 180 countries on Earth now know that the U.S. can't surmount biowarfare. We're toast under a REAL attack from REAL enemies.
–It is time to make decisions re: OUR OWN RISK. I feel sorry for the first commenter who says he'd feel safer if he knew his plane-mates were 100% vaccinated. He's brainwashed that 3 jabs still won't keep him safe enough.
–Vaccines against colds are foolish. I suggest people treat their body/immune system with more respect, & stop mutilating them w/ mRna and Crispy Cremes and cigarettes. Don't take antibiotics for every cold. And don't take vaccines for every cold, either. Coughdrops will work.
I watched a Fauci interview today and he was obviously condescending, saying he knows the reason people aren't vaxxed/boosted is because they're inclined to resist. He obviously had no understanding/tolerance of religious objections, and he's completely oblivious to the people who've studied the benefits/risk of the vaccine and chosen "no jab". Based on the superior air he demonstrated today, he's no longer credible. Both the CDC and the FDA are tainted now.
It's embarrassing that New York fired 31,000 healthcare workers, and now Biden's gonna "fix" it with 1000 national guard medics. SMH
I'm going on a cruise in 2 weeks. A full week of no TV scare-tactics!
StrictlyFacts says:
@Gary Leff — "Here's a great comprehensive look at Ivermectin. It really did look promising a year ago! But early data didn't pan out, and some of the evidence was quite shoddy.
https://astralcodexten.substack.com/p/ivermectin-much-more-than-you-wanted"
Here we go *again* … I'm familiar with this report, but, as in all things relating to "science," there will be detractors from *both* sides! What one needs to understand is that, in today's *totally politicized* world, even so-called RCTs are *not* always so "scientific" when they're biased with prescribed agendas! Recall those early "clinical trials" that purportedly "debunked" HCQ cocktails as being effective treatments, only to be withdrawn from the likes of Lancet after getting *truly* "fact checked"? The same situation exists with respect to attacks against Ivermectin! At the stage of the pandemic, when Ivermectin was being purportedly "tested" through "clinical trials," there were many special interest groups that favored sabotaging Ivermectin from consideration, for obvious reasons because of its extremely lower costs vs. experimental cellular gene therapies that comprise those so-called (*not* real) "vaccines"! This, of course, translated into much lower $$$ earnings for those Big Pharma companies as compared to pushing their "vaccines." Furthermore, in order for those "vaccines" to be able to get to market under EUA, other therapeutics such as HCQ cocktails and Ivermectin *had* to get disparaged because EUA states that there can be no other reasonable alternatives already available to treat said disease! If HCQ cocktails and Ivermectin were to get FDA approvals, then those "vaccines" could *not* get their EUAs. But now that those "vaccines" have been so prolifically distributed worldwide and mucho $$$ made by those Big Pharma companies worldwide, some *new* therapeutics are now getting FDA considerations and even approvals despite also costing mucho $$$ as well … ever wonder *why* this is occurring at this time?
In a prior post long ago, I had already debunked some of those "clinical" trials that claimed to themselves debunk Ivermectin, so I don't want to rehash those points again, but one key point stood out — when doing clinical trials, it will make sense to actually try and actually duplicate what frontline doctors worldwide have been prescribing and using successfully for so long, right? But what I found, after reading so many of those trial reports that purport to debunk Ivermectin, is that their clinical trials test conditions and parameters were *no where close* to what frontline doctors were using worldwide to successfully treat their patients and save hundreds of thousands, if not millions of lives! This told me that such "trials" were *not* about proving/disproving Ivermectin's efficacy from a truly scientific perspective, but were designed from the outset to create an outcome that would try to contradict what successful track records had already been proven from worldwide usages!
For example, when those trials used a lower dosage and shorter time duration than actually practiced in frontline treatments, what conclusions can we make? Furthermore, everyone wants to look at Ivermectin alone as *the* treatment, whereas frontline treatments often use Ivermectin in conjunction with *other* components that *together* create the efficacy results that have been attained! This points out a fundamental *flaw* with how clinical trials apply that legacy "scientific method" — medical treatments are often more effective when used as a cocktail integrated with other *supporting* components, rather than alone just by itself! Clinical trials, by adhering to "controlled experimentation" requirements of the "scientific method," can *not* readily duplicate such integrated forms of treatments in real life, and so *fail* at what should have been their *honest* research objectives!
So the bottom line is — just because some "clinical trials" purport to debunk Ivermectin, I do *not* trust those trials when they do *not* even try to duplicate the *actual* integrated protocols that were used to successfully treat millions of cases worldwide! If I had to choose between trusting such clinical trials vs. the direct experiences of thousands of frontline doctors/nurses worldwide, I'm more inclined to trust those who actually *treat* those masses of patients, rather than some academic ivory tower bureaucrats that run agenda-driven clinical trials!
In countries where malaria-fighting drugs & ivermectin are more frequently prescribed, the trend CONTINUES that they have fewer deaths from Covid-19 than the U.S does. Why the U.S is so inequipped to prevent death from Covid needs to be the topic of SERIOUS RESEARCH.
Also: It is fairly clear at this point that the airline industry is being significantly affected by staffing shortages due to covid illness/exposure. Conversely, the CRUISE industry has a markedly lower rate of infection/exposure among its staff. I'm convinced that AIRLINES are the super-spreader in this nation. In the early days, the airline industry touted studies re: the effectiveness of plane cabin air filtration against Covid. But now, plane air filtration systems are clearly not working for Omicron. An airline executive yesterday again touted the outdated studies… all while thousands of flights are being cancelled daily due to staffing (covid) issues.
@Lindy — "Why the U.S is so inequipped to prevent death from Covid needs to be the topic of SERIOUS RESEARCH."
No mystery at all about this issue! As I stated in my reply post just above yours, it all has to do with $$$ for Big Pharma and the way EUAs work — in order to approve EUAs for those experimental cellular gene therapies (ie, Pfizer, Moderna, AZ, J&J), world proven successful therapeutics such as HCQ cocktails and Ivermectin had to be dismissed, since EUAs are predicated upon no other alternatives being available to treat the given ailment (in this case COVID-19). The "vaccines or nothing" policy is based on this premise, thus incurring so much UN-necessary excessive deaths. Why? Those cellular gene therapies do *not* act like legacy vaccines because they are *not* neutralizing and only target a very specific spike protein, rather than the whole spectrum of proteins associated with SARS-CoV-2 … by *not* killing off the coronavirus, those cellular gene therapies actually "induce" mutations to occur, thus giving rise to so many variants … so the more jabs given worldwide, the more mutations are induced … those with co-morbidities thus have much greater opportunities to succumb to those variants!
"I'm convinced that AIRLINES are the super-spreader in this nation."
You might be confusing the infections experienced by ground-based personnel sick outs vs. flight crews, as well as flight crew shortages that resulted from coercive and insane "vaccine" mandates that resulted in staff shortages due to non-conformance firings or side-linings. I have not yet come across any studies that confirm mass infections being spread in airline cabins. Cruise companies, being much smaller in staff size than airlines, have not been as visibly reported in the media, except when they experience so many instances of onboard ship infections, despite 95+ (or even 100) percent "vaccination" rates among passengers and crews.
Happy New Year!! Flurona has arrived. First case reported. Welcome to 2022 and more boosters!!!
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text:
Rebecca Chaperon's Gardens
July 12, 2017 by Laura Horne-Gaul
Existential themes in art appear in the form of someone or something experiencing an "existential crisis". These themes go back in time to the earliest stories of human history. Concluding in the fact that when one is relinquished from the most basic assumptions of their lives, face the absurdity of existence, and asks, "what's it all about?".
Who am I? What is my true nature? What is my true identity?
What is my greater purpose? How should I live my life?
What is death? What happens when we die?
Is there a god?
At the point of absolute existential crisis, one realizes that there is no one to turn to for answers except for him or herself. We, alone, must decide.
Rebecca Chaperon is a Vancouver based artist who addresses the absurdity and beauty of our existence. Her series of works for her upcoming exhibition in Toronto at Gallery 555 titled, Garden, is an extension of her continued perseverance into the unknown realms of our everyday lives.
TUSSLE: Your upcoming exhibition in Toronto Garden opens on July 20th at Gallery 555. How does this work differ from your previous work?
Rebecca Chaperon: Garden is a mix of new and old work, all from the same series...some images were created in 2014 and some were created this year ( 2017). The newer works still fit with my Eccentric Gardens series but 2 of the pieces move in slightly different directions. "Gather" is a piece that straddles Eccentric Gardens and my new series called Cave Paintings which will be exhibited this fall at Seymour Art Gallery in North Vancouver, BC. "Flood" is the other new piece that moves the series in a different direction. A stylized figure steers a raft through a flooded garden. I had opportunity to do all the illustrations for Sub Terrain magazine last fall and I really enjoyed working with stylized figures in limited palettes. This work follows that thread. Also this piece was inspired by life-circumstances as I was planning a residency at Artscape Gibralter on Toronto Island but it was cancelled due the flood ( though hopefully I will be able to take advantage next year ! ) .
TUSSLE: Although your paintings are in essence, benevolent landscapes, there is an underlying feeling of some catalytic event about to occur or has just occurred. How do you approach your canvases? Do you have a story or event in mind before you paint or is your process more of a stream of consciousness?
Rebecca Chaperon: My approach to painting is something I am always fiddling with but I am inspired by storytelling. I like to create a sense of place and then populate it with living things, real and surreal. I like to have a general idea of the place and mood I want to create but I stay open to stream of consciousness as I paint. The story I begin with is vague but comes into clarity as I work, sometimes it takes a different direction from what I had expected.
TUSSLE: Why are some of your works titled after Helen Keller, most popularly known as being blind, an American author and a political activist?
Rebecca Chaperon: I have created 3 paintings on this theme ...they are inspired by a letter written by Helen Keller to the New York Symphony Orchestra. Helen Keller, wrote this letter after she experienced their rendition of Beethoven's 9th Symphony by holding her hand against a radio diaphragm. Among the myriad of vibrations that came through the speaker, she recognized the individual instruments and the human voice. In my Helen Keller paintings a figure sings and rings emanate from her mouth representing the vibration of her voice. In her letter, Keller describes what the music brought to her mind, the dynamic nature of wild landscape but as she knew it - through her sense of touch. In these paintings Helen Keller's arms reach through a portal and touch a different dimension full of sound. I was inspired by the power of sound to allow someone to experience another world beyond the limits of seeing and hearing.
TUSSLE: You mention that you are interested in "the darker side of how we live" not including the negative, can you expand on what that darker side of human nature is?
Rebecca Chaperon: When I said I was interested in "the darker side of how we live" I mean the full range of emotion and circumstance that we experience as humans. I want to go beyond the mask we show each other - the surface of ourselves. I like what is dramatic, mysterious, frightening. It explores deep sadness, irrational and rational fear. I'm interested in that which is richly melancholic and energetically mystical.
TUSSLE: In your practice how do you explore these different, undiscovered planes of existence that you are painting?
Rebecca Chaperon: I really enjoy inventing places. It's always been a comfortable way for me to create images. My exploration of these places is deciding the general location be it secret garden or vast snow-scape. I then move to choosing a palette and deciding the dominant tone and how to create a balance in the image. Objects in the painting are characters sharing a spotlight or sometimes hogging it.
TUSSLE: The "Tesseract" series seems like a meditative repetition on the analog of the cube... Although the Tesserract is used in popular culture as a portal or communication device between dimensions, for example, A Wrinkle in Time (Novel by Madeleine L'Engle,1963) and Interstellar (Film by Christopher Nolan, 2014). What does this shape represent to you in your work? and How many studies of the Tesseract have you actually painted?
Rebecca Chaperon: I think I've completely lost track of exactly how many paintings now exist in the "Tesseract" series. I am sure its somewhere around 30 by now. Before I started making these crystalline forms I was making these black almost diamond like geometric shapes that I refer to as "portals" so the Tesseract work evolved from these forms. I wanted to make the shape contain facets, gradients and all the real painting "work" while leaving the background as a grey and muted void. In a way I was reversing what I had been doing before with the portal paintings where the portal was the featureless void. I loved the book "Wrinkle in Time" which partially inspired the series and made a fitting title as, in the book, it is an device used to travel to different dimensions which is in-line with the idea of portals.
TUSSLE: What is your favorite existential question and how do you answer it?
Rebecca Chaperon: Since I was a kid I have always thought about infinite space. What if there's an edge? And if so, what's beyond that? To me, it's still the most terrifying and amazing existential mystery.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


flying air cargo under USAID contract with Bird and Sons Air Cargo Company.
that were setting up the civic action teams for hospitals and supply bases.
feet at the opposite end.
mainstay of the person who must face such deprivation of all liberties.
more dearly than life itself.
Indeed, we are willing to not only fight, and even die for it, if need be.
maintain our freedom, and our Constitutional way of life.
I have no name, I have no age.
All they know, I'm a captured one.
I don't have the legs to carry me.
so to stay alive, Gotta use my head.
The rope is stretched to a pole outside.
Now I'd go a fourth, but I'd have to crawl.
Just beaten and held against the wall.
Though I don't know how and I don't know when.
House, I met John Sidney McCain III face to face for the first time.
the camp we prisoners called the "Plantation" in Hanoi, North Vietnam.
Naval Forces Europe, and his grandfather had been an admiral during WWII.
important position relating to John's imprisonment.
to be an enemy controlled area.
was over, and I was being taken to Hanoi for release.
not comment on the war situation.  I had visions of a hotel room.
of me and jerked my blindfold off.
inspecting my body.  He painted between my fingers and toes with iodine.
adjoining room. I had been dropped in over a windowsill.
dropping the bar in place and snapping the lock shut.  I was in my new home.
I awoke to the sound of my bar being taken off the window.
the words, but it sounded like English.
figured I was to take a nap.
series of tapping started.  I retreated thinking I had been tricked.
The tapping ceased and then came the "SHAVE AND A HAIRCUT" again.
voice say "IF YOU HEAR ME BUDDY, KNOCK THREE TIMES." I knocked three times.
was clearly an American on the other side of the wall.
"I'VE BEEN TRYING TO RAISE YOU ALL DAY.  ARE YOU A NEW PRISONER?
a Marine Corps pilot in Korea, but was flying as a civilian during this war.
HAVE A CUP?" One tap "No."
was in the wash court one day.
me in on the music, news and lack of sports, as he put it.
communications was not the personal-voice type contact that John and I had.
tapping on my thigh in soft subtle pressure.  "HI, I JOHN McCAIN, WHO YOU?"
My throat felt tight as I worked my hand around to squeeze his.  "EB HERE."
my eyes.  I thought of that year of frantic communications through the wall.
Ernie Brace and his wife Nancy reside in Oregon.
I was a Marine Corp pilot 1951-1961.
just south of the China border in company with Thai Special Forces.
Hanoi in cell behind John McCain. He was solo also. Total 4yrs 8mos.
releases 28 Mar 1973. Spent year in Balboa Naval Hospital recovering.
Training Squadron (F16s) here at Kingsley Field in Klamaty Falls, Oregon.
helicopter support for the fire fighters.
Laos is that we were all captured by NVA regulars and not the Pathet Lao.
Thai Special Forces personnel that were captured in Laos, including Sgt.
several days and was almost killed on re-capture. Lance Sijan was killed.
pounds and had been through many phases of sickness.
questions I wanted to of the local people. Our military is doing just that.
earn them a ticket to the USA.
book, A CODE TO KEEP, contains all my debrief and then some.
Honor in McMinnville, Oregon at the Evergreen Aviation and Space Museum.
Also my book "A CODE TO KEEP" is available on Amazon Kindle now.
Locked Up Abroad // Wednesday, April 17, 2013, at 9 PM ET/PT.
Because the episode was so compelling, it is launching the new season of the series.
office and drafted by Capt. Rod Knutson, USN, Retired, a fellow POW.
old. The presentation is open to the public.
He only received one. They are going back to find out why - he was promised 2.
Ernie Brace passed away DEC 5.
His ashes will be spread at a favorite fishing spot.
True American heroes are rare. Ernie Brace was one of those, and his death 5 Dec 2014 was a loss not just to Klamath Falls and the people who knew him, but to the rest of the nation as well.
You probably know the story. Brace, 83, a civilian pilot during the Vietnam War, was captured by communist forces and held for seven years, 10 months and seven days. He spent five of those years in solitary confinement, with more than three of them in a 3-foot by 4-foot bamboo cage, chained to the ground by a steel collar around his neck.
During captivity, he communicated by tapping on the walls to fellow prisoner John McCain, at the time a captured U.S. pilot and now a U.S. senator from Arizona. McCain said in a quotation from the Marlo Thomas book, "The Right Words at the Right time": "Without his strength, I doubt I would have survived solitary confinement with my mind and self-respect intact."
Brace's strength of will and character got him through his ordeal and inspired other prisoners. He continued to inspire others who got to know him after his release in March 1973 and after he and his wife, Nancy Rusth Brace, moved to Klamath Falls.
Steve Harper, retired base commander at Kingsley Field and former state senator, said "He is a hero in every sense of the word, and I just feel very grateful at the chance to know him. If I could be like him, if my children could be like him, I think it would be a better world."
Brace was a unique individual, the longest-held civilian prisoner of war of the Vietnam era. He met horrific circumstances with an inner courage and resolve that not only allowed him to survive, but encouraged others. He was a genuine leader in the word's highest sense.


text:
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Dimsumdaily Hong Kong
10:19PM Tue January 14, 2020
14th January 2020 – (Hong Kong) The Centre for Food Safety (CFS) of the Food and Environmental Hygiene Department announced today that in view of a notification from the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) about an outbreak of highly pathogenic H5N8 avian influenza in Komárom-Esztergom County, Hungary, the CFS has instructed the trade to suspend the import of poultry meat and products, including poultry eggs, from the district with immediate effect to protect public health in Hong Kong.
A CFS spokesman said that Hong Kong has currently established a protocol with Hungary for import of poultry meat but not for poultry eggs. In the first nine months of last year, 2 315 tonnes of frozen poultry meat from Hungary were imported into Hong Kong according to the Census and Statistics Department.
"The CFS has contacted the Hungarian authorities over the issue and will closely monitor information issued by the OIE on avian influenza outbreaks. Appropriate action will be taken in response to the development of the situation," the spokesman said.
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Cross-platform chat and file sharing solution (beta).
Nodescan Client provides access to most Nodescan Server features. You can join individual and group chats; send instant messages; see who is online via a contact list; upload, share, and search for files; and listen to music via audio streaming. It is compatible with OS X, Windows, and Linux.
Sharing window supports tagging and uploads of multiple files and zipping files and folders.


text:
Ein Spline n-ten Grades (auch Polynomzug) ist eine Funktion, die stückweise aus Polynomen höchstens n-ten Grades zusammengesetzt ist. Dabei werden an den Stellen, an denen zwei Polynomstücke zusammenstoßen (man spricht auch von Knoten), bestimmte Bedingungen gestellt, etwa dass der Spline (n-1)-mal stetig differenzierbar ist.

Handelt es sich bei dem Spline in all seinen Abschnitten um jeweils eine lineare Funktion, so nennt man den Spline linear (es handelt sich dann um einen Polygonzug), analog gibt es quadratische, kubische usw. Splines.

Zu den Pionieren der Spline-Erforschung gehören Isaac Jacob Schoenberg (ab den 1940er Jahren), Paul de Faget de Casteljau, Pierre Bézier und Carl de Boor.

Allgemeines

Der Begriff Spline wurde zuerst in einer englischen Veröffentlichung von Isaac Jacob Schoenberg im Jahr 1946 für glatte, harmonische, zusammengesetzte mathematische Kurven dritten Grades benutzt.

Splines werden vor allem zur Interpolation und Approximation benutzt. Durch die stückweise Definition sind Splines flexibler als Polynome und dennoch relativ einfach und  glatt. Dadurch ergeben sich bei der Spline-Interpolation nicht die Nachteile, die durch die starke Oszillation von Polynomen höheren Grades und deren Unbeschränktheit bei der Polynominterpolation entstehen (Runges Phänomen). Splines lassen sich auch gut benutzen, um Kurven darzustellen. Hier finden sie Einsatz im CAD. Mathematisch analog lassen sich auf beide Weisen nicht nur Kurven, sondern auch Flächen beschreiben.

Wortherkunft: Der Begriff stammt aus dem Schiffbau: eine lange dünne Latte (Straklatte, englisch spline), die an einzelnen Punkten durch Molche fixiert wird, biegt sich genau wie ein kubischer Spline mit natürlicher Randbedingung. Dabei wird die Spannungsenergie minimal.

Spline-Raum
Funktionen , die sich in jedem der Teilintervalle  einer streng wachsenden Knotenfolge  als Polynome mit Maximalgrad  darstellen lassen, heißen stückweise Polynomfunktionen auf  (mit Maximalgrad ).

Außer diesem einfachen Aufbau aus Polynomabschnitten verlangt man bei Splines auch noch maximale Glattheit.

Der Spline-Raum  ist der Vektorraum aller -mal stetig differenzierbaren stückweisen Polynomfunktionen auf  mit Maximalgrad .

Bei der Konstruktion von Splines erweisen sich die abgeschnittenen Potenzfunktionen

mit  als nützlich.  ist für  die Sprungfunktion, für  die Rampenfunktion, und für  ist diese Funktion -mal stetig differenzierbar.

Jede stückweise Polynomfunktion auf  mit Maximalgrad  ist mit eindeutig bestimmten Koeffizienten ,  in der Form

darstellbar. Da Splines -mal stetig differenzierbar sein sollen, müssen bei ihnen die Koeffizienten  für die niedrigeren Potenzen , die die Differenzierbarkeitsforderung nicht erfüllen, an den inneren Knoten  verschwinden.
Splines  haben also die Darstellung

Die (auf  eingeschränkten) Funktionen  für  und  für  stellen also zusammen eine Basis für den Splineraum  dar.
Damit ist der Splineraum -dimensional.

Die -malige Differenzierbarkeit der Splines kann man gezielt an vorgegebenen Knotenpunkten wieder abschwächen. In obiger Darstellung erreicht man das durch Wiederhinzunehmen ausgewählter Basisfunktionen niedrigeren Grades an inneren Knoten. Beim Algorithmus von De-Boor zur Darstellung von Splines ergibt sich das automatisch, wenn man mehrfache Knoten in der Knotensequenz zulässt, genauer die Forderung  für   abschwächt zu  für  und  für .

Die in Mathematik und Technik genutzten Varianten der Splines, wie B-Splines oder kubische Splines, unterscheiden sich im Wesentlichen durch die für den Spline-Raum eingesetzte Basis.

Grad und Ordnung
Spline-Kurven werden in der Regel entweder, wie oben beschrieben, über den Grad der stückweise zusammengesetzten Polynome definiert oder über deren Ordnung. Hierbei werden für den Grad meist die Buchstaben  oder  verwendet, während es üblich ist, für die Ordnung den Buchstaben  zu verwenden. Hierbei gilt der Zusammenhang:

Kubische Splines

Kubische Splines werden unter anderem zur Berechnung des Bahnverlaufs bei Achterbahnen verwendet, um ruckartige Beschleunigungswechsel für die Fahrgäste zu vermeiden. Kubische Splines finden weitere Anwendung bei der exakten Verlegung der Schienen bei Hochgeschwindigkeitsstrecken der Eisenbahn. Auch beim Entwurf von Kurven und Oberflächen (sogenannte "Freiformkurven und -flächen"), wie sie häufig im Schiff-, Flugzeug- und Automobilbau vorkommen, sind Splines von Bedeutung.

Splines eignen sich für solche Anwendungen, weil für jeden Polynomabschnitt Randbedingungen sowohl in Form von Punkten als auch in Form von Werten für die erste und zweite Ableitung (und abhängig davon Steigung und Krümmung bzw. Kurvenradius) vorgegeben werden können. Dadurch kann eine über den gesamten Kurvenverlauf stetige Krümmung erreicht werden. So werden Querbeschleunigungen beim Abfahren der Kurve immer allmählich aufgebaut bzw. an den Knotenpunkten vorgegebene Werte eingehalten.

Burmester-Schablonen stellen kubische Splines dar. Diese Schablonen werden genutzt, um Ausgleichskurven von Wertescharen zu zeichnen.

B-Splines
B-Spline ist die Kurzform von Basis-Spline. Im Kontext numerischer Verfahren, wo Splines häufig eingesetzt werden, entscheidet die Wahl der Basis für den Spline-Raum über eventuelle Rundungsfehler und damit über die praktische Einsetzbarkeit. Eine bestimmte Basis hat sich hier als am besten geeignet herausgestellt: Sie ist numerisch stabil und erlaubt die Berechnung von Werten der Spline-Funktion mittels einer Drei-Term-Rekursion. Diese sogenannten B-Spline-Basisfunktionen haben einen kompakten Träger, sie sind nur auf einem kleinen Intervall von Null verschieden. Änderungen der Koeffizienten wirken sich also nur lokal aus.

Carl de Boor weist in seinem Artikel B(asic) Spline Basics darauf hin, dass der Begriff B-Spline ursprünglich für bestimmte Splines mit minimalem Träger eingeführt wurde, dass sich jedoch im Bereich von Computer Aided Geometric Design die etwas unglückliche Verwendung des Begriffs B-Spline für Splines eingebürgert hat, die in der B-Spline-Basis dargestellt werden.

Definition

Die als Basis-Splines (B-Splines) bezeichneten Basisfunktionen  des Grads  mit Knotenvektor

sind von Curry und Schoenberg 1947 bis auf die Normierung in folgender Form eingeführt worden:

Dabei steht  für die -ste dividierte Differenz der abgeschnittenen Potenzfunktion  bzgl. .
Die dividierte Differenz  ist der zu  gehörige Koeffizient im (eindeutig gegebenen) Polynom , das die Funktion  an den Stellen  interpoliert. Stimmen die Werte von  der Variablen  überein, so interpoliert das Polynom die Funktion  an dieser Stelle bis zur -ten Ableitung (oskulierende Interpolation, engl.: `osculating interpolation').

In obiger Definition von  gilt  für  solange  kleiner  bleibt. In diesem Bereich für  ergibt sich also eine dividierte Differenz vom Grad  für ein Polynom -ten Grades, die trivialerweise null ist.
Auf der anderen Seite ist für  die Funktion  an allen für die dividierte Differenz auszuwertenden Stellen bei  gleich null, womit dort ebenfalls  gilt.

Der Träger von  liegt also innerhalb des Intervalls .

Unterscheiden sich die Stellen  alle voneinander, so ist die dividierte Differenz in  eine endliche Linearkombination von Funktionen  mit unterschiedlichen Werten für  und als solche -mal stetig differenzierbar.

Eigenschaften
Die folgenden Eigenschaften zeichnen die B-Splines  mit  im Raum der Splines  mit Knotenvektor  und Maximalgrad  aus:

 Nicht-Negativität:
 Lokaler Träger:  falls  und  falls
 Zerlegung der Eins:  für

Effiziente Berechnung

Die Basis-Splines können effektiv mit der Rekursionsformel von de Boor/Cox/Mansfield berechnet werden:

und
 für .

Die Elemente des Knotenvektors heißen auch Knotenpunkte (engl. knots) und müssen die Bedingungen  und  erfüllen.

Zur Berechnung der Ableitung eines B-Splines kann man obige Rekursionsformel mit der folgenden Vorschrift kombinieren:
  für .

Bemerkung:

Die Bedingungen an die Knotenpunkte  erlauben es, dass in der Rekursionsformel unter Umständen Null als Nenner auftritt (nämlich wenn  bzw.  gilt).
Allerdings ist dann die Funktion  bzw.  automatisch die Nullfunktion.
Auf die entsprechende Fallunterscheidung wird hier verzichtet, man ignoriere die entsprechenden Summanden in diesen Fällen (ersetze sie durch Null). Dies entspricht auch dem Grenzverhalten für z. B.

B-Spline-Kurve
Eine Spline-Kurve, deren Darstellung auf B-Splines beruht, nennt man B-Spline-Kurve. Bestimmt wird die Kurve durch sogenannte De-Boor-Punkte, mit denen sich das Aussehen der Kurve leicht steuern lässt: Die Kurve liegt immer in der konvexen Hülle der De-Boor-Punkte, wird also von ihnen eingeschlossen.

Eine B-Spline-Kurve  des Maximalgrads  mit Knotenvektor  (s. o.) und Kontrollpunkten  (auch De-Boor-Punkte genannt) wird definiert durch
.

Für Kurven in der Ebene sind die Kontrollpunkte zweidimensional, für Kurven im Raum dreidimensional.

Eigenschaften:
 Lokalität: Der Kontrollpunkt  beeinflusst die Kurve nur im Intervall
 Endpunkt-Interpolation: Es ist , falls die ersten  Knotenpunkte  gleich sind und , falls die letzten  Knotenpunkte  gleich sind.

Eine ähnliche Darstellung haben Bézierkurven. Diese basieren nicht auf der oben genannten Basis, sondern auf den Bernsteinpolynomen. Genau wie bei B-Spline-Kurven die De-Boor-Punkte gibt es hier die Bézier-Punkte, die das sogenannte Kontrollpolygon bilden und mit denen man die Kurve leicht graphisch darstellen kann.

Einen einfachen Zusammenhang von Bézierkurven und B-Spline-Kurven in Verbindung mit einer einfachen Berechnung stellt das Blossoming dar, welches von Paul de Faget de Casteljau Anfang der 1980er Jahre entdeckt und von Lyle Ramshaw verbreitet wurde.

Algorithmus von De Boor

Statt der Gleichung in obiger Definition für  wird zur effizienten Berechnung von B-Spline-Kurven  mit  im Intervall  meist der im Folgenden beschriebene Algorithmus von De Boor verwendet.

 1. Suche , so dass  gilt.
    Gibt es keinen solchen Index , so liegt  außerhalb des Definitionsbereiches der Splinekurve ,
    und es muss extrapoliert oder eine Fehlermeldung ausgegeben werden.
 2. Initialisiere Hilfsgrößen  für
 3. Führe für  und  folgende Teilschritte 3.1 bis 3.3 iterativ aus:
 3.1. Im Ausnahmefall gleicher Knoten  setze  und fahre mit dem nächsten Iterationsschritt  bei 3.1. fort.
 3.2. Gilt dagegen , so berechne .
 3.3. Berechne damit .
 4. Als Endergebnis der Iteration erhält man .

Sind mehrere Splines, die sich nur durch die Koeffizienten  unterscheiden, an derselben Stelle  auszuwerten, so kann die in der Definition der B-Spline-Kurve aufgeführte Berechnungsvorschrift  effizienter als der Algorithmus von De Boor sein.

B-Spline-Fläche
Eine B-Spline-Fläche der Maximalgrade  und  in der ersten beziehungsweise zweiten Variablen mit Knotenvektoren  und  und Kontrollpunkten (bzw. De Boor Punkten)  wird definiert durch

Die Fläche ist definiert über dem Rechteck .

Eigenschaften:
 Lokalität: Der Kontrollpunkt  beeinflusst die Fläche nur im Rechteck
 Endpunktinterpolation: Werden die ersten  Knotenpunkte in  auf den gleichen Wert gesetzt, die letzten  Knotenpunkte in  auf den gleichen Wert gesetzt, die ersten  Knotenpunkte in  auf den gleichen Wert gesetzt und die letzten  Knotenpunkte in  auf den gleichen Wert gesetzt, dann gilt die Endpunktinterpolation, d. h. , ,  und

Weitere Varianten und Verallgemeinerungen
Neben den B-Splines gibt es weitere Varianten von Splines, beispielsweise den kubisch hermiteschen Spline.
Eine Verallgemeinerung von Splines sind NURBS, die durch stückweise rationale Funktionen anstelle von Polynomen beschrieben werden. Mit NURBS-Kurven sind Kreise exakt darstellbar.

Literatur
 Andrew Blake and Michael Isard: "Active Contours". Springer Verlag, 1998, ISBN 978-1-4471-1555-7
 Carl de Boor: A Practical Guide to Splines. Springer Verlag, New York 1978, ISBN 0-387-90356-9 und ISBN 3-540-90356-9 (Rev. Auf.. 2001 ISBN 0-387-95366-3)
 Paul de Faget de Casteljau: Formes à Pôles. Hermès, Paris 1985, ISBN 2-86601-044-2
 Gerald Farin: Curves and Surfaces for CAGD. A practical guide. 5. Aufl. Academic Press, San Diego 2002 ISBN 1-55860-737-4
 Günther Nürnberger: Approximation by Spline Functions. Springer Verlag, 1989, ISBN 3-540-51618-2 und ISBN 0-387-51618-2
 Hartmut Prautzsch, Wolfgang Böhm, Marco Paluszny: Bezier and B-Spline Techniques. Springer Verlag, Berlin 2001 ISBN 3-540-43761-4
 David Salomon: Curves and Surfaces for Computer Graphics. 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.; ISBN 0-387-24196-5
 Isaac Jacob Schoenberg: Contributions to the problem of approximation of equidistant data by analytic functions. Quart. Appl. Math., vol. 4, S. 45–99 und 112–141, 1946.
Martin Hermann: Numerische Mathematik, Band 2: Analytische Probleme. 4., überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. Walter de Gruyter Verlag, Berlin und Boston 2020, ISBN 978-3-11-065765-4.

Weblinks
 LP – Räume von Spline-Funktionen
 Java-Applet zum Berechnen von B-Spline-Kurven
 Website mit Erklärungen und Tool zur Berechnung von kubischen Splines
 TinySpline: Open Source C-Programmbibliothek für NURBS, B-Splines und Bezier Splines mit Bindings für verschiedene Sprachen

Einzelnachweise

Numerische Mathematik
Mathematische Funktion
Geometrische Modellierung
Englische Phrase

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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The Mixed Zone continues its examination of the nominations for the BT Sports Action Woman of the Year Award 2016 with Susan Egelstaff lending her support to the tennis player Johanna Konta. Articles on each of the 10 athletes nominated for the prestigious annual award will appear here before the winner is announced during the Action Woman of the Year Awards Show, presented by Clare Balding, on BT Sport on Monday, December 12.
If this time two years ago someone had suggested that Johanna Konta would be a top-ten tennis player by the end of 2016, they would have been considered crazy. Konta had ended the 2014 season ranked 150 in the world; she was nothing more than a journey-woman professional on the WTA Tour. However, she cannot be described as that anymore. If 2015 marked the British No1's breakthrough season, then 2016 was the year she really made a name for herself.
By reaching the quarter-finals of the US Open last year, having only made the main draw after negotiating the qualifying rounds, Konta showed glimpses of her potential. Her third-round victory against French Open champion, Garbine Muguruza, which lasted an incredible three hours 23 minutes, was a particular highlight. However, there was a fear, a legitimate one, that Konta's performance at Flushing Meadow was no more than a flash in the pan, and that she would return to being a player who achieved decent, but unspectacular results.
How wrong that fear turned out to be. In her maiden Australian Open appearance in January of this year, Konta reached the semi-finals, the first British woman to do so for 33 years. Her impressive run was ended by eventual winner, Angelique Kerber, but Konta's performance was a sign of what was to come. A string of consistent performances, including wins over Petra Kvitova, Dominika Cibulkova, Venus Williams and Svetlana Kuznetsova, helped Konta creep up the world rankings.
By October, she was in with a real shout of qualifying for the year-end WTA Finals. She may have missed out by a single spot in the end, but another strong performance in her final tournament of the year ensured she finished 2016 inside the world's top ten, the first British women to achieve such a ranking since Jo Durie in 1984. Konta was, deservedly, given the WTA's award for most improved player, an accolade few could dispute.
This year has been unarguably impressive, but what makes Konta's rise particularly intriguing is her journey to this point. The 25-year-old, Australian-born of Hungarian parents, has not followed the traditional trajectory of child prodigy to international star; rather, Konta is something of a late-developer when it comes to women's tennis. As a junior, her results were pretty uninspiring and the Australian federation, who she represented as a junior, rescinded her funding.
Konta became a British citizen in 2012, but at that stage nobody was paying a blind bit of notice; all eyes were on the prodigious talent of Laura Robson, who had won junior Wimbledon in 2008 and had been touted as the 'next big thing' in British tennis.
But rather than settle for being a decent but unspectacular player, Konta went looking for methods that could move her to the next level. She has employed the services of a mental coach – Juan Coto joining her all-Spaniard training team – and this is one of the primary factors in making her 2016 so impressive that I am backing her for the BT Sports Action Woman Award.
Over the last 12 months, Konta has become more resilient, better able to deal with pressure and generally tougher on court – qualities that are invaluable in elite sport. In an interview with the Guardian earlier this year, she said: "The way my personality is I do internalise some things and I beat myself up on the inside and so as an adolescent that's a lot of garbage to work though while living, eating, sleeping and breathing tennis.
Konta's meteoric rise in the rankings can be put into perspective when you consider that she is above players of the calibre of Petra Kvitova, Venus Williams and Caroline Wozniacki. There are few women's sports that have the strength-in-depth of tennis, so for Konta to be inside the world top ten is truly remarkable. And the exciting thing is, 2017 could be even more prosperous.
Although you make a compelling argument for Johanna Konta I wonder what the others shortlisted would feel if she won the BT Sport Action Woman of the Year Award. Did she achieve anything more than just improving a hell of a lot?
Jo only reached the semi-final of one Grand Slam event never reached past the last 16 in the others and her Olympic hopes ended in the last eight. She won only one regular tour title, Heather Watson also won this year, although at a slightly lower level event. Jo did get to an another final, but lost to Agnieszka Radwanska and ended the year as a top 10 player, but nowhere near the number one spot.
Since the 70's/80's the exploits of female British tennis players, have been, not to mince words bloody awful, the achievements of Jo have probably been magnified greatly. Against the others on the list though she would seem to have a significant lack of hardware.
The other nominations are women who have reached the very top of their sports. They performed when the pressure was truly on in events that only happen in cycles. I will agree with you though in saying women's tennis is probably the strongest in depth of any women's sport, but all the other candidates can say they are numero uno. They are setting records by becoming the first to defend Olympic golds, not just reaching semis or finals and still having several people ahead of them in the rankings. They have long unbeaten streaks against the world's best and are still performing at the very top for a prolonged period.
Jo has rewritten a lot of records because the bar was set so unbelievably low for so long. The others have scaled Mount Everest in comparison and have not only competed against, but beaten the world's best. With that in mind I think the first place should be awarded to someone who has reached that plateau. As much I would love Jo to get there in the future all the others on the list in my opinion are already at that point now.


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The Città della Pieve underground
An itinerary to get to know the hidden treasures of Perugino's homeland
Città della Pieve, a border town where the landscapes of Umbria, Tuscany and Lazio harmoniously meet, sits on a hill overlooking the Valdichiana and Lake Trasimeno.
Seen from above, its urban setting recalls the shape of an eagle, whose parts coincide with the three Districts, the areas making up the city in medieval times. Even seen from below, Perugino's homeland is ready to surprise its visitors.
Get ready for a journey that will take you in its underground, among ancient prisons, crypts and twisting tunnels.
The Cathedral's Underground
The Cathedral of Città della Pieve, devoted to Saints Gervasio and Protasio, is located in the area of Piazza Gramsci and Piazza Plebiscito, the town's most central squares.
Under the cathedral, particularly in the so called "crypt", are important and monumental remains of a loggia or arcade, partially demolished to make space for the Cathedral's extension.
The recent restorations opened a direct connection from the Church, where imposing finely crafted sandstone columns are seen, of a Gothic architecture with strong Cistercian influences.
The ribbed vaults are partially visible and their function is still subject to interpretation: some scholars assume it was the loggia of a public building, whereas other think it belonged to a baptistery and to a "pilgrims arcade".
Several traces of the original fresco decorations are still preserved along the pillars.
Duke of Corgna Cellars - Underground
A magnificent underground, still today being studied and arranged, has been recently found in correspondence of the Town Hall.
Actually, the underground has been known for a long time but not in its full extension: the tunnels, supported by vaults of an acute arch and carved in the 16th century, were already known and have been used for years as wine cellars.
Later it was discovered that these facilities represented just a part of the viable underground system: in 2014 the demolition of an old wall of bricks allowed access to another series of cavities.
Currently the Corgna cellars are open upon request, pending the opening of the new underground monuments to the public.
Inquisition Prison
On the ground floor of the Bishop's Palace there are two small cells with much of their plaster preserved, and with many engravings and inscriptions, with dates and references, the oldest dating back to the mid-17th century.
It is believed that they were the detention rooms of the ecclesiastical court that had its seat in the city.
http://www.umbriasotterranea.it/
The paths of Perugino in the lands of the Marquis
The school of painting of Perugino
Castle of Fabro
Paleontological Museum "Luigi Boldrini"
Glass Museum
Church of St. Mary of Servants
Cesare Caporali Theatre - Panicale
Scarzuola Convent and the Town of Tommaso Buzzi - Montegabbione
The Castle of Casteldifiori
"The Lauri Garden" - Città della Pieve
Church of Santi Gervasio e Protasio
Panicale, the medieval village that overlooks Lake Trasimeno
Don Aldo Rossi Museum - San Giuseppe Church Picture Gallery


co-encadrement de la thèse de Tim Nagel "On the multi-scale interactions between a coupled atmosphere-ocean-sediment and a Marine Renewable energy (MRE) systems"
pilotage des aspects infrastructure de la salle serveur du nouveau bâtiment du LEGI (optimisation des réglages de la GTC du bâtiment, référents des aspects maintenance et amélioration du système d'extinction incendie et de l'onduleur).
vacations à l'Ecole d'Ingénieurs ENSE3 - GINP (Cours/TD et BE de Méthodes numériques et Mécanique des Fluides) ; montage d'une formation OpenFoam en seconde année.
C. Bonamy, D. Mallarino (2017). Impact des logiciels sur l'environnement, quid de l'eco-conception ? Plénière aux JDEV 2017, Marseille.
Nagel, T., Chauchat, J., Bonamy, C., Liu, X., Cheng, Z., & Hsu, T. - J. (2017). Two-phase flow simulation of scour around a cylindrical pile.
Misra, A., Bonamy, C., De Souza, L. M., Hohl, L., Illner, M., Kraume, M., et al. (2018). A multi-fluid approach to simulate separation of liquid-liquid systems in a gravity settler. Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, 43, 31–36.
Nagel, T., Chauchat, J., Bonamy, C., Mathieu, A., Liu, X., Cheng, Z., et al. (2018). TWO-PHASE FLOW SIMULATIONS OF SCOUR AROUND VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL CYLINDERS. Coastal Engineering Proceedings, 1(36), 22.
Nagel, T., Chauchat, J., Wirth, A., & Bonamy, C. (2018). On the multi-scale interactions between an offshore-wind-turbine wake and the ocean-sediment dynamics in an idealized framework – A numerical investigation. Renewable Energy, 115, 783–796.
Chauchat, J., Cheng, Z., Nagel, T., Bonamy, C., & Hsu, T. - J. (2017). SedFoam-2.0: a 3-D two-phase flow numerical model for sediment transport. Geoscientific Model Development Discussions, 10(12), 4367–4392.
Debesse, P., Pastur, L., Lusseyran, F., Fraigneau, Y., Tenaud, C., Bonamy, C., et al. (2015). A comparison of data reduction techniques for the aeroacoustic analysis of flow over a blunt flat plate. Theoretical and Computational Fluid Dynamics, 30(3), 253–274.
Abu Awad, D., Gallina, S., Bonamy, C., & Billiard, S. (2014). The Interaction between Selection, Demography and Selfing and How It Affects Population Viability. PLoS ONE, 9, 86125.
Bonamy, C., & Le Guyader, C. (2013). Split Bregman iteration and infinity Laplacian for image decomposition. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 240, 99–110.
Bonamy, C., Jordan, P., & Gervais, Y. (2010). Tailored nearfield Green's functions for arbitrary geometries. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 128(5).
Bonamy, C., Nagel, T., Mathieu, A., Chauchat, J., Cheng, Z., & Hsu, T. - J. (2018). Prediction of scour phenomenon around cylinder with SedFoam. In 3rd French OpenFOAM users conference. Valenciennes, France.
Chauchat, J., Cheng, Z., Revil-Baudard, T., Bonamy, C., Hsu, T. - J., & Hurther, D. (2018). Investigation of turbulent sheet flows under unidirectional flow forcing. In 8th International Symposium on Environmental Hydraulics. NOTRE-DAME, IN, United States.
Chauchat, J., Maurin, R., Nagel, T., Bonamy, C., Cheng, Z., Mathieu, A., et al. (2018). Upscaling of granular processes in sediment transport : from discrete to continuous modeling. In EGU 2018. VIENNE, Austria.
Mathieu, A., Nagel, T., Bonamy, C., Chauchat, J., Cheng, Z., Liu, X., et al. (2018). Application of a Eulerian two-phase flow model to scour processes. In River Flow 2018 – Ninth International Conference on Fluvial Hydraulics (Vol. 40). Lyon-Villeurbanne, France.
Bonamy, C., Chauchat, J., Cheng, Z., Nagel, T., & Hsu, T. - J. (2017). sedFoam, a OpenFOAM solver for sediment transport. In 12th OpenFoam Workshop. Exeter, United Kingdom.
Chauchat, J., Bonamy, C., Nagel, T., Mathieu, A., Cheng, Z., Liu, X., et al. (2017). New perspectives on particle-laden flows in complex geometries using the turbulence-averaged Eulerian two-phase flow model. In IUTAM/ AMERIMECH SYMPOSIUM on Dynamics of Gravity Currents. SANTA BARBARA, CA, United States.
Chauchat, J., Cheng, Z., Nagel, T., Bonamy, C., Mathieu, A., & Hsu, T. - J. (2017). sedFoam: an open-source multi-dimensional two-phase flow model for sediment transport applications. In Euromech Colloquium 588 Coupling Mechanisms and Multi-Scaling in Granular-Fluid Flows. TOULOUSE, France.
Nagel, T., Chauchat, J., Cheng, Z., Bonamy, C., Liu, X., Hsu, T. - J., et al. (2017). TWO-PHASE FLOW SIMULATION OF SCOUR AROUND A CYLINDRICAL PILE. In Coastal Dynamics 2017. Helsingor, Denmark.
Nagel, T., Chauchat, J., Cheng, Z., Liu, X., Hsu, T. - J., Bonamy, C., et al. (2016). Two-phase flow simulation of scour around a cylindrical pile. In Journées Nationales Génie Côtier – Génie Civil (pp. 65–72). TOULON, France: Editions Paralia.
Bonamy, C., Jordan, P., & Gervais, Y. (2010). Time-Domain Tailored Green's Functions for Arbitrary Geometries. In 16th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference. Stockholm, Sweden: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
Bonamy, C., & Gervais, Y. (2008). Experimental analysis of the wall aerodynamics and acoustic radiation of the trailing edge of an airfoil in subsonic flow. In Acoustics'08, Paris, France, June 29-July 4 2008.. France.


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EBT Masters finals games on official BHCZAGREB Youtube channel
All available games that were played on EBT Masters finals that was held in Thessaloniki, Greece were uploaded and you can view it on official BHCZAGREB Youtube channel. If you like it, just share the content or even better, make a subscription to this channel. Soon we will upload the rest of the tournaments from the season 2014.
Youth beach handball championship starts today! Good luck to our selections
European youth beach handball championships will be held in Spanish city of Lorca from 11.7.-13.7.2014. Croatian selections will be also there, competing with their age mates in women and men category. Men team will play against Hungary, Portugal, Switzrland and Ucraine while women team is settled in the group together with Hungary, Switzerland and Turkey. Good luck to our representatives.
First matches will be played today at 16:00 (women) and 19:00 (men), both against Switzerland. You can watch the whole championships via livestream . More information about the tournament you can find on official tournament web site: www.lorca2014.com
Masters Finals 2014 Thessaloniki - group distribution
There is one month until the biggest competition in beach handball on club level. This year European beach handball tournament (EBT) Masters Finals will be held in Thessaloniki, Greece from 30th of May till 1st of June. For the first time ever this competiton will have 10 teams competing in both categories.
First American Open Beach Handball Championship Gulf Shores, AL April 24-27, 2014
From the World Games in Cali, Colombia, to the Beach Handball Championship in the U.S., the First Official Beach Handball Championship in the United States is coming sooner than we think, to show how amazing and beautiful this sport is and the potential it has all over the country. Americans were able to see during the World Games in Cali the energy this sport brings and therefore have decided to make it happen in the United States. During last year's World Games, around 13.000 people attended the event, and every single person was amazed with all the attractive moves that were shown by the best players in the world. Maybe that's what sparked America to work and organize this excellent next event, American Open Beach Handball Championship.
Interview: Gabor Bathori
bhc-zagreb.com journalists have spoken with Gabor Bathori, Hungarian beach handball national selection player, one of the best world specialists and, recently, beach handball journalists. At the beginning, please introduce yourself. How old are you, how long have you been playing handball, in which club (league) are you playing now? What is your occupation?
Hello to everyone, thanks the opportunity. I'm Gabor Bathori, I was born in 1980 in a Hungarian handball-loving town, called Tatabánya. I first met indoor handball in elementary school, in about 1991. Later, I played at several Hungarian clubs, usually in second-class. Recently, for 3 years I'm playing in France in an ambitious club which is third-class but we'd like to go up to second league. My current job is a handball player, and I'm really lucky that I can do what I like. Anyway, I'm working on a field of information technology.


In an audio interview, Lawrence Lessig and Jonathan Zittrain discuss the politics of the 'Internet Kill Switch'.
In recent months citizens of the Middle East and North Africa have experienced widespread shutdowns of internet access, coinciding with revolutions to overthrow national leadership. The seeming ease with which the internet has been silenced in Libya, Egypt, and other countries has raised questions about ethical issues behind an internet "Kill Switch", the idea of a single point of access by which any nation's leadership could shutdown their internet access.
In the United States, debate over so-called "Kill Switch" legislation has focused on the free speech aspect. If it were technologically possible to shutdown internet access singlehandedly who is to say that power wouldn't be exploited as it has been abroad?
But on the other side of the coin is the question of cyber security. With so much commerce, communication, and security dependent on a loose and non-standardized network infrastructure, it could actually make sense to have an easy way to quarantine a bug or massive cyber attack.
Today, hosts Lawrence Lessig and Jonathan Zittrain are joined by Andrew McLaughlin – a former Berkman Fellow and White House Deputy Chief Technology Office – and Brett Solomon – Executive Director of Access, a global movement promoting digital freedom. Together with an audience Lessig and Zittrain take on the Kill Switch.
Curious about Creative Commons, a license that allows users to share content? Check out our CC repository.
Creative Commons-licensed Music this Week from Morgantj, General Fuzz and Scott Altham.