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First Quarter on 26 February 2034 Sunday
Moon phase on 26 February 2034 Sunday is First Quarter, 8 days young Moon is in Gemini.
Moon phase for 26 February 2034 Sunday 12:00 UTC
Lunar calendar 2034 | February 2034
First Quarter phase
First Quarter 59% illuminated
First Quarter is the lunar phase on 26 February 2034, Sunday . Seen from Earth, illuminated fraction of the Moon surface is 59% and growing larger. The 8 days young Moon is in ♊ Gemini.
* The exact date and time of this First Quarter phase is on 25 February 2034 at 16:34 UTC.
1 March Mar
Gibbous ♌ Leo
Moon ♍ Virgo
5* March Mar02:10
Moon* ♍ Virgo
Moon rises at noon and sets at midnight. It is visible high in the southern sky in early evening.
Moon in ♊ Gemini
Moon is passing about ∠18° of ♊ Gemini tropical zodiac sector.
Worm Moon after 6 days
Next Full Moon is the Worm Moon of March 2034 after 6 days on 5 March 2034 at 02:10.
Full Moon in Virgo ♍ after 6 days on 5 March 2034 at 02:10
Last Quarter in Sagittarius ♐ after 14 days on 13 March 2034 at 06:45
New Moon in Pisces ♓ after 21 days on 20 March 2034 at 10:14
First Quarter in Cancer ♋ after 28 days on 27 March 2034 at 01:18
The Moon is 8 days young. Earth's natural satellite is moving through the first part of current synodic month. This is lunation 422 of Meeus index or 1375 from Brown series.
The length of the lunation is 29 days, 11 hours and 4 minutes. It is 1 hour and 53 minutes longer than the next lunation's length. The lengths of the following synodic months are going to decreasing with the true anomaly getting closer to the value it has at the point of New Moon at perigee (∠0° or ∠360°).
Lunar orbit position on 26 February 2034 Sunday 12:00 UTC
4 days after point of perigee on 21 February 2034 at 15:30 in ♈ Aries. The lunar orbit is getting widen, while the Moon is moving away from the Earth. It will keep this direction over the next 11 days, until the Moon reaches the point of next apogee on 9 March 2034 at 16:05 in ♏ Scorpio.
5 days after descending node on 21 February 2034 at 05:47 in ♈ Aries. The Moon is located south of the ecliptic over the following 8 days, until the lunar orbit crosses from South to North in ascending node on 6 March 2034 at 14:21 in ♍ Virgo.
19 days since the beginning of current draconic month in ♎ Libra, the Moon is navigating from the second to the final part of the cycle.
12 days since the previous standstill on 14 February 2034 at 10:08 in ♐ Sagittarius when the Moon has reached South declination of ∠-18.256°, the lunar orbit is extending northward over the next day to face maximum declination of ∠18.195° at the point of next northern standstill on 27 February 2034 at 06:42 in ♊ Gemini.
In 6 days on 5 March 2034 at 02:10 in ♍ Virgo the Moon is going to be in a Full Moon geocentric opposition with the Sun and thus forming the next Sun-Earth-Moon syzygy alignment.


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Roselle becomes sister city of Laatzen, Germany
Roselle has become a sister city with Laatzen, Germany. Daily Herald file photo
Trey Arline
Updated 11/30/2021 10:18 PM
Roselle is acknowledging its German roots as it prepares for its centennial year in 2022, by inking a pact with Laatzen, Germany, to become sister cities.
Roselle has been a sister city with Bochnia, Poland, since 2000, and officials say they would also like to find a third city in Italy.
But as the village gets closer to its 100-year anniversary, officials say joining with Laatzen is particularly meaningful because of the German immigrants who first put down stakes in Roselle more than a century ago.
"It is exciting to watch the development of a new sister city unfold as we approach our centennial celebration," Roselle Mayor David Pileski said in a statement. "The selection of Laatzen will further our connection to our early German roots as a farming community.
The Roselle Sister Cities Association German Committee and the Laatzen International Friendship Association formed a friendship pact earlier this year. Roselle's committee chose Laatzen as it is a town close in size to Roselle with a similar backstory.
"The signing of the letter of intent with Laatzen is a great moment in Roselle history," said committee Co-chairwoman Sara Bruno in a statement. "As we look forward to our centennial next year, our committee looks forward to strengthening Roselle's German roots as we develop a deeper relationship with the people of Laatzen."
Roselle was officially founded in 1922 but had German settlers in the area living among the Potawatomi people as far back as the 1830s. Roselle State Bank's first bank statement was also written in German as well, according to the DuPage County Historical Society, and the first school in the village was known as the German School.
The relationship is expected to follow the mission of Sister Cities International, which encourages greater friendship and understanding for the mutual benefit of both communities. They aim to do this through sharing cultural, social, and educational experiences and opportunities.
Laatzen is a city of about 22,000 inhabitants in central Germany, just south of Hanover in the Lower Saxony district. Like Roselle, it was a farming community in the 1800s that began transforming to an industrial base in the 20th century. As of 2019, Roselle had more than 22,000 residents as well.
Pileski said he is in awe of Roselle residents "who volunteer countless hours to initiatives like this, that deepen our cultural experiences."
Roselle officials say that they hope to meet their Laatzen counterparts sometime in the future but nothing is as yet planned.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Robot: What is going to happen next?
pyouworld
AI, artificial intelligence, bots, clubhouse, digital workers, elon musk, jobs, machine learning, neuralink, new york times, pager, robot, robotics, skynet, terminator, video games
It is recent news that Pager, a 9-year-old macaque, can play video games with just the thought. At the beginning of February, Elon Musk himself had anticipated it on Clubhouse talking about Neuralink, his company that studies and produces brain chips for the development of neural interfaces. Now that Pager's video playing with thought is in the public domain, everyone is asking: are robots coming?
Well, there is good and bad news. The bad one is that the robots have already been around for a while. The good one is that they are not here to take away our work but, technically, to make our life easier.
With the term Robot, we do not mean Terminator-style androids. They are artificial intelligence (AI) that can do tedious but critical tasks, perform analysis, or take accounting. Some of these tools are simple online business applications. Others are expensive, custom-built software packages armed with the most sophisticated artificial intelligence, capable of doing the kind of cognitive work that once required teams of highly skilled (and paid) humans.
Recent advances in AI and machine learning have created algorithms that can outperform doctors, lawyers, and bankers in some parts of their jobs. Some of these are equipped with machine learning. As bots learn to perform tasks of more excellent value and difficulty, they can also make a "career" within the company.
Robotic process automation is undoubtedly transforming work environments at a rapid pace. Executives generally try to pass these bots as an advantage for everyone, as they "streamline operations" and "free workers" from mundane and repetitive tasks). To be honest it is not uncommon to see that they are depriving many people of their jobs.
According to a New York Times survey, it turns out that behind large automation initiatives, which pride themselves on contributing to better working conditions, it is often cost-cutting that is the driving factor.
Craig Le Clair is a Forrester Research analyst who studies the business automation market. He says that much of the appeal of bots for managers is that they are cheap, easy to use, and compatible with existing backend systems. And they do not ask for days off, leave or holidays.
Covid-19 has led some companies to move closer to automation to address many of the problems brought about by the pandemic. For others, however, the events of 2020 provided an excuse to implement ambitious automation plans already scheduled in advance.
Just think that automation software sales are increasing by 20%, after already rising by 12% last year. Consulting firm McKinsey, which predicted before the pandemic that 37 million U.S. workers would be ousted by automation by 2030, recently increased its projection to 45 million.
Mind you, not all bots are of the type that can cancel traditional jobs. As Holly Uhl, a techno-manager at the State Auto Insurance Companies, says, her company used automation for a total of 173,000 hours of work without firing anyone. "People are worried about losing their jobs or having nothing to do," she said. "But once we have an active bot, and people see how automation is applied, they are really excited about not having to do that activity again."
As bots become capable of making complex decisions rather than doing single repetitive tasks, their potential grows.
Jason Kingdon, the CEO of robotics firm Blue Prism, refers to his company's bots as "digital workers." The manager argues that the economic shock of the pandemic has "massively increased awareness" among its executives about the breadth of areas of work that no longer require human involvement. "We think any business process can be automated," Kingdon believes that more than half of the tasks currently performed in companies can be done by machines – a vision of a future where humans will collaborate side-by-side with teams of digital operators.
The fear that a "machine" will replace us is almost ancestral. Humans have feared losing their jobs to machines for millennia. Just think that in 350 BC, Aristotle feared that harps capable of playing on their own would make musicians obsolete. Yet automation has never created mass unemployment: technology has always generated new jobs to replace those it has destroyed. And today's AI optimists argue that even if new technologies can displace some workers, they will still be able to spur economic growth and create new, better, and more satisfying jobs.
This is not a guarantee.
As artificial intelligence enters production processes, it forces workers – at all levels – to adapt and focus on developing those purely human skills that machines cannot easily replicate.
For now, the cooperation between humans and AI is still inseparable.
While we see a monkey that can do tasks, we humans couldn't even imagine, we can breathe a sigh of relief that the revolutionary, self-aware artificial intelligence called Skynet, from the Terminator movie, hasn't been invented yet.
Or yes…?
pyouworldnews0
Are you prepared for The Great Relearning?
pyouworldnews, Uncategorized0


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Sensorial, pure and sublime—that is what the ideal bathroom aspires to be. It's a space of comfort and, these days, can be considered to be an extension of one's lifestyle. And in many ways, these are also spaces that are reflective of us as designers. Bathrooms are probably the first rooms that we tackle when we start working on the design direction of a project; given the services that are packed into these spaces, we find it best to resolve them at the early stages of designing a home. Be it 'timeless simplicity' or 'indulgent opulence', a theme helps us to create a bespoke space that is defined down to the minutest detail. A bathroom is, effectively, a congregation of utilities and aspiration, but beyond anything else, it needs to feel personal to the user.
We love playing with form and layout, but finally, this space needs to be timeless. The bathrooms are among the first few designs that we reveal to our clients. As we have created some truly unique bathrooms, they clearly have come to expect certain standards from us. We therefore believe it's important to take it up a notch with every new project—either in terms of planning, material schemes, selecting interesting sanitaryware or storage allocation. One has to start by defining clear functions. In larger bathrooms, one can incorporate some interesting features such as steam cubicles and whirlpool tubs. Ideally, one should allocate a large footprint for the shower (be sure to use a well-defined shower and good fittings). If space permits, a bench within this space is also a practical addition.
The sensory element of finishes and fixtures—how they feel and look with their colour tones, outlines and grooves—can make a big difference to a space; as does incorporating appropriate technology, such as music and lighting. Stones like limestone, granite and marble are among our favourite materials to work with. They are timeless and add character to spaces. Metal finishes, like brass, in combination with stone and wood, for instance, give us a variety to choose from. Apart from the visual aspects, a good ventilation and exhaust system is a must. And adding candles and fragrances will create that spa-like atmosphere. Bathrooms today are a visual and experiential extension of the home, and they will only evolve into more exciting spaces, with fittings becoming more artistic, easy-to-use and fun to experience. Bathrooms need not stay hidden behind closed doors anymore.


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General and disease-specific pain trajectories as predictors of social and political outcomes in arthritis and cancer
Richard J. E. James ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-6644-70111,2,
David A. Walsh2 &
Eamonn Ferguson1,2
While the heterogeniety of pain progression has been studied in chronic diseases, the extent to which patterns of pain progression among people in general as well as across different diseases affect social, civic and political engagement is unclear. We explore these issues for the first time.
Using data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, latent class growth models were used to estimate trajectories of self-reported pain in the entire cohort, and within subsamples reporting diagnoses of arthritis and cancer. These were compared at baseline on physical health (e.g. body mass index, smoking) and over time on social, civic and political engagement.
Very similar four-trajectory models fit the whole sample and arthritis subsamples, whereas a three-trajectory model fit the cancer subsample. All samples had a modal group experiencing minimal chronic pain and a group with high chronic pain that showed slight regression (more pronounced in cancer). Biometric indices were more predictive of the most painful trajectory in arthritis than cancer. In both samples the group experiencing the most pain at baseline reported impairments in social, civic and political engagement.
The impact of pain differs between individuals and between diseases. Indicators of physical and psychological health differently predicted membership of the trajectories most affected by pain. These trajectories were associated with differences in engagement with social and civic life, which in turn were associated with poorer health and well-being.
The heterogeneous nature of pain progression in chronic diseases is a consistently observed phenomenon, with distinct patterns of pain progression linked to a number of key health indicators (e.g. obesity, smoking, joint damage) (see Table 1). Given that chronic pain, in general, impacts on a person's social and personal life [1], it is surprising to find that associations between patterns of pain progression and any impact on social life and social/civic engagement remain incompletely defined. This paper reports for the first time how patterns of pain are linked to a wider range of social (e.g. holidays) and civic (e.g. voting, charitable work) engagement behaviours as well as standard biometric indices (e.g. body mass index (BMI)), first in a representative cohort of older English adults and then looking at this relationship in subsamples reporting a diagnosis of specific chronic conditions that may be associated with pain: arthritis and cancer.
Table 1 Analyses examining trajectories of pain in arthritis and cancer using latent class growth analyses (LCGAs) or Growth mixture models (GMMs), the trajectories identified and clinical and socio-demographic predictors
Pain progression in arthritis and cancer
We chose to further explore pain progression and its links to social/civic engagement in arthritis and cancer, as both are common causes of disability and chronic pain across the world among older adults [1,2,3], with evidence for heterogeneous patterns of disease progress in both. Drawing on a range of different arthritis-specific cohorts [4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13] and cancer studies [2, 14], between three to six distinct pain progression trajectories have been identified (Table 1). Many of the trajectories identified in these analyses appear to be relatively stable; the groups differ from one another at baseline and show limited change over the course of the different time points. However, comparisons within a single cohort across disease have not been explored, so we do not know if differences in pain progression across diseases are cohort-specific. The comparison of arthritis and cancer against a population representative sample allows us to explore if similar pain progress patterns emerge and are linked to social/civic engagement in the same way or if there are disease-specific patterns.
The present analysis builds on previous findings by modelling the extent to which different patterns of pain are linked to wider social/civic engagement. We focus on six areas of social life where increased activity is associated with better physical health and subjective well-being [15,16,17]: holidays, non-political civic engagement (e.g. charitable work), political participation (e.g. voting), social engagement (e.g. evening classes), social activities (e.g. eating out), and the desire to engage in more of these activities but feeling that the respondent could not. If we want to target intervention at subgroups who are less likely to engage in social/civic behaviour, it is crucial that we start to understand the extent to which social engagement is limited by different patterns of pain progression. To this end, this manuscript reports latent class growth analyses from three separate samples from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) [18] over a 13-year period: (1) the entire cohort of adults aged ≥ 50 years and their partners, (2) respondents diagnosed with arthritis shortly before the beginning of the ELSA and (3) respondents reporting a diagnosis of cancer at the beginning of the ELSA. Differences between trajectories were assessed using standard health and socio-demographic covariates (e.g. smoking, BMI) as well as indices of social/civic engagement.
Data for these analyses were taken from the ELSA [18], a cohort sample of adults over 50 (and their partners) drawn from respondents to the Health Survey for England. There have been seven waves of the study thus far, approximately separated by 2 years, covering 14 years from 2002 to 2015. In total, 18,489 respondents have participated in the core ELSA questionnaires. From Wave 3 onwards refreshment samples have been recruited, either due to attrition (Wave 4) or to include respondents who have recently turned 50 (Waves 3, 6 and 7). The data are collected by NatCen Social Research, who, in collaboration with the Institute for Fiscal Studies and University College London, lead the project. In this analysis we analysed both the core members and their partners, including those partners under 50. The data are publicly available from the UK Data Archive. The code for identifying the subsamples used in pooling data is available on request.
The first sample comprises all of the respondents who participated in Wave 1 of the ELSA (n = 12,099) and reported some pain data in any of the seven waves of the ELSA (n = 11,977).
In addition, we analysed two subsamples, one with a (recent) diagnosis of arthritis and without cancer, and one with respondents who had been diagnosed with cancer but not arthritis. The descriptive statistics for the demographic variables are reported in Additional file 1: Table S1.
The arthritis subsample comprised cases for people who participated in the ELSA from Wave 1 and reported their diagnosis to have been made in the 5 years (1998–2002) up to the beginning of the ELSA (n = 893). Four cases were removed from the analysis because they had not provided pain ratings at any of the time points at which they participated in the ELSA. All respondents participated in the ELSA at Wave 1, but some (n = 5) did not complete the pain questions at this wave (but did in subsequent waves). A portion of the arthritis sample reported that they did not know what kind of arthritis (osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis or other) they had (Additional file 1: Table S1). Thirty-five respondents reported that they had a diagnosis of arthritis at Wave 2 or later, but had been diagnosed between 1998 and 2001 (at Wave 2 — as 2002 is likely to include diagnoses post initial interview) or 2002 (Wave 3 onwards).
The cancer subsample comprised persons who reported that they had been diagnosed with cancer at Wave 1 and had pain data for at least one time point (n = 445). Two respondents did not have pain data at Wave 1 but gave pain data at a later point. Distributions on the pain score at Wave 1 for the entire Wave 1 sample (n = 11,899), the arthritis (n = 884) and the cancer subsamples (n = 443) are reported in Additional file 1: Figures S1–S3.
We coded several variables from the ELSA as described in the following subsections.
Coding of subsamples
Reported arthritis diagnosis and cancer were extracted from the core ELSA dataset at Wave 1. Types of arthritis (osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, other) were taken at Wave 1 and re-asked at Wave 3, as many respondents did not answer at Wave 1. Respondents with cancer were asked the initial site of malignant tumour growth (excluding minor skin cancers, which the question asked respondents to omit), number of years since diagnosis and whether they had undergone cancer treatment in the last 24 months.
The primary outcome variable was derived from two questions: whether the respondent was troubled by pain (Yes or No); and if so, how severe it was, rated as either mild (1), moderate (2) or severe (3), combined to generate a 4-point scale from 0 (no chronic pain) to 3 (severe chronic pain).
Health-centred demographics
Based on the variables used in previous analyses: age, sex, psychological distress (measured using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), administered dichotomously in the self-completion module), qualifications (from the Institute of Fiscal Studies derived variables), smoking history, current smoking status, 12 months frequency of alcohol consumption and BMI (which was recorded at the Wave 2 nurse visit) were used as indicators. Qualifications were subdivided into higher, secondary (including higher secondary, typically awarded at 18 e.g. A-levels, and lower secondary, typically awarded at 16, e.g. O-levels and General Certificates of Secondary Education), foreign/other or no qualifications.
Respondents indicated (Yes = 1 or No = 0) at each wave whether they had taken a holiday in the UK, a holiday abroad and/or a daytrip or outing in the last 12 months. Responses from these questions were summed to generate a score from 0 to 3.
Civic, social and political engagement
Respondents were asked at each wave about their membership in a number of different types of groups (Yes = 1 and No = 0). Responses were divided into civic (membership in tenancy, residential or neighbourhood watch groups, charitable associations or church/religious groups), social (membership or educational/arts/music groups, social or sports groups or exercise/gym classes) or political (membership in a political party, trade union or environmental group) engagement based on the type of activity. These groupings were guided by the previous literature, which discriminates civic and political engagement on whether they are overtly political [16, 19].
Voting behaviour
The Wave 1 and Wave 3 questionnaires also asked respondents if they voted in the 2001 and 2005 UK General Elections.
Two measures were derived from questions added in Wave 2 and all waves subsequently, which asked about social activities. Respondents were asked how frequently they, on a 6-point scale (1 = Twice a month or more, 6 = Never), went to the cinema, ate out, went to museums or art galleries or went to the theatre, opera or concerts. They were then asked for each activity if they wanted to engage in it more frequently but felt they could not (answered Yes/No). For engagement in social activities, responses to the four questions were reverse scored and averaged into a single score such that high scores equate to greater engagement in social activity. The four items relating to wanting to do each activity more often were summed.
Missing data and modelling
Latent class growth models were estimated for each of the samples, with one to five linear trajectories modelled. Modelling stopped at five trajectories, because the models failed to replicate when increasing the number of random starts and iterations (whole sample), failed to converge (cancer) or began identifying small (< 5% of sample), potentially spurious classes (arthritis). Latent class growth analyses (LCGAs) were conducted using Mplus 7.11 [20]. An LCGA fits a growth model with random intercepts and slopes, using a maximum likelihood estimation procedure. Model selection was assessed using a combination of the Bayesian information criterion (BIC), entropy and overall trajectory size. The BIC is a measure of model fit derived from the sample size, the log-likelihood of the model and the number of free parameters in the model. Smaller BIC values indicate better fit. Entropy is an index of classification accuracy, with an entropy statistic > 0.8 recommended for latent class models. Once the most appropriate model had been identified with a random intercept and linear slope, polynomials were added to the model to determine whether they improved the model fit. These were assessed using BIC, because this is more conservative compared to other information criteria when comparing models with different numbers of parameters.
In addition to the statistical properties of competing models, we also considered the theoretical implications of the models we selected. In both subsamples, we expected that the most common group would be minimally or mildly troubled by pain, based on the considerable existing literature (for arthritis) (Table 1), and meta-analytic work showing that around a third of people with cancer in remission experience pain related to their disease [3]. In arthritis we further expected to observe pain progression and regression, as arthritis is characterised by worsening structural damage and increasing attempts to remedy this, for example by using exercise, medication, steroid injections or joint replacement surgery.
We accounted for missing data in all samples using a latent class dropout model [21]. Attrition might be due to a range of reasons such as death, change of address or a lack of interest in further participation. It has been noted before that the ELSA has substantial attrition [22]. Logistic regression analyses of participation in the subsequent wave (see Additional file 1: Table S2) indicate that pain was predictive of dropout in the whole sample, and in the cancer subsample but not the arthritis subsample. In the subsamples, 42.74% of the arthritis subsample and 35.82% of the cancer subsample had pain rating data at Wave 7. This compares against the 43.26% of all respondents recruited at Wave 1 who were still participating in the ELSA at Wave 7 (and the 41.46% of respondents with pain data at Waves 1 and 7).
The relationship between pain and attrition indicates that the data are not missing at random (NMAR) in any of the samples. We used a latent class dropout model to account for this. This model is an extension of the pattern-mixture approach [23] for NMAR data. Whereas pattern-mixture approaches assume that all cases of persons who drop out at a given wave have a similar response pattern, in the latent class dropout model dropout is included as a one-step covariate. This means that some of the more conservative assumptions of pattern-mixture models (such as that all cases with a specific dropout pattern have the same response pattern) are relaxed.
A subset (n = 119) of the arthritis respondents disputed their diagnosis at a later wave, as respondents who endorsed a chronic condition at a prior wave were asked whether they still had the condition in question. Many of these respondents either re-endorsed arthritis of the same kind at a later wave or reported multiple types of arthritis. In the latter case, it was not stated which arthritis diagnosis was being disputed. As such, we regressed failure to confirm diagnosis on the latent classes to account for this.
Lifestyle, socio-demographic and health covariates were analysed using one-way analyses of variance for baseline analyses across the latent classes, for continuous variables, χ2 analyses of association for categorical variables, and Fisher's exact test where it appeared the χ2 approximation failed. Significance values were corrected used the p.adjust function in R (v3.1.2, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria), using Benjamini and Hochberg's procedure to correct for the false discovery rate [24].
Latent class growth modelling
A four-class model was the best fitting model for the whole sample and arthritis subsamples (Table 2) and a three-class model for the cancer subsample; these models were further improved by adding quadratic and cubic polynomial terms.
Table 2 Indices of model fit from latent class growth analyses of chronic pain in arthritis and cancer
Whole sample
Figure 1 displays the mean pain scores for each trajectory at each wave. Around 60% of respondents were assigned to a group of being in low or no chronic pain, mildly progressing. Very few respondents in this group reported being troubled by pain at Wave 1, and pain increased in later waves. However, while the growth parameters were significant, the overall size of the increase in pain was small; most respondents at each wave did not report being troubled by pain. There were two groups who reported marked pain change over the study; one reported increasing chronic pain, the other decreasing chronic pain. In both cases, the transition from being minimally troubled to substantially troubled by pain (and vice versa) occurred over the first three waves of the study before plateauing in later waves. Although the second and third order growth parameters in both cases were statistically significant, the size of the effect was relatively small. Finally, there was a trajectory of respondents reporting severe chronic pain with mild pain regression. These respondents reported being substantially troubled by pain at Wave 1, which reduced only a little in subsequent waves, remaining troublesome across the waves collected thus far.
Fitted polynomial functions for each pain trajectory in the whole sample
Arthritis subsample
The profile of respondents in the arthritis subsample was very similar to that of the whole sample (Fig. 2). This is not surprising, as arthritis is extremely prevalent among older adults; 31.49% (n = 3810) of the sample at Wave 1 reported they had been diagnosed by a doctor at some point with arthritis. The modal group consisted of respondents in low or no chronic pain. Pain in this group remained stable over time, as none of the growth parameters were significantly different from zero (see Additional file 1: Table S3 for full growth parameter details). One trajectory of respondents displayed increasing chronic pain, in which respondents reported low chronic pain at baseline and increasing pain through the first three waves. A third trajectory displayed decreasing chronic pain with respondents reporting lower pain at follow-up than at baseline. A fourth group of respondents reported severe receding chronic pain; they reported severe pain that fluctuated more than the other trajectories over time, and reported less pain in later waves than at baseline (Fig. 2).
Fitted polynomial function for each of the arthritis trajectories across the seven waves
Cancer subsample
A three-class model was most appropriate for the cancer subsample (Table 2) (Fig. 3). Four- and five-class models displayed better BIC, but included very small classes (< 5% of sample) within the fluctuating chronic pain group that did not add explanatory value. Adding polynomials also caused the model to fail to converge, and the additional classes did not improve the entropy of the model. The trajectory to which respondents were most frequently assigned was a trajectory of emerging chronic pain. Unlike the arthritis analysis, this trajectory showed some mild pain progression over the waves, starting off from being unlikely to report any chronic pain, to being interposed between low and no chronic pain by the most recent wave. Unlike the arthritis analysis, where intermediate levels of pain were characterised by substantial pain change, there was a trajectory of low severity chronic pain in the cancer analysis. These respondents consistently reported being in chronic pain of low intensity, with no significant change in growth parameters throughout the waves. A third trajectory was characterised by fluctuating chronic pain. These respondents reported severe chronic pain at outset, followed by periods of increasing pain and of decreasing pain during follow-up.
Fitted polynomial functions for each trajectory of subjective pain in the cancer sample
Baseline differences
Tables 3, 4 and 5 report baseline differences between trajectories for the whole sample, and the arthritis and cancer subsamples respectively.
Table 3 Univariate baseline differences between trajectories for the whole sample
Table 4 Univariate baseline differences between classes, arthritis LCGA
Table 5 Univariate baseline differences between classes, cancer
In the whole sample, respondents in the increasing and severe pain trajectories reported higher BMI than the low pain trajectory, which also tended to be younger than the trajectories with severe pain at outset. Respondents in the low/no pain trajectory were more likely to be male, less likely to abstain from alcohol and tended to have a greater number of qualifications than their peers in the other trajectories.
For health measures recorded at baseline for the arthritis subsample, high BMI and current smoking status were associated with membership of the trajectory reporting the greatest pain, as were lower alcohol consumption, having fewer qualifications and greater psychological distress. The group reporting progressing pain tended to be younger. Baseline differences in the social/civic measures in Table 4 indicated that respondents in the two trajectories reporting more pain at baseline, the decreasing chronic pain and severe regressing chronic pain groups, reported less social but not civic engagement.
In the cancer sample, respondents in the fluctuating chronic pain trajectory tended to be older than those who reported lower severity pain. Like the group reporting the most pain in arthritis, those in the cancer sample in the severe, fluctuating pain trajectory reported lower consumption of alcohol and reported less engagement in higher education. Respondents who reported low severity chronic pain reported greater levels of psychological distress relative to those who did not.
Social life analyses
Each sample has considerable attrition over the course of the ELSA: 4966 (41.46%) of the whole sample, 163 (35.82%) of the cancer and 380 (42.74%) of the arthritis respondents had pain data at Wave 7. Non-response was associated with class in the whole sample (χ2(3) = 205.97, p < 0.001) and the arthritis subsample (χ2(3) = 21.57, p < 0.001), but not in the cancer (χ2 (2) = 2.44, p = 0.29) subsample. Uncorrected post hoc χ2 tests (Additional file 1: Table S4) indicated that this was due to both higher attrition in the severe pain group and lower attrition in the pain change trajectories in the whole sample, and lower attrition in the increasing pain trajectory in arthritis.
Taking this and the high level of dropout into account, differences between trajectories on measures of social life were modelled using a linear growth model, using the pattern-mixture approach. The intercept and slope of these models were then regressed on membership of the latent classes (dummy coded, with the trajectories in each sample reporting the least pain as the reference class) and age (z-scored) to account for differences between respondents of different ages in social activity.
The summary of the models shown in Table 6 shows how age and the different trajectories in pain across the three subsamples are associated with social engagement. Overall respondents engaged in fewer social activities in later waves as they aged (Additional file 1: Table S5-S8), and respondents reported increasing limitations in their ability to engage in social activities. Often the intercept and slopes of the growth models were significantly correlated, indicating that respondents reporting greater social activity at the beginning reported a faster decline over time, indicating a regression to the mean. In the whole sample, all of the trajectories reported greater limitations on each of the indicators of social and civic engagement relative to the low, mild pain progress trajectory. In addition, respondents in the severe, mild pain regression trajectory reported that their rate of engagement declined at a steeper rate for the holiday and social engagement indicators. For the indicators of holidays, civic engagement and social activities, the severe regressing (in arthritis) and fluctuating (in cancer) pain trajectory groups reported greater limitations than those in the least pain in social engagement, with lower intercepts on the growth models. Respondents in the fluctuating pain trajectory group in the cancer subsample also reported an increased desire to engage in social activities compared to the lowest pain trajectory group, but felt they could not do so. In the arthritis sample, all of the other pain trajectory groups relative to the low or no chronic pain trajectory group reported less engagement in social activities. Baseline pain was negatively associated with social engagement; respondents in the decreasing and severe regressing chronic pain trajectory groups reported taking fewer holidays and engaging in a more limited social life and social activities. The severe pain trajectory group also reported a faster decline than other groups in the frequency with which they engaged in social activities. There were no significant differences in any measures of social life between the emerging and low severity chronic pain groups in the cancer subsample.
Table 6 Effects of age and trajectory membership (relative to the lowest pain trajectory) for all three samples
In terms of voting behaviour, 82.6% of all ELSA participants reported voting in the 2001 General Election and 84.6% in the 2005 General Election. These figures are comparable with those provided by the British Electoral Survey (BES) for the UK population over 50, with 82.5% reporting voting in the 2001 election and 83.7% reporting voting in the 2005 election [25, 26]. At Waves 1 and 3 for the whole sample and the arthritis subsample, and Wave 3 for cancer, voting behaviour differed between the pain trajectories (see Tables 3, 4 and 5).
We used a one-sample t test to explore if the percentage voting in each trajectory was different from the BES 50 + average, with 82.5% as the reference for 2001 and 83.7% for 2005.
For the whole sample, respondents in the low pain trajectory with mild pain progression were slightly more likely than the BES average to vote (t(6637) = 2.72, p = 0.007), and those in the severe, mild pain regression trajectory were less likely than average to vote (t(1986) = −4.58, p < 0.001). The same pattern was observed in the 2005 election, with those in the mild pain progression trajectory more likely to vote than average (t(4068) = 10.18, p < 0.001), and those in the severe, mild pain regression trajectory less likely to vote (t(1026) = −3.01, p = 0.003).
For the arthritis sample, the results show that in the 2001 election respondents in the severe, mildly regressing trajectory were around 10% less likely to vote than the BES estimate (t(190) = − 2.27, p = 0.024). The other trajectories did not significantly differ from the estimated turnout from the BES. For the 2005 election, arthritic respondents in the severe, mildly regressing trajectory did not appear to be less likely to vote than the BES average (t(118) = −1.85, p = 0.067), whereas respondents in the low or no chronic pain trajectory were more likely to vote than the BES average (t(214) = 3.85, p < 0.001).
In the cancer sample, respondents in the emerging chronic pain trajectory were consistently more likely to vote than the BES average for persons over 50 at the 2001 (t(284) = 3.58, p < 0.001) and 2005 (t(171) = 3.90, p < 0.001) elections. No other differences were observed.
We identified heterogeneous groups of respondents with different trajectories of pain progression in a representative sample of older English adults, as well as subsamples of persons with arthritis and cancer. The whole sample and arthritis subsample had a common trajectory structure, but there were differences within and across the diseases studied. Thus, there is not a common experience of chronic pain. Importantly, we show for the first time that these trajectories are differentially associated with aspects of social/civic engagement, especially voting behaviour. In the whole sample and for both diseases, people in low or minimal pain were more likely to vote than the general population, and those in severe pain were less likely to. The group experiencing severe chronic pain in the whole sample and in each disease was associated with greater limitations in social engagement. In the whole sample and arthritis (but not cancer) groups, current smoking and high BMI were predictive of trajectories of persistent severe pain. Conversely, in both the arthritis and cancer groups, persistent severe pain trajectories were associated with less frequent or absence from drinking, alongside greater psychological distress.
We found that that different experiences of pain affected political engagement, which has potential implications for policymaking. Older adults are much more likely to vote than other age groups [27]. However, in the whole sample and arthritis subsamples, respondents in the severe, mildly regressing chronic pain groups were less likely to vote than the average for their age range. It is not clear why this group is less likely to vote. It may be due to levels of pain, or they may feel more politically disenfranchised. Given that many arthritis and cancer charities in the USA and the UK have political advocacy campaigns [27,28,29] and that political parties campaign for wider participation in the democratic process [30], it is important from a political and social policy perspective to find out why this group does not vote at the same high rate as their age group and to intervene to facilitate voting if needed. This type of civic engagement is also linked to well-being [16]; identifying routes to encourage voting and political engagement may well have health benefits. In contrast, respondents in the whole sample and arthritis subsample with low chronic pain voted at a higher rate than those of their age in the 2001 and 2005 UK elections, as did cancer patients with emerging pain. Again, it is unclear why these groups are more likely to vote. One speculative possibility to consider is that their illness is still mild (in terms of pain), and this may motivate them to ensure that they vote for the party they feel will provide them better pensions and with a more secure and supportive health and social care system in the future.
The trajectories were also associated with different levels of social and civic engagement, in addition to political engagement. In all three samples, social activities were limited by the presence of severe chronic pain; the group with the most severe chronic pain at baseline reported less engagement in social activities relative to those in low or minimal chronic pain, namely in the number of holidays taken, membership in civic-minded groups and frequency of social activities. In addition to this, membership of any pain group (in the whole sample and arthritis subsamples) and the severe pain group (in the cancer subsample) was associated with limitations in social and civic engagement. The severe pain groups were in some instances also associated with a more rapid decline in social engagement. Social and civic engagement (or 'social capital') appears to be related to a range of health and well-being outcomes [16]. At the outset, being troubled by pain appears to be associated with less social capital.
We identified commonalities between the different samples. The modal group in each sample reported minimal or low levels of chronic pain that either remained constant (arthritis) or increased only slightly (whole sample and cancer). In the whole sample and the arthritis subsample, respondents initially reporting intermediate levels of pain showed considerable change, with one trajectory characterised by pain progression and another by pain improvement. In contrast, in patients with cancer, there was a trajectory of respondents reporting low severity chronic pain with no change. Finally, all three analyses identified a trajectory of respondents who reported moderate to severe chronic pain at outset, characterised by mild regression and fluctuation. This fluctuation was more pronounced in the cancer than the whole sample and arthritis analyses. These trajectories are similar to those identified in other cohorts (Table 1), especially those studying people with osteoarthritis. However, our analyses are conducted in a general representative sample; thus, they avoid any selection bias from a disease-specific cohort.
It is especially interesting that there is a group of arthritic older adults whose chronic pain improves over time. This pain reduction goes against the commonly held belief that arthritis pain is a consequence of aging and will either get worse or remain bad. Pain improvement might be due to a relatively benign natural history for some arthritic conditions or to people adopting effective pain management strategies (medical, surgical, psychological or lifestyle) during their journey through the pain experience. Identifying the mediators of good pain prognosis might help inform people on how best to manage their arthritis pain. Interestingly however, observed improvements in subjective pain were not associated with an increase in social engagement; even after their pain improved, respondents in the decreasing chronic pain trajectory did not engage more socially. Although these respondents experienced less pain, it is unclear whether they experienced similar improvements in other measures of well-being, which might increase civic engagement, or may be improved by increased social and civic engagement. At the same time, unlike the severe pain groups, these respondents were not associated with a steeper decline in social engagement. Given the time course of the subsample used, it appears that interventions to keep people with arthritis engaged both socially and in a wider civic society should be targeted when arthritic symptoms start.
A number of limitations with this analysis ought to be considered. The pain question does not identify where respondents are troubled by pain or how widespread that pain is. Moreover, the pain question is limited in determining for how long or how often respondents have been troubled by pain. Unlike other studies in the field, this analysis does not separate osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. However, these other studies have focused on a more limited range of patient experience, focusing on biometric measures, and have also lacked a control sample against which to compare pain trajectories, especially a control sample with incident chronic pain. While our analysis focused on a general sample of arthritis patients, the results are similar to studies that have looked at different sites of osteoarthritic pain. In both this study and others that have focused on specific sites, the same biometric markers (e.g. BMI, qualifications) were predictive of the trajectory in greatest pain. The type of arthritis was unrelated to any of the trajectories, and our findings might be generalisable to arthritis pain due to a variety of pathologies. Arthritis was self-reported in the ELSA; some respondents did not identify their arthritis at Wave 1 or reported different diagnoses during consecutive waves, and more respondents reported rheumatoid arthritis than expected from its population prevalence [31]. Further studies are needed to replicate our findings with respect to social and civic activities. That being said, one of the strengths of this paper is that our analyses are conducted using a general representative sample of the English population and thus avoid any selection bias from the study of a disease-specific cohort. Thus, our findings have greater generalisability than studies of pain progression in disease-specific cohorts. Our paper also has the strength of examining pain progress over a 14-year time period so that a fuller extent of how pain changes can be observed. In addition, there is a level of imprecision associated with the year at which respondents were diagnosed; in the ELSA it is asked as either year or age of onset, both of which tended to pool around 5's and 0's. It is important to acknowledge that questions asking people if they have voted tend to overestimate political engagement. Surveys such as the BES are well known for overestimating voter turnout across all age groups, typically by around 10%. It is not known whether different subgroups within the ELSA might differently report voting practice.
Latent class growth analyses of self-reported chronic pain in a representative sample of older English adults and subsamples with arthritis and cancer identified four, four and three trajectories respectively. A number of the health-centric variables identified in the arthritis literature discriminated between trajectories. In both disease subsamples and the whole sample, trajectories of pain progress differentially affected political, social and civic engagement. The respondents in least pain were more likely to vote than their peers in the cohort, whereas respondents in persistent pain with arthritis and across the population were less likely to vote.
BES:
British Electoral Study
Bayesian Information Criterion
ELSA:
English Longitudinal Study of Ageing
GHQ-12:
General Health Questionnaire
LCGA:
latent class growth analysis
NMAR:
not missing at random
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Nicholls E, Thomas E, van der Windt DA, Croft PR, Peat G. Pain trajectory groups in persons with, or at high risk of, knee osteoarthritis: findings from the Knee Clinical Assessment Study and the Osteoarthritis Initiative. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2014;22(12):2041–50.
Bastick AN, Wesseling J, Damen J, Verkleij SP, Emans PJ, Bindels PJ, Bierma-Zeinstra SM. Defining knee pain trajectories in early symptomatic knee osteoarthritis in primary care: 5-year results from a nationwide prospective cohort study (CHECK). Br J Gen Pract. 2016;66(642):e32–9.
Norton S, Fu B, Scott DL, Deighton C, Symmons DP, Wailoo AJ. Health Assessment Questionnaire disability progression in early rheumatoid arthritis: systematic review and analysis of two inception cohorts. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2014;44:131–44.
Norton S, Sacker A, Dixey J, Done J, Williams P, Young A. Trajectories of functional limitation in early rheumatoid arthritis and their association with mortality. Rheumatology. 2013;52(11):2016–24.
Miaskowski C, Paul SM, Cooper B, West C, Levine JD, Elboim C, Hamolsky D, Abrams G, Luce J, Dhruva A, et al. Identification of patient subgroups and risk factors for persistent arm/shoulder pain following breast cancer surgery. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2014;18(3):242–53.
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This work was supported by Arthritis Research UK (Grant reference number 20777).
The anonymised data have been made publicly available by NatCen, for researchers on the UK Data Archive, available at https://discover.ukdataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/?sn=5050.
School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
Richard J. E. James & Eamonn Ferguson
Arthritis UK Pain Centre and NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Academic Rheumatology, City Hospital, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
Richard J. E. James, David A. Walsh & Eamonn Ferguson
Richard J. E. James
David A. Walsh
Eamonn Ferguson
RJEJ performed all data analyses and wrote the initial draft of the manuscript. RJEJ and EF conceived the study, and DAW and EF provided critical comments on drafts of the manuscript. All authors agreed to the final draft.
Correspondence to Richard J. E. James.
Ethical approval was obtained for the data collection at all waves from the National Health Service (NHS) Research Committees service. This analysis was a secondary analysis of the anonymised survey data.
All authors received grant funding from Arthritis Research UK. Eamonn Ferguson and David Walsh have previously received grant funding from Pfizer (relating to pain phenotypes in rheumatoid arthritis), outside of the submitted work.
Table S1. Baseline health and socio-demographic characteristics of the sample. Comparisons are between the cancer and arthritis subsamples. Table S2. Binary logistic regression models modelling the relationship between pain and dropout or death in the Wave 1 ELSA respondents and the cancer and arthritis subsamples. Table S3. Model characteristics of each identified trajectory. Table S4. Uncorrected post hoc 2 × 2 χ2 tests on dropout by Wave 7 between classes. Table S5. Growth models for social and civic engagement variables (unstandardised). Table S6. Regression coefficients for age and trajectory on the intercept and slope for growth models for each index of social and civic engagement for respondents in the whole sample. Table S7. Regression coefficients for age and trajectory on the intercept and slope for growth models for each index of social and civic engagement for respondents with arthritis. Table S8. Regression coefficients for age and trajectory on the intercept and slope for growth models for each index of social and civic engagement for respondents with cancer. Figure S1. Histogram of the chronic pain measurement at Wave 1 for all Wave 1 ELSA respondents. Figure S2. Histogram of the chronic pain measurement at Wave 1 for respondents included in the arthritis subsample. Figure S3. Histogram of the chronic pain measurement at Wave 1 for respondents included in the cancer subsample. (DOCX 3796 kb)
James, R.J.E., Walsh, D.A. & Ferguson, E. General and disease-specific pain trajectories as predictors of social and political outcomes in arthritis and cancer. BMC Med 16, 51 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-018-1031-9
Accepted: 28 February 2018


Benefits: Germans may be surprised to learn that some of the job benefits they take for granted—and are even codified in labor law—are not a requirement (and thus sometimes not on offer) for their American counterparts.
For example, paid maternity and sick leave are not mandated by federal law. Companies of over 50 employees are required to give their workers up to 12 weeks of unpaid family and medical leave provided the employee has worked for that company for 12 months and for at least 1,250 hours during that period.
Up until 2015, employers were not mandated to offer health insurance to employees. The Obama-era Affordable Care Act health legislation changed this; today companies with more than 50 employees face penalties for failing to provide health insurance. This mandate is being fought against in Congress.
Although companies wishing to attract the best and brightest employees are starting to offer paid vacation benefits, no federal law mandating such exists. That's right…in the USA, there are zero days of paid vacation guaranteed to employees. According to a study by Ohio University, large businesses offer 86% of their employees paid vacation, whereas 69% of small businesses offer such. Also according to the study, full-time workers fare much better than part-time workers, at a rate of 91% and 35%, respectively, receiving paid vacation.
Believe it or not, Americans don't clamor for mandated paid vacation as vigorously as you would expect. Read more about that here.
Bullying: Throwing this in here because the German term is the English-language-sounding "mobbing". Though this term also exists with the same meaning in the American workplace, it is much less commonly used than "bullying", so you might draw some blank stares if you try to use it with Americans.
In any case—bullying or mobbing–is bad, baaaaaad…don't do it!
Board of Directors: Officially, the term for this category would be "Corporate Governance". But that wouldn't fit under "B" then, would it?
This is a complicated topic that can be explained thoroughly in 70 short pages , but garsh, that would just overextend your and my attention span for this blog's purposes, wouldn't it?
Short version: German company boards are governed by a so-called two-tiered system: a management board and a separate supervisory board. This system is focused on maintaining the long-term health of a company and balancing the viewpoints and needs of all its stakeholders.
In the USA, the Board of Directors and the Supervisory Board are most often chaired by the CEO. The main focus of a company is on serving the interests of shareholders. Unlike in the German two-tiered system, there is no federal-level legislation specifically guiding the company's structure.
While German employees also practice variations of brainstorming, it is safe to say that "generating wild ideas" is not—as a rule—part of the German comfort zone. They prefer to look at what has worked in the past and systematically craft a solution from there. Their American counterparts, in contrast, have a less friendly relationship with solutions from bygone eras, even if they were not failures. Newer is better!
So, that'll "B" it for today's post…have a restful weekend and I'll "C" you next time!
As always, if you need to zip through the alphabet of cultural differences at a speedier pace, book an intercultural training with yours truly!


The Sardar Patel University of Police has conducted the jail prahari examination 20th, 21st, 27th & 28th October 2018 in various examination centers across the Rajasthan state. A large number of hopefuls who have competed for the Jail Prahari examination in Rajasthan state and waiting to check the result can visit the official portal, jailprahariraj2018.in. The Rajasthan Jail Prahari result 2018 announced today, 24th December 2018. Hence the hopefuls who are eager to check the result, score, cutoff marks, and merit list can hurry up to visit the Rajasthan Police Department website mentioned here. The Sardar Patel University of Police has today unveiled the results for all the regions, Jodhpur, Udaipur, Kota, Bikaner, and Ajmer, Hence the aspirants can check the results region-wise and also check the region-wise cutoff marks as well. Here we have provided the direct links to download Rajasthan Jail Prahari result, cutoff marks 2018 region-wise. Just by clicking on the link, aspirants will be able to download.
The Rajasthan Police Department is the State Government department works for safety and security of the locals. The Rajasthan Police Department has recently issued a recruitment notification for 670 Jail Prahari (warder/guard) in prison's division. Aspirants seeking to get police jobs in Rajasthan state have utilized this opportunity and applied for the announced posts. Selection of suitable candidates will be done on various grounds such as physical standard test, physical eligibility test, written test, and document verification rounds. Candidates need to qualify in all rounds to get the Jail Prahari (warder/guard) posts in the state of Rajasthan.
All the competitors who have appeared for Rajasthan Jail Prahri written test in the month of October can now check the result. The result has been released regionwise. Candidates can download the result from the official website, jailprahariraj2018.in. The result, the scorecard will be available to check. Hence the competitors who are waiting for the result, cutoff marks and merit list can check the Jail Prahari website of Rajasthan.
All the competitors who have appeared for the jail prahari examination in Rajasthan can check the cutoff marks for all the regions. The cutoff marks/qualifying marks are the essential marks to score by the competitors to shortlist for the next round. Candidates who qualify the test with required marks will only be having the chance to screen for the next rounds of selection process. Refer to the official website, jailprahariraj2018.in to check the cutoff marks and merit list of Rajasthan Jail Prahari exam.
The result, cutoff marks, and merit list will appear on the screen.
Check the result, the score obtained in the examination.
Download and take a printout.


Avid readers used to be seen as engaging in an unhealthy form of withdrawal. A few people still see things that way, sadly (and often mistakenly), but the advent of the Internet has opened up a grand new vista for social interaction amongst readers. It's a frontier that people are only beginning to explore, but whether this is a sea change in how people read, or simply a revival of the Book Club, there are few things more enjoyable for a book lover than engaging with other people who are passionate about books.
On that note, the first ever Filipino Reader Conference will take place during the Manila International Book Fair, and the organizers plan to explore the topic of social reading, and discuss the hows, whys, and best practices of book bloggers and book clubs. See this link for the schedule and speakers, and follow PinoyReaderCon on Twitter for updates.
EDIT: And here's the Official Site.


text:
Горня-Лопушня () — населённый пункт в общине Власотинце Ябланичского округа Сербии.

Население
Согласно переписи населения 2002 года, в селе проживало 67 человек (все сербы).

Религия
Согласно церковно-административному делению Сербской православной церкви, село относится к Четвёртому власотиначскому приходу Власотиначского архиерейского наместничества Нишской епархии.

См. также
 Доня-Лопушня

Примечания

Населённые пункты Сербии

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The flags at City Hall in Cape Girardeau are flying at half-staff today, honoring former Mayor and community business leader, Francis "Gene" Rhodes, who passed away Tuesday at age 88. Following is more about Mr. Rhodes and his contributions to Cape Girardeau during his many years of community service.
David Barklage, Frank Bean, Peter Hilty, David Limbaugh, James Rust, Curt Smith, Al Spradling III, Hugh White, Doug Richards, Mary Wulfers, Melvin Kasten, and Melvin Gateley.


In Pages|Add New: Add page titled "Home." Add ipsum conent.
In Settings|Reading:: Check the box "Discourage search engines from indexing this site"
In Settings|Reading:: Uncheck the box "Discourage search engines from indexing this site"


Luv Ranjan's Ajay Devgn starrer contemporary rom- com, produced by Bhushan Kumar, Luv Ranjan and Ankur Garg will be festive treat for the audience on Dussehra, 19th October, 2018. The film also stars Tabu and a younger actress, the announcement for which is currently under wraps.
After Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety, this is the second of the multi-film association between Luv Films and T-Series.
The yet untitled film will mark the debut of renowned editor Akiv Ali as a director.


The purpose of XJTLU Library's collection is to develop, manage and preserve collections which fit the fast development of the university, while aiming to establish unique and distinctive collections in line wi-th XJTLU key research themes.
The library strives to create and maintain a broad collection that reflects this diversity and encompasses both popular works and works of lasting value.
The University Librarian is administrative head of the Library, the University Librarian, monitors expenditures for Library materials, renders decisions on costly or questionable items, and is the final authority for all selection and purchasing decisions. The Acquisition office is generally responsible for selecting and maintaining the print collections, e-books, and the Academic liaison and reference librarians are generally responsible for selecting and maintaining the database and e-periodicals collection. An annual inventory is supervised by the Director of Library Resource Construction Committee with participation by the Library staff.
The Library accepts recommendations for library materials from any user; however, ultimate responsibility for the overall quality and balance of the Library collection rests with the professional librarians.
Faculty members are especially encouraged to request Library materials to support their instructional needs, to recommend general items for the Library's consideration, and to incorporate Library materials and online resources into their courses.
The Library will routinely gather statistics to determine user characteristics, expectations and needs, and apply the latest tools and innovations to our collection development practices, maintaining the depth and diversity of our collections. Anticipating the patrons' interests and needs, observing their responses to innovations, and acting quickly in response to these needs will serve as the underlying framework for material selections and practices.
Material selectors work with vendors and publishers to purchase new publications using a variety of methods. They consult professional review sources, such as Library Journal, Publisher's Weekly, Booklist, Choice and use numerous internet-based sources. Selection practices also rely on the subject expertise of liaison librarians, suggestions from library users, promotions in book fairs, media and standard bibliographies. Selection methods are constantly evolving and vary for different types of materials.
Formats collected include print (including large print), CDs, DVDs, audio books, research database, magazines, newspapers, maps. An increasing number of materials are purchased in digital format, including books and periodicals, which are delivered via download or are accessible through the library website. All formats are cataloged and can be found in the library's catalog.
While most materials are acquired in English or Chinese, the Library purchases some classics and classical works in their original languages.


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Christos Zacharopoulos (Greek: Χρήστος Ζαχαρόπουλος) was the winner of the first season of Greece's Got Talent.

He participated in the fourth season of The X Factor Greece and reached the four chair challenge, but he was eliminated by his mentor Giorgos Theofanous. One year later, Giorgos Theofanous created the boyband TAG, consisting by Zacharopoulos and other three members of Theofanous team, two of them eliminated at the four chair challenge and one of them reached the live shows.

References

Living people
Greek television personalities
Got Talent winners
Year of birth missing (living people)


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French cave reveals secrets of life and death from the ancient past
Grotte de Cussac cave in Dordogne, France
[Credit: University of Wollongong]
Grotte de Cussac cave in Dordogne, France, is the site of stunning cave art, containing more than 800 figurative engravings of animals and humans that are between 25,000 and 30,000 years old.
It also contains the remains of at least six humans, dated to the same period. With one possible exception, it is the only known example of human remains interred so deep within a cave that also contains artworks.
For the past 10 years, a research team has been studying these human remains in situ to discover what they reveal about the lives, customs and beliefs of the people of that time.
Dr. Eline Schotsmans, a Research Fellow at the University of Wollongong and the University of Bordeaux, is part of an international team, led by the University of Bordeaux's Professor Jacques Jaubert, working inside the cave to uncover its secrets.
Posted by David Beard MA, FSA, FSA Scot at 11:49 AM
Archaeologists discover 'astonishing' huge circula...
Gigantic Circular Structure Found Near Stonehenge
Scrap Stonehenge road tunnel plans, say archaeolog...
Third Neanderthal Genome Sequenced
French cave reveals secrets of life and death from...
Iron Age funeral site discovered on Solihull HS2 site
Startling secrets within Irish tombs: Neolithic ma...
Incest uncovered at the elite prehistoric Newgrang...
Schoolboy Cathal gets a hands-on history lesson wi...


The following are select resources most commonly requested and available throughout our website, but grouped here for your convenience for the topic of PTSD.
"Post Traumatic Stress Disorder is not an incurable, hopeless mental disorder. PTSD has physical roots. I hope you will join us in the years to come as we seek to eliminate PTSD from the trauma equation."
"I am grateful for the CranioSacral Therapy Intensives. I have personally been able to allow my trauma experiences to take their rightful place in my life. I no longer fear that they must be hidden or suppressed because they are a part of me. When the physical restrictions were released, the long-held emotional trauma surfaced. I am not alone. Most of us, or I dare say all of us, have some trauma, some more than others. I have experienced true compassion for myself and others, and now really enjoy being alive."
"I started having panic attacks when I was a child growing up in an environment with constant violence. CST has given me the opportunity to release these past traumas and create pathways in dealing with stress and perceived threats. PTSD is absolutely a disease of dis-connection in ourselves and with others. CST is the bridge back home to self."
"I was able to face the trauma and relive it without panicking and let it go from my body and not just my mind. It is so much more effective than all other therapy I have EVER had."
"I have received and practiced CranioSacral Therapy; however, this intensive program has given me new hopes for myself and other veterans. This is an awesome modality to help in the treatment of PTSD. It is natural, effective, and allows touch to improve one's ability to break down barriers to healthy relationships."


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Breakout Time: A Critical Key Cyber Metric
Why organizations need to detect an intrusion in under a minute, understand it in under 10 minutes, and eject the adversary in under an hour.
Cybersecurity breaches continue to capture headlines worldwide, particularly in the wake of nation-state and criminal cyberattacks that impact a wide-range of industries. March 2018 saw major disclosed breaches from Applebee's (167 restaurants), Orbitz (880,000 payment cards), Saks Fifth Avenue and Lord & Taylor (5 million payment cards), and Under Armour (150 million user accounts). These events remind us that organizations still struggle to implement effective security strategies.
In this context, it is essential to put cybersecurity, and increased investment in this area, on the agenda of corporate boards.
CrowdStrike recently highlighted a new cyber metric based on insights from its 2018 Global Threat Report called "breakout time." Data was compiled from 30 trillion security events collected in 2017 to analyze attacker trends and to develop best-practice recommendations. Breakout time can be used to understand and contextualize the effectiveness of an enterprise security program.
1h58 to prevent a security incident from becoming a real break.
What is the propagation time? This is the time it takes an intruder to move laterally outside the initial bridgehead to other systems in the network. And this in order to insinuate itself in the deepest part of the network, to carry out its mission of recognition and to identify its targets. The average delay analyzed during the previous year was established at 1 hour 58 minutes. In other words, it is the window (narrow if any) during which a company can prevent a security incident from becoming a real breakdown. And this is the time she has to detect and eject the intruder. This is why the notion of speed is essential when evaluating the effectiveness of a security system.
Key Metrics Every Organization Should Know
Security is a business-level imperative that is considered a priority at the executive level. However, many organizations struggle with communicating security as a business issue and finding the metrics to demonstrate effectiveness.
These three key metrics can help an organization estimate its readiness to defend against a breach:
1. Time to detection of an intrusion
2. Time to investigate an incident, understanding criticality and scope, and what response actions are necessary
3. Time to respond to the intrusion, eject the attacker, and contain any damage
The most sophisticated organizations in the world strive to meet the following deadlines:
Detect an intrusion within an average of one minute
Investigate and understand it in under 10 minutes
Eject the adversary in under one hour
In cybersecurity, as in business, time is money. Given today's sophisticated threat landscape, it is imperative that C-levels and boards understand the trade-offs between response time and risk. Breakout time is a useful data point that puts your capability today into clear context. The best organizations in the world should strive to beat attacker breakout time and detect an intrusion in under a minute, understand it in under 10 minutes, and eject the adversary in under an hour to effectively combat stealthy cyber threats. Can you compete?
Scott Taschler, Director Marketing Products - CROWDSTRIKE


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Flightline to be Appointed Southeastern US Dealer for GippsAERO GA8 Utility Aircraft
Written by	FABA
City, community, and aviation leaders came together recently at Flightline Group's Technical Service facility in Tallahassee, Florida, to welcome executives from GippsAERO, the Australian based manufacturer of the GA8 Airvan utility aircraft, and their parent company, Mahindra Aerospace, from Mumbai, India. The Mahindra Aerospace/GippsAERO team was in town to finalize the agreement to appoint Flightline Group as a dealer for the GippsAERO GA8 Utility Aircraft and future GippsAERO models. Flightline Group is a regional group of companies dedicated to providing extraordinary aviation sales and aviation support services through facilities in Florida and Tennessee. GippsAero is the aircraft manufacturing division of Mahindra Aerospace. The company has manufactured in excess of 200 aircraft, which fly in 34 countries around the world, including the United States, Australia, and countries in Europe, Africa, and Asia.
Flightline will represent GippsAERO products across the southeastern United States, covering the Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Tennessee, Arkansas, South Carolina, and North Carolina. Flightline companies have a long history of successful general aviation sales and customer support in the southeastern United States for piston-powered, turboprop-powered, and turbojet-powered personal and business aircraft. Arvind Mehra, Executive Vice President and CEO of Mahindra Aerospace said of the deal, "We enter into our dealership agreements with an eye towards building long-term relationships with our dealer partners and with our customers and owners. We believe that Flightline and the other North American dealers we hope to sign soon will help us grow market awareness and visibility in North America while providing an additional level of value to our current GA8 and GA10 owners and future customers."
Paul "Mac" Langston, Flightline Group's Chairman of the Board said, "The whole team at Flightline Group is honored to partner with the GippsAERO and Mahindra Aerospace team to bring the high-utility GA8 Airvan to the American marketplace. We believe in the GippsAERO team and in their vision and ability to design, build, and deliver an aircraft that provides a highly-sought level of utility, at a truly impressive level of quality, providing for unprecedented ruggedness and versatility. We look forward to introducing the GA8 Airvan and the future GippsAERO products to the aviation market in the southeastern U.S."
The GA8 Airvan is a single-engine, piston-powered aircraft, available in a normally-aspirated or turbocharged version. The GA8 allows for eight individual forward-facing seats, including crew and up to thirty-two cubic feet of baggage space, with a large, comfortable cabin with center aisle and easy access. The performance envelope and cabin design allows the aircraft to be used across a broad range of demanding uses, including passenger transport, freight transport, special missions, law enforcement, humanitarian aid, search and rescue, ambulance, and medivac, among others. The Airvan is designed and built to the highest standard of structural integrity and flight handling characteristics. It boasts a low noise footprint and low carbon emissions while still being versatile, rugged, safe, and economical.
Building on the success of the GA8, GippsAERO is in the flight-testing phase of their development program to bring the GA10 single-engine turboprop powered ten-seat aircraft to the market. Construction of the manufacturing facility for the GA10 has begun in Australia, and Australian and FAA certification is expected in early 2013.
Dr. Terry Miles, CEO of GippsAERO, added, "Flightline Group embodies the dedication to customer service and satisfaction that our customers demand. GippsAERO is excited about partnering with Flightline and our partnership complements our shared vision for the future. We will be introducing additional North American dealers in the coming weeks, and we are confident that our new distribution network will increase our responsiveness to this important market."
Published in Spring 2012
FABA 2014 Annual Conference and Trade Show Report
The ATRS Global Airport Benchmarking Project is now hosted by College of Business at Embry—Riddle Aeronautical University in Daytona Beach
THE BURDEN of Getting Paid A Primer for the Aviation Technical Support Professional
NTSB Tired of Crashes Caused by Human Fatigue
Vero Beach Airport
More in this category: « Cessna Aircraft Company Makes Significant Contributions to Florida's Economic Wellness Wings Over Oman – India – Thailand; Part One - Oman, Muscat to Ahmedadbad »
e-Newswire
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Apple's development of its new and existing technology is something that we hear almost every day. This must mean that the company is probably armed with a wide-range of unreleased products that the public is yet to witness. In fact, CEO Tim Cook has made it clear that Apple is working on products that could be unveiled in the next decade.
Device components such as the A11 Bionic chipset in last year's iPhones had been in development years before they were made official, claimed by Cook. The 57-year-old also went on to say that the company "can do things that others can't". With these words from the leader of one of the biggest companies in the world, the future sounds quite exciting for the consumer, but quite concerning for rival tech brands.
We have heard reports surrounding the possibility of Apple launching their very own augmented reality headset in 2020 but the company is yet to confirm a word even though WWDC 2018 is just around the corner.
What we do know right now is that Apple has been titled as the most innovative company of this year by Fast Company. From here, the technology community can only wait and see what the future of Apple products hold in the next few years as well as the 2020s.
Name something that you'd like to see from Apple in the comments section below! Stay tuned to our website as we bring you all the latest news on Apple and lots more on a daily basis.


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Sileri: '20,000 fans could be allowed at the Olimpico'
Deputy Health Minister Pierpaolo Sileri believes Serie A could allow 'up to a third of the stadium capacity' back into the stands.
Serie A clubs have been allowed to have 1,000 spectators at games in 2020-21, but Minister of Sport Vincenzo Spadafora revealed stadiums will gradually reopen from October 8.
The Deputy Health Minister believes one third of the stadium's capacity could be filled and still be within the protocol.
"When two metres of safety are maintained, with precise rules, hugs are forbidden, with the use of masks and sanitisers," Sileri said to Rai Uno. "Then I think we could allow up to a third of the stadium capacity to be filled.
"In the case of the Olimipco, for example, which can hold around 80,000 people, I think that we could allow around 20,000 to 25,000 fans to enter."
Watch Serie A live in the UK on Premier Sports for just £9.99 per month including live LaLiga, Eredivisie, Scottish Cup Football and more. Visit: https://www.premiersports.com/subscribenow
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Шиньша () — село в Моркинском районе Республики Марий Эл России. Административный центр одноимённого сельского поселения.

Численность населения —  человек.

География
Село находится в 26 км к востоку от центра муниципального района — пгт Морки. Расположено на берегах реки Шиньшинка, притока Шоры.

История
В экономических примечаниях Царевококшайского уезда XVIII века отмечена деревня «Тушак, Шеншатож» с 37 дворами. В 1763 году здесь насчитывалось 110 душ мужского пола.

Позже сюда переселились из деревни Малая Кушня. В 1845 году было открыто сельское приходское училище. В 1859 году в селе Богородское (Тушак Шинша) находилось 78 дворов, проживали 143 мужчины и 194 женщины.

В начале XX века в селе Шиньша числилось 79 дворов, 206 мужчин, 205 женщин. Крестьянин Ф. Михайлов имел ветряную мельницу, конно-обдирочная мельница была у И. Михайлова. На реке Шора работала водяная мельница крестьянина из села Большая Атня Казанского уезда.

В 1917 году в селе работал фельдшерский пункт. В 1919 году организуется сельский комитет бедноты. Организатором стал И. П. Петров. Он был первым председателем Марийского облисполкома и репрессирован в 1938 году.

В 1921 году была организована сельхозкоммуна им. Петрова. 21 июня 1924 года основано Шиньшинское сельскохозяйственное кредитное товарищество с 123 членами.

В 1924 году в селе проживало 582 человека, из них — 523 мари, остальные — русские. Имелись противопожарный сарай, 1 машина, противопожарные инструменты. В 1926—1927 годах фельдшерский пункт преобразован в амбулаторно-врачебный пункт. В 1927 году построено деревянное здание Шиньшинской больницы.

В 1929 году организована изба-читальня.

В марте 1929 года образован колхоз «Ушнымаш», куда вошло 11 хозяйств. В 1932 году колхоз разделился на два хозяйства: колхоз «Ушнымаш» (село Шиньша) и колхоз им. Петрова (деревня Нижняя Шиньша).

В 1932 году в селе проживали 614 человек, из них — 580 мари, остальные — русские.

До апреля 1935 года в селе Шиньша действовала православная церковь. Деревянная Казанско-Богородицкая церковь первоначально построена в 1836 году на средства прихожан и при участии благотворителей. Но в 1880 году она сгорела и вместо неё в 1888 году построено другое деревянное здание церкви.

В годы Великой Отечественной войны из села ушли на фронт 283 человека, вернулись 137.

В 1944 году в селе Шиньша был открыт детский дом. Потом его перевели в ныне несуществующую деревню Алексеевка, что в 10 км от села Шиньша. В 1946 году при Шиньшинской школе открыта семилетняя школа сельской молодежи. Обучение велось на марийском языке.

В 1951 году организована Шиньшинская МТС. Начал работать в 1954 году Шиньшинский маслозавод, который подчинялся Моркинскому маслозаводу.

В 1967 году в селе поставлен памятник воинам, погибшим в годы Великой Отечественной войны.

В 1973 году Указом Президиума Верховного Совета Марийской АССР в состав села Шиньша вошла деревня Нижняя Шиньша.

В 1980 году в селе Шиньша Шиньшинского сельсовета находилось 340 хозяйств, проживали 584 мужчины и 704 женщины. В селе находилась центральная усадьба колхоза им. Ленина.

В 2004 году в селе Шиньша проживали 1328 человек, имелось 418 хозяйств, из них 29 — пустующие. Дома в селе деревянные и каменные.

Население

Экономика

Сельское хозяйство
 Сельскохозяйственная артель «Передовик».

Транспорт
Находится в 1 километре от автодороги регионального значения  Морки — Уньжинский — Параньга.

Имеет автобусное сообщение с Шоруньжей, Морками, Йошкар-Олой, Казанью.

Образовательно-воспитательные учреждения
 Шиньшинская средняя общеобразовательная школа .
 Школа-сад.

Культура
 Шиньшинский социально-культурный комплекс.
 Шиньшинская библиотека.

Здравоохранение
 Шиньшинская врачебная амбулатория.
 Шиньшинский ветеринарный участок.

Религия
Церковь Казанской иконы Божией Матери
В 2011 году на сходе местных жителей было решено начать строительство храма. В течение трёх лет на средства верующих был возведен деревянный храм. В 2014 году были завершены окончательные работы: обустройство внутреннего помещения, поставлен иконостас. Освящна церковь 14 июня 2014 года. .

Связь
 Шиньшинское отделение почтовой связи.

Примечания

Литература

Ссылки
 Администрация муниципального образования «Моркинский муниципальный район» .

Населённые пункты Моркинского района


[Source: Roosevelt Row CDC] — On September 29, 2012, Roosevelt Row CDC will host the first-annual Roosevelt Row Chile Pepper Festival. "The homage to the Southwestern ingredient will feature heapin' helpin's of the Valley's best green chile dishes" from local celebrity chefs, restaurants and gourmet food trucks. Details here.
Posted on September 1, 2012, in Dining, Downtown Vitality, Evans-Churchill. Bookmark the permalink.	Leave a comment.


The NFL isn't the only football league weighing whether to give coaches more power to challenge officiating decisions.
The CFL's rules committee Thursday approved a plan to allow coaches to challenge pass interference penalties and uncalled, but possible, pass interference fouls, the league reported on its website. The proposal must still be ratified by the league's board of governors later this spring.
In the final three minutes, coaches can challenge pass interference just once, and only if the challenging team has a timeout.
Upon the challenge, the pass interference penalty — or unflagged play that could constitute pass interference — would be reviewed by video.
The NFL is weighing a proposal from New England that would allow coaches to challenge all judgment calls, including pass interference.
Gee it's about time they started to evolve their rulebook. Fix it up completely and then I'll start watching and probably end up buying tickets and merchandise. I would love to see a fully professional football league in action. That would be a lot of fun and very interesting competition.
That makes so much sense, the NFL will never do it.
One of the main problems with the NFL replay system is the amount of time it takes to review a play, it's crazy.
The NHL's is so fast, you actually wonder how they do it.
The NFL, more than anything, needs to cut down, or ideally, eliminate as many judgement calls as possible. Instead they seem to be adding more (see "Don't say the N word" rule). Judgement calls just give the refs too much power and control over a game.
The CFL also has challenges reviewed from a central headquarters, to hopefully remove any bias from the official overturning their own crew's decision.
I thing it would be a bit much to be able to review everything (ie. holding, etc.) but pass interference can be a 50+ yard penalty, so it makes sense to get it right as the impact on the game is usually greater.
I would have no problem with any call being subject to a challenge. Just leave the number of challenges as they are today but let the coaches use them how they will. It is then their decision how they use them and if they want to wait for an erroneous call or just use them willy nilly.
Billicheck will never allow this to happen in the NFL.
Best idea I've heard all day.
Yeah because the CFL could stand to be slower.
If the CFL went to NFL regulation sized fields, and rules, then the NFL would have a minor leagues to develop talent!! Other than that, no-one cares what the CFL does!
BTW, the NHL calls Toronto. Their reviews are centralized, and not a guy in the booth.
Pass interference penalties are commonly used by refs to fix games in favor of the gamblers that paid them off.
The ability to challenge those penalties will improve (though not fix) the integrity of the game.
Only one thing to do with Pass Interference rules. Junk them. Return to 10 and 15 yard penalties MAX. Unless a player is interfered with in the End Zone. Also allow players on both sides to hand check more all over the field as long as movement on the ball is not being restricted. Those kind of changes would eliminate most of the need to make catastrophic hits to dislodge the ball. Because rules allowing catastrophic yardage gains from a PI penalty would be eliminated. Catastrophic 30-80 yard penalties are simply ridiculous for any kind of play. And no fair analog exists on the defensive side. It allows Offensive coaches to actually program fake interference acting & moves into the offensive scheme. Thus severely compromising integrity of NFL Officials.
I have asked this question so many times before, and have never received a satisfactory answer.
How the NFL or and League can allow a possible officiating error of such magnitude not be challengeable is a complete joke! Games can be lost when a receiver initiates contact with a defender, but the defender gets called for interference, moving the offense into field goal range.


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Carl Ludwig Traugott Glaeser (* 14. September 1747 in Ehrenfriedersdorf; † 31. Januar 1797 in Weißenfels) war ein deutscher Komponist und Kantor an der Stadtkirche in Weißenfels.

Familie
Glaeser war der Sohn des Ehrenfriedersdorfer Rektors Carl Gotthelf Glaeser der Ältere (1715–1792) und seiner Ehefrau Charlotte Stieler (1722–1789). Er stammte aus einer sächsischen Kantorenfamilie, die zahlreiche Kantoren und Pastoren hervorgebracht hat.

Er heiratete 1775 Amalie Marie Ziesche (1756–1832) und hatte mit ihr zehn Kinder, darunter
 die Tochter Friederike (1778–1819), die den Landrat von Naumburg (Saale) Carl Peter Lepsius (1775–1853) heiratete,
 die Tochter Charlotte (1779–1851), die den Bergwerksdirektor Carl Gotthelf Wellner (1762–1834) heiratete,
 den Sohn und Komponisten Carl Gotthelf Glaeser der Jüngere (1784–1829)
 sowie den Kaufmann in Berlin und Rittergutsbesitzer Carl Heinrich Glaeser (1786–1849) und
 die jüngste Tochter Julie (1794–1875), die nach dem frühen Tod ihrer Schwester den Landrat von Naumburg (Saale) Carl Peter Lepsius (1775–1853) heiratete und deren Kinder erzog.

Werdegang
Glaeser besuchte von 1761 bis 1769 die Thomasschule in Leipzig, wo er Schüler des Thomaskantors Johann Friedrich Doles war. Anschließend erfolgte bis 1771 ein Studium der Musik an der Universität Leipzig. Nach dem Examen trat Glaeser die Stelle des Kantors an der Stadtkirche und am Gymnasium illustre Augusteum in Weißenfels an.

Werke
Zu seinen bekanntesten Kompositionen gehört das 1792 entstandene Lied Feinde ringsum, dessen Melodie Johann Heinrich Christian Nonne 1814 für sein (heute bekannteres) Gedicht Flamme empor zur Siegesfeier der Völkerschlacht bei Leipzig von 1813 verwendete.
1791 entstanden Kurze Klavierstücke zum Gebrauche beim Unterricht. Auch als Komponist von Klavieretüden ist er hervorgetreten.

Literatur
 Deutsches Geschlechterbuch, C.A.Starke Verlag, Görlitz, 1914, Band 28

Komponist (Deutschland)
Komponist (Kirchenmusik)
Komponist (Klassik)
Christlicher Kantor
Deutscher
Geboren 1747
Gestorben 1797
Mann