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The development of oral motor control and language
Katie Alcock
Motor control has long been associated with language skill, in deficits, both acquired and developmental, and in typical development. Most evidence comes from limb praxis however; the link between oral motor control and speech and language has been neglected, despite the fact that most language users talk with their mouths. Oral motor control is affected in a variety of developmental disorders, including Down syndrome. However, its development is poorly understood. We investigated oral motor control in three groups: adults with acquired aphasia, individuals with developmental dysphasia, and typically developing children. In individuals with speech and language difficulties, oral motor control was impaired. More complex movements and sets of movements were even harder for individuals with language impairments. In typically developing children (21-24 months), oral motor control was found to be related to language skills. In both studies, a closer relationship was found between language and complex oral movements than simple oral movements. This relationship remained when the effect of overall cognitive ability was removed. Children who were poor at oral movements were not good at language, although children who were good at oral movements could fall anywhere on the distribution of language abilities. Oral motor skills may be a necessary precursor for language skills.
Alcock, K. (2006) The development of oral motor control and language. Down Syndrome Research and Practice , 11(1), 1-8. doi:10.3104/reports.310
Evidence for a link between motor control and language
In examining the relationship between motor control and language development and disorders, there is a contrast between the large amount that is known about limb motor control and the small amount that is known about oral motor control. For example, it has long been known that the first stages of language development occur in parallel with the first stages of gesture development, and that children whose first gestures are earlier than average usually also say their first words earlier than average ( Bates et al., 1979 ). Recent data also show that children who are late in the onset of both spontaneous communicative gesture and spoken language are more likely to remain delayed than those who start making communicative gestures at a typical age but whose speech is also delayed ( Thal et al., 1997 ). There is also a strong association between limb motor control difficulties and language impairment ( Hill, 2001 ), which appear to share a common genetic basis ( Bishop, 2002 ). This imbalance in research exists despite the fact that the majority of language users speak, rather than sign. We now turn to work on the development of oral motor skills.
Oral motor development
There has been little work to date on how oral motor control develops in children, and much of this has been concentrated on the feeding behaviour of young infants or developmentally disabled children (a selection of recent work includes Fucile et al . , 2005 ; Johnson & Harris, 2004 ; Mason et al . , 2005 ; Rogers & Arvedson, 2005 ), with no investigation of any possible link to language development. Some studies purporting to examine oral motor control and language focus on diadochokinesis, the ability to repeat speech syllables as fast as possible, which seems to stray from the definition of nonverbal oral motor skill, and which also has questionable value in diagnosis of oral praxis difficulties ( Yaruss & Logan, 2002 ).
Given this background, we are not yet sure, for example, when children might reach adult functional levels of oral motor skill. For example, Landt and Ingervall (1975) suggest that an adult level of skill may not be reached by 11 years, while more speech-like aspects of development may reach their adult level around 14 years ( Smith & Zelaznik, 2004 ). In contrast, other authors suggest that mature skill levels may be reached at a much younger age ( Stark & Blackwell, 1997 ).
Associations in disorders
Much of the research into the relationship between nonverbal oral motor control and language development has been inspired by a multiplicity of studies showing that language dysfunction and oral motor dysfunction often occur together. My own research shows similar patterns of impairment in developmental and acquired verbal dyspraxia ( Alcock et al . , 2000b , see also details below). Indeed, generally acquired oral dyspraxia and acquired nonfluent dysphasia are found to be associated ( Mateer & Kimura, 1977 ). Although dissociations between these two have been found ( Masdeu & O'Hara, 1983 ), the association is common enough to suggest a link of some kind; dissociations in adult acquired dysfunction do not necessarily suggest modularity in development ( Karmiloff-Smith, 1998 ).
Oral motor skill is found to be impaired in many developmental disorders where spoken language is also impaired: it is commonly impaired in autism ( Adams, 1998 ; Amato & Slavin, 1998 ; Page & Boucher, 1998 ); oral motor difficulties are more commonly found in autistic children than limb motor difficulties. Oral motor control has frequently been found to be impaired in Down syndrome, and this seems to stem not just from oral weaknesses but to involve some degree of dyspraxia ( Kumin & Adams, 2000 ; Kumin & Bahr, 1999 ; Spender et al . , 1995 ). In children with specific language impairment (SLI), very few studies have looked at oral motor control but in those that have, associations have been found. For example, Stark and Blackwell (1997) found that oral motor skills were associated with both nonword repetition and phoneme identification in SLI.
There has in particular been a suggestion that developmental verbal dyspraxia cannot exist without nonverbal, oral dyspraxia ( Stackhouse & Snowling, 1992 ). With these associations in mind, study 1 investigated the oral motor abilities of a group of individuals with a developmental speech and language impairment, the KE family.
Study 1 - Oral motor control in developmental and acquired speech and language impairment
Specific speech and language impairment seems to occur in between 2-7% of children, who have no global learning disability, sensory impairment, or social impairment such as an autistic spectrum disorder, which might explain their language delay. Strictly speaking, individuals with SLI should have nonverbal IQ in the normal range. There is much evidence that SLI can be genetic and the KE family follows this pattern. This family has around 30 members in three generations of whom 50% have a speech and language impairment, and the pattern of inheritance seems to be dominant, with full penetrance ( Fisher et al . , 1998 ).
The KE family's language skills were first reported by Gopnik and Crago (1991), who suggested they had specific problems with formation of regular past tense forms, and in particular that they had no significant articulation problem past childhood; Pinker (1995) went on to claim that the family did not resemble adult aphasic individuals in their language or other abilities. However, Vargha-Khadem et al. , (1995) found that affected family members had difficulty with both regular and irregular past tense, that other grammatical structures were impaired, as well as most other tests of speech and language, and that affected family members had lower IQ scores than unaffected family members. These findings suggested that nonverbal skills might also be affected. In addition to oral motor skill ( Alcock et al., 2000b ), musical pitch and timing skills were investigated ( Alcock et al . , 2000a ). Because of the common finding of oral motor difficulties in individuals with acquired speech and language impairment, a group of such individuals with acquired left hemisphere (LH) lesions were included. In addition, there was the possibility that there might be some bilateral neural deficits in affected family members, and indeed evidence has emerged for this ( Watkins et al . , 2002 ), as well as for some right hemisphere involvement in oral praxis ( Bizzozero et al . , 2000 ). A group of individuals with analogous acquired right hemisphere (RH) lesions were therefore included. Eleven affected family members (mean age 21.1, SD 15.7) were compared with 56 age-matched controls (mean age 25.8, SD 20.8), and likewise older adults with acquired unilateral lesions (nine LH, mean age 57.44, SD 18.27, ten RH, mean age 63.00, SD 7.52) were compared with 23 older age- and years-of-education-matched controls (mean age 61.96, SD 10.28).
The oral motor tasks used here are administered by a tester seated opposite the participant, who videotapes the testing session for later scoring. Each set of movements is first administered to command and secondly to imitation. There are four sets of movements: Simple movements, involving only one set of muscles (example: open the mouth); Complex movements involving more than one set of muscles (example: whistle); Temporal sequences of movements, involving three movements, one after the other (example: first open the mouth, then stick out the tongue, then say "Ah"); Parallel (or simultaneous) movements, involving three movements simultaneously (example: all at the same time, open the mouth, stick out the tongue, and say "Ah"). Details of the movements used can be found in Alcock (1995).
Figure 1 | Performance of language impaired groups and controls on oral motor tasks.
Details of the differences between affected family members, individuals with acquired unilateral lesions, and age-matched controls can be found in Alcock et al. , (2000b). In summary, the affected family members performed worse overall, and even worse on the more complex conditions - single complex movements, and combinations of movements. Imitation aided performance for all subjects and aided performance more on the more complex conditions but the effect of this was no different for the affected family members than for the age-matched controls. The same pattern of results was seen for the participants with acquired aphasia. The individuals with acquired RH lesions performed more poorly than age-matched controls, but not even more poorly on harder movements. There was no difference between affected family members and age-matched controls on simple, single movements performed either to imitation or command, and likewise the individuals with acquired aphasia performed at the same level as controls on these simple, single movements to imitation but more poorly to command. The performance of the two language-impaired groups and the age-matched controls can be seen in Figure 1 .
Overall the affected family members are impaired in their performance of oral movements - apart from simple single movements. The harder the movements become, the larger the difference between the participants with either developmental or acquired language impairments, and their control subjects. The pattern of impairment for the two groups is very similar. This impairment is unlikely to be due to language comprehension difficulties, as movements which were imitated were impaired as well as those that were performed to command; imitation improved performance equally for all subjects, not differentially for those with language difficulties.
From this, and other data ( Alcock et al . , 2000a ), it can be seen that the affected family members have pervasive nonverbal deficits, as well as their wide-ranging language difficulties. Although the majority of family members do have IQ scores within the typical range, and could therefore be classified as having specific language impairment, this family is not entirely similar to many individuals with SLI, in that some affected family members have lower IQ scores and could not necessarily be classified as having specific language impairment, and also in that most affected family members ( Gopnik & Crago, 1991 , notwithstanding) can be clearly identified by most listeners as having speech coordination difficulties - as being dyspraxic. This very obvious difficulty is not found in many older children and adults with a history of SLI, who nonetheless have real difficulties with language. However, some studies find that children who have an identifiable speech impairment when they are younger can go on to have solely 'language' difficulties when they are older ( Felsenfeld et al . , 1992 ; Lewis et al . , 2004 ). Although it may be possible to identify more older children and adults who have similar concurrent language difficulties and oral motor difficulties, it may be that these oral motor difficulties are more likely to be found in younger children, and it is also possible that these could be the precursor to a language difficulty. This possibility led to study 2.
Study 2 - Oral motor control in typical language development
The average age at which children undergo a burst in vocabulary development, and start to combine words into sentences, is 21 months ( Bates et al . , 1995 ). As this is the fastest point of development, and the point of greatest individual differences, this is an ideal time-point at which to examine individual differences in oral motor and language skill.
Briefly, a variety of explanations have been put forward for the sudden increase in vocabulary development and its association with grammatical development. Werker et al. , (2002) suggest that an improvement in word perception may lead to this change, whereas Naigles (1990) hypothesises that syntax assists word learning. The idea that the same neural network underlies both grammatical and lexical development is put forward by Elman et al. , (1996), and in a similar explanation, Bates and Goodman (1997) argue that grammar is part of lexicon so that children necessarily learn both together. It is important, therefore, to examine associations of oral motor control with both lexical and grammatical development.
What, then, do we know about associations between these two skills in typical development? There is in fact very little data on this link. Moore and Ruark ( Moore & Ruark, 1996 ) used EMG recordings to examine the coordination of activity in feeding behaviour and speech motor behaviour, and suggested that these were not linked. However, the types of motor activity examined in the non-speech category in this study were mainly those involving a single set of muscles - opening and closing the mouth, chewing etc. - which were not found to be impaired in individuals with language impairments in Study 1. A small body of research finds immature oromotor function and immature speech processes difficult if not impossible to separate, even up to 10 years ( Qvarnstrom et al., 1994 ). We set out to investigate this link further. If such a link is found at the time of the vocabulary burst, would it, as with associations with language disorders, be dependent on the difficulty of the movements used? Would there be any particular association with vocabulary, or with grammar? Would such a link merely be dependent on some level of general maturity, which might also be shown in gross motor development, or in cognitive development?
Test and participant details
As in Study 1, a test was devised which involved the experimenter sitting with the child and videoing their movements for later scoring. At this young age, however, children are not capable of responding to instructions involving oral movements so the movements were all demonstrated by the experimenter, and where possible props were provided to help the child understand what was required as part of the movement. Again, simple movements involving only one set of muscles (example: opening the mouth, with a puppet to copy) and complex movements involving more than one set of muscles (example: licking the lips, with honey to lick off the lips) were used. Speeded, repeated movements (example: open and close the mouth as fast as possible, copying the puppet) were also used, although sequences and combinations of movements were not used with this age group. Details of the movements used can be found in the Appendix. Children's language skills were assessed using the Macarthur-Bates CDI ( Fenson et al . , 1994 ), which parents complete, and which includes questions directed at children's expressive vocabulary and at their use of increasingly complex word combinations and grammatical morphemes. Cognitive development was assessed using the Parent-based Assessment of Cognitive Abilities (PARCA - Saudino et al . , 1998 ), and gross motor development using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development ( Bayley, 1993 ).
Twenty-four infants aged 20.5 to 21.5 months were assessed, (mean = 21.1, SD = .25, comprising 18 boys 6 girls). The infants were recruited from the local maternity ward at birth for infant research, and were all full term, with no diagnosis of developmental disorder or hearing loss, and with English the only language spoken in the home.
Total content words used
Total function words used
Sentence complexity score
Oral motor total score
Complex oral movements total score
Repeated movements total score
* p < .05
Table 1 | Correlations between oral motor skill and language use.
The overall correlation between the total score on the oral motor battery and the total vocabulary as measured on the CDI was not significant (r = .293). However, complex, simple, and repeated movements had different relationships to language skills in previous studies ( Alcock & Gordon, 2002 ; Alcock et al., 2000b ), and a specific relationship between grammatical vocabulary and oral motor skill was also found in previous research with typically developing 24-month olds ( Alcock & Gordon, 2002 ). Table 1 shows the correlations between content words, function words, and complexity (a rough measure of MLU), and scores for simple, complex, and repeated movements. It can be seen that the score for complex oral movements correlates significantly with all measures of language. Figure 2 shows the relationship between complex oral motor skill and total vocabulary.
It could be possible, however, that this correlation is due to a general maturity or cognitive ability factor: children who are good at language are also good at everything else. In fact, oral motor skills correlate significantly with the child's score on the Bayley Scales (Motor) (r = .517, p = .011). However, Bayley (Motor) scores do not correlate significantly with children's vocabularies (r = .172, p > .05).
Oral motor skills also correlate significantly with children's scores on the PARCA (r = .564, p = .005), and the correlation between the PARCA and total vocabulary approaches significance (r = .406, p = .061). However, linear regression shows that oral motor skill still has a significant relationship with vocabulary when the effect of PARCA scores is removed ( t = 2.54, df = 2, 19, p = .019)
It can be seen from Figure 2 that lower levels of oral motor skill almost invariably correspond to lower levels of language, while children with higher levels of oral motor skill have a range of language skills. This relationship was confirmed with a Chi-square test looking at the numbers of children who fell above and below 100 words on the CDI and a score of 50% on the complex oral movements tasks (Chi-sq = 4.02, df = 1, p = .045)
Figure 2 | Scatter plot of complex oral motor skill and vocabulary on the CDI
Study 2 shows that language and oral motor skill are linked in normal development; this is a replication and extension of very similar findings in a previous study with children aged 24 months ( Alcock & Gordon, 2002 ). This link is separate from the link between cognitive and language abilities, and is highly relevant for theories of language impairment: if poor oral motor skill can contribute to poor language, regardless of a child's cognitive skill, for some children who appear to have cognitive skill in the typical range, poor oral motor skill could lead to poor speech and language skills.
There are a number of explanations for this link. It may be that children who have good imitation abilities perform well on both language tests and oral motor tests. In this study, language and cognitive skills were not assessed in the laboratory but by the parent, based on their observation of the child's language at home. These measures therefore did not depend directly on imitative ability, but language skill is still associated with oral motor skill, and to some extent with cognitive ability. Gross motor skill, in contrast, was assessed in the laboratory using both imitation and command to elicit movements, yet did not correlate with language. In addition, not all imitated movements had a relationship with language: in Study 1, simple, single movements performed to imitation were not impaired even in the most severely aphasic individuals; and in Study 2, the same simple movements did not show a significant relationship to language ability.
In our previous study ( Alcock & Gordon, 2002 ), a stronger relationship was found between oral motor skill and grammatical morphemes and words, than between oral motor skill and content words. In the current study the correlation was also slightly higher between complex oral movements and function words than content words. This is interesting given the particular difficulties reported by some observers with grammatical parts of speech, by children with SLI ( Van der Lely, 1993 ). One possible explanation for this particular finding is that function words, and grammatical morphemes, are generally shorter words in English, as well as being unstressed. Where, say, a child can pronounce less than half the phonemes in a word, and that word has several phonemes ( e.g. "elephant"), the result ( e.g. /εfə/) will be more comprehensible if the word has three phonemes ( e.g. "that"), and the child can only pronounce one ( e.g. /?æ/). Parents may thus miss those attempts at shorter words a child is in fact making. Alternatively, children could be aware of their less intelligible attempts at words, and could miss out shorter words where they find their own productions are not as close to the target.
Previous studies of the link between oral motor skills and language have tended ed to look at simple movements more closely resembling eating movements ( Moore & Ruark, 1996 ), or fast repeated movements ( Dworkin & Culatta, 1985 ), neither of which seem to have a relationship with language development and disorders in these two studies. Our data suggest that more difficult oral movements are more closely related to language skills, possibly because they are more speech-like.
From these results, it seems that children who are poor at oral movements before they are two years old are also poor at language skills at the same age. Children who are good at oral motor skills may however be anywhere on the spectrum of language use. This implies that oral motor skills are a necessary, but not sufficient, prerequisite for good language skills. It is possible that this will translate into prediction of later language use by earlier oral motor skills - planned follow-up of the same children when they are three years old will be able to tell us if this is the case. In addition, we need to know more about how oral motor skills develop in young children, before we can investigate further the link between oral motor skills and language development and impairments.
Study 1 was supported by an MRC PhD studentship to the author, and was carried out as part of my DPhil thesis at Oxford University. Study 2 was supported by an ESRC small grant (RES-000-22-0054) to the author. Data for study 2 were collected by Kirsty Krawczyk at Lancaster University.
Katie Alcock • Department of Psychology, University of Lancaster, Fylde College, Lancaster LA1 4YF • E-mail: k.j.alcock@lancaster.ac.uk
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Appendix: Oral motor scale for children under 39 months
Single Movements
Each item was scored on the following scale, and the scores were totalled:
0 - No Attempt
1 - Attempted
2 - Completed Successfully
1) Open the mouth wide (copy a puppet)
2) Turn down the corners of the lips (frowning - copy the experimenter)
3) Close the lips tightly together (copy puppet)
4) Stretch the lips wide (smiling - copy experimenter)
5) Blow the cheeks out (copy experimenter)
6) Stick the tongue out (copy puppet)
7) Bring the front teeth together (biting a plastic baby spoon)
8) Make the lips round and blow, child is scored on ability to make the round shape and control the blowing (blowing soap bubbles using commercial or home-made toy)
9) Kissing (place flavoured lip salve and press lips together over a piece of flexible clear plastic - both lips should make a mark on the plastic)
10) Place honey on lips and lick off (use other sticky food if necessary - copy experimenter and lick sideways, not just moving tongue in and out)
Numbers 5, 6, 8, 9, and 10 are classified as complex movements (requiring more than one set of muscles).
Repeated Movements
For all tests: the experimenter starts slowly and then speeds up. The movements were timed using the slow playback (frame by frame) function of a video editing machine but the maximum time of 10 seconds for each set was also timed using a stop watch, during the testing session. If the child stops or slows down before 10 seconds were over they were encouraged to continue but the period of continuous repetition was counted even if this was less than 10 seconds.
Either a puppet or the experimenter's demonstration was used for all of the repetition tasks, which were as follows:
1) Open and close the mouth repeatedly
2) Stick the tongue out and in repeatedly
3) Make an "ah" sound in the throat repeatedly
4) Alternating Movements: open the mouth, then stick the tongue out, then close the mouth
Each item was scored:
0 = No attempt
1 = Any Attempt
2 = Completes for 10sec
In addition the total number of correct movements in the total time used, or 10 seconds (whichever is shorter), the total number of completed plus attempted movements in the same time (all movements), and the time used, were all noted. From these was calculated the rate of performing correct movements, the rate of performing all movements, and the ratio of correct to all movements.
https://library.down-syndrome.org/en-gb/research-practice/11/1/development-oral-motor-control-language/


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The teaser photos shows the twins in a cute concept: they are dressed in a Strawberry Costume holding a Straw and a fork to emphasize the Strawberry Milk concept and another teaser pic is that they are bathing from a strawberry milk bath tub with strawberry printed bath robes. Can't wait for this duo to debut! They're faces are really cute that it is very compatible to their concept. Who's excited for their debut? And who's anticipating on these girls dance step once again? ^^ Do you think this duo will make another hit?
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Can't wait to hear Ways song writing skills , looking forward to this !


Years ago, a wise man named Steve Taylor told me how he and his pal, guitarist/producer Dave Perkins, were lamenting the death of new wave. The problem, he said, was that they didn't know what the next step was. Well, wherever Mr. Taylor has disappeared to, I'm sure he would agree that Chagall Guevara is certainly a step in the right direction.
"Chagall Guevara?" I know. Sounds like a cologne. Or a Julio Iglesias cover band. Pronounce it "Chicago Vera" and it could be a professional lady wrestler. Since my review copy came sans any sort of literature--credits, lyrics, the usual--my best guess is that Chagall Guevara is a band of angry young men who grew up listening to the Stones and The Clash, and maybe grew disillusioned through previous experiences with the music industry.
"This house is crumbling / This property's condemned," the vocalist intones in "Murder in the Big House," implying the band's interest in architecture gone bad. As pieces fit together, the listener realizes the band is angry about something much larger--a fallen world. Jangling guitars, simple pop riffs, and generally cynical disposition liken Chagall Guevara to R.E.M. But while R.E.M. complains about the symptoms (politics, failed relationships), Chagall Guevara goes right to the source. The album presents a world of pain, loneliness and imperfection, where love loses its importance, money doesn't buy what it used to, and people make the mistake of answering wrong numbers.
While that sounds pretty bleak, Chagall Guevara doesn't seem too dragged down. They aren't suicidal or nihilistic; just practical. A sense of humor sneaks through in places, such as the performance art of "The Wrong George," and there even appears to be a glimmer of hope at the end of the album in "If It All Comes True," as they dare to believe in the impossible.
The whole picture painted by Chagall Guevara isn't readily available, of course--some songs only hint at what they might be about--but there are bits and pieces here and there that engage the listener. While a lyric sheet would help, I suspect the intention is to grab the listener by the collar and make them figure the album out for themselves, kind of like robbers breaking into your house and then expecting you to help them with the couch.
If that's the plan, then the music certainly fits the bill: a couple of tunes, such as the superb "I Need Somebody," do sound like R.E.M. (on a good day, I might add), but Chagall Guevara seems to have a larger range. It's not obvious at first; you've got to play it loud. "Murder in the Big House," through the sheer force of its guitars, makes an interesting dance-rocker; the slow, bluesy "Monkey Grinder" grinds away indeed, packing an unexpected wallop in its tempo; "Love Canal" has an oddly nostalgic pogo-pop feel to it, but with a much fuller sound.
Of note is the production quality, as well. Sometimes, when your basic rock combo belts out a few, the temptation is to let the guitars die with lifeless acoustics. The cuts here have a sheen to them, a nice spacious quality for the guitars to bounce you around with. It appears that, after the robbers make you help them load the truck, at least they're kind enough to straighten your tie.
Of course, Chagall Guevara is Steve Taylor (who gave us classic ccm LP's like I Want to be a Clone , On the Fritz , and I Predict 1990 ), David Perkins (Taylor's producer the last time out, a solo artist who gave us The Innocence on What? Records, and who played and produced for Rick Cua, Randy Stonehill, and Servant), Lynn Nichols (one time member of the Phil Keaggy Band, and an A&R person for Myrrh, who also produced the latest from Keaggy, Sunday's Child and Find Me in These Fields ), Mike Mead (former drummer with Rick Cua's band, and for Keaggy sessions); those with great expectation will certainly be delighted with the finished product. But for the rest of us all we know is that Chagall Guevara is a quality debut from a band that isn't afraid to speak its mind--and have fun while it's doing it. We'll be looking for more of these guys for years to come.


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How much so ever we are miles apart, how much different cultures be…..something remains the same everywhere-reverence to that God. The ways might differ to offer, to prayer but the sole purpose remains the same remain blessed by that Almighty. The days might differ, the occasions may differ, the name with which they are called are different but celebration in the name of that omnipresent for all what he has bestowed on us remains same.
We celebrate Lohri in North india, Pongal in Tamil Nadu, Onam in Kerala, Bihu in Assam, Baisakhi in Punjab; all with same purpose of giving a good harvest this season. We thank God for all his bestowing and various gifts he has endowed with us. And this doesn't changes when you cross seven seas even. And Thanksgiving is primarily celebrated in US and Canada with same purpose. With this Globalisation thing booming up, the world has shrunk so fast that we have crossed the barriers that might have existed once. But with this comes the onus to know other cultures as well and respect them dually. So why not this November let us dig into the Thanksgiving festival of the west that is now celebrated with equal zeal in rest of the world too.
Thanksgiving is celebrated on second Monday of October in Canada and forth Thursday of November in US. This festival lays its origin in European culture when festivals were celebrated before and after harvest season and rejoice together after much hard work with rest of the community. Thanksgiving Day is a day of Communal celebration and a day of responsibility when people thank for all the good bestowed on them in this life. This is done by offering prayers, gifting near and dear ones and having meals together.
There are certain traditions that followed during Thanksgiving such as Family reunion and Feasting, Tradition of Turkey, Parades and Football games. The entire family sits together for the dinner and offer prayer to Almighty for what all he has given to us and his continuous grace. The traditional stuffed Turkey adorns every dining table without which the celebration is incomplete. That is a different thing that nobody knows if it was the part of the celebration the very first time when Thanksgiving was celebrated. Parades became part of the celebration when Abraham Lincoln declared it as an official celebration. The full dress parade is a way to display country's military strength and discipline. The sole motto is to lift the spirits of the spectators and entertain them to the most. Parades are accompanied with musical shows and celebrities. There is a vibe everywhere that entices you to just breathe the festivity with full fervor.
This has come up as a communal gesture celebrated all over the world. In a communal effort to bring all the people close to each other and disown hatred and enmity towards each other year 2000 was declared as international year of Thanksgiving by United Nations. This serves the purpose of fostering cultural relations among different countries.
It is a day when there is sweetness all around. People convey their love to the near and dear ones. People send loving messages and warm wishes to near ones and relatives. How can we forget the brightest part of celebrations i.e. decoration? Homes as well as churches are decorated. In India, Thanksgiving is primarily celebrated in Goa with full pomp and show under the name Ladin or Ladainha.
So wherever you go the basic values and traditions of mankind just do not change and this is what connects us all throughout. This is the biggest indication that whatever be the present scenario, we all have one origin, one root. We are just the off shoots of various cultures and liberties. And festivals like this give us a genuine reason to rejoice in the name that one Almighty and be one. There is so much in this world to earn but nothing like earning unanimity all over the globe, the oneness that defies all hatred accumulated over years and ages.


text:
A New Backdoor Around the Fourth Amendment: The CLOUD Act
By David Ruiz
There's a new, proposed backdoor to our data, which would bypass our Fourth Amendment protections to communications privacy. It is built into a dangerous bill called the CLOUD Act, which would allow police at home and abroad to seize cross-border data without following the privacy rules where the data is stored.
This backdoor is an insidious method for accessing our emails, our chat logs, our online videos and photos, and our private moments shared online between one another. This backdoor would deny us meaningful judicial review and the privacy protections embedded in our Constitution.
This new backdoor for cross-border data mirrors another backdoor under Section 702 of the FISA Amendments Act, an invasive NSA surveillance authority for foreign intelligence gathering. That law, recently reauthorized and expanded by Congress for another six years, gives U.S. intelligence agencies, including the NSA, FBI, and CIA, the ability to search, read, and share our private electronic messages without first obtaining a warrant.
The new backdoor in the CLOUD Act operates much in the same way. U.S. police could obtain Americans' data, and use it against them, without complying with the Fourth Amendment.
For this reason, and many more, EFF strongly opposes the CLOUD Act.
The CLOUD Act (S. 2383 and H.R. 4943) has two major components. First, it empowers U.S. law enforcement to grab data stored anywhere in the world, without following foreign data privacy rules. Second, it empowers the president to unilaterally enter executive agreements with any nation on earth, even known human rights abusers. Under such executive agreements, foreign law enforcement officials could grab data stored in the United States, directly from U.S. companies, without following U.S. privacy rules like the Fourth Amendment, so long as the foreign police are not targeting a U.S. person or a person in the United States.
That latter component is where the CLOUD Act's backdoor lives.
When foreign police use their power under CLOUD Act executive agreements to collect a foreign target's data from a U.S. company, they might also collect data belonging to a non-target U.S. person who happens to be communicating with the foreign target. Within the numerous, combined foreign investigations allowed under the CLOUD Act, it is highly likely that related seizures will include American communications, including email, online chat, video calls, and internet voice calls.
Under the CLOUD Act's rules for these data demands from foreign police to U.S. service providers, this collection of Americans' data can happen without any prior, individualized review by a foreign or American judge. Also, it can happen without the foreign police needing to prove the high level of suspicion required by the U.S. Fourth Amendment: probable cause.
Once the foreign police have collected Americans' data, they often will be able to hand it over to U.S. law enforcement, which can use it to investigate Americans, and ultimately to bring criminal charges against them in the United States.
According to the bill, foreign police can share the content of a U.S person's communications with U.S. authorities so long as it "relates to significant harm, or the threat thereof, to the United States or United States persons." This nebulous standard is vague and overbroad. Also, the bill's hypotheticals indicate far-ranging data sharing by foreign police with U.S. authorities. From national security to violent crime, from organized crime to financial fraud, the CLOUD Act permits it all to be shared, and likely far more.
Moreover, the CLOUD Act allows the foreign police who collect Americans' communications to freely use that content against Americans, and to freely share it with additional nations.
To review: The CLOUD Act allows the president to enter an executive agreement with a foreign nation known for human rights abuses. Using its CLOUD Act powers, police from that nation inevitably will collect Americans' communications. They can share the content of those communications with the U.S. government under the flawed "significant harm" test. The U.S. government can use that content against these Americans. A judge need not approve the data collection before it is carried out. At no point need probable cause be shown. At no point need a search warrant be obtained.
This is wrong. Much like the infamous backdoor search loophole connected to broad, unconstitutional NSA surveillance under Section 702, the backdoor proposed in the CLOUD Act violates our Fourth Amendment right to privacy by granting unconstitutional access to our private lives online.
Also, when foreign police using their CLOUD Act powers inevitably capture metadata about Americans, they can freely share it with the U.S. government, without even showing "significant harm." Communications "content" is the words in an email or online chat, the recordings of an internet voice call, or the moving images and coordinating audio of a video call online. Communications "metadata" is the pieces of information that relate to a message, including when it was sent, who sent it, who received it, its duration, and where the sender was located when sending it. Metadata is enormously powerful information and should be treated with the same protection as content.
To be clear: the CLOUD Act fails to provide any limits on foreign police sharing Americans' metadata with U.S. police.
The CLOUD Act would be a dangerous overreach into our data. It seeks to streamline cross-border police investigations, but it tears away critical privacy protections to attain that goal. This is not a fair trade. It is a new backdoor search loophole around the Fourth Amendment.
Tell your representative today to reject the CLOUD Act.
Stop the CLOUD Act

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
multimodal interaction research group
Grigori Evreinov 's Home Page
ICCHP 2012!
12th Int. Conf. on Computers Helping People with Special Needs
University of Linz, Austria http://www.icchp.org
Alternative Interaction & Communication
Tactile, Haptic Input & Imaging
Hearing, Sound & Sonification
Assistive Technologies & Augmented Communications
Drivers & Utils
Auditory perception with sonification
Sound synthesis & analysis software
Spatial sound techniques and manipulation (sound input /output)
Multisensory multimodal & Sound Visualization
Special imaging & display technique, Paralanguage
Sonification Techniques for Special Needs
Technical Reports, Interesting Papers
HCI Laboratories & Researches
MIDI Tools & Resources
Other links within sound field
Audiometry standards
http://www.npl.co.uk/npl/acoustics/techguides/audiometry/
Mental Representation of Auditory Sources
Mental Representation of Body Space
http://www.vancouver.wsu.edu/fac/lakatos/
Neuro-Otometrie
http://www.hortmann.de/
Data Sonification projects
http://www.techfak.uni-bielefeld.de/~thermann/projects/
Gougoux F, Lepore F, Lassonde M, Voss P, Zatorre RJ, Belin P. (2004)
Pitch Discrimination in the Early Blind, Nature, 430, 309-310.
http://www.mapageweb.umontreal.ca/belinp/Publications_audition/Articles/Lepore_Belin_Nature_2004.pdf
Synthetic impact sounds
http://www.ipo.tue.nl/homepages/dhermes/
Auditory Perception of Material
http://www.cs.ubc.ca/spider/pai/interfaces.htm
R. L. Klatzky, D. K. Pai, and E. P. Krotkov, Perception of Material from Contact Sounds, Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 9:4, August 2000, The MIT Press. pp. 399-410
http://www.cs.ubc.ca/spider/pai/papers/KlPaKr00.pdf
Kees van den Doel, Sound Simulation
Real-time audio synthesis using JASS
http://www.cs.ubc.ca/~kvdoel/jass/jass.html
http://www.cs.ubc.ca/spider/kvdoel/sound_demo6.html
Auditory direct manipulation: Sonification of Towers of Hanoi
http://www.nada.kth.se/~fredrikw/ToH_prototyp/ToH.html
Sound Texture Mapping
http://graphics.snu.ac.kr/research/stm/index.html
Texture Sonification
http://www.lsi.usp.br/~sonifica/sonifica.html
John G. Neuhoff
http://pages.wooster.edu/jneuhoff/index.htm
From a visual civilization to an audio tactile culture
http://www.penezic-rogina.com/tokyo/2/index.html
http://www.penezic-rogina.com/tokyo/video/index.html
Fl. Dombois, Auditory Seismology (Time-compression)
http://www.gmd.de/projects/auditory-seismology/
http://www.gmd.de/projects/auditory-seismology/time-compression.html
Emotional melodies for mobile phones
http://www.speech.kth.se/music/mobilephone/
http://www.speech.kth.se/music/performance/performance_emotion.html
Sonified Line Graphs Demo, MultiVis project
http://www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/~lorna/MultiVis/mv_demos/Soundvis.htm
MP3 Surround Decoder/Player, Encoder, Development Kit, WinAmp Plug-In
http://www.iis.fraunhofer.de/amm/download/mp3surround/downloadpage.html
http://www.goldwave.com/
Sound Analysis Software SASLab Pro
Recording Software - automatic control Avisoft Recorder 1.0
http://www.laartech.biz/Products/Software/software.html
NANOLOOP 1.2 - is a synthesizer / sequencer for the Nintendo Game Boy (TM)
http://www.nanoloop.de/index.html
Scientific Sonification, M4CAVE project
M4CAVE - Sound Visualization in a VR Environment
http://www-unix.mcs.anl.gov/appliedmath/Sonification/M4CAVE/index.html
AudioGraph plugins
http://www.nzedsoft.com/downloadaudiogra.html
http://www2.dcs.hull.ac.uk/people/csscrj/softwaredownload.html
SoundScope
http://www.unh.edu/linguistics/lab/SoundScope.notes.html
/pc/sound: Scream Tracker and other sound programs and files
http://garbo.uwasa.fi/pc/sound.html
Lexicon-Sonate - algorithmic music generator
http://www.essl.at/works/Lexikon-Sonate.html
Sound Grid is a graphical music composition, editing, and notation tool
https://sourceforge.net/projects/soundgrid/
LVQ-Pak The Learning Vector Quantization Program Package,
ftp://cochlea.hut.fi/pub/lvq_pak/
Information by phone // ifbyphone
http://www.pia-dev.com/public-site/index.html
VoiceXML 2.0 Implementation Report
http://www.w3.org/Voice/2004/vxml-ir/
Elan Text to Speech (TTS)
http://www.elantts.com/
Speech Technology Group: Text-to-Speech Demo for Spanish
http://lorien.die.upm.es/research/synthesis/synth-form-concat.html
AT&T Labs-Research, Interactive Multi-Lingual Demo
http://www.research.att.com/projects/tts/demo.html
http://www.naturalvoices.att.com/demos/
Dragon NaturallySpeaking 7
http://www.scansoft.com/naturallyspeaking/
http://www.tmaa.com/tts/Fonix_profile.htm
Speechify TTS Interactive Demo
http://www.speechworks.com/demos/speechify.cfm
Babel Technologies INFOVOX (on-line TTS)
http://www.babeltech.com/tdemo.htm
Christian Feldbauer, Improvement of speech recognition systems using auditory models
http://spsc.inw.tugraz.at/theses/node2.html
Speech Interface Design (SID)
http://www.cs.uta.fi/~kjr/SID/
HLT projects (speech)
http://www.hltcentral.org/projects/list_group.php?id=6
VBVoice 5.0 (development environment for business critical Computer Telephony (CT) solutions)
http://www.pronexus.com/demos/site/demo.htm
http://www.pronexus.com/demos/site/demo.htm#
William Ellis, Phonological Awareness Resources
http://sss.usf.edu/cbm/phonological_resources.htm
TTS etc
http://art.bdk.com.ru/govor/1list.htm
MS Agent
http://members.aol.com/GESF/3_Agents.html
Microsoft Speech
http://www.microsoft.com/speech/
http://www.research.microsoft.com/srg/
Representation of IPA with ASCII (IPA is a system of symbols, intended to represent of every sound speakable by humans)
http://www.cs.brown.edu/~dpb/ascii-ipa.html
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
http://www.omniglot.com/writing/ipa.htm
http://www.unifon.org/teach-phonetics.html
Interactive Sonification Homepage
http://www.interactive-sonification.org/
IOSONO website // immersive sound technology
http://www.iosono-sound.de/eng/index.html
Volumetric Modeling of Acoustic Fields in CNMAT's Sound Spatialization Theatre
http://cnmat.cnmat.berkeley.edu/AcousticVisualization/
Soundbeam is - a distance-to-Midi device which converts physical movements into sound
http://www.soundbeam.co.uk/
NANOVOICE
http://www.nanoloop.de/nanovoice/index.html
Mauricio Lumbreras, AUDIODOOM
http://www.dcc.uchile.cl/~mlumbrer/tesismag/audiodoom.html
papers & demo
http://www.dcc.uchile.cl/~mlumbrer/papers/papers.html
Virtual Acoustic Space, New EAV Prototype
http://www.iac.es/proyect/eavi/english/index.html
http://www.iac.es/proyect/eavi/english/nuevoprototipo.html
Near Field Array for On-Line Visualisation of Sound Radiation
http://www.dat.dtu.dk/nfa2.htm
http://www.korg.co.uk/products/kaoss/kaoss.htm
Jerry (music control)
http://www.ircam.fr/produits/technologies/jerry.html
Source Virtuelle
http://www.ircam.fr/produits/technologies/Source-Virtuelle.html
Sonomic Announces Total Library Server v 3.0
http://www.sonomic.com/
Symbolic Sound Corporation, Carla Scaletti, Soft & Harware (Kyma 5)
http://www.symbolicsound.com/
http://www.shout.net/~symsound/hearkyma.html
RIMM project
http://www.ircam.fr/produits/technologies/Rimm.html
Software synthesizer atmogen (Visual Additive Synthesis)
http://www.sonorouscodes.net/atmogen_overview.html
AHVIIT-ACCESS (Audio Haptics for Visually Impaired Information technology)
http://www.ahviit.org/index.php
Empathic Visualisation Algorithm (EVA)
http://www.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/a.loizides/EVA/def.html
Paul Vickers, Multi-modal human-computer interaction
CAITLIN Auralization System (and other work)
http://www.cms.livjm.ac.uk/research/projects/pvick.htm
http://computing.unn.ac.uk/staff/cgpv1/conferen.htm
EVE: A Virtual Environment at HUT
http://eve.hut.fi/
The Electronic Arts of Sound and Light (Ron Pellegrino)
http://www.microweb.com/ronpell/home.html
Scientific Sonification project
http://www-unix.mcs.anl.gov/~kaper/Sonification/
SonicTexting
http://people.interaction-ivrea.it/m.rinott/sonictexting/
http://www.interaction-ivrea.it/en/gallery/sonictexting/index.asp
EyeMusic project (2004)
http://www.cs.uoregon.edu/research/cm-hci/EyeMusic/
Active Cursor
http://www.koert.com/work/activecursor/
Tactile Images
http://www.irisa.fr/tactiles/index-eng.html
Anesthesia auditory display study (P. Sanderson)
http://www.it.swin.edu.au/ul/labprojects.htm
Audio-visuel et multimédia
http://www.ircam.fr/produits/technologies/multipage.html
http://www.esl-lab.com/para.htm
DANVA 2 Multimedia System (??)
http://www.dyssemia.com/multimedia_system.htm
http://www.pendlehill.com/Web%20Folder/danva2.htm
NXT - SurfaceSound and SoundVu technologies
http://www.nxt.co.uk/general/home.php
SpeakerBuilding.com, a resource for DIY loudspeaker design and construction
http://www.speakerbuilding.com/
http://www.adamsonproaudio.com/
Sound Installation: SONOMATRIX
http://www.notam02.no/~rob/snmtrx.html
Brown Innovations Inc.
http://www.purestereo.com/newpage/default.html
DCM Loudspeakers
http://www.dcmspeakers.com/
Horn loudspeakers etc. http://invalid.ed.unit.no/~dunker/
http://invalid.ed.unit.no/~dunker/horns.html
http://www.akg.com/akg_structuretree/powerslave,id,1.html
Varibel (hearing aid in the form of a pair of glasses)
http://www.varibel.nl/site/home/
First International Symposium on Auditory Graphs
http://sonify.psych.gatech.edu/ags2005/index.html
Blind Audio Tactile Mapping System
http://www.cs.unc.edu/Research/assist/bats/
http://www.cs.unc.edu/Research/assist/bats/papers/BATS.pdf
IC2D: Integrated Communication 2 Draw
http://guir.berkeley.edu/projects/ic2d/
Sound field data for obstacle perception (obstacle sense) training
http://staff.aist.go.jp/yoshikazu-seki/
GDP, electronic mobility aids for people who are blind
http://www.gdp-research.com.au/
KASPA Sensing System, SEEING WITH SOUND
http://sonicvision.co.nz/
EVA - the EARLY VOCALIZATION ANALYZER
http://www.ccs.neu.edu/home/fell/EVA.html
Baby Babble Blanket
http://www.ccs.neu.edu/home/fell/BBB.html
Peter B.L. Meijer, Vision Technology for the Totally Blind
http://www.seeingwithsound.com/
SmartSight & Rudimentary Shapes
http://www.smartsight.co.uk/ non-responded
Espresso Pocket PC with audio display
http://www.cappuccinopc.com/espressopc.asp
Hesham M. Kamel, Integrated Communication 2 Draw (IC2D)
- the design, implementation, and evaluation of a dynamic drawing and animation tool for the blind
http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~hesham/
http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~hesham/files/hmk-dissertation.pdf
http://www.acoustics.hut.fi/icad2001/proceedings/papers/kamel.pdf
non-visual Graph Rendering in Patrick Roth's Publications
http://vision.unige.ch/publications/PatrickRoth_publications.html
The Science Access Project
http://dots.physics.orst.edu/
Audiodata, FRANK AUDIODATA!
http://www.audiodata.de/
Touch graphics, Talking feedback, Talking Kiosk 2 etc.
http://www.touchgraphics.com/
Information for Talking Tactile Math Test Collaborators
http://www.touchgraphics.com/ttmt2%20participants'%20information.htm
Sound Vitamins for the Aged - SOUND-VITAMINS
http://www.hltcentral.org/projects/detail.php?acronym=SOUND-VITAMINS
Links to software for SN
http://art.bdk.com.ru/govor/noeye.htm
T. Aoki, Y. Yonezawa, K. Itoh, M. Hashimoto, "Intelligent Guide System by Parametric Sound Beam for The Visually Impaired",
Proc. 5th Int.Conference on Computers Helping People with special needs, pp. 637-643(1996).
Application of the speech processing for deaf people
http://www.kt.tu-cottbus.de/englisch/index.html
Research and Non-Commercial Environmental Aids
http://www.cs.yorku.ca/~billk/research.html
The Steve-Tek Image-To-Sound-File Converter
http://home.austarnet.com.au/451310/bmp2wav/bmp2wav.html
Peter Gorny (direct sound manipulation)
http://www-cg-hci-e.informatik.uni-oldenburg.de/~cgserg/biblio/v_gorny.html
ICAD - International Conference on Auditory Display
http://www.icad.org/
http://www.santafe.edu/mailman/listinfo/icad
Sonification Report: Status of the Field and Research Agenda
http://www.icad.org/websiteV2.0/References/nsf.html
Laura Ottaviani !!!!!
http://profs.sci.univr.it/~ottavian/publications.html
Jack M. Loomis
// Sensory substitution and navigation system for visually impaired people
// Spatial cognition: navigation, spatial updating, and environmental learning
// Visual/ Auditory space perception
// Touch and vision: hyperacuity, character recognition, object recognition
http://www.psych.ucsb.edu/~loomis/
Rocchesso, D., Ottaviani, L., Can one hear the volume of a shape? , IEEE Workshop on Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics 2001 (WASPAA'01), pp. 115-118, 21-24 October 2001, New Paltz, New York.
http://www.cs.princeton.edu/waspaa01/
Magnetic Recording History Pictures
http://history.acusd.edu/gen/recording/tape.html
THE MUSEUM OF SOUND RECORDING
http://www.lovesphere.org/mosr/timetable.shtml
Keating D. & Griffin M. The Production of Steerable Binaural Information from Two-Channel Surround Sources Proceedings of the Institute of Acoustics Vol. 15 Part 7, 1993, pp 173 - 185
Selected articles by Diana Deutsch
http://www.philomel.com/pdf/docs.cgi
J Cronly-Dillon, K Persaud and RPF Gregory. The perception of Visual Images encoded in musical form. Proc. Roy. Soc, Series B. Vol. 266, 1-7, 1999
http://www2.umist.ac.uk/optometry/dept/cronly_dillon/jcd_pub.htm
Papers on Meaning and Modality (David Chalmers)
http://www.u.arizona.edu/~chalmers/mmm-papers.html
IRCAM Scientific articles
http://xenakis.ircam.fr/articles/scientifiques.html
Neural Music References
http://www.cc.gatech.edu/computing/brainui/information.htm
Electronic Journal "Technical Acoustics" (English/Russian)
http://www.ejta.org
http://catt.bus.okstate.edu/jones98/sound.htm
Barrass, Stephen, 1998, Auditory Information Design
http://eprints.anu.edu.au/archive/00000499/00/index.html
01front.pdf 62.9 Kb
02whole.pdf 2794.5 Kb
03Chapters1-5.pdf 280.9 Kb
04Chapters6-7.pdf 1197.5 Kb
05Chapters8-11.pdf 1130.5 Kb
06Bibliography.pdf 32.7 Kb
07Appendix.pdf 135.9 Kb
Paradiso, J. A., Hsiao, K., Strickon, J., Lifton, J., and A. Adler, Sensor systems for interactive surfaces ( Acoustic tap tracking ) http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/sj/393/part3/paradiso.html
Experimental Evaluation of Auditory Display and Sonification of Textured Images
http://www.icad.org/websiteV2.0/Conferences/ICAD97/Martins.pdf
Tara M. Madhyastha, Daniel A. Reed, Data Sonification: Do You See What I Hear? (1995)
http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/madhyastha95data.html
Acoustic Lens Simulation Software Package (ALSSP)
Kevin Fink, Computer Simulation of Pressure Fields Generated by Acoustic Lens Beamformers
http://fink.com/thesis/title.html
Dey, A.K., Catledge, L.D., Abowd, G.D. & Potts, C.
Developing Voice-only Applications in the Absence of Speech Recognition Technology
http://www.cc.gatech.edu/fce/savoir/pubs/savoir.html
Michael Zyda' Publications
http://www.npsnet.org/~zyda/Publications.html
http://www.npsnet.org/~zyda/Students.html
Storms, Russell "Auditory-Visual Cross-Modal Perception Phenomena," PhD in Computer Science, Naval Postgraduate School, September 1998.
http://www.npsnet.org/~zyda/Theses/Russell.Storms.PhD.pdf
Spatial sound – an overview
http://online.anu.edu.au/ITA/ACAT/Ambisonic/spatialoverview.html
Dimitrios Rigas, AudioGraph: An Empirical Investigation in Communicating Graphical Information to Blind Users
http://www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/~johnson/talks/dimitrios.17.2.2000.html
23 AES Conference
http://www.aes.org/events/23/program/index.html
ASA 132nd meeting - Hawaii, December 1996
http://www.auditory.org/asamtgs/asa96haw/
Auditory Perception, Cognition, and Action Meeting
http://www.wooster.edu/apcam/default.html
http://www.wooster.edu/apcam/2002/Program.pdf (Abstracts book)
Journées Design Sonore a Paris
http://www.sfa.asso.fr/ds2002/indexen.html
"Who Designs the Sound?: A Taxonomy of Sound Design"
Auditory categorization of sound sources
Emotion in sound design
Gestural Research in Music, bibliography
http://www.ircam.fr/equipes/analyse-synthese/wanderle/Gestes/Externe/references_list.html
Acoustical Physics (An English translation of the journal, Akusticheskii Zhurnal )
http://ojps.aip.org/aph/
Sonification for Exploratory Data Analysis
http://www.techfak.uni-bielefeld.de/ags/ni/projects/son/
Centre for the Neural Basis of Hearing
http://www.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/cnbh/
Brain User Interface Group (Jen Mankoff & Melody Moore, Neural Control for Assistive Technology)
http://www.cc.gatech.edu/computing/brainui/
Institute of Communication Acoustics
http://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/ika/framu/english/index.html
DEGA - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Akustik e.V.
(German Acoustical Society - Homepage)
http://www.dega-akustik.de/
CIPIC Interface Laboratory (HRTF, KEMAR, Measuring the response of an isolated pinna)
http://interface.cipic.ucdavis.edu/index.htm
Laboratory of Acoustics and Audio Signal Processing, Helsinki University of Technology
http://www.acoustics.hut.fi/
http://www.acoustics.hut.fi/research/
http://www.acoustics.hut.fi/aes/english/aes.html
John Fitch Home page
http://www.bath.ac.uk/~masjpf/
http://www.eaa-fenestra.org/
The Centre for Speech Technology Research, University of Edinburgh
http://www.cstr.ed.ac.uk/projects/
NorthWestern University School of Music
http://music.northwestern.edu/indexf.html
Acoustics Research Institute of the Austrian Academy of Sciences
http://www.kfs.oeaw.ac.at/
Technological Musical Artifacts
Gerhard Eckel's Scientific Projects (Electroacoustics, Experimental Music, Sonology, Psychoacoustic)
http://viswiz.gmd.de/~eckel/science/science.html
http://viswiz.gmd.de/~eckel/publications/eckel98a/eckel98a.html
Analytic Audio Systems at CSIRO
http://www.cmis.csiro.au/audio/index.html
Interactive Modelling and Visualisation Systems (Haptic Audio, Stephen Barrass at al)
http://www.cmis.csiro.au/imvs/
Three audio demos for the piece on "sonification" by Stephen Barrass
http://computer.org/intelligent/extras/
York University Music Technology Group
http://www.york.ac.uk/inst/mustech/3d_audio/ambison.htm
Carl von Ossietzky University, Institute of Physics
Acoustics Group
http://www.physik.uni-oldenburg.de/docs/aku/index.html
Research and Technology in Sound and Vibration (Virginia Polytechnic Institute)
http://www.val.me.vt.edu/
Acoustics and Sonar Group (Birmingham)
http://www.eee.bham.ac.uk/acs_gr/
Acoustic design and Modeling
http://graphics.lcs.mit.edu/~mcm/acoust/am.html
Acoustical Society of America Meetings Page
http://asa.aip.org/map_meetings.html
HEADSPACE® PRESENTS: a Thomas Dolby workshop
"Composing Polyphonic Ring Tones"
http://www.headspace.com/seminar2003.htm
Experimental Music Studios (the University of Illinois, Scott Wyatt, Sever Tipei)
http://cmp-rs.music.uiuc.edu/
Perry R. Cook (Sound Research, Music, Art etc)
http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~prc/
http://www.meyersound.com/
Auditory Perception Lab.
http://ear.psych.berkeley.edu/auditory_lab/
The International Institute of Acoustics and Vibration (IIAV)
http://www.iiav.org/
Telecommunications Research Group, School of EE&T
http://www.eet.unsw.edu.au/depts/telecom/documents/research.html
http://www.harmony-central.com/MIDI/
FASTlib includes MIDI component FWMIDI (FAST2007.ocx)
http://www.fastlib.net/
GS - XG - GM MIDI Software and Visual Basic Code
http://home.modemss.brisnet.org.au/~mlevoi/midi.html
MIDI Software Development Tools
http://www.harmony-central.com/MIDI/dev.html
http://lynx.dac.neu.edu/r/rtulloch/midifrequency.html
MIDI Timing Concepts
http://music.northwestern.edu/links/projects/midi/pages/miditmcn.html
http://music.northwestern.edu/links/projects/midi/pages/whatmidi.html
http://www.harmony-central.com/MIDI/Doc/tutorial.html
http://www.midi-classics.com/whatmidi.htm
http://www.borg.com/~jglatt/tutr/whatmidi.htm
http://www.usyd.edu.au/su/anaes/rpa/Loadsmanextras/midi.html
MIDI Voices
http://www.mountainboomer.com/voices.htm
Sound in art
http://www.windwitness.net.nz/
Sound in Visualization and Awareness Processes ( Other Sound Modalities ?? )
http://www.psychinnovations.com/emdr_sound.htm
http://www.webislam.com/Portal/humanidades/musica/software.htm
CSound software to synthesize and generate music
http://www.hitsquad.com/smm/cat/CSOUND/
http://www.csounds.com/
http://www.spraci.com/info/musicmakers.htm
AudioGames.Net
http://www.audiogames.net/
http://www2.hku.nl/~audiogam/ag/articles.php
http://www.soundsupport.net/
http://library.thinkquest.org/15413/games/games.htm
Music Notes, Inc.
http://www.musicnotes.net/
IBM Desktop BIOS Beep Codes
http://www.bioscentral.com/beepcodes/ibmbeep.htm
EEA Paging Codes (tone number /frequency)
http://www.genave.com/eea_paging_codes.htm
Two-Tone Paging Signals
http://www.genave.com/two-tone_paging.htm
Wotsit's format - file format information of different file types
http://www.wotsit.org/search.asp
Sound Files - This section describes in detail the structure of AIFF and AIFF-C files
http://developer.apple.com/documentation/mac/Sound/Sound-61.html#HEADING61-0
13 Audio Formats
http://www.boylanfamily.com/static13/formats.htm
"directory contains various documents and programs having to do with sound"
http://ftp.cwi.nl/audio/
Sound files, effects, libraries, galleries
http://www.mcsdtechcenter.org/multimedia/sounds-samp.htm
http://www.pacdv.com/sounds/index.html
http://www.sounddogs.com/start.asp
http://www.crews.org/curriculum/ex/compsci/webresources/sounds/index.html
Bat sounds
http://www.moorhen.demon.co.uk/bats1.htm
Dolphin sounds
http://www.everythingdolphins.com/SoundsPG.htm
MONDRIAN VARIATIONS
http://www-crca.ucsd.edu/~jarek/gallery.html
Kin-Dza-Dza Art Pack Internet Edition
http://kin-dza-dza.etel.ru/
"Fifth Element"
http://www.moviesounds.com/element.html
3 Dimensional Sound Links (cross-links)
http://www.mtsu.edu/~dsmitche/rim456/3D_Sound_Links.html
ESL : Quizzes : Quizzes with Sound (cross-links)
http://iteslj.org/links/ESL/Quizzes/Quizzes_with_Sound/p2.html
Auditory Browsing in Web and non-Web Databases
http://www.public.iastate.edu/~CYBERSTACKS/Wave.htm
Links to other pages of interest in Audiology:
http://www.isvr.soton.ac.uk/Audiology/links.htm
Resources in Hearing and Acoustics
http://ear.psych.berkeley.edu/
SoundGraph, Inc.
http://www.soundgraph.com/contents/00_110_e.shtml
Vladimir Visotski
http://vv.uka.ru/12/12.html
http://anna.comcor.ru/superstar/audio.html
http://anna.comcor.ru/superstar/audio/jcs.mid
RESONANCES 2003 (October 15th-24th, 2003)
http://resonances.ircam.fr/rubrique.php3?id_rubrique=2
Grigori Evreinov's Home Page
University of Tampere
School of Information Sciences' Home Page
This page maintained by Grigori Evreinov (Grigori.Evreinov@uta.fi)
http://www.uta.fi/sis/tauchi/


text:
Seville: Cathedral Guided Tour with Priority Access
4.3 / 5	1109 Reviews
Certified by GetYourGuide
Discover the wonders of Seville Cathedral on this guided tour. Learn about the history of the cathedral and admire its collection of important artworks. At the end of the tour, climb to the top of Giralda Tower to soak up magnificent city views.
Spanish, English, French, Italian
English Spanish French Italian
Visit the world's third-largest cathedral
Climb the Giralda Bell Tower for spectacular views across Seville
Explore the Cathedral's vast collection of art
Seville Cathedral, built in the 15th century on the site of a 12th-century mosque, is one of the largest and most impressive churches in the world. On this 1-hour guided tour you'll marvel at its spectacular golden altarpiece and the vast collection of art.
The crowning piece of the Seville Cathedral complex is the famous Giralda Bell Tower. The tower, reaching a height of 322 feet, was built as a minaret at the end of the 12th century. Learn about the origins of the complex as an Arabic mosque, and see further evidence in the ablutions courtyard.
Explore the collection of important works of arts representing several centuries, decorating the Cathedral's 44 chapels and the middle of the central nave.
At the end of the tour, say goodbye to your guide then climb to the top of Giralda Tower to soak up magnificent city views.
Tour with official guide
Personal audio system to enhance your visit
Ticket with access to the complex
Meeting point varies depending on option booked.
Tour in English & Spanish from Giralda Tower
Tour in French from Giralda Tower
Tour in English & Spanish from Plaza del Triunfo
Tour in Italian from Plaza del Triunfo
Luggage or large bags
• Children under 9 years of age can enter the monuments for free
• Please note, opening and closing times are subject to change without notice and access areas may be restricted without notice at any time, by management of the monuments. In the case of last minute changes to the itinerary, the local partner will do their best to work around the changes, but are not responsible for any inconvenience caused by monument management decisions.
Seville: Cathedral, Giralda & Alcazar Entry With Guided Tour
Seville: Alcázar and Cathedral Guided Tour & Priority Access
Seville Cathedral and Alcázar of Seville Guided Tour
Seville Cathedral Skip-the-Line Tour with Optional Alcazar
SEVILLA OFFICIAL TOURS
New York City Christmas Activities
Madrid Day Trips
London Harry Potter Tours
Kaikoura Dolphin & Whale Watching


text:
Pope sacks 4 cardinals in Vatican Bank in cleanup
Published Thu, Jan 16 20147:19 AM EST Updated Thu, Mar 13 20148:08 AM EDT
Arjun Kharpal
Pope Francis has sacked nearly all the cardinals from the commission charged with overseeing the scandal-hit Vatican Bank, just 11 months into their five-year term.
Pope Francis on his way to attend the Via Crucis during World Youth Day celebrations in July in Rio de Janeiro.
Buda Mendes | Getty Images
Former Secretary of State, Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone was among four cardinals axed at the five-person committee, inherited from Benedict XVI, who last February became the first pope in almost 600 years to abdicate amid controversy in the church.
The move is widely seen as an attempt to clean up the shamed bank, which is still under investigation by Italian authorities for money laundering.
"This is an important turn in the political economy of the Vatican. It is following the new political line of Pope Francis towards transparent for Vatican finance," Professor Giuseppe Di Taranto, economist at LUISS University in Rome, told CNBC in a phone interview.
(Read more: Power struggle on reforming Vatican Bank)
Toronto Cardinal Christopher Collins and Vienna Cardinal Christoph Schoenborn are among the new appointees to the commission and have had extensive experience in financial affairs.
The Vatican's new secretary of state, Archbishop Pietro Parolin, who is set to become a cardinal next month, and Spanish Archpriest Santos Abril y Castillo are the final two recruits.
Only French Cardinal Jean-Louis Tauran kept his job.
The reshuffle comes just 11 months into the creation of the overseeing committee, formed last February under Pope Benedict.
(Read more: Pope's sharp words make a wealthy donor hesitate)
One of the sacked cardinals, Bertone, was blamed for lax oversight that led to a series of embarrassments for the Vatican, including the leaking of the former pope's personal information by his butler.
Closing the bank
Francis has not ruled out shutting down the bank, formally known as the Institute for Works of Religion (IOR), if it cannot be reformed.
Why did Time choose Pope Francis?
The overseeing committee responsible for looking at the bank's strategy is the first step in the reform process, and Francis is keen to bring the bank in line with his image of austerity and modesty.
"Just in the European Union alone, you have millions of people living in poverty or struggling with finance. Making Vatican Bank more transparent is a way to talk and connect to these people," Di Taranto said.
German lawyer Ernst von Freyberg was appointed as president of the IOR in February and for the first time in the bank's history, it published its accounts in October to create more transparency and trust in the institution.
(Read more: A papal onesie? 'Francis effect' sparks retail boom)
His team has been credited with bringing improved accountability to the bank.
Troubles remain
But the bank has had a troubled history. Monsignor Nunzio Scarano, a former senior accountant in the department headed by Cardinal Domenico Calcagno, is on trial in an alleged plot to smuggle 20 million euros in cash into Italy from Switzerland. Calcagno was among those dismissed from the bank.
In July, the director of the Vatican Bank, Paolo Cipriani, and deputy Massimo Tulli resigned in the wake of this scandal.
An Italian investigation into alleged money laundering at the bank is also still in progress. The bank denies the accusations.
—By CNBC's Arjun Kharpal. Follow him on Twitter @ArjunKharpal.
Power Struggle on Reforming Vatican Bank


text:
Home Motorcycle Racing News MotoGP MotoGP Signs Multiyear Deal with Fox Sports
MotoGP Signs Multiyear Deal with Fox Sports
Sam Sims
Repsol Honda's Dani Pedrosa
Repsol Honda's Dani Pedrosa
MotoGP on Fox Sports 1 in 2013, 2014 & 2015
Dorna Sports, the commercial rights holder of MotoGP, has announced that it has singed a multi-year deal with Fox Sports to broadcast races on the newly announced multi-sport Fox Sports 1 from 2013 through 2015.
This is significant broadcast news for U.S. MotoGP fans. In the U.S., SPEED will cover all races live from the season opener April 7 at Qatar until the first U.S. round Aug. 18 – the Red Bull Indianapolis Grand Prix.
All races from and including Indy MotoGP through the concluding round at Valencia in November will be aired live in the US on Fox Sports 1.
Manel Arroyo (Managing Director of the Media Area at Dorna) says: "We're very proud of this new agreement with Fox Sports and we are looking forward to being part of this huge project that is Fox Sports 1. Through this agreement, MotoGP will continue to be watched by our extensive American fan base, via the Speed channel until August and from then on, via the new Fox Sports 1 channel.
"Our 15 year partnership is arriving now to a very exciting MotoGP season with 3 GP's on U.S. soil and the promise of some thrilling action on track. We will deliver the very highest standard of TV coverage of the Championship, using the latest production technologies, which is what our fans in the U.S. and around the world and also our Global media partners like the Fox Sports Group, deserve."
Bill Wanger (EVP Programming & Research for Fox Sports) says: "With an international event lineup that includes three U.S. stops, MotoGP brings an immediate world class motor sports presence to the FOX Sports 1 lineup. Having the race from iconic Indianapolis Motor Speedway fall on our FS1 launch weekend is a bonus, and one of which we plan to take full advantage."
This year, Dorna has also became the rights holder of World Superbike. With the change from infront Motor Sports to Dorna, World SBK's broadcasting schedule also changed for 2013. BeIN Sport TV, owned by Time Warner Cable of New York and Al Jazeera, will stream the races live (Google "BeIN Sport TV Live Streaming for various services), and offer the rounds on BeIN Sport TV's channel. To see if BeIN is available in your area, click here.
As for MotoGP, Dorna reports that the season opens April 7 on SPEED with the Commercial Bank Grand Prix of Qatar. Other U.S. highlights include the second event of the season, the Red Bull Grand Prix of the Americas inaugural series event at newly built Circuit of the Americas in Austin, Texas on April 21, and a return to Laguna Seca for the Red Bull U.S. Grand Prix on July 21. SPEED coverage from Austin includes qualifying on April 20 at 9 p.m. EST; race coverage, including pre-race activities begins at 2:30 p.m. EST on April 21. On-board camera access is available on SPEED.com for all U.S. rounds, with qualifying practice sessions on SPEED2.
The new deal, continuing a successful relationship that began on SPEED in 1997, when the series was known as the FIM World GP 500, also includes delayed coverage of Moto2 and Moto3, as well as expanded digital rights, Dorna says.
Dorna Sports
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text:
Q: minMaxLoc() opencv drama I am having a bit of trouble with minMaxLoc, When I try pass the Point in as reference to get the max_Loc im getting an error. After looking around I have found numerous examples of people using a double instead of a point but that is not the case here.
Here the code:
int ImageEvaluator::findPot()
{
    Point max_Loc;
    double max_Val;
    while (true)
    {
        for (int j = 0; j < 12; j++)
        {

            cv::Mat compResult;
            cv::matchTemplate(references[7], templates[7][j], compResult,
                              CV_TM_CCOEFF_NORMED);
            cv::minMaxLoc(compResult, NULL, &max_Val, NULL, &max_Loc);

            if (max_Val > minAcceptableValue)
            {
                std::cout << "Stand up and shout how the **** did that just work" << std::endl;
                return joydivision;
            }
        }
    }
}

Error C2665 'cv::minMaxLoc': none of the 2 overloads could convert all the argument types
This is a small function that finds aload of numbers and I had it working great in python. As soon as I move over to c++ it has all gone downhill for me in the shape of the unwanted error above.
All help is appreciated.
Thanks

A: Hi everyone after aload of head scratching it turns out that I was declaring my point incorrectly.
after changing:
Point max_Loc;

Into:
cv::Point min_Loc(0,0),max_Loc(0,0);

it seems to have worked. Thanks for all your help lol. :)

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Another few weeks have passed and Keith is still struggling to get through the backlog of projects that he's working on. The coderjourney.com still isn't finished, but it did lead to a conversation about BEM that was exciting.
Jamie takes on more work with his job-job and limits his own availability to work on Tatsu and Callback. Jamie is ramping back up with Emberjs and loving it. More users get brought on to using the early standup feature in Tatsu.
Jamie brings up what might be the first "topic" to discuss this week: routines. Cutting out time to work on a side business is hard because you have to dedicate so much time to other things.


text:
Q: Wired Connection shared with other computers connects then disconnects in the nm-applet connecting with shared with other computers connection in NetworkManager. Other computer gets IP but NetworkManager disconnects the shared connection after half a second.
This same setup worked perfectly fine in 11.04. Is there any fix, workaround or alternative way to share a connection with another computer over an Ethernet cable. (I can downgrade to 11.04 but I'd rather not ).
EDIT: found a workaround
The workaround for now is to set IPv6 options to Ignore and then sudo killall dnsmasq. Reconnect and it should work.

A: It is not fixed yet. I have had this issue just now and the workarround mentioned by the OP did the trick.

The workaround for now is to set IPv6 options to Ignore and then sudo killall dnsmasq. Reconnect and it should work.

A: This article seems to address the issue.  Appears that dnsmasq should be removed.  https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Internet/ConnectionSharing

A: Yes, that is a bug and it's supposed to have been fixed. I haven't had the time to test it myself yet, but you might want to. This site is for questions and answers. Bugs are handled on Launchpad.net. Here's a direct link to the bug you're after: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/network-manager/+bug/865001. Please describe details about your situation and hopefully it'll get fixed before release.
That bug thread has a workaround that is supposed to work, but as I said, I haven't had the time to test it yet.

A: I had the same problem but discovered that I had a regular network patch cable connecting my Netbook to my HD Home Run.  I replaced it with a crossover cable and the intermittent connect/disconnect messages went away.

A: I had to sudo killall dnsmasq first so I could click the config box then set ipv6 to ignore then sudo killall dnsmasq again...taken me about 4 hours to get connection sharing to work (just dumped Windows).


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