The guiding principles of public procurement are set out in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (Constitution). Section 217 of the Constitution requires that all public procurement be in accordance with a system which is fair, equitable, transparent, competitive and cost-effective.
The Public Finance Management Act, 1999 (PFMA) regulates the processes to be followed when managing government finances at national and provincial level. Treasury Regulation 16 and 16A of the PFMA (TR 16A) contain detailed provisions dealing with public procurement.
The Local Government: Municipal Finance Management Act, 2003 (MFMA) provides similar guidelines for the management of public finances in respect of municipalities. The Municipal Supply Chain Management Regulations published in 2005 (MSCM Regulations) provide detailed guidelines for public procurement.
The Preferential Procurement Policy Framework Act, 2000 (PPPFA) requires organs of state to develop and implement a preferential procurement policy. The PPPFA provides a framework for achieving specific goals such as contracting with historically disadvantaged persons.
The guiding principles of fairness, equitability, transparency, competitiveness and cost-effectiveness are not defined in the Constitution, MFMA or the PFMA; however, over time the courts have provided clarity on what is expected from state entities in relation to the principles. The requirement that the system be fair and equitable relates largely to the process, for example, that there should be no differences in the information provided to bidders and no bias on the part of the persons adjudicating the bid. The requirement for a procurement process to be carried out in a transparent manner promotes openness and accountability and also requires that reasons for an award be communicated to affected parties. Finally, public procurement must be competitive and cost-effective. This, for example, requires an institution to seek to achieve value for money.
The Standard for Infrastructure Procurement and Delivery Management (SIPDM) regulates procurement procedures and approvals for infrastructure projects by organs of state. The SIPDM is an instruction from National Treasury issued in terms of the PFMA. It applies to all infrastructure procurement in respect of building new infrastructure, or the rehabilitation, refurbishment or alteration of existing infrastructure. The SIPDM governs the life span of infrastructure procurement from the pre-feasibility planning and budgeting phase to the close out phase, hand-over, structured in nine stages. The SIPDM provides a framework for major capital projects of eight "gates", each requiring permissions or approvals. Since its inception, the government has not embarked on many procurement projects and therefore the market does not have extensive experience with the SIPDM.
Some sectors have adopted a sector code in terms of the Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment Act, 2003 (B-BBEE Act), which provides guidelines to increasing participation by historically disadvantaged persons in that particular sector. Once adopted, sector codes are binding on entities in the sector.
The award of a contract by an organ of state constitutes administrative action and therefore the provisions of the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act, 2000 (PAJA) are applicable. PAJA requires administrative action to be procedurally fair and provides remedies to enable an interested party to challenge an administrative decision which is not fair. In addition, the Promotion of Access to Information Act, 2000 (PAIA) enables affected persons to request certain information from organs of state. This Act is often used by unsuccessful bidders to gather information prior to challenging a decision. The Prevention and Combatting of Corruption and Corrupt Practices Act, 2004 (PCCA) makes a wide range of corrupt activities related to, among other things, public and private procurement, an offence.
The B-BBEE Act aims to increase access to the economy by historically disadvantaged persons. This Act contains formulations to calculate a level of empowerment called a B-BBEE score. This number is then used by organs of state when evaluating bids in accordance with the PPPFA.
The Department of Trade and Industry's National Industrial Participation Programme (NIP) requires all suppliers of products or services to organs of state in which the value of the imported content exceeds $10 million to participate in the South African economy through a combination of means, including export promotion, R&D collaboration, acquisition and technology transfers. The NIP obligation is for the equivalent of 30% of the exported portion of the contract.
Although South Africa is a founding member of the WTO, it is not a signatory to the GPA, nor has it acceded to it. However, South Africa is a party to a number of Free Trade Agreements, Preferential Trade Agreements and Non-Reciprocal Trade Agreements.
The PFMA applies to all national and provincial departments, national and provincial public entities, constitutional institutions and provincial legislatures. The MFMA applies to all municipalities, municipal entities and all national and provincial organs of state insofar as it relates to their financial interactions with municipalities. A national public entity is one which is established in terms of legislation, funded from the fiscus, and is accountable to Parliament. A provincial public entity is a provincial government business enterprise or an entity established in terms of legislation which is fully or significantly funded by public funds and is accountable to a provincial legislature. The PPPFA, B-BBEE Act, PAJA, PCCA and PAIA apply to all organs of state.
The legislation governing public procurement is applicable to all types of contracts in which the government purchases goods and services, including PPPs and infrastructure projects. In the recent judgment of Imperial Group Limited v Airports Company South African SOC Limited, the court found that when organs of state acquire services which they are required by their mandate to offer to the public, such as when a state-owned airport company leases kiosks and parking bays to acquire car rental services for the public, such procurement and contracts are also covered by procurement legislation.
There are no general financial value thresholds; however, the procurement of goods and services must be within the threshold values determined by the National Treasury in TR16A6.1 which is discussed in question 3.1 below. The thresholds applicable to municipalities are set out in the MSCM Regulations. The PPPFA requires that contracts valued below R50 million must be adjudicated using the 80/20 preference point system. This means that 80% of the weighting is allocated to price, while 20% of the weighting is allocated for a system of preference; generally, points are awarded based on the bidder's B-BBEE score. The 90/10 preference point system is used for contracts above R50 million.
There are no general rules, save for the one discussed in question 2.7 below. All public procurement must be carried out in accordance with the guiding principles set out in section 217 of the Constitution.
Concession agreements in South Africa are styled as public private partnerships (PPPs). A PPP is defined as a commercial transaction between an institution and private party in terms of which the private party performs an institutional function on behalf of the institution or uses state property for commercial purposes, assumes substantial risks while doing so and receives a benefit from doing so. PPPs for national and provincial departments and public entities are governed by TR16 which requires them to appoint a transaction advisor and run a competitive bidding process. The National Treasury's approval is required at various points in the process. Section 120 of the MFMA regulates PPPs for municipalities. The consent of the municipal council is required for municipal PPPs. The details of the proposed municipal PPP must be made public and the views of the National Treasury and other affected national department must be sought.
The National Treasury is permitted to conclude a transversal contract which is a centrally facilitated contract for goods or services that are required by one or more institutions. All organs of state may participate in these contracts. State-owned entities must be authorised by their accounting authorities to participate and a municipality must satisfy itself that a competitive procurement process was followed and the contract was validly procured, that there are demonstrable discounts or benefits and the organ of state and service provider have consented in writing to the municipality's participation (MSCM Regulation 32).
National Treasury Practice Note No 8 of 2007/2008 provides that the procurement of goods and services may not be divided into lots merely to avoid using the prescribed method of procurement. As far as possible, a requirement for goods or services consisting of different parts should be procured as a single transaction. MSCM Regulation 12(3) contains a similar provision.
The legislation does not impose any obligations on purchasers when contracting with foreign suppliers.
Organs of state may lower but not increase the threshold values.
No specific time limits apply in respect of PPPs save to say the period provided must take account of the Constitutional principles such as fairness. Pursuant to TR16A3.6.3(c), bids must be advertised for a minimum period of 21 days. Municipal bid submission is at least 14 days after the date of advertising except for long-term transactions or transactions valued at over R10 million, in which the bid submission date must be at least 30 days after advertising. Both the PFMA and MFMA permit shorter time periods where there is urgency. The National Treasury's Supply Chain Management – Guide for Accounting Officers and Authorities states that the bid invitation should specify a time period after which bids will cease to be valid.
There are no specific rules on excluding or short-listing bidders. Organs of state have some discretion in PPPs. The PPPFA enables organs of state to pre-qualify bidders based on a bidder meeting, a minimum B-BBEE score, a bidder being an exempted micro-enterprise or a qualifying small business or a bidder being willing to subcontract at least 30% of the value of the contract to certain designated groups. Organs of state are also enabled to prescribe in the bid documents minimum functionality requirements criteria which are then used to exclude bidders who do not fulfil those criteria. Finally, the Department of Trade and Industry publishes minimum thresholds for local production and content per sector or sub-sector; organs of state must exclude any bidder who does not meet the threshold for the goods in the relevant sector or sub-sector.
Tenders are evaluated on the functionality criteria, price and the preference points allocated for B-BBEE. No considerations, other than those set out in the bid evaluation criteria specified in the bid documents, may be used in evaluating and adjudicating a bid.
Regulation 11 of the PPPFA enables organs of state to exclude a bidder who scores the highest points but whose bid is not market-related.
Section 2(1)(f) of the PPPFA states that the contract must be awarded to the bidder who scored the highest points unless objective criteria (which were disclosed in the bid documents) justify the award to another bidder. Awards in respect of goods and services procured in terms of the supply chain management rules must be published in the Government Gazette Bulletin, the eTender publication and other publications where the tender was advertised (TR16A.6.3(c)). Municipal awards must be published on the municipality's website (MSCM Regulation 23(c)(iii)).
There is no general rule on debriefing unsuccessful bidders. A person whose rights have been materially and adversely affected by administrative action may request adequate reasons in writing from that organ of state. In addition, PAIA may be used to obtain information which gave rise to the decision. PAIA does not require commercial information to be made available where it will prejudice a third party in a competitive bidding process.
The National Treasury is permitted by the PFMA to conclude a transversal contract which is a centrally facilitated contract for goods or services that are required by one or more than one institution.
The PPP Manual permits variant bids to be called for in an RFP and sets out guidelines for doing so. A variant bid may be considered in public procurement; however, since an organ of state must award a contract to the bidder who scores the highest number of points in a Request for Quotation or Request for Proposals, an alternative or variant bid will often fail because it does not meet the criteria set out in the bid document.
Both the PFMA and the MFMA state that officials involved in the supply chain management process must disclose conflicts of interest and recuse themselves from the decision-making process. Bidders are also required to disclose conflicts of interests in the standardised bid documents (SBD) published by the National Treasury and usually also in the RFP in PPPs.
There are no general rules; however, if they wish to engage with the market, organs of state usually use an Expression of Interest or a Request for Information. Although no legislative provision forbids the engagement of potential bidders in preparing a procurement procedure, such participation cannot compromise the procurement process such that it is no longer fair, equitable, transparent, competitive and cost-effective. A national or provincial department and a state-owned entity who wish to consider an unsolicited bid must do so in accordance with the criteria set out in National Treasury Practice Note No 11 of 2008/2009 or MSCM Regulation 37(2).
Although an organ of state may apply for an exemption from the provisions of the PPPFA, none have been granted to date. An exemption from the provisions of the PFMA and the MFMA may also be applied for in terms of sections 92 and 177, respectively. The PFMA (TR 16A6.4) and the MFMA (MSCM Regulation 36) permit organs of state to deviate from a competitive bidding process where it is impractical to procure goods and services through a competitive bidding process.
Regarding arrangements between public bodies; in The Chief Executive Officer of the South African Social Security Agency Others. v Cash Paymaster Services (Pty) Ltd 2012 (1) SA 216 SCA, the court found that the accounting officer was entitled to deviate from normal procurement procedure in order to procure a service directly from another organ of state provided that the decision was made on rational reasons and that such reasons were recorded in writing.
Internal remedies available in an organ of state must be exhausted before a court may be approached for a review in accordance with section 8 of PAJA. The courts may grant any order that is just and equitable, including granting an interim or final interdict or setting aside the decision. An organ of state may disqualify a bidder or terminate a contract if the bidder submitted false information which affected the evaluation of the bid or where any subcontracting information was not disclosed. A penalty of up to 10% may be imposed on a bidder who subcontracts a portion of the tender without disclosing this. Finally, the bidder can be added to the National Treasury's restricted suppliers list.
MSCM Regulation 50(1) requires municipalities to appoint an independent person to adjudicate public procurement disputes. These disputes may be escalated to the provincial and then National Treasuries. Other avenues, such as litigation, are not prohibited by legislation; however, internal remedies must be exhausted before a review based on PAJA is heard by a court. Once a contract has been concluded, that contract may dictate the remedies available in the event of a breach.
For bidders, the first port of call are the internal remedies, if any, and once those have been exhausted, the court may be approached for a judicial review.
No general time limits exist for internal appeal procedures, but there are specific periods and processes in various pieces of legislation. PAJA requires that a judicial review is brought within 180 days after the internal appeal procedures, if any, have been exhausted.
A judicial review may be brought as soon as the internal appeal procedures have been exhausted. Where compelling grounds exist for urgent relief, the courts may be approached to grant an interdict preventing the implementation of the decision pending a full review of the decision.
In addition to those discussed in question 5.1, an organ of state may terminate a contract if the supplier or official committed any corrupt or fraudulent act during the bidding process or the execution of that contract (TR 16A.9.1(f)). A court, in a review, must make an order which is just and equitable such as setting aside the agreement.
Each organ of state sets out timescales applicable to internal remedies. A legal review must be launched within 180 days of the exhaustion of internal remedies or where none exist, on the date the person became aware of the decision and reasons. The review may take two years or longer to be resolved, depending on the caseload of the court. The court may also remit the decision back to the organ of state to reconsider, which will lead to further delays. In addition, if the decision of the court is appealed, the timescales will also be extended.
In Allpay Consolidated Investment Holdings (Pty) Ltd and Others v Chief Executive Officer, South African Social Security Agency and Others 2014 (1) 604 (CC), the Constitutional Court determined that when making an inquiry into allegations of irregularities in a tender, a court must establish factually whether the irregularity took place, then legally evaluate the irregularity to determine whether it is a valid ground for review under PAJA. The materiality of the deviation from proper procedure must also be evaluated. The court found that the contract was irregularly awarded and set aside the administrative decision. The critical nature of the services being provided by the service provider (payment of social grants) necessitated the court to suspend its order to give the parties an opportunity to propose a just and equitable remedy.
In Trencon Construction (Pty) Ltd v Industrial Development Corporation of South Africa and Another 2015 (10) BCLR 1199 (CC), the organ of state had not awarded the bid to the highest-scoring bidder due to a material error of law. The remedy sought was substitution of the decision of the organ of state with a court order awarding the contract to the bidder who scored the highest number of points. The court held that even where there are exceptional circumstances, it must be convinced that an order of substitution is just and equitable in the circumstances. The test for substitution begins with an enquiry into whether the court is in as good a position as the administrator to make the decision. If the answer is affirmative, it must consider whether the decision is a foregone conclusion. Other relevant factors include delay, bias and incompetence. The court substituted its own order for that of the organ of state.
In State Information Technology Agency SOC Limited v Gijima Holdings (Pty) Limited 2018 (2) 23 (CC), the organ of state awarded a contract without following procurement processes. A lower court held that an organ of state may use PAJA to review its own decision and that the requirement to bring the review within 180 days is applicable. The Constitutional Court overturned this decision, finding that PAJA does not apply to public bodies. A public body wishing to set aside its own decision must therefore do so on the basis of the principle of legality.
There are not specific mitigating measures.
The legislation does not specifically forbid a change in contract specifications; however, courts have found that an organ of state may not, in evaluating a tender, consider factors which were not disclosed in the tender documents as evaluation criteria. The legislation does not govern a change in the timetable.
The legislation does not specifically forbid changes to contract conditions (including extensions), provided that in evaluating a tender, factors which were not disclosed in the tender documents as evaluation criteria may not be used to evaluate.
The legislation does not specifically forbid changes in the membership of bidding consortia pre-contract award; however, this may be restricted in individual bid documents.
Organs of state are entitled to negotiate with the preferred bidder; however, this must comply with section 217 of the Constitution. Municipalities who engage in negotiations must ensure that the negotiation does not give the preferred bidder a second or unfair opportunity, is not to the detriment of another bidder and does not result in a higher price than the bid submitted (MSCM Regulation 24).
Post-contract signature changes are governed by the contract. In addition, the General Conditions of Contract published by National Treasury require any changes to be reduced to writing. In the event that the variation in the contract price exceeds 20% of the value for construction contracts or 15% for all other contracts, the approval of National Treasury is required (National Treasury Instruction Note on Enhancing Compliance Monitoring and Improving Transparency and Accountability in SCM published in 2011).
The General Conditions of Contract published by the National Treasury require the organ of state's prior written consent to the assignment of the service provider's obligations in the agreement.
There are no special rules and no government policy in relation to privatisation.
PPPs are governed by TR 16. The National Treasury has also published a manual which sets out procedures to be followed for PPPs, as well as Standardised Public Private Partnership Provisions which set out the key issues applicable to public private partnerships with a view to achieving substantial risk transfer, value for money and affordability for organs of state. Section 120 of the MFMA regulates PPPs for municipalities.
In 2017, the Minister of Finance announced a new legislation to be known as the Public Procurement Management Bill which seeks to revise, harmonise and consolidate the legislation and policy framework governing public procurement. A draft of the proposed legislation has not yet been made public. Once a draft is published it may take two years or longer for it to be enacted into law.
Amendments to the Public Audit Act, 2004 were promulgated in November 2018, but the date of commencement is yet to be determined. The amendments to the Public Audit Act, 2004 will, among other things, give the Auditor General enhanced authority to refer irregularities uncovered in an audit of an organ of state for investigation and to take appropriate remedial action. Although such irregularities may relate to public procurement, this legislation is not specific to public procurement.


Honasa Consumer Pvt. Ltd, which runs Mamaearth, is soon going to expand its presence to other marketplaces, first online and then offline, and has a target of reaching at least 10,000 consumers in 2017.
Mamaearth, a babycare products startup, which sells its products only through Amazon India and FirstCry.com has raised an undisclosed amount in seed round of funding led by Fireside Ventures and some HNIs, a top company executive told Techcircle.
Founded in 2016 by a couple Varun Alagh and Ghazal Alagh, this startup develops baby range products including certified toxin free body lotion, rash cream, hair-shampoo, body wash, diaper rash cream, massage oil, all natural bug spray and sunscreen lotion for babies in the 0-5 years age group.
Varun said, "With the funds we're going to ensure that all the innovations that we wanted to work on conceptualise and launch and firstly starting with our baby care range and then in the coming months, pre-natal and post-natal care range. Then we're going to spend on marketing, especially in digital, and of course we will utilise it for working capital."
The company claims that its toxin-free range of baby care products are certified by Made Safe, a US based non-profit organisation that provides a comprehensive human health-focused certification.
Kanwaljit Singh, founder, Fireside Ventures, said, "Mamaearth is addressing a key concern of most mothers regarding safer products for their babies. I see them (founders) creating many niches which currently do not exist in the Indian market but are needed by young parents."
The startup has been recently launched at the new Amazon Launchpad, which is Amazon.com's global programme for startups. The baby personal care & hygiene market in India is pegged at nearly USD1.5 billion, growing at a CAGR of 18 percent, according to the company's statement.
Other startups in the baby and maternity care sector include FirstCry, run by BrainBees Solutions Pvt. Ltd., an e-commerce platform which stocks kids and maternity clothes, accessories, etc. It acquired Mahindra and Mahindra's babycare business BabyOye in October this year.


Eric San will be performing in Philadelphia on May 17, but you won't find his name on any venue listings. His fans, however, know that he's coming because they know he performs under his entertainment alias – Kid Koala.
On May 17, Kid Koala will bring his "Kid Koala's Vinyl Vaudeville Floor Kids Edition" to Johnny Brenda's (1201 North Frankford Avenue, Philadelphia, 215-739-9684, www.johnnybrendas.com).
Kid Koala is a world-renowned scratch DJ, music producer, and award-winning graphic novelist. He has released four solo albums on Ninja Tune including his latest album "12 bit Blues." He has released two graphic novels — Nufonia Must Fall and Space Cadet. He has also been involved in collaborations such as Gorillaz, Deltron 3030, and The Slew.
The Canadian musician has contributed to scores for the films "Shaun of the Dead," "Scott Pilgrim vs. The World,' "Looper and The Great Gatsby." He has composed music for The National Film Board of Canada, the Cartoon Network, Sesame Street, and Adult Swim. He has also been commissioned to create music for runway shows for Belgian fashion designer Dries Van Noten.
"Floor Kids" is the breakthrough breakdance battle video game with original music by legendary scratch DJ and producer Kid Koala. The "Floor Kids Original Video Game Soundtrack is a timeless journey across every era of the sound, cycling through silky 70s funk, thumping 80s 808s, granular 90s 12 bit, and 00s synth funk.
An original concept by animator bboy Jon Jon and Kid Koala, "Floor Kids" has captured the essence of what makes breaking an art form unlike any other, blending together sound, style, and movement in a radical blast of freestyle expression.
"It started when I met this animator JonJon," said Koala, during a recent phone interview from his home in Montreal, Quebec.
"I was working with the National Film Board in Montreal. JonJon was there working on a score for a film and we realized we had a connection. I immediately liked his line styles. His characters had all these quirky details. He brought a stack of paper as thick as a phonebook to my home.
"We flipped through them. There was a character named Noogie doing a swipe. Even just flipping through the pages, you could feel the beat. His concept of timing is all about frames and mine is with beats.
Kid Koala is no stranger to forging new paths in entertainment.
"When I was young, I started with turntables around the tine I was playing video games – the first NES console," said Kid Koala. "I'm into using all-natural sounds – more and more in the last 10 years. I've been doing a lot more film work and they didn't want to deal with the licensing of samples.
"I hadn't used samples. We knew if we were going to be releasing a game, we didn't have the possibility to use samples. It was also a challenge to learn how to sue source material.
"I have a record cutter in my studio. I'd cut a single on vinyl. Then, I'd scratch off it, re-assemble it and juggle parts of it. It added to the sound of what I was going for. Vinyl has a sound you don't get from digital – the crackle, dust and record wear.
"With this project, I wanted to capture an era of break music—70s funk, 80s electro, 90s 12-bit and hip hop, and 2000s synth beat era. I was playing saxophone – I had to reach back to my high school band days. I wanted the tracks to sound like a band. I jammed on upright bass. I played every instrument in the studio – bass guitar, drums, woodwinds, shakers and drum machines.
Video link for Kid Koala – https://youtu.be/0z6LocBu_CU.
Video link for JonJon Noogie — https://youtu.be/sF5HGauDHUA.
The show at Johnny Brenda's, which has Adira Amram & The Experience, DJ Jester as opening acts, will start at 8 p.m. Tickets are $20.
Other upcoming shows at Johnny Brenda's are Sweet Spirit on May 18 and Mount Kimbie on May 22 and 23.
Music fans may not instantly recognize Jamie McLean's name but there is a better-than-average chance that they have heard his guitar work.
As a guitarist for New Orleans royalty Aaron Neville and Dirty Dozen Brass Band, McLean has toured the world with these two veteran and ultra-popular acts.
His blue-eyed Southern soul vocals ooze raw emotion and his highly-acclaimed songwriting brings it all together. With hundreds of original compositions to his name, McLean creates a musical gumbo that incorporates New Orleans soul, Delta blues, middle America roots and New York City swagger.
"I released my first album on my own in 2006 so I've been doing it a good 10 years now," said McLean, during a phone interview last week.
McLean solidified his reputation with his work with the Dirty Dozen Brass Band.
"I was working with my own band and we opened a lot for the Dirty Dozen Brass Band," said McLean. "They asked me to join their band so I moved to New Orleans in 2001.
"Working with Aaron Neville came later – just the last couple years. He was looking for a new guitarist. He knew my work with the Dirty Dozen Brass Band and reach out. He's such a great talent. I still pinch myself every night on stage with him.
McLean has successfully led his own band for years.
"We recorded the album in Nashville," said McLean. "Ken Coomer of Wilco produced it and Sam Bush came in and did some sessions with us. We cut it at Sound Emporium studios in Nashville. Another special guest was Jeff Coffin from the Dave Matthews Band. All the songs were my originals except for one co-write with Tim Jones.
Video link for Jamie McLean Band – https://youtu.be/xx7FR-tt3cw.
The show at 118 North, which has the Balkun Brothers as the opening act, will start at 8 p.m. Tickets are $8.
Other upcoming acts at 118 North are Dynagroove on May 18, Smash Palace and Cliff Hillis on May 19, and Jim Stevens on May 20.
This is springtime in the Delaware Valley, so the arrival of pollens is expected.
If you're a person with allergies or sinus problems, you dread the arrival of pollens. If you're a fan of smart, catchy indie music, you're likely to welcome the arrival of pollens – Pollens to be more specific.
Pollens is an indie pop band that formed in Seattle, Washington and now calls Brooklyn home. After going through several lineup changes, Pollens is currently a duo featuring Elizabeth "Emay" May and Jeff Bryant.
In conjunction with their tour, Pollens recently released their latest single "$$$_PSA" via Emerging Indie Bands. The track displays offbeat, conversational delivery, dense polyrhythms, layered themes, drum machines, and dynamic arrangements.
The show on Friday night will mark Pollens' Philadelphia debut.
"This band has changed a couple times," said Bryant, during a phone last week from the band's home in Brooklyn. "Previous lineups have gone out on tour, but this will the first time of this configuration.
Pollens began in late 2008 as the composition project of Jeff Aaron Bryant and Hanna Benn, who were both students at Cornish College of the Arts. As Bryant and Benn developed their sound in 2008 and 2009, live shows included drum machines and a rotating cast of vocalists, auxiliary instrumentalists and percussionists.
By 2010, Pollens had expanded to become a six-piece band. Other members include Adam Kozie, Kelly Wyse, Whitney Lyman, and Lena Simon. The band became a seven piece with the addition of multi-instrumentalist Mike Sparks in 2013.
Pollens self-released an eponymous EP in 2010. Their full-length album "Brighten & Break," produced by Charlie Smith of Throw Me the Statue, was released in 2012 on Tapete Records. In 2015, Benn left Pollens, seeking to focus on her solo work, while Bryant relocated to New York City.
Soon after his move to the Big Apple, Bryant recruited Elizabeth May for the current duo line-up of Pollens. The release a new EP titled "Mister Manufacture" on October 27, 2017.
"I started doing theater work here in New York and that's how Elizabeth and I met," said Bryant.
May said, "As a duo, we're only a year into this. I'm from South Carolina and I came to New York to follow my dream.
Around this time, Pollens' music was going through a transmutation.
"At first, I felt beholden to try to cover my own music," said Bryant. "The old ensemble was really different. It had a different personality and the songs were written for different people.
May and Bryant function well as a duo.
Pollens is a New York band. Its sound incorporates percussion and shouting, samplers, noise, ecstatic readings of boring lists, stupid dance beats, and wild drumming. Low-art, normal stuff, downtown theater, subway commutes, more lists, your telephone, transmission noise, gestures, and physicality are all part of the influences.
Bryant and May's lyricism often features 'lists' that pique listeners' curiosity.
Pollens belong in a world where guitars are not needed, lyrics come off as 'lists' to be shouted, not sung, and songs lie on a bedrock of intricate, yet visceral percussion.
Video link for Pollens — https://youtu.be/R-MXqC6IthE.
The show at All Night Diner, which has Zenizen and Aphra as openers, will start at 8 p.m. Tickets are $7.
On May 18, The Claudettes will bring their audience-rousing live show to the area when they headline a show at Bourbon and Branch (705 North Second Street, Philadelphia, 215-238-0660, bourbonandbranchphilly.com).
Pianist Johnny Iguana formed the Claudettes, who feature Berit Ulseth on vocals, Zach Verdoorn on bass guitar and vocals and Danny Yost on drums.
The Claudettes' new album "Dance Scandal At The Gymnasium" just came out on March 23 via Yellow Dog Records. It was produced by Mark Neill from the band Black Keys. The band recorded in Georgia for 10 days, tapping Neill's vast knowledge and collection of vintage equipment. Neill, who shuns the practice of building tracks in Pro Tools, had the band play again and again until "THE" take arrived. Marxophones, mellotrons, fuzz pedals and percussion helped finalize Neill's sonic visions.
The Claudettes combine the Chicago blues-piano tradition with the energy of rockabilly and punk and the sultry sound of '60s soul-jazz to create a thrilling new spin on American roots music.
Rather than attack the blues with one or two guitars, the Claudettes brandish a piano instead. But the Claudettes have created their own fanatical fusion of blues and soul-jazz – sort of like Ray Charles on a punk kick.
"We just finished a new album," said Iguana, during a recent phone interview from his home in Chicago. "It took a while to figure out who was going to put it out. The album is a throwback – very 60s sounding.
The Claudettes have created their own genre.
On stage, Claudette's drink specials scroll across LED displays pinned to the band's shirts (e.g. "$5 domestics on Sunday with dinner and Champagne purchase," "MONDAY NIGHT: DESIGNER NIGHT! You design shot, I design price").
The Claudette's have a strange history – and an interesting story behind their name.
"Michael Caskey, a drummer from Chicago, and I had a piano-and-drum duo," said Iguana. "We called a place called Claudette's Bar in 2010 looking for a gig in between Chicago and St. Louis. Claudette booked us into her bar in Oglesby (Illinois) and fell in love with the band.
The show at Bourbon and Branch will be a homecoming for Iguana.
"I was born in New Jersey and grew up in the Philly area," said Iguana. "I graduated from Upper Dublin High School and the University of Pennsylvania.
In addition to touring internationally and recording six albums with his cult-favorite rock band oh my god, Iguana has played live or recorded with Junior Wells, Buddy Guy, Otis Rush, Koko Taylor, James Cotton, Lil' Ed, Carey Bell, Billy Boy Arnold, Lurrie Bell, John Primer, Billy Branch, Carlos Johnson, Sugar Blue, Dave Myers and Eddie Shaw.
Video link for The Claudettes – https://youtu.be/6UomSubUtNY.
The show at Bourbon and Branch, which has The Rectors as the opening act, will start at 8 p.m. Tickets are $12.
Another show this week at Bourbon and Branch will be Priscilla Renea on May 22.
Kennett Flash (102 Sycamore Alley, Kennett Square, 484-732-8295, http://www.kennettflash.org) will present "Mason Porter and Friends present the 5th Annual Bob Dylan Birthday Bash!" on May 18, Jim Kweskin on May 19, and Open Mic with Guest Host Julia Johnson on May 20.
The Steel City Coffee House (203 Bridge Street, Phoenixville, 610-933-4043, www.steelcitycoffeehouse.com) will host Porter & Sayles on May 19, Steve Pullara on May 20, and "Bob Dylan's 77th Birthday Show" on May 23.
The Ardmore Music Hall (23 East Lancaster Avenue, Ardmore, 610-649-8389, www.ardmoremusic.com) will present Terrapin Flyer featuring Melvin Seals with special guest Steal your Peach on May 17, Donna the Buffalo with special guest Yarn on May 18, Flightschool: 10 Year Anniversary on May 19, and Countdown to Ecstasy with special guest Downingtown School of Rockon May 20.
Chris Trapper with Mary Scholz on May 18, and Callaghan with Julia Mark on May 19.
The Candlelight Theatre is presenting the hilarious comedy "Boeing Boeing" now through June 24.
Performances are Friday and Saturday evening (doors, 6 p.m.; show, 8 p.m.) and Sunday afternoon (doors, 1 p.m.; show, 3 p.m.). There is a Thursday evening performance June 14 and two Wednesday matinees, May 16 and June 6. There are no performances Memorial Day weekend, May 25 – 27. All tickets include dinner and show and are $63 for adults.
The Keswick Theater (291 N. Keswick Avenue, Glenside, 215-572-7650, www.keswicktheatre.com) presents Southside Johnny and the Asbury Jukes on May 18, and Pink Martini on May 19.
The Sellersville Theater (24 West Temple Avenue, Sellersville, 215-257-5808, www.st94.com) will host The Mersey Beatles onMay 17, Doyle Bramhall II on May 18, The Everly Brothers Experience featuring The Zmed Brothers on May 19, The Ballroom Thieves and Abbie Gardner (Of Red Molly) on May 20 and "Sail On: The Beach Boys Tribute" on May 23.
The Grand Opera House (818 North Market Street, Wilmington, Delaware, 302-652-5577, www.thegrandwilmington.org) will have Paula Poundstone on May 19, Arlo Guthrie's Re:Generation Tour on May 20.


To save someone's life, you will need to apply CPR. These couple of minutes could mean the difference between life and death.
We all know that sometimes when a car accident happens, patients are usually in a very strange position. If you move them, you could kill them. This course is all about moving your patient in a safe way.
It is a very risky situation because you will need to be trained. One false move and you can poke a vein or something worse. That is why we pay a large amount of attention to this type of course.
As always, you will need to know how to determine if a person is alive.
If you want to test the knowledge you have, you can always try with our courses. We will teach you some things that you weren't taught in you medical school. These medical courses will help you with you to fill your knowledge and to give you a practical approach. This will be a sort of practice for you.
His job is to make sure that all students understand the importance of CPR. This can save someone's life.
As an expert and a paramedic employee, Mike will give you all the necessary explanations and how to systems.
As an expert in nursing, she will tell you how to inject all sorts of instruments into a patient to help him.


text:
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Mazda CX-9 production begins
Alex Nunez
Oct 30th 2006 at 4:04PM
Mazda celebrated the production kickoff of its new CX-9 crossover by holding a "line-off" ceremony at the Ujima plant in Japan, where this new product for the North American market is being manufactured. We weren't sure what a "line-off" celebration entailed, but it apparently involves a red carpet, signage bordered with gold Christmas garland, one "Zoom-Zoom" reference (see press release), and executives holding giant housekeys.
The CX-9 is Mazda's new seven-passenger CUV. It was unveiled at the NY Auto Show this past April and will hit showrooms in early 2007.
(Photos, press release after the jump)
[Source: Mazda]
Mazda CX-9 Production Line:
Mazda Starts Production of the CX-9, its Second Crossover SUV for the North American Market
- Line-off ceremony held at Hiroshima's Ujina Plant No.1 -
HIROSHIMA, Japan--Mazda Motor Corporation today held a 'line-off' ceremony for the CX-9 crossover sport-utility vehicle (SUV) being built for the North American market at the Ujina Plant No.1 near its global headquarters in Hiroshima. Hisakazu Imaki, Mazda's representative director, chairman of the board, president and CEO, along with approximately 450 staff-comprised of several senior executives, union representatives and employees-attended this ceremony. The Mazda CX-9 will be arriving in North American showrooms in early 2007.
"The CX-9 will be the latest addition to Mazda's product lineup in the all-important North American market, joining the Mazda CX-7, which went on sale there in May", said Hisakazu Imaki. "CX-9 is a key model aimed at raising the visibility of Mazda in North America and will be an integral part of building the brand. Furthermore, to keep on providing the best Zoom-Zoom products that will exceed our customers' expectations around the globe, we must continue our efforts as 'One Mazda' to build even higher-quality vehicles."
The Mazda CX-9 is a seven-seat crossover SUV designed and engineered specifically for the North American market. The CX-9 showcases Mazda's unique design and strong, dynamic driving performance as well as an up-market interior with class-leading space and unmatched versatility. The CX-9 debuted at the New York International Auto Show in April 2006, earning high marks for its versatility and remarkable styling that makes a clean break from traditional medium-sized SUVs.
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..:: Friday, June 29th, 2012 ::..
We would like to invite you to something new on FRIDAYS brought to you by Sebastien Ent., Mirza Party & Rhythm Ethics. "WE ROCK Fridays" at San Francisco's newest venue THE GRAND. This week we're continuing the best Friday event in San Francisco's most quintessential nightspot to be seen!
And an opening set by MANIPULATED MUZIK spinning all the top club hits!


text:
ncconlineorg
Author: ncconlineorg
'I just enjoy myself': Jack Grealish adapting to big stage with England
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Dan dan and duck man mei: Erchen Chang's Chinese noodle recipes
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Benjamina Ebuehi's watermelon and ginger granita recipe
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Man with Alzheimer's Remarries Wife After Forgetting They're Married: 'There Wasn't a Dry Eye'
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text:
Lehigh Cement and the International Knowledge Centre Pioneering a Feasibility Study of Full-Scale Carbon Capture Storage (CCS) on Cement
Lehigh Hanson Canada
Nov 28, 2019, 13:15 ET
Lehigh Hanson Canada (CNW Group/Lehigh Hanson Canada)
CCS Knowledge Centre (CNW Group/Lehigh Hanson Canada)
EDMONTON, Nov. 28, 2019 /CNW/ - Lehigh Cement (Lehigh) and the International CCS Knowledge Centre (Knowledge Centre) today announced a feasibility study of a full-scale carbon capture and storage (CCS) project as a definitive solution to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
The study targets the feasibility to capture the majority of the carbon dioxide (CO2) from the flue gas of Lehigh's Edmonton, Alberta cement plant significantly reducing its process and combustion GHG emissions. The study will encompass engineering designs, cost estimation (at an AACE Class 4) and a fulsome business case analysis.
This is a North American first in the cement industry to examine the feasibility of full-scale CCS as a definitive solution to cut GHG emissions. The feasibility study at Lehigh's Edmonton plant is in advanced development, positioning it to be a world's first to implement full-scale carbon capture in the cement industry. The study will target a 90-95% CO2 capture rate, with the foundational learnings from the Boundary Dam 3 CCS Facility (BD3) – a world first in full-scale CCS (from a coal-fired power plant).
Lehigh and the Knowledge Centre will jointly conduct the study. The Knowledge Centre provides the experience-based knowledge needed to implement and optimize the operation of large-scale CCS; based on the lessons learned from both the fully-integrated BD3 and their work to reduce cost and risk through the advancement of second-generation CCS.
Emissions Reduction Alberta (ERA) is investing $1.4M in the feasibility study of CCS on an industrial cement facility. ERA invests the proceeds from the carbon price paid by emitters to develop and demonstrate innovative technology that reduces GHG emissions and strengthens the competitiveness of new and existing industries in Alberta.
"We are part of HeidelbergCement Group's vision of CO2 neutral concrete by 2050 and the potential of concrete to become the most sustainable building material. The Lehigh CCS study is a leading initiative for carbon capture in cement and demonstrates HeidelbergCement's commitment to lead global change for CCS in our industry."
- Joerg Nixdorf, President, Lehigh Hanson Canada Region
"CCS is a proven and effective emission reduction technology, so it is exciting to be part of a large-scale CCS initiative that builds on learnings from the world renowned Boundary Dam 3 CCS Facility. With this study and global leaders like Lehigh, the application of CCS moves its value beyond coal into cement."
- Beth Hardy, Vice-President , International CCS Knowledge Centre
"Once again, Alberta is ahead of the pack. Exploring CCS to reduce emissions in the cement industry is a prime example of the innovative, game-changing technology our TIER system will support. It also shows the bold leadership and entrepreneurial spirit of our industries, that continue to set an example by seeking out unique solutions and untapped technologies that can lower emissions at home and around the world."
- Jason Nixon, Minister of Environment and Parks
Objectives of the Lehigh CCS Feasibility Study
Phase I - Pre-feasibility Study
The pre-feasibility study was conducted by the Knowledge Centre in collaboration with Lehigh.
The objectives of this phase: to source capture proponents through an evaluative request for proposals process; define out-of-scope activities to be conducted by appropriate engineering support teams, scaled-estimates of costs, schedule and budget for phase II.
Phase II - Feasibility Study
The feasibility study is being conducted in collaboration of Lehigh and the Knowledge Centre.
The objectives of the feasibility study: to deliver a cost estimate of Class 4 feasibility study; to secure one or more capture vendors to provide engineering design tailored to the Lehigh plant; to manage the process and engage third parties, as necessary; to complete a detailed business case; and to develop the budget for Front End Engineering Study (FEED).
Status: underway
Phase III - FEED and Execution
Following the completion of the feasibility study, a FEED Study would provide detailed engineering design and integration to Class 3 estimate and finalize the business case for final investment decision.
Quick Facts & Links
CCS & Cement at Varying Scale
Large-scale and full-scale CCS means capturing at least 800,000 tonnes of CO2 annually for coal–fired power, and at least 400,000 tonnes of CO2 annually for other emissions–intensive industrial facilities (including natural gas power). (CO2RE database)
There are several CCS and cement pilot initiatives underway in the world. These are small-scale (under 400,000 tonnes of CO2) and in early development.
Lehigh Cement Edmonton estimates a capture rate of 600,000 tonnes of CO2 annually.
Cement Emission Overview
Post combustion flue gas is remarkably similar in cement or coal thermal plants and CCS lessons learned can be readily adapted and transferred across the industries.
Total emissions from the cement industry contribute as much as 8% of global CO2 emissions. (CICERO)
Global demand for cement is expected to increase 12-23% by 2050 (IEA Report: Transforming Industry through CCUS)
Concrete, a product of cement, is the second most consumed substance on the planet, next to water - with attributing roughly three tonnes of concrete yearly by every person on earth. (State of the Planet, Earth Institute, Columbia University).
CCS Links
IEA GHG: What is CCS?
International CCS Knowledge Centre: Lessons for the World
Global CCS Institute: CCS Readiness Index
HeidelbergCement Group Global CCS and Sustainability Commitments
HeidelbergCement Group Sustainability Commitments 2030
HeidelbergCement Group : Corporate Responsibility
HeidelbergCement Group: Global Carbon Capture Projects
CCS in Alberta & Saskatchewan Links
Investment in CCS identified as an urgent priority in Alberta specifically as an environmental technology to reduce GHGs: Alberta urgent priorities
Over 4 million tonnes of CO2 captured, safely and permanently stored, and prevented from entering the atmosphere: Quest CCS Facility.
Large-scale CO2 transport includes multiple partners to gather, compress, transport and safely store up to 14.6 Mt/year: Alberta Carbon Trunk Line.
In Saskatchewan full-chain CCS applied through: SaskPower's BD3 CCS Facility; Weyburn-Midale CO2 Monitoring & Storage Project; and Aquistore CO2 Storage Project.
About Lehigh Cement & HeidelbergCement Group: Since 1956, Lehigh Cement has been an innovator, partner and collaborator in advancing the cement and concrete industry, and supporting Alberta's economy. Lehigh Cement is an affiliated company of Lehigh Hanson, the North American operation of the HeidelbergCement Group. For more info: https://www.lehighhanson.com/sites/lehigh-cement-company
HeidelbergCement is one of the world's largest building materials companies. The core business includes aggregates, cement and ready-mixed concrete and asphalt. It has more than 3000 production sites in 60 countries on five continents. At the heart of its core environmental policies is climate change protection. The company has committed to a 30% reduction in its CO2 emissions by 2030 compared to 1990 levels. Substantial efforts to reduce corporate-wide CO2 emissions have been made through a variety of approaches including the use of alternative fuels, the reduction of clinker to cement ratio, and the investment in energy-efficient technologies and production processes. By continuing its efforts to reduce CO2 emissions, Heidelberg Cement's plants operate closer to the theoretical limits of efficiency. However, the CO2 emitted from limestone conversion remains an unaddressed challenge. The deployment of CCS is the only viable approach available to the company to meet its 2030 GHG reduction target. For more info: https://www.heidelbergcement.com/en/responsibility
About the International CCS Knowledge Centre (Knowledge Centre): Operating since 2016 under the direction of an independent board, the Knowledge Centre was established by BHP and SaskPower with a mandate to advance the global understanding and deployment of large-scale CCS to reduce global GHG emissions. The Knowledge Centre provides the know-how to implement large-scale CCS projects as well as CCS optimization through the base learnings from both the fully-integrated Boundary Dam 3 CCS Facility and the comprehensive second-generation CCS study, known as the Shand Study. For more info: https://ccsknowledge.com/
About Emissions Reduction Alberta (ERA): ERA invests the proceeds from carbon pricing paid by large final emitters to reduce GHGs and build the resilience of new and incumbent industries in Alberta. Investments help innovators develop and demonstrate Alberta-based GHG-reducing technologies that can lower emissions at home and be exported to the world. For more info: https://www.eralberta.ca/
LehighCement.net
Twitter:@LehighHanson
ccsknowledge.com
Twitter: @CCSKnowledge
ERAlberta.ca
Twitter: @ERAlberta
SOURCE Lehigh Hanson Canada
For further information: Media Contacts, Lehigh Cement, Jeff Sieg, Director or Communications, [email protected], T: 1+972-653-6011, M: 1+972-571-5549; HeidelbergCement Group, Christoph Beumelberg, Director Group Communications & Investor Relations, [email protected], T: +49 6221 481 13249, F: +49 6221 481 13217; International CCS Knowledge Centre, Jodi Woollam, Head of Communications & Media Relations, [email protected], T: +1-306-565-5956, M: +1-306-520-3710; Emissions Reduction Alberta, Michelle Gurney, Communications and Stakeholder Engagement, [email protected], TL +1-403-431-0759


The first opinion given to me regarding Jacob Settle was a simple descriptive statement, 'He's a down-in-the-mouth chap': but I found that it embodied the thoughts and ideas of all his fellow-workmen. There was in the phrase a certain easy tolerance, an absence of positive feeling of any kind, rather than any complete opinion, which marked pretty accurately the man's place in public esteem. Still, there was some dissimilarity between this and his appearance which unconsciously set me thinking, and by degrees, as I saw more of the place and the workmen, I came to have a special interest in him. He was, I found, for ever doing kindnesses, not involving money expenses beyond his humble means, but in the manifold ways of forethought and forbearance and self-repression which are of the truer charities of life. Women and children trusted him implicitly, though, strangely enough, he rather shunned them, except when anyone was sick, and then he made his appearance to help if he could, timidly and awkwardly. He led a very solitary life, keeping house by himself in a tiny cottage, or rather hut, of one room, far on the edge of the moorland. His existence seemed so sad and solitary that I wished to cheer it up, and for the purpose took the occasion when we had both been sitting up with a child, injured by me through accident, to offer to lend him books. He gladly accepted, and as we parted in the grey of the dawn I felt that something of mutual confidence had been established between us.
The books were always most carefully and punctually returned, and in time Jacob Settle and I became quite friends. Once or twice as I crossed the moorland on Sundays I looked in on him; but on such occasions he was shy and ill at ease so that I felt diffident about calling to see him. He would never under any circumstances come into my own lodgings.
'A bad dream!' I said, hoping to cheer him; 'but dreams pass away with the light--even with waking.' There I stopped, for before he spoke I saw the answer in his desolate look round the little place.
'Two nights past have I dreamed it. It was hard enough the first night, bat I came through it. Last night the expectation was in itself almost worse than the dream--until the dream came, and then it swept away every remembrance of lesser pain. I stayed awake till just before the dawn, and then it came again, and ever since I have been in such an agony as I am sure the dying feel, and with it all the dread of tonight.' Before he had got to the end of the sentence my mind was made up, and I felt that I could speak to him more cheerfully.
Try and get to sleep early tonight--in fact, before the evening has passed away. The sleep will refresh you, and I promise you there will not be any bad dreams after tonight.' He shook his head hopelessly, so I sat a little longer and then left him.
'There, there! it is all right. I have come to stay with you to-night, and together we will try to fight this evil dream.' He let go my hand suddenly, and sank back on his bed and covered his eyes with his hands.
Then I tried to get his mind away from the subject to more mundane things, so I produced supper, and made him share it with me, including the contents of the flask. After a little he braced up, and when I lit my cigar, having given him another, we smoked a full hour, and talked of many things. Little by little the comfort of his body stole over his mind, and I could see sleep laying her gentle hands on his eyelids. He felt it, too, and told me that now he felt all right, and I might safely leave him; but I told him that, right or wrong, I was going to see in the daylight. So I lit my other candle, and began to read as he fell asleep.
'Sir, as God is above us, there was no selfish thought in my heart that day, I loved my pretty Mabel too well to be content with a part of her love, and I had thought of my own unhappiness too often not to have come to realise that, whatever might come to her, my hope was gone. He was insolent to me--you, sir, who are a gentleman, cannot know, perhaps, how galling can be the insolence of one who is above you in station--but I bore with that. I implored him to deal well with the girl, for what might be only a pastime of an idle hour with him might be the breaking of her heart. For I never had a thought of her truth, or that the worst of harm could come to her--it was only the unhappiness to her heart I feared. But when I asked him when he intended to marry her his laughter galled me so that I lost my temper and told him that I would not stand by and see her life made unhappy. Then he grew angry too, and in his anger said such cruel things of her that then and there I swore he should not live to do her harm. God knows how it came about, for in such moments of passion it is hard to remember the steps from a word to a blow, but I found myself standing over his dead body, with my hands crimson with the blood that welled from his torn throat. We were alone and he was a stranger, with none of his kin to seek for him and murder does not always out--not all at once. His bones may be whitening still, for all I know, in the pool of the river where I left him. No one suspected his absence, or why it was, except my poor Mabel, and she dared not speak. But it was all in vain, for when I came back again after an absence of months --for I could not live in the place--I learned that her shame had come and that she had died in it. Hitherto I had been borne up by the thought that my ill deed had saved her future, but now, when I learned that I had been too late, and that my poor love was smirched with that man's sin, I fled away with the sense of my useless guilt upon me more heavily than I could bear. Ah! sir, you that have not done such a sin don't know what it is to carry it with you. You may think that custom makes it easy to you, but it is not so. It grows and grows with every hour, till it becomes intolerable, and with it growing, too, the feeling that you must for ever stand outside Heaven. You don't know what that means, and I pray God that you never may. Ordinary men, to whom all things are possible, don't often, if ever, think of Heaven. It is a name, and nothing more, and they are content to wait and let things be, but to those who are doomed to be shut out for ever you cannot think what it means, you cannot guess or measure the terrible endless longing to see the gates opened, and to be able to join the white figures within.
I listened as in a spell as Jacob Settle spoke. There was something so far away in the tone of his voice-- something so dreamy and mystic in the eyes that looked as if through me at some spirit beyond--something so lofty in his very diction and in such marked contrast to his workworn clothes and his poor surroundings that I wondered if the whole thing were not a dream.
'You need not despair, Jacob Settle. God is very good, and His mercy is great. Live on and work on in the hope that some day you may feel that you have atoned for the past.' Here I paused, for I could see that sleep, natural sleep this time, was creeping upon him.
'I will!' he answered, half unconsciously, for sleep was overmastering him.
A week after I found his cottage deserted, and on asking at the works was told that he had 'gone north', no one exactly knew whither.
Two years afterwards. I was staying for a few days with my friend Dr. Munro in Glasgow. He was a busy man, and could not spare much time for going about with me, so I spent my days in excursions to the Trossachs and Loch Katrine and down the Clyde. On the second last evening of my stay I came back somewhat later than I had arranged, but found that my host was late too. The maid told me that he had been sent for to the hospital--a case of accident at the gas-works, and the dinner was postponed an hour; so telling her I would stroll down to find her master and walk back with him, I went out. At the hospital I found him washing his hands preparatory to starting for home. Casually, I asked him what his case was.
'Oh, he's worse still. But he must have been a very noble fellow. That struggle under the water must have been fearful; one can see that by the way the blood has been drawn from the extremities. It makes the idea of the Stigmata possible to look at him. Resolution like this could, you would think, do anything in the world. Ay! it might almost unbar the gates of Heaven. Look here, old man, it is not a very pleasant sight, especially just before dinner, but you are a writer, and this is an odd case. Here is something you would not like to miss, for in all human probability you will never see anything like it again.' While he was speaking he had brought me into the mortuary of the hospital.
On the bier lay a body covered with a white sheet, which was wrapped close round it.
'Looks like a chrysalis, don't it? I say, Jack, if there be anything in the old myth that a soul is typified by a butterfly, well, then the one that this chrysalis sent forth was a very noble specimen and took all the sunlight on its wings. See here!' He uncovered the face. Horrible, indeed, it looked, as though stained with blood. But I knew him at once, Jacob Settle! My friend pulled the winding sheet further down.
The hands were crossed on the purple breast as they had been reverently placed by some tender-hearted person. As I saw them my heart throbbed with a great exultation, for- the memory of his harrowing dream rushed across my mind. There was no stain now on those poor, brave hands, for they were blanched white as snow.
And somehow as I looked I felt that the evil dream was all over. That noble soul had won a way through the gate at last. The white robe had now no stain from the hands that had put it on.


text:
Neuroprotective effects of bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) treatment after spinal cord injury
Juan Pablo de Rivero Vaccari, Alex Marcillo, Doris Nonner, W. Dalton Dietrich, Robert W. Keane
Miami Project
Physiology & Biophysics
Bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) has been shown to ameliorate reduced dendritic growth induced by glutamate excitotoxicity in neuronal tissue cultures and/or provide an enhancement of functional recovery in central nervous system (CNS) injury. BMP7 expression is modulated by spinal cord injury (SCI), but the molecular mechanisms involved in neuroprotection have not been clearly defined. Here, we show that BMP7 treatment of rats subjected to mild cervical SCI significantly increased the pro-survival mitogen-activated protein kinase-38 (MAPK-38) pathway and levels of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor 1 (NMDAR-1) resulting in a significant increase in neuronal sparing in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. Moreover, BMP7 was neuroprotective against glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity in cultured cortical neurons. These studies show that BMP7 administration may be used as a therapeutic strategy to reduce the damaging excitotoxic effects following SCI.
Neuroscience Letters
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2009.09.013
Published - Nov 20 2009
Bone morphogenetic protein 7
Glutamate excitotoxicity
MAPK signaling
Dive into the research topics of 'Neuroprotective effects of bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) treatment after spinal cord injury'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 Medicine & Life Sciences 100%
Neuroprotective Agents Medicine & Life Sciences 71%
Spinal Cord Injuries Medicine & Life Sciences 67%
rat Bmp7 protein Medicine & Life Sciences 39%
Glutamic Acid Medicine & Life Sciences 30%
Spinal Cord Ventral Horn Medicine & Life Sciences 25%
Nervous System Trauma Medicine & Life Sciences 21%
aspartic acid receptor Medicine & Life Sciences 21%
de Rivero Vaccari, J. P., Marcillo, A., Nonner, D., Dietrich, W. D., & Keane, R. W. (2009). Neuroprotective effects of bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) treatment after spinal cord injury. Neuroscience Letters, 465(3), 226-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2009.09.013
Neuroprotective effects of bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) treatment after spinal cord injury. / de Rivero Vaccari, Juan Pablo; Marcillo, Alex; Nonner, Doris; Dietrich, W. Dalton; Keane, Robert W.
In: Neuroscience Letters, Vol. 465, No. 3, 20.11.2009, p. 226-229.
de Rivero Vaccari, JP, Marcillo, A, Nonner, D, Dietrich, WD & Keane, RW 2009, 'Neuroprotective effects of bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) treatment after spinal cord injury', Neuroscience Letters, vol. 465, no. 3, pp. 226-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2009.09.013
de Rivero Vaccari JP, Marcillo A, Nonner D, Dietrich WD, Keane RW. Neuroprotective effects of bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) treatment after spinal cord injury. Neuroscience Letters. 2009 Nov 20;465(3):226-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2009.09.013
de Rivero Vaccari, Juan Pablo ; Marcillo, Alex ; Nonner, Doris ; Dietrich, W. Dalton ; Keane, Robert W. / Neuroprotective effects of bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) treatment after spinal cord injury. In: Neuroscience Letters. 2009 ; Vol. 465, No. 3. pp. 226-229.
@article{f6ae4885b58444b08a0493d00f06a1e9,
title = "Neuroprotective effects of bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) treatment after spinal cord injury",
abstract = "Bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) has been shown to ameliorate reduced dendritic growth induced by glutamate excitotoxicity in neuronal tissue cultures and/or provide an enhancement of functional recovery in central nervous system (CNS) injury. BMP7 expression is modulated by spinal cord injury (SCI), but the molecular mechanisms involved in neuroprotection have not been clearly defined. Here, we show that BMP7 treatment of rats subjected to mild cervical SCI significantly increased the pro-survival mitogen-activated protein kinase-38 (MAPK-38) pathway and levels of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor 1 (NMDAR-1) resulting in a significant increase in neuronal sparing in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. Moreover, BMP7 was neuroprotective against glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity in cultured cortical neurons. These studies show that BMP7 administration may be used as a therapeutic strategy to reduce the damaging excitotoxic effects following SCI.",
keywords = "Bone morphogenetic protein 7, Glutamate excitotoxicity, MAPK signaling, Spinal cord injury",
author = "{de Rivero Vaccari}, {Juan Pablo} and Alex Marcillo and Doris Nonner and Dietrich, {W. Dalton} and Keane, {Robert W.}",
note = "Funding Information: This work was supported by Department of Defense grant: USAMRMC X81XWH-05-1-0001 . We thank David Molnar and Dr. Juan Carlos de Rivero Vaccari for technical assistance. ",
doi = "10.1016/j.neulet.2009.09.013",
journal = "Neuroscience Letters",
publisher = "Elsevier Ireland Ltd",
T1 - Neuroprotective effects of bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) treatment after spinal cord injury
AU - de Rivero Vaccari, Juan Pablo
AU - Marcillo, Alex
AU - Nonner, Doris
AU - Dietrich, W. Dalton
AU - Keane, Robert W.
N1 - Funding Information: This work was supported by Department of Defense grant: USAMRMC X81XWH-05-1-0001 . We thank David Molnar and Dr. Juan Carlos de Rivero Vaccari for technical assistance.
N2 - Bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) has been shown to ameliorate reduced dendritic growth induced by glutamate excitotoxicity in neuronal tissue cultures and/or provide an enhancement of functional recovery in central nervous system (CNS) injury. BMP7 expression is modulated by spinal cord injury (SCI), but the molecular mechanisms involved in neuroprotection have not been clearly defined. Here, we show that BMP7 treatment of rats subjected to mild cervical SCI significantly increased the pro-survival mitogen-activated protein kinase-38 (MAPK-38) pathway and levels of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor 1 (NMDAR-1) resulting in a significant increase in neuronal sparing in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. Moreover, BMP7 was neuroprotective against glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity in cultured cortical neurons. These studies show that BMP7 administration may be used as a therapeutic strategy to reduce the damaging excitotoxic effects following SCI.
AB - Bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) has been shown to ameliorate reduced dendritic growth induced by glutamate excitotoxicity in neuronal tissue cultures and/or provide an enhancement of functional recovery in central nervous system (CNS) injury. BMP7 expression is modulated by spinal cord injury (SCI), but the molecular mechanisms involved in neuroprotection have not been clearly defined. Here, we show that BMP7 treatment of rats subjected to mild cervical SCI significantly increased the pro-survival mitogen-activated protein kinase-38 (MAPK-38) pathway and levels of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor 1 (NMDAR-1) resulting in a significant increase in neuronal sparing in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. Moreover, BMP7 was neuroprotective against glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity in cultured cortical neurons. These studies show that BMP7 administration may be used as a therapeutic strategy to reduce the damaging excitotoxic effects following SCI.
KW - Bone morphogenetic protein 7
KW - Glutamate excitotoxicity
KW - MAPK signaling
KW - Spinal cord injury
U2 - 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.09.013
DO - 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.09.013
JO - Neuroscience Letters
JF - Neuroscience Letters


Anyone running an electric power steering box?
Pulled The Trigger Today, Suspension Now Done.
This bolt why will it not come off?
BMR, Koni STR.T, Moog, and Poly - Car didn't lower much. Why?
* UMI* Wanting FULL UMI Adjustsble Suspension, Also Black UMI Billet Brackets?!
Brake kit that includes calipers, rotors and pad?
I'm looking for suggestions for the dragstrip.
How did 4 piston Brembos make your car feel?
where to get caliper rebuild kit?
Upgrade/update ABS on '94 TransAm?
Super low ground clearence with UMI 2203 Torque Arm.
Who makes a complete Big Brake Kit....All 4 corners....?
Strano Adjustable Sway Bar Install - What's the Issue Here?
Bc coil overs problems, help!
need help with brake upgrade!!
Lower A-arms effecting center point?
Cts-v brakes on a corvette c5?
Trying to hook and go. Any suggestions?
Strange Squeaking Noise - After sitting in traffic.
Are my brake hoses installed right?
What shocks/struts should i buy?
Anyone ever upgrade their rear calipers?
Replacing Rotors and brakes.. Any recomendations on what's best for 2002 SS?
Best brake pads with bite?
Corvette c5 irs swap in a thirdgen camaro?
What shocks should I run on my s10?
Recipe for a killer 60ft in a turbo f body?
bmr k member help please!!!!
2000 trans am wheel hop.
How would a Koni install cause this??
Info on shocks/springs, car hits bump stop?
Afco 3870 or 3860 for rear coi-overs?
What should I do for suspension?
New front lower control arm, any one use this brand?
It's time. Koni's on sale, prices reflected in Strano Performance Handling Packages.
99 TA brake issues..need second opinions.
What torque arm to go with?
KYB AGX Adjustable vs Koni STR.T Shocks?
Where to start with suspension.
Are these the REAL Koni's?
Pics of Quantum Brake cooling ducts installed on F-body?
Install coil spring without scratching the spring?
COIL OVER 93-02 Fbody!!! C6 Z06 Big Brake KIT needed. Scrapping and want control.
Can you adapt 2013 Camaro SS Brembo brake calipers and rotors to 2002 Z28?
vari shock vs qa1s any opinons?
Guess who's back... did you guys miss me?
27 inch tire enough to need adjustable LCAs?
Has anyone used the C7 Z06 brake rotors on a 6-piston swap?
What kind of panhard bar?
Impressive pass using Midwest Chassis Torque arm.
ABS Wheel Sensor 10456535 Discontinued?
A couple of things I've always wondered.
Sway bar end links too tight?
My Silverado is driving me NUTS!!
Brake clearance: Corvettes vs F-body?
Benefits of front control arm bushings to polyurethane?
Which NON lowering springs for Koni STRTs?
4th gen brakes on a 3rd gen housing.
Different shocks in the rear than front?
How can Strano Performance Parts help you pick the right parts? Answers inside.
CTS-V 6 Piston Calipers on my 1999 Z28!
Name of this part? Shock mount? UCA mount?


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FK chats to Elke of beautiful Noosa based ceramics label, Elke Lucas Ceramics. Enjoy these tactile pieces in person at our Brisbane AW14 markets!
Tell us a bit about Elke Lucas Ceramics and what products we can expect to discover?
As a potter I want to create ceramics that people love to use everyday, lovely pieces that you can have out and are not afraid to use and enjoy. So that's what I'm really aiming for – beautiful pots that people love to use. I'm really excited about the new ranges for the Brisbane AW14 Finders Keepers Market this year. There's the blingtastic new Kônig Gold range featuring raised dimples of clay decorated with real gold and the skull beakers in Southern Ice clay – not to mention the new spoons.
What is your background and how did you get started working with ceramics?
I grew up in a little village deep in the Black Forest in Southern Germany, I had an idyllic childhood in many ways, but I always had this wanderlust – life in Germany can be very regimented and although I loved my family and friends there, I needed to escape and see the world. I worked in The States for a while and studied in England but my life as a potter started by accident really. I was travelling up the west coast of Ireland in an old converted red fire engine with some friends when I met a surfer who was on the same journey.
After many adventures together we eventually took over at his family pottery on the Cornish coast. He came from a family of eccentric artists and potters and I thought, 'well if you can't beat them join them' so I started making pots. We used the local earthenware clay from that area and to my surprise found I loved working with clay and the endless possibilities it presented. I always had a secret longing to work with porcelain though, because I loved its delicate translucent quality. Since setting up my studio in Noosa on the Sunshine Coast I've been able to fulfill that desire as I'm now working with these fantastic Australian porcelains and just loving working with clay again.
There are so many fantastic ceramicist artists out there – I love seeing ceramics having a revival again and the endless creative people who love working with the medium. My major ceramics crush and endless source of inspiration is for the late Dame Lucie Rie – an Austrian born potter who moved to England in the 30's and soon became one of the most iconic potters ever known in Europe.
What is your workspace like and what is your creative process?
One of the joys of working in on the Sunshine Coast is that I can do a lot of the throwing and making outside in a covered area. I would love to be able to say my workspace was a calm Zen like space but at times it feels quite chaotic, with pots all drying at once and demanding immediate attention.
In terms of inspiration I think I draw it most from the beauty of the environment around me, the leaves and grasses I use for my botanic range or a washed up shell on the beach that has been scoured by the effects of wind and waves that led to my matt glaze being developed. As I think about inspiration more though I realise that it can come from anywhere: everyday experiences, meeting people, chatting and being exposed to all sorts of environments – every encounter has the possibility of sparking an idea that can develop into a new shape, new glazes, new ranges.
What do you love about working with porcelain and what are some of the challenges?
I love the delicate sophistication of porcelain; it's lightness and translucent qualities. It can be a difficult clay to work with but when you get it right the rewards are fantastic. The work itself is challenging as there are so many factors that can affect the end result from the consistency of the clay to the weather conditions for drying to the glaze variations and the firing techniques – pottery has endless options and endless challenges but that's what makes it such an interesting craft to be involved in.
What new projects are you working on and where would you like to see Elke Lucas Ceramics in the future?
There are always new projects brewing – at the moment I've got ideas of developing different coloured glazes as well as new decorating ideas. My ceramics are always developing, moving and expanding – only restriction is time!
The future of Elke Lucas Ceramics is an unknown but I'll continue to do what I love and create ceramics and I believe the future will shape itself from there.
Elke's work reflects is beautiful and delicate and truly reflects her coastal environment. I love my pieces and can add to my collection as she creates new ones.


text:
The 2007 Indiana Fever season was their 8th season in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). They finished 2nd in the Eastern Conference with 21 wins and 13 losses on the season. The season marked the third consecutive season that the Fever earned a playoff berth. They eliminated the Connecticut Sun, 2–1, in the First Round of the playoffs but then in turn were eliminated in the Eastern Conference Finals, 2–1, by the Detroit Shock.

Offseason
On March 23, 2007 the Fever signed Tammy Sutton-Brown from the defunct Charlotte Sting, Sutton-Brown was one of the most sought-after free agents.

The following player was selected in the Dispersal Draft from the Charlotte Sting:
Sheri Sam

2007 WNBA Draft

Indiana's selections from the 2008 WNBA Draft in Cleveland.

Roster

Depth

Season standings

Schedule

Preseason

Regular season

Playoffs

First round

Eastern Conference Finals

Awards and records

Awards
Kim Perrot Sportsmanship Award: Tully Bevilaqua

Records

Player stats

Season

Playoffs

Transactions
February 14, 2007 re-signed Tully Bevilaqua.
March 7, 2007 traded Olympia Scott to the Phoenix Mercury for Ann Strother.
March 14, 2007 exercised the 2008 option on Tan White's contract.
March 23, 2007 traded La'Tangela Atkinson to the Sacramento Monarchs for the 24th pick in the 2008 WNBA Draft
March 23, 2007 re-signed Anna DeForge and signed free agent Tammy Sutton-Brown.
April 13, 2007 waived Linda Frohlich.
April 13, 2007 traded the 40th pick in the 2008 WNBA Draft for Jessica Dickson.
May 7, 2007 waived Lyndsey Medders.
May 9, 2007 waived Erin Lawless and Ashley Key.
May 16, 2007 waived Jessica Dickson and Jennifer Humphrey.

References

External links
Official Indiana Fever website
Official WNBA website

Indiana Fever
Indiana Fever seasons
Indiana

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Brooklyn-based artist Hyunjung Ahn talks about female artists that have guided through her journey to New York City and the struggles that came with it.
Stephanie Kim, a Bushwick-based painter, talks about her road to recovery from depression and a nearly fatal car accident, and finding her true voice through three very important people that shaped her to who she is today.
For people not familiar with street photography, it is an art form combining photography, ethnography, sociology, and a test of split-second reaction. With photographers willing to sell their soul to be part of the mainstream culture it was nice to discover Sally Han, a photographer walking around Toronto's Chinatown and capturing scenes of people and culture.


text:
GLOBAL MARKETS-For 2014, Chinese stocks and dollar were stars, oil big loser
* China stock benchmark adds more than 50 pct
* Dollar index on track for best year since at least 2005
* Euro zone yields at historic lows as deflation looms
* Oil remains under pressure after halving in value (Updates prices, comment)
By Rodrigo Campos
NEW YORK, Dec (Shanghai: 600875.SS – news) 31 (Reuters) – China and the United States headed the list of 2014 top-performing equity markets among larger economies while markets elsewhere ended the year on a wary note as another sharp drop in oil and worries about Greece's future drove profit-taking.
The U.S. dollar on Wednesday added slightly to gains that have made it the year's star major currency. Some European bond yields added to a string of all-time lows following a surprisingly sharp fall in Spanish inflation on Tuesday.
European stocks wrapped up the year 4 percent higher overall, though there were some striking exceptions, such as near-30 percent losses for debt-strained Greece and Portugal.
On Wall Street, stocks were modestly higher on Wednesday and the S&P 500 was on track to end 2014 near its record high. The index hit records in more than 50 sessions throughout the year.
"Markets put in a solid year in spite of significant headwinds that could have easily derailed a multi-year bull market," said Peter Kenny, chief market strategist at Clearpool Group in New York. "The most the bears got out of this year was a 10 percent correction on an intraday basis, and the markets stubbornly moved higher, and for good foundational reasons."
The S&P 500 is on track to end its third straight year of double-digit gains. On a total return basis, the benchmark is up 14.9 percent this year.
The Dow Jones industrial average has gained 8.1 percent, and the Nasdaq Composite is up 14 percent for the year.
At 2:18 p.m. (1918 GMT) the Dow Jones industrial average fell 62.94 points, or 0.35 percent, to 17,920.13, the S&P 500 lost 10.42 points, or 0.5 percent, to 2,069.93, and the Nasdaq Composite dropped 16.33 points, or 0.34 percent, to 4,761.11.
In Latin America, Argentina's benchmark stock index added 59 percent in 2014 and Brazil's Bovespa shed nearly 3 percent. Colombia's IGBC fell 11 percent and Mexico's IPC (SES: E1:I12.SI – news) was little changed, up less than 1 percent.
The stand-out equity performer among top economies this year was China, where the CSI300 index ended 2014 with gains of 52 percent. The index added more than 25 percent in December alone, its best month since April 2007, in part as foreigners won wider access to Chinese stocks.
"China stocks have done really well this year and the dollar move has also been very interesting," said Alvin Tan, an FX strategist at Societe Generale (Paris: FR0000130809 – news) in London. "It barely moved against the other major currencies in the first (half) of the year and all the big gains came in the second."
The dollar was on track to end 2014 up more than 12 percent against a basket of major currencies, its best performance since at least 2005. An expected start to a Federal Reserve tightening cycle may strengthen the dollar's appeal in the new year.
With a slight gain on Wednesday, the dollar index was on track to finish above the 90 level for the first time since 2005.
The euro, undermined by bets that the European Central Bank will have to start buying government bonds to avert deflation, was down 0.5 percent at $ 1.2098, having touched a 2-1/2-year low of $ 1.2096.
The Russian rouble was down 5 percent on the day as a 77 percent plunge for the year marked its worst performance since Russia defaulted in 1998.
The young bitcoin currency is closing the year only slightly better than the rouble, falling 57 percent at about $ 317. It peaked at $ 995 last January.
U.S. government debt that matures in 20 years and beyond is on track to book a 27 percent return, according to Barclays (LSE: BARC.L – news) . That would be its biggest annual gain since 2011, when it generated a 33 percent return.
On its last session of the year, the benchmark 10-year U.S. Treasury note was up 6/32, the yield at 2.1703 percent.
Crude oil prices , already down by half from this year's peak, slumped again on Wednesday. Brent fell as much as 3.7 percent to trade below $ 56 a barrel and U.S. crude was down 3 percent at its session low. Weak Chinese manufacturing data and demand concerns weighed on prices.
Brent was last down 2 percent at $ 56.72 a barrel and WTI fell 2.6 percent to $ 52.74 a barrel. For the year Brent is down 49 percent and WTI is down 46 percent.
Copper, of which China is the biggest consumer, looked set to post its biggest annual decline in three years at 14.4 percent, while traditional safe-haven gold was set to close the year just shy of 2 percent lower. Silver (Shenzhen: 300221.SZ – news) fell nearly 20 percent in 2014 after a more than 35 percent drop in 2013. (Additional reporting by global financial markets teams; Editing by Dan Grebler and Leslie Adler)
FOREX-Dollar catches breath after rise on U.S. data, Fed remarks
* DXY index rises to one-month high, within sight of 11-year high * U.S. Jan CPI, durables goods data raise...
NZ dollar rises as greenback declines after Yellen seen pushing back rate hikes
![CDATA[ By Tina Morrison Feb. 26 (BusinessDesk) – The New Zealand dollar rose, driven by weakness in the greenback after...
US Dollar Technical Analysis: Another 5-Year High Established
Rules of Discussion on GLOBAL MARKETS-For 2014, Chinese stocks and dollar were stars, oil big loser
Next story Dollar Surges to 11 1/2-Year High
Previous story Dollar index remains near 9-year highs despite ISM report


text:
Q: CSS - Cut a sector out of background I want to cut a sector out of background.

I searched the internet but found only solutions with solid-colored backgrounds.Like this: How to draw a circle sector in CSS?.
jsfiddle.net/holden321/5jfP9/

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Nearly every lawyer at our Everett, WA (Snohomish County) office drafts wills and other estate planning documents, either as a focus or sub-practice area. Typically our fees are lower than other local competitors, and our attorneys often enjoy more impressive legal backgrounds as well.
Wills remain the most popular category of estate planning instrument, especially in Washington, where the probate process is relatively simple and inexpensive. Notably, a will cannot provide some of the tax advantages of more complex estate planning instruments, such as an irrevocable trust. But most people's estates, which are small or midsize in value, do not benefit much if at all from complex tax planning when weighed against the accompanying legal and administrative fees. That makes a will the right choice for most clients with small and midsize estates.
A will is also a smart choice for large estates, though the document typically plays a less important role in those cases. For clients with complex estate planning, a will serves as a catchall or safety net for assets that might have been overlooked or left out of trusts, IRAs, or other similar instruments. A will can also provide valuable instructions regarding non-property issues, such as care of minor children and treatment of the decedent's remains.
If you are considering a will, we encourage you to contact us toll free at 866-631-0028. We are located in Everett's city center, just a short walk from the Snohomish County Superior Court complex.
What topics does a will usually address? The average will addresses a myriad of subjects, but chief among them tends to be property distribution, payment of expenses and taxes, and care of minor children. Other issues include appointment of a personal representative, permission to probate the estate without bond and without court intervention (a cost-saving measure), instructions to distribute smaller property items according to an ongoing 'bedside list', a bequest of the unlisted 'residue' of the estate, burial instructions, and more.
How much does a will cost? The cost can vary widely depending on how nuanced the client wants the document to be. A simple will might only require an hour of attorney time, including the initial client meeting. In those instances, the total fee is often a few hundred dollars.
Yet other clients want a highly detailed, individually crafted document, or they ask several hours-worth of estate planning questions. Due to the increased number attorney attorneys spent on the project, those cases can result in significantly higher legal fees. We try to advise clients of the escalating costs in these situations. We want satisfied clients, not unhappily surprised ones.
Do you charge flat fees, or just hourly rates? We do sometimes perform flat-fee estate planning, including will-drafting. However flat fees generally do NOT result in cost-savings to clients. For flat-fee projects, attorneys at most firms, including ours, charge more than the estimated hourly cost for the project. In essence, flat-fee clients pay a slight premium, but they bear no risk of cost overruns. Most estate planning clients choose hourly pricing.
What happens if I die without a will? If you die without a will, your property passes to your relatives through 'intestate succession'. 'Intestate' means without a will, whereas 'testate' means with a will. The statute on intestate succession is RCW 11.04.015, and it states exactly who receives what shares of your property.
Some people choose not to draft a will because they do not mind intestate succession. However even those in that situation might want to reconsider their position. A will offers many potential benefits beyond control over asset distribution, such as decreased probate expenses through non-intervention powers, the ability to appoint a chosen personal representative, and the ability to designate someone as the preferred custodian of minor children.