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Q: Is it possible to let bash to detect compiling error in C? I have a tricky requirement:
I need to use bash to compile 100 programs, say 1.c, 2.c, 3.c ... 100.c, I want to keep those c programs which was compiled successfully and remove c programs which compilation errors.
Up to now I can only achieve the goal that compiling those 100 programs but I really have no idea how to detect whether there was failed compilation in these 100 programs.

A: Just check whether the return code is nonzero, and delete the file if it is nonzero. The return code is stored in the shell variable $? after running the compiler.
Here is the long form of what such a script would look like.
for i in {1..99};
do
    gcc ${i}.c 2> /dev/null > /dev/null

    if [[ $? -ne 0 ]]; then
        rm ${i}.c
    fi

done

As user268396, the the middle part can be shortened to the following.
gcc ${i}.c || rm ${i}.c

The use of the short-circuiting operator || will ensure that the latter statement will only run if the former statement fails (ie, exits with a non-zero return code).

A: You can check for the error code that the compiler returns, it is stored in $?
for f in *.c; do
    t=${f%.c}      # Strip the .c from the source file name
    gcc -o $t $f   # Try to compile
    if [[ "$?" -ne 0 ]]; then
        rm $f
    fi
done

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Your Parish
Our Parish is where we spend some of the most important moments of our lives. It is where we are married and bring our children to be baptized. It is where we come to be fed in the Holy Eucharist, be reconciled with God and the world, and hope to leave this world on our final journey to meet the God that we love. Thank you for making a gift to your Parish.
Your thoughtful gift to ShareLife will help touch the lives of over more than 100,000 people each year with compassion and care. ShareLife offers comfort to the injured, shelter to the abandoned and fellowship to the lonely. Your gift to ShareLife is truly a gift of hope.
Save Summer Jobs
Hundreds of charitable organizations are being denied funding through the federal Summer Jobs Program. Please donate to help us fund projects this year in our Archdiocese. We also encourage you to contact your MP at https:/savesummerjobs.ca and save summer jobs that help your community!
Like the Good Samaritan, Christ has called us to help people in need. Your gift to Humanitarian Relief answers that call by helping people in disaster-stricken communities to rebuild their shattered lives. Your donation will make a real difference. Today!
Donations to the Family of Faith campaign are made through each parish's campaign. For more information, please visit http://community.archtoronto.org/www.ourfamilyoffaith.ca or contact John Ecker, Director, Campaign Communications at 416.934.3400 x805 or jecker@archtoronto.org.
Archdiocese of Toronto
Within the Archdiocese of Toronto, you will find a family of faith that is alive and at work in our community. We are one of the most ethnically diverse Catholic dioceses in the world. We are living out our faith, ready to act, serve and grow together in God's love. Help strengthen our Diocese by making a gift today!
St. Augustine's Seminary
St. Augustine's Seminary takes great care in its commitment to the formation of our priests by faithfully handing on to them the Apostolic Tradition, teachings and history of the Church while exploring the rich theological depths of the mysteries of our Catholic faith. Your generous support will help form a priest to serve our Lord with love, humility and fidelity. Your gift is deeply appreciated.
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Your gift to St. Michael's Choir School will help touch the lives of people through the beauty of sacred music. Liturgical music is at the very heart of the Choir School – one of only six choir schools in the world affiliated with the Pontifical Institute of Sacred Music. Your donation is a precious gift that will help a child to sing of the beauty of our Lord.
Celebrate a loved one by making a gift in their honour to a Parish or one of the charities of the Archdiocese of Toronto. Celebrate milestones such as the reception of a Sacrament, a birthday or retirement. You can even choose to help bring comfort to a grieving family by making a gift to honour the memory of the deceased. The Archdiocese of Toronto will mail a card to the person you designate in acknowledgment of your gift.
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Thank you for supporting this vital ministry which helps people who cannot attend Sunday Mass at their local parish due to illness or limited ability.
Please note that effective September 1st, 2018, the Sunday TV Mass Ministry is now being managed by the National Catholic Broadcasting Council. Donations to support the Sunday TV Mass can be made by visiting www.dailytvmass.com . Click here to go to their donation page. Thank you for your support!
Young Catholic Missionaries
This exciting new program from the Office of Catholic Youth forms young missionaries with the teachings of the Catholic church. The missionaries are equipped with the tools needed to evangelize their peers with the goal being the renewal of the Church. Your gift will help change the lives of our youth by getting them excited about their faith!
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ORAT helps save the lives of innocent victims of war and persecution. In light of the increased sectarian violence in the Middle East and unrest in African communities, we need to increase our capacity to help uprooted people worldwide. All funds donated go directly to assist refugees though a resettlement program in our parishes, religious orders and other Catholic institutions.
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You can help strengthen the Church by including your parish or favourite charity of the Archdiocese of Toronto in Your Will. Our office can also help you to arrange unique donations during your lifetime such as gifts of stock or a life insurance policy in a tax efficient way. Your thoughtful support is deeply appreciated.
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BBVA Compass Bowl Preview
Kentucky (6-6) and Pittsburgh (7-5) meet tomorrow morning in the BBVA Compass Bowl.* In a bowl season that included such gems as Ohio vs. Troy, Toledo vs. Florida International, and Army vs. SMU, there's a pretty serious case to be made that this is the worst game of the bunch. No other bowl can compete with the sucktitude that this bowl offers: mediocre teams, unmotivated players, suspended starters, fired coaches, sponsors no one's heard of, and domestic assault charges. On the plus side, the game is on at 11 am and it's something to watch before the NFL playoff games. So there's that.
* From Wikipedia: "BBVA Compass is a Southeastern and Southwestern financial holding company headquartered in Birmingham, Alabama, with US$65 billion in assets." Now you know.
Kentucky finished 6-6 this season and owns one quality win – a 31-28 upset victory over SEC East champion South Carolina. They also played Auburn tough in a 37-34 loss, so they are definitely capable of playing quality football. This story should sound familiar. The Wildcats have finished either 6-6 or 7-5 in each of the five seasons since 2006. I find this astounding. That's five consecutive years of consistent mediocrity. They're like the According to Jim of college football teams. According to Jim somehow lasted eight seasons despite being a completely mediocre and forgettable sitcom. That kind of extended mediocrity is not easy – you almost have to have a commitment to doing just enough to be average in every way.
Of course with that said, you have to question the Wildcats' motivation. Here are the Wildcats' bowl destinations in the last five years: Nashville, Nashville, Memphis, Nashville, Birmingham. That's five years of traveling to bowls that are closer to Lexington than any SEC team save Tennessee and Vanderbilt. It was probably fun the first time, but I feel like my reaction to another close bowl bid would be "Seriously? We have to bus to the game again?" In their defense, they have won three of four games (losing only to Clemson last season), so maybe I'm way off-base here. But a team can finish .500 and go to weak bowl games only so many times before it starts to wear on them.
Kentucky's senior starting quarterback Mike Hartline was suspended for this game after a DUI arrest in early December. However, backup quarterbacks Randall Cobb and Morgan Newton are not typical backups. Cobb is a quarterback-turned-star wide receiver who the Wildcats like to put in the Wildcat formation.* Newton is a sophomore in line to be starter next year after Hartline graduates. He only saw action in three games this season in mop-up duty, but started eight games for Kentucky last season after Hartline broke his collarbone. He performed fairly well and led the Wildcats to a 5-2 record in their last seven regular season games just to qualify for a bowl game. In short, the Kentucky offense won't suffer much without Hartline.
* Cobb's stats this season are fantastically diverse: 5-10 passing for 58 yards and 3 touchdowns, 52 rushes for 401 yards and 5 touchdowns, and 79 catches for 955 yards and 7 touchdowns. Now that is what you call a dynamic player.
Besides the quarterback injury, Kentucky is basically the same team they have been since I can remember – a solid offense and a terrible defense.
Pittsburgh finished the season with a rocky 7-5 record. Like Kentucky, they are the same team that we have come to expect. The Panthers have a solid defense, a questionable offense, and underachieved for the 19th consecutive year. The Panthers opened up 3-0 in the weak Big East and needed only to win three of their last four games to earn a BCS berth. After a loss to Connecticut, Pitt needed to beat rival West Virginia at home in the Backyard Brawl to win the conference. As a three-point favorite, they failed to win in spectacular fashion, fumbling the ball six times (losing three) and throwing an interception in a 35-10 loss. Typically, I would say that they will be unmotivated in this game after blowing a potential BCS bid, but a team that loses by 25 in a rivalry game at home that they need to win to qualify for a BCS game was not going to be motivated in the first place.
Then there is the matter of the Pitt coaching carousel. After another disappointing season, Pitt fired career underachiever Dave Wannstedt. Probably a good move in the long-term, but in the short-term, Wannstedt was a player's coach and this year's players were stung by the firing. The school hired Miami-Ohio's head coach Mike Haywood on December 16 and promptly fired him on January 1 after he was arrested on New Year's Eve for allegedly assaulting his baby's mama in a custody dispute.
This coaching carousel prompted a Pitt fan at the Covers.com forums to post "Pitt is an absolute mess right now. I'm hearing rumors of players threatening not to play at all." Well then.
The best thing that either one of these teams has going for them is that somebody has to win. I think it will be Kentucky by default. Pitt is not a particularly good team in the first place. Now they find themselves in Birmingham when they were practically a shoo-in to win the weak Big East Conference's BCS bid as late as mid-November, while simultaneously trying to not be distracted as the school attempts to break the record for most coaches in a 5-week period. This could be the first time that a bowl team that lost their starting quarterback to a DUI is the more focused team, but I think that will be the case. Kentucky wins 20-10.
This entry was posted on Friday, January 7th, 2011 at 11:40 pm and is filed under Miscellaneous.	You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.


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Q: How to convert attributes into labels in Prometheus jmx-exporter? I have a metric with a lot of attributes and I want to export that into prometheus with the labels.
For instance I have a object with objectname containing type=status, connector=something,task=something but it has attributes WorkerId, Trace and State.
If I use a rule like this, it does not work.
pattern: "com.connect.task<type=status, connector=([^:]+), task=([^:]+,WorkerId: ([^:]+),Trace: ([^:]+))><>State: ([^:]+)"
name: "com_connect_connector_task_status"
value: 1
labels:
  connector: $1
  task: $2
  status: $3
  worker_id: $4
  trace: $5

How are users supposed to get attributes into labels?


Over the last few years, the NBA has developed a clear hierarchy — and it's badly hurting the league's appeal.
Heading into the 2016-17 regular season, the Cleveland Cavaliers and Golden State Warriors were the two teams everybody expected in the NBA Finals. The Cavaliers were the reigning champions and still had LeBron James while the Warriors — who lost to the Cavaliers in seven games — returned with MVP Stephen Curry and added forward Kevin Durant from the Oklahoma City Thunder.
The regular season proceeded as most expected it to, with the Warriors winning the Western Conference for the third consecutive season. There was a slight shake-up in the East, as the Boston Celtics nabbed the No. 1 seed down the stretch.
Even so, this year's playoffs have been perhaps one of the most uninteresting in any sport in recent memory. The Cavaliers and Warriors each cruised through the first two rounds with comfortable sweeps and are poised to return to the finals for the third year in a row.
It's a period not seen in the league since the 1960s, when the Celtics and Los Angeles Lakers met in the championship round in six of eight years. But the NBA was a lot different back then — it had yet to introduce the 3-point shot — and the culture of the sport has changed drastically.
So what's led to this lack of competition? How did a sport which rewards the lesser teams with a higher draft pick get so uneven?
While there's no clear answer, there are a few possibilities. One of the more likely ones is the one-and-done phenomenon at the college level. The NBA mandates that athletes must be one year removed from high school before declaring for the draft, and every season, many of the NCAA's best freshman leave hoping to be drafted and signed to a large contract.
It may work out great for the athletes financially, but many fail to live up to expectations because they simply aren't ready to make the jump to the next level.
Prior to the 2014 NBA Draft, Sports Illustrated published an article detailing the level of success attained by one-and-done athletes. They categorized them into four groups — stars, rotation players, bit contributors and flops, in order of decreasing production. What they concluded was striking.
After analyzing every such player since the 2006 draft, only 24 percent — in their opinion — were qualified as stars while a combined 39 percent were either flops or bit contributors. Most of the athletes became average rotation players despite being thought of as some of the NCAA's best.
With more student-athletes opting to take this path each year, the overall quality of play has dropped in the NBA. If these players stayed in college until they were 20 or 21, they would be better products by the time they entered the league, and the level of play across the board would increase.
This has led to a situation in which the star players, such as James or Curry, can dominate the league and singlehandedly will their team to victory. If a team has one of these players, they'll almost certainly win no matter who they have around them. It's no longer a team sport, but one with a few great players and a large supporting cast.
This fact has been front and center this spring, with James and Curry leading their teams to a combined 23-1 record thus far. The Warriors have only played one game closer than 10 points while the Cavaliers were unchallenged until their 111-108 loss to the Celtics this past Sunday.
While it's understandable if the top teams cruise past their first round opponents, winning the conference finals in dominating fashion is extremely unexpected — at least, until this year.
Prior to the conference championships, 24 of ESPN's experts unanimously picked the two teams to meet in the NBA Finals. In each matchup, only one of the experts picked the series to go to a winner-take-all seventh game.
It's transpired almost exactly as expected, with the exception of the Warriors series against the San Antonio Spurs being less competitive than most thought going in. Star forward Kawhi Leonard's injury in game one definitely had something to do with it, but the fact is the Warriors would have won whether or not Leonard was playing. This just made it more decisive.
So far, only two of the eight conference finals games have been decided by 10 or fewer points and many of them haven't been that close. The lopsidedness was highlighted in game two of the Eastern Conference Finals, when the Cavaliers won by a whopping 44 points, 130-86. The halftime spread was even more alarming, as the Celtics trailed by 41 — an NBA record.
The game marked the Cavaliers' 13th playoff win in a row going back to last year's NBA Finals, against — guess who — the Warriors.
So, after this round comes to a close, NBA fans might get their first look at a meaningfully competitive series if the outcomes hold. Currently, the Cavaliers hold an 3-1 series lead and look poised to return to the finals as well.
But then again, maybe not. Statistics website FiveThirtyEight gives the Warriors more than a 90 percent chance to win the title as of Tuesday night. Either way, it will generate some buzz as the rubber match between the league's premier squads. The Warriors won the title in 2015 before the Cavaliers came back down three games to one to steal the 2016 Championship — Cleveland's first major sports championship in 52 years.
But as a whole, the NBA has become an uninteresting product which is so predictable it's not even worth watching. It hurts the league's reputation, and more importantly, it hurts the sport's followers.
Why root for a team you know has no legitimate chance at winning? What's the point in following along just to end the year with a loss?
There is none — and the NBA needs to figure out a way to make the playing field more even before the sport starts to lose popularity.


There are amazing Hallmark Keepsake ornaments this year for Star Wars, such as the Death Star Ornament, X-Wing Ornament, and this Millennium Falcon Ornament With Light and Sound that all feature intricate detail and quality craftsmanship. What's especially cool is that not only do they have light and sound shows, but when you link multiple ones together you unlock additional amazing interactive performances.
Artist crafted by Robert Hurlburt, this Hallmark Keepsake Millennium Falcon Ornament will be an impressive addition to your Christmas tree. It measures around 5.8″ long and 4.2″ wide, with a thickness around 1.6″. Makes a great gift or a collectible for yourself.
"She may not look like much, but she's got it where it counts…." Unlike Han Solo's humble assessment of the Millennium Falcon, this legendary Corellian freighter Christmas tree ornament features stunning detail. Plug it into Hallmark's Keepsake Power Cord (sold separately) for constant illumination, then press the button to start an epic sound and light show scene from Star Wars: A New Hope™. Connect other Star Wars Storytellers ornaments—Darth Vader's TIE Fighter, X-Wing Starfighter, Death Star, and TIE Fighter, each sold separately—to unlock additional amazing interactive performances. No batteries necessary.
Storytellers Interactive Light and Sound Christmas tree ornament. Connect this ornament to Hallmark's Keepsake Power Cord to see the continuous light effect. Press the button to watch it perform an exciting sound and light show scene from Star Wars: A New Hope™. Requires Hallmark's Keepsake Power Cord, sold separately.
Artist crafted by Robert Hurlburt, this Christmas tree ornament comes pre-packaged in a box for easy gift giving, preservation and storage. Dated 2018 in copyright.
Add additional Star Wars™ Storytellers ornaments (each sold separately) to unlock larger, amazingly interactive performances.
Plastic Christmas tree ornament is lead-free and measures 4.2″ W x 1.55″ H x 5.79″ D.
Purchase the Star Wars Millennium Falcon Ornament for $39.99 at Hallmark.


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Valletta to play in Finland in their first appearance in the UEFA Futsal Cup
07/07/2016 07/07/2016 by stephen
Valletta were drawn to face hosts Sievi Futsal in Finland in Group F, together with Wattcell from Scotland and Tbilisi State University from Georgia.
Both Valletta and Wattcell will experience and take the opportunity to test themselves against other European futsal champions.
The Georgians have their goalkeeper Jaba Jamburia who was voted as the best goalkeeper of the season and Gia Nikvashvili as the best player of the Georgian Futsal League. The Georgian team also includes the former Hibernians' player David Bobokhidze, who used to play with Valletta's Xavier Saliba.
All the preliminary round's matches will be played in Finland between the 16th and the 21st of August. Futsal in Finland is very popular as it's the third most played sport in the country.
← Malta Futsal Team to return after two friendlies in Andorra
Champions pay courtesy visit to President →


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Geithner to EU: Must Do More to Fix Crisis
Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner on Wednesday urged European leaders to act more forcefully to solve Europe's escalating debt crisis and said they have the financial and economic capacity to do so.
"They recognize that they have been behind the curve. They recognize that it will take more force behind their commitments," Geithner told CNBC television.
Frustrated with Greece's failure to meet the fiscal goals set as a condition for a bailout, leaders of France and Germany were due on Wednesday to press Greek Prime Minister George Papandreou to enforce the harsh austerity measures.
Fears of a Greek default have shaken global financial markets. Moody's cut the credit ratings of two French banks, Societe Generale and Credit Agricole, because of their exposure to Greek debt.
Geithner tried to shore up confidence in Europe's ability to resolve its crisis and safeguard a banking system laden with poorly performing sovereign bonds.
"There is no chance that the major countries of Europe will let their institutions be at risk in the eyes of the market. There is not a chance," he said.
German Chancellor Angela Merkel on Tuesday tried to squash talk that Greece would default on its obligations and sink the 17-nation euro zone currency area, a message Geithner tried to amplify.
"They are absolutely committed and they have the financial capacity, the economic capacity to do what it takes to hold this thing together," he said. As head of the New York Federal Reserve Bank at the height of the 2007-09 financial crisis, Geithner helped craft a plan to prop up major Wall Street banks and stabilize the financial system.
Geithner is taking the unprecedented step of attending an informal meeting of EU finance ministers in Poland on Friday. He is expected to urge the ministers to speed up the ratification of changes to their bailout fund.
"To solve a financial crisis, you need reforms that fix your financial system, in (Greece's) case shrink their government and make growth better over time," he said.
"It takes time and it does not work unless it's supported with money. There's just no way it works -- you can't expect anything to happen without giving them the capacity, the breathing space to be able to borrow."
The head of the European Commission has announced that it will soon present options for issuing a common euro zone bond.


"For four years, since the bank fraud was discovered, the Chisinau authorities have not recovered any of the money," Maia Sandu said.
Romania should help investigate the "grand theft" of a billion US dollars from Moldova's banking system between 2011 and 2014. So said the leader of opposition Action and Solidarity Party in Moldova, Maia Sandu.
Sandu said Moldova had failed to recover the funds, so outside help was needed. "For four years, since the bank fraud was discovered, the Chisinau authorities have not recovered any of the money," she told a conference organized by the Black Sea University Foundation.
According to the case, the leader of the pro-Russian Shor Party, Ilan Shor, was accused of masterminding the brazen heist and sentenced to seven-and-a-half years in prison in June 2017.
As reported by Balkan Insight online, Shor has remained effectively at liberty, under house arrest, and recently obtained the necessary integrity documents to run for a seat in parliament in the coming elections from the Central Electoral Commission.
"According to international investigative companies, at least $15.8m of the 'grand heist' went to Romania," Sandu said.
Meanwhile, Sandu and the leader of the Dignity and Truth Platform Party, Andrei Nastase, recently discussed the unfairness of the campaign for the parliamentary elections scheduled on February 24.


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Suspected Gunmen Kill 20 In Plateau Village
No fewer than 20 persons were killed in a night attack by suspected gunmen at Ancha Village of Bassa Local Government Area of Plateau.
by News Agency Nigeria Sep 08, 2017
A resident of the area told the News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) that the attack took place in the late hours of Thursday.
The source, who preferred anonymity, also told NAN that the attack left scores severely injured.
The Spokesperson of the Plateau Police Command, ASP Terna Tyopev, confirmed the attack but could not give details.
"Yes, we are aware of the attack, but we don't have the details now."
"We are on our way to the scene of the attack to get first-hand information on the situation," he said.
Gunmen Premium Times
News Agency Nigeria


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Hilltop Hoods Join Future Music Festival
Our very own ARIA-winning hip-hop kings the Hilltop Hoods have joined the massive Future Music Festival 2015 line-up!
In what will be their first ever appearance on a Future bill, the multi-platinum outfit will be tearing up the newly unveiled Future Live Stage, Presented By Pringles all over the country.
The Hoods' have had an incredible six months, releasing another #1 smash album (their fourth chart-topper) in August 2014's Walking Under Stars, their seventh studio album taking out the ARIA for Best Urban Album last year. Meanwhile their irresistibly catchy single 'Cosby Sweater' is racing towards triple platinum, reaching #4 on the ARIA Singles Chart and coming in at #3 in triple j's Hottest 100 of 2014 – making it their most successful single to date.
"We are very excited to be announcing we are coming to Future Music Festival this year. This is our first time so you got to come hang with us. We're going to be bringing our man Mr Plutonic Lab, we're gonna have our horn section, DJ Debris getting be healthy and sexy… so see you soon Future."
MCs Suffa, Pressure and DJ Debris first smashed through to the mainstream with their 2004 triple j hit 'The Nosebleed Section'. In 2006 they released #1 platinum LP The Hard Road, which won them a J Award, while their subsequent two albums have each gone double platinum. Each year the band also host the 'Hilltop Hoods Initiative', which awards a $10,000 grant to emerging artists – in 2015 the round is open for applications now.
"No one left the venue with any energy, everyone left with a smile … They are super talented. If you go to a Hilltop Hoods show you will have fun, and that is what music is all about." – The AU Review
Tex Perkins is back as The Man In Black
Jimmy Barnes 'Shutting Down Your Town' Tour
Briggs releases the video for 'Life Is Incredible'


The one in charge is the boss, right?
The Boss was designed to wrest the Trans Am championship away from Chevrolet. Race rules limited engine size to 302 cubic inches and required that similar cars were sold to the public in order to qualify as "stock." Ford advertised horsepower as just 290 to cajole Joe Q's insurance carrier into covering the beast, but actual power was somewhere waaaaay north of 300. No surprise: they won. The original Ponycar had completed the transition to Muscle. To commemorate the model year, no more than 70 images will be created on aluminum, wall-mount included, ready to hang. Signed, numbered Certificate of Authenticity accompanies your order.


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PREP FOOTBALL: E-E-K eliminates Langdon-Munich
LANGDON, N.D. -- A season in which expectations made a huge shift ended for Langdon-Munich on Saturday. The Cardinals went from one total win in 2015 to one win shy of a berth in the North Dakota Class A high school football championship game. El...
By Greg DeVillers
LANGDON, N.D. -- A season in which expectations made a huge shift ended for Langdon-Munich on Saturday.
The Cardinals went from one total win in 2015 to one win shy of a berth in the North Dakota Class A high school football championship game. Ellendale-Edgeley-Kulm rolled to a 50-20 win over Langdon-Munich in the state semifinals.
Langdon-Munich, 1-7 last season, closed with a 9-2 record. Standout junior wide receiver Anfernee Economy said, "Hopefully, we'd be able to win more than one game this year. But now we were hoping to make it to the championship game. It was a big improvement over last year. We hope we can finish it next year.''
Langdon-Munich didn't have an answer for an E-E-K offense that scored on seven of its first eight possessions. The one time the Thunder didn't get into the end zone in that string, they lost a fumble on the L-M 2-yard line. Four of the seven Thunder touchdowns came on plays covering 44 or more yards.
"We're usually more of a grind-it-out team. We don't usually get a lot of big plays,'' E-E-K coach Jon Schiele said.
"We figured this game would play out like it did. As long as we stayed with (Langdon-Munich) in the first half, we felt our physical style would wear on them. We wanted to run straight at them and take their offense out of the game.''
E-E-K took just four offensive plays to build a 13-0 lead. Clayton Grueneich scored on a 53-yard run on the second play of the game. On the second Thunder possession, a 46-yard run by Cole Goehring set up a 12-yard scoring run by Grueneich.
Grueneich wound up with 257 rushing yards on just 16 carries, also scoring on 55-, 5- and 46-yard runs.
"Clayton just doesn't get caught in the open field,'' Schiele said. "He's so strong and has such good balance. And our line -- the yards speak for themselves''
Langdon-Munich was led by Jacob Delvo. The junior quarterback was 17-of-30 passing for 208 yards, including 8- and 3-yard touchdown passes to Economy. But he also was intercepted three times, with E-E-K converting all three of those possessions into touchdowns.
"They dared us to run the ball,'' L-M coach Josh Krivarchka said. "They had six guys in pass coverage. But they were physical up front and made plays. Our kids feed off of big plays. We weren't making them today.''
Ellendale-E-K (9-2) swept through Region 2 to earn a berth in Friday's 9:40 a.m. championship game against Des Lacs-Burlington in the Fargodome. The Thunder beat two-time defending state champion Park River/Fordville-Lankin 48-22 in the first round and top-ranked, unbeaten Larimore 42-41 in the quarterfinals before beating Langdon-Munich.
"They cleaned the slate on us,'' Krivarchka said. "They're playing as well as anybody I've seen.''
Langdon-Munich doesn't start a senior in this turnaround season.
"The farther you get the more you want to achieve,'' Krivarchka said. "There's not a lot of satisfaction at the moment. But from where we were to where we went, the kids had a heckuva season.'
Related Topics: PREP SPORTSFOOTBALL
Featuring men's and women's tennis results, area college basketball conference standings, and much more!
Saturday's local scoreboard for Jan. 28
Featuring boys and girls hockey results, area men's and women's basketball scores, prep wrestling results, and much more!
Friday's local scoreboard for Jan. 27
Featuring prep basketball results from across the region, boys and girls hockey scores, men's and women's tennis results, and much more!
Thursday's local scoreboard for Jan. 26
Featuring area prep sports cancellations and postponements, local boys and girls basketball results, N.D. girls wrestling second edition coaches' poll and much more!


United States Code: The National Budget and Audit System, 31 U.S.C. §§ 16-43 (Suppl. 1 1952).
United States Code: Audit and Settlement of Accounts, 31 U.S.C. §§ 72-107a (Suppl. 1 1952).
United States Code: The Bureau of Engraving and Printing, 31 U.S.C. §§ 172-173 (Suppl. 1 1952).
United States Code: Debts Due By, or To, the United States, 31 U.S.C. §§ 196-224i (Suppl. 1 1952).
United States Code: Bureau of the Mint, Mints, and Assay Offices, 31 U.S.C. §§ 268-280 (Suppl. 1 1952).
United States Code: The Public Moneys, 31 U.S.C. §§ 475-543 (Suppl. 1 1952).
United States Code: Appropriations, 31 U.S.C. §§ 634b-725i (Suppl. 1 1952).
United States Code: The Public Debt, 31 U.S.C. § 760 (Suppl. 1 1952).
United States Code: Financial Control of Government Corporations, 31 U.S.C. §§ 841-846 (Suppl. 1 1952).
United States Code: The National Budget and Audit System, 31 U.S.C. §§ 16-52a (Suppl. 2 1952).


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Posts from the 'Infiltrometer' Category
Best of 2019: Environmental Biophysics
In case you missed them, here are our most popular educational webinars of 2019. Watch any or all of them at your convenience.
Lab vs. In Situ Water Characteristic Curves
Lab-produced soil water retention curves can be paired with information from in situ moisture release curves for deeper insight into real-world variability.
Watch it here—>
Hydrology 101: The Science Behind the SATURO Infiltrometer
Dr. Gaylon S. Campbell teaches the basics of hydraulic conductivity and the science behind the SATURO automated dual head infiltrometer.
Publish More. Work Less. Introducing ZENTRA Cloud
METER research scientist Dr. Colin Campbell discusses how ZENTRA Cloud data management software simplifies the research process and why researchers can't afford to live without it.
Soil Moisture 101: Need-to-Know Basics
TEROS 12 soil moisture sensor
Soil moisture is more than just knowing the amount of water in soil. Learn basic principles you need to know before deciding how to measure it.
Soil Moisture 201: Moisture Release Curves—Revealed
A soil moisture release curve is a powerful tool used to predict plant water uptake, deep drainage, runoff, and more.
Soil Moisture 301: Hydraulic Conductivity—Why You Need It. How to Measure it.
If you want to predict how water will move within your soil system, you need to understand hydraulic conductivity because it governs water flow.
Soil Moisture 102: Water Content Methods—Demystified
Dr. Colin Campbell compares measurement theory, the pros and cons of each method, and why modern sensing is about more than just the sensor.
Soil Moisture 202: Choosing the Right Water Potential Sensor
METER research scientist Leo Rivera discusses how to choose the right field water potential sensor for your application.
Water Management: Plant-Water Relations and Atmospheric Demand
Dr. Gaylon Campbell shares his newest insights and explores options for water management beyond soil moisture. Learn the why and how of scheduling irrigation using plant or atmospheric measurements. Understand canopy temperature and its role in detecting water stress in crops. Plus, discover when plant water information is necessary and which measurement(s) to use.
How to Improve Irrigation Scheduling Using Soil Moisture
Dr. Gaylon Campbell covers the different methods irrigators can use to schedule irrigation and the pros and cons of each.
Soil Moisture 302: Hydraulic Conductivity—Which Instrument is Right for You?
Leo Rivera, research scientist at METER teaches which situations require saturated or unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and the pros and cons of common methods.
Predictable Yields using Remote and Field Monitoring
New data sources offer tools for growers to optimize production in the field. But the task of implementing them is often difficult. Learn how data from soil and space can work together to make the job of irrigation scheduling easier.
Download "The researcher's complete guide to soil moisture"
Download "The researcher's complete guide to water potential"
Soil Moisture 301—Hydraulic Conductivity Why you need it. How to measure it.
Hydraulic conductivity, or the ability of a soil to transmit water, is critical to understanding the complete water balance.
Soil hydraulic conductivity impacts almost every soil application.
In fact, if you're trying to model the fate of water in your system and simply estimating parameters like conductivity, you could get orders of magnitude errors in your projections. It would be like searching in the dark for a moving target. If you want to understand how water will move across and within your soil system, you need to understand hydraulic conductivity because it governs water flow.
Get the complete soil picture
Hydraulic conductivity impacts almost every soil application: crop production, irrigation, drainage, hydrology in both urban and native lands, landfill performance, stormwater system design, aquifer recharge, runoff during flooding, soil erosion, climate models, and even soil health. In this 20-minute webinar, METER research scientist, Leo Rivera discusses how to better understand water movement through soil. Discover:
Saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity—What are they?
Why you need to measure hydraulic conductivity
Measurement methods for the lab and the field
What hydraulic conductivity can tell you about the fate of water in your system
Date: August 20, 2019 at 9:00 am – 10:00 am Pacific Time
See the live webinar
Can't wait for the webinar? See a comparison of common measurement methods, and decide which soil hydraulic conductivity method is right for your application. Read the article.
Double Ring vs. SATURO: Two Infiltrometers Go Head to Head
The SATURO and the double-ring infiltrometer are both ring infiltrometers that infiltrate water from the surface into soils. Overall, they compare fairly well (see comparison). The main difference is how they deal with three-dimensional flow in the Kfs calculation. The SATURO uses the multiple-ponded head analysis approach to get a more direct estimation of alpha, which is used to determine how the soil pulls the water laterally. The double-ring infiltrometer uses a larger outer ring to act as a buffer from three-dimensional flow. This requires more water, and literature suggests that it doesn't perform well. Also, with a double-ring infiltrometer, there is still a need to estimate alpha in the equations. This is typically done from a look-up table based on soil type and often results in error.
The SATURO is an automated infiltrometer which uses the multiple-ponded head analysis approach.
How do SATURO readings compare to double-ring infiltrometer readings?
We compared the SATURO with a 6-inch (15.24 cm) inner ring diameter against a double-ring infiltrometer with a 6-inch (15.24 cm) inner ring diameter and an outer ring with a 12-inch (30.48 cm) diameter.
Hydrology 301: What a Hydraulic Conductivity Curve Tells You & More
Hydraulic conductivity is the ability of a porous medium (soil for instance) to transmit water in saturated or nearly saturated conditions. It's dependent on several factors: size distribution, roughness, tortuosity, shape, and degree of interconnection of water-conducting pores. A hydraulic conductivity curve tells you, at a given water potential, the ability of the soil to conduct water.
One factor that affects hydraulic conductivity is how strong the structure is in the soil you're measuring.
For example, as the soil dries, what is the ability of water to go from the top of a sample [or soil layer in the field] to the bottom. These curves are used in modeling to illustrate or predict what will happen to water moving in a soil system during fluctuating moisture conditions. Researchers can combine hydraulic conductivity data from two laboratory instruments, the KSAT and the HYPROP, to produce a full hydraulic conductivity curve (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Example of hydraulic conductivity curves for three different soil types. The curves go from field saturation on the right to unsaturated hydraulic conductivity on the left. They illustrate the difference between a well-structured clayey soil to a poorly structured clayey soil and the importance of structure to hydraulic conductivity especially at, or near, saturation.
In Hydrology 301, Leo Rivera, Research Scientist at METER, discusses hydraulic conductivity and the advantages and disadvantages of methods used to measure it.
Watch the webinar below.
Get more info on applied environmental research in our
New Infiltrometer Helps City of Pittsburgh Limit Traditional Stormwater Infrastructure (Part 2)
To save the aesthetics of Dellrose Street, an aging, 900 ft. long, brick road, the city of Pittsburgh wanted to limit traditional stormwater infrastructure (see part 1). Jason Borne, a stormwater engineer for ms consultants and his team decided permeable pavers was a viable option, and used two different types of infiltrometers to determine soil infiltration potential. Here's how they compared.
Setting up the infiltrometers.
Shortened Test Times Allow Design Changes on the Fly
Though most of the subsoil was a clay urban fill, there was a distinct transition between that clay material to a broken shale/clay mixture. Borne says, "After excavation, it rained, and we saw that the water was disappearing through the broken shale/clay material. When we did the infiltration tests, the broken shale/clay showed a higher infiltration potential than the clay fill material. That led us to modify the design of the subsurface flow barriers based on specific observed infiltration rates of the subsoils. Where the tests showed higher hydraulic conductivity values, we were able to rely on infiltration entirely to remove the water from behind the check dams." Borne adds that in the areas where infiltration was poor, they augmented infiltration with a slow release concept. "We put some weep holes in the flow barrier and let the water trickle out down to the next barrier and so on. Basically, the automated SATURO infiltrometer allowed us to do many tests in a short amount of time to establish a threshold of where good infiltrating soils and poor infiltrating soils were located. This enabled us to change the design on the fly. The double ring infiltrometer takes significantly more time to do a test, and time is of the essence when the contractor wants to backfill the area and get things moving. It was nice to have a tool that got us the information we needed more rapidly."
SATURO Infiltrometer
How did the Double Ring and SATURO Compare?
Borne says the SATURO Infiltrometer was faster and reduced the possibility of human error. He adds, "We liked the idea of it being very standardized. The automated plot of flux over time was also of great interest to us, because we could see a trend, or anomalies that might invalidate the results we were getting. The double ring infiltrometer takes a long time to achieve a state of equilibrium, and it's hard to know when that occurs. You're following the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection suggested guidelines, but they're very generalized. To me it doesn't suit all situations. What we found with the SATURO infiltrometer is it records information at very discreet intervals, plots a curve of the flux over time, and when it levels out, you basically achieve equilibrium. You get to that state of equilibrium faster. There's a water savings, but there's also a time savings. And there's the satisfaction of getting standardized results rather than the possibility of each technician applying the principles in a slightly different way, as they might with the double ring infiltrometer."
Borne and his team were ultimately able to prepare a permeable paver street design which allowed for the exclusion of traditional storm sewer infrastructure, reducing both capital costs and long-term maintenance life cycle costs. The permeable paver concept is intended to provide a template for the city of Pittsburgh to apply to the future reconstruction of other city streets.
Get more information on applied environmental research in our
New Infiltrometer Helps City of Pittsburgh Limit Traditional Stormwater Infrastructure
Though difficult and expensive to restore, the brick-paved streets that still exist in some Pennsylvania neighborhoods are a treasure worth preserving, according to the City of Pittsburgh. Dellrose Street, an aging, 900 ft. long, brick road, was in need of repair, but the city of Pittsburgh wanted to limit traditional stormwater infrastructure, such as pipes and catch basins.
Dellrose Street permeable paver system
To save the aesthetics of the neighborhood, they hired ms consultants, inc. to design a permeable paver solution for controlling stormwater runoff volumes and peak runoff rates that would traditionally be routed off-site via storm sewers. Jason Borne, a stormwater engineer for ms consultants who worked on the project says, "What we try to do is understand the in situ infiltration potential of the subsoils to determine the most efficient natural processes for attenuating flows; either through infiltrating excess water volume back into the soil or through slow-release off-site." He used the SATURO Infiltrometer to get an idea of how urban fill material would infiltrate water.
Green Infrastructure Aids Natural Infiltration
As Borne and his team investigated what they could do to slow down the runoff, they decided permeable pavers would be a viable solution. He says, "There's not much you can do once you put in a hardened surface like a pavement. Traditional pavement surfaces accelerate the runoff which requires catch basins and large diameter pipes to carry the runoff off-site. We were interested in investigating what some of the urban subsoils or urban fill would allow us to do from an infiltration perspective. As we started looking at some of these subsoils, we decided a permeable paver system would be ideal for this particular street."
Subsurface flow barrier installation
Infiltrometers Determine Natural Infiltration Potential
Once the water flowed into the aggregate, the team began to figure out ways to slow it down and promote infiltration. Borne says, "Basically we came up with a tiered subsurface flow barrier system. We had about 60 concrete flow barriers across the subgrade within the aggregate base of the road. We needed so many because the longitudinal slope of the road was fairly significant. Behind each of these barriers we stored a portion of the stormwater that would typically run off the site. The ideal was to remove the stored water through infiltration—to get it down to the subgrade and away, so we used infiltrometers to help us establish where we could maximize infiltration and where we might need to rely on other management methods."
A Need for Faster Test Times Inspires a Comparison
Borne says that USDA soil surveys are too generalized for green infrastructure applications in urban areas and only give crude approximations of the soil hydraulic conductivity. Understanding the best way to promote natural infiltration requires a very specific infiltration rate or hydraulic conductivity for the location of interest. He says, "The goal is to excavate down to the desired elevation before construction and find out, through some kind of device what the infiltration potential of the subsoil is. Typically we use a double ring infiltrometer, but it's a very manual device. We're constantly refilling water, and it requires us to be on-site and attentive to what's happening. We can't really multitask, especially in areas of decently infiltrating soils where the device might run out of water in 30 minutes or less. So, in the interest of saving water and time, we used the automated SATURO infiltrometer and the manual double ring infiltrometer concurrently for comparison purposes."
Next week: Find out how the two infiltrometers compared.
Can Wastewater Save The United Arab Emirates' Groundwater? (Part II)
With very little recharge and irrigation comprising 75% of groundwater use, natural water resources in the United Arab Emirates region are disappearing fast (see part I). Wafa Al Yamani and her PhD advisor, Dr. Brent Clothier, are investigating using treated sewage effluent and groundwater for irrigating the desert forests along UAE motorways.
Infiltrometers Predict Dripper Behavior:
Wafa and her team used what they call, "the Ankeny twin head method" for site evaluation with infiltrometers, and they've been able to use it to predict dripper behavior. They begin with the head at -60 mm, do a series of measurements to measure steady infiltration, and repeat the process at -5 mm. They use those measurements to solve Woodings equation which has two unknowns: saturated hydraulic conductivity and capillarity. Dr. Clothier says, "We've done it at two heads, and we can use Woodings equation to solve for the slope of the exponential conductivity curve. Hence, I can predict with time, the movement of the wetting front away from the dripper. That's been very useful to work out what volume of soil we're wetting. It tells us if we should have one or two drippers. In this forest, we think we can get away with two drippers because if they irrigate for two hours, the radius of the wet front will be 20 cm, and the depth will be about 40 cm, which is a sufficient volume of water for the tree roots." Dr. Clothier says they also constructed a small dyke around the drippers so they could contain the water inside the drip zone in case of hydrophobicity or uneven sand.
Wafa on site, using the twin head method.
Treated Effluent Resolves Salinity Issues
Historically, the UAE pumped their sewage effluent into the Arabian Gulf, but recently, there has been a shift toward seeing it as a valuable water resource, not only for the desert forest, but for irrigation of fruit crops and date palms. Dr. Clothier says, "Once we started getting our results we realized we were irrigating with groundwater that had high salinity, about 10 dS/m, and that treated sewage effluent had only 0.5 dS/m. This was an important discovery because with the high salinity groundwater, you have to over-irrigate to maintain a salt leaching fraction. However, when we apply the treated sewage effluent, we immediately see a response in the trees because it has 1/20th of the salt load."
Dr. Clothier says that there is one problem with the trees responding so well to the sewage effluent. The treated sewage effluent makes the trees grow taller and faster, so if the ecosystem service you want from the desert forest is that they're 4-6 meters high, it becomes an issue. He adds,"This is actually a positive problem, because we can now induce deficit irrigation, thereby creating a larger resource of treated sewage effluent in order to irrigate far more forests."
Researchers irrigated with water from these tanks which stored groundwater and treated sewage effluent.
What's The Future?
Dr. Clothier says they started with a pilot study in the UAE in 2014, and it was so successful that they ended up with two fully-funded four-year projects, one on treated sewage effluent, and one investigating the irrigation of date palms. He says they have another 3 ½ years of work in the UAE on these projects, and in the end, their goal is to develop a model for forestry irrigation and soil salinity management, along with developing capability for the measurement and modeling of irrigation impacts on sustainable forestry. They have recently developed a prototype of a computerized decision support tool for irrigation which will provide sustainable irrigation advice to optimize water use. The support tool takes into account the need to maintain salt leaching, and actual irrigation records can be entered to enable real-time use.
Can Wastewater Save The United Arab Emirates' Groundwater?
The hyper-arid United Arab Emirates (UAE) has a rapidly dwindling supply of groundwater, and that water is becoming increasingly saline.
Dubai is situated on the coast of the UAE.
With very little recharge and irrigation comprising 75% of groundwater use, natural water resources in this region are disappearing fast. PhD candidate Wafa Al Yamani works for the Environmental Agency of Abu Dhabi, which has contracted with Plant and Food Research in New Zealand to investigate using treated sewage effluent and groundwater for irrigating the desert forests along their motorways.
Sidr trees in the UAE forest.
The Desert Forests
The UAE desalinates all the water for their cities, so the tertiary treated sewage effluent from these cities could be a viable resource, replacing some groundwater for irrigation of the desert forests. These forests perform a wide range of ecosystem services from sand stabilization along all UAE motorways to harboring a great deal of biodiversity. There is also a cultural association with the forests. The original ruler of the UAE, Sheikh Zayed, embarked on a program in the 1970s of "greening the desert," so the people see the desert forests as a legacy of their founder.
Infiltrometers were used to examine how the drip irrigation system worked.
Measuring Water Use:
Wafa and her PhD advisor, Dr. Brent Clothier, had a goal to minimize groundwater use and maximize value by quantifying the irrigation needs of the UAE's five most important desert-forestry species. They also wanted to determine the impact of treated sewage effluent on forest growth and health. They used infiltrometers to examine how the drip irrigation system worked. Dr. Clothier says, "These soils have hydraulic conductivities of between 2 and 5 meters an hour. They are highly permeable desert sands. We can find out how wide the bulb (the wetted area underneath an irrigation dripper) is and how deep the water will travel by using an infiltrometer to look at the hydraulic properties of the soil." Dr. Clothier has also developed software to predict water movement radially, with depth and with the time that the drippers are on. He comments, "We've now got a setup of two drippers per tree, and we will use that in the future for modeling how the trees are taking up water from the root zone."
Researchers built dykes of 20 cm to stop surface redistribution of dripper water.
The scientists used a heat pulse method to measure tree water-use by comparing sap flow with evaporative demand (ETo). They used Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) to measure soil water content, and they have developed a "light stick" using light sensors to detect the shadow area of the trees to measure trees' leaf area in order to predict the crop factor that will enable prediction of tree water-use from ETo.
Next week: Find out how Wafa and her team use infiltrometers to predict dripper behavior and how the treated effluent resolves salinity issues.
Assessing Erosion Risk after Forest Fires
As forest fires throughout the Northwest die down, one scientist's work is just beginning. An article from our archives details the important research that takes place in the aftermath of the flames:
In 2015, over eight million acres of forest burned in the United States. Major fires burned in five northwestern states: Washington, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and California.
Flagstaff, Arizona is typically a dry place. But in August 2010, churning rivers flowed down roadways and around—and through—homes in the Flagstaff area. The floods were caused by a fire—the 15,000 acre Shultz fire that raged around Flagstaff from April to July, 2010.
One might not ordinarily think of a fire causing a flood, but to Forest Service research engineer Dr. Peter Robichaud, the setup is classic. "After a fire, you've changed the hydrology of the hillside," he says. "Normally in an unburned area, rain gets soaked up by forest floor material on the ground and then it soaks into the soil. After a fire goes through, there's no forest floor material to soak up the water and the soil may become water repellent due to heat from the fire."
Reduced infiltration means increased runoff and erosion. As Robichaud explains, "If you have a steep slope and high velocities, along with very erodible soil, things converge rather quickly and you can generate debris flows and mudslides. It's not just a 100% increase. It's orders of magnitude increase."
After a fire, soil commonly becomes hydrophobic, just one factor in increased runoff.
One of Robichaud's research interests is in designing a model for post-fire erosion. The model helps land managers and assessment teams in the field to evaluate the risks such erosion might pose. "It lets them see what might be affected if they have an erosion event," he says.
"Is it going to affect the municipal water supply, affect a road crossing, an interstate highway, a school that happens to be at the mouth of a canyon? Once they can estimate the amount of erosion that might occur, they can use the model to help pick treatments to reduce the risk."
Often practitioners will use the model to establish an early warning system to areas that will be affected.
Along with developing the model, Robichaud has also looked for ways to help postfire assessment teams gauge the water repellency of the soil after a fire. Historically, soil in a burned area was evaluated using the water drop penetration time test, or WDPT. Team members would place a drop of water on the surface of the soil and time how long it took to be absorbed. This seventies-era test was easy to do in the field, but Robichaud wanted something more representative.
One of Robichaud's research interests is in designing a model for post-fire erosion to help land managers and assessment teams in the field evaluate the risks such erosion might pose.
"I've always felt we could do a better job of characterizing the changes in soil condition," he says. "[The WDPT] doesn't really represent the physical process of the water infiltrating, because you put a single drop of water on the surface… The ideal method is a rainfall simulator, but it's not practical in the field. [You] can't expect every assessment team after a fire to set up a rainfall simulator for a couple of weeks."
As he looked for alternatives, Robichaud started using a Mini Disk Infiltrometer. Practitioners all over the world use infiltration measurements along with Robichaud's model of post-fire erosion to assess the impacts of a fire, predict erosion, and make plans to manage and reduce the associated risks. Robichaud's online Erosion Risk Management Tool allows researchers and assessment teams alike to use scientifically solid analysis. He's currently involved in refining and validating the model, improving assessment techniques, using remote sensing technology to perform assessments, and looking at alternative post-fire treatment options to reduce erosion risk, among other things.
To see what Dr. Robichaud's been up to recently, read his 2014 paper, The temporal evolution of wildfire ash and implications for post-fire infiltration, published in the International Journal of Wildland Fire. Find out more about Robichaud's research, methods for use of the Mini Disk Infiltrometer for changes in infiltration characteristics after fire, or access the Erosion Risk Management Tool, by visiting the Moscow Forest Sciences Laboratory website.
Learn more about wildfire and soil moisture
See how soil moisture information could improve assessments of wildfire probabilities and fuel conditions, resulting in better fire danger ratings here.
Double Ring Infiltrometers Versus DualHead Infiltrometers
Several years ago I had the chance to work at the USDA ARS Research Watershed in Riesel, Texas. The goal of my research was to look at the effects of land use and landscape position on water infiltration. Within the research watershed there is preserved and maintained native prairie, improved pasture, and conventional tilled areas, which have been in existence for 75 years. Thus we were able to use infiltrometers to study the long-term effects of those different land uses, along with the effect of landscape position within the same soil type.
Texas Infiltrometer setup
My research focused on the Houston Black Soil Series, which is a clay-rich soil with a high shrink-swell capacity. This soil type has key economic importance, as it is present in much of Texas' USDA prime farmland. To achieve our objectives, we began by mapping soil bulk electrical conductivity using an EM38 device (electromagnetic geo-surveying instrument). The maps we created allowed us to look for areas of variability in water content, depth to parent material, clay content, and salinity. Then we randomly selected three zones within the catinas (full hill slope including summit, back slope, and front slope) and flagged them with GPS points. Our goal was to make infiltration measurements at all of the landscape positions on the slope and compare them to the same landscape positions within each land use type.
We found that the native prairie had the highest infiltration rates because the soil maintained its strong structure and macropores which allowed water to conduct well through the soil. We also found some differences by landscape position that were consistent within the different catinas. As water would run down the catina, erosion would transport soil and organic matter off the shoulder and back slope and deposit it on the foot slopes. Even though they were mapped as the same soil type, the differences in erosion and reduction of organic matter affected the ability of these different positions to transport water.
We chose to customize existing double ring infiltrometers to make these measurements because there wasn't anything automated on the market. If I was going to conduct my research in a reasonable amount of time, I had to come up with a system where I could run a lot of measurements relatively easily. As a result, we bought three double-ring infiltrometers and modified them with pressure sensors and some larger controlled ports. The resulting setup was huge; the outer ring on each infiltrometer was 60 cm in diameter and the entire instrument was very heavy. We were constantly refilling the instrument water reservoirs. In fact, this setup required so much water that we had to pull a 1,900-liter water tank on a trailer wherever we were taking measurements.
Our goal was to save time by running all three infiltrometers concurrently, but it still took a LONG time. Even though we had automated the instruments, they required a lot of monitoring; sometimes I had to fill our 1,900-liter water tank twice in a day. One measurement at one site took anywhere from 1.5 hours to 3 hours depending on when we reached steady state. We spent so much time out in the field that we were actually caught on film in one of the Google Maps picture flyovers! Even after all this field time, the data analysis was overwhelming, despite a relatively seamless approach to handle it all.
Our huge setup caught on google maps
I often dreamed of making a tool that would be a lot easier for me and others to use. When I joined Decagon (now METER), it gave me an opportunity to do just that. Our design goals were to make an infiltrometer that required less water and simplified the data analysis. We rejected the double ring design in favor of a single ring approach because research has shown that the outer ring doesn't buffer three-dimensional flow like it's supposed to. (Swartzendruber D. and T.C. Olson. "Sand-model study of buffer effects in the double-ring infiltrometer" Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 25 (1961), 5-8)
We also wanted to simplify the analysis of three-dimensional flow. With a constant head control in a single ring, there are equations that you use to correct for it. But you have to guess at things like soil type and structure which leads to inaccuracies. Multi-head analysis has been around for decades. It involves establishing constant water heights (heads) at multiple levels and looking at the difference in the infiltration rates to calculate the sorptivity. Thus, parameters that are normally estimated from a table can actually be measured, and infiltration results will be independent of users.
Still, there can be problems with the multiple head approach. Increasing the water height when infiltrating into a really low conductivity soil may take 1 to 2 hours to drain back to the original height. We didn't want to make this measurement take longer than necessary, so instead of using additional water, we used air pressure to simulate higher water levels which can be added or removed very quickly.
So, thanks to the instrument hardships I endured in my past efforts to obtain infiltration measurements, we now have an easy-to-use dual-head infiltrometer (now called the SATURO), that can do the analysis of infiltration rates and saturated hydraulic conductivity on the instrument itself (it gives sorptivity and alpha, based on the soil type and structure, and makes the correction onboard). Thus, if a scientist needs a value right away, it's there. But, if like me, they wanted to dig deeper through the data, all the measured values can still be downloaded for more careful analysis. Together, it's a simple tool for both scientists and consultants who need to make these measurements. And they won't get caught on Google Maps like me, because they've had to spend their whole life in the field taking measurements.
Below is a video of the dual-head infiltrometer in action.


Even if the recent Eurozone recovery has reduced the need for monetary stimulus, ECB officials are adamant that quantitative easing remains on the table.
President Mario Draghi also recently reiterated a need to target price stability, hinting at his readiness to fight deflation at all costs.
This saw the shared currency continue its slump against the dollar for the third straight session, ending 42 points lower at $1.3740.
With business sentiment in Germany, Europe's biggest economy, coming in weaker than expected, market participants realised that QE remains on the table for the ECB.
As such, they pushed the euro 42 points lower against the dollar to $1.3784, acknowledging that the recovery on this side of the Atlantic is still in its infancy.
A larger than estimated slump for German Ifo business confidence sparked a fall in the shared currency against the dollar in the early session.
Nonetheless, a speech in Paris by the ECB President Mario Draghi about monetary policy remaining accommodative brought buyers back into the forex market and the euro pared most of the losses, ending just 13 points in the red at $1.3825.
Participants in the currency market are getting hopeful that the conflict between Russia and Ukraine might not escalate into military action, especially when Ukrainian troops in Crimea were ordered to retreat.
As such, demand for the shared currency increased, with the EUR/USD pair rallying 45 points to $1.3840, gains which were held overnight ahead of this morning's sentiment data.
As Federal Reserve signalled its intention to raise interest rates sooner than initially predicted, it came as no surprise to see a rally in the dollar.
On Friday, the euro interrupted that, rebounding 15 points to $1.3793 but it could be more of a dead cat bounce, especially if US economic data remains strong and global geopolitical tensions increase demand for a safe haven currency.


How much money can you spend? More you choose a bag warm, light, compact, solid and efficient, the price will be high. The key is to find the ideal compromise. Choose a bag plastic is cheaper than down, but it offers more warmth at equal weight. Some large areas of the sport offer sleeping bags in a brand that is unique at prices defying all competition.For such prices, the overall quality of the bag is questioned: zippers low-end and fragile, poor padding (cotton or snowflake, heavier and less hot than goose down), simple sewing, piercing of hand in hand, relationship between the compressibility of the bag and his mediocre loft, duration of close living,… this kind of bag can be found her job in occasional activities requiring no dangerous feat (as in mountain).
Now that you have more or less defined your priorities in the choice of your sleeping bag, we will be able to focus on what the market offers us and the technical characteristics required for a sleeping bag featured on andyoutdoor.
Where are you going? According to the place of destination, the temperatures and humidity encountered will be very different. Learn more about these climate factors. Moisture plays an important role in the sensation of heat of a bag, a temperature of 5 ° C with a near 100% humidity can give an impression of – 10 ° C… Conversely, a region with a very low humidity level will be really cold nights and warm days as is the case in the desert. In the mountains, the nights are often cold with humidity or not depending on the weather… these reflections should lead you to set temperature comfort desired for your bag and the type of upholstery, synthetic or down.
Used Dutch 4-pc. Sleeping Bag, O.D.


NOTE: This class is now full! If you are still interested in a class in 2009, consider the Bellingham, WA training in August, 2009.
C Tech will be holding a 4 day EVS and MVS advanced training class on March 16th-19th, 2009 (Monday – Thursday). This class will be held in Las Vegas, NV at a College of Southern Nevada training facility.
There are numerous hotels in the Las Vegas area, as well as two major airports. There are many accommodation choices for any taste or budget.


Recently while in China, I had the opportunity to train a number of gifted young leaders in mentoring and leadership. Their demanding education would put many of them at the front of any test-taking competition. They are able to memorize incredible amounts of information, and constantly crave to learn more. I was truly in awe of their skill in this venue. Regardless of the amount of information we worked through, they still wanted more. Their desire to learn is insatiable, and I found myself having to bow out of the trainings in the late hours of the day due to fatigue—embarrassed that I could not keep up with their desire to learn.
As the world becomes more technologically nimble, rote memory is helpful, but similar ends can also be achieved through our electronic access to information. As the horizon shifts, often unpredictably, creative thinking and innovation have surfaced as the necessary skills, not merely the memorization of information. Hard to pin down and apply predictable structure to, creativity and innovation are the current currency in a media dominated world. Information does not carry the power it used to…what we do with it does.


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By State Sen Robert Nichols
Nichols files for re-election
Last updated 11/30/2021 at 12:45pm
AUSTIN, TX - Last week, State Senator Robert Nichols (R-Jacksonville) filed for re-election for Texas Senate District 3. The newly redrawn district covers much of the existing district including the majority of East Texas. Major changes include picking up the greater part of Jefferson County and losing San Jacinto County and Montgomery County.
"Serving the people of Senate District 3 is a tremendous honor and I humbly ask for their support to continue our important work at the capitol and remain a strong voice for rural Texas," said Nichols.
Since being elected in 2007, Nichols has displayed a strong conservative record and authored legislation focused on protecting landowners rights, expanding rural broadband access, reforming transportation policy, and promoting free-market principles.
"My work in the Legislature has always reflected the interests and concerns of the constituents I represent," said Nichols. "Every day their needs are my focus. It is my duty to represent their priorities in the Legislature."
Nichols has served as Chair of the Senate Transportation Committee since 2013. He is currently the vice-chair of the Senate Business and Commerce Committee and also serves on the Senate Finance, Criminal Justice, Local Government, and Redistricting Committees.
Nichols has consistently been acknowledged as one of the most effective and hardest-working legislators. This year he was recognized for conservative achievement from the American Conservative Union and previously has been designated as a Champion for Free Enterprise by the Texas Association of Business, a Courageous Conservative by the Texas Conservative Coalition, and a Top 10 Best Legislator for the 85th Legislative Session by Texas Monthly Magazine.
Nichols is a businessman from Jacksonville, Texas. In his hometown, he served as a member of the city council, was elected mayor, built four successful manufacturing plants, earned 32 US patents and 128 foreign patents, and created 900 jobs.
"It has been a privilege to serve the people of Senate District 3," said Nichols. "My record speaks to the values of East Texas and the people I represent. It's a honor to once again ask for their vote."


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US Crypto Exchange Kraken Reaches Agreement With Treasury Department
Kraken has agreed to pay $362,159 to settle its potential liability for violating U.S. sanctions.
5:36 29th Nov, 2022
The U.S. Treasury Department's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) has reached a settlement with crypto exchange Kraken over serving customers in Iran, OFAC said in a statement Monday.
Kraken agreed to pay $362,159 to settle its potential civil liability for apparent violations of sanctions against Iran. Kraken also agreed to invest $100,000 in implementing additional sanctions compliance controls.
According to OFAC, Kraken failed to implement appropriate geolocation tools, including an automated internet protocol (IP) address blocking system, allowing customers in Iran to perform transaction on Kraken's platform.
Marco Santori, chief legal officer at Kraken, told CoinDesk via email that "Kraken is pleased to have resolved this matter, which we discovered, voluntarily self-reported and swiftly corrected."
Santori added that "even before entering into this resolution, Kraken had taken a series of steps to bolster our compliance measures. This includes further strengthening control systems, expanding our compliance team and enhancing training and accountability."
PolicyCrypto AssetsCrypto ExchangeKraken


These papers relate to the naval service of Rear Admiral Logan Carlisle Ramsey. They deal with Naval Air Station Midway Island during the Battle of Midway. The collection includes memos, reports, logs, intelligence reports, radio logs, and a war diary.
This collection should be cited as Papers of Logan C. Ramsey, Archives Branch, Naval History and Heritage Command, Washington, D.C.


RaysProspects.com: Aggregated Industry Top 100 Prospect Lists: Rays' Rankings!
Aggregated Industry Top 100 Prospect Lists: Rays' Rankings!
Overall 11 different Rays prospects are mentioned on at least one of the 10 lists. Those 11 are the Top 10 according to the aggregated Industry Top Rays Prospect list, plus 2010 1st round pick Josh Sale. On average exactly 4 Rays players are ranked in the Top 100 (the average for an MLB team would be 3.33). Keith Law and Jonathan Mayo (MLB) have 6 Rays on their list while Baseball Prospectus only has 2.
Unsurprisingly, Matt Moore is the highest ranked player on every list. He is ranked by all of them and he nowhere is ranked lower than 3rd overall. Fellow top prospects Bryce Harper, Mike Trout and himself top every one of those lists.
The only other player ranked on every Top 100 list is Hak-Yu Lee. He was unanoumously voted as the 2nd best Rays prospect on the Rays Top Prospect Rankings. On the aggregated Top 100 lists, however, Baseball Intellect (not consistent to their top 10 which has Lee 2nd and Guerrieri 3rd) and ProjectProspect have Taylor Guerrieri ranked higher than him. Overall, Lee is ranked much higher than Guerrieri, though. With three rankings in the top 20 (!!) and no ranking lower than 70 he is one of the top SS prospects in baseball.
Like on the Rays Top Prospect lists, Taylor Guerrieri is clearly ahead of the Torres/Mahtook/Colome/Archer/Romero pack. He is ranked 7 times (and additionally he is 107th on John Sickels' Top 120 Prospect list).
The talent evaluators don't like Alex Torres much and Alex Colome at all for their overall top prospect lists. While being ranked as the 4th best Rays prospect according to the Rays prospect lists, only Frank Pilliere has him on his Top 100 list. Alex Colome (6th best prospect according to the Rays prospect rankings) is not mentioned at all.
John Sickels ranks Mikie Mahtook as the 3rd best Rays prospect on his Top 120 list while he has him 6th on his Rays Top 25 Prospect list (reversely he has Colome 4th in the Top 25 and 6th best Ray on the Top 120 list). When publishing the latter, he acknowledged that grades and rankings could change with time. In this case, Alex Colome, Taylor Guerrieri, Mikie Mahtook and Alex Torres all have a B grade in his book and thus might be pretty much interchangeable.
Keith Law weighs a players' upside much more than for example John Sickels does. That's a philosophical discussion which is similar to the discussion about whether you like WAR (wins above replacement) more than WAA (wins above average … I think I just invented this one). Would you rather have two players with 3 WAR (which e.g. is 0 WAA each) or a player with 6 WAR (= 3 WAA) plus a player with 0 WAR (= -3 WAA). I know what I'd prefer.
Baseball Intellect and ProjectProspect always bring a fresh approach to prospect evaluation. They often differ to the opinions of others. E.g.: Both have Taylor Guerrieri ahead of Hak-Yu Lee.
I know what you mean about Sickels. Prior to the '11 draft he had Guerreri above Daniel Norris and now Norris is a B+ and Guerreri is a B. Of course neither has thrown a pro pitch yet. I asked him about this and he had no new info and said that they were vere close or perhaps interchangeable as BurGi says.


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Trudeau's Over-Governing Continues with His Assault-Weapon Ban
Post category:Opinion
Meanwhile in Canada
Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau continued his path to #TrudeauDictatorship, when he banned assault-style weapons earlier this week. This decision was made in the wake of the Nova Scotia mass shootings. Trudeau made this call without proper legislation and with a minority government. As such, decisions impacting all Canadian's should not be made by way of executive order. Much like his missteps in the handling of the coronavirus, his crusade of stripping Canadian's of their rights continues.
April 8th, 2020, marked the worst mass shooting in Canadian history, the narrative, as after any mass shooting, directs ultimately to guns. No person in our government has told people Gabriel Wortman was not a registered gun owner, and was not in a state of mind where he'd be eligible to receive one. Which is proof in situations like these the fault should lay with the individual, not the gun. How does banning something he attained illegally fair to thousands of responsible Canadian gun owners? In short, it is not reasonable in the slightest.
Did prohibition stop people from drinking alcohol? Try making cigarettes illegal, and a bunch of people suffering from cigarette withdrawal will show one carnage, unlike the world has never seen before. Hasn't the world learned by now banning items strengthens the black market? Trudeau's order will not stop people from attaining assault-style weapons. All it will do is place these guns in the wrong hands. Bad people will benefit from bad people in the dark underbelly of assault-weapon resale. Essentially Trudy's decision does absolutely nothing and pissed off many Canadian's.
Ramblings of a Pissed-Off Citizen
A common argument from the left is, "you do not need an assault rifle to kill a buck." Clearly, liberals do not go hunting very often. When has any hunter used an assault weapon to kill a buck, moose or anything else? Most people who bear arms with such firepower own them to protect their family or property. Most often these guns are kept in locked cabinets, when not being used for target practice on beer cans. Of course, assault rifles are much more impactful for protecting your family than a hunting gun.
In the wake of the shooting, which left 22 dead and three injured, Trudeau acted by blaming guns. Gabriel Wortman used a mock-up RCMP car and uniform to go from location to location to kill his victims. Furthermore, he did not have a gun license and owned no guns lawfully. Some argue he would not be able to meet the criteria to own a firearm.
Keep in mind it is unfair to many Canadian's who obtained licenses legally, via a long and strenuous process. Despite this, he still was able to attain firearms illegally and cause this brutality. This man planned out this carnage. No anti-gun law or stay-at-home order would have stopped it. Explain to me again how Trudeau's new piece of legislation will prevent this from happening?
Lefties cannot provide enough evidence to support their theory, which is there are thousands of hunters killing elk like Rambo. Yet, it is easy to back up sentiments which Wortman obtained a gun illegally and used it to massacre people. Assault weapons are not the issue, and realistically have never been the issue. Faults of mad-men and women are deflected onto the community at large. Decent people just want to use their weapons for family and home protection.
Do We Need These Weapons?
Although I think it is a useful tool for home and self-defense and defense against a tyrannical government, but still the answer could be no. If someone has no criminal record, no mental health issues, passes the required firearms training, and is a breathing human being, it is their right. It is their right to lawfully purchase and own most guns they see fit to hold. Much like how we've quarantined the healthy, as well as the sick amidst the coronavirus, we have now lumped lawful gun owners in with a mass murderer who had zero rights to own a single firearm.
The debate of what is needed and what is a right should not even be a debate. A right is a right, and should not be governed by a leader who loves totalitarian power-grabbing as much as Trudeau. In reality, we should be questioning how a leader with a minority house can pass bills without opportunity for pushback from his opposition. How is this fair and equal representation of all sides of the political debate in Canada?
Trudeau has proven repeatedly that he is incapable of being an effective leader. He is out for his self-interests, and pandering to China at the moment. In like fashion, being the Prime Minister of the Deflection technique, he can redirect attention from one scandal with another. This goes back to a $250,000 taxpayer rubber ducky, or a suspicious SNC-Lavalin boardroom, to the $1 million taxpayer-funded donation to the Wuhan Institute of Virology, now to this. When will we stop his deflections, and hold this man accountable for his erroneous governing of Canada?
Brendon Stitt
Brendon Stitt is a writer for NRN. He has a master's degree in business and a vast knowledge of economics. Stitt's a neighbor to the north from Canada, though follows US politics religiously. Stitt covers a variety of topics from sports, to business and the markets, pop culture, and so much more.
Latest posts by Brendon Stitt (see all)
Manny Alicandro's Take: Featuring Chanel Rion - May 21, 2020
Manny Alicandro's Take S1 Ep7 with Christy McLaughlin - May 20, 2020
Saving Western Art - May 18, 2020


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DubNation Diary 6: Brooklyn, Steph, KD and other reunions
Poor Man's Commish
Poor Man's Commish is a long-time credentialed reporter following the Warriors behind the scenes for years. This and the last couple of DubNation Diaries follows him as he travels to the East Coast, meeting the Warriors on their recent road trip.
More From Brooklyn, NY. Feb 5, 2020.
I noticed that Draymond skipped his routine — he would later miss the next game with lower back tightness — and Steph happened to take the floor just as the arena dimmed the lights for some kind of pregame activity.
That made his yellow-colored uni (seemed like he was fully dressed for the game underneath) and similarly matching "MLK" Curry7's a nice contrast to the darkness.
After filming him, I still hadn't figured out where press row was, so I made a beeline back to the media room to check the seating chart. Heading back to the court, I bumped into none other than KD and his crew: Randy Williams, Devonte Young, and Antoine the security detail.
I've often conversed with Randy and Devonte and Antoine on the regular while KD was still with Golden State, as they were always hanging nearby and waiting for him while I was also waiting to film guys. But KD? Never. Hardly ever.
So it was really, really nice when we dapped as if we actually had hung out all those times. I genuinely missed the guy and missed filming his elite workouts and I told them all that. I also mentioned how Kerr reminisced on those very same workouts and it was really cool to hear him say that he saw my post on Twitter.
In fact, the whole reason I came to New York, with the road trip's twists and turns to Washington and Cleveland after Philly and Boston — making it not very cost-effective for me to attend unless I skipped it all except for NYC — was to potentially film the interaction with Curry (more on that below). And here I was, partaking in it.
Durant was on the way to his seat on the Nets bench, so the exchange was actually extremely brief, and I do regret not getting a chance to show him my mimicking his "Next Chapter" photograph, muscle shirt and European timepiece and all, but perhaps another time (like when the Nets put their visit to Chase Center coming up).
That visit is going to be special, just like the Andre Iguodala one was this past week — I'll have a #latepost on that one as well. Despite what certain vocal minorities of #NBATwitter will have you believe, DubNation all-in-all is grateful for Durant's tenure in the blue and gold and this type of camaraderie among all NBA teams and players, this goodwill, is what I hope brings new perspectives to being a fan.
DubNation at New York University. Feb 6, 2020.
With airfare being cheaper if I stayed a couple more nights, I spent the next day mostly indoors away from the rain then finally braved the cold and headed down to the World Trade Center, something I hadn't done ever since the towers came down.
As I mentioned in my "Next Chapter" piece, 9/11 had a profound effect on my life and career path leading me here to LGW. It was surreal to see all the names etched in the stone around the waterfalls that now occupy the foundations of the two towers.
None of the Starbucks near there were well-equipped with WiFi so my reporting of the Bob Myers Q&A back at a Chase Center was a little haphazard. I finally made my way to Essex Market in Lower East Side, then headed up to NYU at Union Square to meet with former LetsGoWarriors livetweeter extraordinaire, Rebecca Licht.
Rebecca is now a Sports Management student at NYU and, incredibly, David Kahn is one of her professors. You know, David Kahn as in the guy Bill Simmons makes fun of with the Star Trek II GIF of William Shatner as Captain James T. Kirk yelling, "Khannnn!!!" into the communicator. The one who drafted two point guards not named Stephen Curry in the 2009 NBA Draft.
One of Licht's goals is to ask her professor about that moment. Or really, those two moments.
So Rebecca and I cranked out a podcast (click here: iTunes, Spotify, or other) to get all caught up on all the Warriors trades and the new one involving Andrew Wiggins for D'Angelo Russell.
You can tell, Licht is well on her way with her future career. Not only does she have a coveted sales position at the NBA Store presently, but she's the co-host of her own sports show on the university's radio station.
We had a meal at nearby Big Daddy's, a very nostalgic diner. I took a picture of a young Sean Connery, signed by him too, and texted that to my parents. He was an icon for them back in the day.
Our pod sesh was a late night thing, done on purpose by me — also, the city (and college students) never sleep — so as it turns out the directions to JFK from mid- to uptown Manhattan are a whole lot easier than anywhere else, and my oh my is JetBlue not only a breeze, but they also have free WiFi!
Not that I used it. I'm able to sleep on airplanes, luckily, and was out for about 4.5 of the six-hour flight. I woke up, hammered out an edit of the podcast with LakerCentral365 (click here: iTunes, Spotify, or other), and immediately headed to Chase Center for the showdown against the Los Angeles Lakers. Pro tip: travel lightly! And learn how to sleep on planes.
I'll be back soon with updates from the Laker and Iguodala games, and I have a podcast lined up with Casey Manuel, my media replacement for All-Star Weekend with Eric Paschall.
KillaE415
FarEastMatt
Man, I know you're breezing over the tedious bits, but I really wish I had a chance to work in your profession for a week and see these behind-the-scenes moments.
Thanks for bringing them to life for us all here, PMC. One question: is that podcast featuring EP? Or about him at ASW? I'm fairly certain but the grammar is just a bit confusing.
P.S. You're especially lucky that you can sleep on planes. I rarely can and that makes flying from Saigon to California, New York, or Europe a boring, occasionally brutal, experience.