text:
Aceasta este lista familiilor din ordinul Diptera.

Nematocera
Dumeril, 1805

Anisopodidae Knab, 1912. Sinonime: Phryneidae, Rhyphidae, Sylvicolidae, Mycetobiidae, Protolbiogastridae.
Axymyiidae Shannon, 1921
Bibionidae Fleming, 1821. Sinonime: Hesperinidae, Penthetriidae, Pleciidae.
Blephariceridae Loew, 1861 Sinonim: Blepharoceridae.
Bolitophilidae Winnertz, 1863 Sinonim: Bolitophilinae.
Canthyloscelididae Enderlein, 1912. Sinonime: Hyperoscelididae, Synneuridae.
Cecidomyiidae Newman, 1835. Sinonime: Porricondylidae, Itonididae, Heteropezidae, Lestremiidae, Campylomyzidae.
Ceratopogonidae Newman, 1834. Sinonime: Leptoconopidae, Helidae, Heleidae.
Chaoboridae Newman, 1834. Sinonime: Corethridae, Chironomapteridae, Mesotendipedidae, Dixamimidae, Rhaetomyiidae.
Chironomidae Newman, 1834 Sinonim: Tendipedidae
Corethrellidae Edwards, 1932
Culicidae Meigen, 1818
Deuterophlebiidae Edwards, 1922
Diadocidiidae Winnertz,1863
Ditomyiidae Kylin, 1919
Dixidae Schiner, 1868
Hesperinidae Schiner, 1864
Keroplatidae Rondani, 1856. Sinonime: Ceroplatidae, Zelmiridae, Platyuridae, Zelmicidae, Macroceratidae, Macroceridae, Necromyzidae
Lygistorrhinidae Edwards,1925
Mycetophilidae Newman, 1834. Sinonime: Fungivoridae, Allactoneuridae, Manotidae
Nymphomyiidae Tokunaga, 1932
Pachyneuridae Schiner, 1864 Sinonim: Cramptonomyiidae.
Pediciidae Osten-Sacken, 1859
Perissommatidae Colless, 1962
Psychodidae Newman, 1834. Sinonime: Nemopalpidae, Phlebotomidae, Trichomyiidae.
Ptychopteridae Osten-Sacken, 1862. Sinonime: Liriopeidae, Liriopidae.
Rangomaramidae Jaschhof & Didham, 2002
Scatopsidae Newman, 1834
Sciaridae Billberg, 1820 Sinonim: Lycoriidae.
Simuliidae Newman,1834. Sinonime: Melusinidae.
Tanyderidae Osten-Sacken, 1880 Sinonim: Macrochilidae.
Thaumaleidae Bezzi, 1913 Sinonim: Orphnephilidae.
Tipulidae Latreille, 1802. Sinonime: Cylindrotomidae, Limoniidae, Limnobiidae, Architipulidae, Diplopolyneuridae, Eoasilidae
Trichoceridae Rondani, 1841 Sinonim: Petauristidae.

Fosile din Nematocera
Ansorgiidae Krzemiñski & Lukashevich, 1993 Extinct.
Antefungivoridae Rohdendorf, 1938 Extinct.. Sinonime: Antiquamediidae, Pleciomimidae, Sinemediidae.
Architendipedidae Extinct.
Archizelmiridae Rohdendorf, 1962 Extinct.
Asiochaoboridae Hong & Wang, 1990 Extinct.
Boholdoyidae Kovalev, 1985 Extinct.
Crosaphididae Kovalev, 1983 Extinct.
Elliidae Krzeminska, Blagoderov & Krezmiñski, 1993 Extinct.
Eoditomyiidae Ansorge, 1996 Extinct.
Eopleciidae Extinct.
Eopolyneuridae Rohdendorf, 1962 Extinct.
Eoptychopteridae Extinct.
Gracilitipulidae Extinct.
Grauvogeliidae Krzemiñski, 1999 Extinct.
Hennigmatidae Shcherbakov, 1995 Extinct.
Heterorhyphidae Ansorge & Krzemiñski, 1995 Extinct.
Hyperpolyneuridae Extinct. Rohdendorf, 1962
Limnorhyphidae Extinct.
Luanpingitidae Zhang, 1986 Extinct.
Mesophantasmatidae Extinct.
Mesosciophilidae Rohdendorf, 1946 Extinct.
Musidoromimidae Extinct.
Nadipteridae Lukashevich, 1995 Extinct.
Oligophrynidae Extinct.
Oreodomyiidae Extinct.
Palaeophoridae Rohdendorf, 1951 Extinct.
Parapleciidae Extinct.
Paraxymyiidae Rohdendorf, 1946 Extinct.
Pleciodictyidae Extinct.
Pleciofungivoridae Rohdendorf, 1946 Extinct. Sinonim: Fungivoritinae
Procramptonomyiidae Kovalev, 1983 Extinct.
Protendipedidae Rohdendorf, 1951 Extinct. Sinonim: Prototendipedidae.
Protobibionidae F. M. Carpenter 1992 Extinct.
Protopleciidae Rohdendorf, 1946 Extinct.. Sinonime: Dyspolyneuridae, Protoligoneuridae. Palaeoplecidae
Protorhyphidae Handlirsch, 1906 Extinct.
Protoscatopsidae Rohdendorf, 1946 Extinct.
Serendipidae Evenhuis, 1994 Extinct. Sinonim: Paratendipedidae.
Siberhyphidae Kovalev, 1985 Extinct.
Sinotendipedidae Extinct.
Strashilidae Extinct. Sinonim: Vosilidae.
Tanyderophrynidae Rohdendorf, 1962 Extinct. Sinonim: Tanyderophryneidae.
Tethepomyiidae Grimaldi & Arillo, 2009
Tillyardipteridae Lukashevich & Shcherbakov, 1999 Extinct.
Tipulodictyidae Rohdendorf, 1962 Extinct.
Tipulopleciidae Rohdendorf, 1962 Extinct.
Valeseguyidae Amorim & Grimaldi, 2006 Extinct.
Vladipteridae Shcherbakov, 1995 Extinct.
Zhangobiidae Extinct.. Sinonime: Palaeolimnobiidae.

Brachycera
Macquart, 1834

Acartophthalmidae Czerny, 1928
Acroceridae Leach, 1815. Sinonime: Cyrtidae, Oncodidae, Ogcodidae.
Agromyzidae Fallén, 1823 Sinonim: Phytomyzidae
Anthomyiidae Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
Anthomyzidae Czerny, 1903
Apioceridae Bigot, 1857
Apsilocephalidae Nagatomi, Saigusa, Nagatomi & Lyneborg, 1991
Apystomyiidae Nagatomi & Liu, 1994
Asilidae Latreille, 1802 Sinonim: Leptogastridae.
Asteiidae Rondani, 1856 Sinonim: Astiidae.
Atelestidae Hennig, 1970
Athericidae Nowicki, 1873
Aulacigastridae Duda, 1924. Sinonime: Aulacigastreridae,
Austroleptidae Nagatomi, 1982 (1 genus, 8 species)
Australimyzidae Griffiths, 1972
Bolbomyiidae Stuckenberg, 2001
Bombyliidae Latreille, 1802. Sinonime: Phthiriidae, Systropodidae, Usiidae.
Brachystomatidae Melander, 1908
Braulidae Egger, 1853
Calliphoridae Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889. Sinonime: Mesembrinellidae, Bengaliidae.
Camillidae Frey, 1921
Campichoetidae
Canacidae Jones, 1906 Sinonim: Canaceidae.
Carnidae Newman, 1834
Celyphidae Bigot, 1852
Centrioncidae Hennig, 1965
Chamaemyiidae Hendel, 1910. Sinonime: Ochthiphilidae, Cremifaniidae, Ochthiphilidae.
Chiropteromyzidae
Chloropidae Rondani, 1856. Sinonime: Siphonellopsidae, Oscinidae.
Chyromyidae Schiner, 1863. Sinonime: Chiromyiidae, Geomyzidae (part. sensu Schumann, 1965)
Clusiidae Handlirsch, 1884. Sinonime: Clusiodidae, Heteroneuridae.
Coelopidae Hendel, 1910. Sinonime: Phycodromiidae, Pycodromidae.
Conopidae Latreille, 1802 Sinonim: Stylogastridae.
Ctenostylidae Bigot, 1882
Curtonotidae Enderlein, 1914 Sinonim: Cyrtonotidae
Cypselosomatidae Hendel, 1931
Diastatidae Hendel, 1917
Diopsidae Billberg, 1820
Dolichopodidae Latreille, 1809 Sinonim: Microphoridae
Drosophilidae Rondani, 1856
Dryomyzidae Schiner, 1862
Eginiidae Stein, 1907
Empididae Latreille, 1804 Sinonim: Empidae.
Ephydridae Zetterstedt, 1837
Evocoidae Yeates, Irwin & Wiegmann 2006
Exeretonevridae Nagatomi & Iwata, 1976
Fanniidae Schnabl & Dziedzicki, 1911
Fergusoninidae Tonnoir, 1937 :it:Fergusonina
Glossinidae Theobald, 1903
Gobryidae McAlpine, 1997
Helcomyzidae Hendel, 1924
Heleomyzidae Westwood, 1840. Sinonime: Heteromyzidae, Helomyzidae, Trixoscelididae, Trichoscelidae.
Helosciomyzidae Steyskal, 1965
Heterocheilidae McAlpine, 1991
Heteromyzidae Fallén, 1820
Hippoboscidae Samouelle, 1819
Hilarimorphidae Williston, 1896
Homalocnemiidae Collin, 1928
Huttoninidae Steyskal, 1965
Hybotidae Macquart,1823
Inbiomyiidae Buck, 2006
Ironomyiidae McAlpine & Martin, 1966
Lauxaniidae Macquart, 1835 Sinonim: Sapromyzidae.
Lonchaeidae Rondani, 1856
Lonchopteridae Macquart, 1823 Sinonim: Musidoridae.
Marginidae McAlpine, 1991
Megamerinidae Hendel, 1913 Sinonim: Megameridae.
Micropezidae Blanchard, 1840. Sinonime: Calobatidae, Taeniapteridae, Tylidae, Trepidariidae.
Milichiidae Schiner, 1862 Sinonim: Phyllomyzidae.
Mormotomyiidae Austen, 1936
Muscidae Latreille, 1802
Mydidae Latreille, 1809. Sinonime: Mydaidae, Mydasidae
Mystacinobiidae Holloway, 1976
Mythicomyiidae. Sinonime: Cyrtosiidae, Mythicomyiinae.
Nannodastiidae Papp, 1980
Natalimyzidae Barraclough & McAlpine, 2006
Nemestrinidae Griffith & Pidgeon, 1832
Neminidae McAlpine, 1983
Neottiophilidae Hendel, 1902
Neriidae Westwood, 1840
Neurochaetidae McAlpine, 1978
Nothybidae Frey, 1927
Nycteribiidae Samouelle (ex Leach), 1819
Odiniidae Hendel, 1920
Oestridae Leach, 1815. Sinonime: Cuterebridae, Gasterophilidae, Gastrophilidae, Hypodermatidae.
Opetiidae Rondani, 1856
Opomyzidae Opomyzidae Fallén, 1820 Sinonim: Geomyzidae (sensu Evenhuis, 1994)
Oreoleptidae Zloty, Sinclair & Pritchard, 2005
Oreogetonidae Chvála, 1976
Pallopteridae Loew, 1862 Sinonim: Eurygnathomyiidae.
Pantophthalmidae Bigot, 1886 Sinonim: Acanthomeridae.
Pelecorhynchidae Enderlein, 1922
Periscelididae Oldenberg, 1914. Sinonime: Periscelidae, Stenomicridae.
Phaeomyiidae Verbeke, 1950
Phoridae Curtis, 1833
Piophilidae Macquart, 1835
Pipunculidae Walker, 1834. Sinonime: Dorylaidae, Dorilaidae.
Platypezidae Latreille, 1829 Sinonim: Clythiidae.
Platystomatidae Schiner, 1862 Sinonim: Platystomidae.
Pseudopomyzidae Frey, 1941
Psilidae Macquart, 1835
Pyrgotidae Loew, 1868
Rachiceridae Handlirsch, 1907
Rhagionidae Latreille, 1802. Sinonime: Leptidae, Erinnidae (sensu Evenhuis), Paleostratiomyiidae?
Rhiniidae Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889
Rhinophoridae Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863 Sinonim: Melanophoridae.
Rhinotoridae Hendel, 1916
Richardiidae Loew, 1868
Risidae Papp, 1977 Sinonim: Risiidae.
Ropalomeridae Schiner, 1868
Sarcophagidae Macquart, 1834
Scathophagidae Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830. Sinonime: Cordyluridae, Scatomyzidae, Scopeumatidae, Cordiluridae.
Scenopinidae Burmeister, 1835 Sinonim: Omphralidae.
Sciadoceridae Schmitz, 1929
Sciomyzidae Fallén, 1820. Sinonime: Phaeomyiidae, Tetanoceridae.
Sepsidae Walker, 1833 Sinonim: Sepsididae.
Somatiidae Hendel, 1935
Sphaeroceridae Macquart, 1835. Sinonime: Borboridae, Cypselidae.
Stratiomyidae Latreille, 1804
Streblidae Kolenati, 1863
Strongylophthalmyiidae Hendel, 1917
Syringogastridae Prado, 1969
Syrphidae Latreille, 1802
Tabanidae Latreille, 1802
Tachinidae Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830. Sinonime: Larvaevoridae, Stackelbergomyiidae.
Tachiniscidae Kertész, 1903
Tanypezidae Rondani, 1856
Tephritidae Newman, 1834. Sinonime: Trypetidae, Trupaneidae, Trypaneidae, Tachiniscidae.
Teratomyzidae Hennig, 1969
Termitoxeniidae
Tethinidae
Therevidae Newman, 1834
Thyreophoridae
Ulidiidae Macquart, 1835. Sinonime: Otitidae, Ortalidae, Pterocallidae.
Vermileonidae Williston, 1886. Sinonime: Protobrachyceridae, Protobrachycerontidae.
Xenasteiidae Hardy, 1980
Xylomyidae Verrall, 1901. Sinonime: Xylomyiidae, Solvidae.
Xylophagidae Fallén, 1810. Sinonime: Heterostomidae, Exerotonevridae, Erinniidae ?(sensu Schumann), Coenomyidae, Coenomyiidae.

Fosile din Brachycera
Alinkidae Extinct.
Archisargidae Rohdendorf, 1951 Extinct
Chimeromyiidae Grimaldi, Cumming & Arillo, 2009 Extinct.
Cratomyiidae Mazzarolo & Amorim, 2000 Extinct
Eomyiidae Rohdendorf, 1962 Extinct.
Eostratiomyiidae Rohdendorf, 1951 Extinct
Eophlebombyiidae Cockerell, 1925 Extinct.
Eremochaetidae Ussatchov, 1968 Extinct. Sinonim: Archisargidae.
Hoffeinsmyiidae Michelsen, 2009 Extinct.
Kovalevisargidae Mostovski, 1997 Extinct
Palaeostratiomyiidae Rohdendorf, 1938 Extinct
Proneottiophilidae Hennig, 1969 Extinct
Prosechamyiidae Blagoderov & Grimaldi, 2007 Extinct
Protapioceridae Ren, 1998 Extinct
Protobrachyceridae Rohdendorf, 1964 Extinct
Protempididae Ussatchov, 1968 Extinct.
Protomphralidae Rohdendorf, 1957 Extinct.
Rhagionemestriidae Ussatchov, 1968 Extinct
Rhagionempididae Rohdendorf, 1951 Extinct
Uranorhagionidae Zhang, Yang & Ren, 2010 Extinct
Zhangsolvidae Nagatomi & Yang, 1998 Extinct

Vezi și
 Nematocere
 Brahicere

Referințe

Bibliografie
Barraclough, D. A. & McAlpine, D. K. 2006. Natalimyzidae, a new African family of acalyptrate flies (Diptera: Schizophora: Sciomyzoidea). African Invertebrates 47: 117-134.
Evenhuis, N.L. (1994): Catalogue of the Fossil Flies of the world (Insecta: Diptera). - Leiden: Backhuys Publ.: 600 pp.
Evenhuis, N.L. (1996): Catalogue of the Diptera of the Australasien and Oceanian Regions. -
Evenhuis, N.L. (1996): Catalogue of the fossil flies of the world. -
Jacobs, W. & Renner, M (1988): Biologie und Ökologie der Insekten, 2.Aufl.. - Stuttgart: Fischer: 690 pp.
Maddison, D.R. Tree of life: phylogeny and systematics of Diptera. -
Schumann, H. (1992): Systematische Gliederung der Ordnung Diptera mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der in Deutschland vorkommenden Familien. - Dt. Ent. Ztsch. N.F. 39 (1-3): 103-116.
Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) 2011 Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness (Zootaxa 3148). Magnolia Press, Auckland, 237 pp. online here pdf
Zoological Record. -

Legături externe
 Sabrosky's Family Group Names in Diptera
Palaeobiology database
 Diptera families of British Columbia

McAlpine, David K. , 1958 A key to the Australian families of Acalptrate Diptera (Insecta) Records of the Australian Museum 24 (12) 183-190 pdf full text and figures
McAlpine, J.P. et al.(eds.): Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 Ottawa: Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Monograph 27. ISBN 0660107317 pdf  download manual
Pjotr Oosterbroek, 2006 The european families of the Diptera : identification, diagnosis, biology Utrecht, KNNV ISBN 9050112455
Harold Oldroyd , 1954  Diptera  1. Introduction and key to families. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects Vol 9 Part 1. pdf  download manual
Charles Howard Curran, 1934 The families and genera of North American Diptera Charles Howard Curran in [New York]  pdf Out of date but useful.
Families of Diptera found in Baltic Amber

Diptera
Diptera


text:
Finanzen (Plural vom Wort Finanz, das nur als Konfix verwendet wird; , ) ist allgemein der Sammelbegriff für das Finanzwesen und die Finanzwirtschaft, speziell sind damit öffentliche Finanzen (Staatsfinanzen, Kommunalfinanzen) gemeint. Umgangssprachlich sind hierunter die Geldmittel und die Bonität von Wirtschaftssubjekten (Privathaushalte, Unternehmen, Staat, Ausland) zu verstehen.

Etymologie
"Finantien" erschien in einem deutschen Text erstmals 1341 in Köln bei dem altdeutschen Misstrauen gegen jede Art moderner Kapitalnutzung als "Geldgeschäft im üblen Sinn oder Wucher". Das Kölner Stadtbuch schrieb im Originaltext "Döt ist die morgensprache von woichger und finantien". Um 1549 galt der "Finanzer" als Wucher oder listiger Betrüger. Der Lexikograf Georg Henisch beschrieb im Jahre 1616 "Finantz" als , also "öffentliche Gelder, die Hauptsache der Quästoren". In der Bedeutung als Wucher blieb es als "Finanz" bis ins 18. Jahrhundert erhalten. Erfolgten Zahlungen an die Staatskasse, war von "finantia" die Rede und nahm die Bedeutung als "Staatseinkünfte, Geldwesen des Staats" an. Im Jahre 1695 definierte Kaspar von Stieler sie als "Steuern, Einkommen einer königlichen und fürstlichen Kammer". Die frühen Begriffe lassen sich auf  ("eine festgesetzte Abgabe bezahlen") und  ("Ende") zurückführen.

Der Historiker Dietrich Hermann Hegewisch definierte Finanzen 1804 wie folgt: "Im engeren Sinn versteht man darunter … die Mittel, die ein Staat verwendet, sich Einkünfte zu verschaffen, die Verwendung, die er von diesen Einkünften macht und die Methode und Ordnung, die er im Hinblick auf beide betrachtet" (in die heutige deutsche Sprache übersetzt). Im weiteren Sinne fasste er auch das Geld- und Münzwesen unter die Finanzen. In seiner Untersuchung über die römischen Finanzen gelangte er zu der Erkenntnis, dass die Finanzen auf Roms Verfassung und Gemeinwohl großen Einfluss hatten. Er hielt Finanzen dann für ordnungsgemäß, wenn Einkünfte einer Zweckbindung unterliegen. Für Joseph Schumpeter waren 1918 die historisch sich abwechselnden Krisen der Finanzen "einer der besten Angriffspunkte der Untersuchung des sozialen Getriebes, besonders, aber nicht ausschließlich, des politischen". In der sozialistischen DDR-Propaganda gab es bei kapitalistischen Finanzen eine "Verknüpfung von Überproduktion (besonders Überakkumulation), Massenarbeitslosigkeit und Inflation, verbunden mit akuten Defiziten der Staatsfinanzen, starken Zahlungsbilanzungleichgewichten und schwerwiegenden Erschütterungen des nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg geschaffenen internationalen kapitalistischen Währungssystems". Dabei wurde von den systemischen Problemen des Sozialismus abgelenkt, die ein Jahrzehnt später zu seinem Niedergang geführt haben. In den heutigen Massenmedien gibt es häufig die Rubrik "Finanzen", worin Wirtschaftsnachrichten präsentiert werden.

Arten

Private Finanzplanung

Private Finanzplanung bezeichnet die Planung von Geldausgaben und Sparen von Privathaushalten unter Berücksichtigung der Möglichkeit zukünftiger Risiken. Private Finanzplanung beinhaltet Ausgaben für Bildung, die Finanzierung von langlebigen Gütern wie Immobilien und Kraftfahrzeugen, den Abschluss von Versicherungen wie beispielsweise Kranken- und Sachversicherung, Investitionen und Sparen für den Ruhestand. Persönliche Finanzen können auch dien Schuldendienst für einen Kredit oder die Aufnahme von Schulden beinhalten. Die wichtigsten ökonomischen Größen sind Einkommen, Ausgaben, Ersparnisbildung, Investieren. Das Financial Planning Standards Board hebt folgende Punkte für eine sichere private Finanzplanung hervor:

 Abschluss von Versicherungsverträgen zum Schutz vor unvorhergesehenen Ereignissen,
 Verständnis der Auswirkungen der Steuerpolitik auf die persönlichen Finanzen,
 Verständnis der Auswirkungen der Verschuldung auf die individuelle Finanzlage,
 Entwicklung eines Sparplans zur Finanzierung großer Investitionen (Auto, Bildung, Immobilien),
 Planung einer sicheren finanziellen Zukunft in einem Umfeld wirtschaftlicher Instabilität,
 Nachvollziehung eines Sparkontos,
 Vorbereitung auf den Ruhestand / Planung langfristiger Ausgaben.
Für diese Kriterien ist eine fundierte finanzielle Allgemeinbildung erforderlich.

Unternehmensfinanzierung

Die Unternehmensfinanzierung befasst sich mit den Finanzierungsquellen und der Kapitalstruktur von Unternehmen. Dazu gehören auch Maßnahmen, die Manager ergreifen, um den Wert des Unternehmens für die Eigentümer zu steigern sowie den Instrumenten und Analysen, die zur Allokation von Finanzmitteln verwendet werden. Das kurzfristige Finanzmanagement wird häufig als "Working Capital Management" bezeichnet und bezieht sich auf das Cash-, Inventar- und Schuldenmanagement. Langfristig beinhaltet die Unternehmensfinanzierung im Allgemeinen das Abwägen von Risiko und Rentabilität. Dies geschieht mit dem Ziel, das Vermögen eines Unternehmens, den Netto-Cashflow und den Wert seiner Aktien zu maximieren. Man unterscheidet drei Hauptbereiche der Kapitalallokation:

 Kapitalbudgetierung: Auswahl der Projekte, in die investiert werden soll,
 Dividendenpolitik: Verwendung von "überschüssigem" Kapital,
 Kapitalbeschaffung: Welche Finanzierung (Eigen- oder Fremdfinanzierung) soll verwendet werden.
Letzteres stellt die Verbindung zu Investmentbanken und zum Wertpapierhandel her, wobei man allgemein zwischen Unternehmensanleihen (Fremdkapital) und Aktien (Eigenkapital) unterscheidet.

Öffentliche Finanzen

Mit Öffentlichen Finanzen werden sämtliche ökonomischen Aktivitäten eines Staates und seiner staatlichen Untergliederungen bezeichnet, die zu Einnahmen und Ausgaben führen. Es umfasst normalerweise eine langfristige strategische Perspektive in Bezug auf Investitionsentscheidungen, die öffentliche Einrichtungen betreffen. Diese langfristigen strategischen Perioden umfassen normalerweise fünf oder mehr Jahre. Die öffentlichen Finanzen befassen sich hauptsächlich mit:

 Ermittlung der erforderlichen Ausgaben einer Einrichtung des öffentlichen Sektors,
 Einnahmequellen (Steuern, Abgaben, Gebühren),
 Haushalts- und Budgetplanung,
 Emission von Anleihen (Staats-, Landes-, Kommunalanleihen und Kommunalobligationen) für öffentliche Projekte.
Zentralbanken wie die Europäische Zentralbank oder das Federal Reserve System in den USA sind wesentliche Akteure im Bereich der öffentlichen Finanzen, fungieren als Kreditgeber letzter Instanz und weisen einen großen Einfluss auf die Zins- und Kreditbedingungen in der Wirtschaft auf.

Siehe auch

Einzelnachweise

Betriebswirtschaftslehre
Finanzwissenschaft
Finanzierung
Finanzmarkt

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
STEEL READY FOR CUP TIE GAME
With Field Cleared of Snow and With Players Eager to Go
GOOD GAME EXPECTED
"If the Steel Workers lose out in the cup competition of the American League, it will not be because of lack of condition or determination for the boys are primed for this important contest," remarked on of the players after a long round of conditioning yesterday afternoon. Reference is made to the game to be played on the Steel Field on Saturday afternoon when Bethlehem Steel F. C. takes on Indiana Flooring in the first round of the cup tie affairs.
The cherished ambition of every players is to romp through the cup tie games and then oppose the St. Louis clubs for the professional and inter-league championship. If successful the outcome of the American League race will more or less dim in significance although the laurels at stake in the league are also highly coveted.
The Steel Workers have passed the .700 mark in goal scoring averages, having boosted the mark to .708. The Bethlehem players have scored 80 goals and allowed 33 against them. Fall River has a figure of .722 for one more games played but the Steel Makers' 80 goals are the largest number tallied in the league.
Anent Indiana Flooring the home clan will not be opposing the strongest club in the circuit based on statistics but one that has proven dangerous at all times and spirited with cup ambitions can be relied upon to be at their best. Indiana holds second place in the second division due to a slump of recent date but seems to have fully recovered and again playing soccer similar to that of early season when for a good many weeks the New Yorkers were at the top of the league ladder. The team has a goal average of .480 for the 35 goals scored and the 37 counted against them. However, figures mean little when goals fall in any one contest.
While it was generally understood that the price of admission will be 785 cents for all cup games, local fans will welcome the announcement made this morning that a recent ruling of the league has again altered admission. It was decided to keep the price the same insofar as general admission is concerned, meaning that fans will be admitted to the game for fifty cents. The extra twenty-five cents will involve only the reservation in the covered stand on the Steel Field. J. Walder, of Philadelphia, will referee the game where and will be assisted by P. J. Howley and Fred Smart as linesmen.
American Soccer League clubs will play six games Saturday and Sunday. Four of these will be contest in the American League Challenge cup play and the other two will be league matches.
This cup play was decided upon because of demands by the soccer fans in the twelve cities in the league who desired to see restoration of the old lose-and-out system among the leading professional clubs of the country.
There was another idea behind the cup games. St. Louis has been famous for years on account of its great professional clubs which comprise the St. Louis Soccer League. Eastern clubs have gone out there to play but the games were never more than exhibitions. When the Brooklyn F. C. went out there over the Christmas season and defeated the Ben Millers and the Scullin Steel teams, there was instant recognition of the fact that the American Soccer League caliber must be high.
This round robin of play is to produce the best team in the east that will in turn clash with the pennant winner in the St. Louis circuit in a series of three games. One contest will be played in the west and one in the east. If a third is necessary, the choice will be made after the second game has been played.
The winner of this series will be declared the inter-league champion. All the great professional players are member either of teams in the St. Louis Soccer League or the American Soccer League.
There is considerable enthusiasm all over the circuit over these games the first round of which will start this weekend.
Bethelehem Steel Soccer Club

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
\section{Introduction}\label{intro}
Bohmian mechanics is widely seen as a \emph{deterministic} interpretation of quantum mechanics. This point was already made by Bohm himself, and has been repeated by his followers:\footnote{See Kaiser (2011), Norsen (2017),  Greenstein (2019), Bricmont (2022), Bub (2022), and Ryckman (2022) for some history of Bohmian mechanics and the closely related de Broglie--Bohm pilot wave theory. }
\begin{quote}
\begin{small}
My interpretation of the quantum theory describes all processes as basically causal and continuous.\footnote{
Here `causal' is  synonymous to `deterministic'. This is clear from a contrast Bohm draws on the same page: `Thus, we are able in my interpretation to understand by means of a causal and continuous model just those properties of matter and light which seem most convincingly to require the assumption of discontinuity and incomplete determinism.' Similarly, Holland's well-known book \emph{The Quantum Theory of Motion} is  subtitled: \emph{An Account of the de Broglie--Bohm Causal Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics}.
}
 (Bohm, 1952, p.\ 175)
\end{small}
\end{quote}
\begin{quote}
\begin{small}
But in 1952 I saw the impossible done. It was in papers by David Bohm. Bohm showed explicitly how parameters could indeed be introduced, into nonrelativistic wave mechanics, with the help of which the indeterministic description could be transformed into a deterministic one.
 (Bell, 1982, p.\ 990)
\end{small}
\end{quote}

\begin{quote}
\begin{small}
Bohmian mechanics happens to be deterministic. A substantial success of Bohmian mechanics is the explanation of quantum randomness or Born's statistical law, on the basis of Boltzmann's principles of statistical mechanics, i.e.\ Born's law is not an axiom but a theorem in Bohmian mechanics. (D\"{u}rr \& Teufel, 2009, p.\ 6)
\end{small}
\end{quote}

My aim is to show that the alleged determinism of Bohmian mechanics is parasitical on some external random sampling mechanism (``oracle'') the theory has to invoke in order to state the specific value of the hidden variable (i.e.\ position) in each experiment. Short of the above oracle,
Bohmian mechanics by itself is not only unable to predict the outcome of individual experiments, but  cannot even reproduce their provable (algorithmic) randomness properties (which follow from the Born rule).
Furthermore, Bohmian mechanics cannot be extended by any deterministic theory so as to replace the random oracle, even if it is deemed acceptable that a deterministic theory fails to specify its initial conditions.
Thus the performance of  Bohmian mechanics and especially its level of determinism are  similar to that of minimal versions of the Copenhagen interpretation, which also leaves the outcomes of  experiments to a black box (arguably a more obscure one).

Partly to set the stage and partly to briefly discuss other aspects of determinism I will not go into here any further, let me summarize the formalism of Bohmian mechanics.\footnote{For details see e.g.\
Holland (1993), D\"{u}rr  \& Teufel (2009), Bricmont (2016),  and  Goldstein (2021).}

For simplicity, consider a system of $N$ non-relativistic spinless particles with masses $m_1, \ldots, m_N$, moving in $\R^3$, so that the classical configuration space is $\R^{3N}$. Suppose the classical Hamiltonian, defined on
the associated phase space $T^*(\R^{3N})\cong\R^{6N}$, is given by
\begin{align}
h(p,q)=\sum_{k=1}^N\frac{p_k^2}{2m_k} +V(q); && p=(p_1,\ldots, p_N), \:\: q=(q_1,\ldots, q_N).
\end{align}
The associated quantum theory starts from the Hilbert space $H=L^2(\R^{3N})$, on which one tries to define a Hamiltonian
$\hat{h}=-\sum_k \hat{\Dl}_k/(2m_k) +\hat{V}$ as a self-adjoint operator, where $ \hat{\Dl}_k$ is the Laplacian for the $k$th coordinate $x_k=(x_k^1,x_k^2,x_k^3)$ in $x=(x_1, \ldots, x_N)$, and
  $\hat{V}$ is the potential  seen as a multiplication operator.  If this is done successfully,\footnote{In practice, $\hat{h}$ is first defined on some safe domain like $D=\cci(\R^{3N})$ and subsequently extended to a self-adjoint operator, but this procedure may be  unique, non-unique, or even impossible, depending on the potential $V$ (and, using configuration spaces $Q$ different from $\R^{3N}$, on $Q$). In the non-unique case (where $\hat{h}$ has several self-adjoint extensions) one faces some kind of indeterminism (Earman, 2009); interesting examples of this phenomenon come from spacetime singularities (Horowitz \& Marolf, 1995).
Such ``indeterminism''  will be inherited by Bohmian mechanics. But I will  ignore this on the understanding that situations where this happens can typically be resolved by providing \emph{classical} boundary conditions.}   by Stone's theorem any $\Psi\in H$ evolves unitarily for all $t\in\R$ as a solution of the Schr\"{o}dinger equation
\begin{equation}
\hat{h}\Psi_t=i\hbar \frac{\partial \Psi_t}{\partial t}, \label{Sch}
\end{equation}
where $\Psi_0=\Psi$.
This solution, in turn, gives a probability measure
$P_t$ on $\R^{3N}$ via
\begin{align}
dP_t(x)= \rho} \newcommand{\sg}{\sigma_t(x)d^{3N}x; &&
\rho} \newcommand{\sg}{\sigma_t(x):=|\Psi_t(x)|^2,  \label{mu}
\end{align}
where $d^{3N}x:=d^3x_1\cdots d^3 x_N$ with $d^3x_k=dx_k^1dx_k^2dx_k^3$. Since Born (1926), the role of $P_t$ is to provide probabilities for outcomes of measurements; e.g.\ if position is measured, then the probability  of finding the collective $N$-particle position $q$ in $A\subset\R^{3N}$ at time $t$ equals
\begin{equation}
\mathrm{Pr}_t(q\in A)=P_t(A).\label{P}
\end{equation}
In textbook (Copenhagen) quantum mechanics\ these probabilities do not have an ignorance interpretation (and hence are ``irreducible''), because the particle positions are not just  \emph{unknown} before they are measured; they \emph{do not even exist} prior to measurement.

Bohmian mechanics may be seen as a modification of either classical or quantum mechanics. In the former view it adds
 a (``pilot'') wave function $\Psi_t(q)$ to the particle trajectories $t\mapsto q(t)$,  whereas in the latter view it adds  particle trajectories to the wave function. The wave function is supposed to satisfy the  Schr\"{o}dinger equation of quantum mechanics, seen however as a classical \textsc{pde} (as opposed to an \textsc{ode} in Hilbert space} \newcommand{\Bs}{Banach space).\footnote{As pointed out by
Arageorgis \& Earman (2017), in Bohmian mechanics the wave function $\Psi$ is taken ``on the nose'', whereas in quantum mechanics\ it is its equivalence class in $L^2$ that defines the state.} But the wave function  only acts as a servant to the particles, in two completely different ways:
\begin{enumerate}
\item Once $\Psi_t(q)$ is known by solving \eqref{Sch}, the trajectories $t\mapsto q(t)$ are found by solving
\begin{align}
\frac{dq_k(t)}{dt}=v_k(q(t),t);&&
v_k(q(t),t):=
\frac{\hbar}{m_k}\mathrm{Im}\left(\frac{\nabla_k\Psi_t(q(t))}{\Psi_t(q(t))}\right)=\frac{j_k(t,q(t))}{\rho} \newcommand{\sg}{\sigma_t(q(t))},
\label{Q}
\end{align}
where $j_k=\rho} \newcommand{\sg}{\sigma v_k$ is the usual $k$th particle probability current  of quantum mechanics,
\begin{equation}
j_k(t,x)=\frac{i\hbar}{2m_k}(\overline{\Psi_t(x)}\,\nabla_k\Psi_t(x) - \Psi_t(x) \nabla_k\overline{\Psi_t(x)}).
\end{equation}
Here $\nabla_k=(\partial/\partial x^1_k, \partial/\partial x^2_k, \partial/\partial x^3_k)$. Provided $\Psi_t$ satisfies Schr\"{o}dinger equation \eqref{Sch}, the current $j_k$ is related to the probability density \eqref{mu} by the conservation law
\begin{equation}
\partial_t\rho} \newcommand{\sg}{\sigma_t(x)+\Sigma_k \nabla_k\cdot j_k(t,x)=0.
\eeq
Though \eqref{Q} is just a flow equation for a time-dependent vector field $v$,
 \eqref{Sch} - \eqref{Q} form a coupled \textsc{pde-ode} system of a novel kind that has no counterpart in either classical or quantum mechanics. Although Stone's theorem still applies to \eqref{Sch}, the ensuing vector field $v$ may be incomplete, in which case the trajectories $q(t)$ do not exist for all time and all initial conditions. This adds a potential source of indeterminism to Bohmian mechanics that has no analogue in quantum mechanics\ but is unrelated to  the ``random-ish'' kind of indeterminism discussed  in this paper.\footnote{For details see Berndl \emph{et al}.\ (1995), Teufel \& Tumulka (2005), and Arageorgis \& Earman (2017).
}
\item Though considered real, the particle locations $q(t)$ are mysteriously hidden \emph{in principle} and can only be revealed by measurement.  All we can know is their probability distribution, which at time $t$ is given by the ``quantum equilibrium measure'' \eqref{mu} - \eqref{P}, just like in quantum mechanics.  This move turns Bohmian mechanics into a special case of classical statistical mechanics, albeit
with the unusual features that:
\begin{enumerate}
\item The probabilities are defined on configuration space (rather than phase space).
\item A consistent interpretation of these probabilities is elusive. On the one hand, the assumed reality of the particle positions and trajectories forces an ignorance interpretation: since at any time $t$ all particles are supposed to actually \emph{have} positions, $\rho} \newcommand{\sg}{\sigma_t$ (which never describes these actual values) cannot be objective. But on the other hand, since these values cannot even be known in principle (until they are measured), the probabilities defy an ignorance interpretation and seem to be ontic or objective. See also Myrvold (2021), \S 9.4. This dilemma haunts Bohmian mechanics and may explain some of its ultimate indeterminism.
\end{enumerate}
\end{enumerate}
In sum, although its role as a ``pilot'' in 1.\ gives the wave function $\Psi_t$  some ontic status, its associated probability distribution $\rho} \newcommand{\sg}{\sigma_t$ uncomfortably floats between subjectivity and objectivity. According to
 D\"{u}rr,  Goldstein, \& Zangh\`{\i} (1992), $\rho} \newcommand{\sg}{\sigma_t$  determines which particle configurations are deemed ``typical'' in the sense of  \emph{``overwhelmingly probable''}, but this shifts the burden of interpretation to the question what \emph{that} is supposed to mean! See \S\ref{discussion}.
 \section{What makes a hidden variable theory deterministic?}\label{S2}
 Since my analysis does not only apply to Bohmian mechanics and may perhaps even be clearer in a more general context, I momentarily take a broader perspective.
A general hidden variable\ theory $T$ underneath quantum mechanics, say in the specific context of some given well-understood and repeatable experimental setting, should provide at least:\footnote{See Leifer (2014) for a  more detailed analysis of a setting like this. See also Bub (2022) for history.}
\begin{itemize}
\item A space $\Lm$ of hidden variables $\lambda} \newcommand{\Lm}{\Lambda$; in Bohmian $N$-particle mechanics this is  position space $\Lm=\R^{3N}$, so that $\lambda} \newcommand{\Lm}{\Lambda=q=(q_1,\ldots, q_N)$ with $q_k=(q_k^1, q_k^2,q_k^3)$, as above.
\item An assignment $\Psi\mapsto P_{\Psi}$, where $\Psi$ is a quantum-mechanical state (not necessarily a wave function) describing the system, and $P_{\Psi}$ is a  probability measure  on $\Lm$. In Bohmian mechanics  $P_{\Psi}$ is the Born/``equilibrium'' measure \eqref{mu} at time $t$.
\item Conditional probabilities $P_{\lambda} \newcommand{\Lm}{\Lambda}(e\mid a)$ stating the probability of outcome $e$ of the experiment on setting $a$, given the value $\lambda} \newcommand{\Lm}{\Lambda$ of the hidden variable; in Bohmian mechanics this of course depends on the details of the experiment, which I need not go into.
\end{itemize}
The  compatibility requirement between quantum mechanics\ and the given theory, then, is
\begin{equation}
\mathsf{P}_{\Psi}(e\mid a) =\int_{\Lm} dP_{\Psi}(\lambda} \newcommand{\Lm}{\Lambda)\, P_{\lambda} \newcommand{\Lm}{\Lambda}(e\mid a),\label{Bell}
\end{equation}
where $\mathsf{P}_{\Psi}(e| a)$ is the quantum-mechanical Born probability for outcome $e$ given $a$ and $\Psi$.
In this formalism, a hidden variable\ theory $T$ is  called \emph{deterministic} (just terminology!)  if
\begin{equation}
P_{\lambda} \newcommand{\Lm}{\Lambda}(e\mid a) \in\{0,1\} \mbox{ for any value of } \lambda} \newcommand{\Lm}{\Lambda, \, e,\, a. \label{ND}
\end{equation}
That is, the value of $\lambda} \newcommand{\Lm}{\Lambda$ \emph{determines} the outcome of the experiment.\footnote{In Bohmian mechanics his
 is true if one knows the hidden positions exactly at the time of measurement. At earlier times, the pilot wave = quantum state $\Psi$ is needed to make predictions, since $\Psi$ determines the trajectories. See e.g.\ Barrett (1999), Chapter 5, for a  discussion of measurement in Bohmian mechanics.} On this basis, exploring the  bipartite (``Alice and Bob'') setting introduced by Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen (1935), Bell (1964)  proved that the conjunction of the following properties is inconsistent:
\begin{enumerate}
\item \emph{Determinism} in the (narrow) sense of \eqref{ND} and preceding definitions;
\item  \emph{Quantum mechanics}, i.e.\  the compatibility rule \eqref{Bell};
\item \emph{Locality} in a sense made precise in Bell (1964);
\item  \emph{Free choice}, i.e.\ (statistical) independence of  Alice's and Bob's settings $a$ and $b$ from each other and from the hidden variable\ $\lambda} \newcommand{\Lm}{\Lambda$ (given the probability measure $P_{\Psi}$).
\end{enumerate}
There are  four (minimal) ways out of this contradiction: just reject one of the assumptions!
\begin{enumerate}
\item The Copenhagen interpretation rejects determinism (I take this interpretation to be a ``family resemblance''
but all versions should agree on this point).
\item
In arguing that the Born distribution \eqref{mu} should be the end result of an equilibration process and
hence did not always hold in the past,
 Valentini (1992, 2020) effectively departs from the Born rule and hence quantum mechanics. See also \S\ref{discussion}.
 \item    Bohmian mechanics is non-local (D\"{u}rr \& Teufel, 2009, Chapter 10; Goldstein, 2021, \S 13). The question if this non-locality was really necessary motivated Bell (1964).
 \item Finally,
 't Hooft (2016) rejects free choice in his deterministic cellular automaton interpretation of quantum mechanics.\footnote{Bohmians do not explain the origin of
 the  settings of the experiment, which are simply left out of the theory. In my view this weakens their case for determinism even further, but this is not my main point.} See also Hossenfelder \& Palmer (2020).
 \end{enumerate}
Restoring determinism in the quantum world is not the only goal, perhaps not even the most important goal of hidden variable\ theories. This applies to  Einstein, and Bell (after whom I will quote similar words from Bricmont) continues the  quotation in \S\ref{intro} with:
\begin{quote}
\begin{small}
More importantly, in my opinion, the subjectivity of the orthodox version, the necessary reference to the ``observer'', could be eliminated. (Bell, 1982, p.\ 990).

While deterministic, the de Broglie--Bohm theory also accounts naturally for the apparent indeterminism of quantum phenomena.
Finally, it explains the ``active role'' of measuring devices (\ldots), so strongly emphasized by the Copenhagen school, but making it a consequence of the theory and not of some a priori philosophical doctrine. It also explains the nonlocal interactions inherent in quantum phenomena. What more could we ask for?\hfill (Bricmont, 2016, p.\ 19).
\end{small}
\end{quote}
Having said this,  much as one may read Bell (1964) both as a proof that quantum mechanics\ is non-local in a suitable sense \emph{and} as a proof that deterministic hidden variable\ theories (in the first sense defined below) are necessarily non-local (in a slightly different sense),\footnote{It is a miracle to me why the Bohmians so vehemently oppose the second reading (Bricmont, 2022).} one may also look at Bohmian mechanics as an attempt to provide a realist ontology for quantum mechanics, \emph{and} as an attempt to restore determinism.\footnote{Instead of as a hidden variable\ theory, Bohmian mechanics may also be seen as an observer-free no-collapse interpretation of quantum mechanics, see Bub (1997). Here the wave function $\Psi$ is not so much seen as a ``real'' physical field (with mathematically of course is complex!) comparable with the electromagnetic field, but as a mathematical device that controls the modal properties of the theory.} These goals are closely related, since they are most easily achieved simultaneously by rewriting quantum mechanics\ as a classical theory, which is what Bohmian mechanics essentially tries to do.

However, the definition of determinism used above, which is typical for the hidden variable\ literature including Bohmian mechanics, strikes me as too weak, since nothing is said about individual experiments. Recall that for Born (1926), collision theory marked a fundamental difference between classical and quantum mechanics\ in that: \emph{the initial conditions being known in both cases}, the former could predict the outcome with certainty whereas the latter could not.
 Classical physics may be said to be ``indeterministic'' on account of its typical inability to provide or explain initial conditions (say for the solar system),  but this is not the kind of indeterminism that concerned Born, or me.
I will argue that in Bohmian mechanics, \emph{even if the initial conditions (of either the universe or some relevant part thereof), i.e.\  the exact particle positions, were known}, no deterministic account of the very specific and provable random structure of typical outcome sequences of quantum-mechanical experiments can be given. To this end I will show that in order to actually acquire the mathematical information necessary to predict such outcome sequences the theory requires an external oracle \emph{whose functioning cannot even in principle be described by any deterministic theory, including of course Bohmian mechanics itself}.

In particular, the randomness of these quantum-mechanical outcome sequences cannot be a consequences of whatever randomness in the initial condiitons, as suggested by  D\"{u}rr,  Goldstein, \& Zangh\`{\i} (1992); see \S\ref{discussion}.
Let me now try to make this argument more precise.
  \section{Is Bohmian mechanics deterministic?}\label{S3}
First,  as explained in Landsman (2020, 2021), in the narrow context of \emph{deterministic} hidden variable\ theories, refined mathematical methods are available (namely from the theory of algorithmic randomness) that make an appeal to a  bipartite setting unnecessary: since my argument does not rely on entanglement, we may  simply work with a quantum coin toss (realized for example as a spin-$z$ measurement on a spin-$\mbox{\footnotesize $\frac{1}{2}$}$ particle in the state $(1,1)/\sqrt{2}$, or optically using suitable polarizers).
 The settings, possible contexts, and quantum state of the experiments are then fixed to be the same for each experiment in a long run,
 so that only the hidden state $\lambda} \newcommand{\Lm}{\Lambda$ (i.e.\ in Bohmian mechanics the particle positions $q$) may change. Idealizing to an infinite run, one then simply has an outcome sequence $$s:{\mathbb N}} \newcommand{\R}{{\mathbb R}\raw\{0,1\},$$ such that $e_n=s(n)$ is the outcome of experiment no.\ $n$ (with the given settings etc.).

Although standard (Copenhagen) quantum mechanics\ refuses to say anything about the origin of each outcome $s(n)$,  it does make very specific statistical predictions. These do not just concern the single-case probabilities for individual outcomes, which are given by the Born rule (and are 50-50 in the case at hand), but include far more refined claims  \emph{about the sequence $s$ as a whole}, which go well beyond saying that the probability of each outcome is 1/2. The basis of these more detailed predictions is the following theorem:\footnote{This is
 Corollary 3.4.2 in Landsman (2021), which is  Corollary 4.2 of the version \url{arXiv:2003.03554}.}
   \begin{theorem}\label{keycor}
  With respect to the standard ``fair'' Bernoulli probability measure on the space $\underline{2}^{{\mathbb N}} \newcommand{\R}{{\mathbb R}}$ of all binary sequences,\footnote{This measure is the extension of the 50-50  probability for single bits to sequences (Dudely, 1989, \S 8.2).} almost every outcome sequence $s$ of an infinitely often repeated fair quantum coin toss is Kolmogorov--Levin--Chaitin random (i.e.\  1-random).\footnote{See Calude (2002) or Downey \& Hirschfeldt (2010) for complete treatments, and
Appendix B of Landsman (2021) for a quick summary. Dasgupta (2011) is intermediate between these extremes. This concept was first defined by Kolmogorov  for binary \emph{strings} (which are finite by convention) and was subsequently extended to  (infinite) binary \emph{sequences} by Levin and independently by Chaitin; whence the name `Kolmogorov--Levin--Chaitin' randomness.
The `1' in the more technical name `1-randomness' refers to a family of similar notions (Downey \& Hirschfeldt, 2010) whose use in physics should also be explored. Very briefly, and roughly: the  \emph{Kolmogorov complexity} $K(\sg)$ of a binary \emph{string} $\sg$ is the length of ``the'' shortest computer program $P$ that prints $\sg$ (and then halts). Then $\sg$ is
 \emph{Kolmogorov random} if $K(\sg)=|\sg|+ O(\log|\sg|)$, which means that
\emph{the shortest computable description of  $\sg$ is $\sg$ itself}.
 One may think of this as $K(\sg)\approx |\sg|$. A binary \emph{sequence}  $x$ is \emph{Kolmogorov--Levin--Chaitin random} if
 there exists $c\in{\mathbb N}} \newcommand{\R}{{\mathbb R}$ such that $K(x_{|N})\geq N - c$ for each $N\in{\mathbb N}} \newcommand{\R}{{\mathbb R}$, where $x_{|N}$ is the truncation of $x$ to its first $N$ bits. This definition justifies using infinite sequences as idealizations of long finite strings (where ``long'' means: $N \gg c$ for given $x$), in so far as randomness properties are concerned. I will freely do so in what follows. \label{long}
} \end{theorem}
This  notion of randomness (in this case of binary sequences) arose in the 1960s when ideas from probability theory were combined with the theory of algorithms and computation (\`{a} la Turing).  I already motivated its use in quantum theory (and elsewhere) in Landsman (2021, 2022) and will return to this motivation in \S\ref{discussion} below in connection with the notion of typicality used by the Bohmians.  But here I use this specific concept of randomness because Theorem \ref{keycor} is simply a theorem, whose relevance will become clear shortly.

I will  show that Theorem \ref{keycor} leads to insurmountable tension with determinism. First, note that in ``deterministic''
 hidden variable\ theories the outcomes $s$ factor through $\Lm$, i.e.,
 \begin{center}
  there are functions $h:{\mathbb N}} \newcommand{\R}{{\mathbb R}\raw\Lm$ and $g:\Lm\raw\{0,1\}$ such that
  \begin{equation}
  s=g\circ h.\eeq
  \end{center}
\begin{itemize}
\item   The existence of $g$ expresses the idea that  the value of $\lambda} \newcommand{\Lm}{\Lambda$ \emph{determines} the outcome of the experiment, cf.\ \eqref{ND}, which is \emph{one} important sense in which hidden variable theories could try to be deterministic. The function $g$ incorporates all details of the experiment that may affect its outcome, like the setting $a$,  a possible context $C$, and the quantum state $\Psi$,  \emph{except the hidden variable $\lambda} \newcommand{\Lm}{\Lambda$, which $g$ assumes as its argument}.\footnote{In more general measurements $g$ takes values in the spectrum of the operator that is measured.}   In this light, it would be more precise to write
$g(\lambda} \newcommand{\Lm}{\Lambda)=g_{(a,C,\Psi)}(\lambda} \newcommand{\Lm}{\Lambda)$,
  but since we agreed that $(a,C,\Psi)$ and whatever else is relevant for the outcome sequence is fixed throughout the entire run, for simplicity I just write $g(\lambda} \newcommand{\Lm}{\Lambda)$. In Bohmian mechanics the contextuality of $g(q)$
via its hidden dependence on $a$ and $C$ is well known (e.g.\ D\"{u}rr \& Teufel, 2009, \S 12.2.3; Goldstein, 2021, \S 12). Answering a F.A.Q.,
the existence of $g$ therefore does not contradict the Kochen--Specker theorem.
  \item
 The function $h$ gives the value of $\lambda} \newcommand{\Lm}{\Lambda$ in experiment number $n$ in a long run, for each $n$. Conceptually,
 $h$ samples the probability measure $P_{\Psi}$ relevant to the quantum-mechanical state in which the experiment is prepared (see  \S\ref{discussion} for further discussion).
 For example, in Bohmian mechanics $h:{\mathbb N}} \newcommand{\R}{{\mathbb R}\raw\R^{3N}$ in principle picks an element
 \begin{equation}
 h(n)\equiv q(n)=(q_1(n),\ldots, q_N(n))\in\R^{3N},
 \eeq
i.e., an $N$-particle configuration in $\R^3$ (seen as the total space of the universe, assumed to contain $N$ particles), for each $n\in{\mathbb N}} \newcommand{\R}{{\mathbb R}$. This is vast, but as I will review in  \S\ref{discussion},  under suitable independence and preparation assumptions  the results of D\"{u}rr,  Goldstein, \& Zangh\`{\i} (1992) enable one to replace
$h:{\mathbb N}} \newcommand{\R}{{\mathbb R}\raw\R^{3N}$ by $h':{\mathbb N}} \newcommand{\R}{{\mathbb R}\raw\R^{3}$.
\end{itemize}
   \begin{theorem}\label{TAB}
 The sampling function  $h$ cannot be provided by Bohmian mechanics, or by some hitherto unknown extension of it that may reasonably be claimed to be deterministic.
   \end{theorem}
\emph{Proof.}  Arguing by \emph{reductio ad absurdum}, if $h$ is provided by some deterministic theory $T$, right because $T$ is supposed to be deterministic,  $h$ explicitly gives the values $x_n=h(n)$ for each $n\in{\mathbb N}} \newcommand{\R}{{\mathbb R}$ (i.e.\ experiment no.\ $n$).
Since $g$ is also given, this means that the sequence $s=g\circ h$ is described explicitly by some formula. By Chaitin's second incompleteness theorem,\footnote{This is Theorem B.4 in Landsman (2021), both in the printed and the arXiv version. Briefly, this theorem states that  even   comprehensive mathematical theories (such as set theory) can compute only finitely many digits of a 1-random sequence $x$. See e.g.\ Calude (2002), Theorem 8.7, which is stated for Chaitin's famous random number $\Omega$ but whose proof holds for any 1-random sequence. In view of Theorem B.1 (\emph{loc.\ cit.}), also due to Chaitin, this argument applies equally well to long strings (cf.\ footnote \ref{long}).
} the outcome sequence cannot then be 1-random, against Theorem \ref{keycor}.\hfill Q.E.D.
 \medskip

Thus the question arises \emph{what else provides $h$}. In order to recover the predictions of quantum mechanics\ as meant in Theorem \ref{keycor}, i.e.\ not just the single-case Born probabilities but the (Kolmogorov--Levin--Chaitin) randomness properties of entire outcome sequences,  the function $h$ must sample either the Born measure $P_{\Psi}$ on $\Lm=\R^{3N}$, seen as the ``quantum equilibrium distribution'' of the universe, or
the one-particle Born measure on $\R^3$ provided by some effective wave function $\psi$ (see above). Since $g$ is  supposed to be given by Bohmian mechanics, this implies that the randomness properties of $s$ must entirely originate in $h$.
  This  origin cannot be deterministic, since in that case we are back to the contradictory scenario  above. Hence $h$ must come from, or indeed may be identified with, some unknown external random process in nature that Bohmian mechanics needs to invoke as a kind of random oracle--it cannot be overemphasized how strong the requirement of \emph{random sampling} of the configuration space $\R^{3N}$ with respect to the probability measure $P_{\Psi}$ is; as shown above, this requirement excludes determinism (and, if different, computability).
   \section{Discussion}\label{discussion}
Theorem \ref{TAB} allows a sharp  comparison with Copenhagen quantum mechanics:
\begin{itemize}
\item In Bohmian mechanics  the outcome sequence $s=g\circ h$ factors though its hidden variable space $\R^{3(N)}$
and the corresponding sampling function $h:{\mathbb N}} \newcommand{\R}{{\mathbb R}\raw\R^{3(N)}$ is its source of randomness, lying outside the theory as a black box or external ``oracle''.
\item  In Copenhagen quantum mechanics there is no such  factorization of $s$; here, the  unanalyzed black box and source of randomness is the
measurement process itself.
\end{itemize}
So although in Bohmian mechanics  the source of indeterminism has been shifted compared to its place in Copenhagen quantum mechanics, this source
 certainly has not been removed.

 As especially stressed by  D\"{u}rr,  Goldstein, \& Zangh\`{\i} (1992), D\"{u}rr \& Teufel (2009), and Goldstein (2021), Bohmian mechanics  tries (or: Bohmians try) to answer all such worries by an appeal to \emph{typicality}. To this end, their main weapon is what they call the \emph{quantum equilibrium hypothesis}, which I will now try to summarize.\footnote{I try to follow D\"{u}rr \& Teufel (2009), Chapter 11, who however omit the phase factor in \eqref{4.6}. See also Norsen (2018), \S 5, whose derivation should be adjusted in the same way, and Myrvold (2021), \S 9.4.}
  In the analysis reviewed in \S\ref{intro} we take $\Psi$
to be the wave function of the universe, seen as a system of $N$ particles moving in $\R^3$, where $N$ is very large (like $N=10^{80}$). We now take $M$ large enough to describe the number of measurements in a long run, but small compared to $N$ (think of $M=10^{10}$), and accordingly split $x=(y,z)$ with $y=(x_1,\ldots x_M)$ and $(z=x_{M+1}, \ldots, x_N)$. Similarly, we write $q=(r,s)$ for the actual particle positions.\footnote{Seen as random variables on the probability space $\R^{3N}$, $q$ consists of the coordinate functions $q^i_k(x)=x_k^i$ for $k=1, \ldots, N$ and $i=1,2,3$, and similarly
 $r^i_k(y,z)=y_k^i$ for $k=1, \ldots, M$ and $i=1,2,3$, etc.} The \emph{conditional wave function}
\begin{align}
\Psi^s(y)=\frac{\Psi(y,s)}{\|\Psi(\cdot,s)\|_{L^2(\R^{3M})}}; && \|\Psi(\cdot,s)\|_{L^2(\R^{3M})}=\sqrt{\int d^{3M}y\, |\Psi(y,s)|^2}
\end{align}
of the $M$-particle system then trivially gives the  conditional Born probabilities for $r$, i.e.\footnote{This is
really a shorthand for $P_{\Psi}(r\in A\mid s)=P_{\Psi^s}(A)=\int_A d^{3M}y\, |\Psi^s(y)|^2$, where $A\subset\R^{3M}$.}
\begin{equation}
dP_{\Psi}(r\mid s)=dP_{\Psi^s}(r).
\end{equation}
Now take some fixed wave function $\psi_M\in L^2(\R^{3M})$, i.e.\  $\psi$ is a function of $y\in \R^{3M}$, where
\begin{equation}
\|\psi_M\|_{L^2(\R^{3M})}=1,
\eeq
and assume that the ``environmental'' particle positions $s\in \R^{3(N-M)}$ decouple in that
 \begin{equation}
\Psi(y,s)=\psi_M(y)\Phi(s),\label{fac} \eeq
for some $\Phi\in  L^2(\R^{3(N-M)})$,  whilst the $r$ variables have autonomous Bohmian dynamics: $\psi_M$ should satisfy a Schr\"{o}dinger equation with a potential $V(y)$ not containing $z$, and the flow equations \eqref{Q} for $r$ do not contain $s$.  The factorization \eqref{fac} then
lasts as long as we use $\psi_M$ (i.e.\ during the repeated measurements to be described below),
and we have
\begin{align}
\Psi^s(y)=e^{i\alpha} \newcommand{\bt}{L\beta(s)}\psi_M(y); && e^{i\alpha} \newcommand{\bt}{L\beta(s)}=\frac{\Phi(s)}{|\Phi(s)|}.
\end{align}
Thus $\exp(i\alpha} \newcommand{\bt}{L\beta(s))$ is a phase factor.\footnote{Like in quantum mechanics, also in Bohmian mechanics wave functions differing by a phase should be identified, since both the velocity field \eqref{Q} and the probability distribution \eqref{mu} are the same.}  Hence for any $y\in\R^{3M}$, $(y,s)\in\R^{3N}$ lies in the set
\begin{equation}
\{\Psi\cong\psi_M\}=\{(y,z)\in \R^{3N}\mid\Psi^z(y)=e^{i\alpha} \newcommand{\bt}{L\beta(z)}\psi_M(y)\mbox{ for some } \alpha} \newcommand{\bt}{L\beta:\R^{3(N-M)}\raw\R\}.
\label{4.6}
\eeq
We may finally ``trace out'' (i.e.\ marginalize) over all such $s$ to arrive a the
formula
 \begin{equation}
dP_{\Psi}(r\mid \Psi\cong\psi_M)=dP_{\psi_M}(r).
\end{equation}
If we finally assume that $\psi_M(y)=\psi(y_1)\cdots \psi(y_M)$ for some normalized $\psi\in L^2(\R^3)$, then
  \begin{equation}
P_{\Psi}(r\in A\mid \Psi\cong\Pi_{k=1}^M\psi_k)=\int_A d^{3M}y\, |\psi(y_1)|^2 \cdots |\psi(y_M)|^2,\L{QEH}
\end{equation}
for any (measurable) $A\subset \R^{3M}$, where $\psi_k(y_k)=\psi(y_k)$ for the given single-particle wave function $\psi$. This means that under the stated independence assumptions (which one should be able to satisfy in setting up a repeated single-particle measurement whose quantum-mechanical description involves identical initial conditions for each experiment but whose Bohmian description allows for differences in the particle locations $r$ in each case), the probability distributions of the given $M$-particle system induced by the quantum equilibrium distribution for the wave function of the universe $\Psi$ equals the Born  distribution.
Eq.\ \eqref{QEH}  is what  D\"{u}rr,  Goldstein, \& Zangh\`{\i} (1992) call the \emph{quantum equilibrium hypothesis}, which, then, is actually a theorem (albeit under  restrictive independence assumptions):\footnote{It would appear to be more natural to me to use the name ``quantum equilibrium hypothesis'' to the postulate that the $N$ particles comprising the material content of the universe $\R^3$ were, and hence are, distributed according to the Born probabilities $|\Psi|^2$, where $\Psi$ is the wave function of the universe.}
\begin{quote}
\begin{small}
We prove that for \emph{every} initial $\Psi$, this agreement with the predictions
of the quantum formalism is obtained for \emph{typical}---i.e., for the overwhelming
majority of---choices of initial $q$. And the sense of typicality here
is with respect to the only mathematically natural---because equivariant---candidate at hand, namely, quantum equilibrium. Thus, on the universal level, the physical significance of quantum
equilibrium is as a measure of typicality, and the ultimate justification of
the quantum equilibrium hypothesis is, as we shall show, in terms of the
statistical behavior arising from a typical initial configuration.
\hfill (D\"{u}rr,  Goldstein, \& Zangh\`{\i}, 1992, p.\ 858)
\end{small}
\end{quote}
While \eqref{QEH} does support the Bohmian mechanics formalism and relates it to experiment,
it does not materially affect my discussion in \S\ref{S3}. In that context, all the quantum equilibrium hypothesis shows is that in the Bohmian description of repeated experiments based on identical single-particle states with wave function $\psi$, instead of sampling from the probability distribution of all particles in the universe given by $|\Psi|^2$ one may sample from the single-particle  probability distribution $|\psi|^2$. But this leads to exactly the same problems.

Restricting ourselves to quantum coin tosses, as before, and assuming with the Bohmians that every measurement can ultimately be reduced to position measurements, eq.\  \eqref{QEH} is simply replaced by the 50-50 Born probabilities used in \S\ref{S3}. The quantum equilibrium hypothesis/theorem then states that, provided the initial particle configuration of the universe is typical, so is the
outcome sequence of an endlessly repeated quantum coin toss. This matches the ``almost every'' in the statement of Theorem \ref{keycor}, and in this experiment we may therefore identify the ``typicality'' of an outcome sequence with its 1-randomness.

The idea that, at least in the context of Theorem  \ref{keycor} (and, I believe, also in the context of classical statistical physics),\footnote{For a start, see Gr\"{u}nwald \& Vit\'{a}nyi (2003). What is lacking so far is, among others, the connection between algorithmic randomness and large deviation theory (Ellis, 1985; Touchette, 2009).}
 1-randomness (=  Kolomogorov--Levin--Chaitin randomness)
 is the correct notion of typicality for binary sequences has been argued by Landsman (2021, 2022), and should be uncontroversial. It is much more \emph{precise} than the notion of ``overwhelmingly probable'' used e.g.\ in  D\"{u}rr,  Goldstein, \& Zangh\`{\i} (1992),
 D\"{u}rr \& Teufel (2009), and elsewhere, and is much \emph{stronger} than (Borel) normality,\footnote{A sequence $s$ is \emph{Borel normal} if each possible finite string $\sg$ in $s$ has (asymptotic) frequency $10^{-|\sg|}$
    (so that each digit $0, \ldots, 9$ occurs 10\% of the time,  each block $00$ to $99$ occurs 1\% of the time, etc.).}
 which is also sometimes used in the literature on Bohmian mechanics (e.g.\ Callender, 2007). However, Borel normal sequences may be computable,\footnote{In base 10 the simplest example is   \emph{Champernowne's number}
 $01234567891011121314151617181920 \ldots$, which
 can be shown to be Borel normal. The decimal expansion of $\pi$ is conjectured to be Borel normal.}
  and hence despite their abundance and  attractive statistical properties they are useless in the context of quantum mechanics, whose randomness properties are much stronger than normality, as Theorem \ref{keycor} shows.\footnote{Any
 1-random sequence  is Borel normal (Calude, 2002, Corollary 6.32).}

The identification of ``typicality'' with ``overwhelming probability'' is always predicated on a background measure, which needs to be justified. For a repeated quantum (or even  classical) coin flip this background measure declares that each binary string (of some given length) or sequence is equally likely to occur. In particular,
 a sequence like $10110000101111$ is as probable as $00000000000000$. The intuition that the former is typical in a probabilistic sense while the latter is not, applies to the coarse-graining obtained by counting zeros and ones; indeed,
 $(6,8)$ (i.e.\ a sequence with 6 zeros and 8 ones) is typical whereas $(14,0)$ is not. The notion of 1-randomness captures this difference already at the level of the sequences themselves, without any need for coarse-graining;
 though it occurs with probability one on the space of binary sequences, the concept of 1-randomness is not itself defined probabilistically (but algorithmically). What seems lacking in Bohmian mechanics is a similar concept of typicality of $N$-particle configurations that is defined intrinsically, and subsequently can be shown to occur  with probability one relative to the background measure provided by
 the equilibrium distribution $|\Psi|^2$ defined by the wave function of the universe $\Psi$. Defining typicality \emph{by} this background measure would, in the absence of coarse graining, be similar to saying that all binary strings or sequences are typical---for they all have the same probability relative to the pertinent background measure, as just pointed out. This makes it hard to understand what could be meant by `\emph{typical} choices of $q$' (in the above quotation); note once again that appealing to an `overwhelming majority' only makes sense after coarse graining. In this light, consider the Bohmian ideology that:
\begin{quote}
\begin{small}
For a universe governed by
Bohmian mechanics (\ldots), given the initial wave function
and the initial positions of all particles, \emph{everything} is completely determined
and nothing whatsoever is actually random. (\ldots)
The origin of the randomness in the results of quantum measurements lies in random initial
conditions, in our ignorance of the complete description of the system
of interest---including the apparatus---of which we know only the wave
function. \hfill (D\"{u}rr,  Goldstein, \& Zangh\`{\i}, 1992, pp.\ 846, 844)
\end{small}
\end{quote}
In my view, this ideology rests on an equivocation in which the initial conditions of the universe (simplified as some $N$-particle configuration in $\R^{3N}$) are simultaneously treated as uniquely given and hence singular (though inaccessible in principle) and yet  subject to some probability distribution with respect to which they are supposed to be typical.\footnote{To make things  worse, this distribution is also unknown in practice, since its source $\Psi$ is unknown.}

 Random initial conditions are drawn from a sample space. The (unique) result of this draw induces a binary outcome string or sequence $h$ for a repeated quantum coin toss for which some specific  $M$-particle subsystem has been used.
Choosing a different $M$-particle subsystem would probably give a different outcome sequence $h'$, but in Bohmian mechanics both are ultimately \emph{determined} by the initial $N$-particle configuration. Yet according to quantum mechanics, as mimicked by Bohmian mechanics via \eqref{QEH} (and more generally by its aim to preserve all statistical results of quantum mechanics), \emph{each} of these sequences is 1-random \emph{by itself}, cf.\ Theorem \ref{keycor}. By  Theorem \ref{TAB} this randomness  cannot be a consequence of the randomness of the initial conditions, since in Bohmian mechanics these are \emph{fixed} and everything afterwards is  supposed to be deterministic. In other words, the above claim that `The origin of the randomness in the results of quantum measurements lies in random initial conditions' cannot be upheld, since there is no way for the ``randomness'' in  initial conditions to influence measurement results $h$ and hence ``cause'' \emph{their} randomness.\footnote{I am grateful to Joanna Luc for questions in this direction at the Cambridge--LSE PoP Bootcamp.}

In comparison, take classical coin tossing. Here, the initial conditions are (to a good approximation) the vertical velocity $v$ and rate of spin $\omega} \newcommand{\Om}{\Omega$ of the coin at the time it is launched; see Diaconis, Holmes, \& Montgomery (2007) or Diaconis \& Skyrms (2018). This time, the (apparent) randomness in an outcome sequence is genuinely ``caused'' by randomness in the initial conditions, which are sampled by varying wrist and thumb movements, and hence ultimately by some sort of brain process. Due to the extreme sensitivity of the outcome to the initial conditions,
almost any non-sharply peaked probability distribution on the space of initial conditions leads to a 50-50 distribution on the binary outcome space.\footnote{In fact, there is a slight 1\% bias for the coin to land the way it started (see references in main text). A Galton board provides a similar example with a richer outcome space (D\"{u}rr \& Teufel,  2009, \S 4.1.1).}

 Nonetheless, as in the case of quantum mechanics\ (see Theorems \ref{keycor} and \ref{TAB}) the outcome sequence would only be 1-random if the ultimate sampling process in the brain were indeterministic (in which case it might be quantum mechanical). Indeed, by the same reasoning as in the proof of Theorem \ref{TAB}, any kind of determinism blocks 1-randomness. In particular, sequences produced by coin tossing machines are not 1-random and I would not be surprised if those produced by humans aren't either. But this is no problem, since few scientist would maintain that the probabilities in coin tossing are fundamental; in contrast, the Born probabilities \emph{are} regarded as exact and fundamental, also by the
 Bohmians.

This discussion suggests  a way out, however. Theorems \ref{keycor} and  \ref{TAB} assume the exact validity of the Born rule. But in my view no probability measure used in mathematical physics is ever exact, because the physical origin of the measure lies in the way it is sampled.\footnote{Boltzmann's program of justifying the microcanonical ensemble by ergodic theory (Uffink, 2007,  2022) is paradigmatic;  ``typical'' behaviour would be dynamically generated via time averages. The Bohmians  disagree with this goal (Lazarovici \& Reichert, 2015), but this is not the disagreement in the main text.
} Thus I expect the origin of the Born measure to lie in some underlying theory from which quantum mechanics\ is emergent \`{a} la Butterfield (2011). This theory may well be deterministic---\emph{provided the Born rule is an approximation}. The program of Bohm \& Vigier (1954) and Valentini (1992, 2020), who try to \emph{derive}  quantum equilibrium  from equilibration, is  in this spirit (see also Norsen, 2018 and Myrvold, 2021), especially because it accepts departures from the Born rule (also cf.\ \S\ref{S2}).
The only disagreements I would have with  Valentini (2020) is that I would not describe the Bohmian
 arguments based on typicality as `circular' but as \emph{inconclusive} (see above), and that I would prefer
the underlying theory not to be the de Broglie-Bohm pilot-wave theory but something really new. Whatever this new theory may be, its sampling process should be
washed out, as in the ``method of arbitrary functions'' in probability theory (Engel, 1992; Myrvold, 2021).
Indeed, this is also what happens in  examples like  coin tossing (even if it is deterministic).
\begin{small}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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text:
"I had it in my mind to do something big and I did." – Simon Rodia, Watts Towers
in Folk Art, Road Trip, West
Tagged with California, concrete environment, folk art environment
Watts Towers – Sabatino (Simon, Sam) Rodia
1765 East 107th St
Mosaic environment
Built: c. 1921-1954
"I had it in my mind to do something big and I did."
– Museum of American Folk Art Encyclopedia of Twentieth Century American Folk Art and Artists, by Chuck and Jan Rosenak, Abbeville Press, New York, 1990.
Simon Rodia called his "something big" by the name El Pueblo Nuestro. We know it as Watts Towers.
Using simple hand tools, cast off materials, cement, steel rods, broken glass, sea shells, pottery and ceramic tiles, Italian immigrant Simon Rodia spent the 30 years from 1921 to 1954 creating his masterpiece.
Upon its completion, when he was about 79 years old, Simon Rodia deeded the property to a neighbor for nothing and announced that he was going away to die. He moved to a small town near San Francisco and never returned to Watts again.
In 1959, plans were made to destroy the Towers but the community rallied and they were saved. Today, restoration is in progress and the site serves as a community arts and education center as well as a monument to its creator and the people who loved it enough to save it. The Watts Towers is one of only nine works of folk art listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
It is believed that Simon Rodia built the Watts Towers to share something he knew as a boy in Nola, Italy…the Giglio Towers that were paraded through the streets in celebration of the Feast of San Paolino (aka Giglio Festival of St. Paulinus). The shape of the the land that the towers stand on is in the shape of a boat, and he had completed 7 of the 8 towers before he left.
The information presented here is a short synopsis of "Simon Rodia: Watts Towers" by Calvin Trillin that was included in an exhibition at The Walker Art Center in 1974. The essay and photos were published by E.P. Dutton and Co. in an exhibition catalog entitled Naives and Visionaries, out of print.
Find this site and others with the iPhone app, "Best Road Trip Ever!"
(Photos courtesy of Rare Visions and Roadside Revelations)
Bibliography & Links:
"Detour Art—Outsider, Folk Art, and Visionary Folk Art Environments Coast to Coast, Art and Photographs from the Collection of Kelly Ludwig" by Kelly Ludwig, Kansas City Star Books, 2007.
"Rare Visions and Roadside Revelations Coast to Coast Travel-o-Pedia" by Randy Mason, et. al., Kansas City Star Books, 2009.
On DVD – Rare Visions and Roadside Revelations, "Cali-Zona, Here We Come," KCPT, Kansas City Public Television, 2007.
"20th Century American Folk, Self Taught, and Outsider Art" by Betty-Carol Sellen, Cynthia J. Johnson, Neal-Schuman Publishers, New York, 1993.
"American Folk Art, A Regional Reference" by Kristin G. Congdon and Kara Kelley Hallmark, ABC-CLIO Publishers, California, 2012.
"American Self-Taught Art: An Illustrated Analysis of 20th Century Artists and Trends with 1,319 Capsule Biographies" by Florence Laffal and Julius Laffal, 2003.
"Contemporary American Folk Art – A Collector's Guide" Chuck and Jan Rosenak, Abbeville Press, 1996.
"Museum of American Folk Art Encyclopedia of Twentieth Century American Folk Art and Artists" by Chuck and Jan Rosenak, Abbeville Press, New York, 1990.
"Raw Creation: Outsider Art and Beyond" by John Maizels, Phaidon Press; New Ed edition, 1996, 2000.
"Self-Made Worlds: Visionary Environments" by Roger Manley and Mark Sloan, Aperture, New York, 1997.
"Self Taught, Outsider, and Folk Art—A guide to American Artists, Locations and Resources" by Betty-Carol Sellen with Cynthia J. Johnson, McFarland & Company, 2000.
"Sublime Spaces & Visionary Worlds: Built Environments of Vernacular Artists," by Leslie Umberger, Erika Doss, Ruth DeYoung Kohler, Lisa Stone, and Jane Bianco, published by John Michael Kohler Arts Center and Princeton Architectural Press, 2007.
Raw Vision Magazine


text:
BluesGuitarRockBlues rockClapton
Eric Patrick Clapton, CBE (born 30 March 1945), is an English rock and blues guitarist, singer, and songwriter. He is the only three-time inductee to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame: once as a solo artist and separately as a member of The Yardbirds and of Cream. Clapton has been referred to as one of the most important and influential guitarists of all time. Clapton ranked second in Rolling Stone magazine's list of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time" and fourth in Gibson's "Top 50 Guitarists of All Time". Read Full BioEric Patrick Clapton, CBE (born 30 March 1945), is an English rock and blues guitarist, singer, and songwriter. He is the only three-time inductee to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame: once as a solo artist and separately as a member of The Yardbirds and of Cream. Clapton has been referred to as one of the most important and influential guitarists of all time. Clapton ranked second in Rolling Stone magazine's list of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time" and fourth in Gibson's "Top 50 Guitarists of All Time". He was also named number five in Time magazine's list of "The 10 Best Electric Guitar Players" in 2009.
In the mid-1960s Clapton left the Yardbirds to play with John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers. Immediately after leaving Mayall, Clapton formed the power trio Cream with drummer Ginger Baker and bassist Jack Bruce, in which Clapton played sustained blues improvisations and "arty, blues-based psychedelic pop". After Cream broke up, he formed blues rock band Blind Faith with Baker, Steve Winwood, and Ric Grech. Clapton's solo career began in the 1970s, where his work bore the influence of the mellow style of J. J. Cale and the reggae of Bob Marley. His version of Marley's "I Shot the Sheriff" helped reggae reach a mass market. Two of his most popular recordings were "Layla", recorded with Derek and the Dominos; and Robert Johnson's "Crossroads", recorded with Cream. Following the death of his son Conor in 1991, Clapton's grief was expressed in the song "Tears in Heaven", which was featured on his Unplugged album.
Clapton has been the recipient of 18 Grammy Awards, and the Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music. In 2004 he was awarded a CBE at Buckingham Palace for services to music. He has received four Ivor Novello Awards from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors, including the Lifetime Achievement Award. In his solo career, Clapton has sold more than 100 million records worldwide, making him one of the best-selling musicians of all time. In 1998, Clapton, a recovering alcoholic and drug addict, founded the Crossroads Centre on Antigua, a medical facility for recovering substance abusers.
Eric Clapton »
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Slowhand 35th AnniversaryEric Clapton
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From the CradleEric Clapton
ClaptonEric Clapton
01I Feel Free2:48Eric Clapton
02Sunshine of Your Love4:10Eric Clapton
03White Room6:00Eric Clapton
04Crossroads (Live At Winterland)4:08Eric Clapton
05Badge2:45Eric Clapton
06Presence Of The Lord4:56Eric Clapton
07After Midnight3:15Eric Clapton
08Let It Rain5:00Eric Clapton
09Bell Bottom Blues5:06Eric Clapton
10Layla7:10Eric Clapton
11Let It Grow4:57Eric Clapton
12I Shot The Sheriff4:21Eric Clapton
13Knockin' On Heaven's Door4:19Eric Clapton
14Hello Old Friend3:34Eric Clapton
15Cocaine3:38Eric Clapton
16Lay Down Sally3:52Eric Clapton
17Wonderful Tonight5:24Eric Clapton
18Promises3:01Eric Clapton
19I Can't Stand It4:08Eric Clapton
20I've Got A Rock 'N' Roll Heart3:13Eric Clapton
21She's Waiting4:55Eric Clapton
22Forever Man3:12Eric Clapton
23It's In The Way That You Use It4:09Eric Clapton
24Miss You5:03Eric Clapton
25Pretending4:21Eric Clapton
26Bad Love4:38Eric Clapton
27Tears in Heaven4:32Eric Clapton
28Layla (unplugged)4:39Eric Clapton
29Running on Faith (Unplugged)6:26Eric Clapton
30Motherless Child2:57Eric Clapton
31Change The World3:55Eric Clapton
32My Father's Eyes5:24Eric Clapton
33Riding With the King4:23Eric Clapton
34Sweet Home Chicago5:17Eric Clapton
35If I Had Possession Over Judgement Day3:26Eric Clapton
36Ride The River4:35Eric Clapton
I Feel Free
Eric Clapton Lyrics
Bomp, bomp, bomp, bomp, bomp
Feel when I dance with you,
We move like the sea.
You, you're all I want to know.
I feel free.
I can walk down the street, there's no one there
Though the pavements are one huge crowd.
I can drive down the road; my eyes don't see,
Though my mind wants to cry out loud.
I, I, I, I feel free.
Though my mind wants to cry out loud,
Dance floor is like the sea,
Ceiling is the sky.
You're the sun and as you shine on me,
I, I, I, I
Lyrics © Warner Chappell Music, Inc.
Written by: JACK BRUCE, PETE BROWN, PETER CONSTANTINE BROWN
Sachin Giri
Dale Deimel
WOW one of the most influential songs of all time and all it gets is two comments.
Shelcey Gusek
Lets not talk about the 173 likes and 40,000 views....😕
Yves Altana
...the rest of the world is too busy ...looking at another iScreen.
Kathy Guinto
I've been a big Eric Clapton fan for as long as I can remember.The man is a legend!. John Guinto
marta meek
Yes, That's Right the Man is a Legend! Thanks, John
Mark Kriegstein
Great music thank you
Chris Mouchteros
Good general rock artist/musician with his band and album...
George Grigoriou
Epic song!!!
Familia Lazo Paravicini
homer alone in his house
tien Van netten
Khalid ga naar je nest hufter
Manny Petty
yay, drugs!
thespaceram2
Drugs kill. Value both your soul and life. Turn to God=Lord Jesus Christ and stop doing drugs.
Eric Clapton - I Feel Free
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I FEEL FREE :: Eric Clapton Guitar Cover :: CREAM :: 1966
Guitar solo cover + scrolling TAB - "I Feel Free" (Eric Clapton/Cream)
Eric Clapton - I feel Free cover
Eric Clapton's I Feel Free Guitar Solo
Eric Clapton - I Feel Free Lyrics
Clapton Tribute - I Feel Free
Eric Clapton- Wonderful Tonight
the cream of clapton - i feel free
Eric Clapton - Wonderful Tonight (Live Video) | Warner Vault
Eric Clapton ft. Tina Turner - Tearing Us Apart
Alip Ba Ta | Eric Clapton - Wonderful Tonight (fingerstyle cover) Reaction Video
Wonderful Tonight - Eric Clapton (Lirik terjemah) 🎤
Eric Clapton - Journeyman Outtakes (1989) - Bootleg Album
Eric Clapton - Budokan Hall (CD2) - Bootleg Album, 1979
Eric Clapton - "Wonderful Tonight" [Live Video Version]
Wonderful Tonight (WITH TAB) Eric Clapton | Fingerstyle Guitar | Lyrics
3 Licks In The Style Of Eric Clapton
Eric Clapton - Live in Austin (CD1) - Bootleg Album, 2013
Eric Clapton- I Shot The Sheriff
[Karaoke] Eric Clapton - Tears In Heaven (Acoustic Guitar Version with Lyrics)
ERIC CLAPTON - LAYLA | FIRST TIME (REACTION)
Eric Clapton - After Hours (CD2) - Bootleg Album, 1985
"Wonderful Tonight" Eric Clapton - Piano COVER by Jeshua Yancey
Eric Clapton - After Midnight (CD1) - Bootleg Album, 1988
Eric Clapton- Swing Low, Sweet Chariot
How to play Layla (unplugged) by Eric Clapton - Guitar Lesson Tutorial with Tab - Part One
I Feel Free (Cream) - Eric Clapton guitar solo.
I FEEL FREE ( 2 Agosto 2008 ) Soundtrack Eric Clapton
WONDERFUL TONIGHT | HD With Lyrics | ERIC CLAPTON cover by Chris Landmark


Мастер-Джем Фест поздравляет с Днем рождения Боба Ван Ронкеля!Happy Birthday to Bob Van Ronkel!
Today is the birthday of our dear friend, a true connoisseur of jazz, a prominent American producer and the president of the company «Doors to Hollywood» Bob Van Ronkel.
Bob's participation as a co-producer in carrying out «Jazz Carnivals» in 2004-2006, so beloved by Odessa citizens, made these jazz days really unforgettable.
We wish Bob Van Ronkel joy and health, drive to achieve ambitious goals, to create film and television masterpieces, as well as unrivaled jazz events.
Doors to «Master-Jam» are always open for you!


It's been a long vacation this one and good one. Got to meet some old friends and take a ton of pictures.
Maroon Bells, Aspen. The most photographed peaks in the world. Even on a cloudy, overcast morning, the sunshine on the peaks give a gorgeous view.


In the transition to cleaner energy, innovation is changing the way energy is delivered. This is creating disruption and the pace of change is unprecedented. While the energy systems of tomorrow will look mostly the same to the average Canadian, the rules and players will not. Policymakers want to be prepared as opposed to reactionary. Businesses are focused on staying competitive in the face of new opportunities. Communities see distributed energy as a revenue opportunity and are forming partnership to generate energy locally. This QUESTtalk will explore the question - In this new world of innovative technology and business models, how will policymakers, businesses, and communities adapt?
Visit the event webpage for the latest on the program, speakers, and sponsorship opportunities.


text:
You are here: Home / Best of the Blogs / Memo to Board Members: Give, Get, or Get Off!
Memo to Board Members: Give, Get, or Get Off!
May 9, 2010 By eJP
from Contributions Magazine:
Getting Your Board to Give (and Give Big)
by Jerold Panas
Paul Folino is Chair of the Performing Arts Center in Orange County, California. Recently we had a conversation about the importance of board members giving to their organizations.
What Paul tells me may surprise you. "Here, the stated expectation is $50,000 a year," he says. "If they can't meet that, they're asked to serve in some other capacity, perhaps on a committee."
I'm incredulous. "Do you mean every trustee gives $50,000 a year?"
"Yes they do," he says emphatically.
But that's not all. Paul says each trustee is expected to bring in at least that much from others in the county.
"We follow the dictum: Give, Get, or Get off!"
Filed Under: Best of the Blogs


text:
Ear foreign bodies: Observations on the clinical profile in Sokoto, Nigeria
KR Iseh, M Yahaya
Department Of Ear, Nose and Throat, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria
K R Iseh
Department Of Ear, Nose and Throat, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto
Background / objectives : Ear foreign bodies are common otorhinolaryngological emergencies which must be removed otherwise they may present with various complications. This paper reviews cases of ear foreign bodies seen over a seven year period from January 1995 to December 2001 in the Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) department of Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital Sokoto, Nigeria. Method : This is a retrospective study of all case folders of patients who presented with ear foreign bodies whose clinical features and management modalities were analyzed . Results : The total number of patients reviewed were 207.There were 126 males (60%) and 81 females (40%) with a male to female ratio of 1.5:1.Their ages ranged from 1 to 65 years with 61.8% being children under 10 years old. Agricultural seed was the commonest documented foreign body (15%). Deliberate insertion by patients accounted for 70% of the cases while accidental insertion accounted for 30%. Ear foreign bodies became complicated in 41 patients (19.8%) at presentation one of them requiring a major surgical operation (posterior tympanotomy) to remove the foreign body. About 99.5% of the foreign bodies were removed through the per meatal approach with 79.8% being carried out by the nurses and doctors who had received basic training to do so. Conclusion : Ear foreign bodies may become complicated and so needs to be removed using standard methods which should be carried out by those specially trained to do so.
Iseh K R
Yahaya M
Ear foreign bodies
clinical profile


Totaling 2.62 acres, these 3 lots have views, power and bordering the Caribou National Forest. On Lot 15, a driveway has been started and the clearing of trees and shrubs for a potential building site. All 3 lots are elevated with mature trees for privacy and seclusion. The subdivision has minimal CC&R's and offers the ability to build 2 homes per lot.
This exquisite custom log home is located in the desirable Trail Ridge Neighborhood. Newly constructed, this cedar log home boasts 3 bed/2 bath with alder cabinets, rough sawn hickory floors, quartz counter tops and wrap around decks made of Alaskan hardwood. Ideally situated near the Palisades Reservoir and Salt River and with direct access to the National Forest, the Trail Ridge Community is a sportsman's paradise! This property also allows for horses and is within walking distance of a nearby equestrian center.
This 2.78 acres has convenient highway access and abundant views with mature trees . The lot is gently sloped providing surround scenery of the mountain ranges & the Valley. A beautiful homesite for a particular Buyer.
This is a very unique building opportunity with outstanding lake and mountain views. This lot contains portions of land in the town and the county which allows for town amenities to be brought in and also flexibility on building through the county. No HOA fees or CC R's.


text:
Favorite 80s New Wave Song: - Page 3
80s New Wave and New Romantic Music
Favorite 80s New Wave Song:
80s Forum: Favorite 80s New Wave Song:
View Poll Results: Which 80s New Wave Hit Do You Like the Most?
"I Ran" by Flock of Seagulls
"Kids In America" by Kim Wilde
"I Melt With You" by Modern English
"It's My Life" by Talk Talk
"Look of Love" by ABC
"Only You" by Yaz
"I Just Can't Get Enough" by Depeche Mode
"We Got the Beat" by The Go-Go's
"Planet Earth" by Duran Duran
"Goody Two Shoes" by Adam Ant
Page 3 of 8 First 123456 ... Last
Thread: Favorite 80s New Wave Song:
COOL BREEZE
Choice Chatter
FLORIDA(WEST COAST)
Florida locale
Tampa Bay area,Indian Rocks beach just south of Clearwater.
CCOL BREEZE
Last edited by COOL BREEZE; 2-25-02 at 05:06 PM.
"He knew then and there the friendship they had shared since youth had died a sudden and tragic death.Destroyed by the love of a woman"
"There can't be a winner! If there isn't a river!
"What are we waiting for? "Just a few indecent thoughts....okay!"
That 80z Girl
Rad Xchanger
The Love Shack Baybee!
Only You by Yaz got my vote. Upstairs at Erics is one of my all time favorite CD's. I'll have to find the version by the Flying Pickets that tvdiva mentioned.
It looks like I just put "Only you" and "Kids in america" in a tie.
For what it's worth, "Kids in america" is one of my karaoke songs that I sing.
80sTrivia
Xchanger Supreme!
Lake Dreamland
I always find these poll results quite fascinating. Most of the time, the songs that were a group's biggest hit are not selected (in overall votes) as the favorite. Very interesting...
Thank You for Being a Friend: A Golden Girls Trivia Book
The Totally Awesome 80s TV Trivia Book!
Official Stalker of the Amazing & Wonderful jen*!!!
Openly Stalking Torchwood Fan!!!
Thrilled to Have Our Beloved Xchange Back Again!
I just can't get enough of Depeche Mode. It's a good dance song and I will never be tired of it.
I hope you see this Flix.
((-Sara-))
((-Stalked By The Sweet And Charming Roemello-))
((-Stalking The French Cutie Boy TGND-))
TRANSFORMERS FAN SINCE 1984
BRANDON, Mississippi
I'm on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/jeffsteele
And now, I'm on Twitter as well: https://twitter.com/JeffSteele39042
35 years of
BlueMolly2001
Dreaming of IL
I chose "It's My Life" by Talk Talk, because as a Talk Talk fan I had to pick it. Seriously, this was the very first song by Talk Talk I ever heard. And I've been a fan of theirs for about 18 years.
Originally posted by COOL BREEZE
ALTHOUGH "I RAN" IS GREAT AND I LOVE "MELT WITH YOU" IT WAS TUFF BUT I WENT WITH ABC'S "LOOK OF LOVE" IF YOUR A MUSCIAN LIKE I AM YOU'VE GOT TO LOVE THE PRODUCTION ON THIS ONE! THERE'S SOME SERIOUS SH*T GOING ON IN THIS SONG! OTHER FAVORITES NOT LISTED(SO MANY GREAT ONES)
BERLIN"METRO",BUGGLES"VIDEO KILLED THE RADIO STAR",ROMEO VOID"NEVER SAY NEVER,CURE"FRIDAY I'M IN LOVE",MEN AT WORK" BE GOOD JOHNNY, AND "BOW WOW WOW"I WANT CANDY" TO NAME A FEW!
"FACE IT YOU F*@KED UP...YOU TRUSTED US!"
I still remember Martin Fry's description of the video for, "The Look of Love". He said it was a mix between "An American in Paris" and Benny Hill.
Originally posted by BlueMolly2001
Molly, it looks like your vote put Talk Talk's "It's My Life" in the lead as the favorite New Wave tune of the 80s!!!
Postamaniac
Bowie, Maryland
I had to vote against Depeche Mode on this one. Just can't get enough is overplayed and overrated as a DM track. I went with ABC's Look Of Love. The voice of Martin Fry and the strings of Anne Dudley...yes please
xistenza
Flix betraying Depeche Mode! I never thought I'd see the day. What is the world coming to!?!?!
Glad to see you back here Flix. Missed you TONS!! **HUGS**
"ask me i won't say no, how could i?"
Originally posted by xistenza
Thank you, Sweetay! *HUGS* back at cha.
Can I change my vote?? I feel guilty now.
Tired criticisms...
This is in defense of Depeche Mode's "Just Can't Get Enough", which is a song I really like.
I'm so sick of hearing people use the same tired criticisms. "Too saccharine"..."too commercial"...my God geta grip we are discussing 80s music. It's supposed to be "saccharine" and "Commercial"...it was the EIGHTIES, for God's sake.
What does that even mean, "too saccharine"? As in "too nice"? "Too sweet"? If so, I say good. Depeche Mode got all depressing, all "Serious", and pretentious, far too quickly. Thankfully, they have this one great, happy, upbeat and positive song.
Too "commerical"? You mean its a song the average person might actually like, as opposed to the strictly snobbish goth-like people who buy their new stuff? Again, good!
It's like comparing Madonna's "Like A Virgin" to "Justify My Love". One may be more artsy, serious, and deep. One might be "saccharine" and "commerical", but if Justify My Love had been her first song, would her career have gone anywhere? And, does the average person on the street like Justify, or Virgin?
Anyhoo, if you're going to criticize someone, at least use arguments that are fresh and new. Don't dump all over something because it's upbeat & happy, or because it's popular.
Personally, "Just Can't Get Enough" is the only Depeche Mode song on my MP3 playlist.
-Chuck
In response to chuck's post
I think "Just Can't Get Enough" is an excellent DM track. It's always been a favorite of mine, although, I have to agree that I sometimes do get tired of hearing it so often (from the radio or a club or The Gap commericial). My opinion of the song will never change, but sometimes I know even I have to put a track to rest for a while before I can enjoy it as much as I want to.
In fact, there are certain songs that I love, but make a point not to "overlisten" to them because I never want to get sick of them. Make sense? Maybe I'm just crazy.
Guancho
Nothing really matters...
Re: Tired criticisms...
Originally posted by Chuck
I'm sorry that our opinions can make you feel so sick. I'm one of the persons who thinks that "just can't get enough" is too commercial. I have all the "study" albums of Depeche Mode and also some live one; I like its music and all kind of music that sounds like DM (f.e., Camouflage). I don't think I'm a snob. I'm not saying is a bad song, but I don't like it specially, and it's not because "is popular" (more popular was "Personal Jesus", and I love it) and even less for being "upbeat & happy". I grab my own compilation Cds, and when I heard this song I'm always tempted of skip it and go directly to the next one. Take all the albums of DM and look for and adjective for the first one; for me is just "commercial", is not for you?. And I'm not discussing if that was necessary or not, or wondering about what would have happened to the band if their first album had not been commercial!. Do I enjoy that song for these reasons?.
I know that a lot of people loves this song, including some people who has more or less the same taste in music as me. But when I say somethig I'm thinking that the rest of the people will accept my opinion as it is, in the same way I accept someone else's opinions. In another thread someone said that didn't like the whole album "Exciter": I don't agree, but... OK, is just an opinion!.
BTW, I don't agree with you that 80s music is supposed to be commercial...
"If you're going to criticize someone, at least use arguments that are fresh and new". Uh.. .look at you own criticisms against criticisms...
I miss you, Xistenza
mrmiata
Can't for any. For me, my fave New Wave song has *got* to be Love Missile F1-11 by Sigue Sigue Sputnik. Something about that band and that song I always liked.
I always find these poll results to be an interesting study. What surprises me about this poll is that no one voted for the Go-Gos!!!
Roemello
The People's Administrator
MA, USA
I never really considered them to be new wave....always figured them to be pop. That's my excuse
Enter the Spiffy: spiffy-entertainment.com
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The Duck Man
First post and First Vote
This is my first post ever in any message board here. (Just signed up a few minutes ago) My vote would be It's my Life by TalkTalk. I am a big DM fan but Just Can't Get Enought is not one of their best work iin my opinion, admittedly though it's one of their bigger hits.
'80s Aztec
Now we're talkin' some real music! When I was a lad, top 40 was what I would call music. If Casey Kasem was playing it, I was listening. A few songs intriqued me though, Cars by Gary Numan and Pop Muzik by M and naturally enough, Devo's Whip It. I didn't really get seriously into new wave until High School when everybody and I mean EVERYBODY was into Van Halen. I couldn't see it. I tried to listen to them and couldn't do it. But I was really into Ultravox and the Thompson Twins and the English Beat and Der kommisar by After the Fire. So then, our cable system comes across with the MTV and Bang! I'm gone. I try to suck up like, everything. How could music be this cool? Our new wave station in San Diego was 91X - I listened all the time. Ahhh, good times!
"Two Dollars!"
It looks as if the Fave New Wave Hit poll is the tightest race yet, with so many votes and five songs vying for the top title!!! Looks like we have a tie in this one!!!
Prefab Sprouter
Troll Buster!
Baile Atha Cliath, Eire
In relation to this poll, I gotta go with "Look of Love". I bought the Lexicon of Love album a number of years back and I thought it was brilliant. I loved them ever since I heard the song "How to be a Millionaire"
Good Poll!
http://proudfootband.ie/ - PROUDFOOT Soul and Funk Band!
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text:
Seugenhof ist ein Ortsteil der Gemeinde Dieterskirchen im Oberpfälzer Landkreis Schwandorf (Bayern).

Geographische Lage
Seugenhof befindet sich ungefähr zwei Kilometer südlich von Dieterskirchen nahe der Ascha.

Geschichte
Zum Stichtag 23. März 1913 (Osterfest) wurde Seugenhof als Teil der Pfarrei Dieterskirchen mit einem Haus und 5 Einwohnern aufgeführt.
Seugenhof wurde 1964 als Ortsteil der Gemeinde Prackendorf verzeichnet. Als die Gemeinde Prackendorf 1975 aufgelöst wurde gelangte Seugenhof zur Gemeinde Dieterskirchen.

Am 31. Dezember 1990 war Seugenhof unbewohnt und gehörte zur Pfarrei Dieterskirchen.

Literatur
 Wilhelm Nutzinger: Historischer Atlas von Bayern, Teil Altbayern, Heft 52, Neunburg vorm Wald, München 1982, ISBN 3-7696-9928-9

Einzelnachweise

Geographie (Dieterskirchen)
Ort im Landkreis Schwandorf
Einzelsiedlung