Waikato District Council collects traffic count data each financial year on selected roads. We do this so we can monitor the number of vehicles using that road and track any increases or decreases in traffic volume. As well as counting the number of vehicles travelling down the local road of interest, we may also estimate what percentage of vehicles turn off or onto it from one or more relevant side roads.
This helps us to plan what's needed now and in the future in relation to road maintenance and design, repairs and development.
Traffic counts are used in relation to road safety and moving livestock across or along roads from one part of a farm to another. Property owners apply for permits to do this and in some cases they also need a traffic management plan. Where possible, a stock underpass can replace a road-level stock crossing. When this is done, the Council provides a subsidy to the property owner towards the cost of constructing the underpass, based on traffic counts for that section of road.
We use specialised equipment including sensor cables installed across the road at one or more key points. The sensors send a signal back to a recording device whenever a vehicle drives over them. When we get results from a traffic count, we store them in our Road Assessment and Maintenance Management (RAMM) database. The collected data is recorded as AADT (Annual Average Daily Traffic) counts - ADT for short. The raw traffic count data comes with speed and axle classification (heavy commercial vehicles), so it's possible to separate out trucks and other heavy vehicles from cars as part of the overall vehicle total.
You can view our most recent traffic count data free online in our traffic counts table. This summarises the road name and the section of it which has been monitored and the monitoring date. Vehicle totals are noted as counted or estimated.
You can contact us to request more detailed information in relation to a specific traffic count. For example, you might want to find out what percentage of vehicles were heavy/commercial vehicles used that road during the monitoring period. However, note that we can only provide this information for vehicles that were 'counted' on the local road being monitored, rather than 'estimated' in relation to its side road/s.
You can also contact us to request a special traffic count for a local road in your area (one where traffic counts haven't been done in the past five years). A small charge for this service may be required and we can discuss this when you make your request.
You can also view traffic count data for state highways in the Waikato region and our district free on the NZ Transport Agency website.


Year 2 Teacher - Are you a primary teacher looking for a permanent Key Stage 1 role for Year 2?
Are you a creative and passionate EYFS specialist teacher who is looking to join an "outstanding" Reception setting?
Are you an experienced KS1 teacher or KS1 NQT looking to start the new academic year in an Ofsted 'Outstanding' School from September 2019?
Primary teacher required for September 2019 - Redbridge, London. M2 starting salary for NQTs & TLRs available for experienced teachers!
We are looking for an enthusiastic, driven, qualified class teacher to join our vibrant team, teaching in Year 1.
The ideal NQT will join the school and take on a budding class of 30 children and lead them to academic success.
The ideal NQT will join the school and take on a class of 30 children and lead them to academic success.
We are London's only recruitment service that specialise solely in assisting NQTs with securing their first permanent teaching post.
Are you an EYFS or KS1 Teacher looking to start a permanent position from September in a school in North West London?


text:
extern mod extra;

fn f() {
}

use extra::net;    //~ ERROR view items must be declared at the top

fn main() {
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Bible Story: Matthew 22:34-40. Jesus said we are to love God and love others as we love ourselves. When we put this into practice, it helps us prioritize love in all of our relationships.
Bottom Line: God made me to love others. We're not meant to do life on our own. God made us for relationships. But for those relationships to thrive, we need to put love as the goal.
Key Question: How do others know you love them? Because the way we see ourselves impacts the way we treat others, think through how you show love to others.
A Widget is a cool, concrete, take-home item for families to use. This item is given to elementary students each month. It will aid in reminding them what is taught in DV on the weekend and assist in the retention of the Bible lessons as kids grow in Christ. Click below to read more about March's Widget!


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Q: How can I find removed questions tagged "books"? A month ago I brought up all SO questions tagged books, with a plan of putting together a reading list.  I was uneasy that those questions were all closed.  Now the tag has been removed, and I notice that several book-related questions can also be removed.
Without going into the merits of the removal, does anyone know how I can peer into the past and find the questions formerly tagged books, preferably sorted by number of upvotes?

A: I put this query together that'll get you some of the way there: https://data.stackexchange.com/stackoverflow/query/120564/questions-that-were-once-tagged-books.
It doesn't include deleted questions because they are no longer available in the data explorer.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The wedding breakfast is your first meal as a married couple so it's important to get it right. We'll help you plan the perfect meal to celebrate your new life.
The wedding breakfast is a key aspect of your wedding. As well as offering an opportunity to relax and enjoy yourself with family and friends after the excitement of the ceremony, it will also be your first meal as a married couple – so it's important to get it right. When it comes to planning the wedding breakfast, there are a number of things that you will need to consider.
Obviously the most important part of planning your wedding breakfast is choosing the menu. But while it may be exciting, it can also be quite difficult.
To help you select a menu think about the kind of wedding you are having. If you're planning a traditional wedding, then a three-course meal with traditional British dishes such as a roast beef dinner would go down well. If you're looking for something a little more casual you might want to treat your guests to a BBQ or hog roast instead. You could even incorporate a continental feel with Mediterranean tapas, or satisfy your guests' sweet tooth with an English afternoon tea.
For something a little more personal why not consider incorporating foods that have a special family meaning or that are associated with happy memories for you and your partner? Don't be afraid to ask if you'd like something that's not on the standard menu. Most caterers will be happy to work with you to create a meal that you're happy with.
The important thing to remember is not to get too hung up on pleasing everybody else. It's your big day so make sure you choose something that you and your new spouse will really enjoy.
As well as deciding on what food you will eat, you also need to think about how you want it to be served. For a traditional three course meal, a silver service would usually be appropriate. Or if your wedding is a bit more informal you might want to go for sharing boards or a hot buffet, which also give the added benefit of giving guests a wider choice of food. You could even go for dual approach and have table service for the first two courses followed by a serve-yourself dessert table.
Whatever menu you choose you will need to make sure that you cater for any guests who have special dietary requirements, such as vegetarians, vegans, coeliacs, and people with food allergies. The best way to find out about people's requirements is to ask them to let you know when they RSVP. Make sure you let the caterers know in plenty of time so that they can come up with some interesting (and tasty) options for your guests.
If there will be kids at the wedding you will also need to think about what you are going to feed them. Will they have a smaller version of the adult meal or something completely different? Your caterer should be able to suggest some possibilities and help you make a decision.
While the food is obviously the main event, don't forget about the drinks. What drinks you serve, and how much you provide, will depend on the style of your wedding and the budget you have available. Generally speaking, most sit down dinners include half a bottle of wine per person plus a glass of bubbly for the all-important toasts. But if this doesn't work for you feel free to offer something different – it's your wedding after all. Remember to also cater for any non-drinkers; an interesting mocktail or fresh fruit juice will go down so much better than a glass of tap water.
Food is an important part of any wedding, and is something that your guests will remember after the event. Here at Crondon Park, we understand the significance of the wedding breakfast; as a wedding venue in Essex we will work with you to meet all your catering needs and help ensure that your first meal as a married couple is one that you will remember for all the right reasons.


PeopleBrowsr, the maker of social analytics tools such as Kred, has won a temporary restraining order against Twitter, allowing the company to maintain full access to Twitter's firehose of data.
The victory for PeopleBrowsr is short-term, but it does mean that the company won't be cut off on November 30, which is what PeopleBrowsr says Twitter was threatening. Temporary restraining orders are usually granted until the court is ready to decide on a preliminary injunction (which would last until the case is decided). The hearing to discuss the injunction is scheduled for January 8.
Twitter has engaged in a pattern and practice of converting downstream Twitter markets from open ecosystems to tightly controlled markets. It is now using its control over its data to take over the Twitter Big Data Analytics market. By denying competitors access to the Firehose and forcing them to obtain data from its partners DataSift and Gnip, who are authorized only to provide a fraction of Twitter's data, Twitter is ensuring that it and a few closely controlled partners will be the only providers with sufficient data access to compete.
PeopleBrowsr says that it has had a four-year relationship with Twitter and that it pays more than $1 million a year for access to the firehose. According to the complaint, Twitter first stated at the beginning of 2011 that it was interested in restricting firehose access to "a limited number of 'Twitter-driven' partnerships that it can control." Then in May 2012, Twitter reportedly told PeopleBrowsr it "should plan to transition off the full Firehose feed" and "seek access to a portion of the Firehose through Gnip or DataSift," because PeopleBrowsr was "no longer a strategic 'fit' for Twitter." However, PeopleBrowsr argues that it needs full firehouse access for its products.
You can read the full complaint below, but PeopleBrowsr's legal case seems to boil down to an argument that it could reasonably expect Twitter to stay "open" (whatever that means) indefinitely. I don't know how this case will turn out, but other startups have been doomed by that kind of belief in the past, and the courts haven't saved them.
Update: Here's the legal response from Twitter.


Top of the Rock Chorus is Central Arkansas' award-winning women's a cappella chorus. Affiliated with Sweet Adelines International, this group of talented women has been competing internationally and entertaining Arkansans with their dynamic brand of barbershop harmony for more than 50 years. Top of the Rock is directed by Kelly Causey.
Click here to learn more about Top of the Rock.
Acapella Rising is an award-winning male barbershop chorus consisting of approximately 30 men. It was chartered in 1955 as a chapter of the Society for the Preservation and Encouragement of Barbershop Quartet Singing in America, Inc. (SPEBSQSA). As such, it is part of the largest non-profit men's singing group in America with over 34,000 members. Acapella Rising is directed by Daron Praetzel.
Click here to learn more about Acapella Rising.
The Crystal Chimes Chorus is a member of Sweet Adelines International Region 25, the Heart Of America. We have been singing acapella four-part harmony for more than two decades. We sing in and around Hot Springs Village and Hot Springs, raising funds to help fund scholarships for students studying music in college.
Click here to learn more about the Crystal Chimes.


text:
Q: Java - what is the best framework for developing web gui with eclipse(app is java and jsp)? I would like to develop a facebook application with Java and JSP and I'm looking for a good
web GUI framework.
Thanks.

A: Here is a list of 10. A more comprehensive list can be obtained from this site. Hope this helps.

A: Since you want client-side web technology, the thing I can suggest is: jQuery, and all of its plugins. It gives you a lot of flexibility (and is unrelated to java specifically)

A: I would recommend GWT (Google Web Toolkit), though it is not a framework. If you are familiar with Java and Swing then you will have no problem with it.

A: If want more interactive and cross browser application then you can go for GWT another option is Flex. Flex is having good looking GUI and better support on many browsers. It also support server push.


How do living things find food?
All living things need food to survive, but not all living things eat the same kinds of food. From plants to herbivores to carnivores, the bodies of living things are specially designed to find the types of food they need. Children will be amazed by such food-gathering techniques as camouflage, echolocation, pouncing, trapping, poisoning, and using tools.


text:
Canberra's best regional produce is just a click away
Canberra's Leading
Relationship Lawyers
Find wonder in Weston
Canberra's largest, locally owned
insurance broker firm
#GOCAVSGO
Canberra Cavalry star Robbie Perkins is back in the Australian team for the series against Japan
16 October 2022 | Tim Gavel
Canberra Cavalry catcher Robbie Perkins. Photo: Tim Gavel.
Team Australia hasn't played an international baseball series in three years due to COVID-19.
They couldn't have picked a tougher opponent in Japan, on their return to international competition with a two-game series against the reigning Olympic and world champions.
The series to be played at the Sapporo Dome in Japan on 9-10 November will herald the debut of several young players, as well as feature a number of players with plenty of experience.
Canberra Cavalry catcher Robbie Perkins falls into the latter category having made his debut for Australia a number of years ago.
At 28, he says he never takes selection in Team Australia for granted.
He's been playing for long enough to realise that selection can often be subjective.
READ ALSO Men's T20 World Cup Regional Roadshow hits the Murrumbateman Field Days
Robbie and his older brother Kyle seem to have been around Canberra baseball forever. Like a number of local baseballers, such as Stephen Kent, Robbie signed with the Colorado Rockies as a teenager while he was still at school at Daramalan College in 2012.
He opted to stay at Daramalan until he completed his year 12 studies before taking up the overseas contract.
Beyond the international series, there is also the Australian Baseball League season to be played.
After the disruptions over the past three years due to bushfires, smoke and COVID-19, Robbie says he is looking forward to getting back into a regular 10-week ABL season with the Canberra Cavalry.
The Cavalry season starts on 10 November against the Sydney Blue Sox at the MIT Ballpark, thus clashing with the series in Japan.
Despite Robbie missing the start of the season with the Canberra Cavalry, the experience gained through his selection for this international event will be invaluable to the Canberra Cavalry.
jorie11 hour ago
The Canberra Cavalry has a world-class roster and high hopes for the 2022/23 season
9 November 2022 | By Tim Gavel
Canberra Cavalry set for welcome return at home
17 September 2022 | By Tim Gavel
Canberra Cavalry's night of pride
5 February 2021 | By Karyn Starmer
'Like a freight train' - reliving the year the Cavs were unstoppable
12 January 2023 | By Dione David
Steven Kent shelves retirement plans to go around again with Canberra Cavalry
28 June 2021 | By Tim Gavel
Cavalry's new owners step up to plate and pledge fresh start for Canberra baseball
Things to do in Canberra this week (18 - 24 November)
17 November 2022 | By Evelyn Karatzas

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Royal Holloway's ADAPT to bring television history to life
Research and teaching Departments and schools Media Arts News
Date13 November 2017
Researchers from Royal Holloway, University of London, will be taking part in the Being Human Festival. This week of events running across the UK from 17-25 November will highlight the ways arts and humanities can inspire and enrich lives. As part of the festivities, the ADAPT team from the Department of Media Arts, will be showcasing iconic television history at the National Science and Media Museum in Bradford.
Outside broadcast technology
On November 23 and 24, ADAPT Live will reunite veteran TV crews to demonstrate the skills that delivered some of Britain's earliest colour TV shows.
Amanda Murphy, Senior Teaching Fellow in the Department of Media Arts, said: "We are bringing together the pioneering BBC television crews that were responsible for bringing colour into our homes in the late 1960s to share stories, host live demonstrations and screen footage to share how television used to be made. It's going to be an exciting showcase of the ADAPT project in action."
ADAPTing technologies
ADAPT is a five-year (2013-2018) research project funded by the European Research Council and based at Royal Holloway. The aim of the project is to research and document the history of British broadcast television technology between 1960 and the near-present.
Television has seen vast technological changes since 1960. 60 years ago, the revolutionary technologies were two-inch videotape and 16mm film with synched tape-recorded sound; now tapeless production in high definition is the norm. All these changes have affected what has appeared on the screen. It also affected the lives of skilled technicians, who sometimes had to adapt to new ways of working, and just as often took a hand in adapting the available equipment to their specific needs.
The ADAPT project is pulling together the history and the human stories involved to show the skill, dedication and inspiration behind television as we know it. To discover more about the exhibition and to book tickets, visit the Being Human Festival website.
Find out more about the Department of Media Arts, their exciting research, and the courses they have on offer. More information about ADAPT is available on the project webpages.
Gran Fury: At the Intersection of Art, Politics and Public Health
Dr Nick Lee, Teaching Fellow, examines a public information campaign designed to inform and educate about HIV/AIDS
Event celebrates 40 years of Grange Hill with cast and crew
AIDS: Don't Die of Ignorance - 30 years on
Dr Nick Lee, Teaching Fellow in Film & Television Studies in the Department of Media Arts, who worked with Norman Fowler on his book AIDS: Don't Die of Prejudice.
Media Arts Alumni - Ollie Wolf
Congratulations to recent MA Screenwriting (MASTFiR) graduate Ollie Wolf, who has won the prestigious Jameson First Shot Competition.


Chapter 1 : About Tutorials ?
Simple program in a more formatted way.
Chapter 10 : Javacript popup objects!
This article explains about calling a simple Java script function in an event .
This article explains about String object into depth.


Join the local and regional climate justice movement in defeating fossil fuel infrastructure! Learn techniques of nonviolence from experienced trainers and form Affinity Groups with your neighbors and allies. No prior experience necessary & free and open to the public. You do not need to know if you are prepared to risk arrest to attend; the training will support you in considering all of your options.
Trainings are free but we do ask for donations to cover printed materials and some for trainers' time and gas. Usual donation is $5 – $20 per person, but no one will ever be turned away from a lack of funds. All are welcome!


text:
Села:
 Ільківці — Закарпатська область, Мукачівський район
 Ільківці — Хмельницька область, Теофіпольський район

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Garry "Gaz" Jennings is an English musician best known for his work as the guitarist for doom metal band Cathedral. In addition, he has also worked as the guitarist of thrash metal band Acid Reign, punk rock band Septic Tank and heavy metal bands Lucifer and Death Penalty.

Biography
Jennings formed Acid Reign in 1985, along with Howard "H" Smith, Kevin "Kev" Papworth, Ian Gangwer and Mark Ramsey Wharton, while attending Harrogate High School (then-called "Granby"). After recording their debut EP, Jennings departed from the band in 1988, being replaced by Adam Lehan. Then in 1989, Jennings was contacted by ex-Napalm Death vocalist Lee Dorian with the proposition of forming a band together, which would end up becoming Cathedral, and would also include then-Acid Reign guitarist Adam Lehan. In 1994, Jennings would briefly form a band called Septic Tank with Lee Dorrian, Repulsion vocalist and bassist Scott Carlson and Trouble drummer Barry Stern. Cathedral would announce their breakup shortly after the release of their 2013 album The Last Spire, leading to Jennings reforming Septic Tank, this time with Jaime "Gomez" Arellano, due to Barry Stern's death in 2005. In 2014, Jennings released the self-titled album for a band he formed in 2010 called "Death Penalty". Jennings would also form a band called Lucifer with Andy Prestidge of Angel Witch and Johanna Sadonis, formerly of the Oath; however, Jennings would later depart from the band, being replaced by ex-Entombed drummer Nicke Andersson.

Discography

With Acid Reign
Moshkinstein (1988)

With Cathedral
Studio albums
Forest of Equilibrium (1991)
The Ethereal Mirror (1993)
The Carnival Bizarre (1995)
Supernatural Birth Machine (1996)
Caravan Beyond Redemption (1998)
Endtyme (2001)
The VIIth Coming (2002)
The Garden of Unearthly Delights (2005)
The Guessing Game (2010)
The Last Spire (2013)

EPs
In Memorium (1990)
Statik Majik (1994)
Cosmic Requiem (1994)

With Septic Tank
Studio albums
Rotting Civilisation (2018)

EPs
Septic Tank (2013)

With Death Penalty
Death Penalty (2014)

With Lucifer
Lucifer I (2015)

References

Living people
English bass guitarists
Male bass guitarists
English heavy metal guitarists
English male guitarists
Hardcore punk musicians
Thrash metal musicians
Cathedral (band) members
Septic Tank (band) members
Acid Reign members
Year of birth missing (living people)


text:
Laurence Guyon (Clermont-Ferrand, 1970) es una deportista francesa que compitió en escalada, especialista en la prueba de dificultad.

Ganó una medalla de plata en el Campeonato Mundial de Escalada de 1995 y dos medallas en el Campeonato Europeo de Escalada, plata en 1996 y bronce 1992.

Palmarés internacional

Referencias

Escaladores deportivos de Francia
Nacidos en Clermont-Ferrand


Manalo, Lemuel V. et al. "Carotid duplex scan in the detection of carotid artery disease." St. Luke's Medical Journal 1.1 (2003): 31-37.
Manalo, Lemuel V., Fatima R. Collado,Loreto J. Codamos,Elma Joy Bagahansol-Rivera,Angelito G. Tingcungco, and Robert N. Gan. "Carotid duplex scan in the detection of carotid artery disease." St. Luke's Medical Journal 1, no.1 (2003): 31-37.
INTRODUCTION. Carotid duplex, a non-Invasive, rapid, relatively inexpensive, readily available, and fairly accurate screening test is widely used in the evaluation of carotid artery stenosis. Although expensive, and associated with significant morbidity and mortality, angiography remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of extracranial occlusive disease.
OBJECTIVES. To validate the accuracy of carotid duplex scan in comparison to carotid angiography in detecting carotid artery stenosis (CAS) and to determine the cut-off value for duplex ultrasound criteria that will accurately predict the presence of significant CAS.
METHODS. Cross-sectional study of 53 patients (106 carotids) who underwent carotid duplex scanning and angiography between January 1996 to September 2000 at the Vascular and Catheterization Laboratories of St. Lukes Medical Center.
RESULTS. Correlation between duplex scan and carotid angiogram results is highly significant. Exact correlation was translated to 56 percent agreement and the overall test performance showed excellent results with sensitivity of 91 percent, specificity of 98 percent, and overall accuracy of 96 percent. The stenosis category that will accurately predict the presence of significant carotid artery stenosis was assigned at 60 percent stenosis.
CONCLUSION. The accuracy of carotid duplex is very impressive and is comparable with foreign studies. It is a practical screening test on which to base a physicians clinical decision particularly in the severe and totally occluded carotids. Patients with normal carotid duplex can be excluded to undergo further testing. In situations in which duplex scans reveal minimal and moderate stenosis, further diagnostic tests such as carotid angiography may be indicated depending on patients clinical presentation and physicians judgment.


Richly scented pineapple sage soy candles handmade make great backyard decor gifts or simple home decor to scent your living areas.
A newly developed scent, pineapple sage is a blend of fragrance and essential oils that is exotic/complex/sweet with a touch of woody herb.
Made with eco friendly soy wax, these pineapple sage candles come in 4oz glass jars with metal screw on lids. Product label is on top lid and burning instructions and warning label are on the bottom of the glass jar.
Do not burn unattended or leave in reach of children or pets. Regular wick trimming to 1/4" between burns recommended.
Please see other seasonal soy candles in our shop such as blood orange, citronella, oak & amber, mint mojito, and cinnamon chai.


Democratic lawmakers want to raise caps on federal spending. So do many Republicans. But despite the desires of each party's congressional leadership, President Donald Trump is refusing to go along, possibly complicating his re-election bid.
In its latest federal spending request, the White House proposed a steep hike in the Pentagon budget for fiscal 2020 — an unsurprising move by a Republican president who has vowed to "rebuild" the U.S. military. But Trump and his team would keep existing spending caps in place.
More than a bit out of character, President Donald Trump has not uttered a word in public since Friday. That is scheduled to change Wednesday afternoon — and anything could happen.
Nearly 3 million miles of pipelines that crisscross the United States carrying oil, natural gas and other hazardous liquids may be vulnerable to cyberattacks as the federal agency responsible for overseeing their security is overburdened with other responsibilities, lawmakers, government auditors and regulators say.
The Transportation Security Administration, or TSA, better known for pat-downs of passengers heading to their flights, is also in charge of securing about 2.7 million miles of pipelines. Most are buried underground in remote and open terrain, but others run through densely populated areas, the Government Accountability Office said in a recent report.
After Democrats and Republicans reached record highs sticking together by party on congressional votes in 2017, those numbers nose-dived in 2018 as lawmakers worked across the aisle on high-profile legislation, including a rewrite of the Dodd-Frank financial law, a package dealing with the opioid crisis, spending bills and an overhaul of the country's criminal justice laws.
CQ's annual vote study shows that in the House the total number of party unity votes — defined as those with each party's majority on opposing sides — fell from 76 percent of the total votes taken in the House in 2017, a record, to 59 percent in 2018. That latter figure is the lowest since 2010, the most recent year of unified Democratic control of Congress. Election years typically have fewer votes and 2018 was no exception — the total number of votes taken in the House, 498, was the lowest since 2002.


text:
SUPPORT CHANGE. DONATE TODAY.
National Network of LGBTQ Family Groups
Family Speak Out Programs
Family Week in Provincetown
International Family Equality Day
Trans Family Building
LGBTQ+ Family Building Directory
Outspoken Voices Podcast
Emeritus Board & Committees
Opinion: Many would-be adoptive parents face discrimination
By: Kaalie Cohen
Every child deserves a forever home. Today, more than 100,000 children still in foster care who are available for adoption in the U.S. are waiting to find their forever homes. These children deserve a family who will love them for who they are. They deserve a family who will care enough to check on them and hold them close enough to make them feel safe.
Fortunately for my daughter, that isn't her concern. Her biggest problem is having parents who care about her so much that we invade her privacy by checking text messages, attend parent-teacher conferences and create an environment that makes her feel safe — safe enough to discuss the "Do you like me?" text messages she gets and other things that take place in and around school.
My daughter is one of the fortunate ones. She has a loving home and has grown up in a forever family with her biological mother all her life. She resides with her two moms and spends weekends with her dad, but this isn't the story for so many others.
While the total number of children in foster care has decreased in the last decades due to a greater emphasis on kinship care, 25,000 children are shuttled through multiple placements until they age out of care without ever finding a permanent home. Adoptive families, like all families, come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes, including two moms, two dads and everything in between. But in many states, not all potential parents are allowed to step forward to open their homes to our nation's foster children. Some states prohibit unmarried couples from adopting altogether. Other states prevent same-sex partners from adopting as a couple, only allowing one person to establish a legal relationship with their adopted children.
The Every Child Deserves a Family Act (ECDF) is a federal bill that would prevent states from discriminating in adoption and foster care on the basis of potential parents' sexual orientation, gender identity and marital status. ECDF would open up more homes to children now in foster care. So, in November, as we celebrate National Adoption Month, let's take a moment to celebrate all the families across the country who have opened their hearts and homes and become loving forever families to millions of children.
Kaali Cohen works with organizations that advocate for special populations in the child welfare system and homeless youth.
This site runs like Clockwork.
© 2020 Family Equality Council - 475 Park Avenue South, Suite 2100, New York, NY 10016
We are a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization.
Our Employer Identification Number (EIN) is 52-1438455.
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1. What is the meaning or purpose of the something; why is something happening or the case? What's with these tiny portions? For how much the food costs, I was expecting to get a bit more on the plate. We've been waiting to hear what's up company's new expansion plan.
2. What is wrong with something? Hey, what's with your computer? The screen just keeps flashing when I turn it on.
(American English, spoken) used to ask the reason for something: What's with all this walking? Can't we take a cab?
What's when it's at home?


text:
Hand-Guided Power Tool
A hand-guided power tool has a drive motor and a drive element connected to and driven by the drive motor. A working tool is connected to the drive element and driven by the drive element. A braking device is correlated with the drive element, wherein the braking device in a first state, in which the braking device is applied, blocks the drive element and in a second state, in which the braking device is released, releases the drive element so that the drive elements can rotate freely. The braking device has a brake lever and a sensor that detects the first and second states of the braking device. A control unit is provided, wherein an output signal of the sensor as a state signal of the first state or the second state is supplied to the control unit. The control unit, based on the state signal, controls devices of the power tool.
Gorenflo, Ernst (Bad Rappenau, DE)
Andreas Stihl AG & Co. KG (Waiblingen, DE)
B27B17/08
20090288299 RAZOR BLADE UNIT WITH FILM HINGE November, 2009 Denkert et al.
20100088905 CHAIN SAW EQUIPPED WITH A DEVICE FOR ADJUSTING THE TIGHTNESS OF THE CUTTING CHAIN April, 2010 Pellenc
20050051587 Pill box March, 2005 Kan
20070151109 Hairdressing tool July, 2007 Okazaki
20040158991 Safety for a folding knife August, 2004 Freeman
20090235532 Pipe Cutting And Bevelling Tool September, 2009 Stratford-smith
20040003500 Tree girdling with a water jet cutting device January, 2004 Murcia
20060053634 Scissors having a middle finger guide March, 2006 Ferman
20040123470 Bias adjustable scraping tool July, 2004 Gray
20070214653 Thinning Tool for to a Hair Clipper September, 2007 Worgull et al.
20100000096 Stackable Pieces of Flatware January, 2010 Muehlemann
FLORES SANCHEZ, OMAR
GUDRUN E. HUCKETT DRAUDT (WUPPERTAL, DE)
1. A hand-guided power tool comprising: a drive motor; a drive element connected to the drive motor and driven in rotation by the drive motor; a working tool connected to the drive element and driven by the drive element; a braking device correlated with the drive element, wherein the braking device in a first state, in which the braking device is applied, blocks the drive element and in a second state, in which the braking device is released, releases the drive element so that the drive elements can rotate freely; wherein the braking device comprises a brake lever; wherein the braking device comprises a sensor that detects the first and second states of the braking device; a control unit; wherein an output signal of the sensor as a state signal of the first state or the second state is supplied to the control unit; and wherein the control unit, based on the state signal, controls devices of the power tool.
2. The power tool according to claim 1, wherein an operating readiness of the drive motor is controlled by the control unit.
3. The power tool according to claim 1, wherein, based on the state signal, an engine speed limitation of the drive motor is switched on or off.
4. The power tool according to claim 3, wherein the engine speed limitation of the drive motor is switched on when the drive motor is running and the braking device is in the first state.
5. The power tool according to claim 3, wherein the engine speed limitation of the drive motor is switched on during a starting procedure of the drive motor and when the braking device is in the second state.
6. The power tool according to claim 1, wherein at least one of a visual indicator and an acoustic indicator is controlled based on the state signal.
7. The power tool according to claim 6, comprising an indication device wherein the visual indicator is part of the indication device.
8. The power tool according to claim 1, comprising at least one auxiliary device, wherein, based on the state signal, the at least one auxiliary device is controlled.
9. The power tool according to claim 8 in the form of a motor chain saw, wherein the at least one auxiliary device is a lubricating oil pump for chain oil.
10. The power tool according to claim 8 in the form of a cut-off machine, wherein the at least one auxiliary device is at least one of a valve and/or a pump of a water supply to a cut-off wheel of the cut-off machine.
11. The power tool according to claim 1, wherein an operating readiness of the drive motor is switched off when the drive motor is standing still and the braking device is in the second state.
12. The power tool according to claim 11, wherein the drive motor is an internal combustion engine having an ignition device that is switched on or off based on the state signal.
13. The power tool according to claim 12, comprising at least one of a visual indicator and an acoustic indicator, wherein, based on a position of an ignition switch of the ignition device, said at least one of a visual indicator and/or acoustic indicator is switched on.
14. The power tool according to claim 1, wherein the drive motor is an internal combustion engine comprising a fuel supply wherein the fuel supply is switched on or off based on the state signal.
15. The power tool according to claim 1, wherein the drive motor is an internal combustion engine comprising an electric starter and wherein an operating readiness of the electric starter is switched on or off based on the state signal.
16. The power tool according to claim 1, wherein the sensor is arranged on the brake lever and wherein a position of the brake lever is determined by the first and second states of the braking device.
17. The power tool according to claim 1, wherein the braking device is a band brake.
18. The power tool according to claim 1, wherein the drive device is an internal combustion engine comprising a starter device wherein the starter device has a mechanical blocking means.
19. The power tool according to claim 18, wherein the starter device is a cable pull starter.
20. The power tool according to claim 1, wherein an engine speed limitation of the drive motor is realized by controlling an electronic throttle control or electronic throttle valve.
21. The power tool according to claim 1, wherein an engine speed limitation of the drive motor is directly effected by an electronic throttle control.
22. The power tool according to claim 1, wherein an engine speed limitation of the dive motor is realized by a magnetic throttle control.
23. The power tool according to claim 1, wherein an engine speed limitation is realized by a mechanical lock within a pivot path of a throttle of the drive motor or a throttle trigger lock of the drive motor.
24. The power tool according to claim 1, wherein after a starting procedure of the drive motor an engine speed limitation is deactivated after lapse of a timing member.
25. The power tool according to claim 1, wherein the end of the starting procedure of the drive motor is determined by a predetermined action of the operator.
The invention relates to a hand-guided power tool, in particular, a motor chain saw, a cut-off machine, a hedge trimmer, a trimmer/brushcutter or the like, comprising a drive motor that drives a working tool by means of a rotating drive element. A braking device is correlated with the rotating drive element; in a first applied state the braking device brakes the drive element and in a second released state the braking element allows the drive element to rotate, wherein the braking device comprises a brake lever.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,662,072 discloses a motor chain saw whose drive motor is an electric motor and drives by means of a sprocket wheel used as a drive element a working tool, i.e., a saw chain circulating on the guide bar. As a braking device a band brake is provided that acts on a brake drum connected fixedly to the drive shaft. When the braking device is applied, i.e., the brake drum is blocked and cannot rotate, switching on the electric motor can cause overload of the motor or of the braking device.
In a chainsaw according to U.S. Pat. No. 4,091,896 an internal combustion engine is provided as a drive motor whose crankshaft drives by means of a centrifugal clutch a sprocket wheel for the saw chain which drives the saw chain so as to circulate on a guide bar. The clutch drum has a braking device correlated therewith that is configured as a band brake. When the band brake is applied the clutch drum is blocked so that a significant wear on the clutch pads can result when the centrifugal clutch engages. Moreover, this can lead to impermissibly high temperatures on the centrifugal clutch.
It is an object of the present invention to improve a hand-guided power tool of the aforementioned kind in such a way that damage to the power tool by improper utilization of the braking device is prevented.
In accordance with the present invention, this is achieved in that on the braking device a sensor is arranged that detects the state of the braking device, in that the output signal of the sensor as a state signal is sent to a control unit, and in that the control unit controls devices of the power tool as a function of the state signal.
By means of the sensor correlated with the braking device the state of the braking device is detected. The output signal of the sensor is thus at the same time a state signal of the braking device. This state signal is evaluated in the electronic control unit and, as a function of the state signal, the devices of the power tool are controlled such that impermissible operating states that could damage the power tool are prevented.
In a simple way, the operating readiness of the drive motor as a function of the state signal can be switched or controlled by the control unit. In case of an electric chain saw starting of the drive motor would be prevented when the braking device is applied; only once the braking device is released and the sensor indicates this released state to the control unit, starting up the electric chain saw is possible.
When the drive motor is an internal combustion engine, the state signal can be utilized to prevent starting of the internal combustion engine when the drive motor is not running and the braking device is released. Only when the braking device is applied, i.e., movement of the working tool is prevented, the drive motor is switched to operative state, i.e., can be started.
As a function of the state signal, an engine speed limitation of the drive motor can be switched on or off. When between the drive motor and the working tool a centrifugal clutch is arranged, an engine speed limit is selected that is below the engaging speed of the centrifugal clutch. Independent of the type of drive action (internal combustion engine; electric motor), when the braking device is applied, i.e., the drive element is blocked, the engine speed limitation is switched to active state so that coupling of the centrifugal clutch is prevented. The operator detects that with the braking device being applied an engine speed increase is impossible and will therefore release the braking device in order to be able to work with the power tool.
When starting of an internal combustion engine used as the drive motor is enabled even when the braking device is released, by using the output signal as well as, for example, an operating state signal (motor standing still/motor running), an engine speed limitation can be switched to active state that ensures when the starting procedure is performed that the engine speed will not surpass the engaging speed of a centrifugal clutch that drives the working tool. Thus, for released braking device it can be ensured that a working tool will not begin to run when starting the motor of the power tool.
In a further embodiment of the invention the state signal is utilized in order to switch or control a visual and/or acoustic indicator. This indicator can be part of an indicating device that is already existing in the power tool itself or its drive motor. The indicator or indicating device of the power tool will indicate to the operator that the braking device is applied or released. In accordance with the indicated operating state of the braking device, the operator can then switch the braking device to the required state.
In a further embodiment of the invention it is not the drive motor that is being controlled as the main device but auxiliary devices are controlled that are required for operating the power tool and/or the drive motor.
For example, a lubricating oil pump for the chain oil can be controlled or switched in order to prevent overflow of the lubricating oil groove in the guide bar. Chain oil is conveyed when, and only when, the braking device is released. Only when the braking device is released the saw chain can circulate in the guide groove of the guide bar.
It can also be expedient to switch on or off the fuel supply as a function of the state signal. For example, when the braking device is released and the drive motor is not running, the fuel supply can be blocked in order to prevent starting of the internal combustion engine.
In a similar way, starting of the internal combustion engine can be prevented when the starter of the internal combustion engine is switch on or off as a function of the state signal. In this connection, a cable pull starter can be manually blocked, for example, or an electric starter can be switched off.
Depending on the output signal of the sensor, actuators of the power tool, such as solenoid valves, pumps, actuating elements, or the like, can be switched or controlled. In this connection, actuators can be utilized that are to be operated electrically or mechanically. In this way, for example, a valve for the water supply to the cut-off wheel arranged on a cut-off machine can be controlled in order to preferably close the valve and block the water supply when the braking device is applied. It can also be advantageous to control a pump for liquid supply as a function of the output signal; the pump can be switched on or off, for example, for water supply to the cut-off wheel of a cut-off machine.
The engine speed limitation can be realized by intervention in the control unit of an electronic throttle control (e-gas) or electronic throttle valve. Expediently, the engine speed limitation is effected directly by the electronic throttle control. In case of a magnetic throttle control the control action can be appropriately changed in order to carry out an engine speed limitation. In a further embodiment of the invention the engine speed limitation is realized by means of an electronic or mechanical blocking of a throttle trigger lock correlated with the throttle trigger.
Advantageously, the engine speed limitation may be deactivated automatically after a predetermined time interval has lapsed after the starting procedure.
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a part of a motor chainsaw with braking device and control mechanism in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a carburetor for the an internal combustion engine for a motor chain saw.
FIG. 1 shows schematically a motor chain saw as an example of a hand-guided power tool which, of course, could also be a cut-off machine, a hedge trimmer, a trimmer/brushcutter or the like.
The illustrated hand-guided power tool 10 has a drive motor 1 that drives by means of a rotating drive element 2 a working tool 3. In the illustrated embodiment the rotating drive element 2 is a clutch drum, for example, of a centrifugal clutch on which a sprocket wheel (not illustrated in detail) is fixedly arranged. The non-illustrated sprocket wheel drives a saw chain 4 that circulates about guide bar 5. Guide bar 5 is clamped between a sprocket wheel cover 6 and a housing 7 of the motor chainsaw.
The power tool 10 is held by the operator by means of two handles: rear handle 80, illustrated in FIG. 2, as well as front handle 8 that spans the housing 7. In front of the handle 8 there is a hand guard 9 that is arranged to be pivotable about axis 11 on the housing 7 and serves as a trigger for the braking device 12.
The braking device 12 is comprised of a brake band 13 that is secured with the first end 13a fixedly to the housing and with the second end 13b on the brake lever 14. The brake lever 14 is pivotable about axis 15 secured on the housing and is coupled to the brake spring 16. The brake lever 14 is force-loaded in the sense of applying the brake band 13 against the outer circumference 2a of the drive element 2 (in the shown embodiment a clutch drum) in the direction of arrow 21. The arrangement is such when the brake band 13 is applied the band 13 acts to increase the braking action on the drive element 2 rotating in the direction of arrow 18, i.e., the brake band 13 is tightened in the sense of a diameter reduction against the brake surface 2a of the drive element 2.
The brake lever 14 is supported by a support lever 19 in the inoperative position (release position) of the braking device 12 wherein the brake band 13 surrounds with minimal play a the brake surface 2a of the drive element 2. In this released state of the braking device the drive element 2, driven by the drive shaft 17 of drive motor 1, is able to rotate freely. By means of the rotating drive element 2 the working tool 3 (in the illustrated embodiment of saw chain 4) is driven.
When the hand guard 9 is pivoted by the hand of the operator, by centrifugal forces, or by other forces acting in the direction of arrow 20, by means of a lever mechanism the support lever 19 is moved out of its support position on the brake lever 14 so that the brake lever 14 under the effect of the brake spring 16 is pivoted in the direction of arrow 21, the brake band 13 is applied, and the drive element 2 is braked to a standstill. The power of the braking device 12 is such that the working tool is stopped in a range of approximately 100 milliseconds to standstill.
The braking device 12 in accordance with the invention is provided with a sensor 30 that detects the state of the braking device 12. The sensor 30 can be embodied in a simple way as a micro switch, i.e., can e.g. detect the position of the brake lever 14. The micro switch sends a state signal 0/1 to the control unit 31. Inductive, capacitive, or visual sensors are also advantageously suitable for the detection of the state of the braking device. The output signal of the sensor 30 can thus be referred to as a state signal of the braking device 12. This state signal 12 is supplied to an electronic control unit 31 that evaluates the signal and as a function of the signal controls the devices of the power tool 10.
The term devices of the power tool 10 is to be understood to mean the drive motor 1 as the main device, for example, wherein the drive motor is an internal combustion engine or electric motor.
Devices of the power tool 10 that are controlled as a function of the state signal can also be auxiliary devices, for example, a lubricating oil pump 40 for chain oil, a fuel valve 41 in the fuel supply to the internal combustion engine, or a starter 42. The starter 42 can be a mechanical cable pull starter or an electric starter and acts directly on the crankshaft 17 of the drive motor 1.
When the power tool 10 is a cut-off machine, the auxiliary device is an actuator provided for controlling the water supply to the cut-off wheel that is embodied as a valve and/or as a pump. Based on the output signal of the sensor, the valve arranged on the cut-off machine for supplying water to the cut-off wheel can be switched or controlled. The valve is closed and the water supply blocked when the braking device is applied. It can also be advantageous to switch or control the pump depending on the output signal in order to switch on or off the water supply to the cut-off wheel of a cut-off machine.
The control unit 31 is connected by line 32 to the sensor 30 and communicates by means of control line 33, for example, with an ignition circuit of an internal combustion engine or an engine speed circuit of an electric motor. In this way, by means of the control unit 31 the operating readiness of the drive motor 1 can be controlled based on the state signal of the braking device 12.
In the case of an internal combustion engine as a drive motor 1 it can be provided, for example, that when the drive motor 1 is standing still and the braking device 12 is released, the operating readiness of the drive motor 1 is switched off, i.e., the ignition of the internal combustion engine is switched off. In this way it is achieved that the operator, when the braking device 12 is released, cannot start the internal combustion engine. Only when the braking device 12 is in the applied brake state recommended for the starting procedure in accordance with the operating manual, starting of the internal combustion engine is possible.
When the drive motor 1 is an electric motor, the control unit 31 can prevent dosing of the electric circuit to the drive motor when the braking device 12 is applied. In this way, it is ensured that starting of the electric motor against the applied braking device 12 is not possible.
In a special embodiment of the invention, it is provided that, as a function of the state signal supplied by the sensor 30 in regard to the state of the braking device 12, an engine speed limitation of the drive motor 1 can be switched on or off. This is in particular advantageous when the drive element 2 is comprised of a centrifugal clutch that is arranged between the drive shaft (in the shown embodiment the crankshaft 12) and the working tool 3. The braking device 12 acts on the clutch drum 2 of the centrifugal clutch wherein engaging of the centrifugal clutch can be prevented when the braking device 12 is applied. When the state signal of the sensor 30 indicates to the control unit 31 that the braking device 12 is applied, i.e., the drive element 2 is blocked, an engine speed limitation, e.g. an electronic one, is switched to active state by means of control line 33 and this prevents that the engine speed of the drive motor 1 will surpass the engaging speed of the clutch. As shown in FIG. 2, the engine speed limitation may be realized by means of a mechanical stop 81 or 81a that can be moved into the pivot path of the throttle trigger 82 or the throttle lever 82a. When the control unit indicates that the braking device 12 is released, the stop 81 is moved out of the pivot path. Accordingly, it is safely prevented mechanically and/or electronically that the centrifugal clutch will engage when the braking device 12 is applied, and this protects the centrifugal clutch from damage.
Engine speed limitation can also be achieved by mechanically blocking the throttle trigger 82 in that e.g. on the throttle trigger lock 89 a stop 81b is provided that, in accordance with the double arrow, can be moved into or out of engagement by means of the control unit 31 as a function of the operating and starting parameters. In the engaged position the throttle trigger lock 89 cannot be pushed down and thus cannot be released so that the throttle trigger 82 cannot be actuated.
When the throttle 87a (FIG. 2) is actuated e.g. by means of a step motor or directly electromagnetically controllable—as schematically indicated in FIG. 2 by component 100—or the fuel supply is controlled by means of an electrovalve, it is possible, based on the starting condition, to carry out an engine speed limitation electronically by means of the electronic control unit 1.
In a further embodiment of the invention, starting of an internal combustion engine used as drive motor can be enabled when the braking device is released. By using the output signal as well as a further signal, for example, an operating state signal (motor standing still/motor running), an electronic or mechanical engine speed limitation can be switched to active state that ensures for the starting procedure that the engine speed will not surpass the engaging speed of a centrifugal clutch driving the working tool. In this case, for released braking device it is ensured, e.g. mechanically by the stop 81, that the working tool of the power tool will not begin to run when starting the power tool.
The operating state "STARTING" is recognized, for example, by an existing motor management system and/or the ignition device wherein the state "BRAKING DEVICE NOT APPLIED" is detected by the sensor arranged on the braking device. By means of the motor management system the engine speed during the starting procedure is maintained at an engine speed level below the engaging speed of the centrifugal clutch; this is done e.g. by means of ignition interruption and/or ignition timing advance/retardation. The active limitation of the engine speed below the engaging speed is advantageously indicated to the operator, for example, visually or acoustically. After starting of the internal combustion engine the active engine speed limitation is switched off by suitable measures so that the power tool can be operated as intended. Switching off the engine speed limitation after the starting procedure can be realized, for example, by an elapsed timing member T or by actuation of a pushbutton 55 by the operator or an activity performed by the operator, for example, accelerating several times or switching on and off the braking device. The movement of the throttle trigger 82 can be detected by means of a movement sensor 85 (FIG. 2) that preferably operates contactless.
The state signal of the position sensor 30 can be used for switching further devices, i.e., auxiliary devices of the power tool 10 or auxiliary devices of the internal combustion engine 1. For example, switching of a lubricating oil pump 40 for the chain oil is possible so that it is ensured that the lubricating oil pump 40 conveys chain oil into the guide groove of the saw chain 4 when, and only when, the saw chain 4 is circulating about the guide bar. The control of the lubricating oil pump 40 can be realized by a control valve 43 in the lubricating oil conduit or, when using an electrical lubricating oil pump 40, by switching on or off the lubricating oil pump 40.
As a further auxiliary device a control valve 41 in the fuel supply conduit can also be switched so that the fuel supply is controlled as a function of the state signal of the braking device 12.
Starting of the internal combustion engine 1 by the operator can also be realized by starter devices that are embodied as a cable pull starter or electric starter; they can be electrically or mechanically blocked. In case of an embodiment as a cable pull starter a mechanical lock 56 by means of electrically or mechanically actuated actuator 57 can be controlled by the control unit while in the embodiment as an electrical starter the current supply to the starter is blocked. Only when the braking device 12 is in the state required or prescribed for the starting procedure, the control unit 31 actuates the devices (main device and/or auxiliary device) so that the drive motor 1 embodied as internal combustion engine can be started.
In order to indicate to the operator the state of the power tool 10 a visual indicator 34 or also an acoustic indicator 35 can be controlled or switched by the control unit 31. The visual indicator 34 can, for example, indicate the starting readiness of the internal combustion engine while the acoustic indicator 35 is activated when the operator performs a starting procedure even though the internal combustion engine is not yet ready to be started. The indicator can be part of an indicating device 50 of the power tool itself or of the drive motor so that a separate indicating device for the state of the braking device is not needed. On the other hand, the indicators 34 and 35 can also be utilized for indicating other information.
The indicators 34 and 35 can also be used in order to indicate, for example, the starting readiness of an internal combustion engine. Depending on the ignition switch 44 being switched on or off, which ignition switch is connected by signal line 45 to the control unit, and the state signal of the braking device 12, for example, the visual indicator 34 is switched to "green" in order to indicate starting readiness. For this purpose, the ignition switch 44 must be switched to "ON" and the state signal of the sensor 30 must indicate that the braking device 12 is applied.
The visual and/or acoustic indicators 34, 35 can moreover be used as operating state indicators and also can be indicators for engine speed, filling level of the fuel container or of the oil container, or can also be used as a servicing interval indicator.
The state indicator or the indicating device 50 of the power tool can be designed as LED, LCD or any other indicating device 50 and, moreover, can also be utilized for indicating other information, for example, the soiling of an air filter 83 (FIG. 2), for example, of an internal combustion engine used as the drive motor 1. The air filter loading can be indicated by an underpressure sensor 84 that is e.g. arranged in the filtered air chamber of the air filter 83. When the underpressure surpasses a threshold value, this is indicated by means of the indicator and/or the indicating device 50 to the operator. The operator can then clean or exchange the air filter 83. An indicator that is provided for the state indication of the braking device can thus also be used for indicating other information.
In FIG. 2 a carburetor 87 and an air filter 83 for an internal combustion engine 88 are schematically shown. The throttle lever 82a is moved through linkage 86 by means of throttle trigger 82. The movement of the throttle trigger 82 can be sensed by means of a contactless sensor 85 and the information sent to the control unit 31.
The control unit 31 is also supplied with the output signal of the underpressure sensor 84 that is arranged in the clean chamber of the air filter 83 placed onto the carburetor 87. Moreover, the control unit 31 is connected to a stop 81 that can be moved in the direction of the double arrows, which stop is e.g. controllable electromechanically or electromagnetically. Depending on the state of the braking device, by means of stop 81 the pivot travel of the throttle trigger 82 can be limited so that the engine speed of the internal combustion engine 86 will not surpass the engaging speed of the clutch.
Instead of positioning the stop 81 within the rear handle 80 on throttle trigger 82, the stop 81 can also be arranged in the area of the throttle lever 82a, for which purpose the stop 81a, indicated in dashed lines, is provided on the carburetor body. Preferably, the stop 81a is mounted immediately on the carburetor body.
The specification incorporates by reference the entire disclosure of German priority document 10 2008 007 786.0 having a filing date of Feb. 6, 2008.
While specific embodiments of the invention have been shown and described in detail to illustrate the inventive principles, it will be understood that the invention may be embodied otherwise without departing from such principles.
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text:
The Contemporary Pacific, vol. 20, no. 1 (2008): Re-membering Oceanic Masculinities
Posted on February 11, 2008 by UH Press
Special Issue: Re-membering Oceanic Masculinities
Guest-edited by Margaret Jolly
About the Artist: Carl F K Pao, ix
The Pacific Islands, x
Moving Masculinities: Memories and Bodies Across Oceania
Margaret Jolly, 1
Past studies of Oceanic masculinities have tended to see masculinity in the singular, through the lens of unchanging cultural traditions, wherein types of men were iconic of cultural differences. This special issue considers masculinities in the plural, both within and between cultures, exploring the relations between hegemonic and subordinate masculinities and how masculinities are configured in the context of colonial histories, militarism, and globalization. It connects a historical and relational approach to masculinities to embodied experience and individual and collective memories across the diversity of Oceania.
Keywords: masculinities, Oceania, histories, bodies, sexualities, militarism, colonialism
Re-membering Panalā'au: Masculinities, Nation, and Empire in Hawai'i and the Pacific
Ty P Kāwika Tengan, 27
Between 1935 and 1942, over one hundred thirty young, mostly Native Hawaiian men (later known as the Hui Panalā'au) "colonized" five small islands in the Equatorial Pacific as employees of the US Departments of Commerce and Interior. Students and alumni from the Kamehameha Schools served exclusively in the first year, and their experiences largely structured the ways that the project was represented at the time and would be remembered later in a 2002 Bishop Museum exhibit. In this essay, I examine the ways that the bodies and memories of the Kamehameha colonists became fertile grounds for re-membering masculinities, a type of gendered memory work that facilitates the formation of group subjectivities through the coordination of personal memories, historical narratives, and bodily experiences and representations. The colonists embodied a Hawaiian-American masculinity that allowed a wide range of interlocutors and audiences to make (sometimes divergent) claims to racialized citizenship and gendered belonging. Their experiences spoke to the predicament of Hawaiian men working in and against US colonialism, and thus they enabled a collective re-membering of Hawaiian masculinities that helped counter notions of Hawaiian men's laziness, marginality, and absence, both in the political economy of the territory and the present-day movements for self-determination and decolonization.
Keywords: masculinities, colonialism, militarism, nationalism, memory, embodiment, Hawai'i
"The Martial Islands": Making Marshallese Masculinities between American and Japanese Militarism
Greg Dvorak, 55
For over a century, the Marshall Islands have been entangled between the United States and Japan in their conquest of the Central Pacific; yet because of this, these islands have also been a place where multiple masculinities have converged, competed, and transformed each other. This is especially true around the site of Kwajalein Atoll, where terrain understood in Marshallese terms as female or maternal has been reshaped and masculinized through the semiotics of colonialism and militarization. This article focuses specifically on three local representations of masculinity: the knowledgeable but strategic Marshallese "Etao," symbolized by a creative and resourceful male trickster spirit; the heroic but paternalistic American "Patriot," as enacted via the perpetual battlefield of military and weapons-testing missions; and the adventurous but self-sacrificing "Dankichi," deployed in Japan during the 1930s and echoed nowadays in the long-distance tuna-fishing industry. Cross-reading Judith Butler and R W Connell, this is an exploration of the "theater" of these masculinities in relationship to one another, and the story of how different superpowers strive for domination by emasculating a third colonial site and its subjects.
Keywords: masculinities, Marshall Islands, Kwajalein Atoll, gender, America, Japan, Pacific War
Hui Nalu, Beachboys, and the Surfing Boarder-lands of Hawai'i
Isaiah Helekunihi Walker, 89
In this article I argue that the Hawaiian conceptual, cultural, and physical space called po'ina nalu (surf zone) was a borderland (or boarder-land) where colonial hegemony was less effectual and Hawaiian resistance continuous. Through the history of Hawaiian surfing clubs, specifically the Hui Nalu and the Waikīkī beachboys, Hawaiian male surfers both subverted colonial discourses—discourses that represented most Hawaiian men as passive, unmanly, and nearly invisible—and confronted political haole (white) elites who overthrew Hawai'i's Native government in the late 1800s. My ultimate conclusion is that the ocean surf was a place where Hawaiian men negotiated masculine identities and successfully resisted colonialism.
Keywords: Hawai'i, history, masculinity, surfi ng, borderlands, resistance
The Death of Koro Paka: "Traditional" Māori Patriarchy
Brendan Hokowhitu, 115
This article is underpinned by the simple question of what knowledge is produced about Māori men and why. In particular, it deconstructs the invention, authentication, and re-authentication of "traditional" Māori patriarchy. It begins by examining how Māori patriarchy was invented and authenticated through the hybridization of Māori and British masculine cultures, especially through the early colonial education of a select few Māori boys, who were subjects of a British public schooling technique. The article draws from this historical analysis to demonstrate how Māori patriarchy continues to be authenticated in today's popular culture. Here, the contemporary re-authentication of Māori patriarchy is drawn attention to through a deconstruction of the film Whale Rider. This film analysis argues that Whale Rider deploys a dangerous conflation of representation and reality, which ultimately re-authenticates the invented tradition of Māori patriarchy. The article is less concerned with denouncing particular tropes of Māori men as "false" and more with how such "truths" have come to be privileged; it also seeks to uncloak the processes that produce Māori masculine subjectivities.
Keywords: Māori, masculinity, patriarchy, film, Whale Rider, sport, rugby
Globalizing Drag in the Cook Islands: Friction, Repulsion, and Abjection
Kalissa Alexeyeff, 143
Male to female cross-dressing and performing have a long indigenous history in the Cook Islands. In recent years, Western-style drag shows have also been included in the Cook Islands cross-dressing repertoire. This article takes the highly cosmopolitan vehicle of the drag show and uses it to track the relationship between local and global models of gender and sexuality. It examines ways in which the iconography of domesticity and motherhood has been used to signify an uneasy relationship between local and global ideas of sexuality and gender.
Keywords: globalization, gender, sexuality, performance, Cook Islands
Contending Masculinities and the Limits of Tolerance: Sexual Minorities in Fiji
Nicole George, 163
Despite the fact that Fiji is one of only a handful of states to have given constitutional recognition to the rights of sexual minorities in its most recent constitution enacted in 1998, controversy over the issue of individual sexual orientation, and powerful condemnation of those who choose to publicly demonstrate a homosexual or transgender identity, has flourished in the public domain. The focus on male homosexuality has been predominant in this debate, with many influential political actors framing discourses of masculinity in ways that affirm Christian ideals of morality while also reinforcing the Christian Church's normative political authority. However, as this article demonstrates, public discourses of masculinity have also been articulated in a highly selective manner. This becomes clear when public debate that construes homosexuality in Fiji as a threat to the integrity of the country's key social institutions is contrasted with some church and political leaders' far more lenient responses to the forms of violent and lawless masculine behavior that predominated during the 2000 coup. While these developments have increased the political and social vulnerability of Fiji's homosexuals, young gay men have also employed strategies that contest mainstream discriminatory attitudes. In this article, I describe how the terrain of sexual minority politics is configured in ways that authorize certain varieties of masculine behavior and subordinate others, and consider the strategies deployed by local gay males to contest homophobic sentiments articulated in the public domain.
Keywords: masculinities, homosexuality, nationalism, Christianity, Fiji
Micronesia in Review: Issues and Events, 1 July 2006 to 30 June 2007
John R Haglelgam, Kelly G Marsh, Samuel F McPhetres, Donald R Shuster, 192
Polynesia in Review: Issues and Events, 1 July 2006 to 30 June 2007
Frédéric Angleviel, Lorenz Gonschor, Jon Tikivanotau, M Jonassen, Margaret Mutu, Bikenibeu Paeniu, Unasa L F Va'a, 216
Imagining the Other: The Representation of the Papua New Guinea Subject, by Regis Tove Stella
Reviewed by Eugene Ogan, 258
Yali's Question: Sugar, Culture, and History, by Frederick Errington and Deborah Gewertz
Reviewed by James Leach, 260
British Documents on the End of Empire. Series B, Volume 10: Fiji, edited by Brij V Lal
Reviewed by Robert Norton, 262
The Nose Flute Breathes Again, with Calvin Rore [compact disc]
Reviewed by Brian Diettrich, 265
The Canoe is the People: Indigenous Navigation in the Pacific [cd-rom]
Reviewed by Joseph Genz, 266
Traditional Medicine of the Marshall Islands: The Women, the Plants, the Treatments, by Irene J Taafaki, Maria Kabua Fowler, and Randolph R Thaman
Reviewed by Nancy J Pollock, 268
Dobu: Ethics of Exchange on a Massim Island, Papua New Guinea, by Susanne Kuehling
Reviewed by Will Rollason, 270
Redefining the Pacific? Regionalism Past, Present and Future, edited by Jenny Bryant-Tokalau and Ian Frazer
Strangers in the South Seas: The Idea of the Pacific in Western Thought; An Anthology, edited by Richard Lansdown
Reviewed by Rainer F Buschmann, 275
Island Affinities: Contemporary Art of Oceania [exhibition]
Reviewed by Adria L Imada, 277
Coaxing the Spirits to Dance: Art and Society in the Papuan Gulf of New Guinea [exhibition]
Reviewed by Haidy Geismar, 280
Power and Taboo: Sacred Objects from the Eastern Pacific. Pasifika Styles. Pacific Encounters: Art and Divinity in Polynesia [exhibitions]
Reviewed by Rosanna Raymond, 283
CONTRIBUTORS, 287
Utamaro and the Spectacle of Beauty