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Non deve essere confusa con la sua antagonista, Emma di Normandia, il cui nome, in antico inglese, può essere trasposto come Ælfgifu, o con la prima moglie di re Etelredo II, che sembra avesse lo stesso nome.

Famiglia natale

Indipendentemente dalle successive diffamazioni politiche, sembra piuttosto certo che Ælfgifu fosse nata in un'importante famiglia nobile delle Midlands, corrispondente all'antico Regno di Mercia. Essa era una figlia di Ælfhelm, Ealdorman (conte) della Northumbria meridionale, che venne ucciso nell'anno 1006; Giovanni di Worcester chiama la moglie di Ælfhelm con il nome di Wulfrun, ma è possibile che egli si sia confuso con la Wulfrun che era madre dellEaldorman e patrona della comunità di Wolverhampton. Altra figura degna di nota appartenente alla famiglia di Ælfgifu fu lo zio paterno Wulfric Spot, ricco nobiluomo e patrono dell'abbazia di Burton. Il cognome di Northampton le venne attribuito nel manoscritto D della Cronaca anglosassone, per distinguerla da Emma di Normandia, e conseguentemente venne ripreso dagli storici successivi, come Giovanni di Worcester; verosimilmente questo indica che essa era una grande proprietaria terriera della zona di Northampton.

La data di nascita di Ælfgifu è sconosciuta; tutte le congetture sono basate sull'anno di morte del padre, il 1006, la data approssimativa del fidanzamento con Canuto (1013-1016) e il periodo in cui gli diede dei figli, le cui nascite sono esse stesse di difficile datazione. Senza volere essere troppo precisi, si può affermare con relativa certezza che essa nacque tra la metà degli anni 980 e la metà degli anni 990.

 Matrimonio con Canuto

Nel tardo 1013 re Etelredo II d'Inghilterra fuggì in Normandia a seguito di un'invasione della Gran Bretagna da parte di Swein Barbaforcuta, re di Danimarca; Swein venne accettato come re, ma egli morì nel febbraio 1014, dopo un regno durato solamente cinque settimane. Etelredo venne quindi richiamato in patria, ma nel 1016 il figlio di Swein, Canuto il Grande, ritornò per divenire re d'Inghilterra. In una data non precisata tra il 1013 ed il 1016 Canuto sposò Ælfgifu di Northampton; la grande rilevanza politica di quest'unione matrimoniale probabilmente risiedeva nelle aspettative dei Danesi di consolidare il proprio potere grazie all'alleanza così stabilita con un'importante famiglia merciana.

Ælfgifu diede due figli maschi al marito, Svein e Aroldo, così chiamati in onore del padre e del nonno di Canuto; essi diventarono due figure molto importanti all'interno dell'impero che il padre fu in grado di costituire nell'Europa settentrionale, benché questa loro affermazione non fu senza opposizioni. Dopo la sua conquista dell'Inghilterra del 1016, Canuto sposò Emma di Normandia, la vedova di re Etelredo; i figli di lei, Edoardo e Ælfred da Etelredo e Canuto l'Ardito da Canuto, avanzarono le loro pretese sul trono di Canuto il Grande. Non esistono testimonianze di come il secondo matrimonio del Re abbia influenzato lo status di Ælfgifu, ma d'altronde non ci sono prove che suggeriscano che essa sia stata ripudiata.

 Reggenza in Norvegia

Nel 1030 Canuto inviò la moglie Ælfgifu assieme al figlio maggiore Svein a governare la Norvegia; esercitarono il potere in maniera così dura che il popolo norvegese si ribellò contro di essi. Vennero scacciati nel 1034 o 1035 e Svein morì in Danimarca poco tempo dopo, probabilmente nel 1036, a causa di alcune ferite riportate negli scontri. In Norvegia, dove essa era chiamata Álfífa in antico norvegese, questo periodo della storia venne conosciuto come "Era di Álfífa" (Álfífuǫld): Ælfgifu venne infatti ricordata per il suo duro governo e la pesante tassazione.

Nell'''Ágrip af Nóregskonungasögum, a titolo di esempio, i seguenti versi sono attribuiti ad un contemporaneo di Ælfgifu, lo scaldo Sigvatr:

 Crisi di successione alla morte di Canuto

Canuto morì a Shaftesbury nel 1035; Simeone di Durham e Adamo da Brema ritenevano che il Monarca avesse riservato il trono inglese per Aroldo, ma lEncomium Emmae Reginae sostiene che egli invece lo avesse affidato a Canuto l'Ardito. In ogni caso, alla morte di Canuto il Grande, Ælfgifu era determinata a fare in modo che il figlio secondogenito, Aroldo, diventasse il prossimo re d'Inghilterra; nel 1036 essa aveva fatto ritorno in Gran Bretagna, mentre il figlio di Emma di Normandia, Canuto l'Ardito, era in Danimarca, a combattere contro il re norvegese Magnus I e gli svedesi, guidati da re Anund Jacob; gli altri figli di Emma, Ælfred ed Edoardo, erano invece in Normandia. Grazie all'aiuto dei suoi sostenitori, Ælfgifu fu quindi in grado di assicurare la successione al trono inglese per il proprio figlio Aroldo; nella visione di Frank Stenton, essa fu probabilmente la vera governante d'Inghilterra per buona parte, se non tutto, il regno del figlio.

La Cronaca anglosassone (versioni C, D ed E) descrivono il modo con cui Aroldo ed i suoi uomini avanzarono, con la violenza, le loro pretese sul tesore conservato a Winchester, dove Canuto era stato sepolto e la moglie Emma aveva stabilito la propria residenza.

Il manoscritto E, noto per le sue simpatie a favore di Godwin, conte di Wessex, aggiunge numerosi dettagli, tra cui quelli relativi all'assemblea tenutasi ad Oxford nel 1037 durante la quale Aroldo venne eletto re d'Inghilterra e alla ricerca di supporti a Nord del Tamigi, dove era concentrato il potere della famiglia di Ælfgifu.

Che Ælfgifu fosse un'importante figura in queste macchinazioni politiche risulta anche da alcuni messaggi che raggiunsero la corte tedesca. Immo, un cappellano e canonico della cattedrale presso la corte di Worms, riferì al vescovo di Worms che messaggeri anglosassoni (legati Anglorum) sarebbero arrivati a Worms per informare Gunilde, figlia di Canuto ed Emma, sugli ultimi sviluppi.

Sfortunatamente la maggior parte delle fonti disponibili sono di parte, in favore di Emma di Normandia e dei suoi figli. Mentre nelle precedenti lettere, che difficilmente potrebbero essere definite neutrali, Ælfgifu era accusata di utilizzare inganni, feste sontuose e corruzione per ottenere supporti, gli encomi di Emma attribuiscono alla sua rivale metodi ancora più disonesti. Oltre a pretendere che Aroldo fosse stato accettato unicamente come reggente temporaneo, questi scritti rendono Ælfgifu una complice dell'omicidio di Ælfred Ætheling, suggerendo che essa fosse responsabile di aver inviato in Normandia una falsa lettera per invitare Ælfred in Inghilterra.

Un altro modo in cui venne messa in discussione la legittimazione della successione al trono di Aroldo fu di concentrare sulla sua parentela e quella dei fratelli:

 Cronaca anglosassone: la pretesa di Aroldo di essere figlio di Canuto il Grande ed Ælfgifu è ritenuta infondata o semplicemente negata;
 Encomium Emmae Reginae: afferma che Aroldo fosse in realtà il figlio segreto di un servitore;
 Giovanni di Worcester: riporta racconti nei quali il padre di Svein e Aroldo erano rispettivamente un prete ed un calzolaio;
 Adamo da Brema: afferma che Svein e Aroldo erano figli di Canuto e di una concubina (ma che in ogni caso Canuto aveva riservato l'Inghilterra per Canuto e la Danimarca per Canuto l'Ardito).

 Morte

Ælfgifu scomparve dalla storia dopo la morte del figlio Aroldo nel 1040 e la successiva incoronazione di Canuto l'Ardito, erede legittimo di Canuto e già Re di Danimarca. La sua data di morte non è conosciuta.

 Antenati

 Note

 Bibliografia
 Fonti primarie

 Cronaca anglosassone, manoscritti C, D ed E; edizione: D. Dumville e S. Keynes, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. A Colloborative Edition, Cambridge, 1983; traduzione: M.J. Swanton, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles. 2nd ed, London, 2000
 Encomium Emmae Reginae; edizione e traduzione: Alistair Campbell, Encomium Emmae Reginae, Cambridge, 1998
 Lettera di Immo, cappellano alla corte di Worms, al vescovo Azeko di Worms, conservata nel manoscritto Lorsch del Codex Palatinus Latinus 930 (Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana); edizione: W. Bulst, Die ältere Wormser Briefsammlung. MGH Epistolae. Die Briefe der deutschen Kaiserzeit 3, Weimar, 1949, pp. 20–22
 Guglielmo di Malmesbury, Gesta regum Anglorum; edizione e traduzione: R.A.B. Mynors, R. M. Thomson e M. Winterbottom, William of Malmesbury. Gesta Regum Anglorum. The History of the English Kings, volume 1, Oxford, 1998
 Simeone di Durham; edizione: T. Arnold, Symeonis Monachi Opera Omnia, 2 volumi, London, 1885
 Giovanni di Worcester, Chronicle (of Chronicles); edizione: Benjamin Thorpe, Florentii Wigorniensis monachi chronicon ex chronicis, 2 volumi, London, 1848–9
 Ágrip af Nóregskonungasögum, capitoli 27, 32 e 35; edizione e traduzione: M.J. Driscoll, Ágrip af Nóregskonungasǫgum, Viking Society for Northern Research, Text Series 10, seconda edizione, 1995 (disponibile online su the Viking Society for Northern Research)
 Theodoricus monachus, Historia de Antiquitate Regum Norwagiensium, capitolo 21; traduzione: David e Ian McDougall, The Ancient History of the Norwegian Kings, Viking Society for Northern Research, 1998
 Helgisaga Óláfs konungs Haraldssonar, capitolo 71
 Morkinskinna; edizione: Finnur Jónsson, Morkinskinna, Copenhagen, Samfund til udgivelse af gammel nordisk litteratur, 1932
 Adamo da Brema, Gesta Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae Pontificum La Cronaca di Ugo il Candido (Ugo di Remiremont)

 Fonti secondarie

 "Ælfgifu 1", "Ælfhelm 17", "Wulfrun", "Wulfric 52", su Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
 Campbell, M.W., "Queen Emma and Ælfgifu of Northampton. Canute the Great's women", in Medieval Scandinavia 4, 1971, pp. 60–79
 Rognoni, L., Presenza e azione di Ælfgifu di Northampton, regina madre e reggente nell'Impero del Nord di Canuto il Grande (1013–1040); tesi di laurea disponibile online
 Stenton, Frank, Anglo-Saxon England, Oxford, 1971, pp. 397–398
 Stevenson, W.H., "An alleged son of King Harold Harefoot", in English Historical Review'', numero 28, 1913, pp. 112 – 117

Voci correlate

 Regno di Mercia
 Canuto I d'Inghilterra
 Svein di Norvegia
 Aroldo I d'Inghilterra
 Norvegia
 Emma di Normandia

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


In this day and age of video surveillance systems, this is a game-changer in real estate. Potential buyers must be aware of the possibility of being video recorded while in a seller's home. But....did you know that here in Texas, audio recording of which the person recording is NOT a party to the conversation is a FELONY?
Under the Texas Penal Code "it is prohibited to audio record without the consent of at least one individual who is part of the conversation."
Recently, an agent called me (broker) to complain about one of my agents showing one of her listings. She was upset with some of the things being said while showing. I asked her how she knew of this conversation and she said that her clients audio recorded the conversation during the showing. Rut roh!
Not only did she admit this, but when pulling up the listing, she was not only the listing agent but also the owner. (Would have been nice of her to disclose this when she called me.) Alas, and bottom line - what she did was against the law in our state. You may not audio record with the consent of one of the party members of the conversation.
This brings to light the fact that we should be having these conversations with our agents, our sellers and our buyers.
1. Seller's should be educated about the law in their state regarding audio/video recordings.
comments such as negotiation strategies, etc. should wait until you are out of the home.
3. Agent's should also be aware of being audio/video recorded while in homes.
The penalty here in Texas for unauthorized audio recordings is $10,000 for EACH occurrence! Yowzer! That would not be good for any potential Seller to have to pay!
Just another excellent tip for all of us in real estate to be aware of. All eyes and ears are upon us for sure! Happy selling!
This article is a great resource from our Texas Association of Realtors.
Hello Paula. This post makes a lot of sense. Great discussion points .
Great blog post. Seems like everything is now connected via the Internet and probably recording everything, voice and video. Best to discuss price and strategy with buyers outside of the home.
Michael Jacobs - thanks for stopping by! I believe we will be seeing a lot more of these situations.
Shawn and Angela Miller so correct in the big discussion points to take place outside of the home.
I always assume I am being recorded. I saw video cameras that were voice enabled in the living room during my very first showing as an agent.
I don't have recording devices in my house but many listings I visit do. I find it crazy that Texas could stop someone from recording anything inside their private homes. With all the video camers and Alexa devices seems like that would be tough to regulate. Thought - So when your security camera catches a crook breaking into your home...could his recorded conversations not be used against him? Intersting post but either way it's something we all have to deal with from now on.
i ask my cliets not to talk loud or make any positive or negative comments about the home until we leave.
Love this post and glad to see it featured! Your tip is excellent for all of us in real estate to be aware! In Texas who needs at $10K lesson??
Hi Paula- I too assume that I'm always on camera! Years ago before everyone had these cameras in their homes, my agent and I were looking at a home and we saw the cameras that were installed. She gave me the zip your lip look and I understood!
Wow, $10,000! But I can understand why, and it sound like a good law. I was just in a home this month that had a number of cameras and such. Kind of creeps you out!
It would be wise in this day and time to "assume" you are being recorded where ever you are.. At work and at play.. EVERYWHERE.... All the time..
Paula, in VA we're duty bound to inform our clients about recording systems. I've seen a few that were disquised to look like common household items. I do encourage my clients to keep things low or mum until we have time to discuss them outside of the home. It's just better.
WOW, some penalty! That also makes me think of today's technology, how some people can see inside there Home from their phone, scary!
Surveillance cameras and audio are everywhere in homes, businesses, hospitals, schools, government buildings, including Texas, so, signage informing the public about surveillance is still considered a crime or civil offense? Interesting!
These recording devices take special equipment and a level of expertise. A "seller" would really have a strong desire to come out on top to go to this expense and investment. Then when the house sells, are all the recording devices removed, or are they a permanent part of the property that must convey when the property changes hands. I had a buyer throw a fit when shelving, attached to the walls with brackets, was removed. Just opens up all sort of new questions.
Timely post. I'll have to ask our broker if he knows what the regs are here in Arizona.
With the advent and affordability of recording devices, agents must be aware their right to privacy openly disussing property with their buyers is violated!!!
In this day and age, one must be aware of potentially being recorded. Thanks for the heads up, never crossed my mind but from now on, I will advise my clients to keep it zipped while looking at properties. Yikes!
We are right to assume that in today's world surveillance systems can be most anywhere. And, it is an excellent suggestion that we remind or advise our clients.
I always just assume someone is watching and listening. Even if its just a smart speaker.
I assume I am always on camera... still, I sometimes let what I think surface. I do warn customers to zip it while in a showing!
The Texas state legislature has made feeble attempts at addressing this issue; however, it has not made it out of sub-committee. (Texas legislature meets for 140 days every odd year). Our laws throughout the land have not properly addressed the technological advancements that continue to occur. Essentially, private homes should be an "exception" to the audio laws. Cameras have evolved to include crisp audio and video, which are designed to both discourage illicit activity within one's private home, as well as provide evidence should something occur. Best practice: until the laws are modified to address private residences, we should have the Owners place a sign at each exterior entry clearly stating that the premises is under video AND audio surveillance.
Congratulations on the feature - this is becoming a bigger and bigger issue all the time. Our listing contract specifically states that sellers are advised to post a notice about security devices. I think it's wise to always assume recording might be in place, with or without notice, when showing homes.
Good morning Paula. This is very interesting and surprising to me too. I always told clients to be careful what they said while in a home we were viewing but this is something else.
Showing a home last weekend many of the rooms had cameras in them. We do alert our customers but pointed them out as we went. Not sure what the rules are in our state, but think there should be some disclaimer in the listing if the seller is going to be recording.
It seems very intrusive, especially when showing a vacant rental. It is best to assume you are being recorded from the time you enter the street until the time you leave. The neighbors have cameras too. Years ago I ran into one seller that knew when I came on the street. He showed me his setup. He was recording the exterior activity for the whole cul-de-sac.
Paula, thank you for the reminder... It is also good to refrain from making overly negative remarks or being too enthusiastic about a property while visiting. Now more than ever, walls have eyes and ears!
The law was challenged in a Georgia court in 2012 rutter vs. rutter and if the camera is "for security purposes" it's all fair in love and war and they can record away.
Our buyers need to know this stuff form even says always behave as IF you are being recorded.
Yikes. I'll have to check our state law.
This is extremely important information. Every buyer, seller, and agent needs to read this. Thank you for sharing.
Here in Florida audio recording without consent is against the law.
Thanks for reminding us, because not all people follow the law.
Wow, this is a relevant topic, Paula. Happy to see it featured. I believe in Washington, there has to be notice of a surveillance system in place to comply with the laws.
We also have such a law & no one pays attention to it. Really not funny that the seller/listing agent didn't know her stuff.


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Lauren Cusamano
Sarah Waite.
Though the title of her nail art blog, Chalkboard Nails, gives us pinching chills just imagining that dry screech, what Sarah Waite does with a nail bed often leaves us asking the annoying question, "How does she do it?!" Thing is, you can see how she does it — both through her online tutorials and by making an appointment with Waite to take you on as a client at The Spa at Camelback Village. Bring your own big ideas or let the artist have at it. After all, she's the one with experience painting perfectly spaced plaid, oozing galaxies, and whirling tie-dye on fingernails.
Best Dress Alterations: Danese Creations

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COMMONWEALTH vs. STEPHEN DEAGLE (and a companion case [Note 1]).
10 Mass. App. Ct. 748
Present: HALE, C.J., GRANT, & NOLAN, JJ.
The judge at a criminal trial erred in failing to instruct the jury on the burden of proof on the issue of self-defense where there was evidence that one of the defendants struck the victim in response to the victim's persistent homosexual overtures and that both defendants then used force against the victim after the victim brandished a gun. [749-752]
INDICTMENTS found and returned in the Superior Court Department on June 15, 1979.
The cases were tried before Paquet, J.
J.W. Carney, Jr. for Stephen Deagle.
Michael J. Traft, Assistant District Attorney, for the Commonwealth.
Thomas J. Ford, for Joseph Gibson, submitted a brief.
NOLAN, J. The convictions of both defendants of assault must be reversed because of the refusal of the trial judge to instruct the jury on the burden of proof on the issue of self-defense.
A jury found Stephen Deagle and Joseph Gibson guilty on so much of separate indictments charging armed robbery as alleged simple assault on Dana B. Reis. An examination of the evidence, viewed as it must be in this type of case, in the light most favorable to the defendants, Commonwealth v. Monico, 373 Mass. 298 , 299-300 (1977); Commonwealth v. Harrington, 379 Mass. 446 , 450 (1980), reveals the following scenario.
It was approximately 3:00 A.M. on March 30, 1979, in an area of Boston known as the Combat Zone, that Reis agreed to drive Gibson, Deagle and Gibson's sister to Gibson's home in Quincy. The males were not strangers to each other. In Reis's two-door sedan, Gibson sat in the passenger side of the front seat, Deagle immediately to the rear of Gibson, and the female in the rear seat behind Reis. After Reis had driven a short distance from Washington Street to Essex Street and finally onto Harrison Avenue, Gibson felt Reis's hand on his leg. Gibson pushed it away. Reis again placed his hand on Gibson's leg in the region of the upper thigh, near Gibson's genitalia, and asked Gibson to spend the night with him. Gibson was angered by this homosexual gesture and told Reis to leave him alone, because he (Gibson) was "not queer," and hit Reis in the face with his hand. Reis became "kind of aggravated", and Deagle told him to "cool it." Reis responded by drawing a gun, waving it, and then pointing it at Gibson's face, saying, "I'll do anything I want." Deagle took a knife from his pocket but droppped it on the floor when he started to wrestle with Reis. Gibson succeeded in wresting the gun from Reis and threw it out the door. Then Reis, who had brought the vehicle to a stop, ran from the car. Deagle, Gibson and the female ran in the opposite direction.
The United States Supreme Court established the constitutional parameters on the allocation of the burden of persuasion in criminal cases in the case of In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358 (1970). Winship was the starting point of the constitutional journey toward a recognition of the due process requirement that "protects the accused against conviction except upon proof beyond a reasonable doubt of every fact necessary to constitute the crime with which he is charged." In re Winship, supra at 364. Five years later, the Supreme Court, in Mullaney v. Wilbur, 421 U.S. 684 (1975), held that a rule which imposed on the defendant the burden of persuading the trier of fact that there was sufficient provocation to negate the element of malice contravened its holding in Winship because malice was a necessary "fact,"
proof of which must be borne by the prosecution. In Massachusetts, the primordial case which applies this constitutionally-based rule to self-defense is Commonwealth v. Rodriguez, 370 Mass. 684 (1976). The "fact" which is especially implicated in a claim of self-defense is the unlawful use of force by the defendant. It falls, then, to the Commonwealth to satisfy the trier of fact beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant's conduct was unlawful because he did not act in self-defense.
Not every defendant who uses force may command a jury instruction on the Commonwealth's burden of negativing self-defense. [Note 2] There must be evidence to support the hypothesis of self defense. Commonwealth v. Costa, 360 Mass. 177 , 184 (1971). Such evidence may fail to inspire belief. It may be incredible. Commonwealth v. Campbell, 352 Mass. 387 , 398 (1967). However, it is the jury's function to assess the credibility of the evidence in light of correct principles of law as delivered to them by the trial judge if there is some evidential basis for the claim of self-defense. Commonwealth v. Vanderpool, 367 Mass. 743 , 746 (1975).
To the extent that each defendant may have been found to have come to the defense of the other (as well as to his own defense), the legal principles are not unlike those which
control the use of self-defense because a person "is justified in using force against another to protect a third person when (a) a reasonable person in the actor's position would believe his intervention to be necessary for the protection of the third person, and (b) in the circumstances as that reasonable person would believe them to be, the third person would be justified in using such force to protect himself." Commonwealth v. Martin, 369 Mass. 640 , 649 (1976).
Counsel for Gibson presented requests for jury instructions to the judge after argument but before the charge. He was late. The judge properly refused to accept them. Massachusetts Rule of Criminal Procedure 24(b), 378 Mass. 895 (1979), makes it necessary to file such requests at the close of the evidence. When the judge completed his charge to the jury, counsel for Gibson (Deagle's counsel joined in the request) asked him to instruct the jury on the issue of self-defense and on the Commonwealth's burden to prove "beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendants did not act in self-defense." The judge refused.
Even without a request, a judge should instruct on this issue if there is an appropriate hypothesis in the evidence. See Reddick v. Commonwealth, 381 Mass. 398 , 404 (1980). "[T]he constitutional issue of burden of proof goes to the very heart of the truth-finding function of the criminal trial." Commonwealth v. Stokes, 374 Mass. 583 , 589 (1978). See Connolly v. Commonwealth, 377 Mass. 527 , 531 n.9 (1979). It is probably the most sensitive part of jury instructions in a criminal trial. An error in explicating the correct principles of law or a failure to instruct the jury in this regard can readily lead to a miscarriage of justice. See Gibson v. Commonwealth, 377 Mass. 539 , 541 (1979). Accordingly, noncompliance with Mass.R.Crim.P. 24(b), 378 Mass. 895 (1979), may be excused.
When Gibson responded to Reis's persistent homosexual overtures by hitting him in the face, Reis pulled a gun. The lives of all three passengers were then in danger. The jury may have considered Gibson's use of force before the gun was brandished as reasonable in repelling Reis's homosexual
advances. The force applied by Gibson and Deagle after Reis menaced them with the gun might also have impressed the jury as justifiable force. See Commonwealth v. Kendrick, 351 Mass. 203 , 212 (1966). The jury should have been permitted to analyze the evidence (including Reis's testimony which is totally and trechantly at odds with the defendants' narrative) guided by correct legal principles touching the burden of proof.
We have examined the instructions in their entirety (see Commonwealth v. Fluker, 377 Mass. 123 , 129-130 [1979]), and we adjudge them to be so constitutionally deficient that there exists a substantial risk of a miscarriage of justice in failing to explicate the allocation of burden of proof on self-defense. Reddick v. Commonwealth, 381 Mass. 398 , 404 (1980).
The only other issue concerns the judge's exclusion of a question to Reis on cross-examination by counsel for Gibson as to whether a certain bar where Reis had formerly worked was frequented by homosexuals. At this juncture in the trial, there had been no evidence of homosexual advances by Reis. The judge properly excluded the question as lacking both relevancy and materiality and as sufficiently tendentious to create prejudice.
Judgments reversed.
Verdicts set aside.
[Note 1] The companion case is Commonwealth vs. Joseph Gibson.
[Note 2] In the following cases decided after Rodriguez there was sufficient evidence to warrant an instruction on self-defense: Commonwealth v. Klein, 372 Mass. 823 (1977); Commonwealth v. Stokes, 374 Mass. 583 (1978); Commonwealth v. Collins, 374 Mass. 596 (1978); Commonwealth v. Harris, 376 Mass. 201 (1978); Commonwealth v. Fluker, 377 Mass. 123 (1979); Commonwealth v. Harrington, 379 Mass. 446 (1980); Commonwealth v. Pimental, 5 Mass. App. Ct. 463 (1977); Commonwealth v. Domaingue, 8 Mass. App. Ct. 228 (1979) (instruction required as to one victim).
In the following cases decided after Rodriguez there was insufficient evidence to require an instruction on self-defense: Commonwealth v. Mains, 374 Mass. 733 (1978); Commonwealth v. Maguire, 375 Mass. 768 (1978); Commonwealth v. Domaingue, 8 Mass. App. Ct. 228 (1979) (instruction not required as to one victim); Commonwealth v. Zaccagnini, ante 425 (1980), further appellate review granted, 381 Mass. 782 (1980); Commonwealth v. Deeran, ante 646 (1980).


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Caveat emptor (łac. "niech kupujący się strzeże") – ograniczenie zasady dobrej wiary w obrocie handlowym. Zasada ta obowiązuje między innymi w prawie anglosaskim. Na przykład przy zakupie nowego domu zarówno sprzedający, jak i agent sprzedającego nie są odpowiedzialni za to, aby opisać wszystkie ewentualne wady sprzedawanego domu i to kupujący powinien upewnić się, że kupowany dom nie ma żadnych ukrytych wad.

Zasadę tę w umowach zakupu, także sporządzanych w Polsce, wyraża się często zastrzeżeniem, że obiekt podlega sprzedaży w stanie "w jakim jest" (ang. as is) lub że sprzedający "nie odpowiada za wady ukryte".

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NA, Campania
Crystal Sibson
Adventure Guides » Italy » Campania » Special Destinations
Hike-in Required
One of the most infamous volcanic eruptions in recorded history was the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 A.D. The Roman cities of Pompeii, Herculaneum, Oplontis, and Stabiae were all destroyed and buried by the eruption. Today, Pompeii is one of the most visited archeological sites in the world, gaining its title as an UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997. When visiting Pompeii, you can spend several hours or several days exploring the 170-acre ancient city, about 35 acres of which are open to the public.
Pompeii was a wealthy resort and port town on the Italian peninsula near the Gulf of Naples. Its first stable settlements date back to the eighth century B.C. The town flourished due to its high agricultural quality and the production and trade of wine and oils. Studies suggest that in ancient times, Pompeii was surrounded by fir tree forests, orchards, and cultivated fields. Today the city ruins lie more than a mile inland, but in ancient times the city overlooked the coast and had its own port. In the early third century B.C., the city walls were reinforced with Sarno stone encircling the city, becoming the basis of the walls we see today. The outer walls of Pompeii stretch for nearly 2 miles and have seven gates of entry. After the outbreak of the Second Punic War (B.C. 218 to 201), a second internal retaining wall was built. The agger and outer facade were raised, resulting in a double parapet with a wider wall-walk.
In the second century B.C., Pompeii aided Rome in its conquests to the east, and as gratitude for their efforts the city was generously rewarded. These riches enabled Pompeii to expand to its limits, including many public and private buildings of architectural quality. In B.C. 90 to 89, Pompeii and the surrounding cities rebelled against Rome and were eventually besieged and conquered by Roman troops. Many of the Samnite families left Pompeii, and their houses were taken over by Roman veterans and refurbished with second-style frescos. Pompeii's public life changed. The amphitheater, covered theater, and new bathhouses were built, ancient sanctuaries and monuments were resurrected, and the forum was embellished with new monumental buildings, especially under the rule of Augustus and Tiberius. Based on household counts, around 20,000 people called Pompeii home at the time of the eruption.
The eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 A.D. was catastrophic. On the afternoon of August 24, the volcano suddenly spewed toxic gas, ash, and molten rock high into the sky, obscuring the sun for three days. The energy from the eruption is estimated to have been 100,000 times stronger than the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum were destroyed by a series of pyroclastic flows with temperatures as high as 400 degrees Centigrade, wiping out every trace of life. Ash and pumice rained down on Pompeii, completely burying the city.
There were a few early attempts shortly after the eruption to recover some items of value from the site, but the vast majority of the city was untouched until 1748 when the King of Naples initiated exploration. In 1863, the superintendent of the site came up with the strategy of making casts of the victims by pouring plaster into the crevices of ash left when the bodies crystallized after death. These are the famous casts that can still be seen today.
To visit Pompeii, you can either arrive by car or train to the Pompeii Sacavia train station. The Circumvesuviana Train runs from Naples to Sorento and has a stop near the entrance of Pompeii. While riding the train, be very aware of pickpockets, as they tend to frequent this train and prey on tourists. Just be vigilant and aware of your surroundings, and you will be fine. As soon as you leave the train station, there are locals outside a small shop trying to sell you entrance tickets to Pompeii. This is not the official ticket office, and prices are inflated.
When buying tickets from the official box office, be sure to pick up a map of the site as well as the free guidebook, A Guide to the Pompeii Excavations. This guide book has about 150 pages of details from many of the sites within Pompeii; this is very helpful, especially when exploring on your own. The site is very large and can easily take an entire day to see. There are also options to rent audio guides or tour guides for an additional cost. The site opens at 9:00 a.m. year round and closes at 5:30 p.m. from November 1 to March 31 and 7:30 p.m. April 1 to October 31. The site can get very busy during peak tourist season, so it is best to visit mid-week or during the offseason to avoid the crowds.
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Here's How ITZY Yeji And Lia's Opposite Personalities Brought Them Closer
"We both said that our personalities were polar opposites of one another."
Although the friendship between ITZY's Yeji and Lia bloomed later because they rarely bumped into each other as trainees, the two shared how they became the closest of friends.
Because they weren't friends as trainees, Lia and Yeji got to know each other when living together before their debut. Lia made a funny observation from back then, "That's when I realized that we didn't go well together. You were not my type."
Yeji agreed, "Actually, back then, if someone asked me to pick a member that was completely different from me, I would've picked Lia." Lia thought the same, "Me too!"
Yeji revealed that all of them were aware of it. She said, "We both said that our personalities were polar opposites of one another. Even our members said that our characteristics were different."
The longer they lived and grew together, the better they understood each other. Yeji added, "I think that we both naturally adjusted to one another." Lia pointed out how their opposite personalities helped them accept each other for who they are, making both of them laugh.
We all lived different lives. So there had to be things that we couldn't understand about one another. But it came to the point that when there are things that we don't understand, we just leave it as is.
Since they learned a lot from each other, they offered advice for anyone else who wants to do the same. Yeji answered, "If someone asked me how you can become closer with a friend, don't try to understand. Just understand that the person is just who they are."
Although it's enjoyable to have a friend who has a similar personality, there's nothing like a friend whose differences challenge you to grow. In fact, Yeji noted that all of the members became closer from valuing their differences.
| itzy.all.in.us/Instagram
See Yeji and Lia laugh as they remember how they grew close and strengthened their bond.


An ingenious "fill-in-the-blanks" album for Grandfather to complete. When finished and given to his grandchild it contains his likes, dislikes, wedding picture, happiest memories — and more. Lighthearted color illustrations throughout.
Grandfather Remembers: Memories for My Grandchild 3.2 out of 5 based on 0 ratings. 10 reviews.
This book is a fill-in designed to create a record of memories for a relatively young child, and as such, it leaves very little space for writing in answers. I appreciate that some people lose their grandparents at a very young age, but that doesn't mean that the only memories you want to have of them are those written in language that a six-year-old could understand, and I wish this book were more adaptable. On the plus side, it asks for a great deal of information about the grandfather's perspective on having children and grandchildren, and even on sharing favourite recipes and family traditions, which might otherwise be considered more "feminine" topics. If it could just appeal to a broader age range, it would make a nice keepsake.


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Best Movies by Irene Bedard On SHOWTIME
actor › Irene Bedard
1. Songs My Brothers Taught Me, 2016
This slow-burning drama is set in an Indigenous reservation in South Dakota, where Johnny is a teenager who dreams of moving to L.A. with his girlfriend. He would have to leave behind his little sister, who is just grappling with the recent loss of their father.
Director Chloé Zhao (The Rider, Nomadland) worked with amateur actors whose lives mirror the characters, often adapting the script to the actors' stories. She filmed 100 hours of footage that she then distilled into an hour and a half.
The result is a film shot from the outside but which is grounded in local stories. And these stories are rough, sad, complex - but so important to listen to and understand. It's an incredible feat to make an observational film that's so grounded in reality - only a genius could: that's Chloé Zhao, and this mature work is -somehow- her first feature film.
Irene-bedard


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Nous Etudions
Romina Carillo
Please introduce yourself.
My name is Romina and I am an Argentinean designer. I am vegan and my brand is also vegan and sustainable.
I began designing ten years ago and launched two brands, Grupo 134, in 2010, and Nous Etudions. Grupo 134 was menswear only. Now, at Nous Etudions, we make clothes for everybody. Ten years ago, this concept was hard for people to understand.
I apply my life principles in my brand. I believe in respect and in ethics for everything.
You will be in Paris in September to show the Nous Etudions Pre-Spring 2020 collection. How would you describe it?
We will show our pre-Spring 2020 and Summer 2020 collections in Paris. The summer wardrobe is our collaboration with Nike.
Everything was produced from recycled fabrics. The accessories are made of kombucha, a mushroom turned into a laboratory-made textile and used as a vegan leather.
Our collections were inspired by nature and shapes. We brought these two ideas to life on the runway through the relaxing soundtrack of the show.
Both collections made their runway debut at 080 Barcelona. Why this event and this city in particular?
Because I love Spain! My friend Sol Pardo lives here. She is a hat designer and the founder of the brand Pardo Hats—she also designed the hats worn by our models at our 080 Barcelona fashion show. She moved out here and showed me around, and I told her I loved Spain and wanted to live here too!
I believe in energy. When I read the email inviting me to take part in 080 Barcelona and show my collection, I felt like the universe was answering me.
This was my third presentation outside of Argentina. My first one was in London, UK at the Ones To Watch showcase during Fashion Week. My second one was in Milan, Italy and now in Barcelona.
"I believe in the respect of nature and of all lives. I apply that in my work and I am happy that the whole industry is becoming conscious and starting to take action." [Nous Etudions]
How has the Nous Etudions x Nike collaboration come about?
Nike was interested thanks to my use of recycled fabrics. The Nike Air Max 720, which inspired the collection, is made with 75% of recycled materials.
The Nous Etudions and Nike capsule isn't just a sneaker collaboration. The clothes are also included. At our 080 Barcelona fashion show, we made a clear distinction between the Nous Etudions collection and the Nike capsule through the change of music, lights and on-screen projections.
What is the release date, and will the collection drop globally?
The capsule will be released in September at stores Stand Up New York, República, Yoox Net-a-Porter and H. Lorenzo.
As an vegan fashion designer, how do you feel about other brands becoming conscious and taking action by stopping the use of fur or starting to use recycled fabrics?
I am very happy about it! It also takes me back when I used to explain to people in the industry that I would use recycled fabrics. They would ask me back, "how are you going to do that? Without leather?" Back then, people were really sceptic. Now, people come to me telling me how smart and necessary my decision was.
As I told earlier, I believe in the respect of nature and of all lives. So I apply that in my work and I am happy that the whole industry is becoming conscious and starting to take action.
Interview by Iggy Nko (@iggynko)
Translation by Eva at XXL Comunicación.


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End-of-life care the real battleground of moral theology, author says
New book seeks to show Father James Martin 'as a person' to his critics
Pope's point man on migrants - made a cardinal in October - takes over titular parish
In El Salvador, Romero legacy fuses with the Francis effect
In Church
Carlos X. Colorado
SPECIAL_TO_CRUX
A pilgrim carries a portrait of Roman Catholic Archbishop Oscar Romero to Romero's beatification ceremony in San Salvador, El Salvador, in May 2015. (Credit: AP Photo/Moises Castillo.)
"Let us not be content with putting Romero on the altars, but let us imitate him"
One year after slain Salvadoran Archbishop Oscar Romero was beatified before a crowd of 500,000, in a splendid San Salvador ceremony last May topped by an auspicious solar halo, many Salvadorans are praying for his intercession in the current crisis gripping his beloved country.
Over the last year, the violence produced by El Salvador's notorious gangs has soared, bringing the death toll to levels not seen since the 1980's-era civil war, and giving El Salvador one of the highest homicide rates in the world.
After the carnage spiked in August, Pope Francis mentioned El Salvador during an Angelus prayer for world trouble spots — the first time El Salvador had figured in such a papal litany since 2001, when earthquakes devastated the country.
"I urge everyone to pray that justice and peace may flourish again in the land of Blessed Oscar Romero," said the pontiff.
To date, the local church's role in this crisis has been ambivalent. It supported a gang truce in 2012, which cut the homicide rate in half for over a year before losing popularity and, eventually, falling apart.
No one has come up with a workable solution to the persistent crime, which, apart from murders (which typically target the gang members themselves), also includes thefts and other petty crimes, most significantly extortion of businesses and individuals (which affects everyone).
The crisis has left some pining for a church figure like Romero, who was known as "the voice of those who have no voice" during a grave national ordeal. He seemed to single-handedly keep the country at peace; civil war only broke out following his assassination.
Last year, there were no murders reported the weekend Romero was beatified.
The current Archbishop of San Salvador, Jose Luis Escobar Alas, has sought to fill his predecessor's shoes in the current crisis, issuing an epic pastoral letter, which he signed on March 24 of this year — the anniversary of Romero's martyrdom, and the first observation of the date as Romero's "feast day."
The pastoral letter, called "I See Violence and Strife in the City," is already being whispered about in San Salvador Catholic circles as being possibly the most important pronouncement from the Salvadoran church since Romero.
In it, Escobar concludes that El Salvador's violence is driven by systematic social injustice and that it "has roots that can be traced back to colonial days."
Power groups have imposed unjust arrangements over others, creating the violence that has permeated El Salvador's history through the conquest, the colonial period, insurrections in the 19th and 20th century, and the recent civil war, Escobar argues. [My complete English translation of the document is posted here.]
In the more than 100-page document, Escobar rejects addressing the gang problem through law enforcement alone, arguing that the country must address the "root causes" of violence.
He recommends massive investment in social programs, even if it means reduced profits for business interests — and even if the current generation does not live to see the fruits. He also recommends going "against the grain" of "neo-liberal" economics to create an economy based on solidarity, and slams consumerism as out of place in a country that is Christian and poor.
Perhaps most radically, Escobar argues that Salvadoran violence is propelled by a history of impunity that dates back centuries, and he proposes a dramatic break with the past by conducting "historical trials" to adjudicate responsibility for civil war crimes.
That's a prospect opposed by the Salvadoran right, which sponsored an amnesty law after the war, and has rallied to oppose recent efforts by Spain to extradite the Salvadoran army officers responsible for the 1989 killings of six Spanish-born priests in El Salvador.
Such statements are all the more startling from Escobar, who has been viewed skeptically by reformers. He's a protégé of Bishop Pedro Arnoldo Aparicio of San Vicente, one of the Salvadoran bishops who openly defied Romero.
Escobar has also been criticized for several controversial decisions, such as ordering the removal (some would say destruction) of a mosaic on the cathedral façade created by one of El Salvador's leading artists, and hastily closing down Romero's human rights office (he has since reopened it).
Therefore, Escobar's "conversion," apart from being inspired by Romero, may be seen as akin to Romero's own late about-face.
But it probably took more than inspiration from Romero to bring the archbishop around. In an October meeting with Pope Francis, the Pontiff urged El Salvador's bishops not to reduce Romero to "a lovely image that adorns our churches and that we remember with a certain nostalgia."
El Salvador still has problems, Francis said, and the country needs the Church in that country, as elsewhere, to have the odor of the sheep.
A priest present at the meeting acknowledged the call to action.
"For us in El Salvador, for all priests and for the bishops, this is a challenge," Fr. Leopoldo Sosa told Vatican Radio. "Let us not be content with putting Romero on the altars, but let us imitate him," he said.
"Our people are bleeding in this violence and insecurity—the problem of gangs, the 'maras'—and I think we are lacking that figure, that model, that testimony, that hope," he said.
Although Escobar cites Romero for his inspiration, he relies on Francis for much of the substance of his Letter, citing Evangelii Gaudium, the Aparecida document (issued by the 2007 Latin American bishops' conference, the principal drafter of which was the future pope), Laudato Si', Misericordiae Vultus and the Santa Marta sermons—all by Pope Francis.
The letter contains numerous Francis nuggets, including criticism of a "throw-away culture," the yearning for a "culture of encounter," and, of course, an emphasis on mercy.
In El Salvador, the Romero legacy seems to fuse seamlessly with the Francis Effect.
Carlos X. Colorado is a Salvadoran-American attorney who lives and works in Los Angeles. His blog, Super Martyrio, follows Romero's canonization cause.
No date yet for Romero canonization, archbishop says
Papal envoy calls Blessed Romero 'martyr of hope'
El Salvador's first cardinal a friend of Blessed Oscar Romero
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text:
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Marcello: Psalms & Sonatas
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ΣΥΝΘΕΤΗΣ: Benedetto Marcello
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Benedetto Marcello was born in Venice in 1686 and died in Brescia in 1739. His vast musical output remains largely unexplored, but his most famous work is the Estro poetico-armonico a collection of 50 psalms, including 11 ancient Jewish songs (called Intonazioni) and two sacred hymns from Greek classicism. Marcello acknowledged the importance of Jewish and classical music heritage, and by blending these different styles he sought to underline their universal value. This album features Psalms Nos. 21 and 42, as well as the Sonata for Violin and Basso Continuo in E minor Op. 1, No. 1, and the first movements of Sonatas No. 5 in F major and No. 4 in G minor for solo harpsichord. Founded by Lydia Cevidalli in 1991, the Ensemble Salomone Rossi has performed in Italy and abroad, notably in Belgium (at the Concertgebouw in Bruges and Chimay Castle), in Spain (at the Real Academia de Bellas Artes in Madrid and in live broadcasts for Spanish National Radio), and in the United States (at Montclair State University). In recent years, the ensemble has recorded the music for the BBC documentary The Story of the Jews, together with Jewish baroque music and the first volume of Marcellos Psalms and Sonatas.
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Opera Without Words
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Stress Incontinence: In this case, the urine leaks out when your bladder is under pressure. For instance, you might feel the urine leaking when you cough or laugh.
Some people also have a mix of both stress and urge urinary incontinence.
Stress incontinence is seen in people as a result of weakened or damaged pelvic floor muscles and urethral sphincter. Urge incontinence, on the other hand, is due to the hyperactivity of detrusor muscles, which control the bladder. There are risk factors that increase the chances of stress incontinence. Some of these are pregnancy or vaginal birth, obesity, Family history of incontinence, diabetes mellitus and old age.
Although it might be a little embarrassing to talk to someone about your symptoms, it is best if you consult your urologist in Dubai for proper diagnosis and treatment. Many of the treatment options available are really effective in managing the issue.
Urologists can easily diagnose your condition by talking about your symptoms. You will be asked to carry out a pelvic examination in most cases, to confirm the condition.
In some cases, surgical methods are chosen for immediate relief. The surgical procedures include tape and sling procedures which can reduce the pressure on the bladder or strengthen the muscles that control the urination. Surgical procedures can enlargen the bladder or implant a device to stimulate the nerve that controls the detrusor muscles.
One of the most effective non-invasive treatment for urinary incontinence is the functional magnetic stimulation (FMS). It is commonly used by urologists in Dubai to treat male urinary and faecal incontinence through pelvic floor muscle rehabilitation. The procedure uses a device which generates a magnetic field, causing the pelvic floor muscles to contract without using electrodes. The device can be used for treating stress, urge and mixed incontinence as well as certain sexual dysfunctions.
Urologists in Dubai prefer this procedure above others due to the many advantages it has over other electrical stimulation methods. The best thing about FMS is that it a painless procedure, where the magnetic fields penetrate into the heterogeneous biological tissue and stimulate it thus.
FMS treatment improves the strength and endurance of pelvic floor muscles as the magnetic field can stimulate the muscles much deeper than electrical stimulation. The therapy is pain-free, non-invasive, and with no known side effects. Your urologist can recommend you for the treatment based on your condition and it's severity. Consult your urologist in Dubai today for treating your condition effectively.


If you have ever thought of going to Antarctica then Just Do It. Stunning scenery, penguins, whales, birds, seals and more. Add to your Bucket List. Look out for the huge Icebergs near the end filmed off Elephant Island. We went on the Celebrity Infinity, ok we didn't get off but we saved $thousands by not doing so.


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Q: Como montar um combo dinâmico com angular 5? Estou tentando montar um combo dinâmico com Angular, porém não estou tendo sucesso, eu conseguir implementar com valores estáticos, mas não tive sucesso quando fui adaptar-lo com minha API Java que tem conexão com o banco de dados.
O meu objetivo é ao carregar um dropdown list de um estado do brasil ele possa carregar automaticamente o segundo dropdown list das cidades do brasil correspondente aquele estado do brasil que foi selecionado no primeiro dropdown list.
OBS: os dados que estão no meu banco de dados local eu inserir as cidade e estados com insert no banco.
Através do facebook encontrei esse exemplo de combo dinâmico com dados estáticos para entenderem o que preciso:
O efeito prático está nos 21 minutos e 38 segundos desse vídeo.
Angular 5 - Select Dinâmico
O exemplo com dados estáticos está tendo esse tipo de retorno;
 this.cidadesService.buscarEstados().subscribe(result => {
      console.log(this.estados = result);
    });

Ficou assim;

E com cidades ficou assim;
 buscarCidades() {
    this.cidadesService.buscarCidadePorUF(
      this.uf)
      .subscribe(result => {
        console.log(this.estados = result);
      });
  }

Ficou assim:

E assim:

O repositório com dados estático dicou assim, Clique Aqui
Beleza mas quando fui adaptar-lo para pega dados da minha API Java não tive sucesso, é essa mensagem de erro que está dando.

Meu componente ficou assim;
import { Estado, Cidade } from './../../core/model';
import { CidadesService } from './../cidades.service';
import { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
  selector: 'app-cidades-pesquisa',
  templateUrl: './cidades-pesquisa.component.html',
  styleUrls: ['./cidades-pesquisa.component.css']
})
export class CidadesPesquisaComponent implements OnInit {

 codigo: string;
 cidadePorEstado: string;

  estados = new Estado();
  cidades = new Cidade();

   constructor(
     private cidadesService: CidadesService
     ) { }

  ngOnInit() {

    this.cidadesService
    .buscarEstados()
    .subscribe(result => this.estados = result);

    this.pesquisarCidades();
    this.pesquisarEstado();

  }

  pesquisarCidades() {
    this.cidadesService.listarTodasCidades()
    .then(() => null);
  }

  pesquisarEstado() {
    this.cidadesService.listarTodosEstados()
    .then(() => null);
  }

buscarCidades() {
    this.cidadesService.buscarCidadePorUF(
      this.codigo)
      .subscribe(result => this.cidades = result);
  }

}

O serviço ficou assim:
import { Cidade, Estado } from './../core/model';
import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
import { Http, URLSearchParams, Headers } from '@angular/http';
import { Observable } from 'rxjs/Observable';
import 'rxjs/add/observable/of';

@Injectable()
export class CidadesService {

  cidadesUrl = 'http://localhost:8080/cidades';
  estadosUrl = 'http://localhost:8080/cidades/estados';

  constructor(private http: Http) { }

  listarTodasCidades(): Promise<any> {
    return this.http.get(this.cidadesUrl)
      .toPromise()
      .then(response => response.json());
  }

  listarTodosEstados(): Promise<any> {
    return this.http.get(this.estadosUrl)
      .toPromise()
      .then(response => response.json());
  }

  buscarEstados(): Observable<any> {
    return Observable.of([
      this.listarTodosEstados()
     ]);
  }

  buscarCidadePorUF(codigo: string): Observable<any> {
    if (codigo === 'codigo_estado') {
      return Observable.of([
       this.listarTodasCidades()
      ]);
    } else {

    return Observable.of([ ]);
    }
  }

}

E minha pagina ficou assim;

  <select name="estado" id="estado" [(ngModel)]="codigo" (change)="buscarCidades()">
    <option *ngFor="let estado of estados" [value]="estado.codigo">{{estado.nome}}</option>
  </select>

  <select name="cidade" id="cidade" [(ngModel)]="cidadePorEstado">
    <option *ngFor="let cidade of cidades" [value]="cidade.cidadePorEstado">{{cidade.nome}}</option>
  </select>

 UF Selecionada: {{codigo}}

 IBGE Selecionado: {{cidadePorEstado}}

Eu fiz uns teste e minha API Angular está conseguindo o GET do estado e das cidades veja;
  listarTodasCidades(): Promise<any> {
    return this.http.get(this.cidadesUrl)
      .toPromise()
      .then(response => {
        console.log(response.json());
      });
  }

Ficou assim:

E de Estados:
  listarTodosEstados(): Promise<any> {
    return this.http.get(this.estadosUrl)
      .toPromise()
      .then(response => {
        console.log(response.json());
      });
  }

ficou assim;

Percebe que ele está chamando duas vezes;
O meu repositório está assim, Clique aqui
Não sei como resolver esse problema, aceito sugestões;
Meu banco de dados ficou assim:
cidades

Estado

============ATUALIZAÇÃO=======================
Fui orientado a fazer as seguintes modificações;
O componente:
import { Estado, Cidade } from './../../core/model';
import { CidadesService } from './../cidades.service';
import { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
  selector: 'app-cidades-pesquisa',
  templateUrl: './cidades-pesquisa.component.html',
  styleUrls: ['./cidades-pesquisa.component.css']

})
export class CidadesPesquisaComponent implements OnInit {

  codigo: string;
  cidadePorEstado: string;

  estados: Estado[] = [];
  cidades: Cidade[] = [];

  constructor(
    private cidadesService: CidadesService
  ) { }

  ngOnInit() {

    // Aqui vc só precisa chamar a consulta de estados para carregar o select de estado e
    // a pesquisa de cidade só deve ocorrer no change do select de estado
    this.cidadesService
      .buscarEstados()
      .subscribe(result => this.estados = result);

    // então esses dois métodos não existe
    // this.pesquisarCidades();
    // this.pesquisarEstado();

  }

  /*

  Não precisa desses métodos
  pesquisarCidades() {
    this.cidadesService.listarTodasCidades()
      .then(() => null);
  }

  pesquisarEstado() {
    this.cidadesService.listarTodosEstados()
      .then(() => null);
  }*/

  buscarCidades() {
    this.cidadesService.buscarCidadePorUF(this.codigo)
      .subscribe(result => this.cidades = result);
  }

}

O serviço;
import { Cidade, Estado } from './../core/model';
import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
import { Http, URLSearchParams, Headers } from '@angular/http';
import { Observable } from 'rxjs/Observable';

@Injectable()
export class CidadesService {

  cidadesUrl = 'http://localhost:8080/cidades';
  estadosUrl = 'http://localhost:8080/cidades/estados';

  constructor(private http: Http) { }

  buscarEstados(): Observable<any> {
    return this.http.get(this.estadosUrl);
  }

  buscarCidadePorUF(codigo: string): Observable<any> {
    // Aqui seu endpoint tem que receber o parâmetro codigo do estado e já retornar filtrado, ficaria assim:
    return this.http.get(`${this.cidadesUrl}&codigoEstado=${codigo}`);

    // Agora cara seu endpoint não estiver preparado para filtrar as cidades por estado vc usa o código abaixo e la no seu componente de cidades-pesquisa vc tem que filtrar por estado;
    //return this.http.get(this.cidadesUrl);
  }

}

Estou enfrentando o seguinte erro:

Veja mais detalhe:

Então descobrir que meu problema erra esse:
EXCEPTION: Response with status: 200 Ok for URL:
Então encontrei esse site para resolver meu problema:
How to use Angular 2 JSONP
Por causa disso resolvi instalar-lo com o comando abaixo;
  npm install jsonp

Veja o código antes:
import { Cidade, Estado } from './../core/model';
import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
import { Http, URLSearchParams, Headers } from '@angular/http';
import { Observable } from 'rxjs/Observable';

@Injectable()
export class CidadesService {

  cidadesUrl = 'http://localhost:8080/cidades';
  estadosUrl = 'http://localhost:8080/cidades/estados';

  constructor(private http: Http) { }

  buscarEstados(): Observable<any> {
    return this.http.get(this.estadosUrl);
  }

  buscarCidadePorUF(codigo: string): Observable<any> {
    // Aqui seu endpoint tem que receber o parâmetro codigo do estado e já retornar filtrado, ficaria assim:
    return this.http.get(`${this.cidadesUrl}&codigoEstado=${codigo}`);

    // Agora cara seu endpoint não estiver preparado para filtrar as cidades por estado vc usa o código abaixo e la no seu componente de cidades-pesquisa vc tem que filtrar por estado;
    //return this.http.get(this.cidadesUrl);
  }

}

E o código depois da modificação:
import { Cidade, Estado } from './../core/model';
import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
import { Http, URLSearchParams, Headers, Jsonp } from '@angular/http';// modificação foi aqui!
import { Observable } from 'rxjs/Observable';

@Injectable()
export class CidadesService {

  cidadesUrl = 'http://localhost:8080/cidades';
  estadosUrl = 'http://localhost:8080/cidades/estados';

  constructor(private jsonp: Jsonp) { }// modificação foi aqui!

  buscarEstados(): Observable<any> {
    return this.jsonp.get(this.estadosUrl);// modificação foi aqui!
  }

  buscarCidadePorUF(codigo: string): Observable<any> {
    return this.jsonp.get(`${this.cidadesUrl}&codigoEstado=${codigo}`); // modificação foi aqui!

  }

}

Ai ele gerou esse outro erro:

Pelo que eu entendi, posso está enganado, ele quer que eu mude de HttpModule para JsonpModule, mas se eu fizer isso vou ter que alterar o meu projeto todo que usar HttpModule, é meio complicado porque meu projeto está um pouco grande.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


When an M96/M97 engined Porsche is cornered hard and fast, the oil in the sump will creep up the pan's vertical walls, leaving the pickup tubes sucking air and thus starving the engine for oil.
The technoSump will keep the oil pickup points completely submerged in oil allowing the pumps to lubricate the engine properly by adding 2 full quarts to the oil sump's capacity and by introducing a specially designed horizontal stainless steel dam.
It is a simple DIY installation and a complete kit which includes everything even the anaerobic gasket maker.
Fits all Boxsters and Caymans as well as 996 and 997 Carreras.
This kit is recommended for track-only vehicles as ground clearance could become an issue with regular city driving due to the extension of the oil pan.


In 1850, when California was admitted as the 31st state in the union, California was 29th most populous state (only Delaware and Florida had fewer people). In 1963, California became the most populous state in the United States by surpassing the New York state.
Portuguese-born João Rodrigues Cabrilho and his chief pilot Bartolomé Ferrelo were the first Europeans to explore the coast of the present state of California. Sailing for Spain, Cabrilho left in June of 1542 from Navidad on the west coast of Mexico and proceeded north. He reached San Diego Bay in September, becoming the first European to set foot in what is today the state of California. He continued north along the California coast but died in January 1543 from an infection resulting from a broken arm.
A mythical island paradise called California, inhabited only by beautiful Amazon warriors using gold tools and weapons and ruled by Queen Calafia was the setting for a popular Spanish novel, Las sergas de Esplandián, published in July 1510. Early Spanish explorers believed that present-day California was an island ruled by Amazon women and they named it California.
In 1848, Mexico ceded a vast territory, including present-day California, to the United States. In 1849, Californians sought statehood and, after heated debate in the U.S. Congress arising out of the slavery issue, California entered the Union as a free, non-slavery state by the Compromise of 1850. California became the 31st state on September 9, 1850.
California is the only state that has hosted both the Summer and Winter Olympics. Los Angeles hosted Summer Olympics twice (1932 and 1984) and Squaw Valley near Lake Tahoe hosted Winter Olympics in 1960. Summer Olympic Games in 2028 are scheduled to be held in Los Angeles, California. Successful hosting of 2028 Summer Olympics would make Los Angeles the second city in the world (after London, UK) to host Summer Olympics three times.
California is the first state ever to become a trillion dollar economy in gross state product.
In 2015, it surpassed France to become sixth-largest economy in the world.
Hollywood, California is home to world's largest movie industry by revenue. It is based in Hollywood partly because movie makers were trying to get away from Thomas Edison (based in New Jersey). He had patents covering virtually the entire movie-making process, but the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in California was known to rule against patent claims.
World's first McDonald's restaurant opened in San Bernardino, California.
By value, California is the world's fifth-largest supplier of food. California produces over 90% of the USA's supply of raisins, rice, pomegranates, dried plums, ladino clover seed, clingstone peaches, artichokes, figs, and pistachios.
California's Mount Whitney measures as the highest peak in the lower 48 states. Its most famous climb is Mount Whitney Trail to the 14,495 feet summit.
Methuselah, a bristlecone pine tree from California's the White Mountains, is the oldest non-clonal continuously standing tree in the world. It's estimated to be 4,650 years old!
San Bernardino County is the largest county in the United States in terms of land area. Its area is larger than the combined area of the states of New Jersey, Connecticut, Delaware and Rhode Island!
California is the biggest milk producing state in the US. It accounts for about 20% of the United States' milk production. California is ranked first in the U.S. in the production of total milk, butter, ice cream, nonfat dry milk, and whey protein concentrate. California is second in cheese production.
California is the largest producer of almonds in the world. The Golden State produces over 80% of the global production of almonds!
San Francisco Bay is the world's largest landlocked harbor.
A landmark along Highway 99 (State Route 99), the palm and pine trees, mark the center of California—the pine representing the beautiful landscape of Northern California and the palm representing the sunshine of Southern California.
The mineral benitoite can be found in California, Japan, and Arkansas, but only San Benito County, California, has it in gemstone-quality deposits. The California State Gem Mine in Coalinga allows the public to dig and take home a quart-sized bag of treasure.
California's most famous for its Gold Rush which began in 1848, but it also had a Silver Rush in the Calico Mountains from 1881 to 1896.
California produces about 60% of peaches harvested in the USA. Palmetto State (South Carolina) is a distant second with about 15%. Peach State (Georgia) produces about 13% of Peaches harvested in the USA!
California is the largest grape and wine producing state in the United States. In 1839, Kentuckian William Wolfskill planted the state's first table grape vineyard in the Mexican colonial pueblo now known as Los Angeles. Today, over 99 percent of grapes commercially grown in the United States come from California. With over 85 varieties grown, California grapes come in three colors – green, red and black.
California accounts for about half of fruit acreage in the USA. California is the largest producer of grapes, strawberries, peaches, nectarines, kiwifruit, prunes, plums, dates, avocados, lemons, tangerines, garlic, and onion.
General Sherman, We Salute You!
The avocado was introduced from Mexico to California in the 19th century and has become a successful cash crop. Currently, more than 95% of United States' avocado production comes from California. Fallbrook is nicknamed "Avocado Capital of the World" and both Fallbrook and Carpinteria host annual avocado festivals.
The bear on the current flag of California was modeled on the last Californian grizzly bear in captivity. The bear, named "Monarch", was captured in 1889 by newspaper reporter Allen Kelley, at the behest of William Randolph Hearst.
Castroville is known as the 'Artichoke Center of the World'. In 1948, Hollywood star Marilyn Monroe was crowned Castroville's first honorary Artichoke Queen. Castroville Artichoke Festival is held every year in May and features colorful parades and live music.
California joined the United States with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the Mexican-American War, in 1848. The U.S. paid Mexico $15 million for war damages. In turn, Mexico ceded nearly half of its territory, including California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and parts of Colorado, Nevada, and Utah. California officially became a state (the 31st) in 1850.
San Jose was the first capital city of the state of California. Founded in 1777, San Jose was the first incorporated city in the state and it served as the capital of the state from November 13, 1849 to May 1, 1851.
Santa Clara Valley, located at the southern end of San Francisco Bay, was an agricultural paradise until 1960s. Its many fruit orchards earned it the initial nickname, the Valley of Heart's Delight. In 1968, Intel built its first silicon chip factory in the valley. The term Silicon Valley was coined by journalist Don Hoefler in 1971. He used it as the title of a series of articles "Silicon Valley USA" in a weekly trade newspaper Electronic News which started with the January 11, 1971 issue. Silicon Valley has created mind-boggling amounts of wealth. Entire industries have been invented here. Smartphones, search engines, cloud computing and cars that drive themselves are designed here.
Beauty Ranch, also known as the Ranch of Good Intentions, Sonoma Mountain in Glen Ellen, California was a favorite retreat of Jack London.
Jack London's Beauty Ranch is the legacy of London's passion for the land. The Cottage, the Winery Ruin, the Silos, Barns and Pig Palace are remnants of Jack and Charmian London's life on the ranch. Combined with great scenic beauty and many miles of hiking and riding trails, the park attracts fans of the writer and nature lovers year round. In 1905 London bought the first of several ranches on Sonoma Mountain in Glen Ellen, California. Using proceeds from his prolific writing career London acquired adjoining parcels over several years and expanded his ranch, also known as the Ranch of Good Intentions. By 1913 London owned 1400 acres on the slopes of the mountain and by 1916 employed nearly fifty workers building, farming, and tending prize livestock.
California is such an important nut-growing region that it has four official state nuts: the almond, the walnut, the pistachio, and the pecan. California grows eight out of ten almonds eaten in the world, 99% of the commercial walnuts in the United States (and 3/4 of the world's supply), and 98% of the pistachios in the United States. Pecans are the only nut of the group native to the United States, and while they still constitute a small portion of California's nut industry, they are growing in importance.


text:
SOCIAL WATCH
poverty eradication and gender justice
National coalitions
Watchers publications
Statistics publications
SW news
Echoes in the press
Monitoring Commitments
Millennium Declaration
World Summit for Social Development
World Conference on Women
SW in the World
Global Interactive Map
Large scale mining: unsustainable development on and on
In Ecuador's new constitution, which came into force in October 2008, the State's most important duty is to respect and enforce the population's human rights on the collective as well as the individual level. Besides this, the constitution also recognizes the rights of nature itself, or Pachamama. However, in spite of this most encouraging gesture, nothing has changed and the country is still wedded to an economic model based on mining and oil extraction.
BCI & GEI 2011
More on BCI
More on GEI
Rights versus extractivism in Ecuador
Published on Mon, 2018-10-01 08:42
Civil society organizations from Ecuador have brought to the attention of human rights bodies several cases of conflict between extractive industries and indigenous communities. In August 2017, the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination was urged to investigate the situation of several families from the Shuar community displaced unlawfully by the copper mining project San Carlos Panantza in the Amazon region. Four Amazonian provinces (Napo, Orellana, Pastaza and Morona Santiago) are affected by oil explorations over a total surface of four million hectares. The Center on Economic and Social Rights (CESR) is concerned that the consultation process with hundreds of indigenous communities in that huge area has not been conducted properly.
WTO must host a special debate on financial regulations, 112 CSOs demand
Published on Fri, 2012-09-28 10:55
WTO headquarters in Geneva.
(Photo: WTO)
A statement signed by 112 major civil society organizations, which represent hundreds of millions of people in more than 160 countries, supports an Ecuador's proposal for a special World Trade Organization (WTO) session to review the current scholarship and opinion at the international level on the compatibility of its rules with robust financial regulations. The initiative will be discussed at the WTO's Committee on Trade in Financial Services on Oct. 1.
Centro de Derechos Económicos y Sociales (CDES)
Reports from Ecuador
2012 - Large scale mining: unsustainable development on and on
2006 - Oil exploitation versus citizens rights
2005 - Oil prosperity and citizen poverty
2003 - Adjustments, debt and privatisations: what will become of our rights?
Human Rights International Treaties
ILO Conventions
C 87 C 98 C 105 C 100 C 111 C 138 C 182
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