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Why the Present Matters: The Importance of Community Outreach and Public Engagement in Archaeology
The authors with [Reef Radio TV Productions] host, Eiden Salazar and Camera Tech, Kainie Manuel, after being interviewed on the Good Morning San Pedro Show. Courtesy of Tracie Mayfield.
But it is more important — because more humanizing — for us to understand the actors of the past in their full complexity and humanity, just as we would like to be appraised by future historians. Straw men and cardboard women are unworthy subjects and incapable of teaching us anything of value.
– James Axtell (1992) [1]
Archaeologists seek to understand the past through material, biological and documentary remains. These remains include buildings, objects from everyday life — food waste, plates, bottles, etc. — burials, newspapers, diaries, art and statuary. The list goes on and on. But even though humans leave behind many clues to how they live/d their everyday lives, those clues frequently are not enough to understand much more than what people ate, what their houses looked like, how they were buried and the kinds of technology they interacted with on a daily basis.
Ceramic artifacts recovered from the San Pedro site, Ambergris Caye, Belize during the 2017 field season, dating from the early 1800s through the 1880s. Courtesy of Tracie Mayfield.
Archaeologists must find ways to verify, add to and challenge information gleaned from archaeological excavations to create a better understanding of the daily lives of past peoples. It is one thing to know what kinds of plates people who lived as slaves during the Colonial period in the Americas used, but it is another to understand the experiences of people who lived as slaves during the Colonial period. The latter is a much more meaningful use of archaeology — to expose not only the materials of the past, but how individuals and groups navigated life and made decisions during a particular era depending on their economic, gendered, social, political and racial status.
Faunal remains recovered from the San Pedro site, Ambergris Caye, Belize during field season 2017. Courtesy of Tracie Mayfield.
One way to add value to archaeological interpretations is by seeking input from the local communities where archaeologists work to better understand recovered archaeological remains and to better understand how history is used by and is important to these communities. The past is not a static entity, just sitting there, stuck in time, unchanging. History is an active player in the present. Individuals and groups use history to establish power, argue for change or continuity, rationalize wars and genocide and present a particular way of life as "natural" or the "way things have always been." Equally important, history tends to be silent with regard to those who do not have the modes and means of recording "their" histories (for example, people who cannot read and write). Archaeologists must strive to look at the past holistically and recognize the limitations of relying only on materials created in the past.
Modern humans should think of the past as "virtual reality"— a world based on real places, actual things and the written word but not a complete reality because we simply do not have enough information to construct such a world. Archaeological interpretations are based on amalgamations of information that are, unfortunately, rife with blind spots and unknowns. Just think about what you leave behind. Is what you throw away really representative of your whole life? Would a future archaeologist understand your particular experience in the 21st century from only your trash and your burial?
View of the San Pedro site, Ambergris Caye from the top floor of the Hostel La Vista, 2017. Courtesy of Tracie Mayfield.
Although many archaeological excavations are carried out far from cities and towns, just as many digs are conducted in populated areas, which are still currently in active use, often in much the same ways as they were in the past. During the summer of 2017, we excavated a site in San Pedro Town, on Ambergris Caye in Belize with students from the University of North Carolina, Wilmington. Our excavations were located in the front yard of a hostel, across the street from the main port and town square. San Pedro Town is an active, vibrant place with homes, restaurants, hotels, shops and food vendors who set up stalls that waft delicious smells around 5:00 each evening.
View of the San Pedro site, Ambergris Caye from the top floor of the Hostel La Vista, 2017 with views of the port, town square, and local businesses. Courtesy of Tracie Mayfield.
The site had originally been excavated in the 1980s, and we returned in 2017 to research the site further. The San Pedro Maya site has been continuously occupied for around 800 years, originally by the Maya and later by Spanish and British colonists seeking their fortunes in the New World, post-1492. Artifacts recovered in 2017 run the gambit from Maya objects (e.g., fishing weights, obsidian blades and ceramics); British materials such as medicine bottles, tobacco pipes and factory-produced tableware; and modern materials (e.g., safety glass, plastic water bottles and tile flooring).
Modern artifacts recovered from San Pedro Town, Ambergis Caye, Belize during field season 2017. Courtesy of Tracie Mayfield.
Our work was carried out in full view of anyone passing by, and we wanted to invite the public to ask questions and engage in our research, so, among other things, we reached out to local newspapers and television. During the field season, we were interviewed on the Good Morning, San Pedro television show and were featured in the two local newspapers: Ambergris Today and the San Pedro Sun [2].
The results of these interactions with local media were immediate. The same day we did the morning show, three to four people stopped by to see what we were doing. Each of those people had seen artifacts similar to those we had excavated on their property and knew someone they were going to send over to take a look, as well. We got leads on previously unidentified sites and were informed of community members who might be able to answer some of our questions. Because the San Pedro Maya site had been settled for at least 800 years, not only were we able to glean information about the deep past, we were able to make better interpretations about the site's later Colonial and modern history, as well. For example, just after breaking ground, we unexpectedly came across a modern concrete slab. The current owners of the property did not know about the slab and there were no records of a structure in that area. After asking around for a few weeks, we found out there had been a shaman's shack at that location. A local herbalist (not uncommon in Central America) had set up shop in the main square for a period of time about 40 years prior, just as many merchants had done for hundreds of years before and continue to do today.
Unexpected concrete slab excavated during 2017 excavations. Courtesy of Tracie Mayfield.
The new leads and answers to some of the mysteries we had uncovered excited not only the local public, but our students as well. It was a boon for our field experience to connect with local people, whose history we were studying and, in many ways, whose history we now share because our work as archaeologists becomes part of the local historical legacy.
Good science looks for and uses multiple lines of evidence. Relying only on excavated materials and historical documents can lead to false assumptions and a focus on one segment of the population, the most visible one. For example, when excavating plantations, a large percentage of the artifacts, structures and documents represent the experience and behaviors of the white, elite planter class. Most slaves did not read or write and their homes were made of less robust materials than the main plantation house and, thus, are frequently lost to time and decay.
However, this does not mean those histories are lost. Stories and oral histories are passed down from generation to generation, so finding people whose families have a long local tenure can bring to light evidence unavailable from other types of data. Many times, local informants do not even realize how much they know. Stories of the meals their grandmothers made compared to what is eaten now shed light on animals that might no longer be available wild locally or pinpoint when other culture groups immigrated to the area (e.g., an influx of Chinese labor in the 1800s introduced rice noodles into the local cuisine). A seemingly insignificant comment, such as "when I was a kid, the beach went out about 100 yards more and the school was located out there," gives archaeologists an idea of how a landscape and the movement of people have changed over time. Local informants are a direct line to real, lived histories and, thus, should be consulted and considered an extremely valuable resource.
2017 First day of excavations at the San Pedro site, Ambergris Caye, Belize in the front yard of Hostel La Vista. Courtesy of Tracie Mayfield.
Engaging with the public brings cultural changes and continuities to light. As mentioned earlier, the same types of activities have been taking place at the San Pedro Maya site for hundreds of years. The port is a place where people gather, sell things and spend pleasant evenings enjoying the sea breezes. Knowing this changes how archaeologists experience a site, contemporarily, and enriches our interpretations of the lives of past peoples.
In archaeology, a horizon is a distinctive trait or set of traits (cultural, material, environmental) that connote an era different from what came before and after. For example, control of fire by humans. After fire could be controlled, human settlements began to look very different because they were now, generally, organized around hearths.
Communicating with the public can help identify past and even future horizons. For example, at Lamanai (an inland Maya site in Belize), a number of Christian burials were discovered within two Spanish colonial period churches (approximately 1540s–1640s) during excavations in the mid-1980s. These were assumed to be of Spanish origin. However, an informant was located who had family ties to Guatemalan squatters who lived at Lamanai after fleeing widespread discord in 1917. The owners of the property chased off the squatters that same year, but the informant along with his family and others moved back to Lamanai to farm what he believed to be his family's land in 1973 [3]. He told the researchers that his grandfather and others from the early 20th-century village, which existed for only about a decade, had used the Spanish church for burials because "the villagers knew the featureless mound to be consecrated ground that had been used as a cemetery in [the 20th century]." [4] This was known solely through oral transmission and traditions until the 1980s excavations. Knowing that a specific group was present at the site (and when they were present at the site), even if only for a short period, deepens archaeologists' understanding of the site's contexts over time and allows for a more precise timeline.
A typical Sunday BBQ plate from a vendor in San Pedro Town. The same things, other than a change from wild pigs to domestic pigs and from deer to cow, have been prepared and eaten in the same location for over 800 years. Courtesy of Tracie Mayfield.
Local informants can also assist in identifying very recent or future horizons. For example, local people might know about changes to infrastructure, like a main port being moved to a new location, which would change the movement of people and goods and ultimately affect the archaeological record. While having a locally made beer after the day's field work in San Pedro Town, we noted that each bottle was served with a small beverage napkin wrapped around the mouth and neck. We later learned that, until a few years ago, the bottle caps used would transfer rust to the mouth of the bottles. So napkins were served with the beer to wipe off the rust. The napkins are no longer needed now that a different style of crown cap is used, but they are still included simply because it is the way things have been done for many years.
Salvadoran food from a restaurant in San Pedro Town. During wars and times of stress, people from El Salvador frequently immigrate to Belize and have for over 150 years. Salvadoran food has become prevalent in many parts of the country, just as Mexican and Chinese food in the United States. Courtesy of Tracie Mayfield.
For archaeologists, knowing bottle cap technology changed at a specific time can help us date artifact assemblages and add depth and breadth to interpretations. Even though beers are still being served with a napkin, the bottle caps themselves make their way into the archaeological record and the change is visible to archaeologists. Without the oral record, however, we might never know why the change was made in the first place. The artifactual horizon (e.g., when and why bottle cap technology changed) and the cultural horizon (e.g., serving beers with a napkin) may be different, adding nuance and complexity to archaeological interpretations.
Another reason for archaeologists to reach out to the public is to inspire locals to protect and utilize cultural materials (heritage management) when archaeologists' work has been completed, for example, by discouraging looting. Looting is a persistent, ongoing issue in most archaeologically rich regions, and it is more complicated than just "bad people" digging up artifacts and selling them on the black market. Many times, such activity is the only way to make enough money to feed one's family in an economically depressed area. By working with and educating the local public, archaeologists can help develop sustainable ways for local individuals and groups to make a living by keeping sites intact and focusing on tourism instead of one-time sales of artifacts that will then be gone forever.
Local informant overseeing excavations during the 2017 field season. Courtesy of Tracie Mayfield.
Engaging with the public, especially schoolchildren, also encourages up-and-coming local talent. Several Belize nationals have earned advanced degrees and now hold key positions in the Belize Institute of Archaeology, and we hope more will do the same in the future. It is also beneficial to link up with local people already working on cultural and historical resources. In Belize, archaeologists are frequently assisted by Jan Brown. Brown is the Founder and Chairman of the Board of the Marco Gonzalez Maya Site, a Belizean nonprofit organization based near San Pedro Town [5]. She not only promotes and maintains the Marco Gonzalez site, but also assists archaeologists working all over Belize. She helps facilitate working relationships between locals and international researchers, rallies local businesses to participate in site preservation and public outreach, gives advice on where to locate supplies and hire assistants and field technicians and even shows up in her golf cart to carry us and our equipment around when needed. Brown and people like her are an invaluable resource for reaching the public and adding value to archaeologists' work.
Author, Scott E. Simmons, with Jan Brown [Founder and Chairman of the Board for the Marco Gonzalez Archaeological Site, Ambergris Caye, Belize] at the Runway bar and restaurant, San Pedro Town, Ambergris Caye, Belize. Courtesy of Tracie Mayfield.
Significantly, engaging with the local public makes fieldwork more meaningful for the researchers. Archaeologists and their students have the opportunity to actually live in the places they study. Archaeology is visceral (and dirty!) work, and having outlets to share findings and meet the people whose ancestry we are researching is invaluable and ultimately deepens the research experience for all those involved in excavations and archaeological research.
Ultimately, public outreach should be geared toward different groups using a variety of methods and mediums. Generally, local publics can be informed about current and ongoing archaeology though local media. Making contact with media before or soon after arriving on site generates interest and attracts local informants. In addition, developing relationships with key people already involved in local cultural history and historical preservation will always be a boon to archaeologists' work.
Student taking notes in an excavation unit during the 2017 field season. Courtesy of Tracie Mayfield.
Tourism is an important aspect of developing, funding and maintaining archaeological sites. Working with local tourism boards and business owners, therefore, should be a component of archaeological investigations. Tourism boards, community leaders and Chambers of Commerce can also be engaged by encouraging them to voice the kinds of questions they would like answered and how they would like to use information and artifacts after research is completed, for example, asking how to organize museum exhibits or asking for research into a rumor about a specific location that might add intrigue and attract visitors to the area who would, in turn, spend money at restaurants, shops and hotels (e.g., "I can't find any information about it, but people around here say this used to be a secret brothel that Al Capone would visit"). It is unlikely archaeologists could tie Al Capone to a location he might have visited in secret, but knowing the site may have been a brothel would alert archaeologists to be on the lookout for artifacts that would confirm or deny the oral history.
Looters are an unfortunate aspect of the archaeological universe. As mentioned earlier, people who need to make a living are sometimes forced to resort to selling artifacts. Part of an archaeologist's job is to help local people understand that a living can be made by opening museums, charging site entrance fees and building an infrastructure that caters to national and international tourists alike (e.g., hotels, restaurants, transportation, etc.). Instead of ostracizing individuals who sell artifacts, archaeologists could work with them and try to gain their trust enough that they would help archaeologists identify unknown sites and the materials found there, even if those materials ultimately disappear into the black market. Some data are better than no data.
Scott E. Simmons [left] with Jan Brown [Founder and Chairman of the Board for the Marco Gonzalez Archaeological Site, Ambergris Caye, Belize] with artifact samples being interviewed on Good Morning San Pedro [Reef Radio TV Productions] by host, Eiden Salazar (right). Courtesy of Tracie Mayfield.
Last, specific outreach should be geared toward school-age children and young adults. Archaeologists are usually outsiders in the communities where they excavate, so mentoring and facilitating the next generation of scholars and patrons of culture history from the local population adds depth and breadth to current and future research.
The authors with field season 2017 archaeology students from the University of North Carolina, Wilmington. Courtesy of Tracie Mayfield.
The academic and personal outcomes of community engagement and public outreach are always worth the time and effort. Archaeologists must get out, lean in and listen to what people have to say. There are many ways to begin the process of engaging with the public, such as going out to restaurants, shopping near the site, making friends at local bars and reaching out to school teachers and administrators. Archaeologists must always be ready to stop and talk to anyone who visits the site and must prepare their students to do the same. Our job is two-fold: study the site's past and understand what that past means to the people who still experience that same landscape in present times.
Archaeology students processing artifacts in 2017. Courtesy of Tracie Mayfield.
Photos by Tracie Mayfield.
1. James Axtell, Beyond 1492 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), ix.
2. https://www.ambergristoday.com/news/2017/06/13/maya-findings-downtown-san-pedro-archaeological-students-conduct-digs; https://www.sanpedrosun.com/arts-culture/2017/06/15/archaeology-students-conduct-four-week-excavation-san-pedro-maya-site/.
3. David Pendergst, "The Historical Content of Oral Tradition: A Case from Belize," The Journal of American Folklore 101, no. 401(1988): 321–324.
4. Pendergst, "Historical Content of Oral Tradition," 322.
5. http://www.marcogonzalezmayasite.com/.
Suggestions for Further Reading
Bloch, Marc. The Historican's Craft: Reflections on the Nature and Uses of History and the Techniques and Methods of Those Who Write It. Translated by Peter Putnam. New York: Vintage Books, 1953 (1943).
Connerton, Paul. How Societies Remember. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1989.
Halbwachs, Maurice. On Collective Memory. Translated by Lewis A. Coser. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1992 (1952).
Iggers, Georg G. Historiography in the Twentieth Century: From Scientific Objectivity to the Post-modern Challenge. Middleton, CT: Wesleyan Uni- versity Press, 1997.
Little, Barbara. Historical Archaeology: Why the Past Matters. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press, 2007.
Trouillot, Michel-Rolph. Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History. Boston: Beacon Press, 2015 (1995).
Shackel, Paul A., and Erve J. Chambers (eds.). Places in Mind: Public Archaeology as Applied Anthropology. New York: Routledge, 2004.
Tracie Mayfield has been working in Belize since 2009. She is a broadly trained (four-field), anthropological archaeologist, with specialization in zooarchaeology, currently focused on British colonialism in the Western Caribbean. In particular, she is interested in plantation and extractive industry sites. While much of her research output is focused on post-Columbian anthropological archaeology in the New World, her research and teaching milieu is much broader and relies heavily on knowledge of pre-Columbian history and material culture. Her academic studies, research foci and teaching theory and methods rely on a holistic and longue durée view in order to more fully understand the history of the Americas. Dr. Mayfield is a lecturer at the University of Southern California.
Scott E. Simmons is an archaeologist who studies craft specialization and production processes, archaeometallurgy and ancient political and domestic economies, with a particular focus on the coastal Maya. He received a Bachelor of Arts in anthropology from the State University of New York at Plattsburgh, a Master of Arts in Historical Archaeology from the University of Massachusetts-Boston and a doctorate in anthropology from the University of Colorado, Boulder. He conducts fieldwork primarily in Belize and has worked in El Salvador, Wales and various parts of the United States. He is principal investigator of the Ambergris Caye Archaeological Project II in Belize, where he is investigating coastal Maya trade as well as island and mainland interaction spheres. Scott is a professor of archaeology and has taught anthropology and archaeology courses since 2001 at the University of North Carolina Wilmington. He is a senior honorary research associate at the Institute of Archaeology, University College London.
paris says:
Hi there! I am using you article for a short essay and was wondering who the credited authours are? A full SAA citation would be great if you could provide that info as well!


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Create a one-of-a-kind wine glasses with this simple and personalized DIY. These etched wine glasses are the perfect gift and an easy DIY. Customize your wine glasses in your own unique way and don't worry it's dishwasher safe. So let's get started!
Step 1: Wash the wine glasses with dish soap and warm water. Then dry.
Step 2: Apply adhesive stencil to the wine glass.
Step 3: Using a small paint brush, apply a thick layer of etching cream (you shouldn't be able to see the glass in the area you are applying the cream).
Step 4: Wait 15 minutes.
Step 5: Then rinse glass in warm water (from the top down) to remove all etching cream, and then remove stencil. Let the wine glass air dry or use lint-free cloth to pat dry.
Step 6: Pour a glass of Bricoleur wine and enjoy!


A respected economic think tank is urging support for Westport police union members and cautioning against the negative impact of efforts to scale back pension benefits.
In a blog post published by the Economic Policy Institute of Washington, D.C., staff economist Monique Morrissey said the national trend for slashing benefits could prove harmful in Westport, where the police union, Local 2080 of AFSCME Council 4, is in pension arbitration with the town.
"Why would Westport mess with a system that works? The police department is tiny and the town can easily afford the benefits. In the 2015-2016 fiscal year, spending on police pensions amounted to just 1.2 percent of the town's revenues, so even drastic benefit cuts wouldn't noticeably affect anyone's tax bill. Westport's property tax rate is already among the lowest in the state, though taxes are high in dollar terms as would be expected for a wealthy town in a high cost of living area," Morrissey writes.
Morrissey notes that Westport police officers do not receive Social Security and do not have overtime factored into their final pensions. She frames efforts to reduce Westport police pensions as part of "an ideological campaign" to get rid of pensions in favor of riskier 401(k)-style savings plans. It's the kind of campaign, she warns, that could backfire as municipalities start to restore benefits in an effort to prevent losing experienced officers.
"The 64 members of the Westport police department, who signed on for what they thought was a career of public service that would be rewarded with a secure retirement, may still pay a price, unless the citizens of Westport realize that that the police force they have come to rely on may be torn apart by shortsighted pension 'reforms,'" Morrissey observes.
Click here to read Morrissey's full blog piece.


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text:
Henningson to Razzle Dazzle 'Em
York College senior Nolan Henningson will present a concert of classical favorites and musical theatre standards at his senior recital Saturday, October 1 at 8:00 p.m. in the campus Prayer Chapel. This performance is free and open to the public. No tickets or reservations are necessary.
The concert will feature modern selections as well as music of the Impressionist and Romantic Periods. Henningson will perform in four languages and numerous styles, with pieces by Mendelssohn, Debussy, and Donicetti, among others. Kay Magner will accompany him on the piano.
In his musical theatre set, Henningson will perform crowd-pleasing selections such as "All I Ask of You" from Phantom of the Opera and "Razzle Dazzle" from Chicago.
Henningson is a vocal music performance and theatre major from Oberlin, Kansas. He has been an active member of both the music and theatre departments in his years at York College, starring in many productions and serving in important behind-the-scenes capacities in others. He has performed with the York College Concert Choir and Celebration Singers for four years and served as a choral section leader for two years. In 2015, he was a musical host for the annual school production Songfest and in 2016 he was the assistant director of the show.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Music is perhaps the single most overlooked aspect of video games, something which is generally expected to be there, but which hardly receives much praise or criticism. That said, music is equally one of the most important components in the construction of a given experience, setting tone or maintaining atmosphere, as well as manipulating emotional responses, and even regulating pace.
Music is everything, and gaming contains a complex relationship between image and sound, despite most critics ignoring the former in favour of the latter. In fairness, music is a challenging component to discuss, especially considering its subjective qualities. I mean, what exactly makes for a great soundtrack? It's a difficult question – one which most critics have a tendency of disregarding completely – choosing instead to comment on gameplay or storytelling because those particular aspects are easier to critique, as well as comprehend.
It can be a tough balancing act, and gaming is perhaps the one medium in which composers deserve the most credit, yet they usually receive the least.


The House and Senate have passed the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2010, the large omnibus spending bill that includes budgets for the NIH, NSF and U.S. department of veteran's affairs Medical and Prosthetics Research program. The final budgets reflect the agreements reached by House and Senate negotiators in early December. The House passed the appropriations act on Dec. 10 and the Senate passed the bill on Dec. 13. The president is expected to sign the legislation before Dec. 18.
You can read more about the 2010 science budgets here. More information is also available from the House Appropriations committee and the Library of Congress.
UPDATE: President Obama signed the Consolidated Appropriations Act on Dec. 16th. All appropriations bills for 2010 have now been signed into law.


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What are some 1920s slang words?
Best 1920s Slang
Alderman: A man's pot-belly.
Ameche: Telephone.
Ankle: (n) Woman; (v) To walk.
Babe: Woman.
Baby: A person, can be said to either a man or a woman.
Baloney: Nonsense, something not to be believed.
Be on the nut: To be broke.
Bean-shooter: Gun.
What appliances were invented in the 1920s?
Most of the earliest inventions were vacuum sweepers, toasters and laundry irons. The vacuum cleaners looked like bags attached to carpet sweepers, the toasters were open construction without a cover, and irons looked like heavy sadirons embedded with an electrical element.
How much was a radio in the 1920s?
The first radios were sold in the United States for home use in 1920. By mid-decade, a decent radio could be purchased for about $35, with higher quality models being sold for up to $350. By the end of the decade, more than five million of the battery-powered radios were sold.
What was the most popular item purchased in the 1920s?
The phonograph was first invented in 1877. In 1920 there 7 million phonographs in the United States. The most well known phonograph was called the "Victor Victrola"….
Kraft cheese 7-UP (1929)
Gold Medal Flour Orange Crush
Kellogg's Corn Flakes Coca-Cola
Oscar Mayer wieners (1929) Dr. Pepper
What were popular foods in the 1920s?
There are plenty of other popular 1920s snacks that we recognize today. These include Baby Ruth Candy Bars, Wonder Bread, Hostess Cakes, Velveeta Cheese, and Popsicles. Modern Pioneer Mom explains that processed foods were gaining popularity because of all the new food production methods brought on by World War I.
What types of illegal activities were popular in the 1920s?
Dealing with the bootlegging and speakeasies was challenging enough, but the "Roaring Twenties" also saw bank robbery, kidnapping, auto theft, gambling, and drug trafficking become increasingly common crimes. More often than not, local police forces were hobbled by the lack of modern tools and training.
What bad things happened in 1920?
10 World-Shaping Events That Happened in 1920
The League of Nations was established.
America had a de-facto woman president.
America sustained the worst terrorist attack in its history.
Women gained the right to vote.
The Constitution was twice amended in a single year.
The "Lost Generation" began its transformation of American literature.
Did they have electricity in the 1920s?
Thomas Edison, George Westinghouse, and other inventors began introducing practical electric power systems in the 1880s. By the 1920s most cities and towns in America received electricity from either privately owned or municipal utility companies.
What desserts were popular in the 1920s?
Roaring Twenties Desserts That Deserve a 2020 Comeback
Pineapple Upside Down Cake. In the early 1900s, the Dole company began packaging canned pineapple in Honolulu, Hawaii.
Neapolitan Ice Cream.
Jell-O.
Fruit Cocktail.
Tomato Soup Cake.
How would you describe the 1920's?
The 1920s in the United States, called "roaring" because of the exuberant, freewheeling popular culture of the decade. The Roaring Twenties was a time when many people defied Prohibition, indulged in new styles of dancing and dressing, and rejected many traditional moral standards. (See flappers and Jazz Age.)
What did they eat in the roaring 20s?
The average American family in the 1920s had a sweet tooth, according to the Food Timeline. Jell-O and desserts made with it were popular. Cakes and ice cream were also favorites, including upside-down pineapple cake, devil's food cake and angel food cake. Fruit cocktails — often from cans — were frequently served.
What do I serve at a Roaring 20s party?
1920s Food
Shrimp cocktail.
Oysters Rockefeller.
Cheese platters.
Olive platters.
Mixed nuts.
What did they eat for breakfast in the 1920s?
1920s. New and popular breakfast products that were introduced or rose in popularity in the roaring 1920s included Wheaties, shredded wheat, Wonder Bread, Aunt Jemima pancake mix, Rice Krispies, and Yoo-Hoo.
What products were invented in the 1920s?
Seven Inventions from the 1920s That We Still Use Today
The Electric Automatic Traffic Signal. Garret Morgan is credited with inventing the first electric automatic traffic signal in 1923.
Quick-Frozen Food.
The Band-Aid®
Water Skis.
Electric Blender.
Television.
Vacuum Cleaner.
How much was a toaster in the 1920s?
Question: How much did a new 1920s toaster cost? Answer: 1920s toasters were quite luxuries. Some of them could have cost up to $25, which is the equivalent of approximately $315 in 2018.
What technology was around in the 1920s?
The list of inventions that shaped America in the 1920s included the automobile, the airplane, the washing machine, the radio, the assembly line, refrigerator, garbage disposal, electric razor, instant camera, jukebox and television.
How much were refrigerators in the 1920s?
1920's – The invention of the electric refrigerator The first ever electric refrigerator was invented by General Electric in 1927, costing each eager homeowner around $520 (that's over $7000 in today's money!).
What was life like during the Roaring 20s?
The economic boom and the Jazz Age were over, and America began the period called the Great Depression. The 1920s represented an era of change and growth. The decade was one of learning and exploration. America had become a world power and was no longer considered just another former British colony.
What was the biggest form of media in the 1920s?
During the 1920s, the radio was considered the most powerful way of communication. By the end of the decade, nearly 60% of American homes had a radio to listen in on current events right as they were happening.
How much did a sewing machine cost in 1920?
For example, serial numbers were last allotted for the 115 in 1935, but the last 115 machine made could easily have been in 1936….Singer Manufacturing Dates and Average Cash Cost.
AVERAGE COST (cash paid) FOR MACHINE
Year Cost
1906 – 1912 $36.80 to 41.60
What is the 1920s most known for?
The 1920s was the first decade to have a nickname: "Roaring 20s" or "Jazz Age." It was a decade of prosperity and dissipation, and of jazz bands, bootleggers, raccoon coats, bathtub gin, flappers, flagpole sitters, bootleggers, and marathon dancers.


text:
New Hope budget passed without a tx increase
PUBLISHED: December 27, 2006 at 10:00 p.m. | UPDATED: September 24, 2021 at 2:51 a.m.
New Hope Borough Council voted unanimously last week to adopt the budget for 2007.
The total revenue of the budget is estimated at $3,695,659.06.
There will be no tax increase in the coming year under the approved budget.
"I think it's wonderful anytime you can pass a budget without a tax increase," New Hope Borough Manager John Burke said.
"I was very pleased with the budget this year, with the budget process with the great questions that council and the recommendations that individual council members made in the budget process and I hope that we can hold the line again in the future on local taxes," Burke said.
The combined real estate tax rate for 2007 is 9.725 mills, which is divided among a total of five separate governmental tax funds as follows:
n General Fund: 7.0 mills, $424,723
n Fire Protection Fund: 1.5 mills, $90,369
n Street Lighting Fund: 0.725 mills, $42,728
n Library Fund: .25 mills, $14,812
n Ambulance and Rescue Fund: .25 mills, $14,812
n Total: 9.725 mills, $587,444
One "mill" equals one dollar of property taxes for every $1,000 of assessed valuation. The value of one mill in New Hope, based on Bucks County's total assessed value of taxable properties in the borough, yields $58,246.10.
The average property owner in the borough, whose property is assessed by the county at $47,400, will continue to pay a total of $460.97 in the real estate tax in 2007, compared to $444.38 in 2005 and $456.23 in 2004.
Other significant sources of local tax revenues are the earned income tax, projected at $475,000 in 2007; the real estate transfer tax, at $200,000; and the business privilege tax, at $90,000. These taxes also will not increase in 2007.
Significant non-tax revenues for 2007 include rents totaling $118,100; motor vehicle code fines, $346,200; business licenses, $50,400; grants, $872,469; permits, $76,900; and parking meter fees, $320,000.
The canal walk, which will run from the borough parking lot across the railroad tracks to the western bank of the canal, is among the most significant capital projects included in the 2007 budget at an estimated cost of $399,114.77.
"I thought it went very well," New Hope Borough Council President Richard Hirschfield said. "I was pleased with the involvement of the council in the budget process."
Hirschfield said the borough is in very good financial shape.
"This is the first year that I can remember that we didn't have to be careful at the end of the year in order to pay off our tax anticipation note which is due at the end of the year," Hirschfield said. "We had enough money in the bank to actually do that."
He praised New Hope's management and staff for their efforts in helping to keep costs down.
"I'm very proud of what we've accomplished," he said, noting the mill rate has been reduced over the years.
Hirschfield also said the budget is balanced not only because of management keeping costs down but also because the earned income tax helps to compensate for property taxes.


text:
/*-Revision----------------------\
| At: 10/3/99 5:51:37 PM
|
| Changed vector container from
| storing val to refernce.
\-------------------------------*/
/*-Revision----------------------\
| At: 5/18/00 9:29:43 PM
| changed static sized indentifiers
| to arbitrary dynamic identifiers.
|
\-------------------------------*/
/*-Revision----------------------\
| At: 6/19/02
| added multiline comments.
|
|
\-------------------------------*/
/*-Revision----------------------\
| At: 5/19/03
| fixed commend bug with
| file > 0xffff chars.
|
\-------------------------------*/
/*-Revision----------------------\
| At: 19/10/09
| removed encryption
| converted to FILE * usage.
|
\-------------------------------*/
#include "ODBlock.h"

const char * ODBlock::lastError = NULL;

const char * ODBlock::ODSyntaxError::asString()
{
	static const char unex1[] = "Quote unexpected.";
	static const char unex2[] = "Opening brace unexpected.";
	static const char unex3[] = "Closing brace unexpected.";
	static const char unex4[] = "Literal or semicolon unexpected.";
	static const char unex5[] = "Unexpected end of file found.";
	static const char encun[] = "Unknown encryption algo code.";
	switch (err)
	{
	case ODSE_UNEX_QUOTE:
		return unex1;
	case ODSE_UNEX_OBRACE:
		return unex2;
	case ODSE_UNEX_CBRACE:
		return unex3;
	case ODSE_UNEX_LITERAL:
		return unex4;
	case ODSE_UNEX_EOF:
		return unex5;
	case ODSE_ENC_UNKNOWN:
		return encun;
	default:
		return NULL;
	}
}

static inline bool isNewLine(char c)
{
	return c == '\n' || c == '\r';
}

bool ODBlock::loadScript(FILE * fp)			//loads block from script, including subbocks
{
	int c;
	unsigned currindex = 0;
	bool bQuote = false;					//if we're inside a pair of quotes
	identifier[0] = '\0';
	identSize = 0;
	bTerminal = true;
	termiter = NULL;
	bool ignoreWhiteSpace = true;

	State state;

	state = WAIT_IDENT;

	//0) read possible comments starting with # to end of line
	//1) read our identifier. -->forget quotes for now.

	while(!feof(fp))
	{
		do
		{
			c = fgetc(fp);
		}
		while (ignoreWhiteSpace && ((c == ' ') || (c == '\t') || isNewLine((char)c)) && !feof(fp));

		if  (c == '"')
		{
			if (state == BLOCK)
			{
				bTerminal = false;
				ungetc(c, fp);
				ODBlock * child = new ODBlock();
				addStatement(*child);
				if (!child->loadScript(fp))
					return false;
			}
			else
			{
				if (state != WAIT_IDENT && state != IDENT)
				{
					lastError = ODSyntaxError(ODSyntaxError::ODSE_UNEX_QUOTE).asString();
					return false;
				}
				ignoreWhiteSpace = bQuote;
				bQuote = !bQuote;
				state = IDENT;
			}
		}
		else
		{
			if (bQuote)
			{
				PX_ASSERT(state == IDENT);
				//if (currindex >= identSize)
				//	{
				//	identSize = 2*currindex + 4;
				//	char * newi = new char [identSize+1];
				//	if (identifier)
				//		strcpy(newi,identifier);
				//	delete [] identifier;
				//	identifier = newi;
				//	}
				identifier[currindex] = (char) c;
				identifier[currindex+1] = 0;
				currindex++;
			}
			else
			{
				switch (c)
				{
				case '#':
					while(!isNewLine((char)fgetc(fp))) ; //read and discard line
					break;
				case '/':
					while(fgetc(fp) != '/') ; //read and discard comment
					break;
				case '{':
					if (state != WAIT_BLOCK && state != IDENT)
					{
						lastError = ODSyntaxError(ODSyntaxError::ODSE_UNEX_OBRACE).asString();//identifier can be followed by block w/o whitespace inbetween
						return false;
					}
					state = BLOCK;
					break;
				case '}':
					if (state != BLOCK)
					{
						lastError = ODSyntaxError(ODSyntaxError::ODSE_UNEX_CBRACE).asString();
						return false;
					}
					return true;
				default:
					//text
					//our identifier?
					if (state == BLOCK)
					{
						bTerminal = false;
						ungetc(c, fp);
						ODBlock * child = new ODBlock();
						addStatement(*child);
						if (!child->loadScript(fp))
							return false;
					}
					else
					{
						if (state != WAIT_IDENT && state != IDENT)
						{
							lastError = ODSyntaxError(ODSyntaxError::ODSE_UNEX_LITERAL).asString();
							return false;
						}
						if (state == IDENT && c == ';')		//terminal ended
							return true;
						state = IDENT;
						//if (currindex >= identSize)
						//	{
						//	identSize = 2*currindex + 4;
						//	char * newi = new char [identSize+1];
						//	if (identifier)
						//		strcpy(newi,identifier);
						//	delete [] identifier;
						//	identifier = newi;
						//	}
						identifier[currindex] = (char)c;
						identifier[currindex+1] = 0;
						currindex++;
					}
				}
			}
		}
	}
	//eof and block didn't close
	lastError = ODSyntaxError(ODSyntaxError::ODSE_UNEX_EOF).asString();
	return false;
}

ODBlock::ODBlock()
{
	//create empty block
	identifier[0] = '\0';
	identSize = 0;
	bTerminal = true;
	termiter = NULL;
	subBlocks.reserve(32);
}

ODBlock::~ODBlock()
{
	//free the contents
	ODBlockList::Iterator i;
	for (i =  subBlocks.begin(); i != subBlocks.end(); ++i)
		delete (*i);
	//free the pointers
	subBlocks.clear();

	//delete [] identifier;
	identifier[0] = '\0';
	identSize = 0;
}

bool ODBlock::saveScript(FILE * fp,bool bQuote)
{
	static int tablevel = 1;
	static int retVal = 0;
	int j;
	//save the script in said file  should be stream!!
	for (j=0; j<tablevel-1; j++)
		retVal = fprintf(fp,"\t");
	if (bQuote)
		retVal = fprintf(fp,"\"");
	if (identifier)
		retVal = fprintf(fp, "%s", identifier);
	else
		retVal = fprintf(fp,"_noname");
	if (bQuote)
		retVal = fprintf(fp,"\"");
	if (!bTerminal)
	{
		retVal =fprintf(fp,"\n");
		for (j=0; j<tablevel; j++)
			retVal = fprintf(fp,"\t");
		retVal = fprintf(fp,"{\n");
		tablevel ++;
		for (physx::PxU32 i = 0; i < subBlocks.size(); ++i)
			(subBlocks[i])->saveScript(fp,bQuote);
		tablevel --;
		for (j=0; j<tablevel; j++)
			retVal = fprintf(fp,"\t");
		retVal = fprintf(fp,"}\n");
	}
	else
		retVal = fprintf(fp,";\n");

	PX_ASSERT( retVal >= 0 );
	// added this return to make this compile on snc & release
	return retVal >= 0;
}

const char * ODBlock::ident()
{
	static char noname[] = "_noname";
	if (identifier)
		return identifier;
	else
		return noname;
}

bool ODBlock::isTerminal()
{
	return bTerminal;
}

void ODBlock::ident(const char * i)
{
	if (!i) return;
	strcpy(identifier,i);
}

void ODBlock::addStatement(ODBlock &b)
{
	bTerminal = false;
	subBlocks.pushBack(&b);
}

void ODBlock::reset()								//prepares to get first immediate terminal child of current block
{
	termiter = subBlocks.begin();
}

bool ODBlock::moreTerminals()						//returns true if more terminals are available
{
	//skip any nonterminals
	while ( (termiter != subBlocks.end()) && !(*termiter)->bTerminal)
		++termiter;
	return  termiter != subBlocks.end();			//return true if not the end yet
}

char * ODBlock::nextTerminal()								//returns a pointer to the next terminal string.
{
	char *  s = (*termiter)->identifier;
	++termiter;

	static char noname[] = "_noname";
	if (s)
		return s;
	else
		return noname;
}

bool ODBlock::moreSubBlocks()						//returns true if more sub blocks are available
{
	return  termiter != subBlocks.end();			//return true if not the end yet
}
ODBlock * ODBlock::nextSubBlock()					//returns a pointer to the next sub block.
{
	ODBlock * b =  (*termiter);
	++termiter;
	return b;
}

ODBlock * ODBlock::getBlock(const char * ident,bool bRecursiveSearch)		//returns block with given identifier, or NULL.
{
	ODBlock * b;
	if (identifier && ident && strncmp(identifier,ident,OD_MAXID) == 0)
		return this;
	else
	{
		if (bTerminal)
			return NULL;
		else
		{
			ODBlockList::Iterator i;
			for (i =  subBlocks.begin(); i != subBlocks.end(); ++i)
				if (bRecursiveSearch)
				{
					b = (*i)->getBlock(ident,true);
					if (b)
						return b;
				}
				else
				{
					if ((*i)->identifier && ident && strncmp((*i)->identifier,ident,OD_MAXID) == 0)
						return (*i);
				}
				return NULL;
		}
	}

}

// hig level macro functs, return true on success:
bool ODBlock::getBlockInt(const char * ident, int *p)		//reads blocks of form:		ident{ 123;}
{
	ODBlock * temp = getBlock(ident);
	if ( temp )
	{
		temp->reset();
		if (temp->moreTerminals())
		{
			if(p) sscanf(temp->nextTerminal(),"%d",p);
			return true;
		}
	}
	return false;
}

// hig level macro functs, return true on success:
bool ODBlock::getBlockU32(const char * ident, physx::PxU32 *p)		//reads blocks of form:		ident{ 123;}
{
	ODBlock * temp = getBlock(ident);
	if ( temp )
	{
		temp->reset();
		if (temp->moreTerminals())
		{
			if(p) sscanf(temp->nextTerminal(),"%d",p);
			return true;
		}
	}
	return false;
}

bool ODBlock::getBlockString(const char *  ident, const char **  p)		//of form:				ident{abcdef;}
{
	ODBlock * temp = getBlock(ident);
	if (temp)
	{
		temp->reset();
		if (temp->moreTerminals())
		{
			*p = temp->nextTerminal();
			return true;
		}
	}
	return false;
}
bool ODBlock::getBlockStrings(const char *  ident, const char **  p, unsigned numStrings)		//of form:				ident{abcdef; abcdef;...}
{
	ODBlock * temp= getBlock(ident);
	if (temp)
	{
		temp->reset();
		for (unsigned int n=0; n<numStrings; n++)
		{
			if (temp->moreTerminals())
			{
				p[n] = temp->nextTerminal();
			}
		}
	}
	return false;
}
bool ODBlock::getBlockFloat(const char *  ident, float *p)		//of form:				ident{123.456;}
{
	ODBlock * temp = getBlock(ident);
	if (temp)
	{
		temp->reset();
		if (temp->moreTerminals())
		{
			if(p) sscanf(temp->nextTerminal(),"%f",p);
			return true;
		}
	}
	return false;
}
bool ODBlock::getBlockFloats(const char *  ident, float *p, unsigned numfloats)//form:		ident{12.3; 12.3; 12.3; ... };
{
	ODBlock * temp = getBlock(ident);
	if (temp)
	{
		temp->reset();
		for (unsigned int n=0; n<numfloats; n++)
			if (temp->moreTerminals())	sscanf(temp->nextTerminal(),"%f",&(p[n]));

		return true;
	}
	return false;
}

bool ODBlock::addBlockFloats(const char * ident, float *f, unsigned  numfloats)
{
	char buf[32];
	ODBlock & newBlock = *new ODBlock();

	addStatement(newBlock);
	newBlock.ident(ident);

	for (unsigned i = 0; i < numfloats; i++)
	{
		ODBlock & floatBlock = *new ODBlock();
		newBlock.addStatement(floatBlock);

		//_gcvt_s(buf, 32, f[i],5); //gcc doesn't support this
		sprintf(buf, "%.5f", f[i]);

		floatBlock.ident(buf);
	}
	return true;
}

bool ODBlock::addBlockInts(const char * ident, int *f, unsigned  numInts)
{
	char buf[32];
	ODBlock & newBlock = *new ODBlock();

	addStatement(newBlock);
	newBlock.ident(ident);

	for (unsigned i = 0; i < numInts; i++)
	{
		ODBlock & floatBlock = *new ODBlock();
		newBlock.addStatement(floatBlock);
		//_itoa_s(f[i], buf, 32, 10); //gcc doesn't support this
		sprintf(buf, "%d", f[i]);
		floatBlock.ident(buf);
	}
	return true;
}


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text:
How One Community Bank is Taking Its Fight National
As a community bank with 60% of its branches in middle- to lower income neighborhoods, Sunrise Banks has relied on innovation to make banking underserved consumers pay off. And it's taking its message — and its products — nationwide.
Can a bank be a champion for the underdog and still be profitable? Absolutely, believes David Reiling, CEO of Sunrise Banks, a $1 billion institution based in St. Paul, Minnesota.
David's father, Bill Reiling, grew up as a poor farm kid, but eventually found success as a real estate entrepreneur around St. Paul. In the 1980s, Bill invested in two distressed banks, Franklin Bank and Park Midway Bank. David said his father Bill wanted the banks to be good citizens and to make sure, in Reiling's words, "that the small guy wouldn't get screwed." And under his father's leadership, David said the banks did okay.
In 1995, Bill added distressed Meridian Bank to the mix, renamed it University Bank, and asked his son David to run it. David's father told him he must continue doing good in the community, but he was given free rein with respect to how that aim could be accomplished.
David Reiling's mission stems from growing up Catholic, volunteering to build homes in Tijuana as a college student, and working in a bank in a distressed area of Los Angeles.
University Bank found a niche among the Hmong, a nomadic people from Southeast Asia who had resettled in (of all places) the Twin Cities area. For generations, the Hmong had lived autonomously in remote and isolated places, but as a stateless group with no ties to — or protection from — the nations they roamed, the Hmong had long been persecuted and driven from their traditional lands. At the time, about 40% of its customers and 30% of its staff were of Hmong descent, so the bank unofficially became known as the Hmong Bank.
"People in immigrant populations are hardworking, good people," Reiling explains. "They just need access to the right services. They need some solutions that aren't necessarily in the box," he said. "You need to invent and create and work with people."
Reiling spearheaded several community enrichment programs, many specifically benefiting the Hmong community, including "Houses to Homes" that rehabbed existing buildings into affordable housing.
University Bank took off. But the three banks in the Reiling family's control continued to co-exist under separate brands. Each had its own identity, yet a similar mission to help lower-income urban communities. With so much overlap between brands, the banks became their own biggest competitors.
Three Brands Unify Under One Brand With One Strategy
In 2004, the elder Reiling asked his son to take over management of all three institutions, which were eventually consolidated and rechristened as Sunrise Banks.
"Banking is definitely changing We have to be more entrepreneurial. We have to keep changing."
— Dave Reiling, Sunrise Banks
To support the freshly minted moniker, Reiling wanted to develop a cohesive brand strategy, so he hired consultant Karl Speak of Brand Tool Box to put the bank through a full branding project that included extensive interviews with employees and customers. The goal, explains Reiling, was to align 200+ employees with the bank's culture and values.
"At Sunrise we follow what we call the '10x Values,'" Reiling explains. "These values help us to achieve our business goals 10x, but also affect the 10x impact the bank is able to have on the lives of the un- and under-banked in America."
Unfortunately, not every employee was able to make the initial transition into the new brand strategy. "There were a few employees whose values didn't match the direction," explains Reiling.
The Sunrise vision is to be "the most innovative bank empowering the underserved to achieve," it says on the bank's website. "Compassion is the bank's motivation. Its mission is to empower. Its spirit is to achieve."
Today, the majority of the bank's hiring, performance reviews and firings have been based on whether or not an employee buys into Sunrise Bank's mission. "We want people who believe what we believe and who fit the organization," says Reiling. "When you are 100% aligned, you make incredible progress."
( Read More: 5 Things HR Must Do to Build Your Brand )
Pay and benefits are competitive but not above market, but Reiling says that employees also get an "emotional paycheck." The bank's culture appeals to retirement or near-retirement age Baby Boomers who still need to work, as well as Millennials who value the positive social mission.
"We measure what we treasure."
— Dave Reiling, CEO of Sunrise Banks
"We attract people who want to earn a good living but want to work in a place that aligns with their values," says Reiling. "We look, sound and smell different than most other banks."
It's more than lip service. According to its annual report, Sunrise Banks provides loans and financial services to disadvantaged communities, hosts community events and offers financial products that have social and environment benefits. In fact, Sunrise Banks commits 60% of its lending — more than $96 million in 2016 — to support local small businesses, promoting economic development and affordable housing in communities that have long suffered from the negative impact of poverty.
Sunrise is also certified by the U.S. Treasury as a Community Development Financial Institution (CDFI), a designation earned by approximately 100 banks nationwide, and is one of only 28 banks in the world that belongs to the Global Alliance for Banking on Values, a group of banking leaders that works toward transparency in banking and creating sustainable economic, social and environmental development.
Branding from the Inside Out
For Sunrise, the brand is built from the inside out, according to Chief Brand Officer Becca Hoeft, who joined Sunrise just as the three banks were consolidated.
Hoeft manages marketing for the bank, but her title reflects just how foundational Sunrise's brand is. The marketing team isn't called "The Marketing Team." At Sunrise, it's referred to as "The Impact Team."
"It's all about multiplying our impact with employees, customers and the community," says Hoeft.
There's a few Sunrise-sponsored initiatives that help employees live the brand. The bank's "Pay It Forward" campaign gives every employee $25 they can gift to someone who could use the money. Employees are encouraged to get creative with how they distribute the cash, with some choosing to combine funds to make a bigger impact, such as purchasing winter gear for an organization that services homeless youth or adopting a family for the holidays and purchasing gifts.
Employees also get time off to volunteer in the community, with the average employee volunteering 40 hours per year, all on Sunrise's dime. The bank has three community ambassadors charged with finding opportunities for employee outreach.
( Read More: Brand Building – Inside-Out vs. Outside-In )
Taking The Mission To The National Stage
Sunrise wanted to expand the reach and impact of its social mission, but in order to continue to make loans in such communities, the bank knew it would need to increase deposits — not an easy prospect since they primarily serve low- and middle income urban communities.
To expand deposits, Sunrise Bank launched the national Urban Revitalization Fund, today known as the Impact Deposit Fund (IDF). Depositors designate account balances to IDF and receive the same interest rates as non-IDF depositors. The IDF deposits support loans for affordable housing, small business development and not-for-profit entities.
For larger depositors, Reiling looks to other entities that are similarly aligned with the Sunrise mission — faith-based organizations, colleges, universities, and social responsible investing (SRI) funds.
IDF, says Reiling, also helped launch Sunrise Bank's national branding, and expansion into other products such as student lending and prepaid cards. In 2016, more than $265 million was loaded to almost 5.5 million prepaid cards. The bank has 17 million active cards in circulation.
Sunrise Bank also invested more than $125 million in TrueConnect, its alternative to payday lending. The bank offers TrueConnect to employers who in turn can provide loans up to $3,000 to employees which can be repaid via payroll deductions at a lower cost than predatory lending products.
Another national program is MNVest, a crowdfunding platform that connects investors nationwide with Minnesota-based companies.
The Sunrise Marketing Mix
"The key is to meet customers where they are at, whether it's on Facebook or at the local coffee shop. In the end, it's all about developing a trusted relationship."
In a highly regulated industry, CEO Reiling says it's easy to adopt a mindset that marketing has to be done a certain way. But that approach just makes your bank or credit union a commodity.
"Don't be afraid to do something a little edgy or that makes people uncomfortable," Reiling explains. "Make marketing exciting. Instead of focusing on debits and credits, we keep telling our story and our customers' stories," says Reiling. "It's in storytelling that transformation occurs."
Sunrise uses a mix of traditional and non-traditional marketing channels, but skews toward the non-traditional. The budget for each channel, explains Hoeft, varies year to year depending on the bank's goals.
The bank has a presence on every social media channel you can name, and has an employee dedicated to social media, which isn't typical for banks with 200± employees. They rely heavily on social to distribute stories about the bank's customers, including videos that highlight how customers are improving their community. The bank rarely focuses on itself. "Don't talk so much about yourself," advises Hoeft.
Sunrise uses standard marketing measures, including Net Promoter Score, customer satisfaction and churn rate. The bank, says Hoeft, is working diligently on improving customer experience, and is still grappling with how to best measure customer experience as it relates to return on investment. "We're still trying to crack the nut on that," she says. The bank is also looking to upgrade its current martech stack which right now relies on Salesforce.
This article was originally published on December 6, 2017 . All content © 2020 by The Financial Brand and may not be reproduced by any means without permission.
Engaged customers own 2.7x more financial accounts than non-engaged customers. Onboarding and activating build engagement — so why do few financial institutions do it effectively?


The Domaine Amiot-Servelle is run by Christian Amiot, one of the sons of Pierre Amiot from Morey St Denis, and married to Elisabeth Servelle, daughter of Bernard Servelle-Tachot. The vineyard holdings below come from the latter, though from 2010 there will be village Morey St Denis, Charmes-Chambertin and Clos St Denis from the Amiot side. Christian is also in charge of the local syndicat de l'appellation.
The domaine has been farmed organically from 2003, with AB certification from the 2008 vintage. The wines taste fresh and modern although there is no great reliance on oak - 20% new wood is used for the village wine up to 50% for the two top premiers crus. Since 2007 there has been a single vineyard bottling of Chambolle-Musigny Bas Doix alongside the regular version from a blend of plots.
The 2013 Clos Saint Denis Grand Cru has a tightly wound bouquet with blackberry and boysenberry fruit, less expressive than the Charmes-Chambertin '11 but with fine delineation and focus. The palate is very structured with fine, succulent tannins and a keen silver thread of acidity. There is real density to the Clos Saint Denis, a symmetrical structure and a lovely dash of white pepper on the spicy finish. It deserves several years of aging. Superb.


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Bjorn Iooss was born and raised in New York, graduating with a BFA in photography from the Rhode Island School of Design in 2003. He grew up in a home where analog image-making and art was central. His father, Walter, is a celebrated sports photographer, and his Dutch mother, Eva, is a painter. Focusing solely on portraiture in the early years of his career, it was by photographing for fashion and entertainment publications that led his work into fashion and beauty photography. Bjorn's deep knowledge of light and color has enabled him to create a wide body of work, ranging from studio to on-location, where the human element is always central. Clients include Tom Ford, DKNY, DVF, Frye Boots, and Estée Lauder. Publications include Vogue (US, Spain, Mexico, Japan, L'Uomo), Porter Magazine, Harper's Bazaar (US), Vanity Fair (US, UK, Italy), WSJ Magazine, The Last Magazine, Sunday Times Style, and Mr. Porter.


This is the lead form override for "Home Towne Real Estate | Southern Maryland Real Estate | Home Values | Homes For Sale".
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text:
Q: Instructions in an ssh remote execution block are evaluated locally on the client side first. Why? Why are the instructions in an ssh remote execution block evaluated locally on the client side first?
Consider the following code:
ssh -tt serverhostname "
   if [ `grep -cm 1 "string" /serverside/file`!= "1" ]; then
        echo "Doing some action on" `date`
   fi
" 2> /dev/null

One might expect for the instructions listed in the ssh block to be executed on the remote.  This is not the case. The if statement is actually executed on the client side. Why? Is there a syntactically correct way to process the instructions server side (on the remote)?

A: Unquoted and double-quoted arguments are expanded before the command is invoked:
ssh server "echo $HOSTNAME"

is the same as
ssh server "echo clienthostname"

and sends the literal string echo clienthostname to the server. The server therefore writes out the client's hostname.
Single quoted and escaped arguments, meanwhile, are not expanded:
ssh server 'echo $HOSTNAME'
ssh server "echo \$HOSTNAME"

will both send the literal string echo $HOSTNAME to the server, and therefore cause the server to write out the server's hostname.
This applies to all commands, and has nothing to do with ssh.

A: I asked this question to perhaps help someone else having the same dilemma. You want to execute something on the server, and use the value of that instruction as the basis for something else. But you find the server isn't performing the instructions.
Bash is in fact performing the injected instruction client-side. The only work around I've found is to issue separate commands and have the result store client side. ie.
# Step 1
a=`ssh server grep -cm 1 "something" /serverside/file`
# Step 2
if [ $a != "1" ]; then
   ssh -tt server "
       echo "perform some series of tasks"
   "
fi


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You are here: Home | Human Rights | Bar calls for more talks on Asean human rights draft
Bar calls for more talks on Asean human rights draft
KUALA LUMPUR: Asean is close to adopting an Asean Human Rights Declaration (AHRD) but the majority of its peoples have not heard of or seen it or been consulted on it.
Malaysian Bar president Lim Chee Wee said this was deeply regrettable as the proposed document would speak about the human rights of the peoples of Asean.
He said this yesterday in supporting the statement by 137 Asean civil society organisations and networks to the Asean Inter-governmental Commission on Human Rights (AICHR) and its country representatives on April 8 to release the draft.
Although the AICHR received the draft on Jan 8 for deliberation and debate, they said the public had been excluded from any meaningful participation in the drafting process.
While commending the AICHR representatives from Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines for holding consultations with their civil society at national level, they said "no such initiative has taken place" in the rest of Asean.
Lim added that AICHR had no active engagement with national human rights institutions.
"In Malaysia, Suhakam has not been engaged by the Malaysian AICHR representative."
On Jan 9, The Star quoted Malaysia's representative Datuk Muhammad Shafee Abdullah as saying Suhakam had invited him but he had replied then that he was waiting for the working draft.
Lim called on the governments of Asean member countries to "make public the current draft of the AHRD, and then to hold open and transparent consultations with the peoples of Asean" on it.
"If need be, the submission of the draft to the Asean Ministerial Meeting should be delayed in order for comprehensive consultations.
"Since the AHRD is to be a foundational document that captures the hopes and aspirations of the peoples of Asean, their voices must be heard." –SHAILA KOSHY, koshy@thestar.com.my


> dynamically link with a native x86 dylib (?)).
conventions, and with functions like printf that is nearly impossible.
thread safety and other problems, and this is _not_ fixable.
Altivec can only be autodetected in the main() function.


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Creating Super Athletes: Russian Style
The NY Times ran an article on creating super athletes. The formula:
Intense Parents + Young Kids + Rigorous Technique + Toughness = Talent
The story profiles a Russian tennis club that's developing world class tennis talent by starting them early and working them hard. However, the footnotes go on to mention that this process may not work in the United States:
How to Grow a Super-Athlete – New York Times
Replicating the Spartak system in the United States (or, for that matter, installing Dominican-style baseball academies or forcing young golfers to practice only at driving ranges) would likely not create a sudden wellspring of stars. The reasons that the United States is losing ground on the talent map have less to do with training mechanisms and more to do with bigger factors: a highly distractive youth culture, a focus on the glamour of winning rather than on the brickwork of building technique and a sporting environment that is gentler than those found in many of the world's harder corners.
"You can't keep breast-feeding them all the time," Robert Lansdorp, a tennis coach in Los Angeles, told me. "You've got to make them an independent thinker." Lansdorp, who is in his 60s, has coached Sharapova, along with the former No. 1-ranked players Pete Sampras, Tracy Austin and Lindsay Davenport, all three of whom grew up in the same area and played at the same run-of-the-mill tennis clubs near Los Angeles. "You don't need a fancy academy," he said. "You need fundamentals and discipline, and in this country nobody gives a damn about fundamentals and discipline." Lansdorp also mentioned that he'd visited Spartak last year to teach a clinic. "It was a pretty different place," he said. "But that Larisa, she sure knows her stuff."
Of course, there are plenty of focused parents and athletes who are laser-focused on their sports. It explains why certain communities and clubs consistently generate Olympians while other communities with plenty of resources don't reach those levels.
Author Ed KohlerPosted on March 8, 2007 March 8, 2007 Categories Tennis, Training2 Comments on Creating Super Athletes: Russian Style
How Long Does it Take Shoes to Recover from a Run?
At least a few times a year, I have a conversation with runners about whether running shoes last longer if you own more than one pair and rotate through the shoes rather than wearing the same pair over and over again. The story goes that two pair of shoes rotated last as long as three, or something like that. (For my own shoes' sake, I try not to run every day.)
There are even some who believe that running shoes take exactly 26 hours to recover from a run, so if you don't run two hours later day after day, you'll basically need two or more pair of shoes in order to let your shoes do whatever it is that they do over those 26 hours. Some think it takes even longer for synthetic footwear to recover, including "Gear Guy" from Outside Magazine:
Thing is, Michael, you don't need one pair of shoes, you need two. Shoes need at least 48 hours off between runs in order to dry out. Shoes that have a twin also last longer, of course.Â
There is also a 24-hour theory based on the time it takes foot fungi to die off between workouts, courtesy of The Running Times:
Long runs with less than 24 hours of recovery are hard on runners and hard on shoes. While Dan is fortunate to have a body that can pull it off, shoes are just shoes. They need to dry thoroughly between workouts, otherwise the billions of bacteria thriving in the perpetual humidity of the shoe's interior will help the shoe fall apart faster and maybe even threaten Dan's streak with a gnarly case of athlete's foot.
Alternating between two pairs gives the shoes plenty of time to dry between workouts, which is good for the shoes and even better for keeping Dan's feet fungus-free. The shoes last longer and Dan stays healthier.
Probably the most authoritative sounding quote I could find on this issue comes from a personal blog referencing the The Competitive Runner's Handbook, which states:
In his book, "The Competitive Runner's Handbook�, Bob Glover says, "Studies show that by alternating two pairs of shoes they'll last longer than three pairs used consecutively.� He also says, "Rotated shoes retain 80% of their cushioning after sixty runs of an average of 5 miles (300 total miles) compared to only 60% for those not rotated.�
I couldn't find any links to said "studies" but it sure sounds authoritative.
While researching this post, I actually came across what sounds like a logical reason for rotating shoes, but it had nothing to do with shoe maintenance. Instead, it focused on injury prevention and suggested that your body is better off transitioning in and out of new shoes rather than going cold turkey from one pair to the next:
Rotating Running Shoes
What's your biggest fear as a runner? Injury, of course! It's important to do all we can to prevent injuries. Shoe rotation is at the top of my list. Ever notice how your body "signals" you to buy a new pair of shoes? Running in worn-out shoes results in aches and pains in your legs, knees and hips. You can prevent this unnecessary pain by rotating between two pair of running shoes. How's it work?
1.First, start with two pair of shoes that both have less than 250 miles on them. If they're the same model, mark one pair as A and the other B. To rotate most effectively, keep track of the mileage you've put on each pair.
2.The newest pair (lowest mileage) should be used for your longer runs and your competitive racing.
3.The older pair (highest mileage) should be used for your shorter runs, inclement weather runs or your offroad runs if you aren't using a trail shoe.
4.Keep the older pair in the rotation until you've run 450 miles in them. At that point, it's time to "boot" your old pair and bring a new pair into the rotation. Continue this cycle and you'll be doing everything you can to prevent worn out shoes from placing you on the "disabled list." Effectively rotating your shoes takes the guess work out of replacing your shoes and saves you money because your shoes will last longer. It will also save your body from the "wrath of the worn out running shoe."
Can anyone find an actual study explaining whether shoes "need" recovery time?
Author Ed KohlerPosted on December 15, 2006 September 4, 2018 Categories running, Shoes, Training8 Comments on How Long Does it Take Shoes to Recover from a Run?


text:
Парикия:
 Парикия () — главный город и порт острова Парос в Греции, в составе нома Киклады.
 Парикия () — церковный район населения, имеющий свой особый храм с епископом, совершающим священнодействия для прихожан.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
And because of all that, petrochemicals are in our blood.
When the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention tested humans for environmental chemicals and metals, it recorded 212 compounds. More than 180 started as natural gas or oil.
"It's the material basis of our society, essentially," said Michael Wilson, a research scientist at the University of California, Berkeley. "This is the Petrochemical Age."
Ed Overton, a Louisiana State University environmental sciences professor who works with the government on oil spill chemistry, said, "There's nothing that we do on a daily basis that isn't touched by petrochemicals."
When in the movie The Graduate young Benjamin is given advice about the future, it comes in one word: plastics. About 93 percent of American plastics start with natural gas or oil.
"Just about anything that's not iron or steel or metal of some sort has some petrochemical component. And that's just because of what we've been able to do with it," said Dady Dadyburjor, a West Virginia University chemistry professor.
Nothing shows how pervasive and malleable petrochemicals are better than shampoo, said Kevin Swift, director of economics and statistics for the American Chemistry Council, the chemical industry's trade association. The bottle is plastic. The cap is plastic. The seal and the label, too. The ink comes from petrochemicals, and even the glue that holds the label to the bottle comes from oil or gas.
"The shampoo -- it's all derived from petrochemicals," Swift said. "A bottle of shampoo is about 100 percent chemistry."
Often, some natural fragrance is thrown in.
What makes oil and natural gas the seed stock for most of our everyday materials is the element that is the essence of life: carbon.
The carbon atom acts as a spine, with other atoms attaching to it in different combinations and positions. Each variation acts in new ways, Dadyburjor said.
The age of petrochemicals started and took root shortly after World War II, spurred by a government looking for replacements for rubber.
"Unfortunately there's a very dark side," said Carnegie Mellon chemistry professor Terry Collins. He said the underlying premise of the petrochemical industry is that "those little molecules will be good little molecules and do what they're designed for and not interact with life. What we're finding is that premise is wrong, profoundly wrong. What we're discovering is that there's a whole world of low-dose [health] effects."
Many of those chemicals are disrupting the human hormone system, Collins said.
But plastics also help the environment, the chemistry council says. Because plastics are lighter than metals, they help create cars that save fuel. A 2005 European study shows that conversion to plastic materials in Europe saved 26 percent in fuel.
"Compared to the alternatives, it reduces greenhouse gases [which cause global warming] and saves energy; that is rather ironic," Swift said.
Still, chemists who want more-sustainable materials are working on alternatives. Another founder of green chemistry, Paul Anastas, an assistant administrator for the Environmental Protection Agency, said, "We can make those things in other ways."
LSU's Overton is old enough to remember the days before petrochemicals. There were no plastic milk and soda containers. They were glass. Desks were heavy wood. There were no computers or cellphones and little air conditioning.
"It's a much more comfortable life now, much more convenient," Overton said.
Swift said trying to live without petrochemicals now doesn't make sense, but "it would make a good reality TV show."
After two failed pregnancies, a Fort Worth couple delivers triplets
Ramen round-up: Where to find the Japanese noodle dish in Fort Worth
Rapper Tay-K pleads guilty to aggravated robbery, capital murder trial underway
Top places to buy 'lucky' lottery tickets in Tarrant County — and throughout Texas
Giants defensive back arrested for knocking woman unconscious, stepping on her throat
When a Fort Worth man went missing 25 years ago, Ross Perot helped in the search
'Momma, they jumped us.' 7 teen girls beaten, injured in attack captured on video
Mom shares story of 'miracle' at nation's first More Than Pink Walk – in Fort Worth
By Nick Tarrant
Roxanne Martinez, Fort Worth resident and six-year breast cancer survivor shared her story and raised funds for the More Than Pink Walk, hosted by the Susan G. Komen Greater Fort Worth, on Saturday.
Get full access to Star-Telegram content across all your devices.
MORE MOMS
Mari's Moments
Planning a party for a teen? Avoid the angst with these DFW options
Have doubts about McDonald's 'healthy' Happy Meals? Try these DFW dining options for kids
WalletHub isn't all that impressed with how Texas values women
Seven sets of triplets help make 2018 a year for 'multiples' at Fort Worth hospital
Theatre Arlington's 'Shrek Jr.' makes you a believer
Here's what parents need to know about 'Black Panther'
Information Place a Classified


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IREC elects John Hall, associate vice president for the Environmental Defense Fund in Texas, and Dan Reicher, executive director of the Steyer-Taylor Center for Energy Policy and Finance at Stanford University to its board of directors.
A new slate of officers was elected by IREC's board of directors at its recent annual meeting in California. A new board member broadens the scope of the organization's leadership base centered on renewable energy and energy efficiency expertise.


So many that have been asleep at the wheel in their life are being woken up. While those that are awake are just stepping into phase two of their lives.
This is where everyone comes together on the ascension bridge from 3D to 4D to 5D.
You are facing certain choices that are allowing you to move forward, to become unstuck and to simply get on with your life. However, it can feel like everyone has gone mad as so many different choices are being made all at once. This is effecting everyone.
Perhaps you find yourself moving…whether you chose to move or the Universe gave you a big nudge doesn't really matter because you created these circumstances to begin with. You chose at some point that this is what you wanted and now those thoughts have been put into action.
That's the thing about the current manifestations taking place…when you receive what you've been truly wanting, it kind of makes you question if you really want it at all. This can be true as many people were stuck in place for so long that you may wonder if and when the other shoe is going to drop. You may not trust what's happening. Try to go with the flow so that you don't halt the process.
Just know that whatever is happening in your life now, is all in preparation for what's to come in 2020 and beyond. You need to be in a setting that truly matches your energetic needs. That said, the people you need to be around are also surfacing at this time and quite quickly I might add. This is likely to happen even more so in the coming months and into 2019 as people move into their new roles.
Everyone is quite literally getting a big cosmic shove to take action steps, even if you have to travel through mud to get there. No one said it was going to be easy. But action equals steps towards joy and that's what life is supposed to be all about. So as we all move forward in whatever way is necessary, know that your journey is about you…no one else. So make choices based on what is right for you and enjoy the ride.


The Planet Collection series is a basic introduction book that offers photos and some facts about the countries represented. The books are available as ebooks on the kindle and are free for kindle unlimited subscribers.
This book is a short introduction to Germany. The photos and facts include a variety of glimpses into Germany. It is not the most detailed book, and even offers the caveat that there could be errors in the book. However, the low price point may be the perfect fit for a parent who is looking for a basic introduction. It's also available, free, for kindle unlimited subscribers at this time.
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TUNICA, Miss., May 29, 2018 – Tunica Airport is bringing back regular scheduled air service to the Tunica destination. The new partnership with Ashley Air and Travel will provide service to four new markets, Atlanta, Charlotte, Orlando, and St. Pete/Tampa beginning July 1, 2018. To celebrate the new service, Ashley Air and Travel is offering an introductory $599 annual travel membership, including unlimited travel on all routes served by Ashley Air for $39 each way. Taxes and additional fees are not included.


text:
Doc given 2 weeks to pay $500k in legal fees
Dr Pang was ordered to pay the SMC's legal costs in two disciplinary hearings against him.
http://str.sg/4GJo
Selina Lum
Law Correspondent
selinal@sph.com.sg
A surgeon who owes the Singapore Medical Council (SMC) about $500,000 in legal costs for two disciplinary hearings has been given until Sept 28 to pay the sum or disclose his assets.
Dr Pang Ah San, 58, a general surgeon, was twice found guilty of breaching ethical guidelines which state that doctors are not to offer remedies that are not generally accepted, except in approved clinical trials.
Between 2007 and 2009, he performed a procedure known as percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy on at least four elderly patients at Mount Alvernia Hospital. The procedure consists of inserting a tube into the stomach of patients who cannot swallow.
Instead of standard procedure, Dr Pang used an experimental tube he had invented.
In 2012, he was fined $10,000 for using the tube on an 84-year-old patient who needed permanent tube-feeding. She died of pneumonia a few weeks after the procedure. In 2014, a second disciplinary hearing was started after the Health Ministry received two e-mails from the then-chairman of the hospital's ethics committee. It looked into Dr Pang's use of the same device on three other patients. Dr Pang was found guilty, suspended for six months and fined $10,000.
For both sets of proceedings, he was ordered to pay the SMC's costs, totalling about $538,000.
The SMC, represented by lawyer Chang Man Phing, took steps to enforce the costs orders, including initiating bankruptcy proceedings. This application was dismissed after Dr Pang showed he had $1 million in the bank.
Yesterday, the SMC sought to start contempt proceedings against Dr Pang for disobeying court orders to pay the costs and to disclose his assets. However, the High Court gave him two more weeks to comply.
A version of this article appeared in the print edition of The Straits Times on September 14, 2016, with the headline 'Doc given 2 weeks to pay $500k in legal fees'. Print Edition | Subscribe
SINGAPORE COURTS
DOCTORS/SURGEONS


text:
Our Catalog Oldies Doo Wop
Doo Wop Box
Doo Wop Box by Rhino at WA Tunes. MPN: CDRN71463. Hurry! Limited time offer. Offer valid only while supplies last. More than 100 of the finest rhythm & blues and rock 'n' roll doo-wop songs ever recorded, all remastered from the original session and master tapes (many for the first time!). Besides containing nearly every doo-wop record ever to hit the pop charts from 1948 to 1981 ( Why Do Fools Fall in Love; Earth Angel; In the Still of the Night; My Prayer; Little Star , and many more), the set offers a number of rarities and previously obscure gems that add ''flavor'' to the collection. Completing the
More than 100 of the finest rhythm & blues and rock 'n' roll doo-wop songs ever recorded, all remastered from the original session and master tapes (many for the first time!). Besides containing nearly every doo-wop record ever to hit the pop charts from 1948 to 1981 ( Why Do Fools Fall in Love; Earth Angel; In the Still of the Night; My Prayer; Little Star , and many more), the set offers a number of rarities and previously obscure gems that add "flavor" to the collection. Completing the package is a thick, intensely detailed color booklet. The unwritten rules for doo-wop groups were deceptively simple: name your group after a bird (the Wrens, the Flamingos) or a car (the Cadillacs, the El Dorados), practice your two-, three-, or four-part harmonies on a neighborhood street corner or in the back of a candy store, and sing songs about how much you love your baby. It might have seemed like an obvious formula, but getting it just right was never easy. When it worked, that formula created some of the most joyful and unforgettable music of the 20th century. From the Orioles ("It's Too Soon to Know") to Frankie Lymon & the Teenagers ("I Want You to Be My Girl"), this four-CD collection is without a doubt the definitive introduction to the rock & roll vocal music of the 1950s and early '60s. --Percy Keegan
Manufacturer: Rhino
Part Number: CDRN71463
Publisher: Rhino
Studio: Rhino
MPN: CDRN71463
Item Size: 6.25 x 1.5 x 1.5 inches
View More In Doo Wop.
If you have any questions about this product by Rhino, contact us by completing and submitting the form below. If you are looking for a specif part number, please include it with your message.
Aladdin Records Story
Doo Wop: Vocal Group Greats Live
Before rock 'n' roll . . . before R&B . . . there was doo wop. Drift back to a gentler time with the tunes and harmonies of the doo wop groups of the late '50s and early '60s. From the timeless and haunting ''Since I Don't Have You'' to the upbeat ''Barbara Ann,'' this collection of beloved music will unlock a treasure trove of memories. The incredible PBS special Doo Wop: Vocal Group Greats Live is proof that through all the musical changes of the past 50 years, voice is the ultimate


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text:
Singer And Williams Reveal Their Breathtaking 500HP Porsche 911
Singer has been working with Williams Advanced Engineering for their latest project which is a rather stunning reimagined 911 that received newly-developed lightweight and high-performance modifications.
The project was born under the Dynamics and Lightweighting Study (DLS) name, with Singer partnering with Williams and other world-renowned specialists, including Michelin, Brembo and BBS Motorsport.
It's hard to choose a highlight on this magnificent creation, but if you have to pick one it has to be the new four-valve, four-camshaft naturally aspirated 4.0-liter flat-six engine with 500hp, developed by Williams with consultation from none other than Hans Mezger, the legendary Porsche engineer.
Other details include the new underbody and surface aerodynamic enhancements, again by Williams and Porsche Motorsport legend Norbert Singer, via computational fluid dynamics (CFD). If you take a closer look at the renderings, you'll notice that even the taillights now feature air outlets, not to mention the rear diffuser and the various scoops everywhere.
The new car is also lighter thanks to the increased use of exotic materials like magnesium, titanium and carbon fiber. The end result is a staggering minimum vehicle weight of 990kg/2180lbs.
The new DLS package is completed by the improved suspension, which is now lighter and offers better adjustability and enhanced geometry. Features like the bespoke Michelin Pilot Sport Cup 2 tires, the lightweight 18-inch BBS-Motorsport forged-magnesium alloys, carbon Brembo brakes, the bespoke EXE-TC dampers and a special lightweight six-speed manual transmission made out of magnesium from Hewland can also be specified should the customer wants to.
Only 75 cars will be built at a dedicated Singer facility housed on the Williams campus in the UK, with the company having racing driver Marino Franchitti and Top Gear presenter Chris Harris serving as consultants and vehicle dynamics development drivers.
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