text:
Appropriateness of care
Issue 10 Suppl
Clinical quality registries have the potential to drive improvements in the appropriateness of care
Nick Wilcox and John J McNeil
Med J Aust 2016; 205 (10): S21-S26. || doi: 10.5694/mja15.00921
The provision of timely, relevant and reliable information on patient care to clinicians has been shown to drive improvements in health care quality. Well constructed clinical quality registries collect and report information on both the appropriateness of care (process) in keeping with clinical practice guidelines and the effectiveness of care (outcomes).
Notwithstanding the successful establishment of several new registries and improvements in established registries, barriers persist for clinical groups wishing to improve the quality of information and level of participation in registries in Australia.
To address these barriers, the Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care has developed the Framework for Australian Clinical Quality Registries. The Framework describes a mechanism by which government jurisdictions and private hospital groups can authorise and secure record-level data, within high priority clinical domains, to measure, monitor and report the appropriateness and effectiveness of health care.
The provision of benchmarked information back to clinicians on the appropriateness and outcomes of care is expected to improve adherence to evidence-based practice and drive improvement in outcomes.
The effectiveness of clinical quality registries (registries) to monitor and benchmark patient outcomes is well established.1-3 There is also compelling evidence for the ability of registry information to drive continuous improvements in patient outcomes and adherence to guideline-recommended care.2-5 Systematic and ongoing collection of standardised data on medical and surgical interventions allows the identification and analysis of clinical practice variation and its effect on patient outcomes. Registry data has credibility with clinicians, stimulating increased use of evidence-based clinical management, decreased variation in care and improved patient outcomes.2,4
Capturing a high proportion of a registry's eligible patient population is critically important in minimising the selection bias associated with incomplete capture. A low capture rate renders the pool of results unrepresentative and ungeneralisable, thus weakening the power of a registry to inform policy determinations.3 Omissions of data within a single clinical unit create the potential for "manipulation" of included and excluded data, thus weakening the credibility of unit-level reports and their ability to drive change.
Current reporting in Australia
A small number of national registries in Australia now capture a high proportion of their eligible patient populations. These include the Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry,6 the Australian Orthopaedic Association National Joint Replacement Registry,7 the adult and paediatric registries run by the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society,8 the Australasian Rehabilitation Outcomes Centre9 and the Palliative Care Outcomes Collaboration.10
Examples of how these registries report on rates of appropriate or recommended care include reports from the Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry, which show improvement in the preferred type of vascular access — arteriovenous fistula — for haemodialysis patients over the period 2008 to 2012 (Box 1).11
The extent of adherence to guideline-recommended care delivered in intensive care units (ICUs) across Australia is demonstrated by information provided by the Adult Patient Database8 of the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society's Centre for Outcome and Resource Evaluation. Box 2 shows the high proportion of ICU admissions for which the patient received guideline-recommended care for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis each year for 5 years.8
Data from the Australasian Rehabilitation Outcomes Centre (AROC) demonstrate improvements in a key process indicator — assessment of functional status — for rehabilitation care provided in Australian hospitals over the period from 2002, when the Centre opened, to 2015 (unpublished data provided by AROC, July 2016) (Box 3).
The Palliative Care Outcomes Collaboration (PCOC) collects data from palliative care services across Australia on the length of time palliative care patients spend in the unstable phase of illness. An unstable phase ends when a new plan of care is in place, has been reviewed, and no further changes are required. A patient is considered to have an acceptable outcome if they experience no more than 3 days of instability. Information reported by the PCOC shows a considerable improvement in palliative care services achieving this benchmark over the period 2010–2015 (unpublished data provided by PCOC, July 2016). For care provided in hospital, the proportion of patients spending no more than 3 days in the unstable phase increased from 57% in 2010 to 86% in 2015. Similarly, for patients receiving care at home, the proportion increased from 41% to 76% (Box 4).
Governments across Australia have developed a number of registries with a jurisdictional focus. The Victorian Department of Health and Human Services, in particular, has invested in a significant number of clinical quality registries. In some instances, substantial funding has been made available by other organisations such as the Victorian Transport Accident Commission, Medibank Private and the Movember Foundation. Some state-based registries such as the Victorian Cardiac Outcomes Registry and its counterparts in South Australia, Queensland and New South Wales are collaborating to develop nationally consistent datasets.
There remains, however, limited capacity across Australia to benchmark outcomes and assess the degree with which health care aligns with evidence-based practice in a number of high priority clinical domains. In 2011, Evans and colleagues conducted a national survey to determine the capacity of Australian clinical registries to accurately assess quality of care. Of 28 registries surveyed, the majority were found to require modifications to provide useful and reliable information for quality improvement purposes. Thirteen of the 28 registries (46%) recruited fewer than 80% of the eligible population. Twenty-three surveyed registries (82%) did not formally audit reliability of coding at the clinical level and five (18%) did not collect the information required for basic risk adjustment of outcome measures.12
In a 2010 systematic review of how medical registries provide information feedback to health care providers, van der Veer and colleagues confirmed findings from previous studies that process of care measures — such as adherence to guideline-recommended treatment or treatment modality, time to treatment, and use of secondary prevention medication — are more readily influenced by feedback than by outcome measures.13 However, national measurement of health care appropriateness (as measured by how closely care aligns with guidelines) in some important clinical domains such as acute coronary syndrome and stroke care has relied on intensive periods of clinical audit.14,15 This could be monitored more effectively using registries, which routinely collect a minimum dataset. Well constructed registries collect and report information on both the effectiveness of care (outcomes) and the appropriateness of care (process) on an ongoing basis, obviating the requirement for clinical audit.3,16,17
Some Australian registries are developing to the point where national auditing of clinical care will no longer be required in order to gain an accurate picture of national outcomes and patterns of care. The Australian Cardiac Outcomes Registry18 intends to develop its collection of outcomes data for patients with acute coronary syndrome along with processes of care data in line with the Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes 2006.19 The recently launched Australian and New Zealand Hip Fracture Registry20 has commenced collecting data items on both effectiveness and appropriateness of care in line with the Australian and New Zealand guideline for hip fracture.21 The Australian Stroke Clinical Registry22,23 collects and reports information on the outcomes of care for stroke patients and information on processes of care in accordance with the Clinical guidelines for stroke management 2010.24 For example, Box 5 shows participating adult hospitals' adherence to five guideline-recommended process of care indicators.
Registry reporting outside Australia
In the United Kingdom, the National Hip Fracture Database (NHFD) was developed as a collaboration between the British Orthopaedic Association (BOA) and the British Geriatrics Society (BGS). Data are collected on casemix, care processes and patient outcomes.25 Care is measured against six standards laid out in the 2007 Blue Book (clinical care standards) on the care of fragility fracture patients, including prompt admission to orthopaedic care; surgery within 48 hours and within normal working hours; nursing care aimed at minimising pressure ulcer incidence; routine access to orthogeriatric medical care; assessment and appropriate treatment to promote bone health; and falls assessment.26 In 2010, the NHFD registry became a ready-made data collection and reporting mechanism for measuring compliance with a set of clinical care standards incentivised by a best practice tariff.27 Box 6 shows the compliance with best practice for a number of clinical care standards using registry data.
The authors of the 2012 NHFD national report note:
clinical teams have used the synergy of audit, feedback and standards locally in clinical change or service development initiatives prompted and monitored by the NHFD, often with very substantial and quantifiable improvements. These include reduced mortality and reductions in length of stay, often arising from care pathway redesign and improved collaboration between surgeons, anaesthetists and ortho-geriatricians; and substantial efficiency savings that are in keeping with an important point made in the BOA/BGS Blue Book: "Looking after hip fracture patients well is cheaper than looking after them badly".25
In the United States, the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke registry has been successful in measuring adherence to a number of agreed care processes, including deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis, antithrombotic therapy, discharge medication, dysphagia screening, stroke education, smoking cessation and assessment for rehabilitation.28 The registry has over two million patients enrolled from more than 2000 hospitals and links performance data with Medicare fee-for-service claims data. This has enabled the creation of 30-day and 1-year mortality prediction models, outcomes variation comparison across hospitals and the assessment of the impact of critical variables on outcomes of interest.28
Heart failure registries in the US collect data on clinical characteristics, patterns of hospital and outpatient care, as well as outcomes of patients admitted with this condition.4 Online tools are used to provide personally tailored feedback on performance and other quality measures against a national benchmark. Process of care improvement tools have been developed and made available in a toolkit, which includes evidence-based practice algorithms, critical pathways, standardised orders, discharge checklists, pocket cards, and chart stickers. The toolkit also includes algorithms and dosing guides for guideline-recommended therapies and a comprehensive set of patient education materials. Participation in heart failure registries in the US has been associated with substantial improvements in the use of guideline-recommended therapies for heart failure in both the inpatient and outpatient settings.4 Conformity with appropriateness measures has been shown to improve patient outcomes and disparities in care have been reduced or eliminated.4
Swedish registries have contributed to a vast amount of information used in health services research in that country.29 Many of the Swedish registries commenced operations over 20 years ago with government financial support and have been attentively maintained. Incentives are provided to hospitals complying with routine contributions to the registries. Required datasets are succinct, thereby minimising data entry burden. This has produced high participation rates which are closely representative of the eligible population. In return hospitals and clinicians are provided with high quality reports which are up to date and risk adjusted.30
Opportunities that registries provide
Well designed and managed clinical registries provide clinical information which is richer, more reliable and more credible than information generated from hospital administrative systems.31 Analyses based on clinical data are respected by clinicians and patients. A comparative review by Cohen in 2014 demonstrated that the Cardiac Care Network Registry in Ontario, Canada, provides relevant clinical details with greater accuracy when compared with administrative databases.32 Data from the registry were found to be more robust for informing best practice cardiac clinical care pathways and evidence-based cardiac procedures. Information provided by registries therefore enjoys a high level of trust by clinicians, health managers, governments, private hospital groups and funding bodies.
The use of registries to monitor health care quality and safety is supported by patients. Analyses show that as long as appropriate measures are taken to ensure data security and confidentiality, the majority of patients acknowledge the value of registries and the necessity to collect identifying data, and accept the requirement for registries to operate under opt-out consent with scope for linkage to other datasets.33
The purpose and scope of patient registries are expanding. Aside from the principal function of monitoring and benchmarking the appropriateness and effectiveness of clinical care, registries can provide the foundation for opportunities to undertake evidence-based health care reform. The potential for articulation with best practice pricing incentive schemes has been highlighted above. Registries also provide a way of generating an early warning of lowered outcomes and a means to share learnings from high performing units, such as those with lower infection rates. Examples of other opportunities provided by registries include clinician and facility performance assessment and credentialing; greater accountability and transparency through public reporting; performance-based reimbursement; value-based purchasing; the development of evidence-based practice guidelines; enhanced post-market surveillance of medical devices and pharmaceuticals; monitoring trends in utilisation and access to care; supporting cost-effectiveness studies; and the provision of infrastructure with which to conduct clinical trials and comparative effectiveness studies.5,29,34
Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are increasingly being introduced into registries,35 providing a personal perspective on the expectations and impact of surgery. For example, the Victorian Severe Trauma Registry and the Victorian Prostate Cancer Registry both collect and report PROMs at a time of clinical stability. The Arthroplasty Clinical Outcomes Registry in NSW reports pre- and post-operative PROMs, and health-related quality of life, for primary and revision procedures (Box 7).36 In the UK, the National Health Service requires the routine measurement of PROMs for all patients undergoing total knee or hip arthroplasty (http://content.digital.nhs.uk/proms). In Sweden, almost all units performing total hip arthroplasty are administering PROMs before and after surgery.37 The respective registries in those countries collect and report such data.
There is increasing evidence that registries demonstrate good value for money, that is, improved health outcomes at lower cost.38-40 In 2012, Larsson and colleagues calculated that if the US had a registry for hip replacement surgery that encouraged reductions in surgical revision rates comparable with those attributed, in part, to the presence of the Swedish registry, the US might have avoided $2 billion of an expected $24 billion in total costs in 2015 for these surgeries.39
Barriers to effective reporting
Barriers to registry development are well documented.41-45 Adequate funding is a problem that registries share with many other health care initiatives. Funding aside, the principal barriers to the development of clinical quality registries in Australia are:
reluctance of some health care providers and organisations to supply source data;
poor interoperability between clinical information systems leading to unnecessary duplication of data entry;
limited availability of the skills (clinical, epidemiological, biostatistical) and resources (advanced and secure data systems) to run national registries; and
data governance burdens and constraints, including restrictions on the disclosure, collection, linkage and reporting of patient level data.
Notwithstanding successful efforts to develop new registries20 and improve established registries, these barriers persist for clinical groups and registry experts wishing to improve the quality of information and level of participation in registries in Australia.
Beyond the barriers
To address these barriers, the Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care worked with jurisdictional representatives and registry experts to develop a framework detailing national arrangements under which patient level data may be routinely and securely disclosed, collected, analysed and reported. The Framework for Australian clinical quality registries46 (endorsed by the Australian Health Ministers' Advisory Council in March 2014) describes a mechanism by which government jurisdictions and private hospital groups can authorise and secure record-level data, within high priority clinical domains, to measure, monitor and report the appropriateness and effectiveness of health care. Application of the Framework to registries provides assurances to jurisdictions, private hospital groups, clinicians and patients, that registry data and the systems that hold those data have satisfied minimum security, technical and operating standards.
The establishment of a number of national clinical quality registries for high burden, high variance conditions or interventions is a cost-effective38-40 way of addressing Australia's information gaps in order to effectively monitor the appropriateness and effectiveness of health care. The development of one national registry per clinical domain — rather than multiple state and territory-based registries all attempting to monitor similar indicators — has obvious efficiencies and is more likely to attract funding. Well designed registries are an increasingly important component of clinical practice47 and health system monitoring. The provision of timely, relevant and reliable feedback about patient care to clinicians drives improvements in health care quality. Improved reporting of registry information on the appropriateness of care is likely to improve adherence to evidence-based practice.
Box 1 – Vascular access type at initial treatment, by time to referral for haemodialysis in Australia, 2008–2012
Source: reproduced with permission from ANZDATA Annual Report 2013, Ch 5: Haemodialysis, Fig 5.75.11
Box 2 – Proportion of admissions in which venous thromboembolism prophylaxis was administered to eligible patients within 24 hours of admission to an intensive care unit, 2010–11 to 2014–15
Source: data provided by the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society, July 2016.
Box 3 – Proportion of patients assessed for functional status (activities of daily living) within three days of admission to a hospital rehabilitation ward, 2002–2015
Source: data provided by the Australasian Rehabilitation Outcomes Centre, Australian Health Services Research Institute, University of Wollongong, July 2016.
Box 4 – Proportion of patients in the unstable phase with an effective care plan implemented in 3 days or less
Source: data provided by the Palliative Care Outcomes Collaboration, Australian Health Services Research Institute, University of Wollongong, July 2016.
Box 5 – Hospital adherence to process indicators for stroke care
Hospital stroke care
Ischaemic
Patients admitted to a stroke unit
5847/7608 (77%)
992/1489 (67%)
Patients who received intravenous thrombolysis (tPA) of an ischaemic stroke
Patients discharged (not deceased while in hospital)
1470/1474 (99.7%)
Patient discharged on an antihypertensive (if not deceased while in hospital)
Patients who received a care plan at discharge (if discharged home or to RACF)
Source: Australian Stroke Clinical Registry Annual Report 2013, Table 7, p.29.22 na = not applicable. RACF = residential aged care facility. TIA = transient ischaemic attack. tPA = tissue plasminogen activator. Unknowns coded as no; inpatient death determined using National Death Index data.
Box 6 – Compliance with best practice standards for hip fracture patients in the United Kingdom, 2009–2012
Source: prepared with permission from data in the National Hip Fracture Database National Report 2012 – Supplement, Table 1.25
Box 7 – Pre- and post-operative patient-reported outcome measures (Oxford Hip Scores [OHS]) for hip arthroplasty — all hospitals, 2013
Source: reproduced with permission from Arthroplasty Clinical Outcomes Registry, 2013 Annual Report, Fig 7.1.36
Provenance: Commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Nick Wilcox1
John J McNeil2
1 Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care, Sydney, NSW
2 Monash University, Melbourne, VIC
Correspondence: npwilcox@gmail.com
No relevant disclosures.
1. Liu FX, Rutherford P, Smoyer-Tomic K, et al. A global overview of renal registries: a systematic review. BMC Nephrol 2015; 16: 31.
2. Stey AM, Russell MM, Ko CY, et al. Clinical registries and quality measurement in surgery: a systematic review. Surgery 2015; 157: 381-395.
3. Gliklich R, Dreyer N, Leavy M, editors. Registries for evaluating patient outcomes: a user's guide. 3rd edition. Two volumes. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2014.
4. Fonarow GC. Improving quality of care and outcomes for heart failure: role of registries. Circ J 2011; 75: 1783-1790.
5. Ashrafi R, Hussain H, Brisk R, et al. Clinical disease registries in acute myocardial infarction. World J Cardiol 2014; 6: 415-423.
6. McDonald SP, Russ GR. Australian registries — ANZDATA and ANZOD. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2013; 27: 46-49.
7. Australian Orthopaedic Association National Joint Replacement Registry. Annual report. Adelaide: AOA, 2014.
8. Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society. ANZICS CORE annual report 2014-15. Melbourne: ANZICS, 2016. http://www.anzics.com.au/Downloads/ANZICS%20CORE%20Annual%20Report%202015.pdf (accessed Oct 2016).
9. Australian Health Services Research Institute. Australasian Rehabilitation Outcomes Centre. University of Wollongong. http://ahsri.uow.edu.au/aroc/index.html (accessed Oct 2016).
10. Australian Health Services Research Institute. Palliative Care Outcomes Collaboration. University of Wollongong. http://ahsri.uow.edu.au/pcoc/index.html (accessed Oct 2016).
11. Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry (ANZDATA). Annual Report 2013. Chapter 5: Haemodialysis. Figure 5.75. http://www.anzdata.org.au/anzdata/AnzdataReport/36thReport/2013c05_haemodialysis_v1.7.pdf (accessed July 2016).
12. Evans SM, Bohensky M, Cameron PA, McNeil J. A survey of Australian clinical registries: can quality of care be measured? Intern Med J 2011; 41: 42-48.
13. van der Veer SN, de Keizer NF, Ravelli ACJ, et al. Improving quality of care. A systematic review on how medical registries provide information feedback to health care providers. Int J Med Inform 2010; 79: 305-323.
14. Chew DP, French J, Briffa TG, et al. Acute coronary syndrome care across Australia and New Zealand: the SNAPSHOT ACS study. Med J Aust 2013; 199: 185-191. <MJA full text>
15. National Stroke Foundation. National Stroke Audit: Acute Services. Clinical audit report 2013. Melbourne: NSF, 2013.
16. Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care. Operating principles for Australian clinical quality registries. Sydney: ACSQHC, 2010.
17. McNeil JJ, Evans SM, Johnson NP, Cameron PA. Clinical-quality registries: their role in quality improvement. Med J Aust 2010; 192: 244-245. <MJA full text>
18. Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand. Australian Cardiac Outcomes Registry. http://acor.net.au (accessed Oct 2016).
19. Acute Coronary Syndrome Guidelines Working Group. Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes 2006. Med J Aust 2006; 184 (8 Suppl): S1-S32. <MJA full text>
20. ANZ Hip Fracture Registry. Enhancing outcomes for older people. ANZHFR Newsletter, Issue 3, March 2013.
21. Australian and New Zealand Hip Fracture Registry (ANZHFR) Steering Group. Australian and New Zealand Guideline for Hip Fracture Care - Improving outcomes in hip fracture management of adults. Sydney: ANZHFR Steering Group, 2014.
22. Cadilhac DA, Lannin NA, Anderson CS, et al; on behalf of the AuSCR Consortium. The Australian Stroke Clinical Registry Annual Report 2013. Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; November 2014, Report No 5. http://www.auscr.com.au/wp-content/uploads/AuSCR-AnnualReport-2013-FINAL.pdf (accessed Oct 2016).
23. Middleton S, Coughlan K, Mnatzaganian G, et al. Feasibility of long term follow-up of quality in acute stroke care trial participants: an evaluation of data linkage from state and national death registries. Int J Stroke 2014; 9: 44-45.
24. National Stroke Foundation. Clinical guidelines for stroke management 2010. Melbourne: NSF, 2010.
25. National Hip Fracture Database. The National Hip Fracture Database national report 2012 – Supplement. http://www.nhfd.co.uk/20/hipfractureR.nsf/vwcontent/2012ReportDownload/$File/NHFDSupplement2012.pdf?openelement (accessed Oct 2016).
26. British Orthopaedic Association and British Geriatrics Society. The care of patients with fragility fracture (Blue Book). British Orthopaedic Association, 2007.
27. Department of Health Payment by Results Team. A simple guide to payment by results. National Health Service, United Kingdom. November 2012. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/simple-guide-to-payment-by-results (accessed Oct 2016).
28. Schwamm LH. Measuring and changing the quality of care via national registries. Stroke 2013; 44: S132-S135.
29. Tavazzi L. Do we need clinical registries? Eur Heart J 2014; 35: 7-9.
30. Swedish HealthCare. Improved results in healthcare using quality registries. June 2013. http://www.swedishhealthcare.com/improved-results-in-healthcare-using-quality-registries (accessed Oct 2016).
31. McCoy RG, Tulledge-Scheitel SM, Naessens JM, et al. The method for performance measurement matters: Implications of transitioning from administrative claims to registries. Diabetes 2014; 63: A5.
32. Cohen E, Peterson B, Braga V, et al. Evidence for utility of clinical registries to support development of cardiac QBPs and clinical care pathways. Can J Cardiol 2014; 30 Suppl: S134.
33. Donohue F. Patient opinions of patient registries. Irish J Med Sci 2012; 181: S127.
34. Jain HS, Conway PH, Berwick DM. A public-private strategy to advance the use of clinical registries. J Am Soc Anesthesiol 2012; 117: 227-229.
35. Gemmen E, Leavy MB. Collecting PROs in patient registries: the need for and potential impact of providing pro data to the treating physician-and when. Value Health 2014; 17: A207.
36. Arthroplasty Clinical Outcomes Registry. 2013 annual report. Sydney, ACORN, 2014. http://www.acornregistry.org/images/ACORN%20Annual%20Report%202013.pdf (accessed Oct 2016).
37. Paulsen A. Patient reported outcomes in hip arthroplasty registries. Dan Med J 2014; 61.
38. Walters SR. Demonstrating value: registries and beyond. Gastrointest Endosc Clin North Am 2012; 22: 135-145.
39. Larsson S, Lawyer P, Garellick G, et al. Use of 13 disease registries in 5 countries demonstrates the potential to use outcome data to improve health care's value. Health Aff (Millwood) 2012; 31: 220-227.
40. Ryan TJ. Large cardiac registries: the path to higher quality and lower cost in our healthcare system. Circulation 2010; 121: 2612-2614.
41. Gliklich RE, Karl J, Leavy MB, et al. Challenges in developing an outcome measures framework for patient registries. Value Health 2013; 16: A265.
42. Hogan DB, Warner J, Patten S, et al. Ethical and legal considerations for Canadian registries. Can J Neurol Sci 2013; 40: S5-S23.
43. Evans SM, Loff B, Cameron PA. Clinical registries: the urgent need to address ethical hurdles. Med J Aust 2013; 198: 134-135. <MJA full text>
44. Hickey GL, Grant SW, Cosgriff R, et al. Clinical registries: governance, management, analysis and applications. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2013; 44: 605-614.
45. Evans SM, Scott IA, Johnson NP, et al. Development of clinical-quality registries in Australia: the way forward. Med J Aust 2011; 194: 360-363. <MJA full text>
46. Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care. Framework for Australian clinical quality registries. Sydney, Australia: ACSQHC, 2014.
47. Brieger D, Aliprandi-Costa B. Developments in procedural and disease registries: a focus on coronary artery disease. Curr Opin Cardiol 2013; 28: 405-410.


For any foodie, pani puri aka golgappa aka puchka and the various other names this delightful thing is known as has become synonymous with 'Street Food'.
It is a delight to watch the vendor skilfully punch a tiny hole in each puri, add the fillings and dip it in the meetha chutney/pani.
Here is my attempt to discover 'the pani puri with a twist' in my beloved city – the ones featured here are purely on the basis on their 'hatke' nature – price and taste take a secondary stand.
At Thengu Mane in Rajajinagar, they serve Pani puris with pani made out of coconut water – brilliant idea!!
Taste: Made out of coconut water – the pani does lack the 'punch' of a traditional one.
Easily the most expensive golgappas I have tasted – at Punjabi By Nature in Koramangala, they serve golgappas with vodka in 4 different flavors – aampanna or jaljeera or tamarind or pepper.
Taste: I will stick to the 'sober' pani puris ?
For the hygiene-conscious or the street-food deterrent – this is 'The Golgappa' to have.
When you visit Chaatimes – ask for golgappa (the puri is made of sooji/rava – makes such a huge difference in taste) and not a regular pani puri.
It's the vice-versa of a traditional pani puri – here the pani is poured over the puri laced with masala and stuffing – really cool ?
Do you know of any such 'interesting' pani puri places? If you do, leave a comment below with the details.


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It was withdrawn from human use in the United States market in April 1994.The drug was previously available in the United Kingdom for use in humans under the brand name Modrenal for the treatment of Cushing's disease and for breast cancer. It was approved in the United States in 2008 for the treatment of Cushing's disease (hyperadrenocorticism) in dogs under the brand name Vetoryl.
It was available by prescription in the UK under the Vetoryl brand name for some time before it was approved in the US. The drug is also used to treat the skin disorder Alopecia X in dogs.It is also the first drug approved to treat both pituitary- and adrenal-dependent Cushing's in dogs. This prescription drug works by stopping the production of cortisol in the adrenal glands. In studies of the drug, the most common side effects were vomiting, lack of energy, diarrhea, and weight loss.
Trilostane should not be given to a dog that:
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Cushing's disease is most common in smaller dogs. Signs of Cushing's syndrome may include increased appetite, thirst and urination, hair loss, bald patches and an enlarged abdomen. Without treatment, dogs can develop weak and calcified skin patches, hepatopathy and frail abdominal muscles.
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As of 2008, Trilostane is an FDA approved treatment for dogs with Cushing's disease. Administering Trilostane can inhibit with the production of cortisol in the adrenal glands, adjusting the adreno-cortico hormone levels and preventing disease symptoms.
Trilostane can be administered in once-daily doses, or in smaller, more frequent doses to reduce the occurrence of side effects. It may take approximately four weeks for the drug to take effect and to notice a reduction of symptoms.
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In addition to treatment for pituitary dependant hyperadrenocorticism, adrenocortical tumors and Cushing's disease, Trilostane may be used to treat dogs with Alopecia X. Advancements in veterinary medicine have also led to substantial groundwork in the use of trilostane for treating horses with Cushing's.
Additionally, while PDH in felines is rare, trilostane may be a chosen form of therapy. However, trilostane has revealed to be a less successful form of treatment for cats.
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text:
The Good Krabby Name
"The Good Krabby Name"
Marc Ceccarelli
Derek Iversen
"Chum Fricassee" "Move It or Lose It"
"The Good Krabby Name" is the first segment of the 178th episode of SpongeBob SquarePants.
One day, Mr. Krabs is shown looking through a telescope on the top of the Krusty Krab, spying on customers and taking pictures of any Bikini Bottom residents. He then enters the restaurant and calls SpongeBob and Squidward into his office. He shows them the pictures of the customers and asks SpongeBob if he has seen any of them inside the Krusty Krab. SpongeBob says that he has not seen pretty much all of them and Squidward says that he prefers not to look directly at the customers, and thus does not know if any of them have been in the restaurant. Mr. Krabs then tells SpongeBob and Squidward that 2 percent of the residents of Bikini Bottom have not set foot in the Krusty Krab, and therefore, 2 percent of money not in his pocket. He tells them that he wants them to go out and promote the restaurant, and SpongeBob is eager to do so, while Squidward refuses to, since he will not get overtime pay.
The next scene, SpongeBob is shown coming out of a giant hole at the top of the Krusty Krab wearing a Krabby Patty costume and jumping off of a giant spatula. He asks a random fish if he has heard of the Krusty Krab, and he tells SpongeBob that he is just about to enter the restaurant. The man takes flyers that SpongeBob is offering about the Krusty Krab and leaves. Patrick is then shown watching SpongeBob, whom he believes to be evidence of the "invasion of the giant patties" from behind a giant rock. He then lunges out at his friend and tries to eat him. When SpongeBob tells him that he is inside the costume, Patrick thinks that the patty ate SpongeBob and continues to attack him, and launches him in the air. The costume lands on top of Plankton, who is about to go to the Krusty Krab to attempt to steal the Krabby Patty formula. Patrick makes sure that SpongeBob is okay, and SpongeBob tells him of his job to promote the Krusty Krab. Patrick tells SpongeBob that he needs an even bigger advertisement blitz.
Patrick was then shown shaving the message "Eat at the Krusty Krab" on SpongeBob's back, and painting the message on the walls with black paint. SpongeBob is then used to stamp the message all over downtown. A cop walks by and considers arresting them for graffiti, but then decides to go get a Krabby Patty instead. Patrick tells SpongeBob that he had hired a skywriter, but the skywriter falls out of the plane, holding a clipboard that says "Help me", and crashes onto the edge of a cliff. A scout leader and three campers are then shown, on a tour of the oldest tree in Bikini Bottom. However, the tree falls over when Patrick creates the advertisement out of its leaves.
SpongeBob is then shown exiting a bathroom stall and telling a man that they had left a present for him. The man walks into the stall and sees that "Eat at the Krusty Krab" is written on every sheet of toilet paper. Patrick is then shown flying a plane with a banner advertisement in back, and SpongeBob is shown flying a blimp. Patrick almost crashes into SpongeBob, but somehow the blimp avoids the plane. They soon collide however, and both fall to the ground, screaming. Pilar expresses that if he sees the words "Krusty Krab" one more time, he will scream. When the blimp and plane both crash in front of him, and he sees that it says "Krusty Krab", he screams so loud, it sucks in the skin of SpongeBob and Patrick. When the skin gets unsucked, the two have each other's skin instead of their own.
Suddenly, a cellphone is heard ringing inside of Patrick's pocket, and it turns out to be Mr. Krabs, calling them and telling them that their Advertisement Campaign is working well, and that the Krusty Krab is packed, as well as that some of the customers who had never previously entered the restaurant are now there. Squidward is shown cooking the patties as well as taking customer's orders. Mr. Krabs tells SpongeBob and Patrick to continue doing what they have been doing, and to try to find the last 1 percent, which they are unsure of how to find. They realize that they did not advertise over a highway of boats, and SpongeBob is reluctant to do so, thinking that they will get run over. Patrick turns into a traffic cone and makes a truck stop, and "Eat at the Krusty Krab" is then painted on the truck's side by SpongeBob.
The two then go back to the Krusty Krab to tell to Mr. Krabs they made it, and the customers are coming in. SpongeBob was about to go back on the grill when the customers were angry about how they turned it into an Eat at the Krusty Krab place. He and Patrick tried their best to hold the door, but Mr. Krabs doesn't care and founds the last 1% of the whole Bikini Bottom.
As the customers were breaking the Krusty Krab, Mr. Krabs grabs the customer and brings him to the top of Krusty Krab and gives him a Krabby Patty. He is glad that the advertising campaign had paid off. The episode ends with the Krusty Krab breaking apart and with them left onscreen.
Some of the hillbillies from "Trenchbillies" can be seen in the truck. However, unlike the ones from the episode Trenchbillies, these ones had pupils.
Mr. Krabs states on how many people have never eaten a Krabby Patty. But in "Just One Bite", SpongeBob seems so shocked when he found out that Squidward has never eaten one.
Originally, this episode was going to have SpongeBob try to get a good nickname for the Krusty Krab.
This episode first aired with "Squid Baby".
Patrick refers to the previous episode, "To Save a Squirrel", from Season 5. When he said 'I know what to do, It's Eat Or Be Eaten'. This is the second episode in the series to reference a past episode. The first time was "Whelk Attack".
In several past episodes it is stated that everyone in Bikini Bottom has eaten at the Krusty Krab at least once meaning this episode has been in a past time.
This is the third time a highway is shown. The first two were "Mid-Life Crustacean" and "SpongeBob's Last Stand".
The pictures Mr. Krabs was showing the pictures of the people, some of them actually eat there.
In this the fifth time SpongeBob flies something himself - in this case, a blimp. He also flew a blimp in "Treats!" and also a plane in "Have You Seen This Snail?", and attempted to fly one in "The Sponge Who Could Fly". He flew a hot air balloon in "Are You Happy Now?", and flew a flying submarine in Hide and then what Happens? The next time SpongeBob is up in the sky will be in "License to Milkshake".
If 2% of the population did set foot in the Krusty Krab, and 12 people was 2%, then that means there must be at least 600 people in Bikini Bottom by now. The population must have increased by 62 since "What Ever Happened to SpongeBob?" because the population in that episode was 538.
Pilar said that he was going to scream if he saw another Krusty Krab ad, but when the blimp crashed, he turned blue.
When Squidward left the Krusty Krab, he threw his hat on the ground near SpongeBob, Patrick, and Mr. Krabs. In the next shot, his hat wasn't there.
When Patrick said he could see his house, SpongeBob's house walkway was solid black.
Mr. Krabs took a picture of an old lady without glasses, but when he shows the picture to SpongeBob, the old lady has glasses on.
Some fish in the pictures have been to the Krusty Krab before.
When the boats fall off the highway across from the Krusty Krab, the Chum Bucket is missing.
Encyclopedia SpongeBobia: The Good Krabby Name
Retrieved from "https://nickelodeon.fandom.com/wiki/The_Good_Krabby_Name?oldid=232457"


Luke–Acts is an attempt to answer a theological problem, namely how the Messiah of the Jews came to have an overwhelmingly non-Jewish church; the answer it provides, and its central theme, is that the message of Christ was sent to the Gentiles because the Jews rejected it. Luke–Acts can be also seen as a defense of (or "apology" for) the Jesus movement addressed to the Jews: the bulk of the speeches and sermons in Acts are addressed to Jewish audiences, with the Romans serving as external arbiters on disputes concerning Jewish customs and law. On the one hand, Luke portrays the Christians as a sect of the Jews, and therefore entitled to legal protection as a recognised religion; on the other, Luke seems unclear as to the future God intends for Jews and Christians, celebrating the Jewishness of Jesus and his immediate followers while also stressing how the Jews had rejected God's promised Messiah.


From décor to clothes to jewellery: this chic boutique offers a beautiful selection of treasures.
"We imagined our boutique like a kind of holiday cottage - somewhere you'll always love ending up in," Mélanie Barré-Bertin tells us. Former HR manager, she is now joint head and founder, with business partner Nathalie Guettier, of Mint & Lilies, a boutique with a range of gorgeous crockery, plants, stationery and ready-to-wear women's clothing.
The pair found a spot in the lively rue Daguerre and dreamt up a friendly business where their advice and welcome would be just as important as the treasures on display. A faithful clientele come here to stock up on jewellery (Zag, Izi-Mi), designer clothes (Maison Scotch, Harris Wilson, Louise Misha) and even Scandinavian or Moroccan décor, including fair-trade brands like Nkuku.
Prices range from €8 for a Ceropegia plant, to €162 for a fluffy jacket by Louise Misha.


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FALL FROM GRACE TO Grass: Nigerian born American Obstetrics/Gynecology Specialist, DR. CHIKE AGUH Arrested for Sexually Assaulting patient in New Jersey…touches lady's private parts, compel victim into oral sex in his Franklin Township office *Suspect with 39 years of medical experience confesses to crime, blames the devil, American Medical Association may suspend license; name to enter sexual predatory register *'I was assaulted by a 64-year-old medical doctor, Dr. Chike Aguh who invited me to his office for a medical appointment. He immediately shut the door, pulled me to the wall. He pulled down my underwear and started touching my private parts. I screamed at him and told him to stop. He wouldn't listen. He threatened me to have oral sex with him'-Victim recounts ordeal *'Chike J. Aguh, of Belle Mead, a medical doctor was charged with sexually abusing a patient during a medical appointment at his Somerset County practice. He faces charges of sexual assault and sexual contact'-Somerset County Prosecutor Michael H. Robertson *BY GEORGE ELIJAH OTUMU/AMERICAN Foreign Editor
FALL FROM GRACE TO Grass:
Nigerian born American Obstetrics/Gynecology Specialist, DR. CHIKE AGUH Arrested for Sexually Assaulting patient in New Jersey…touches lady's private parts, compel victim into oral sex in his Franklin Township office
*Suspect with 39 years of medical experience confesses to crime, blames the devil, American Medical Association may suspend license; name to enter sexual predatory register
*'I was assaulted by a 64-year-old medical doctor, Dr. Chike Aguh who invited me to his office for a medical appointment. He immediately shut the door, pulled me to the wall. He pulled down my underwear and started touching my private parts. I screamed at him and told him to stop. He wouldn't listen. He threatened me to have oral sex with him'-Victim recounts ordeal
*'Chike J. Aguh, of Belle Mead, a medical doctor was charged with sexually abusing a patient during a medical appointment at his Somerset County practice. He faces charges of sexual assault and sexual contact'-Somerset County Prosecutor Michael H. Robertson
*BY GEORGE ELIJAH OTUMU/AMERICAN Foreign Editor
HE WAS A CELEBRATED OBSTETRICS AND FAMOUS GYNECOLOGY in the whole of New Jersey. DR. CHIKE AGUH, a medical doctor with 39 years medical experience has ruined his once cherished career by his desire not to control his libido (sexual drive). This once-famous doctor deceived one of his female patients into his office where he forced the victim to perform oral sex on him. Aguh, by his behavior has brought opprobrium to his family and career. This Nigerian born Naturalized American doctor was eventually arrested and he confessed to the crime-blames the Devil.
Recounting the ordeal she suffered in the hands of the doctor, the patient narrated her experience to law enforcement agents saying: "I was assaulted by a 64-year-old medical doctor, Dr. Chike Aguh who invited me to his office for a medical appointment. He immediately shut the door, pulled me to the wall. He pulled down my underwear and started touching my private parts. I screamed at him and told him to stop. He wouldn't listen. He threatened me to have oral sex with him."
Aguh was charged recently with sexually abusing a patient during a medical appointment at his Somerset County practice, authorities said. Dr. Chike J. Aguh, of Belle Mead, faces charges of sexual assault and sexual contact, according to Somerset County Prosecutor Michael H. Robertson.
The victim confirmed to the police on Tuesday that the doctor assaulted her at his Franklin Township office, Robertson said in a statement. Aguh is an obstetrics and gynecology specialist with 39 years of medical experience, according to a profile on Healthgrades.com
He is listed as being affiliated with Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital in New Brunswick and Saint Peter's University Hospital. Spokespeople for both hospitals would not comment Thursday night.
Meanwhile, this correspondent gathered that investigation is currently under way by American Medical Association to investigate this scandal and suspend Aguh's medical license. If convicted in court, certainly Aguh's name would be entered into sexual predatory register.
The prosecutor's office said Aguh was held at the Somerset County Jail ahead of a detention hearing. It was not immediately clear if he had retained an attorney.
Filed in: Health


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Q: "Incorrect syntax" error when GRANTing permission to a username containing dots We are trying to grant an EXECUTE role on a stored procedure, however the following command
GRANT EXECUTE ON dbo.sp_AgentIdAprCheck TO s.AgentData.Dev

Keeps giving us the following error (it doesn't like the first period):
Incorrect syntax near 's.AgentData.Dev'.

The user account needs to be written as we have it though. Can anyone offer any suggestions?

A: Did you try putting s.AgentData.Dev between square brackets ?
GRANT EXECUTE ON dbo.sp_AgentIdAprCheck TO [s.AgentData.Dev]

A: I got this error where the grant came after creating a view.  I needed to add go after the create view call
eg:
  CREATE VIEW Something
   (    .....
   ) ;
go
  GRANT UPDATE ON Something TO someone;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


"I'm told the French say that when you visit a new place for a week you come home and write a book. When you visit for a month you come home and write an article. When you visit for a year you come home and have nothing to say. So, perhaps the important part of travel writing is to visit briefly."
These are comments selected from the approximately 1 MB of feedback I got on Travels with Samantha from June 1993 when I started mailing it from the road through December 1994 when I got around to picking through the accumulated files.
Photo: Avalanche Creek Falls, Glacier National Park, from Chapter V.


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First Cook Out location headed to Northern Virginia
The brand has nearly 300 locations in 10 states.
Big new for fans of the southern hamburger chain Cook Out. They are working on their first location in Northern Virginia with a new store planned for Manassas Park. It's not quite Loudoun, but it's close. And it will be big news on the local restaurant scene as the brand has very loyal fans who've been hoping for this for years.
Information is very preliminary, but The Burn has learned that Cook Out is exploring opening a 3,700 s.f. restaurant at 8502 Centreville Road. That's the location of a former Roy Rogers restaurant that will apparently be redesigned into a Cook Out.
For newbies, Cook Out was founded in 1989 in Greensboro NC. It's expanded steadily in the southeastern United States and there are now reportedly nearly 300 locations in 10 states. According to the company's website, the closest locations to Northern Virginia are in Fredericksburg and Harrisonburg.
The brand is best known for its hamburgers done up with a variety of fixings and its milkshakes with all types of mix-ins. Cook Out also has chicken sandwiches, chicken tenders, hot dogs, corn dogs, wraps and more. You can see the full Cook Out menu here.
Some Cook Out locations drive-thru only while others include a dining room and/or outdoor patio. We understand the Manassas Park location should have both a drive-thru and a dining room, but no word on a projected timeline for opening.
Tags: cook out
New coffee shop brand entering Virginia with Loudoun location
Himalayan Wild Yak in Ashburn offers first look at menu
Betty Murphy Oswalt 2 years ago
I wish good luck to all these hamburger places but enough is enough !!! Why can't someone open a cafeteria that serves a variety of foods. Something on the order of the S& W Cafeteria that was at 7 corners mall in Fairfax County. Wonderful food. They closed because of sky high rent they had to pay.
Jorge 2 years ago
Not familiar with cookout are you?
Howard Margolies 2 years ago
Yes, we love CookOut, there bbq is delicious. They have a number of specials that include a
sandwich, 2 sides and good size drink. We live near Bristow and have been known to drive to
Fredericksburg just to get the bbq special for lunch. Check out a CookOut menu.
Stacey D Herron 2 years ago
I loved K&W! We would go there after church or just whenever. It would be awesome to have a cafeteria-like place open up like that or Perkins. At the same time, I am so excited for this! I'm, generally, not a burger fan, but let me tell you, when you experience Cook Out, Ms. Betty, it will change your life! I first tried it when I went to college in Greensboro back in the 90's and was hooked. When I moved to Nashville and discovered Cook Out was there, I knew I was closer to heaven, haha! If you don't mind the wait and aren't opposed to an invitation from a stranger, I'd love to treat you to your first Cook Out tray and milk shake.
Ann 2 years ago
The K&W is one of the best cafeterias you will ever find.
Hungry 2 years ago
Cookout is way more than just burgers. Great restaurant, it will do very well, particularly among the late night and college scenes.
Chrissy 2 years ago
Cookout is a great place! But I second the motion that the cafeterias were great and should return!
Jim 2 years ago
Check out their menu. There is one in Ashland and one in Richmond. Anytime I am heading south on 95 I make sure to stop by. Great food and better prices. Yum!
Dale Howell 2 years ago
Best deal with Cookout is the milkshake. When you get a meal deal (very reasonably priced), you can add a large milkshake for a mere $1.00. Forty flavors on the menu place you can create your own by mixing the menu flavors. Best deal in town!
Meal deal also includes two sides and there is a very, very large selection to choose from, including wraps and quesadillas.
Love Cookout!!!
I have not eaten at a Cook-Out, but I understand they are very good. However, it would be nice to have a cafeteria in the area. A cafeteria has more home cooked food and is very delicious. The K&W in North Carolina is wonderful. They have so many choices from salads to desserts. The S&W is also good. It is so nice having a few southern restaurants in NoVa; ie, BoJangles – wonderful chicken, sausage biscuits, etc.
Pingback: Cook Out gets closer to NoVa as Winchester location opens - The Burn
Pingback: Cook Out location in Manassas under construction - The Burn
Pingback: NoVA's first Cook Out could open later this month - The Burn
Pingback: NoVa's first Cook Out restaurant opens for business - The Burn


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Star Wars is a juggernaut of modern media and pop culture. Between the releases of the Main films alone, this giant of the entertainment industry.
And with a steady stream of money and interest coming from the many television show projects that are out and in the works, there's only going to be more Star Wars content from here on.
However, despite making its name through visual mediums, such as movies and television, Star Wars is much more than just a series for the silver screen.
Since the 80s and 90s even, when the series was first becoming a household name, there was a real push to expand the universe of Star Wars through the realm of books and novels.
Many of these Stories have in themselves become fan-favorites of the Star Wars sage. Classics such as the Heir To The Empire Trilogy, Darth Plagueis, and the New Jedi Order series, as well as modern favorites such as the Thrawn Trilogy, Dark Disciples, and The High Republic series, have all made their way onto the shelves and into the hearts of Star Wars fans across the globe.
This article is going to cover some of these books, as well as show you just how many Star Wars books have been made over the years.
As you'll find out, there's a big Star Wars universe out there, and there are a lot of books that show it to us!
A Galaxy Far, Far Away And On The Pages
If you are someone who has so far enjoyed Star Wars as a visual medium but has watched pretty much everything that Disney and Lucasfilm have to offer right now, and you still have a hankering for more Jedi action and events from this far, far away galaxy, many fans will pick up a book to scratch that itch.
This was especially the case in the periods between the release of the main trilogies when there would often be next to no Films or Television series.
And even as we are in a golden age of new Star Wars content, with a new series or film being announced every few months.
These novels allow for the world of Star Wars to be approached in a way that doesn't have to focus on epic space battles, lightsaber clashes, and melodramatic daddy issues.
Instead, more time can be spent on introspection, the tactics that make or break a space battle, or even a very obscure side character that otherwise doesn't get a chance to shine.
With such a massive scope of different books, however, it can be hard to keep track of how many books there are left for them to read, especially if they are trying to absorb as much of this series as possible. And with over 40 years of material out there, that number has skyrocketed across the years.
How Many Star Wars Books Are There?
So, this begs the question of just how many Star Wars books there are out there right now.
Well, as of writing this article, and adding both Legends and Canon Book numbers together, there are approximately 381 books that have been released so far, with several other projects well on their way to being completed and released.
And this doesn't even include the many runs of comics and graphic novels that have been released since 1977!
Canon Vs. Legend
You may have been listening to discussions of Star Wars books and media, and heard the terms 'Legends' and 'Canon' continuity thrown around a few times. We've even used the terms in this article once or twice. So what do they mean?
Generally speaking, they refer to two different continuities, or timelines, that have been divided since 2014.
'Legends' continuity refers to all the material that was released from 1977 to 2014, including the 6 main movies of the Star Wars that were released during that time, the video games, novels, and every other piece of Star Wars media.
'Canon' Star Wars refers to all the content that has been released since Disney purchased the rights to Lucasfilm in 2014, including all the released main series of Star Wars movies, the various spin-off movies, and television series, as well as the many novels and other media that have been released in the last 8 years.
With such a massive library to go through, there is certain inaccessibility that comes with such a massive number of books, making it very difficult to get started.
With that in mind, here are our recommendations for Star Wars books that you should read, and what sets them apart.
Heir To The Empire Trilogy
Arguably where the Expanded Star Wars universe gets started, this Legends trilogy is where we are both introduced to the iconic character Grand Admiral Thrawn, as well as seeing what type of stories would go on to help keep Star Wars in the minds of fans and readers, especially in the early 90s when this trilogy was first released.
Ahsoka Novel
With her series on the horizon, this Canon novel shows the life of fan-favorite Star Wars character Ahsoka Tano in the aftermath of Order 66.
X-Wing Series
Another favorite from Legends continuity, this series by Michael A both expands the Star Wars galaxy after the events of Return of the Jedi, as well as introduces a vast number of new characters that are exclusive to the novels, and would become mainstays for years to come.
Aftermath Trilogy
These mainstays of modern Star Wars Canon are some of the earlier books released after 2014 and help build up the galaxy of Star Wars between Return of the Jedi and The Force Awakens.
As you can see, there are plenty of Star Wars books to read, both old and new. Whatever you're looking for, there's a Star Wars story for you!
What Is Order 66? – StarShips.com
How To Watch Star Trek Discovery? – StarShips.com
10 Most Popular and Best Sci-Fi Robots and Droids – TheSciFi.Net
Cancellation Watch: The Winchesters Has Good Debut, Quantum Leap Improves, Chucky Falls, and More


RHL Ventures, the Malaysia-based private investment firm, on Jan 17 announced its investment into Signature Market; a Malaysian e-commerce platform specialising in direct-to-consumer sales of healthy snacks.
RHL Ventures participated in Signature Market's Series A round, along with other investors such as the Axiata Digital Innovation Fund.
Signature Market's goal is to make healthier food products more accessible and affordable in Malaysia and Southeast Asia. The company is achieving this by selling directly on their self-developed e-commerce platform, which allows them to reach out to a wider audience and collect consumer data to develop a more localised strategy to the market.
This route also provides Signature Market with the flexibility to bypass costlier distribution channels, therefore allowing them to pass the savings on to the consumer without sacrificing product quality and freshness.
Signature Market is growing in tandem with a rising trend of healthy snacking around the world.
Signature Market, which uses only 100% natural ingredients with no preservatives, is spearheading this growth in Malaysia and soon plans to do the same in Southeast Asia.
"Consumers today want a healthier lifestyle but do not want to relinquish their comfort food," Signature Market co-founder said Edwin Wang.
Founded as Signature Snack in 2014, Signature Market is a direct-to-consumer purveyor of natural and organic snacks that delivers its orders directly to its customers' doors.
The company was established by Edwin Wang and John Cheng, both of whom collectively hold over 30 years of experience in the internet industry.
Since 2016, Signature Market has grown its revenue from US$243,723 (RM1 million) to US$3.29 million (RM13.5 million) in 2018; increasing their staff strength from five to 50 people today.
While Malaysia remains their focus for now, Wang and his team are eyeing other countries in Southeast Asia as part of their next expansion plan, due to the similar strong demand for healthy food products in this region.


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Mercedes-AMG C63 S E Performance F1 Edition: A Fitting Special Edition
Posted on November 6, 2022 by Nathaniel Lucky
Remember the 2-tonner, 4-pot hybrid C63? Well, it's getting its first special edition fairly early. The F1 Edition of the C63 S E Performance is quite the fitting limited-run, knowing what inspired its powertrain, and what it calls back to.
Quick recap: this C63 no longer has the usual AMG V8. In its place is a 2.0-liter inline 4 with an electric motor and turbocharger, essentially inspired by the same stuff that powers their F1 cars. The drivetrain has an electric motor in the rear, which, at full capacity, gives 671 horsepower and 752 lb-ft of torque for 10 seconds, allowing for a 0-60 mph of 3.4 seconds.
Despite its motorsport-related theme, it gets no increase to the performance department. It does, however, have AMG's aerodynamics package, Night Package 1 and 2, and several other cosmetics. Painted in Alpine Grey paint exclusive to this edition, it comes with a different front splitter, new side mouldings, and a diffuser board, all featuring red accents. There's some not-so-subtle AMG side decals, which references the past C63 medical car. As part of the Night Packages, the grille gets a black chrome finish, and blacks out both the mufflers and badges. The 20-inch wheels are also painted in matte black, with a silver AMG fuel cap. Don't like the sedan? More cultured buyers can also have this edition in a station wagon form, which is much more appropriate, knowing the estates cruised the tracks of F1 more often.
There aren't many changes on the inside, with red stitching, red carbon patterns on the dash, red seatbelts, light-up door sills, F1 logo floor mats, and an "Edition" badge to top it off. Oh right, there's an indoor car cover that once again features the F1 logo included, as if to remind you what edition this is.
What's beneath the hood and body is supposedly F1 enough, so the lack of real modifications is probably too much to ask for. It almost reminds us of the Brabus P 900 Rocket, with its focus on the red accents. It does look somewhat sportier, thanks to the additional aero package. Still, we can't deny that it makes us miss the actual car it was referencing.
Oh, how we miss the W204. A representative peak of modern Mercedes.
p dir="ltr">(Images of C63 F1 Edition sourced from Mercedes-AMG. Pictures of 2009 C63 Medical Car sourced from NetCarShow.com)
This entry was posted in Cars and tagged 2024 C63, C63, C63 AMG, C63 F1 Edition, C63 hybrid, C63 S E Performance, F1, hybrids, limited edition, luxury cars, Mercedes AMG, Mercedes F1, Mercedes-Benz, new cars.
2023 BMW M2 Gets Drastic Changes With M Performance Parts
Volkswagen Ditches Touch-Sensitive Steering Wheel Controls for Conventional Push Buttons


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Paul Langan
Canadian Paul Langan, Author, Historian, High Speed Rail Canada Founder
Showing posts with the label steam engine crash
65th Anniversary of the Tragedy in Galt CP Rail Crash, May 2nd 1956
Today is the 65th anniversary of the tragic rail crash in Galt, Ontario that claimed two lives. Canadian Pacific doubleheader through freight train #903 slammed into "extra" train #5186 which was working at the station and pulled out of the siding. The crash which destroyed the bridge and the spectacle of the damaged engines, just southeast of Galt Collegiate Institute was a site many have never forgotten. In January 2021, I released a book on the crash titled, "Tragedy in Galt, the May 2nd, 1956 CP Rail Crash." The book features interviews with 4 surviving train crew completed between 1998 and 2020. Available at Wordsworth Books Waterloo , Amazon Worldwide , Kobo and Google Play. I also have limited copies at my house you could pick up in my mailbox.
LANGAN BOOKS
Paul Langan Facebook Author Page
Debra Langan - University Professor
Dylan Langan - Conductor, Composer, Yellow Brick Music Owner, Autopylot,
Kate Langan - Registered Dietitian at Guelph General Hospital
Yellow Brick Music
High Speed Rail Canada
"Loyalty is a virtue, indeed a primary virtue, "the heart of all the virtues, the central duty amongst all the duties. It is the basic moral principle from which all other principles can be derived." Josiah Royce
"It is not what you take out of a community that defines you, it is what you give back to the community." Paul Langan
"If you plan cities for cars and traffic, you get cars and traffic. If you plan for people and places, you get people and places." Project for Public Spaces
Copyright Paul Langan, Brentunes Publishing


Tom String and his sister Beth have joined a growing number of baby boomers who increasingly find themselves juggling busy schedules while simultaneously making time for and caring for their aging parents.
Tom and Beth, now in their mid 50s, grew up in Willingboro but eventually left their childhood home to live their own lives –- Tom and his wife moved to Virginia before eventually returning to North Jersey, while Beth and her family moved to the Bridgeton area.
HEALTHY ROLE MODELS: Are you modeling wellness for kids?
"A couple of years after my dad passed away in 2001, I persuaded Mom to move from our family home to Bridgeton to be closer to my sister, which she did," recalls Tom String.
Years later, with advanced macular degeneration, mobility and related health issues becoming more acute, their mother, Janet String realized she could no longer live on her own.
Now, at age 79, she downsized to smaller, more comfortable quarters at Brandywine Senior Living at Voorhees in January and appreciates getting both the physical and emotional support she needs.
"Needing to leave a home because of impaired vision, the fact that there are too many steps to climb or that a bathtub is too deep to safely step into and out of is much more difficult than making a decision to leave your home because you want to," observes Brandywine at Voorhees Executive Director Melissa Repkoe.
"Typically when families come to us, something has happened, or they feel something may happen. In either case, everyone's emotions are heightened," Repkoe continues.
It was an admittedly tough decision for Janet String but one neither she nor her family regrets, especially since String has photo albums and other personal belongings to bring back fond memories.
With the assurance that Mom is in good hands, Tom and Beth have taken to carefully sifting through possessions amassed over the years at the Bridgeton home before putting it up for sale.
"All of a sudden, it struck me that this is the end of an era for Mom, and I'm literally going to be in the same situation in just a couple of more decades," exclaims Beth.
It's always good to have the support of siblings, but when you're an only child, as is the case with Cinnaminson resident Lynne Cureton, all responsibilities fall mostly on one person's shoulders.
Cureton, who lives with her husband, Rick, and their 18-year-old daughter, Brienne, a graduating senior from Cinnaminson High School, has had an especially tough time the past few years.
She's been dealing with her mother's rapidly failing health and subsequent move to Brightview Senior Living in Mount Laurel, in addition to her own family and schedule.
"Forcing Mom to give up a lifetime of independence created anxiety for both of us. But on top of that, I also felt guilt wondering if I could have done more during her healthier days," reflects Cureton.
Answering the call to help aging parents is hard enough when they're close by, but when a far distance separates family members, providing assistance can be a major ordeal.
Just ask Cherry Hill resident Dr. Kara Conliffe, whose parents, Connie and James Davis, are both in their 80s. They continued to live in the family home in Michigan, long after the kids left the nest.
"It was nothing for my dad to call me or my sister Gail, who lives in Maryland, to ask about home repairs, advice about health issues, medications or any number of other things. It's usually not a problem to help if you're nearby, but when you're a plane ride away, accommodating even the simplest request, let alone handling an emergency can often be next to impossible," explains Conliffe.
Fortunately for everyone, Conliffe's parents decided to relocate from Michigan and make their home at Brandywine Senior Living in Voorhees.
As for their belongings, some were sold or given away in Michigan, some are in the Davis' current apartment, and still other items are packed away at a nearby storage facility.
"The whole notion of leaving your home, leaving your church, your friends, the state where you've lived for more than 30 years and everything you know can be daunting and even frightening for anyone, but especially for the elderly," observes Conliffe, a physician.
Conliffe was so affected by her personal experience, she decided to purchase a franchise called Executive Care, an in-home care service for those who choose to stay in their homes. Executive Care's home health care agency cares for family members recovering from surgery or illness and aims to ease the burden on other family members.
For 82-year-old Doris Horn, there's never been a question she would continue to live in the home her now-deceased husband, Norman, had built for her and their future family in Burlington Township back in the 1950s.
Horn's health is still good, so she's opted to start the clean-out now, in order to make life easier for family members later on.
"I feel blessed that my mom gave me a huge gift by dealing with this project now, instead of leaving it to me when she's gone," says Horn's daughter Brenda Woods, who lives in Delran.
To help in the process, Woods turned to a trusted former classmate, Wayne Maver, who, along with business partner Danny Flagg, runs Tabernacle-based Treasures from the Attic, an estate clean-out service.
"To paraphrase a line from the 1994 movie 'Forrest Gump,' we never know what we're gonna get," smiles Maver, adding that one of the more interesting things that has turned up in their travels was a Civil War vintage surgical kit.
Like Doris Horn, Ann and Neil Fowser made the decision to clean out their four-bedroom home in Medford Lakes while still in good health.
"We recognized how traumatic the whole clean-out and downsizing process could potentially be, so my wife and I felt the time was right to do it now," explains Neil Fowser.
The Fowsers, now enjoying a two-bedroom apartment at Medford Leas Continuing Care Retirement Community, continue to clean out their nearby home in Medford Lakes at their own pace, before eventually selling it.
Whether it's in-home care, a move to a retirement community or to a long-term assisted care, the challenge of adjusting can be overwhelming.
"Now, more than ever, today's technology-driven lifestyles are more fast-paced than ever before, which means that the balancing act between a person's own family life and that of caring for an aging parent becomes a huge stress overload factor,'' observes Mark Baiada, president and founder of Bayada Nurses.
He says with the numbers of people facing these dilemmas growing rapidly, individuals and families alike need to seek out professional advice and assistance from qualified experts — and network with people who share similar challenges — in order to get fresh ideas on how to cope.
"Whenever change occurs for an elderly loved one, it can be traumatic for all concerned,'' notes Dr. Jennifer Khelil, program director of Post Acute Services at Virtua Health Inc.
1. Start the discussions gently and early. It's much easier to make sound decisions when you're not in a crisis.
2. Listen as much as you talk. Respect everyone's needs.
3. It's OK to begin to sort through and clear out possessions long before an actual move. Even those who stay in their homes will benefit by clearing clutter.
4. Communicate often and keep all family members involved as much as possible.
5. Expect to feel overwhelmed at times. It's OK to grieve the loss of a family home.
6. Take care of yourself — mentally and physically — so you can be there for your parents.
7. Take photos of treasured keepsakes that are not practical to move for memories.
8. Research living options early. Many have waiting lists.
9. Rely on professional resources wherever you can.
10. Keep focused on a future where everyone's burdens are lessened by sound planning and communication. And use the experience to inspire you to consider your own wishes for your future.


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text:
It's The Emperor, Stupid - How Erdogan's Power Trip Drives Turkey Toward The Cliff
Police action during Gezi park protests in Istanbul June 16
Mstyslav Chernov
Orhan Kemal Cengiz
Turkey Sources Ideas RADIKAL Countries
ISTANBUL - If I were inclined, I could wax all day about the new National Intelligence Agency law. I could opine, for example, that "Even George Orwell could not dream of an intelligence agency that would keep the urine samples of its people." But that's for another day.
I could also explain how the law about gatherings and demonstrations is wrongly enforced. How the horrible record of human rights violations of recent weeks — the woman in red being gassed in the face, gassing the Divan Hotel and shutting the doors — are perfect examples of abuse within the human rights law. I have plenty to say on this subject too, and maybe soon I'll write that piece. Not today.
There is also the question of how Turkey's status within the international community will be rocked by these recent events. The warnings from the European Parliament are just a small harbinger of the great tsunami to come. These massive human rights embarrassments will slowly return Turkey to the status it held in the 1990s at the United Nations and within the European Council. In the eyes of the European Court of Human Rights, Turkey may well become a country notorious for common indecency toward its people. Of course, this is a matter of grave concern, but it's not my subject for today.
Remember that story?
I could analyze the way foreign capital may slowly retreat from Turkey, and the tragic economic consequences that would follow. Or discuss the global effects of these things. I could deconstruct how democratic retrocession in Turkey would be perceived as fatalistic ("there cannot be a democracy in a Muslim country") all over the world. I could write that recent events in Turkey may change the trajectory of world history. But neither is this the main issue at hand.
What I want to remind readers of today is actually a timeworn story. Remember the emperor who had no clothers? And no one could tell him the truth?
In my opinion, Turkey is like a car whose brakes aren't working. Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan is in the driver's seat having nervous breakdowns, and we are headed for disaster at full speed. Unfortunately, there are some people in the back seat cheering, "drive faster."
Maybe we would look for other reasons for this incredibly tense atmosphere if we had not seen how the events started in Gezi Park on May 31, if we had not listened to the prime minister's speeches, which deepened the tension ever more each time, and if we had not seen people being subjected to police brutality.
Since the beginning, I have seen a prime minister who wishes to defeat the protesters, not one who wants to solve the matter with reason and compromise. Erdogan's power is only strengthened when he is allowed to act without challenge and when he ignores or deflects the criticisms directed toward him. That is the point. And it is also the problem.
Liz Garrigan
Radikal ("Radical") is an influential daily based in Istanbul and owned by Aydin Dogan. Founded in 1997, it stands out amongst other newspapers in Turkey for its arts and culture coverage, as well as its essays and op-ed pieces.
Geopolitics Russia Sources WORLDCRUNCH DAGENS NYHETER featured-post Sweden Finland Countries
Trying To Gauge Russian Ambitions? Look How Nervous Its Nordic Neighbors Are


text:
Ørsted, recently ranked the most sustainable company in the world, will become carbon neutral by 2025. This will make Ørsted the first major energy company to reach net-zero emissions in its energy generation – far ahead of science-based decarbonisation targets for limiting global warming to 1.5°C. Additionally, Ørsted has established a target of achieving a carbon neutral footprint by 2040.
During the last ten years, Ørsted has transformed from a company with fossil fuels at the core of its business, to a pure-play renewables company. Ørsted has gradually dismantled its traditional fossil fuel-based business and built a new business in renewable energy which is now one of the biggest green energy companies in the world today.
As the leading developer of offshore wind, Ørsted has installed one third of all offshore wind turbines globally. By eliminating carbon emissions from its energy generation and operations, the company has reduced its carbon emissions by 86 per cent compared to 2006. CEO of Ørsted, Henrik Poulsen, states:
"We've come very far in reducing our emissions and Ørsted is more than two decades ahead of what is required by science to limit global warming to 1.5°C. We've now decided to take an additional step by making Ørsted a carbon neutral company already by 2025. Halting climate change requires action at all levels of society, and we need that action now. Especially within production and use of energy which account for 73% of all global emissions."
He continues:
"We've transformed from producing energy based on fossil fuels to producing carbon neutral energy. We've seen a real strengthening of our business and shown that a rapid green turnaround is possible. A decade ago, we were one of Europe's most coal-intensive utilities, and by 2025, we'll be carbon neutral."
By becoming carbon neutral by 2025, Ørsted will be the first major energy company to reach net-zero emissions in its operations and energy generation.
Find Ørsted's latest Sustainability report here


text:
PRESIDENTIAL MUSEUM & LIBRARY
History of the Presidential Museum
Malacañan Palace
Historic Rooms
Marcos Room
Garcia Room
Laurel Room
Macapagal Room
Magsaysay Dining Room
Osmeña Room
Roxas Cabinet Room
Quezon Executive Office
Bonifacio Hall
Kalayaan Hall
Mabini Hall
Old Executive Secretary's Office
Old Governor-General's Office
Old Vice Governor-General's Office
Old Vice President's Office
Malacañang Park and Bahay Pangarap
New Executive Building
Online exhibition and 360° view
Letter of President Laurel to the Highest Commander of the Imperial Japanese Army in the Philippines, acknowledging the cancellation by the latter of the obligations of the Republic to the Imperial Japanese Army, March 11, 1944
Letter of His Excellency, Jose P. Laurel, President of the Republic of the Philippines, to the Highest Commander of the Imperial Japanese Army in the Philippines, acknowledging the cancellation by the latter of the obligations of the Republic to the Imperial Japanese Army secured by the former Philippine Executive Commission in a number of loans. Manila, March 11, 1944:
This is in grateful acknowledgment of your letter of February 26, 1944, graciously and generously cancelling the obligations of the Republic to the Imperial Japanese Army in the amount of ₱23,979.000 secured by the former Philippine Executive Commission in a number of loans.
I wish to assure Your Excellency that this kind gesture on the part of the Imperial Japanese Army is most deeply appreciated by the Republic. To the Filipino people at large this is an additional proof of the earnestness and benevolence of the Empire of Japan in promoting the happiness and security of the Philippines in particular, and all of East Asia in general.
Source: Office of the Solicitor General Library
Presidential Museum and Library
2/F Kalayaan Hall, Malacañang
J.P. Laurel Street, San Miguel, Manila
Contact Number (63-2) 8 784 4286 loc. 4649/4945
Email: pml@malacanang.gov.ph
malacanangmuseum@gmail.com


text:
What is the oldest computer capable of running a modern version of GNU/Linux?
A bit of a trivia question: What is the oldest hardware capable of running a modern Linux-based operating system, including user-space? (Not necessarily GNU userspace, but running a standard GNU/Linux distro would be most interesting.)
By this I mean being capable of running a fairly recent Linux kernel, in some form. I've found out that the Amiga 1200, launched in 1992 can run Debian (video), but are there any older computers capable of this ?
history linux
Peter Cordes
JonasCzJonasCz
Be aware that it's not a stock A1200. The A1200 didn't have an MMU (also called PMMU). Normal Linux kernels require an MMU for memory protection, virtual address spaces and swapping. Debian m68k is not an exception. With an accelerator card, as used in the video, you usually gain an MMU and thus you can run Linux. Back in the day I also ran Debian on an accelerated A600. – blubberdiblub Apr 21 '16 at 18:21
In that case an Amiga 3000 (with full MC68030) should be able to run a normal-ish kernel? That would take us to 1990, but there must be older machines.. – nsandersen Apr 21 '16 at 19:01
@nsandersen yes, the MC68030 CPU has an on-die MMU and is capable of running a normal m68k Linux kernel. – blubberdiblub Apr 21 '16 at 20:33
AFAIR there were kernel patches that removed the MMU requirement. Of course the side effect was that whatever would be a core dump of a single program on PC, meant the OS crash on Amiga. – SF. Apr 25 '16 at 12:46
Strictly speaking, any computer no matter how primitive which you manage to hang sufficient indirectly addresses RAM and initialized storage off of can do it, by emulating one for which you can build a modern version. Someone did this for laughs within the past few years on an 8-bit ATmega, but far older candidates would also work. – Chris Stratton Jun 6 '16 at 20:54
If you're looking to run a modern-ish version of Linux, the oldest hardware is likely a Intel 80386 from 1986, probably with some memory upgrades -- 640k isn't enough for everybody. Note that support for the 386 was dropped with the 3.8 kernel, so you'll need 3.7 or older. 3.7 is new enough to run most current software, particularly the sort that you'd want to run on such a slow machine.
MarkMark
I can confirm that Linux 2.4 runs on my 386 box. – fuz Feb 18 '18 at 17:42
640K isn't enough for everybody...? Not even one at a time? Shucks! – Toby Speight Mar 5 at 16:40
Note that you'll need a 32-bit user-space that doesn't use any P6-only instructions. I think most distros default to building 32-bit code with gcc's -m32 defaults, which use instructions like cmov that only run on Pentium Pro and later. (Most code 32-bit doesn't use SSE/SSE2 without checking, though.) Even instructions like lock cmpxchg were new in P5 Pentium (or a different undocumented opcode in 486). So you'll very likely have to build your own user-space. – Peter Cordes Jun 2 at 9:02
The Intel 80486DX came out in 1989, and that can run Gentoo Linux. This is really nice because most Gentoo portage packages are very current. You can build a completely current Linux kernel for it too.
What makes this possible on Gentoo is that the installer software is compiled for the old 80486DX, and then during install you can recompile the portage software packages for your target architecture (i486, i586, and i686 for 32 bit machines). You do have to edit some of the config files, as they are set for i686 by default.
The reasonable way to do this is to install Gentoo using a fast machine onto an older hard drive, and then move the hard drive onto the old machine once done. There are some cheap USB-to-IDE adapters you can get for around $20 to do this. Recompiling on an old computer is painfully slow, even with large amounts of memory.
The software patches needed at present are listed in this posting:
https://retrocomputing.stackexchange.com/a/4364/6484
Another subtle problem is that the BIOS on such old computers often have bugs, so using the GRUB or Legacy GRUB bootloaders don't work. I have the most success installing the ancient LILO bootloader. It isn't pretty, but it works best on such old hardware.
People just marvel at me at work with my Compaq LTE Elite 4/75CX running the latest Linux kernel and current Gentoo userland.
http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/userdata/images/large/PRODPIC-42318.jpg
Love that built-in mouse, eh? Well, it was cutting edge for back then.
I previously used the old Debian 'Squeeze' distribution (2011) because it supported 80486, but it has become too dated. That was the last Debian version to support 80486. Understand, the Linux kernel still supports 80486, but the distributions and their userland utilities have been dropping support for i486 and often i586.
Theodore HeadTheodore Head
Welcome to Retrocomputing Stack Exchange. Please read the tour. On this site we prefer that answers are mostly self-contained - you can include relevant information from your other answer in this one using the > blockquote syntax. (This answer does have the bare-bones amount required to answer the question, so it's okay, but it would be better with more information.) – wizzwizz4♦ Jul 26 '17 at 12:47
It took me over a minute to spot that built-in mouse. – Tommy Oct 10 '17 at 18:22
A certain freak has successfully run Ubuntu on a 8-bit microcontroller. From startup to the Ubuntu login window, it took him six hours.
In order to do that, he had to write something that emulates a 32-bit CPU.
So it's imaginable that you could port a modern Linux to a 70ies computer.
There's always one! The trouble is that it stretches the meaning of the word running to a ridiculous extreme. It doesn't sensibly answer the question. – Chenmunka♦ Oct 10 '17 at 14:42
@Chenmunka Then one must define the cutoff between running and not running. – snips-n-snails Oct 11 '17 at 14:23
@traal: Exactly! This is similar to those people who have got a version of Linux to run on a Playstation or an Iphone. An interesting intellectual exercise but of no practical use. – Chenmunka♦ Oct 11 '17 at 14:27
@Chenmunka That's true, unless you want to run calculations on quantum chromodynamics or something. – snips-n-snails Oct 11 '17 at 14:41
See also Emulators running on 8-bit personal computers – a CVn Oct 18 '17 at 12:18
Would ELKS count as modern Linux? It can be run on even older hardware (original IBM PC).
sendmoreinfosendmoreinfo
ELKS is not a true Linux. It says on top of its own FAQ page: "Note that ELKS is not Linux, […]". In the first FAQ item it says "ELKS is the Embeddable Linux Kernel Subset". A subset means it's not the complete thing. – blubberdiblub Apr 21 '16 at 21:28
Oh, nice, I didn't know that ELKS development has been restart and that it's active again. If you want to go even further back in time and want a unix-ish OS for 8 bit CPUs, have a look at FUZIX. – Axel Beckert Dec 1 '16 at 20:14
Accoridng to this article link Linux variants dropped support for the i386 processors in version 3.8. However, Distro Watch link still has quite a few distros that support the i386 architecture. Some of them include:
Zorin
And many others, I'm sure YMMV. I've not installed Linux on anything older than an original AMD Athlon. I've got an Athlon 2600+ running Bodhi, and it's a tad sluggish. Not like trying to run Windows 7 on it, but, still not overly responsive. I wouldn't want to run it on anything older than the Athlon.
Brian BlakeBrian Blake
I've got Linux running on a Pentium MMX. As long as you avoid GUI software and keep an eye on your memory usage, it works fairly well. – Mark Apr 21 '16 at 20:56
I can definitely see that. Linux still supports i486. Anyone familiar with CLI shouldn't have a problem with a computer set up like this. – Brian Blake Apr 21 '16 at 21:02
Mint and Debian surely no more support i386 CPUs. Debian dropped even i486 years ago and will drop i586 with its next stable release. Linux Mint is based on either Debian or Ubuntu and Ubuntu dropped i586 long ago already. You are likely mixing up (historically grown) architecture names and supported CPUs. The i386 port or architecture of Debian and its derivatives no more supports i386 CPU despite its name. – Axel Beckert Dec 1 '16 at 19:56
You've mixed 'i386 processor' and 'i386 architecture'. While the first is certainly the ancestor of the second, the second is not limited by the first. So the kernel has dropped support for the 386 CPU, but still fully supports 32-bit i386 architecure, like does any x86 intel or AMD CPU. – lvd Oct 11 '17 at 19:50
If you want old hardware supported by current distros, Debian's MIPS Port is supposed to run on a 1993 SGI Indy.
scrussscruss
I have a 1991 Sun Ultra 1 from 1991 which can run the very latest Linux kernel (I do so under the Gentoo distribution). As old computers go, though, it is quite modern, with a 64-bit CPU, and I've equipped it with a full gigabyte of RAM, which was almost unheard of in that era.
Jim MacKenzieJim MacKenzie
I think you may be misremembering the age of the Ultra-1. Those only started shipping in 1995. The DEC Alpha was the first widely available 64 bit microprocessor, and that was only available from 1992. – wrosecrans Mar 15 at 22:19
The Sun sun3 architecture hails from 1985, and there are 2.6.x ports to it (which are not that different from "modern" kernels, especially when it comes to features that are useful on old hardware. It could support all the software expected of a modern linux system if only the hardware was fast enough :) ).
rackandbonemanrackandboneman
You can get much further back if you choose an actual Unix*, like a BSD variant. Possibly all the way back to the first machines that ran Unix, provided you can find one whose C compiler can compile C99 or so, and thence Unix.
*Not denigrating Linux, which is an excellent Unix-alike OS, just sayin' that Unix was designed to build itself on the ancient DECs and such that it started on.
TarynTaryn
So you are proposing to backport a modern kernel to an older system? Will most likely not work, simply because modern kernels are too large for the little memory old systems have. – Thorbjørn Ravn Andersen Feb 12 '17 at 16:44
An excellent point, you'd definitely have to start with one of the stripped down embedded-system builds. ... And then there's still the problem of squeezing the source and intermediate objects onto whatever tiny external store the system supported. So, cross-target compilation would be the first hurdle there. – Taryn Feb 20 '17 at 2:27
A linux kernel that really, absolutely only has the device drivers needed can be shrunk down to a surprisingly small image size - fitting 2.4.x series linux kernels comfortable on floppy disks was common practice, I think my bzimage record for a kernel for a fully equipped PC was around 600KB IIRC. – rackandboneman Apr 27 '17 at 22:03
NetBSD/VAX 7.1 (latest release) will run with as little as 2MB of RAM according to the release notes, with the caveat "the installation really requires 6 MB RAM unless you plan on using Jedi powers". An 11/780 with 8MB would run it just fine, and you can put much more than 8MB in a 780. I know an 11/750 with 14MB runs it reasonably well, and something like a 4000/100A with 64MB is pretty snappy. – KJ Seefried Oct 24 '17 at 17:16
BSD 2.11 runs on a PDP-11/70 class machine (e.g. anything with a real 11/70 or anything with a J-11 CPU). There's still an active community, but your definition of 'modern Unix' may vary. BSD 2.9 will run on even older PDPs. – KJ Seefried Oct 24 '17 at 17:16
The original Macintosh II (16MHz 68020) supported the MC68851 MMU. We got a big batch of these at Virginia Tech in the fall of 1987. It looks like it still might be possible to run Debian on this hardware, although it would surely be painful.
answered Mar 5 at 16:23
jeffBjeffB
By coincidence, I found this yesterday: phoronix.com/… — at least as recently as the 4.17 kernel, patches were still being received to improve support for the Powerbook 100. Also 16Mhz, but only a 68000. Postdates the II, so not a good answer to the question, but relevant I think. – Tommy Mar 6 at 12:12
How in the world, with no MMU? IIRC the 100 is architecturally nearly identical to the Mac Portable, which is basically a fast, low-power Plus with a larger screen. That would push us back to circa 1985... – jeffB Mar 7 at 16:51
On closer inspection, I lack comprehension abilities. It's the "Powerbook 100 series" (plus a misleading picture of the Powerbook 100) but sounds like it actually relates to the Powerbook 190, see e.g. lkml.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/1804.0/00420.html?anzwix=1 . That's an 'LC040 from 1995. So, somewhat more advanced than a Mac II all around, not just later. – Tommy Mar 7 at 21:33
If you broaden your choice of OS to any *nix you can go way back to the original IBM PC, running Xenix. No MMU, no protection of any kind, no demand paging. Microsoft at their worst. No Linux as it never ran on 16 bit hardware as far as I know.
But, going back even farther, the DEC VAX is relatively ancient (1977) and Linux has been run on these.
tiger99tiger99
VAX? Wow. Do you have a source for that? I'd like to look into it further. (Also: obligatory tour link; we're not like most other forums.) – wizzwizz4♦ Mar 15 at 22:09
Here for instance: gist.github.com/penberg/d987fdb9ab84dfe038ab – tiger99 Mar 15 at 23:57
Wow, that's… that's really cool. – wizzwizz4♦ Mar 16 at 9:58
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged history linux or ask your own question.
Which Linux or BSD distributions do still support i386, i486 or i586 CPUs?
Who set the 640K limit?
Can one isolate processes on a 8086?
Emulators running on 8-bit personal computers


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