text:
Juan David Cruz-Duarte
Ray Bradbury on Race and Segregation:
The Case of "Way in the Middle of the Air" and "The Other Foot"
Abstract: This article analyses two stories by Ray Bradbury, "Way in the Middle of the Air" (1950) and "The Other Foot" (1951), examining the author's depiction of racial conflict and segregation in the US South and in an imaginary Martian town populated by African Americans. While "Way in the Middle of the Air" seems to champion a separationist approach to racial conflict, "The Other Foot" articulates the author's hope for the formation of a post-racial society, in which black and white citizens will be able to live in harmony, as equals. Reading these stories in relation to each other enriches understanding of Bradbury's take on race relationships in the United States, and of racial tensions in the American South during the Jim Crow era.
Keywords: Ray Bradbury, segregation, Jim Crow, utopia, science fiction, Mars.
Ray Bradbury published his short story "Way in the Middle of the Air" in the magazine Other Worlds in 1950. Later that year, this story was republished in The Martian Chronicles.1 "The Other Foot", a sequel to "Way in the Middle of the Air", was published in 1951 in The Illustrated Man. Both stories deal with racial prejudice and segregation.2 The fact that Bradbury deals with these topics in his fiction, especially at a time when segregation was such a controversial subject in the United States, is outstanding; it is particularly relevant that in these stories Bradbury does not use the figure of the alien to deal with the issue of race. This common practice, which was prominent during the time in which Bradbury's stories were published, can be explained by the fact that, as Patricia Monk argues, as a class, the "aliens of science fiction constitute an exemplum of the other at its most extreme" (xiii).3 Bradbury's decision to neither displace nor disguise the issue of race by using the figure of the alien is what urges Isaiah Lavender to argue that "Bradbury is one of the very few writers in sf who dared to consider the effects and consequences of race in America at a time when racism was largely sanctioned by the culture" (98). In this paper, I will demonstrate that "Way in the Middle of the Air" and "The Other Foot" depict, in different ways, an escape from racism and segregation, and imagine a solution to these problems. I will also demonstrate that the two stories (far from being shallow escapist fantasies) are deeply rooted in the historical and social context in which they were written and published. Finally, I will argue that these texts should be read in conversation with each other to truly expand an understanding of Bradbury's take on the subjects of racism and segregation in the United States.
"Way in the Middle of the Air" approaches the subject of racism and segregation by seemingly embracing the separationist impulse that inspired the founders of the Back-to-Africa (or Black Zionism) movement in the 19th century.4 "The Other Foot", in contrast, imagines (or rather suggests) the beginning of a utopian society: not a particularly advanced one in terms of technology, but utopian in its post-racial, post-segregated nature. In that sense, "The Other Foot" is, by far, the most optimistic of these stories.
Bradbury published "Way in the Middle of the Air" and "The Other Foot" when segregation was still legal in the United States. The system of laws and practices that facilitated and enforced segregation in the US (especially in the South) is commonly known as Jim Crow.5 Jim Crow was a racial caste system, enforced through segregationist laws and social practices, that operated in several of the Southern states of the US (but also in states located in other regions of the nation) from 1877 to the mid-1960s. Under this system, areas of activity such as public spaces, public education and private businesses were strictly segregated by race.
At the time that Bradbury published The Martian Chronicles and The Illustrated Man, black men and women in America who broke the rules associated with Jim Crow (for example, trying to eat at a restaurant for white people only, sitting at the front of the bus, or trying to enroll in white schools) were often punished by law enforcement or terrorised by their white neighbors. Jim Crow did not end until 1964, when President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act. The next year, the Voting Rights Act was signed; this greatly benefited minorities, whose voting rights had been threatened by reactionary local politicians.6 In "Way in the Middle of the Air" and "The Other Foot", Bradbury renders a critique of segregation and Jim Crow laws and practices. This is remarkable, considering that the stories were published during a historical moment when segregation was still enforced and defended not only by Southern segregationist politicians (such as the members of the short-lived States' Rights Democratic Party,7 usually referred to as the "Dixiecrats"), but also by a considerable part of the South's population.
The fact that segregation was such a sensitive and controversial issue at the time that Bradbury published "Way in the Middle of the Air" and "The Other Foot" could explain why it was so unusual for mainstream science-fiction writers of the time to deal with the topic of race in a direct manner. In fact, during the 1950s, most of the works of American science fiction that dealt with issues such as race and segregation did so in an indirect or metaphorical manner. As discussed above, the figure of the alien was often used as a metaphor for the racial other. This practice is still common, and recent works of science fiction such as Neill Blomkamp's film District 9 (2009) draw clear parallels between the figure of the alien and the "racial other".8 This is why Lavender argues that "Way in the Middle of the Air"
is unique in 'mainstream' sf in its scathing criticism of American racism. It's a critique of American racism which does not displace race through alien beings or replace American culture with a pretend culture. In other words, it is a direct extrapolation of the existing relation between the races in the 1950s. (98)
Approaching the issue of race in a metaphorical way has been a trademark of American SF since its earliest manifestations. Sharon DeGraw points out that, in the novels of Edgar Rice Burroughs, Mars often stands in for "Western America" while the Indians are "disguised as Martians" (5). On the other hand, Masiki states:
Since the advent of the genre, Euro-American science fiction writers have typically dealt with the history of US racism by either excluding people of African descent from their narratives, imagining a color-blind future in which racial tension among humans does not exist, using robots and extraterrestrials as symbols for people of African descent, or imagining a world in which all non-Europeans are eliminated through genocide. (30)
A clear example of this metaphorical way of approaching issues of race in 1950s American SF is the comic book Judgment Day (1953), by writer Al Feldstein and artist Joe Orlando. In Judgment Day, Tarlton, a human astronaut representing the Galactic Republic, visits a planet called Cybrinia. The purpose of his trip is to decide whether Cybrinia should be admitted to the Galactic Republic. This planet is populated by two "races" of robots: blue and orange. Even though all robots are equally designed and operate in exactly the same way, the astronaut soon learns that this society is segregated, with orange robots enjoying more rights and privileges than their blue counterparts. Based on this fact, Tarlton ultimately decides to deny Cybrinia a place in the Galactic Republic. When asked by his guide – an orange robot – if there is hope for Cybrinia to become part of the Republic in the future, the astronaut answers: "Of course there's hope for you, my friend. For a while, on Earth, it looked like there was no hope! But when mankind on Earth learned to live together, real progress then began. The Universe was suddenly ours" (7). Tarlton tells his guide that when the robots in Cybrinia learn to live together, the universe will be theirs too. Back in his ship, the astronaut removes his helmet, and the reader finally sees that he is a black man. This story is, of course, a clear metaphor for segregation in the Jim Crow era.
Judgment Day was published by EC Comics, a company whose founder, Max Gaines, continually fought the censorship of the Comics Code Authority. This comic dealt with issues such as prejudice and segregation at a moment in which these topics were particularly controversial in the US. Although the authors of this comic decided to deal with the subject of segregation through (as Lavender would put it) a "pretend culture" of alien robots, EC Comics did suffer some backlash after publishing Judgment Day. Max Gaines had difficulty republishing Judgment Day in 1956. Judge Charles Murphy, who was the Comics Code Administrator at the time, wanted EC to change the astronaut from a black man to a white man. Gaines had to threaten Murphy with suing him in order to publish an unmodified version of the story. Clearly, even those authors that talked about race in an indirect or metaphorical way had a hard time publishing and distributing their work during this complex historical period.
Even though exploring topics such as race and segregation in a metaphorical way took courage and determination on the part of authors such as Feldstein and Orlando, this practice has also had its own limitations and shortcomings. DeGraw points out:
On one level, an extraterrestrial Other is a welcome replacement for terrestrial othering focused on ethnicity, race, nationality, or gender … the existence of an alien Other can foreground the unity of the human race. Yet, such a fictional transformation also suppresses the importance of race to human society. The real prejudice and oppression experienced by many groups is eclipsed, and any explicit discussion of race is effectively forestalled. (16)
The fact that Bradbury doesn't shy away from directly addressing the subjects of race and segregation in the South is notable, precisely because, by doing so, the author does not hide or disguise the "real prejudice and oppression" suffered by African Americans.
The Case of "Way in the Middle of the Air"
In "Way in the Middle of the Air", a group of African American men and women living in a Southern town in the USA are preparing to board a rocket that will take them to Mars, where they intend to begin a new life. While the soon-to-be astronauts walk in front of a hardware store, Samuel Teece, the owner, insults them repeatedly. It becomes evident that Teece does not want to let these people go. First, he tries to stop a man called Belter, arguing that the man owes him money. The African Americans marching alongside Belter quickly collect the necessary money to pay his debt and give it to the angry and frustrated Teece. Soon after, Teece tries to stop a young man called Silly, his employee. Teece reminds him of the contract that he has signed (although Silly denies having done so), hoping that this will force the young man to stay and work in the store. But Teece's grandfather feels sorry for Silly, and he steps in for the young man, stating that he will take his place in Teece's shop. When Teece seems reluctant to accept this new deal, several white men in the store intervene. Intimidated, Teece eventually lets the young man go. When Silly is leaving, he asks his former boss what will he do at night. Silly's words suggest that some of Teece's customary nighttime activities include terrorising, and perhaps even lynching, local black people with the help of his gang of fellow white supremacists (a clear reference to the KKK). An enraged Teece and his grandfather (who says that he would "like a drive") take their vehicle and chase the group, but they are unable to catch up with them. After having an accident, Teece and his grandfather walk back to town. The men in the hardware store see the rockets take off. The proud and foolish Teece, who refuses to witness this unusual spectacle, finds a sense of comfort in the fact that Silly called him "mister" until the end.
According to Wayne Johnson, considering the political and social changes that were taking place in 1950, Jim Crow segregation would have been very unlikely to last for more than five decades ("Way in the Middle of the Air" takes place in 2003). In 1954, the Supreme Court outlawed segregated public schools at the state level. Ten years later, the Civil Rights Act banned all state and local laws that enforced segregation. Nevertheless, it is clear that when writing "Way in the Middle of the Air", Bradbury was aware of the progress made by the Civil Rights Movement in its fight for racial equality. In fact, one of the white characters in the story asks why African Americans want to leave the planet at a time when things seem to be getting better for them: "I can't figure why they left now. With things lookin' up … every day they got more rights …. Here's the poll tax gone, and more and more states passin' anti-lynchin' bills, and all kinds of equal rights …. They make almost as good money as a white man, but there they go." Bradbury seems to be telling the reader that these advances and achievements are insufficient; they might be a good start, but they are certainly not enough. The African American people in this story are leaving for Mars because living in the conditions of the segregated US South is unfair, dangerous, humiliating, and undesirable. Knowing that progress is being made in the fight for racial equality, while understanding that this progress is still insufficient for the African American community, is one of the most progressive aspects of the story.
Lavender argues that this story "relates to otherhood, because it raises awareness of the intolerance of racism" (100). This intolerance will be mostly exemplified by the character of Teece, a white supremacist. According to Lavender, "Way in the Middle of the Air" intends to provide a solution to the color line, which proves the author's desire and political commitment to eliminate racism. In Lavender's own words:
Providing an escape from the problem of the color line, Bradbury seems to indicate that whites and blacks cannot coexist with a cultural hierarchy established through physical differences and the complete domination of others. The story is meant to be an ironic solution to the color line. I think this shows Bradbury's desire and political commitment to eliminate racism by promoting effective social justice, even if it is only imaginary. (100)
In this story, Teece is a white Southern segregationist who discriminates against, and even terrorises, the black men and women of his town, while economically profiting from their labor. Teece's interaction with Silly makes it clear that the white man does indeed employ black men, and profits from their work. The hypocrisy of the social and economic system of the segregated South becomes clear in this interaction. Teece would not sit at the same table with Belter or Silly; he might even enjoy terrorising them and their families at night, but he is more than willing to interact with these black men when he can get something from them: the cheap labor that they might perform for his personal benefit.
In his blog entry "Black People on Mars: Race and Ray Bradbury" (2012), author Phenderson Djèlí Clark highlights some of the shortcomings of Bradbury's short story. These include the racist description of Silly and the use of the term "pickaninnies" in the story. However, Clark's main critique of "Way in the Middle of the Air" is the fact that the story is told from the perspective of the white Southerners, which does not allow for the black characters to express their reasons for leaving the planet. Masiki describes "Way in the Middle of the Air" as "an afrofuturist exodus narrative" that "explores how African American mass emigration to Mars psychologically impacts white America" (31). This impact on the white characters is a major focus of the story. But even though the story is told from the point of view of the white characters (and focuses on how the migration affects them as a community and as individuals), this does not negate the agency of the African American characters in the story (they are, after all, leaving the planet).
Clark makes a good point about the lack of a strong African American voice in the story; nevertheless, as Clark himself suggests, perhaps Bradbury "wanted to convey the perspective of Southern whites if only to highlight the absurdity of their racism". The absurdity mentioned by Clark is the contradictory reaction of white Southern segregationists when they witness the African American exodus that is about to take place. As Clark puts it, "the very whites who uphold segregation, at the same time are angered by the blacks leaving". Teece embodies this absurdity in a radical way. He needs black men because he exploits them; he needs the cheap labor that only they provide. He also needs them because he needs someone to terrorise, to humiliate and insult, to feel superior to. In a way, Teece's rage is, at least to him, justified, since, as Masiki argues, "Bradbury frames African Americans and their culture as national property, as capital whose potential loss is a threat to both the economic integrity of the state and the dialectical nature of white identity" (32). For Teece, African Americans represent cheap labor, resources, and economic wellbeing. But, even if he ignores it, they are also essential for upholding his own idea of whiteness; that is, they are a central part of Teece's understanding of his own self, his own value, his individual, social, and racial superiority.
Delving into the logic of white supremacy, Clark asks, "What is the worth of whiteness if it has no one against which to claim superiority?" That is why, at the end of "Way in the Middle of the Air", white characters seem to be perplexed and paralysed. After all, they are, as Clark would put it, "left to grapple with this new existence, as they face the gaping emptiness – both physical and psychological – left in the wake of the black diaspora". But does this all mean that "Way in the Middle of the Air", in its critique of segregation and racism, embraces the separationist logic of both white supremacists and followers of the Back-to-Africa movement? If Bradbury had never published "The Other Foot", the answer to this question would be yes. But when reading "Way in the Middle of the Air" in relationship to its sequel, it becomes evident that Bradbury's take on the subjects of race and segregation is certainly more nuanced than that.
At first glance, in "Way in the Middle of the Air" Bradbury seems to suggest that a pacifist, integrationist approach to racial conflict in the United States might be insufficient. On the other hand, the author seems to believe that, in the context of the urgent struggle for racial equality, the timid help of sympathetic and peaceful white "allies" is always insufficient, and that relevant social change can only be achieved by the efforts of the African American community. This is why Teece's grandfather cannot save Silly and Belter on his own. That is why the entire African American community is instrumental in helping Belter escape. In this story, as in the real story of the Civil Rights Movement, African Americans never needed a white savior as much as they needed each other. But if Bradbury really advocated for a separation of the races as a means of solving all the social and political conflicts associated to racism, he would not only be falling in with the logic of both white segregationists and black supporters of "Black Zionism", he would also be opposing the views of the majority of the African American people at the time. As Eric J. Sundquist argues, even though "some African Americans have wished for territorial sovereignty abroad or at home, the vast majority have desired something simpler" (100). As Sundquits argues,
with the exception of certain strains of Afrocentrism or periodic calls, by both blacks and whites, for black colonization in Africa or elsewhere, the Promised Land envisioned by African Americans has typically been an amalgam of emancipation, equal rights, political representation, and economic justice. "If the Afro-American does not find his salvation in the United States," said Harold Cruse, "he will find it nowhere." If blacks are to achieve the Promised Land, that is to say, they will have to do so in the Egypt of America. (101)
But even though it is true that the majority of African American activists have wished and advocated for that "amalgam of emancipation, equal rights, political representation, and economic justice", it is also true that, as Trent Masiki argues, "African Americans have, from the nineteenth century to the present, theorized and practiced emigration as a response to US racism and racial terror" (25). This was particularly true during the Great Migration.9 In fact, Masiki believes that "Way in the Middle of the Air" "is Bradbury's meditation on the relationship between the Great Migration and Pan-African internationalism in the postwar era" (31). If the exodus to Mars is a reflection of the Great Migration, the possible collaboration between African Americans and Africans in building their rockets could be interpreted, as Masiki explains, as a reflection of the author's anxieties regarding the interactions between global communism and African American activism. In Masiki's words, Bradbury's short story "confirms white fears of African American communism. The red planet Mars stands for the very real threat of African Americans aligning themselves with the red star of the Soviet Union in the postwar era" (37). What if African Americans found this Egypt, this "promised land", neither in America nor in Africa, nor even on Earth, but on Mars? What if they found social justice and peace? Not through communism or capitalism, but through a system of their own? And what would happen if white people tried to enter this promised land, after it had been taken by African Americans? How would they react to this unwanted intrusion? Does Bradbury's fiction really advocate for separation of the races as a means for addressing racism and violence? These questions are all addressed in "The Other Foot", Bradbury's sequel to "Way in the Middle of the Air".
The Case of "The Other Foot"
Critics have often read The Martian Chronicles, The Illustrated Man, and Fahrenheit 451 (1953) in relation to the historical context of McCarthyism and the global tensions that defined the Cold War. Christopher Bundrick states that The Martian Chronicles is characterised by the "nearly constant threat of nuclear holocaust" (17). But the influence of the Civil Rights Movement in the works of Ray Bradbury is a subject that has not been studied in depth. It is evident that this series of social and political struggles and achievements influenced several of Bradbury's works, even though only a few critics have focused on this aspect of his fiction. Ylagan's essay "Why Do The Heavens Beckon Us? Revisiting Constructions of Home and Identity in Ray Bradbury's The Martian Chronicles", which develops a postcolonial reading of The Martian Chroniclesand studies the idea of home in the book, does not mention "Way in the Middle of the Air" and makes no reference to the racial tensions articulated in Bradbury's text. This suggests the need to further read and analyse the stories studied in this paper to gain a better understanding of how the Civil Rights Movement both informed and inspired Bradbury's work.
According to Reid,
While critics have noted that the book [The Illustrated Man] can be analyzed in the historical context of McCarthyism and the Cold War, a review of what was happening in the Civil Rights movement of this time can provide another kind of historical context that is not always considered in relation to science fiction because of the presumption of "whiteness" being the norm. (48–49)
"The Other Foot" might be one of the most compelling stories in The Illustrated Man. While "Way in the Middle of the Air" seems to advocate for the separation of the races as a way of putting an end to racial conflict, "The Other Foot" ends on a more optimistic note, suggesting the possibility of the rise of a post-racial society, in which blacks and whites can live in harmony and, more importantly, as equals.
In "The Other Foot" a community of African Americans living in a small Martian town prepare to receive a rocket that is coming from Earth. The people from this community have not had any contact with Earth in 20 years. Willie Johnson, a man whose parents had been killed by white supremacists in the segregated fictional town of Greenwater, Alabama, goes around town preparing for the landing of the rocket. As he assumes that the ship's crew will be white, Johnson convinces many of his friends to prepare the town for receiving the white astronauts by segregating urban spaces that had not been segregated before. He even carries a weapon and a piece of rope, suggesting that he is considering the idea of lynching the rocket's crew. Hattie Johnson, Willie's wife, opposes his extreme ideas and plays an important role in the story, acting as a clever mediator in the exchange between the crowd and the spaceship's pilot. When the rocket finally lands an old white man comes out of the ship; he is received by the puzzled and hostile crowd led by Johnson. The white man is – or pretends to be – oblivious to the fact that his life is in danger; he gives a brief speech in which he informs the citizens of the small Martian town of the fact that, after they left Earth, World War III started in the planet; this war led to the destruction of all of the planet's cities. The refugee asks his audience to accept him and his fellow survivors, and offers to serve them, as they once served white people back on Earth. He concludes his brief speech with a recognition of historical guilt and pleading for mercy.
The astronaut carries pictures of the destroyed Earth. When Johnson realises that all the places where his parents suffered segregation and violence have disappeared, he tells the astronaut that he and his people will not have to work for the town's black citizens. After saying this, he finally drops the rope. The locals dismantle all the segregationist signs that they had erected in preparation for the arrival of white people. Hattie expresses her joy, as she sees this moment as "a new start for everyone," and Johnson says that the white man "has no home, just like we didn't have one for so long. Now everything's even. We can start all over again, on the same level" (312). When asked by his children if he had seen the white man, Johnson answers: "Yes sir …. Seems like for the first time today I really seen the white man – I really seen him clear" (313). These words highlight the fact that Johnson has recognised the white man as a fellow human being, and perhaps has even seen something of himself in the desperate refugee.
In the story, Hattie's fear that the white astronaut will be lynched is not unjustified. Bradbury's story is called "The Other Foot", precisely, because it is a story that asks what would happen if the "boot" of racial inequality in the 1950s United States were suddenly on "the other foot". In other words, what would happen if the ones with power to lynch, segregate, and exploit were the African Americans, instead of the white Americans. If this were the case, Bradbury seems to ask, would African Americans – who at the time were haunted by past and present lynching, performed by, among others, members of the Ku Klux Klan – exploit and terrorise the white minority? Would they lynch those whites who caused social unrest while fighting for their rights? If the boot was "on the other foot", would the African American community treat whites in the same unjust way in which they had been treated for so long? Naturally, this dystopian scenario would not be the end of racism and segregation, only its reversal.
Characters such as Hattie Johnson, Mr. Brown, and the mayor of the Martian town seem to be willing to welcome the white man. Lavender writes, "Speaking through Hattie, Bradbury reveals his compassion for all of humanity" (102). Hattie's empathy and compassion are so great that she is able to forgive her former oppressors. In contrast, Johnson cannot forgive the men who lynched his father and shot his mother, just as he cannot forgive the exploitation of his people and the segregation that he had experienced. He would prefer not to have to interact with white people at all; this becomes evident when he asks his wife: "What right they got coming up here so late?" (301). But because a white man is coming to town whether he likes it or not, Johnson does not miss the chance to highlight the fact that the "shoe is on the other foot now", and since that is indeed the case, he tells Hattie: "We'll see who gets laws passed against him, who gets lynched, who rides the back of streetcars, who gets segregated in shows. We'll just wait and see" (301). Johnson sees this as a chance for historical, social, and individual revenge.
But Johnson is taken by surprise when the white refugee admits historical guilt in the name of his people and offers to work for the black population in exchange for a place in their society. The brief speech of the white refugee, and Johnson's realisation that all the places and people that he associated with his people's – and in particular to his family's – history of discrimination and victimisation have disappeared in the war, dissuade him from carrying out his initially hostile intentions, and ultimately change his attitude towards the old man and the other white refugees who will eventually follow him to Mars. There is "nothing of it left to hate …. Nothing but some alien people in a rocket, people who might shine his shoes and ride in the back of trolleys or sit far up in midnight theaters" (312). Johnson's hatred has lost its target; the earthly things and institutions that he hated are no more. Vengeance is no longer an option. The past has been, in a certain way, "abolished". He can finally begin a personal process of forgiveness and healing. Thus his answer to the refugee's offer of working the land, cleaning their houses, and shinning their shoes, is simply: "You won't have to do that" (312). It is relevant to mention that Johnson can only forgive the white race when this astronaut, in the name of all his fellows, recognises the role played by his people in the historical atrocities performed against black people in the past, and shows a sincere will to serve them.
At the end of the story, Johnson tells his children that he has seen the white man for the first time. What Johnson means is that he has been able to "see" the white man as an equal; he has finally been able to see him as human being, and not only as a brutal oppressor. Ylagan writes, "A postcolonial reading of The Martian Chronicles might posit, for example, that instead of being mere interplanetary colonizers, Earthlings are victims of a diaspora that is clearly physical, geographical, and even emotional" (38). This statement could apply equally to both "Way in the Middle of the Air" and "The Other Foot". Seeing the white man in this position of complete vulnerability (as a fellow refugee, as part of the greater human diaspora) allows Johnson to see him as an equal. Johnson knows that the white man has "no home, just like we didn't have one for so long" (38). The idea of looking for a new home, and the idea of finding and protecting that home, is central to both "Way in the Middle of the Air" and "The Other Foot". This is not strange, because, as Ylagan argues, since "its earliest days, science fiction has always been a vehicle where notions of home and homecoming were portrayed and problematized" (30). In "The Other Foot", it is precisely the condition of "homelessness" suffered by the surviving whites, that state of total vulnerability, that allows Johnson to experience pity and forgive the historical sins of white people. After whites become exiles and refugees, Johnson states, "Now everything's even." And because everything is even, he says, "We can start all over again, on the same level" (30). This statement suggest that a new age of racial equality, social justice, and true peace is on the horizon. Utopia is coming.
This ending might seem naïve, and yet, considering the state of racial tensions in America in the early 1950s, Bradbury's story was surely shocking at the time of its publication. Reid writes, "While the positive ending of the story may be considered overly idealistic for some readers, Bradbury's creation of a future Mars settled by African Americans is an image of 'blackness,' of an Africanist presence in the future, that is striking for the time in which he wrote the story" (50). More importantly, by articulating a possible end to segregation and racial conflict, Bradbury's story is radical and optimistic.
Clark points out that "The Other Foot" is also at fault in some aspects of its depiction of the racial struggle in America. He criticises the use of the "angry black man" stereotype, personified by the character of Willie Johnson. As Clark points out, the fact that "the one person who had a counter-opinion" was constructed as such a stereotype is, to say the least, problematic. Clark also criticises the story's naïve happy ending, and imagines an alternate ending in which the African American settlers living on Mars decide to send the white astronaut "home empty-handed" – an ending in which they decide that "they could forgive but never forget". Clark states that this alternative ending "would have been something quite daring – quite Bradbury in fact – forcing readers to think perhaps how those on the receiving end of hatred may harden themselves not out of equal hate, but a sense of self-preservation". As Clark points out, the "oppressed get to be angry too". Nevertheless, Clark praises "The Other Foot", suggesting that if "Bradbury did not spend too much time on black voices in this first story ["Way in the Middle of the Air"], the sequel 'The Other Foot' placed primacy on black agency" – although I would argue that both stories focus on black agency. Nevertheless, it is true that "The Other Foot" is told from the point of view of its black characters, which was not the case in "Way in the Middle of the Air." Telling the story from the point of view of the African American interplanetary settlers was an unusual and daring move on Bradbury's part. Clark expresses how surprised he was when he first read Bradbury's story, as his normal experience of reading SF as a young person of color often made him look for blackness between the lines. However, when reading "The Other Foot" Clark realised that "there was no need to 'create blackness' – these characters were black. They were African-Americans, who had amazingly colonized Mars!" Again, back in the early 1950s, the fact that a successful white science-fiction author would tell a story from the point of view of African American characters was not only unusual or thought-provoking; it was radical.
"The Other Foot" does not depict a utopia, but its plot certainly suggests the beginnings of one: an ideal world where the racial tensions and injustices that Bradbury witnessed throughout his life will come to an end, black people will forgive their former oppressors, and a new era of harmony and equality will begin for the entire human race. Reading Bradbury's "Way in The Middle of the Air" and "The Other Foot" in relation to each other, and learning about the historical context in which the author published these stories, allow a better understanding of his take on the history of racism and segregation in the United States. In the creation of a fictional society, in which the violence exercised against black people in the Jim Crow South is neither perpetuated nor redirected towards the whites, Bradbury expresses hope for a better future. The end of "The Other Foot" suggests that a new social contract will come into being. In this utopian world to come, black people will be free from white oppression, and white people will be free, if not from their historical guilt, then at least from their former role of colonial oppressor.
While "Way in the Middle of the Air" is a story about black men and women escaping the segregation, exploitation, and violence of the early 1950s Jim Crow South, "The Other Foot" articulates Bradbury's hope for social harmony between the races, and true forgiveness for the historical wrongdoings that white people had committed against black people for centuries. Even though the dystopian trope of global nuclear war serves as the background for Bradbury's story, in these stories the author uses the science-fictional tropes of nuclear war and interplanetary travel to build the foundations for a post-racial utopia, an ideal society of which the reader catches only a glimpse at the end of the "The Other Foot". These stories have been neglected by many literary critics whose work deals with Bradbury's fiction; studying them now, 70 years after they were written, would allow a better understanding of the influence that the Civil Rights Movement had on Bradbury's work, and of racism and segregation in recent American history. These stories are as relevant now as they were when they were first published, seven decades ago.
Biography: Juan David Cruz-Duarte was born in Bogotá, Colombia. In 2018 he earned a doctorate in Comparative Literature from the University of South Carolina. He has conducted extensive research in the field of Latin American SF from the 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries. His academic work has appeared in Variaciones Borges and Divergencias. His poetry and fiction have appeared in Máquina Combinatoria, Five:2: One, Burningword, Jasper, Blue Collar Review, the Dead Mule School of Southern Literature, and Escarabeo, among others. He is the author of the collection of short stories Dream a little dream of me: cuentos siniestros (2011), the novel La noche del fin del mundo (2012), and the poetry collection Léase después de mi muerte (Poemas 2005–2017). He currently lives in Bogotá.
1 This short story has been deleted from recent editions of The Martian Chronicles, including the 2001 Doubleday Science Fiction and the 2006 William Morrow/Harper Collins.
2 Bradbury also explored the subject of racial tensions in America in his short story "The Big Black and White Game" (1945). According to Nancy Ann Watanabe, this short story, which could not be classified within the genres of fantasy or science fiction, "depicts segregation by veiling it thematically in a plot centered on the traditional American game of baseball".
3 In Aliens and Others: Science Fiction, Feminism, and Post-modernism, Jenny Wolmark arrives at a similar conclusion, arguing that, in SF texts, the "alien has been used to represent Otherness" (qtd. in DeGraw 6).
4 The Back-to-Africa movement, also known as Black Zionism, emerged in the United States during the 19th century, influencing social movements such as the Nation of Islam. Throughout the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, the idea of African Americans returning to Africa struggled to gain popularity among the country's African American citizens. Some attempts at "returning" to Africa, however, were made, with varying degrees of success.
5 Although segregation was more prominent in the South, it was a national problem. Prior to 1954, segregation in public education was either optional or limited in New Mexico, Kansas, Arizona, and Wyoming, and several states in the West, Midwest, and North lacked any legislation either legitimising or prohibiting segregation in public education.
6 According to Greenpeace, "in 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court overturned a key piece of the Voting Rights Act that required states with a history of discrimination to get approval of any changes to voting rules that would result in racial discrimination".
7 The States' Rights Democratic Party was founded by dissatisfied segregationists Democrats in 1948. This party was founded after President Harry S. Truman (a Democrat himself) ordered the integration of the military in 1948. The so-called "Dixiecrats" were successful in gaining control over several Southern states. As the Democratic and Republican parties switched sides regarding racial issues, former "Dixiecrats" like Strom Thurmond (who ran as the States' Rights Democratic Party presidential candidate in 1948) left the Democratic Party to join the Republicans.
8 John G. Russell writes, "Often presented as a subtext of and for the allegorical exploration of alterity/alienation, race and racialist thinking infuse science fiction in both its literary and cinematic manifestations" (256).
9 Between 1916 and 1970, around six million African Americans relocated from the rural South to urban centers in America's Northeast, Midwest, and West in what has become known as the Great Migration.
Bradbury, Ray. "Way in the Middle of the Air." The Martian Chronicles, www.classicsbookclub.files.wordpress.com/2019/10/bradbury-way-in-the-middle-of-the-air-the-martian-chronicles.pdf. Accessed 17 Dec. 2020.
—. "The Other Foot." The Martian Chronicles/The Illustrated Man/The Golden Apples of the Sun, Barnes & Noble, 2010, pp. 299–313.
Bundrick, Christopher. "'All we know is here we are': Gothic Aspects of Ray Bradbury's The Martian Chronicles." Fafnir, vol. 6, no. 1, 2019, pp. 14–27.
Clark, Phenderson Djèlí. "Black People on Mars: Race and Ray Bradbury." Disgruntledharadrim.com, 7 June 2012, www.pdjeliclark.wordpress.com/2012/06/07/black-people-on-mars-race-and-ray-bradbury/. Accessed 8 Dec. 2020.
DeGraw, Sharon. The Subject of Race in American Science Fiction. Routledge, 2006.
Feldstein, Al, and Joe Orlando. "Judgment Day." Out of this World, 27 Feb. 2010, www.kb-outofthisworld.blogspot.com/2010/02/anti-racism-in-1950s-comics-weird.html. Accessed 15 Dec. 2020.
Greenpeace. "Attack on Voting Rights." Greenpeace, www.greenpeace.org/usa/democracy/issues/voting-rights/. Accessed 8 Dec. 2020.
Johnson, Wayne L. Ray Bradbury, Frederick Ungar, 1980.
Lavender, Isaiah. "Jim Crow Extrapolations." Race in American Science Fiction. Indiana UP, 2011, pp. 89–117.
Masiki, Trent. "Any place is better than here": Afro-Zionism in the Science Fiction of Ray Bradbury and Derrick Bell." CLA Journal, vol. 63, no. 1, 2020, pp. 25–49.
Monk, Patricia. Alien Theory: The Alien as Archetype in the Science Fiction Short Story. Scarecrow Press, 2006.
Reid, Robin Anne. Ray Bradbury: A Critical Companion. Greenwood Press, 2000.
Russell, John G. "Darkies Never Dream: Race, Racism, and the Black Imagination in Science Fiction." The New Centennial Review, vol. 18, no. 3, 2018, pp. 255–77.
Sundquist, Eric J. Strangers in the Land: Blacks, Jews, Post-Holocaust America. Harvard UP, 2005.
Watanabe, Nancy A. "Aboard Starship Africa: 'The Big Black and White Game.'" ResearchGate, www.researchgate.net/publication/342845807_Aboard_Starship_Africa_The_Big_Black_and_White_Game. Accessed 8 Dec. 2020.
Ylagan, Christian. "Why Do The Heavens Beckon Us? Revisiting Constructions of Home and Identity in Ray Bradbury's The Martian Chronicles." Fafnir, vol. 2, no. 4, 2015, pp. 29–41.
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This BT customer services complaint is regarding wireless services not working. This will be put into report, along with all complaints on this website and sent for investigation.
I have contacted BT on many occasions but get fobbed off. I have now been told to pay up or be disconnected and if I want an engineer to come out it will cost me a further £80. I think its totally unfair to be paying for a service I don`t receive or a service that's incomplete.


Glad to see you guys reading this. Because this is the first time we are compiling some news updates for our health care professionals so that they don't miss anything. We are focusing International. Yes, this is a new section this website because we are planning more than normal news stuff for our readers.
Don't forget to share our website with your friends, colleagues so that they can also get updates on regular basis.
EBOLA in UAE - Internationally EBOLA is creating havoc. But in UAE this issue was handled quite professionally. In early October some passengers were isolated for a checkup so that they don't pose a threat to others and in spread of the disease and they can get treated at right time as well. So good news is all of the passengers were declared EBOLA free. DHA conducted necessary medical tests endorsed by World Health Organisation. All precautionary ways were adopted by health authority to confirm passengers are free of EBOLA before the discharge.
Breast Cancer Awareness with a Guinness World Record - While internationally many NGOs are working towards the awareness of Breast Cancer and its prevention. A new Guinness World Record has been achieved by VPS Healthcare for one of the largest but simultaneous seld-examination for breast cancer with around 971 women participated in Abu Dhabi this week. VPS Healthcare is an integrated solutions with hospitals and chain of clinics.
DHA Initiative for Elderly - DHA has recently launched Mohammad Bin Rashid initiative for elderly people. Their care, health awareness, healthy ageing issues and focusing on the importance of regular health screenings.
It was a four day campaign which was organised with Dubai Ruler's Office. This campaign was rolled out to all six majlises from Jumeirah to Al Hamriya.
Geriatricians also educated elderly about daily rehabilitation excercises. DHA is already operating primary health care centres to prevent geriatric from fall, osteoprosis in their clinics. While Rashid Hospital has full dedicated department for elderly population.
Tele-medicine service from Mubadala - While among other efforts UAE towards healthier residents. Another quite efficient service was started by Mubadala which will provide health information and give advice to eligible patients. A patient can call toll free number 800-4959 to ask for health advice for free. This was inspired by the International standards in Telemedicine where other 85 countries are taking care of their residents with a similar services.
I hope this round up will be helpful for you. We need suggestions at this moment to serve you better. We also welcome team members who would like to work with us. You can contact us through our contact page or simply drop a message on our facebook page.


Auld Rare Whisky, owned and founded by Roger Svenningson, is thought to be the first dedicated independent bottler in Sweden. It bottles single cask, cask strength whiskies in distinguishable 50cl pharmacy-style bottles, as well as sets of three 10cl whisky packs.
Mainly available through Sweden's state-run wine and spirit shop Systembolaget, some are exported into other mainland European markets and the company has been present at some of the larger fairs and festivals such as Limburg Whisky Fair in Germany.
Roger Svenningson developed a passion for whisky while working in Paris in the late 1970s. He investigated the possibility of building his own whisky distillery in Sweden but found the great costs involved as too high a hurdle. Eventually Svenningson pursued a small independent bottling business based in the Swedish municipality of Skillingaryd.
When Auld Rare Whisky was eventually granted its license in July 2008, Roger discovered it was the first independent bottler in Sweden.


Welcome to Allen Models of Nevada!
Since 1963, Allen Models has been one of the largest, friendliest and most consistent suppliers of parts, plans and castings for the live steam hobby in the United States. We pride ourselves on continuing Gene Allen's tradition of excellent service and high availability of parts. Whether you're a veteran builder looking to kit-bash or a beginner looking to get into the hobby with an easy to build project such as the Allen Models Chloe or Fitchburg Northern, we hope you find what you are looking for here at Allen Models. If you have any questions, feel free to give us a call at 775-782-3800, or email us at steve@allenmodels.com. We're looking forward to hearing from you about your project needs. In the mean time, our full catalog of parts and plans is available for browsing and ordering below.
International orders: Please call or email to place your order or to receive a shipping estimate.
Cabin Fever Sale! Save 10% off complete 2-4-0 and 0-4-0 kits until February 28!
New Laser Cut Tender Kits! 30" short tender and 36" long tender!
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These have an additional 3/4″ in depth to hold the Downspout off the wall.
This is the first 90 out of 150 going to be installed on the University of Virginia. Project could be a total of almost 500 when it is done. It is a custom bracket in that they wanted to keep the downspout off the wall 3/4″ but have no back plate like our RDS style. We put two holes in the bracket so that the downspout could be riveted to the bracket and be held in place.


Big players make big plays, and twice Russell Wilson made huge plays that first kept the Seahawks in the contest and then won them it. His ability to connect with precision on deep balls to David Moore and Tyler Lockett was the deciding factor in this game, as Wilson looks more and more comfortable behind a line you can almost feel the trust being rebuilt in.
They might not be the most heralded group of receivers in the league, but the ability of the aforementioned Moore and Lockett to make key plays is a testament to an underrated group that won their matchups with the Panthers cornerback groups. Moore was especially impressive given how rarely he was targeted, but he maximized his opportunities first with an ankle-breaking double move and then with a game-changing touchdown grab.
This isn't the Seahawks defense you remember dominating teams, but that's not to say that some of the new faces don't have talent. Second-year pro Nazair Jones hasn't consistently shown it this year, but he had one of his best games on Sunday. Nothing highlighted this more than a first-quarter tackle for a loss where he destroyed Trai Turner to bring the field goal unit onto the field.
After a strong start to the year, Bradley McDougald's play is reverting to a more expected level, but he showed he's no flash in the pan with a good outing. Nothing quite highlighted this like his fantastic red-zone interception that took points off the board for the Panthers.
By his high standards, this is something of a down year for Kawann Short. But he remains one of the most talented defensive tackles in the league and put together a strong game against the run and the pass, including one breathtakingly explosive bull rush that walked Justin Britt into Wilson late in the fourth.
It was a bad day for the secondary with Captain Munnerlyn and Corn Elder both routinely beaten by the Seahawks receivers. Elder, in particular, looked every bit the inexperienced player he is, as he entered the game with just 117 career regular season snaps.
It was a monster day for Christian McCaffrey in the fantasy world but a mixed day in the real one. Sometimes the football Gods shine on you, and today was definitely that day. While McCaffrey did make a number of big highlight reel runs, he did also put the ball on the ground two times (one that was incorrectly ruled down on the field and another where Greg Olsen recovered a goalline fumble). The stat sheet won't record the turnover opportunities he presented the Seahawks, but it was a black mark on an otherwise good day.
Cam Newton will look back to one throw that allowed McDougald to make a tremendous play and think without that the Panthers probably halted their losing streak. His connection with D.J. Moore just gets better each week and bodes extremely well for the future, especially with a versatile weapon like McCaffrey running routes.
Strong red-zone defense at key times and big plays throwing downfield ensured that while Carolina always felt in control, they were never able to pull away.
The Panthers couldn't turn chain moving drives into touchdowns, as the team settled early for field goals (and later threw one pick) when they had the Seahawks on the ropes.


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SIMEON WINS 9TH CPS TITLE
By Patrick Boylan
by John Montgomery Edited by Patrick Boylan The Lady Wolverines (21-7), who come from a school known for having one of the state's best boys programs, won the public league title for the first time, beating Kenwood 75-72 in overtime on Super Bowl Sunday at Chicago State. The Simeon win was the biggest surprise of the CPS basketball season. Simeon erased a 12-point deficit. In boys basketball, Simeon (25-3) won a ninth championship shield by beating Orr (23-4) 69-59 at Chicago State last Sunday afternoon. It was the ninth championship won by Simeon boys basketball since 1984. Orr has been a great story on and off the court. The Spartans advanced to the CPS championship for the first time under Lou Adams who has won 130 games. Orr starts defense of its Class 2A title this week. Simeon and Orr have been probably the two best basketball teams in our state this season. This was a dream matchup between the top seeds. Simeon prevailed by pulling away in the second half after the game was tied at 32. Jalen Horton Tucker, who will attend Iowa State, played one of his best games of the season by scoring 23 points. Tucker put his team ahead to stay with three treys in the third quarter. Tucker normally plays well, but the Wolverines needed Tucker to step up with Messiah Jones in foul trouble. Tucker did get support from Kejuan Clements who scored 18 points. Jones added 12 points while the bench contributed with 16 points. The Wolverines began the fourth quarter by outscoring the Spartans 10-2. Orr didn't quit, but the rally would fall short. "We wanted to win (the championship) so bad," Adams said after the loss. Winning the Public League title has always proven difficult. Simeon won the city championship for the third straight season. Once again, the Wolverines are favoried to win their eighth state basketball championship in school history. In the semfinals, Orr beat Curie (23-4) 71-59 while Simeon earned some revenge against Young after losing the Class 4A championship last season to the Dolphins. Simeon won the rematch over Young (22-7) 64-53. "That was the second worst game we played all year," Simeon head coach Robert Smith told reporters about the 2017 loss. Could we see Smith one day on the bench at Wintrust Arena? Smith is building quite a resume that might lead to a college coaching job with 395 wins, six CPS championships, and six state titles.
Tags: Chicago Public League, Chicago Public Schools, CPS, Curie High School, High School Basketball, Jalen Horton Tucker, Lou Adams, Messiah Jones, Orr High School, Simeon High School, Young High School
This entry was posted on February 21, 2018 at 1:22 pm and is filed under Local Sports. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed.
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text:
Southern Face of Tethys
Photojournal: PIA10462
Five hours after acquiring Ancient Rift, the Cassini spacecraft turned its cameras back to Tethys for a more southerly view. The southern reaches of Ithaca Chasma are seen here, along with the large crater Telemus just right of center.
Lit terrain seen here is on the Saturn-facing side of Tethys (1,062 kilometers, or 660 miles across). The view looks toward the southern hemisphere from a perspective 43 degrees south of the moon's equator. North is toward the top and rotated 30 degrees to the right.
The image was taken in visible green light with the Cassini spacecraft narrow-angle camera on July 28, 2008. The view was obtained at a distance of approximately 313,000 kilometers (194,000 miles) from Tethys and at a Sun-Tethys-spacecraft, or phase, angle of 42 degrees. Image scale is 2 kilometers (1 mile) per pixel.
The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington, D.C. The Cassini orbiter and its two onboard cameras were designed, developed and assembled at JPL. The imaging operations center is based at the Space Science Institute in Boulder, Colo.
For more information about the Cassini-Huygens mission visit http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov . The Cassini imaging team homepage is at http://ciclops.org .
Credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute
Saturn Moons
Titan's swirling south-polar vortex stands out brightly against the other clouds of the south pole (seen at the lower right of the image). The Cassini spacecraft is monitoring the development of t...
Seasonal Swirl
The small moon Janus is illuminated by light from both the sun and Saturn. This view looks toward the south pole of Janus (179 kilometers, or 111 miles across) which lies on the terminator just be...
Two Lights on Two-faced Janus
This computer-generated image shows the structure of the cyclonic pattern observed over Jupiter's south pole.
Jupiter's Southern Exposure in Infrared
A large impact basin dominates the high southern latitudes of Saturn's moon Dione. See Rebounded Craters to learn more from a similar image. Lit terrain seen here is on the anti-Saturn side of Dio...
Dione's Southern Basin
This image of Titan, taken by a Voyager spacecraft, shows Titan to be completely shrouded by a thick atmosphere. The atmosphere is about 95% nitrogen, the remainder methane as well as other hydroca...
Infrared South Pole August 19, 2004 Full-Res: PIA05438 This Cassini spacecraft narrow angle camera view of Saturn's southern polar re...
Infrared South Pole
Fresh from an encounter with Saturn's F ring, the moon Prometheus continues in its orbit. The gravity of potato-shaped Prometheus (86 kilometers, or 53 miles across) periodically creates streamer-...
On His Merry Way
This image of Arrokoth (204 MU69) can be viewed with red-blue stereo (3D) glasses to reveal the Kuiper Belt object's three-dimensional shape.
Arrokoth (2014 MU69) in Stereo
Voyager 2 took this picture of Neptune's largest satellite,Triton, from less than 80,000 km (50,000 miles).
Structure in Saturn's narrow and complex F ring is seen here, including one of the faint strands (at the left) that Cassini has shown to curl around the planet in a tight, rotating spiral. Scientis...
F Ring Edge
Phoebe in Ultraviolet June 23, 2004 Full-Res: PIA06401 On the right, the ultraviolet image of Sat...
Phoebe in Ultraviolet
These images from NASA's Dawn spacecraft, located in Vesta's Caparronia quadrangle, in Vesta's northern hemisphere, demonstrate a special analytical technique, which results in shadowed areas of Ve...
Revealing Shadows 1
This image of Paulina AV-L-15, from the atlas of the giant asteroid Vesta, was created from images taken as NASA's Dawn mission flew around the object, also known as a protoplanet.
Paulina AV-L-15
+ See non-contrast-enhanced version This mosaic features the highest resolution data yet captured by NASA's Cassini spacecraft of the leading, or western, hemisphere of Saturn's moon Enceladus. It...
New to Old on Enceladus -- Contrast Enhanced
This global map of Saturn's moon Enceladus was created using images taken during Cassini spacecraft flybys, with Voyager images filling in the gaps in Cassini's coverage. The map is an equidistant...
Map of Enceladus - August 2008
A startling silhouette of Saturn is created in this Cassini spacecraft portrait. Although the sun is eclipsed by Saturn in this dramatic image, some sunlight scatters through the uppermost part of...
Saturn Silhouette
The outer edge of Saturn's B ring exhibits an unexpected feature in this movie made from images captured by NASA's Cassini spacecraft. The images were obtained early in the planet's equinox "season...
Strange Things Afoot in the B Ring
This natural color image of the limb of Triton was taken early in the morning of Aug. 25 1989, when the Voyager 2 spacecraft was at a distance of about 210,000 kilometers (128,000 miles) from the i...
The Limb of Triton
The Cassini spacecraft examines the rough dark-light dichotomy of the terrain on Saturn's moon Iapetus. Scientists continue to investigate the nature of this moon's surface. See The Other Side of ...
Iapetus' Puzzling Surface
Eleven years in the life of the Sun, spanning most of solar cycle 23.
This image from NASA's Dawn spacecraft shows an unnamed impact feature that lies on the northern rim of Chaminuka Crater in Ceres' southern hemisphere.
Dawn LAMO Image 144
Cassini takes in a wide-angle view of majestic, golden-hued Saturn ... home to our robotic spacecraft for two years now. The ringplane cuts across the center of Saturn's crescent which wears shadow...
The Golden Giant
This trio of Junocam views of Earth was taken during Juno's close flyby on October 9, 2013.
Earth Triptych from NASA's Juno Spacecraft
MESSENGER's Wide Angle Camera (WAC), part of the Mercury Dual Imaging System (MDIS), is equipped with 11 narrow-band color filters.
Mercury's Subtle Colors


The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a navigation tool that enables you to determine your location by using maps that GPS satellites find. GPS satellites circle the earth twice a day in a very precise orbit and transmit signal information to earth.
GPS receivers are extremely accurate,because they a parallel multi-channel design. Parallel channel receivers are very fast and lock onto satellites when first turned on and they maintain strong locks, even in thick forests or in city's with skyskrapers.
Using GPS on your phone can mean that you can figure out exactly where you are and to get turn-by-turn directions to where you're going. With the right software or service package, your phone can pinpoint your location, give directions to your destination and provide information about nearby businesses.
Now that GPS has expanded to these vehicles, mobile phones and now it is so advanced that google have brought out google latitude which allows you too see not only where you are but where other people are. Just by signing in you can find friends who are also logged in.


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What is the Average Salary for Artificial Intelligence (AI) & Machine Learning Specialists in Malaysia?
How Much do Artificial Intelligence (AI) & Machine Learning Specialists Earn in Malaysia?
Written by EduSpiral Consultant Services. For more information contact 01111408838
The arrival of Industry 4.0 has also allowed the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in our daily lives. It was also noted that digital lifestyle and the digital economy, which fall under the 'New Millennium' will continue to support the explosive growth in the areas of e-commerce, e-mobility and e-healthcare. Jobs like artificial intelligence and machine learning specialists are required across industries to help organisations and businesses be more efficient in delivering their products and services, and be more responsive to customer demands in anticipated increased competition.
To sustain the country's competitive advantages, the need to transform the Malaysian economy via digital empowerment is no longer an option. Digitalisation is crucial to future-proof businesses therefore demand will increase for qualified professionals in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning.
Most of AI specialists work in applied AI to program smart systems that can think like humans. For example, to recognise a face (face recognition), address questions or instructions (chatbot) and solve problems. AI specialists mostly work at research centres of universities, small AI development companies, banking sectors, automotive industries, healthcare facilities and government agencies. In addition, there are many sub-areas of AI such as Fuzzy Logic, Neural Network, Machine Learning (ML) and Natural Language Processing (NLP).
Many of the popular recent applications of AI in industry have been based on Machine Learning (ML), which gives computers the ability to learn, improve business decisions, increase productivity, detect disease, forecast weather, etc
Having said that, salary is one of the important factors for students when choosing the right course to study. After all, the aim of studying is to get a job and the aim of a job is to attain salary that can sustain your future lifestyle and take care of your family. Therefore, in helping students to make this very important decision, EduSpiral Consultant Services has compiled the salary for Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning Specialists in Malaysia from various reputable human resource recruitment firms for you to have an idea of the future salary.
You might also be interested to read these:
Top 50 Jobs with High Future Demand in Malaysia
30 Jobs with Future High Demand & Salaries in Malaysia – Find Out so you can choose the Best Course to Study Now!
Study Courses that has High Job Demand in Malaysia
Top 20 Courses to Study in Malaysia that has High Job Demand & Stable Salary
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Top 10 Degree Courses in Malaysia with Highest Starting Salaries
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Artificial Intelligence (Ai) – Disrupting Traditional Jobs, Creating Opportunities for a New Generation
EduSpiral counseled us online & then picked us up from the airport to visit MMU in order to help us choose the right university.
Mak, Ong & Chaw – Diploma in Information Technology (IT) at Multimedia University (MMU)
Advances in data collection and aggregation, algorithms, and computer processing power have enabled scientists and engineers to make great strides in developing artificial intelligence (AI). Suddenly machines can perform tasks that once required human cognition. In the past, computers could execute only the rigidly defined tasks for which they were programmed.
Now they can be given a general strategy forlearning, enabling them to adapt to new data without being explicitly reprogrammed. Many such "machine learning" systems already have been put to commercial use. Adoption is growing around the world in sectors such as finance, health care, and transport—and these systems are beginning to have an impact on the region encompassing ten countries that make up the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).
Because they can dramatically boost productivity, AI technologies may have a disruptive impact on the region's economies—and its workers. Previously published MGI research estimated that currently demonstrated technologies
have the potential to automate roughly half of the work activities performed in ASEAN's four biggest economies: Indonesia (52 percent of all activities), Malaysia (51 percent), the Philippines (48 percent) and Thailand (55 percent). These tasks currently generate more than $900 billion in wages.
(McKinsey Global Institute Report – Artificial intelligence and Southeast Asia's future)
Increased Job Demand for Artificial Intelligence (AI) & Machine Learning Specialists in Malaysia
Being in Sabah made it difficult for me to survey the universities in Peninsula. I found EduSpiral online and they provided detailed information & helped me with my application. They even took me around the university for a tour when I went to visit. Xavier Phang, Software Engineering Graduate from Asia Pacific University (APU)
The World Economic Forum (WEF) in its Future of Jobs report, characterises Industry 4.0 as the developments of genetics, artificial intelligence, networked devices, robotics, nanotechnology, 3D printing and other smart technologies.
In Malaysia, IT spending in 2018 is forecast to rise 5.7% to RM65.2 billion, faster than the projected global pace of 4.5%. The increased spending will be focus on adopting business digitalisation, blockchain technology and big data to encourage learning and artificial intelligence. According to Kelly Services 2018/2019 Salary Guide, 1 million professionals in the digital space is required in Malaysia by 2025.
The information technology (IT) industry is expected to face a shortage of between 7,000 and 15,000 professionals, as Malaysia rides the wave of the growing digital economy. The industry is currently in need of specialised workers in various IT fields. By 2025, the IT industry will require one million specialised working professionals as the industry is experiencing a rampant growth.
Among the most in-demand skills will be those in the AI and technology/digital fields and companies in the manufacturing sector will be the main users of these technologies to improve efficiencies. In particular, talent experienced in programming languages like Python and Golang will be in strong demand.
For students, those ready to embrace the impending digitisation of all industries and prepare themselves with the education and skills needed to weather transformation will be best placed for the future work place.
How to Have a Successful Career in Artificial Intelligence (AI) & Machine Learning Specialists in Malaysia?
EduSpiral provided detailed information to help me make my decision.
Vincent Lim, Software Engineering Graduate, Asia Pacific University (APU)
The Fourth Industrial Revolution,
building on the technological
inventions of the Third, is disrupting industries, replacing and even removing jobs at a higher speed.
The World Economic Forum's
(WEF) Future of Jobs report states
that 65 per cent of children
entering primary school today will
end up working in jobs that do not
exist yet. The report also observes that most specialities currently in demand did not exist five to 10 years ago.
Disruptive labour market changes from the years 2015 to 2020 are expected to lead to significant loss of jobs. The situation is compounded by a global problem:
in many countries, talent tends to be produced at varying levels of quality, often instructed in a syllabus belonging to the past. This results in a common problem
for many nations – the type and quality of talent that enters the workforce is rarely prepared to meet the ever evolving demand of the new marketplace.
Furthermore, graduate employability has also become a concern for Malaysia. Employers recognise the concerns on graduate's skills gap, such as the lack of industrial training experience and communication skills.
Hence, just choosing the right course doesn't necessarily ensure a successful future.
Students need to choose the best university that will prepare and equip you with the latest technological know-how as well as the soft skills to enter the job market and move up. EduSpiral has helped thousands of students in choosing their course and university through personalised counseling supported by facts & evidence. WhatsApp 01111408838 to find out how we can help you.
Salary Reports for Artificial Intelligence (AI) & Machine Learning Specialists in Malaysia
2020 Hays Salary Guide Malaysia – Digital Technology – AI (Salaries are yearly in '000 RM)
AI Developer (Java/C/C++/Python) 80 – 192
AI Global Solution Architect (Java/C/C++/Python) 180 – 360
Deep Learning Project Manager (Java/C/C++/Python) 180 – 360
Machine Learning Engineer (Python/Algorithms) 80 – 192
AI Developer (Math/Vectors/Matrices/Linear Algebra) 144 – 216
AI Global Solution Architect (Math/Vectors/Matrices/Linear Algebra) 180 – 360
Deep Learning Project Manager (Math/Vectors/Matrices/Linear Algebra) 180 – 360
RGF Salary Watch 2020 Malaysia
RGF Salary Watch 2020 Malaysia – Artificial Intelligence (AI)
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text:
package org.wso2.carbon.esb.mediator.test.call;

import org.apache.axiom.om.OMElement;
import org.apache.axis2.AxisFault;
import org.testng.annotations.AfterClass;
import org.testng.annotations.BeforeClass;
import org.testng.annotations.Test;
import org.wso2.esb.integration.common.utils.ESBIntegrationTest;

import java.io.File;

import static org.testng.Assert.assertTrue;

/**
 * Tests for calling the endpoint with blocking external calls according to the filter
 */
public class CallMediatorBlockingFilterTestCase extends ESBIntegrationTest {

    @BeforeClass(alwaysRun = true)
    public void setEnvironment() throws Exception {
        super.init();
        loadESBConfigurationFromClasspath(File.separator + "artifacts" + File.separator + "ESB" + File.separator + "mediatorconfig" + File.separator + "call" + File.separator + "CallMediatorBlockingFilterTest.xml");
    }

    @Test(groups = {"wso2.esb"}, description = "Call the endpoint with blocking external calls according to the filter")
    public void callMediatorBlockingFilterTest() throws AxisFault {
        OMElement response =
                axis2Client.sendSimpleStockQuoteRequest(getProxyServiceURLHttp("TestCallProxy"), null, "WSO2");
        boolean responseContainsWSO2 = response.getFirstElement().toString().contains("WSO2");
        assertTrue(responseContainsWSO2);
    }

    @AfterClass(alwaysRun = true)
    public void destroy() throws Exception {
        super.cleanup();
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


and I'm not talking about BB4 on Channel 4 at the moment. Two articles from CNN that I noticed recently on different subjects along the theme.
1 – The Language Police is a new book on the words that have been banned in US textbooks. Newspeak comes to mind when are work such as Yacht can't be used cos it's elitist and blind because it's offensive. How are these kids going to learn anything?
Barcelona – such a beautiful horizon, as was sung over 10 years ago now. I agree with them too, from Park Guell, Montjuic or on the cable car, it looks fantastic. The mix of the Mediterranean, low rise cityscape with 3 million inhabitants and the mountains in the distance – it's a perfect setting.
Not that we saw too much of it. The problem (or not?) with Barcelona is the night life is one of the world's best. How do you fancy going out for dinner from 9-12, going on a little bar crawl until around 3, then going to a club until 6-7 then maybe (ok I flaked out but well done to JA, JHob) for a few more drinks (they stayed up til 10am one night…).. I think overall we managed 3am (Moog), 7am (Drum N Bass club on Nou de la Rambla), 7am (The Loft – Techno) and 3am ('just' bars..) which wasn't bad.
I honestly can't thing of a better city to live in (really), less developped than Paris/London. Better weather, very musical/art culture and a beach! It's also really cheap, we were surprised how cheap drinks were even in clubs (€6 for vodka/lemonade but they were triples) People also have their own identity more there – very refreshing considering the McDonalds-isation of our own society (Food/Drink/Clothing) – we really should try to reclaim our own destinies back from the multinationals, but thats of course for another day….
Not wanting to go on about how much I think other countries are fantastic (I still love you, UK!…) Paris has reminded me once again the quality of life in foreign lands. I didn't leave the office after a day of speaking and listening to French and after booking into a dubious hotel opposite the Gare de l'est I set out to explore Paris.
Then I walked back along the back streets, where I noticed a lot of police and then I realised I was walking past the American and British embassies. Not quite as drastic reinforcements as the US Embassy in Mayfair but nevertheless it was protected.
So what else in my 36 hours here.
Good Stuff: Clean streets, double decker trains, cheap metro tickets, nice weather (luck?!), the architecture (both old – tube stations, and new – CDG2 Airport), Tete dans les nuages (of course) and Pyramide sur France 2!
Bad things: the traffic at 8am, the fact every bus is always rammed, getting lost, dodgy hotels, Americans being rude to waiters, rough areas, drunkards everywhere, expensive beer/coffee, waiters being rude to Americans….
Having been on British soil for less than 36 hours, I now find myself in a small hotel near "la defense" in Paris. I am getting fed up with Terminal 2 in Heathrow and also eating airline food for dinner….
The decor in this hotel is traditional turn of the century France, wooden panels, thin doors and toilet/shower room..


text:
Deputies: Man lit pipe bomb that flew into neighbor's yard near Orange City
Patricio G. Balona @PBalonaNJ
Apr 22, 2019 at 9:09 AM Apr 22, 2019 at 9:09 AM
A flying pipe bomb that landed in a neighbor's yard near Orange City on Saturday prompted the evacuation of homes and led to the arrest of the man who made it, Volusia County sheriff's deputies said.
Christopher Green, 25, who lives at 1059 Montrose Ave., was charged with making a destructive device on Saturday and is out on $10,000 bail, sheriff's spokesman Andrew Gant said Sunday.
According to Gant, Green ignited the pipe bomb in his backyard but the homemade device took flight and rocketed into his neighbor's yard.
The video embedded below is from Green's Facebook page.
Deputies were called to the 1000 block of Liskeard Ave. around 5:30 p.m. Saturday where a woman working in her backyard heard a loud hissing noise and saw white smoke as something flew into her yard. When she went to look, she found a metal pipe capped at both ends with heat emanating from it, Gant said.
The Volusia County Sheriff's Office Bomb Squad was called and neighbors in the immediate area were evacuated as a precaution, Gant said.
Investigating deputies ended up at the Montrose Avenue home where they learned Green had used stump remover mixed with sugar to make smoke bombs, Gant said.
The Volusia County Crime Center also found a video posted on Green's Facebook account around 6 p.m. The video showed Green concocting a pasty substance in a pot on his kitchen stove, then going outside and lighting a pipe with the substance in it. After a few seconds, the pipe took off and flew away, Gant said.
No injuries were reported, Gant said.


text:
Renato Scarpa (14 September 1939 – 30 December 2021) was an Italian film actor. He appeared in 85 films from 1969 to 2019.

Scarpa died on 30 December 2021, at the age of 82.

Selected filmography

 St. Michael Had a Rooster (1972)
 Don't Look Now (1973)
 Giordano Bruno (1973)
 Somewhere Beyond Love (1974)
 Piedone a Hong Kong (1975)
 Suspiria (1977)
 An Average Little Man (1977)
 Il mostro (1977)
 Bionda fragola (1980)
 Fun Is Beautiful (1980)
 Men or Not Men (1980)
 Ricomincio da tre (1981)
 Buddy Goes West (1981)
 West of Paperino (1981)
 Spaghetti House (1982)
 I'm Going to Live by Myself (1982)
 A.D. (1985)
 Via Montenapoleone (1987)
 The Icicle Thief (1989)
 Les secrets professionnels du Dr Apfelglück (1991)
 Il Postino (1994)
 Joseph (1995)
 Roseanna's Grave (1997)
 The Talented Mr. Ripley (1999)
 Esther (1999)
 The Son's Room (2001)
 Palestrina - Prince of Music (2009)
 The Tourist (2010)
 We Have a Pope (2011)
 Diaz – Don't Clean Up This Blood (2012)
 Santini's Network (2013)
 Tommaso (2016)

References

External links

1939 births
2021 deaths
Italian male film actors
Male actors from Milan
20th-century Italian male actors
21st-century Italian male actors

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
RIFF Magazine
Tag Archives: Chance the Rapper
Update: Chance the Rapper cancels 'The Big Tour,' including Chase Center show
Chance the Rapper, chase center, The Big Tour
View this post on Instagram Hey guys I've decided to cancel the Big Tour. I know it sucks and its been a lot of back and forth with reschedules and rerouting, but it's for the best. I'm gonna take this time to be with family, make some…
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Max Heilman
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Beyond winning Chance the Rapper the 2016 Grammy Award for Best Rap Album, Coloring Book also distinguished him as a unique force in Chicago hip-hop. The career-defining release's gospel overtones, pop hooks and diverse flow saw Chancelor Jonathan Bennett come into his own as a suave, God-fearing punchline purveyor. He…
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Acid Rap, Be Encouraged Tour, Chance the Rapper, Chancellor Bennett, Chancellor Johnathan Bennett, Coloring Book
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Roman Gokhman's favorite concerts of 2016: 13-8
Roman Gokhman
2016, Chance the Rapper, concerts, end of year lists, Kacey Musgraves, lists, M83, Prince, the kills, U2
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Musical activism will lead the way forward
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Arcade Fire, Bad Religion, beyonce, Chance the Rapper, Common, Donald Trump, Election, Election 2016, Hillary Clinton, Jay-Z, John Legend, Marvin Gaye, Michael Kiwanuka, Politics, Solange
Photo: Matt De Mello The other day I wrote an column on where we, not just as a country, but as a world, go from here. That piece was unique for RIFF. Ours is not a political publication. However, some events transcend politics. Many of us are nervous, some are petrified…
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Chance the Rapper, Coloring Book, Magnificent Coloring
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Chance the Rapper, Dr. Teeth, Kamasi Washington, Lana del Rey, Magic Magic Orchestra, Magic*Magik Orchestra, ol2016, outside lands, Outside Lands 2016, outside lands music and arts festival, Ryan Adams, The Muppets, Third Eye Blind
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My (first) Halloween came extra early this year, my workplace celebrated almost a week early! So I got to be a Crazy Cat Lady for 8 full hours! O.o Looking forward to the actual Halloween party this weekend, when I will (believe it or not) have even more kitteh-related paraphernalia!


But he was having a lot of difficulty finding a new house. When he said, he had 12 children, no one would rent a home to him because they felt that the children would destroy the place.
He couldn't say he had no children, because he couldn't lie. Now we all know lawyers cannot, and do not lie... So, he sent his wife for a walk to the cemetery with 11 of their kids.
He took the remaining one with him to see rental homes with the real estate agent. He loved one of the homes and the price was right.
The agent asked, "How many children do you have?" He answered, "Twelve." The agent asked, "Where are the others?"
The lawyer, with his best courtroom sad look answered, "Well, they're in the cemetery with their mother."
The Incredible Golf Ball These two guys were approaching the first tee. The first guy goes into his golf bag to get a ball and says to his friend, "Hey, why don`t you try this ball?"