text:
Browsing History HOMEInjunctive Relief
INJUNCTIVE & EQUITABLE RELIEF
CC&Rs may be enforced by proceedings in equity or law. A party damaged by a violation of the CC&Rs may seek money damages. Under well-accepted principles of condominium law, a homeowner can sue the association for damages and an injunction to compel the association to enforce the provisions of the declaration. (Chee v. Amanda Goldt.)
Injunctive Relief. Injunctive relief may be mandatory (requiring a person to do something) or prohibitory (stopping them doing something). (Code Civ. Proc §525.) Parties who violate an injunction face civil or criminal contempt of court proceedings and may be ordered to pay damages or sanctions for failing to follow the court's order. Injunctive relief is frequently sought in the enforcement of equitable servitudes (CC&Rs). Following are the stages of relief sought:
Temporary Restraining Order (TRO). A temporary order issued by the court to stop all activity so as to maintain the status quo. For example, an owner starts construction without approval by the HOA. The association can go into court on an ex parte basis (24-hours notice) for a TRO to temporarily stop construction until the parties can more fully explain their positions to the judge at a hearing on the matter set by the court. A hearing for a preliminary injunction is normally held within two to four weeks. (TROs and protective orders can also be issued in cases of harassment and threats of violence.)
Preliminary Injunction (PI). Following the issuance of a TRO, the court sets a hearing for a preliminary injunction which is another temporary order but of longer duration than a TRO. The court will issue a PI if a party can show that it will likely succeed at the time of trial. For example, if the association can show that the owner is in violation of the CC&Rs and Architectural Standards (violating height restrictions, violating setback requirements, etc.), the judge can order the owner to cease all construction until the parties can fully litigate the matter.
Permanent Injunction. Once the parties have put on their case, either to the judge (a "bench trial") or to a jury, a permanent injunction can be issued against the owner permanently preventing him from building in violation of the governing documents. If a party violates an injunction, whether it be a TRO, preliminary injunction or permanent injunction, that party can be held in contempt of court which is punishable by fines and a jail sentence.
Equitable Relief. Equitable relief is similar in that a court can require parties to perform certain acts or specifically perform a contract. Equitable remedies are distinguished from "legal" (money damage) remedies and are at the discretion of the court. They include the power to grant injunctions and specific performance. Specific performance requires a party to perform a contract.
Prohibitory vs Mandatory. The general rule is that an injunction is prohibitory if it requires a person to refrain from a particular act and mandatory if it compels performance of an affirmative act that changes the position of the parties. (Oiye v. Fox, supra, 211 Cal.App.4th at p. 1048.) Although a preliminary mandatory injunction is subject to stricter review on appeal, (Teachers Ins. & Annuity Assn. v. Furlotti (1999) 70 Cal.App.4th 1487, 1493), the principles upon which mandatory and prohibitory injunctions are granted do not materially differ. The courts are more reluctant to order mandatory injunction but in a proper case it is never denied. (Allen v. Stowell (1905) 145 Cal. 666, 669.)
Small Claims Court. The legislature has given limited authority to small claims courts to grant injunctive relief when it comes to common interest developments.


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History of a monolith: split it ?
In the previous post, I talked about organizational changes I observed on my third contract in 12 years on a monolith that grew up quickly with a team of 3 up to 20+ people today. In this post, I focus on design and technical changes we started one year ago.
In the previous parts of this series, I focused on my two first (quite long) takes on a project we started at the end of 2005. I left the project in early 2007, I came back in 2009, and left again in 2012. and this post is about a new come back (for a bit more than a year now) on this 12 years old project. I will try to expose lessons learned from this experience, from organizational and technical points of view.
In the previous part of this series, I focused on organisational issues we had and solutions we found when I cameback in 2009 on the monolith project we started at the end of 2005. In this post, I focus on technical issues and solutions.
In the first part of this series, I focused on the genesis of the monolith we started at the end of 2005. I left the project in early 2007. It was planned to grow quickly, then the team would have to adapt (in size and more...). I came back on the project in 2009, this post highlights new challenges we faced from organisational point of view, evolution we made (lots of experiments) and consequences until 2012 when I left again.
I would like to share an experience I started at the end of 2005 and I followed in time up to now (in 2017). In 2005, the team I was working in (3 persons) started a from-scratch rebuild of a legacy Notes application. Today, it is a huge monolith application with lots of legacy code, having several issues these kind of application have. My goal is to retrospect its history, to hightlight impacts of some choices and then try to find solutions.
In the previous post, I started a first F# implementation, showing "beauty" of F# code ;). Now it is time to improve a bit the controller function to be more fluent.
As a followup of the previous post, I would like to adjust the last example (using some comments' suggestions) and introduce a first basic F# implementation, which will allow to illustrate Railway Oriented Programming.
I already mentioned the video from Mark Seeman about Functional Architecture. I proposed sessions on this subject at SocratesCH to discuss and to understand it better. My understanding is still far from perfect, and in this blog post, I would like to give some feedbacks on experiments I have done with an OOP language, sketching hexagonal architecture implementations, before switching to functional implementation.
In september 2015, I tried a refactoring kata to practice my F# skills. In this attemp, I focused on immutability and pure functions, keeping in mind what I know about refactoring in other language.
Then, in november 2016, I assisted to the refactoring workshop from Michael Feather at BuildStuff. And talk a bit with him about the idea of identifying functional code smells and refactoring patterns.
So I like to start to write a bit on this subject, from my humble newbie perspective :).
The mainstream organisation is still quite far from Features Team, collocated teams and all other concepts that were proposed early by Agile advocates (and even Lean before Agile...). Even if Agile is more and more popular, it is often interpreted just as a method, missing crucial aspects.
So let's try to dive in details of these organisations, but I will not mention specific to avoid defamation.
I had two blogs in the past, the first one in English on Blogspot and then when I created DevCrafting company, I created a new site only in French with Office 365 (SharePoint).
I never managed to keep writing new posts, for several reasons, mostly bad ones probably, but I would like to give another try with another approach. I want to talk about that as a feedback.
Also, I would like to be able to write sometimes in English, sometimes in French depending on the subject.
And last, I like the idea of FsBlog and since it did not support all I wanted to do, I decided to play with F# on my own and to create my website and blog with F# as Tomas Petricek did.
I would like to write a post on this subject for a while (amongst lots of other…), and a post of Mike Cohn about Agile in the Age of Hyperspecialization reminds me the subject (in addition it is also a recurring subject at work for me). I wrote some comments on his blog, but I would like to detail a little bit here.
First of all, I am not confortable with the analogy done between manufacturing activities (or buildings and civil works) and IT industry, which basically leads to reduce developers to "simple" workers that could work in a production line (cf. Ford, with respect for manufacturing workers)…and I think that's a point that is totally missed with hyper-specialisation.
I prefer other visions more suitable to our industry. In this first post, I will talk about "cultivate your code" analogy, "mentofacturing", and feature teams approach.
Then in a second post, I will dive into an illustration of what could be stereotypical organization nowadays with "hyperspecialization" and my vision (shared and applied in my team), which is best aligned with Agile and Lean principles from my point of view.
I'd like to give my point of view about the subject of communication mediums in general, It is just a first try on this subject. I will dig communication mediums in enterprise through communication tooling. The goal of this post is to analyse which communication medium should be used for which purpose.
This post is quite general and focused on concepts (even if I am not an expert in the field), I will publish an example of what I mean with an example around tools that can implement what I explain in this post.
Note : I do not talk about how people can change communication according to their behaviour, which is more psychology, I just talk about means, even it is sure that the way you communicate is also an important subject.
I think communication as the main factor of success in any project in general, because a project is rarely a personal one but the one of a community in general (which could be a couple, a team, a service, a department, an enterprise, and so on...). Good communication leads to more efficiency and comprehension.


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Robo-advisors typically steer you toward low-cost index mutual funds that track the shares of an index like the S&P 500 and exchange-traded funds (ETFs). An ETF is essentially a basket of stocks and bonds. Historically, stocks have had higher rates of investment return over longer time frames, but there's also higher risk of values fluctuating over shorter time frames. Bonds are lower risk investments, but they also have lower expected returns. A portfolio mix of 60% stocks and 40% bonds is industry standard for seeking moderate growth while minimizing large fluctuations in portfolio value. (To learn more, read MoneyLion explains: What's the stock market? or visit our FAQ).
Compared to investing on your own, robo-advisors can save you countless hours of research, challenging decisions, and potentially risk. Some of them have investment minimums (from $500 to $50,000 or more), and while their fees can vary, robo-advisors typically charge a fraction of what a financial advisor would.
There are many robo-advisors out there, but MoneyLion Plus is the only one that combines access to a 5.99% APR loan with a guided investment account, as well as cashback and a generous rewards system, so you can tackle unexpected expenses today while investing for the future.
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Today is my stop during the blog tour for The Blood of the Hydra (Elementals #2) by Michelle Madow. I'll share my review and there's a tour wide giveaway.
Filled with magic, thrilling adventure, and sweet romance, Elementals: The Blood of the Hydra is the second book in the Elementals series. Join Nicole and the rest of the Elementals on their quest to save the world, or die trying, in this spellbinding sequel that fans of mythology, magic, and adventure will love!
Finding out that she was a witch was strange enough, but now Nicole must face the realization that she has the rare power to kill with just a touch. No one can know her secret—not even Blake, who she's had undeniable chemistry with since first moving to town.
Now Nicole, Blake, and the three others with elemental powers must stop a series of monsters that they previously believed to be dead from rising once again and destroying the mortal world. The creatures they face on this journey will be more dangerous than anything they've encountered yet. Will they all survive the quest? And how long will it be until Nicole is forced to use her ability to kill in front of everyone, revealing the true darkness of her powers?
Find out in The Blood of the Hydra, and join the Elementals on their next journey in their quest to save the world—or die trying.
This book picks up a few weeks after The Prophecy of Shadows (Book 1) and we join the Elementals as they are busy training and preparing to save the world from a Titan invasion. Blake and Danielle are no longer a couple and it's obvious that there is major chemistry between Nicole and Blake, but she refuses to be alone in his company, feeling like it would be disrespectful to Danielle to start something so soon. She also thinks it would be irresponsible to cause any potential discord between the five of them.
That's one example of where Nicole acts maturely, but I felt her character was somewhat inconsistent, as she acted and spoke quite immaturely on other occasions. As the book progresses she starts to voice her opinions, takes on more of a leadership role, and her dialogue was less juvenile. I hope that self-development continues in the next book.
It was quite action-packed as the gang travel to Greece to obtain ingredients needed to fortify their weapons so they can seal the portal to Kerberos (did I spell that correctly?!!) The addition of Ethan and Rachael was a bit superfluous in my opinion, but given how the book ended I have a feeling this will tie into a plot in the final installment.
While I did enjoy the fantasy, and the worldbuilding was decent, there were aspects of it that I just couldn't suspend belief for. Parts were pretty nonsensical. They have to battle monsters to get through a particular stretch of water and they are all debating whether or not they can sacrifice six of the crew so they can journey safely across. When they get to the Island (to obtain milk from the sacred cows) it is apparently a luxury resort for celebrities and the wealthy, and we are told that most of the guests fly there by helicopter. So, I'm thinking, why on earth would they navigate the perilous waters (and potentially sacrifice six men) if they could just fly there? I have no trouble suspending belief where it makes sense in a story but that was sheer stupidity. There were a couple of other similar instances that detracted from my enjoyment of the story.
Blake is undoubtedly the star of this show. Swoon. Love him! He is fantastic. Stoic and brave and ready to step up whenever needed. It's clear he really cares about Nicole but is keeping his distance until she makes her move. I wish there had been more romance, but that's just personal preference. I prefer my fantasy to have a healthy dollop of romance and this was very light on that front. I'm hoping that will change in the next book.
Nicole has been hiding a secret from Blake and the rest of the Elementals because she fears she is doing something illegal. But she is such a sweetheart, and there is no way anyone would believe there was any malicious intent. When it eventually comes out, they were all supportive of her.
The writing is very good and it does flow well. I wasn't tempted to skim at all. The mythology aspect is really interesting and different to other mythology books I've read.
I am still invested in this series, and I look forward to reading the next book. I hope Blake and Nicole are a real team and that she continues to develop and grow.
Overall, this was a good read, just not a great one.
Thanks to the author and Barclay PR for providing a copy of this book in exchange for my honest review.
Want to get some of Michelle's books for FREE? Click here to learn how.


Free college paper examples: What can explain Hitler's Inexplicable rise to the Chancellery?
What can explain Hitler's Inexplicable rise to the Chancellery?
The Nazis performed a miracle during 1928~1933; they went from the edge of bankruptcy to the biggest ships company in the Reichstag, their haul Adolf Hitler went from a criminal to the chancellor of Germany, moreover how did they achieve this at heart 4 years? One of the most substantial factors for Hitler to be tear as chancellor was the significant billet of the Nazi troupe in the Reichstag during the early 1930s. The Nazis only had 12 seats in the Reichstag in 1928 since the Weimar Republic was still in its glorious clock era of success, the tranquility made nearly all the Germans forget about the offensive promises the Nazis made, the Nazis were at their terminal peak. however by the time Great Depression and the wipeout of Gustav Stresemann shocked Germany, Weimar Germany went into chaos; unemployment come up by a million, inflation occurred since the loans from America no lengthy existed, citizens were suffering and the flea-bitten Weimar Republic couldnt do anything to prevent the scotch crisis from expanding, it was almost devastated. But the opposite situation occurred to the Nazis; their reputation increase with a jerky boost and won 143 seats in 1930 and became the second largest party in the Reichstag, then they became the largest party in July 1932 with the astonishing bit of 230 seats.


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text:
package ru.ydn.wicket.wicketorientdb.model;

import org.apache.wicket.model.IModel;
import org.apache.wicket.util.lang.Args;
import org.danekja.java.util.function.serializable.SerializableFunction;

import com.google.common.base.Converter;

import ru.ydn.wicket.wicketorientdb.converter.SerializableConverter;

/**
 * Model for lazy apply of function on object from underling model
 * @param <F> convert from type
 * @param <T> convert to type
 */
public class FunctionModel<F, T> extends AbstractConverterModel<F, T>
{
	private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
	private SerializableFunction<? super F, ? extends T> function;

	public FunctionModel(IModel<F> fromModel, SerializableFunction<? super F, ? extends T> function) {
		super(fromModel);
		Args.notNull(function, "Function should be specified");
		this.function = function;
	}

	public FunctionModel(IModel<F> fromModel, SerializableFunction<? super F, ? extends T> function, SerializableFunction<? super T, ? extends F> backwardFunction) {
		super(fromModel);
		Args.notNull(function, "Function should be specified");
		this.function = SerializableConverter.of(function, backwardFunction);
	}

	@Override
	protected T doForward(F a) {
		return function.apply(a);
	}

	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
	@Override
	protected F doBackward(T b) {
		if(function instanceof Converter)
		{
			Converter<F, T> converter = (Converter<F, T>)function;
			return converter.reverse().convert(b);
		}
		else
		{
			return super.doBackward(b);
		}

	}

	@Override
	public String toString() {
		return "FunctionModel [fromModel=" + fromModel + ", function="
				+ function + "]";
	}

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The quality of service and hospitality at Villa Undulna Hotel Montignoso has been identified as outstanding based on consistently high customer review ratings.
Villa Undulna Hotel Montignoso has achieved a score of 79 / 100 based on 19 customer reviews and has therefore qualified to receive an Outstanding Service Award from Go Hotels.
A 2-minute walk from the beach, this simple hotel in serene, landscaped surroundings is 2.6 km from A 12 autostrade and 8 km from Duomo di Massa.
The airy rooms feature parquet floors and traditional decor, and include Wi-Fi (fee), flat-screen TVs and minibars. Some have balconies, and suites add separate living areas. There are also apartments ranging from studio to 3 bedroom. Room service is available.
A free breakfast buffet is offered, and there's a restaurant and a bar. Other amenities include a glass-enclosed pool, plus a spa with a sauna and hydrotherapy treatments. A separate 2-story house sleeps 6 people (minimum-stay rules apply).


What a gift a friend is! Whether you are a preschool student or a middle school student or an adult, finding someone who cares about you, understands you, and who is just plain fun to be around is one of the joys of life. Whether it is a friend you can share favorite activities or hobbies with, or someone you can pour your heart out to, friends support us, ground us, and help us feel valued.
This week, I have been reminded again about the value of the connections Seabury's children make with each other. On Monday, we returned from Spring Break, and as I walked through classrooms, I found students in one classroom after another who could hardly contain themselves, they were so excited to be reunited with their friends and to share all the experiences they'd had over the break. Teachers of all grade levels told me they had to take time to allow kids to reconnect before there was any hope that work could get done. This kind of connection between kids, and between kids and their teachers, is unique and valuable.
The literature about characteristics of gifted children typically describes gifted children as being more likely to be loners, or to prefer the company of adults or older children. In my experience, both at Seabury and working with gifted children in a public school setting, this is an incomplete description. It is true that gifted children do gravitate toward adults or older children, or keep to themselves UNLESS they have the opportunity to interact with other gifted children. Our kids think differently than other kids their age. Just as we adults choose friends who have common interests and ideas, children connect with children who are similar in terms of interests, maturity, and ideas.
If you are a 6 year old who thinks like a 9 year old, you are likely to have difficulty relating to the other 6 year olds, and may gravitate toward the 9 year olds or the adults who understand your sense of humor or want to think about the kinds of things you want to think about. But you are still 6, with a 6 year old attention span and 6 years of life experience. So there are still going to be gaps in your ability to connect with those who are older than you. If that same 6 year old has the chance to spend time with another 6 year old who also thinks like a 9 or 10 year old, how much more will they have in common? You can share your interest in Captain Underpants as well as your deep knowledge of the solar system. Your friend "gets" you on a variety of levels.
Over and over again, we see students come to Seabury who have been trying to find a place to connect in previous school settings. They have tried to make friends with their age peers, and sometimes have been successful in finding friends who share a common interest in a sport or an activity. But when they come to Seabury, they suddenly find themselves in a place where it isn't only the adults who get their jokes; where they aren't the only ones who want to know everything about a given subject. Who don't think it is odd to lay awake at night worrying about global warming.
Gifted children want and need friends, just as all of us do. Sometimes our children need help making and keeping friends. But at Seabury, gifted children have the opportunity to share experiences with others who are not age peers, but who are true intellectual peers, and the synergies that come from those relationships are amazing to watch. It is one of the most precious gifts we give our children. And it is beautiful to see those relationships blossom and grow.


I think I like my MWF running schedule better than my T TH Sa schedule – for some reason the former just feels more natural. Anyway, I got up a little late this morning so I had to cram in a run and in my barely-awake state, I decided to try running in my old (we're talking Methuselah here) running shoes. Folks, don't ever let me make me decisions before I'm fully caffeinated. I could tell right away it was a bad idea, but instead of stopping and finding my other running shoes, I decided to just run a little and walk a little more on the treadmill this morning. I walked for 3 minutes and ran for 5 minutes for a total of 30 minutes. It was okay, not great. It felt a little light compared to what I've been doing (hence the title of this post). Tomorrow is strength-training day, and hopefully Thursday will be a better run. I'm still setting the incline at 1% on my treadmill with the hope it will help prepare me for the real run which happens in…2 weeks. Yikes!!
Any day now, I should get a hefty little bonus from work which I will use to go get for-really-reals running shoes. In fact, I just checked my bank account online and…no extra monies yet. Boo. So until then I am stuck with trying to run in shoes that I have absolutely no chemistry with. I mean if we were dating, the shoes and I would be secretly chatting with old flames on Facebook by now. It's just not going to work out. Sorry shoes, it's not you…well actually it IS you. But don't worry, we'll hang out occasionally because you are super cute – and you're my alma mater's colors, so there ya go.
In related news, I'm thinking about getting some running tights and running socks, etc, but instead of paying a hefty price at the running store, I wonder if I could get just-as-good stuff at Target? Anyone have any experience with Tarzhays athletic line? Love it? Hate it? What say you? Any excuse to go to Tarzhay is okay in my book.
I'm tired today, so I'm going to end this here before I get super goofy and just start typing random words.
Later taters – have a good afternoon!
Agree with Kyra… the type of sock matters for me (specially the areas of cushioning and the blend). For longer runs, I need heel and toe box padding, but of course, each person's foot is different.
Sorry…no helpful advice. I can give you advice on weenies, though.
I love Thorlo Experia running socks – they are expensive, but running socks are. I've tried several different brands, and these are my go-to socks. Now on the clothes, I liked the C9 brand that Target carries – I have several of their technical shirts, and a jacket. Never tried their tights because I bought some Nike capris and they are STILL good – a friend told me to never throw them in the dryer (really you shouldn't do that with any of the technical clothing), and they have really held up, almost 3 years later.
Oh, I just realized that I'm wearing a C9 shirt in my little avatar!
Two posts. I am missing out!
Anyway, great running expert that I am, I do have one thing that I think worked. One commenter mentioned double layer socks. I found that wearing two pairs of socks–one thin and smooth, next to my feet, and then the other thicker pair over them. It felt so great.
I like runnung because it is good for the whole body. To get prepared for running on a long distances I usually take Navy Seal formula, which quickly brings me up. It is manufactured by MGNutritionals and was developed specially for the Army, but it is good for everyone who needs more energy for active lifestyle.


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text:
Die Tenniswettbewerbe der III. Zentralamerikaspiele 1935 wurden in San Salvador ausgetragen. Es fanden bei Damen und Herren Einzel und Doppel sowie der Mixedwettbewerb statt. Erfolgreichstes Land war Mexiko mit drei Titeln.

Herren

Einzel

Doppel

Damen

Einzel

Doppel

Es nahmen nur drei Paare teil. Es gab folgende Ergebnisse:
 Camacho/Daly - Araújo/Dueñas 6:3, 6:2, Cedillo/Tapia Freilos
 Camacho/Daly - Cedillo/Tapia 4:6, 6:4, 6:3

Mixed

Es nahmen nur drei Paare teil. Es gab folgende Ergebnisse:
 Daly/Nodarse - Dueñas/López 6:4, 6:2, Tapia/Unda Freilos
 Tapia/Unda - Daly/Nodarse 6:2, 6:3

Medaillenspiegel

Quellen
 Memoria, Séptimos Juegos Deportivos Centroamericanos y del Caribe. Comité Organizador de los Séptimos Juegos Deportivos Centroamericanos y del Caribe, 1954, (PDF-Datei, 40,7 MB),  S. 50/51.
 Los juegos regionales más antiguos von Enrique Montesinos, 2017, auf http://www.odecabe.org/ (PDF-Datei, 29,0 MB), S. 457–460/462.

Tennisturnier 1935
1935
Sportveranstaltung in San Salvador
Tennisturnier in El Salvador
Tennis 1935
Tennis

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
Cornelius Tacitus
Book I: XXXI-LX Galba's death, Otho's reign and Vitellius's uprising
Translated by A. S. Kline © Copyright 2016 All Rights Reserved
This work may be freely reproduced, stored, and transmitted, electronically or otherwise, for any non-commercial purpose.
Book I:XXXI Galba gathers his forces
Book I:XXXII Titus Vinius urges Galba to wait
Book I:XXXIII Others counsel action
Book I:XXXIV Galba decides
Book I:XXXV Otho believed dead
Book I:XXXVI Otho celebrated by the soldiers in camp
Book I:XXXVII Otho addresses the troops
Book I:XXXVIII The soldiers arm themselves
Book I:XXXIX Galba's supporters in confusion
Book I:XL Otho's troops invade the forum
Book I:XLI Galba assassinated
Book I:XLII Titus Vinius killed
Book I:XLIII Piso also assassinated
Book I:XLIV Otho rejoices
Book I:XLV Celsus escapes death
Book I:XLVI The army exerts its will
Book I:XLVII Otho consolidates power
Book I:XLVIII Brief biographies of Piso and Titus Vinius
Book I:XLIX A brief biography of Galba
Book I:L The rival generals
Book I:LI The origins of Vitellius' rebellion
Book I:LII Fabius Valens urges Vitellius to act
Book I:LIII The situation in Upper Germany
Book I:LIV Unrest among the troops
Book I:LV Attitudes of the various legions
Book I:LVI Vitellius makes his bid for power
Book I:LVII Upper Germany claims Vitellius as Emperor
Book I:LVIII The executions of Pompeius Propinquus and Crispinus
Book I:LIX Vitellius gathers support
Book I:LX The situation in Britain
The bodyguard having dispersed, the rest of the cohort did not disdain to hear the remainder of his speech, and as happens in times of disturbance, they took up the standards spontaneously, without as yet any real design, rather than in concealment of their treachery as was later believed.
Celsus Marius was sent to the crack troops from Illyria, encamped in the Vipsanian Colonnade. The chief centurions Amullius Serenus and Domitius Sabinus were ordered to summon the German troops from the Hall of Liberty. The naval companies however were not trusted, being hostile to Galba since he had massacred their comrades on entering the city.
Cetrius Severus, Subrius Dexter and Pompeius Longinus, the tribunes, went to the praetorian camp itself, to see if mutiny was threatened but not yet afoot, in case it could be averted by wiser counsel. The soldiers threatened and opposed Subrius and Cetrius, while Longinus they forcibly restrained and disarmed, he being loyal to the Emperor not because of his rank but due to his friendship for Galba, and so being regarded with greater suspicion. The naval companies joined the praetorians unhesitatingly. The select Illyrian troops turned Celsus out at the point of their spears.
The German detachments however hesitated for a long time, still being physically below par and moreover being kindly disposed to Galba, for Nero had despatched them to Alexandria while Galba, on their return, had smothered them with care, plagued as they were by illness after the lengthy voyage.
Now the whole mass of commoners, together with the slaves, filled the Palatine, and with loud clamour cried out for Otho's death, and the conspirators' execution, just as they used to call for a performance in the Circus or the theatre. There was neither truth nor justice in this, since they would equally have shouted for the opposition, the very same day, but they acted in line with the time-worn tradition of supporting every prince with wild adulation and mindless zeal.
Meanwhile Galba was on the horns of a dilemma. Titus Vinius was all for defending the palace, arming the slaves, blocking the doorways, and ignoring the angry troops: let Galba give the traitors time to repent of their actions and those who were loyal time to unite; crime relied on momentum, wisdom fed on delay, and after all he would easily have the opportunity later to take another course, if that were best, while if he were to act now and repent of it, the power to alter the state of affairs would lie with others.
The rest thought he should act swiftly before the conspiracy, weak as yet and limited in extent, gathered strength, saying that Otho would waver, a man who had slipped away stealthily, had been carried off to meet those who had no knowledge of him, and only had the chance now to play the prince because of the time-wasting and delay caused by this inertia. The last thing they should do was to wait for Otho to win over the troops, invade the forum, and reach the Capitol while Galba looked on, the noble Emperor and his brave friends barring the doors and defending the threshold, as if prepared for a siege! And a crowd of servants would be a fine help, if the sentiment of the people for unity, and their initial indignation, which is always most intense, regarding the conspiracy, were allowed to diminish!
Therefore the ignoble course held the most risk: if they must die they should go to meet the crisis: bringing more honour to them and greater opprobrium to Otho.
When Vinius opposed this sentiment, Laco attacked him threateningly, spurred on by Icelus, obstinate in his personal hatred of Vinius to the detriment of the state.
Galba, favouring those who offered the more plausible advice, delayed no longer. Yet Piso, who was young, of good name, and enjoyed recent popularity, was first sent to the camp. He was also inimical to Titus Vinius, either in reality, or because Vinius' opponents wished it so and hostility is more readily credited.
Piso had barely left the palace for the camp when a rumour, initially vague and uncertain, had it that Otho had been killed there. Soon, as happens with momentous fictions, those appeared who claimed to have been present and seen it, and thus the tale gained credit with those who were overjoyed through to those who were unmoved by the news. Many though judged it had been invented and embellished by Otho's supporters, already among the crowd, who had spread the false hope abroad in order to lure Galba from the palace.
Nevertheless it was not merely the ignorant masses who celebrated with wild enthusiasm, but many knights and senators too, who incautiously laying fear aside burst open the palace doors and pushing through gathered before Galba, complaining that Otho's death had robbed them of the chance to execute justice on the man. They were the greatest of cowards, as events proved, lacking all courage at moments of danger, bold only in words, their language full of ferocity. No one knew the facts for certain, but all claimed them as true.
Finally vanquished by the dearth of information and the collective misapprehension, Galba donned his armour, and as his age and infirmity prevented resistance to the gathering crowds, he was raised aloft in a chair. Julius Atticus, a member of the bodyguard, appeared before him flourishing his blood-stained sword, shouting that he had killed Otho. 'Comrade, who ordered you to do so?' Galba asked, it being a mark of his mind to check any licence by the military, unmoved as he was by threats, and uncorrupted by praise.
There was now no doubt of the sentiment in camp. The soldiers' enthusiasm was such that dissatisfied with carrying Otho round on their shoulders, they set him on the platform where Galba's gilded statue had previously stood, surrounded by the ensigns and standards. He warned the crowd of soldiers to beware of their commanders above all, and neither tribune nor centurion were allowed near him.
All was shouts, cries, tumult, mutual exhortation, beyond what is heard in a gathering of the masses, where random voices call out half-hearted praise: here they gazed at all who flocked to the cause, grasped them by the hand, embraced them, placed an arm round their shoulders, and recited the oath of allegiance, now commending the emperor to the soldiers, now the soldiers to their new emperor.
Nor did Otho fail to play his part, stretching out his hands as if to embrace the crowd, scattering kisses, playing the slave throughout in order to become their master. And when the whole legion of marines had sworn their loyalty to him, trusting in his position, and mindful that he must now rouse as a body those whom he had inspired individually, he began to address them, in this manner, from the rampart of the camp:
'I cannot as yet say what I am, comrades, since I cannot call myself a private citizen now you have named me emperor, nor emperor while another holds power. Your role too is uncertain as long as there is doubt as to whether you support an emperor or an enemy of the Roman people in your camp. Can you not hear how with one voice they shout for my death and your punishment? Thus it is clear that, as one, we must save ourselves or die; for Galba, who is so full of mercy, as one who slaughtered thousands of blameless soldiers when none required it, has doubtless already made great promises of vengeance!
Horror grips my mind when I recall his fatal entry to the city, and his one achievement, the order that those he had granted protection when they asked should be decimated before the citizens' eyes! Such were the auspices at his entry, and what glory has he brought the empire since, unless it be the murders in Spain of Obultronius Sabinus and Cornelius Marcellus; in Gaul of Betuus Cilo; Fonteius Capito in Germany; Clodius Macer in Africa; Cingonius on the road to Rome; Turpilianus in the city, Nymphidius in camp?
What camp, what province anywhere has not been stained with blood or, as Galba has it, corrected and improved? For what others call crimes he calls remedies; names cruelty falsely as severity; avarice as frugality; the insults and punishment you suffer, discipline!
It is seven months since Nero met his end, and Icelus has already stolen more than ever those freedmen Polyclitus, Vatinus, and Aegialus wasted. Titus Vinius could have proceeded with no more greed or licence if he were emperor himself; now he holds us subject as if we were his slaves and worthless as any other. That one house alone could provide the pay that is a daily reproach, and never granted you.'
'And to quell any hopes you might have had in his successor, Galba summoned a man whose gloom and avarice are most like his own. You saw how the gods themselves, comrades, signalled their aversion to his ill-starred adoption with a mighty storm. The senate and the people of Rome are of one mind: they look to your bravery, in whom resides the power for honest action, without whom such action, however worthy, must fail.
I call you not to danger, nor to war, all the armed forces are with us. And that detachment in civilian dress no longer defends him, but detains him: on sight of you, once privy to my signal, your only contest will be to see to whom I'll owe the most. There must be no hesitation to act, where the action is not praised unless performed.'
Galba then ordered the armoury to be opened. The soldiers immediately seized weapons, without regard to rank or military custom, without distinguishing praetorian or legionary by their true insignia, donning auxiliaries' helmets and shields regardless, without tribune or centurion, each man his own master and commander; and the principal motivator of the worst among them that which good men grieved over.
Piso, now terrified by the noise of the growing rebellion, and the shouts echoing through the city, joined Galba, who in the meantime had left the palace and reached the forum. By then Marius Celsus had news which was scarcely joyful, at which some of Galba's followers urged his return to the palace, others that he try for the Capitol, many that he seize the rostra. Most simply argued against the advice of the rest, and as happens with unhelpful suggestions, those seemed best whose moment had passed.
They say that Laco, without Galba's knowledge, thought of murdering Titus Vinius, either so that his execution might calm the soldiers' minds; because he thought him privy to Otho's counsels; or ultimately out of hatred. The time and place however caused his hesitation, since it is hard to end the killing once begun, and then his plans were disturbed by troubling news, and the dispersal of his close supporters, as enthusiasm was fading among those who had been eager at first to show their loyalty and courage.
Galba, was driven to and fro by the varying impulse of the surging crowds who filled the courts and temples, contemplating the mournful prospect. Neither the citizens nor the masses uttered a cry, but their faces showed terror and they strained towards every sound. There was no noise, not even a subdued quiet, but such a silence as great fear and fury bring.
Yet Otho was told the masses were being armed, and ordered his supporters to move quickly and head off the danger. So the soldiers of Rome charged out as though to drive a Vologaesus, or a Pacorus from the ancient throne of the Parthian Arsacidae, not to kill their old defenceless emperor. They scattered the crowds, trampled senators, and burst, fiercely armed, at full gallop into the forum.
Neither the sight of the Capitol, nor reverence for its towering temples, nor the thought of emperors past or to come deterred them from committing a crime an imperial successor must punish, whoever he might be.
The standard-bearer of Galba's bodyguards (who was named Atilius Vergilio, they say) on seeing the armed men closing with them, tore Galba's insignia from the standard, and threw it to the ground. That signalled the evident enthusiasm of the military towards Otho, and the populace swiftly deserted the forum, those who hesitated facing drawn swords.
Close to the Lacus Curtius, Galba was thrown from his chair by his terrified carriers, and rolled on the ground. His last words have been variously reported, according to whether he was hated or admired. Some say he begged to know what wrong he had done, and prayed for a few days longer in which to pay the soldiers' wages: many that he freely offered his throat to his murderers, telling them to strike quickly if they thought it would benefit the state. His killers paid no attention to the words.
Nothing is really known of his assassin: some naming him as Terentius, others Laecanius; the story most repeated being that Camurius, of the Fifteenth legion, pierced his throat with a thrust of the sword. Others, as his chest was protected, badly mutilated his arms and legs, and with savage ferocity continued to inflict many wounds on the torso, even after he had been decapitated.
Then Titus Vinius was attacked, about whose last moments there is also uncertainty, as to whether his dread of imminent death robbed him of speech, or whether he had time to cry out that they had no mandate from Otho to kill him. This latter might have been his own invention out of fear, or a confession of his complicity in the rebellion, though his life and reputation suggest that he was privy to a crime he had instigated.
He fell at the first blow, which struck him behind the knee, before the temple of the deified Caesar, Julius, and was then pierced through and through by the legionary, Julius Carus.
Our age beheld a hero that day, in Sempronius Densus. A centurion of the praetorian cohort assigned by Galba to protect Piso, he drew his dagger against the armed men, reproached them for their crime and, though wounded, so distracted the assassins by his words and actions that Piso was granted time to escape.
Fleeing to the Temple of Vesta, Piso met with the pity of one of the public slaves who hid him in his room. The obscurity of his hiding place, and not the sacredness of the site or its rites, delayed his imminent execution, but Sulpicius Florus of the British auxiliaries, recently granted citizenship by Galba, and one of the bodyguard, Statius Murcus, arrived presently, sent by Otho who was filled with desire for this Piso's death, and they dragged him forth and killed him at the doors of the temple.
They say Otho delighted in no other murder more, nor gazed so insatiably on any other head, because his mind was now free of anxiety and open to joy, or perhaps because in Galba's case the knowledge of his own treason, or in that of Titus Vinius a memory of friendship, stirred even his harsh mind with gloomy thoughts; while he considered it right and lawful to rejoice at the death of Piso, his rival and enemy.
The heads of the victims were fixed on poles, among the cohorts' standards close to the eagle of the legion, while those who had done the murders, those who had been there, those who truly or falsely boasted of their part in what they saw as a fine and memorable act, vied in showing their blood-stained hands.
The Emperor Vitellius later found over a hundred and twenty petitions seeking reward for some outstanding action performed that day: he ordered that all those petitioners be hunted down and killed, not in Galba's honour, but in accord with the custom of previous emperors as a protection for the present, and in anticipation of themselves being avenged.
You might have thought this a different senate, another populace: rushing en masse to the camp, straining to overtake those around them, and pass those in front, railing against Galba, praising the soldier's judgement, covering Otho's hands in kisses; the more false their actions, the greater their extravagance in performing them.
Otho rebuffed no one, while seeking to temper the eager and threatening attitudes of the soldiers by word and look. They in turn demanded the execution of Marius Celsus, the consul elect, who had been Galba's loyal friend to the very last; hating his energetic and blameless character, as if those were evil attributes. It appeared that they were set on a trail of murder and plunder, encompassing the death of every honest citizen.
Otho had not yet the authority to forbid their crimes: yet he had power of command. So, feigning anger, he ordered Celsus' arrest, and by proclaiming that the man would suffer more intensely, saved him from immediate execution.
From now on events were dictated by the soldiers: the praetorians themselves chose their prefects: Plotius Firmus, once a private, then chief of police, a supporter of Otho's faction even while Galba was still alive; and in addition, Licinius Proculus whose intimate association with Otho led to suspicion he had favoured the conspiracy.
They voted for Flavius Sabinus as Prefect of the City, adhering to Nero's choice who had selected him for the same office, while many in doing so had an eye to his brother Vespasian.
The troops also demanded that the payments usually made to centurions to grant leave be abolished, since they amounted to an annual tax on the rank and file. A quarter of each company might be on leave, or even idling about the camp itself, so long as the centurions were paid their dues, and no one cared about the burden it represented, or how a soldier raised the cash, whether he purchased his exemption through performing menial tasks, petty theft, or even highway robbery. The wealthiest of soldiers would be cruelly demoralised by hard labour until they were pleased to buy relief. Thereafter, they would return to their company, impoverished by the expense, and weakened by idleness, exchanging wealth for poverty, and effort for indolence. So ruined, one by one, by the same impoverishment and licence, they were ripe for mutiny and dissent, and ultimately for civil warfare.
Otho, in order not to alienate the centurions by his generosity to their men, promised to pay the dues for the soldiers' annual leave from the emperor's private purse, undoubtedly a matter of expedience, but which was later established by benevolent emperors as a fixed rule of service.
The prefect Laco, in the guise of being banished to some island, was in fact assassinated by a retired soldier, sent by Otho to commit the murder; while Marcianus Icelus, being only a freedman, was publicly executed.
The day was spent in criminal activities, whose worst evil was the pleasure taken in them. The city praetor summoned the senate; and the other magistrates vied with each other in their subservience, while the senators hurried to take their places, voting Otho a tribune's power, the title Augustus, and all the imperial honours.
All did their utmost to erase any memory of their former insults and opposition to Otho, nor did it seem that their occasional utterances had lodged in his mind, whether because he had genuinely forgotten them, or was merely waiting to act on them, his reign being too brief as yet to reveal.
Otho was then carried aloft through the forum, which was stained with blood, between the piles of corpses, first to the Capitol and then the Palatine, after which he allowed the bodies to be given up for cremation and entombment.
Piso was interred by Verania, his wife, and Scribonianus, his brother; Titus Vinius by his daughter Crispina; once they had located and redeemed the heads, which the assassins had seized for profit.
Piso was at the end of his thirty-first year; his reputation far greater than his good fortune. His brother Magnus had been executed by Claudius, his brother Crassus by Nero. He himself, long an exile, Caesar for a mere four days, by his hasty adoption gained this sole advantage over his remaining elder brother, that he was killed first.
Titus Vinius, a contradictory character, had lived fifty-seven years. His father was of praetorian origins, his maternal grandfather one of the proscribed. He was notorious for his first period of military service under the legate Calvisius Sabinus, when the legate's wife driven by a shameful urge to visit the camp, entered it at night, dressed as a soldier. After she had lewdly seduced both the guard and the other men from their duty, she dared to commit adultery in the general's headquarters. Titus Vinius was implicated in the crime, and so, loaded with chains, was imprisoned by Caligula, to be released later when times changed.
After an uninterrupted progression in office, having served as praetor, he was placed in command of a legion. Though successful he later stained his reputation with an action worthy of a slave, in stealing a gold wine-cup at a banquet given by Claudius, such that Claudius, on the following day, ordered Vinius alone among the other guests to be served with earthenware.
Yet as proconsul of Gallia Narbonensis, Vinius ruled strictly and honestly; it was later, as a friend of Galba, that he was raised to dangerous heights. Bold, clever, effective, crooked or diligent according to inclination, he was always vigorous.
Titus Vinius' will was set aside because of the magnitude of his gains. Piso's poverty, in contrast, ensured that his last wishes were fulfilled.
Galba's body was left to the licence of darkness, and vexed with a thousand insults. Argius, his steward, a former slave, at last gave the corpse humble burial in Galba's private garden. The head, set on a pole by camp-followers and mistreated, was ultimately discovered the next day, in front of Petrobius' tomb (he being one of Nero's freedmen, whom Galba had punished) and was interred with the previously cremated body.
Such was the end of Servius Galba, who had survived, blessed with good fortune, seventy-three years and five emperors, yet was happier under other's rule than his own. His family noble of old, possessing great wealth, he was of modest ability, free from failings rather than possessing virtue. Neither indifferent to fame nor seeking it, he was not covetous of others' property, frugal with his own, careful with the state's. Long-suffering and indulgent with friends and freedmen alike, when he found them honest, he was blind to a fault regarding their wrongdoings. But his noble birth, and the fear those times inspired, obscured the truth, so that what was really complacency, men called wisdom.
While in his prime, he won praise for his military service in Germany. He ruled Africa with restraint, as proconsul, and already old, showed the same judgement in Nearer Spain. He seemed more than a private citizen even when he was one, and by all accounts capable of imperial office, even if he had never ruled.
Fresh news regarding Vitellius now terrified a City alarmed both by the recent atrocities and fears concerning Otho's previous character, news which had been suppressed prior to Galba's death, such that it was thought only the army in Upper Germany had mutinied. Now the idea that these two, Otho and Vitellius, the worst of all men in their shamelessness, idleness and profligacy, had been chosen it seemed, as if by fate, to destroy the Empire, prompted open grief not only among the senators and knights who were part and parcel of the state, but even among the common citizens.
They spoke not only of the recent example of a savage peace, but also of their memories of the civil wars; the many occasions when Rome had been occupied; the devastation of Italy and the rape of the provinces; of Pharsalia, Philippi, Perusia and Mutina, names resonant with communal destruction. Even when honest men contended for power their world had been turned upside down, yet the Empire had survived when Julius Caesar was the victor, and likewise Augustus; the Republic might have survived if Pompey and Brutus had succeeded. Now must they go to the temples and pray for an Otho or a Vitellius? Prayers for either would be impious, desire for either would be execrable, where the only certainty regarding the contest was that whoever won things would be worse.
There were those who augured the coming of Vespasian and his armies of the East, and yet though Vespasian was preferable to the others they were horrified at the thought of further massacre and conflict. And Vespasian's reputation was then mixed; he alone was destined to be altered for the better by power, unlike all the emperors before him.
Now I will speak of the cause and origins of Vitellius' rebellion. Once Julius Vindex and his entire force had been destroyed, his army, proud of its glory and spoils, since it had achieved a highly profitable outcome without danger or effort, chose to continue fighting, for gain rather than mere pay. They had long tolerated a period of service that was harsh and unrewarding, due to the nature of the terrain, the climate, and the strictness of their discipline. But though rigorous in peacetime, discipline is eroded by civil conflict, since there is corruption on all sides, and treachery goes unpunished.
There was an abundance of troops, weapons, and mounts, for use and display; and while, before the conflict, the men knew only their own centuries and squadrons, since armies were deployed within the boundaries of each province, once the legions had mobilised against Vindex they became aware of their and the Gallic provinces' strength. They raised their weapons one more, seeking fresh discord; it was no longer a question of friends, as before, but of conquerors and conquered. Nor did that section of the army of the Gallic provinces along the Rhine fail to align itself to the same faction, or show itself a fierce adversary of the 'Galbans'; coining that name in disdain for Vindex. Thus their spirits craved the storming of towns, ravaging of fields, and looting of houses, beginning with those of the Sequani and Aedui, followed by the other tribes in order of their wealth.
They were not driven simply by arrogance and greed, faults common to the stronger party, but also by Gallic insolence; the Gauls boasting, as an insult to the army, that Galba had remitted a quarter of their tribute monies, and rewarded them from the State coffers.
Rumours were cleverly spread, and mindlessly credited, that the legions were being decimated, and the most resolute centurions dismissed. There was dreadful news from every quarter, and troubling reports from Rome; the colony of Lyon was hostile and, persisting in its loyalty to Nero, a hotbed of rumours. But the most fertile soil for the soldiers' imaginings and false beliefs was within the camp itself, in their own hatreds and fears or, when they regarded their own strength, their self-confidence.
Around the first of December in the preceding year, Aulus Vitellius had visited Lower Germany and carried out a thorough inspection of the legions' winter quarters. Many men had their rank restored, their disgrace expunged, and the marks against them erased. Much of this was for his own ends, some through his sense of justice, including the rightful amendment of promotions and demotions in rank which Fronteius Capito had made through meanness or avarice.
The measures he took were received by all as more significant than those merely of a consular legate. And while the strictest disciplinarians called it demeaning, his supporters called it kindness and affability when he gave away his own wealth, without bound or distinction, and squandered that of others; their desire for power at once translating his very faults into virtues.
There were many in both armies who were quiet and obedient, and many who were active and intent on wrongdoing, the commanders of the legions, Alienus Caecina and Fabius Valens, in particular being men of boundless ambition and unusual temerity, of whom Valens was hostile to Galba, since he considered Galba had displayed ingratitude at the disclosure of Verginius' indecision, and his crushing of Capito's plans. He urged Vitellius on, holding forth regarding the soldiers' ardour, that Vitellius' fame was celebrated everywhere: Flaccus Hordeonius (in Upper Germany) would be no impediment; Britain would be for him, the German auxiliaries would follow his lead: the provinces' loyalty to their Emperor was fragile, the old man's hour of rule precarious and destined soon to pass: let Vitellius but open wide his arms and rush to meet approaching fortune. Verginius had good reason to hesitate, he was of equestrian family but his father was low-born, and he himself, unequal to the office if granted power, was secure in refusing it. But his father's three consulships and censorship as colleague to the Emperor Claudius, had long since granted Vitellius imperial dignity, and denied him the security of being merely a subject.
Vitellius was roused to ambition by this, more than to expectation.
Meanwhile in Upper Germany, Caecina, a handsome young man, of good stature, but extravagant disposition, had roused the soldiers' partisanship, through clever speeches combined with his upright presence. Galba had set him in command of a legion, since he had been swift to join Galba's cause while a quaestor in Baetica, but had ordered him to be prosecuted later for embezzlement, after finding that he had diverted public funds. Caecina was unhappy with this, and decided to make matters more involved by cloaking his private hurt with the state's misfortune.
Nor were the seeds of conflict lacking in an army that had fully engaged in the fight against Vindex, had not adhered to Galba until Nero's assassination, and had been anticipated in its oath of allegiance to Galba by detachments from Lower Germany. Moreover, the Treviri and the Lingones, as well as other tribes punished by Galba with harsh edicts or loss of land, mingled freely with the overwintering legions, such that there were seditious murmurings, the soldiers were demoralized by mixing with the locals, and the support they had given Verginius was liable in future to be granted to another.
The Lingones, according to ancient custom, sent gifts depicting clasped hands, as a sign of friendship, to the legions. Their envoys, assuming the guise of distressed poverty, and complaining at headquarters and in the messes of the common soldiers, whenever anyone was ready to listen, now about their own ills, now about the grants won by neighbouring tribes, inflamed the minds of the troops with the dangers and insults the army had endured. They were not far from mutiny when Hordeonius Flaccus ordered the envoys to leave the camp, and by night so their exit might be less obvious.
A troubling rumour arose, many asserting the envoys had been killed and that, if the soldiers did not consult their own interests, the most active of those complaining about the present state of affairs would be executed under cover of darkness and without the rest knowing.
So the legions bound themselves by a secret oath, joined by the auxiliaries who at first had been suspected of an intent to attack the legions, since their infantry and cavalry surrounded the camp, but soon showed themselves more eager in the same cause, for there is a greater consensus among the ill-disposed in favour of war, than there is for peace and harmony.
After a considerable delay, the legions of Lower Germany had sworn the oath of allegiance to Galba on the first of January, a few in the front ranks giving voice, the rest silently waiting on their neighbours' courage, it being human nature to follow swiftly where one hesitates to begin.
But there was a diversity of views among the various legions of Upper Germany. The First and Fifth were so rebellious that some stoned the depictions of Galba. The Fifteenth and Sixteenth, daring to do no more than grumble and threaten, sought an excuse for mutiny.
Meanwhile the Fourth and Twenty-Second legions, who were over-wintering in the same camp (at Mainz) tore down Galba's portraits, the Fourth taking the lead, the Twenty-Second hesitating, but soon joining them. So as not to seem lacking in respect for the Empire, they swore their oath on the now neglected names of the senate and people of Rome.
None of the tribunes or legates made any effort on Galba's behalf, some, as if in rebellion, were notable in stirring trouble. Yet no one spoke in public, or from the rostrum, nor was there anyone as yet to call on.
Hordeonius Flaccus, the consular legate, was a mere bystander, a spectator at this shameful scene, not daring to check the headlong rush, restrain the doubters, or even rouse the loyal, but hesitant through timidity, and apathetic in his powerlessness.
Four centurions of the Twenty-Second, Nonius Receptus, Donatius Valens, Romilius Marcellus and Calpurnius Repentinus, seeking to protect the portraits of Galba, were swept aside by the onrush of soldiers and thrown into chains.
None of the rest showed any loyalty, or remembered their former oath, but as happens in a rebellion, where the majority go all follow.
On the night following the first of January, an eagle-bearer of the Fourth legion in Cologne reported to Vitellius at table that the Fourth and Twenty-Second legions had both thrown down the images of Galba, and sworn allegiance to the senate and people of Rome. The oath seemed empty: Vitellius resolved to set fortune in the balance and present them with an emperor.
He therefore sent men to the legions and the legates declaring that the army of Upper Germany had mutinied against Galba, so war must be waged on the rebels or, if they wished for peace and concord, they must adopt an emperor: and there was less danger in accepting than in seeking one.
The nearest winter quarters were those of the First legion, and the most resolute of the commanders was Fabius Valens. He entered Cologne, on the next day, with the cavalry from the legion and the auxiliaries, and hailed Vitellius as Emperor.
The legions of that province, in intense rivalry, followed suit; and the army of Upper Germany, forsaking their temporary allegiance to the senate and people of Rome, aligned themselves with Vitellius on the third of January, so it was clear they had not been under state control during the previous two days.
The people of Cologne, and the tribes of the Treviri and Lingones, matched the army in enthusiasm, offering aid, money, weapons, or horses according to their bodily strength, wealth or abilities. Not only the leaders of the colonies or camps, who had current riches and hoped for more in the event of victory, but groups or whole companies of common soldiers driven by passion, impulse, or ambition, contributed their own savings, or instead of cash their belts, trappings and the silver insignia from their armour.
So, having praised the soldiers' ready support, Vitellius assigned the imperial offices, usually held by freedmen, to Roman knights; and paid the centurions their fees for leave of absence, from his own purse.
In most cases he approved the soldiers' ferocity in demanding that many be punished, occasionally evading it by a show of imprisonment. Pompeius Propinquus, for example, the imperial agent in Belgian Gaul, was immediately executed, while Julius Burdo, admiral of the German fleet, was cleverly removed from danger.
The army was ablaze with anger at Burdo because he had framed charges, and later plotted, against Fonteius Capito. It had fond memories of Capito, and though Vitellius, faced with that anger, might command executions openly, he could only pardon men through deceit.
Burdo was therefore held in custody, and only released after Vitellius' victory, when the soldiers' anger had faded. Crispinus, the centurion, meanwhile, was offered as scapegoat. He was stained by Capito's blood, and he offered Vitellius both a more obvious means of meeting their demands, and a less costly sacrifice.
Julius Civilis was the next to be rescued from danger, Vitellius not wishing to alienate the Batavians, a savage tribe among whom he had great influence, by punishing him. There were, moreover, eight cohorts of Batavians in the territory of the Lingones, auxiliaries to the Fourteenth legion, who owing to the discord at that time had separated from the legion. and would carry great weight as friends or enemies, depending on their inclination.
On the other hand, Vitellius ordered the execution of the centurions Nonius, Donatius, Romilius and Calpurnius, mentioned above, who were guilty only of the charge of loyalty to the wrong cause, which is the most serious of all among rebels.
He then won Valerius Asiaticus to his side, the governor of the Belgic province, whom he later received as his son-in-law; and likewise Junius Blaesus, commander in Gallia Lugdunensis, along with the legion prima Italica and the Taurian cavalry based at Lyon.
The forces in Raetia joined him no less immediately; nor was there any hesitation from Britain.
The governor there was Trebellius Maximus, loathed and despised by his soldiers for his meanness and avarice. Their hatred of him was inflamed by Roscius Coelius, commander of the Twentieth legion, long involved in a mutual conflict with him which, on the occasion of civil war, erupted violently.
Trebellius charged Coelus with sedition and indiscipline in the ranks, while Coelus reproached Trebellius for despoiling and impoverishing the legions. Meanwhile, the soldiers' restraint was eroded by this shameful quarrel, the discord reaching a point where Trebellius, showered with insults not merely by the legions but by the auxiliaries, who deserted men and cavalry to join Coelus, fled to Vitellius for protection.
Though the consular governor had vanished, the province remained quiet: the commanders of the legions were in charge, with equal authority, though Coelius was the more powerful because of his daring.
End of the Histories Book I:XXXI-LX
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Cosmos Kiindarius entered the motion picture industry with the intention of being instrumental in the creation of entertaining and poignant films, similar to those he grew up loving. After six years of being mentored by Leonard Schrader and having the opportunity to work on the sets of David Fincher, JJ Abrams, Michael Bay, Steven Spielberg, Mark Pellington, and several other directors, he embarked on his personal journey of filmmaking.
The opportunity to have worked for, worked with, and learned from several of the greatest living writers and directors in the industry was the catalyst to the successful beginning of his career. Cosmos' first directorial efforts, The Quickie and Family Recipes, have both been recognized internationally and received numerous awards from festivals in Toronto, Houston, Los Angeles, Strasbourg, and ten other international film festivals. Cosmos completed his feature directorial debut, STAND, in 2014, and in 2015 produced Before the Sun Explodes, which premiered at SXSW 2016.
Cosmos is currently developing several projects to direct in both North America and Asia.


Dax, You are not usually the kind of person to go around solving all her problems with a phaser.
He was doing this thing called, Um, sidling into second.
SS-sliding into second. That sounds like base ball.
Yeah, It's my favorite sport. Except Nobody has played it in 200 years.
Well their playing it on Cetuis 3.
The boy how cried Wolf.
Are you sure that's the point of the story?
Never tell the same lie twice.
You pull a stunt like that again and I'll court-marshal you, Or I'll promote you either way you'll be in a lot of trouble.
You shall be the Fellowship of the Ring.
Great, Now where are we going?
Funny, I thought you would be a man familiar with consequence.
No Sam, I'm going to Morder alone.
Of course you are Mr. Frodo and I'm coming with you.
CA, I know we have a problem. The problem is called safe mode.
I hope you don't mind some messing in the space time continuum.
Captain, I see no reason to stand here and get insulted.
Get me a root beer.
I don't have time to play "chose a changeling.
Certainty of death, Small chance of success what are we waiting for?
Mr. Laforge, When I left you this ship it was in one piece. I would prefer if you would return it in one piece. Don't you concer Number one.
I thought you didn't sell substandard merchandise.
Well, this is suppose to explode on impact, right?
Maybe I should offer them a refund.
We are talking about a Jem-Hadar torpedo.


"AMERICAN citizens are paying 535 people to take care of the legislative needs of the country. We are getting shortchanged. Here's an example: On June 10, an incumbent congressman in Virginia lost a primary election in which his opponent garnered only 36,105 votes. Immediately, many Washington legislators threw up their hands and declared that this one event would produce paralysis in the United States Congress for at least five months. In particular, they are telling us that immigration reform — long overdue — is now hopeless.


Take a tour of the Homewood store and get directions HERE!
Come shop at Alabama Goods in the heart of beautiful Downtown Homewood, Alabama!
Downtown Homewood is a street full of unique boutiques and fine restaurants. You can spend the day shopping and dining!
At Alabama Goods, you'll find one-of-a-kind items handcrafted in Alabama. We have a huge selection of Alabama-made products representing the best of Alabama made food and gifts.


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Watch current interviews with music and entertainment icons and influencers of the baby boomer generation as well as rising stars in music.
Boomerocity Interviews
Jonny Lang Talks About Signs
Written by Randy Patterson
Posted February 2018
Photo By Daniella HovsepianBoomerocity thinks that there's nothing like a great rock and blues artist. One such artist is Jonny Lang. We've been tracking Jonny for a few years now and we've finally had the opportunity to chat with the young guitarist about his new CD, Signs.
We started out with Jonny sharing what the reception to "Signs" has been so far and which songs seem to be fan favorites.
"It's been really positive, man, for the most part, I think. Yeah! We've been having some really good reviews about it. It seems to be reflecting at the live shows. Some more people coming out. A lot of people seem to know the lyrics. They sing along. Those are all the things you want, you know?"
And what are the fan favorites?
"Man! It's all over the place, really! I haven't seen one that people have tended toward. When people write in or at the shows or anything like that. It seems to be pretty evenly dispersed – maybe five or six of them. So, that's pretty cool!"
With several albums under his belt, I asked Jonny how "Signs" was different to put together as compared with his previous discs.
"Man, I can't say that a whole lot was different about the approach other than just life changing for me. You're just growing as a person. What that did, naturally, to inform the style and subject matter of the songs. I guess I never really go into making a record or writing a song – or anything else in life, really, for that matter – with a plan, really. I guess, man, the first time I felt that feeling of whatever you want to call it: this inspiration; that unbridled sort of inspiration where you can just let go.
"All of a sudden, you're not thinking. Something's happening and it's just flowing. It's like, 'Wow! I can experience life like this! It's crazy! I don't have to strive or struggle or think my way through it. I didn't know this part of life could exist.' And when I first felt that, I just chased it for the rest of my life! It continues to be that way. As a lot of the people that I work with can probably tell you – and my wife and a lot of my friends – they could probably tell you I could stand to be a whole lot more proactive about the way I do things. And they're right, I'm sure. I think that I have to learn how to do that because I tend to get in my own way. That was a pretty long answer to your question and I really didn't answer your question."
I interjected, "You kinda did! Because you inspired a subset to that question because I'd read that, like me, you're a Believer, too. The question you inspired to me was do you feel that God gives you songs in the process?"
"I think God's influence in my life – in anybody's life – we shouldn't really designate it to the moments that feel magical. I think it starts when you arrive here on this earth. He builds a lot of it into you. It's my thinking, anyways, we're built with the tools that we need to accomplish what our purpose is. Agreeing with the plan with that purpose, on our part, is a tricky part. But, yes, I do. There are moments where it's, like, I feel there's another person at work. There are times where I feel, 'That didn't come from me. I never even come close to thinking this or feeling that way before or conceiving of what just came out of me. So, yeah, I mean, I would definitely give God the credit for something like that even though I couldn't give you empirical data, empirical proof. But it just seems there's these – I don't know, man! It's like there's this radio signal that's constantly going and sometimes your antenna picks it up."
Lang is touring in support of "Signs" so I asked what fans can expect from his shows during this tour.
"Shoot! I don't know what to expect from our shows! Ha! Ha! A lot of new stuff off the new record. We have a form of each song. There's a basic form, arrangement wise, that's in that. There's a lot of room to change things – the intricacies of it within the song. We all know each other so well, musically, and trust each other with those moments to where most of the time it ends up being a cool thing. Sometimes, we fall on our face real quick and then pick ourselves up and hope nobody saw! Ha! Ha! We just go with the flow, man, and have fun with it."
I hadn't planned on asking Jonny this, but it popped into my aging, feeble mind so I did. I asked him if he were to be made music czar, what would he do to fix the music business - or does it need fixing.
"Man! I would immediately redirect that responsibility to my second. Okay, 'music business' – to me, that has nothing to do with any reason that I do what I do. It's a human system, right? All kinds of different humans have all kinds of different ideas how that system ought to work. Yet, there's got to be a Photo By Daniella Hovsepiansystem. The ones that don't like it grit their teeth and get through it. The ones that love it try to preserve it and make it work so that they can benefit from it – really because of the motivation. I would hope that people can be motivationally sincere when we're conducting business. Then we would be fine. But that's just not the case and it never will be. It's always going to be messed up in one way or another for one group or another. Gotta just go with the flow and keep remembering why you're doing it. Hopefully, it's because you love it!"
Lang is thirty-seven years old, so we expect him to be around for many more years to come. However, to close out the interview, I wanted to know how he wanted to be remembered and what did he hope his legacy would be when his life is over.
"Ha! Ha! Oh, man! I hope if there's any hope or a thought that I've ever given to leaving behind something, I definitely don't want to be remembered for some sort of greatness or some sort of way that I was personally amazing or something like that. I just hope that it can be said that I loved more than I didn't and helped people along the way when I could. Something along those lines. I hope my kids turn out to be lovers of people. I guess they would probably be the legacy if anything was."
Keep up with Jonny Lang at JonnyLang.com.
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Superb high ceilings entrance, tiled floors leading to open concept kitchen, meals and large family room. A study near the entrance overlooking the lovely street and beautiful homes.
Large formal lounge and dining room with big windows to brighten up the home, a laundry and a complete bathroom in the lower level with a double lock up garage with a mobile staircase to mezzanine floor.
Great views to beautiful neighbourhood homes and beyond you even have ocean glimpses.
This one is coming soon but you will have the first chance to contact me and have the opportunity to see it first.


You can never go wrong with sweet and chewy. These adorable baby monsters come in two colors and are just bursting with flavor, sweet strawberry (pink), and classic bubble gum (blue). These delightfully chewy candies are perfect for any type of pink, or blue themed event.
I love these but my husband doesn't like them at all. Hmm. different tastes.
Ingredients: Glucose syrup, sugar, kosher fish gelatin, citric acid, artificial flavor, vegetable oil, vegetable wax coating, artificial colors: blue, red, wheat starch.