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Learn how (not) to visualise within-subjects data in ggplot2.
This is the third of a series of posts on how to use ggplot2 to visualise data in R. This post introduces some new functions—use the help() if anything is unclear.
We begin by loading the tidyverse package which contains ggplot2 alongside other useful packages. If you haven't yet, you first need to install the tidyverse package by running install.packages("tidyverse").
This week's dataset contains 160 observations of four variables. Each person has two observations of the outcome variable—one before and one after an unspecified event. This event could be, for example, an experimental manipulation or intervention.
Another variable divides people into two groups—on average, persons in one group score low on the outcome, while persons in the other tend to score high on the outcome. For now, we ignore the group variable.
This dataset represents within-subjects data in the so-called long format. That is, each row represents one of two observations for one of the 80 persons in this dataset. Note that some observations are missing (NA).
The long format is useful for visualising within-subjects data as ggplot2 expects to find one row per data point. We set up our plot using the ggplot() function.
This should all be familiar by now. Note that ggplot() recognises that time is an ordered categorical variable and represents it as such.
We use the stat_summary() function to create a bar plot.
The stat_summary() function aggregates data according to a specified function and represents the resulting aggregate with a specified geom. In this case, stat_summary() applies the mean() function to the outcome data and adds a geom_bar() layer that takes the resulting mean as its y aesthetic.
A bar plot is different from other visualisations we have used thus far. Rather than show each observation, a bar plot summarises all observations. As we will see, this often makes for a misleading visualisation.
For one, bar plots do not communicate the uncertainty around the underlying aggregate. We can remedy this shortcoming by adding error bars to our plot. We again use the stat_summary() function.
In this case, the mean_cl_boot() function outputs a mean and its bootstrap confidence interval which provides the ymin and ymax aesthetics for a geom_errorbar() layer.
Instead, we can create a geom_pointrange() layer that shows both the point estimate and its confidence interval.
Now the bars' only unique function is to point towards y == 0. As such, we can replace them with a simple reference line.
Again, this shows that bar plots are summaries of the underlying data.1 Note that, based on the means, we would conclude that people tend to have higher outcome values after the relevant event.
In the first post, I made the point that ggplot2 doesn't constrain us to discrete types of plots, but provides a grammar for combining different elements of plots. As such, we can add individual data points to the plot.
Adding the geom_point() layer reveals the spread of the data. Still, this visualisation doesn't consider that we're dealing with within-subjects data—some observations come from the same person. We add lines that connect observations of the same person using the group aesthetic.
Note that almost every person has a lower outcome value after the relevant event. This is in stark contrast to our earlier conclusion that people tend to have higher outcome values after the relevant event.
To understand what's going on, we can use the group variable in the dataset (which distinguishes between people low and high on the outcome variable). We create distinct means for each group by using the colour aesthetic.
Note that both groups have lower mean values after the event. This is an example of Simpson's paradox in which a trend in different subgroups of the data disappears or reverses after combining the different subgroups.
We use the colour aesthetic to divide data points into the low and high subgroups.
In this case, Simpson's paradox resulted from differential dropout. Far more people with low initial values on the outcome variable seem to have dropped out before the second time point. As such, the average across the remaining people is higher after the relevant event, even though almost everyone's outcome value has gone down.
Above, we have already used one alternative to the bar plot. We introduce the within-subjects scatter plot as another alternative.3 First, we need to spread the dataset into the wide format wherein each row contains both outcome values for one person.
Second, we create a scatter plot akin to the ones we've created in the first two posts.
Third, we add a reference line that marks all points for which before == after.
Note that we fixed the axis ratio to 1. This plot shows that three people have higher outcome values after the event, that one person has the same outcome value after the event, and that most people have lower outcome values after the event. This plot is useful because it shows both the overall trend and individual variation. Other than our earlier plot, this plot doesn't show dropout.
And that's it for this post. You now understand why you shouldn't use bar plots to visualise within-subjects data—and what to use instead. If you have a question or found a mistake, please comment on Twitter or send me an email.
Next week, we'll work with themes to prepare figures for publication.
Series: Get with the Plot!


In India, Government is dictating people, what to eat what not. if people go hungry its not their problem. its all Political agenda to fool people. Government is using religion to control people, to get majorities support, they say its in Religious books so people blindly believe what Politicians says coz majority are not familiar with ancient texts.
Beef was not a issue in India, as majority depend on it. Politicians know how to manipulate Religion to get support, as majorities are against some other communities and Government want to show majority that they are doing something against those communities, that's how this BEEF BAN issue came.
21. He (the Adhvaryu) then makes him enter the hall. Let him not eat (the flesh) of either the cow or the ox; for the cow and the ox doubtless support everything here on earth. The gods spake, 'Verily, the cow and the ox support everything here: come, let us bestow on the cow and the ox whatever vigour belongs to other species 1!' Accordingly they bestowed on the cow and the ox whatever vigour belonged to other species (of animals); and therefore the cow and the ox eat most. Hence, were one to eat (the flesh) of an ox or a cow, there would be, as it were, an eating of everything, or, as it were, a going on to the end (or, to destruction). Such a one indeed would be likely to be born (again) as a strange being, (as one of whom there is) evil report, such as 'he has expelled an embryo from a woman,' 'he has committed a sin 2;' let him therefore not eat (the flesh) of the cow and the ox.
READ Mumbai Aftermath - What People think.
"Beef is holy and refrigerant, proves curative in dyspnoea, catarrh, cough, chronic fever and in cases of a morbid craving for food (Atyagni), and destroys the deranged Vayu.
This line translates to: "A pregnant woman who craves to eat the flesh of a cow shall have a son who is strong and capable of withstanding all difficulties".
Buddhism – contrary to Indian propaganda, Buddha banned ritual slaughter, not fish and meat which all rulers are authorized to provide by Buddha through government slaughterhouses (which would not kill on new and full moons making it a sacrifice by state) Meat is medicine in Buddhism and includes beef!.
India has largest Cow/Ox/buffalo population, if they are not reduced, India will be largest greenhouse gas emmitter without any Industries, Cowdung is meathane Producer.
For many Beef is cheapest source of protein. but i seen many from majority enjoy eating it; but higher caste deny it, showing their Caste system and racists attitude towards their own kind.
Lost of revenue to farmer, as there are no buyers for their old cows.
Leather will be more expensive.
No cows are killed, so there will be more MILK…! is milk rate reduced recently…?
Sandles and shoes worn by majority made of of Cow leather, even drums of temples use it.
so far slaughter houses are owned and run by majority. even bulls are slaughtered in temples.
Indian government just want to divert people from major issues which they failed to fulfill with BEEF BAN. Every government tring to find cheapest source of food with high protein to its people but India goes backward.
Government should not dictate what to eat and what not, if they want to ban cow slaughter, ban for them whom they think its sacred, not to others.
If government is making majority happy then thats partiality in their part and against Constitution.
Next comes, BAN others from milking our Gods… Others should not drink our GODs milk.
ultimate one why not BAN killing of RATS ? is it not GODs vehicle ?
Jews are prohibited from eating Pork but its not BANNED in ISRAEL…!
Nepal is the only Hindu country in the world but BEEF is not banned there…..! who will look after nonproductive, old cows…? common man exclaimed.


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Witnify » Elizabeth Taylor
Elizabeth Taylor and Michael Jackson's Red Carpet Interview
By Sarah Dejak • February 13, 2014 Uncategorized
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SIj9zQlnyI?rel=0
Elizabeth Taylor and singer Michael Jackson are briefly interviewed on the red carpet, with Taylor calling Jackson one of her closest friends. Their friendship was considered one of the oddest in Hollywood and yet it lasted for about three decades. See what else Taylor says about Jackson in this clip.
Submitted by: Sarah Dejak
More Elizabeth Taylor Stories - Total:
Tagged Arts and Culture, Dame Elizabeth Taylor, Elizabeth Taylor, Film, TV.
« Jonathan Prinz: 'Don't Observe Life, Participate in It'
Elizabeth Taylor on the Death of Michael Jackson »
Dame Elizabeth Rosemond "Liz" Taylor, DBE (February 27, 1932 – March 23, 2011) was a British-American actress.

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Windows 10 Creators Update build 15019 is now available for fast ring members. The latest insider build brings many new features as well as improvements. However, the new build also comes with some known issues.
If you are facing issues like error 0xC1900401, build not yet available, download stuck at 0%, high CPU usage issue or other problems with the latest build, check out workaround here.
After updating to this build, nonstop exceptions in the Spectrum.exe service may occur causing PCs to lose audio, disk I/O usage to become very high, and apps like Microsoft Edge to become unresponsive when doing certain actions such as opening Settings. Tod fix this issue, delete – C:\ProgramData\Microsoft\Spectrum\PersistedSpatialAnchors and reboot.
Some Windows Insiders may have had trouble connecting to certain Google sites due to an implementation of a new security model being rolled out to further enhance user security. Users can access these sites from an InPrivate tab.
Extensions in Microsoft Edge do not work in this build. Extensions may appear to load but will not function as expected. This issue should be fixed in the next Insider release build we release.
Note: Please take caution when editing the registry.
On some PCs, audio stops working sporadically with 'device in use' error". Fix this issue by restarting the audio service may fix things for a bit.
Game Mode is enabled system-wide by default, however, the ON/OFF toggle in Settings will incorrectly show it as being OFF until the user manually toggles the Setting to ON which will cause it to update and accurately display the status of Game Mode system wide.


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Nintendo PESTLE Analysis 2021: Inside the Video Gaming Firm
Headquartered in Kyoto, Japan, Nintendo Co., Ltd is a multinational consumer electronics and video game firm and one of the largest in the world. Founded in 1889 as Nintendo Karuta, the company continues to be a household name in the industry over a century on. This Nintendo PESTLE analysis analyzes six factors that will impact the company in the next century.
The company manufactures gaming consoles that have enjoyed popularity over the years. These include well-known units such as the Nintendo DS, Nintendo Wii, and its current-generation console to date, the Nintendo Switch.
Nintendo PESTLE Analysis: Political factors
Nintendo PESTLE Analysis: Economical factors
Nintendo PESTLE Analysis: Social factors
Nintendo PESTLE Analysis: Technological factors
Nintendo PESTLE Analysis: Legal factors
Nintendo PESTLE Analysis: Environmental factors
Nintendo does not have much of a political presence, nor does it advertise or perpetuate any one political stance. In recent news, the company even went as far as to ban brands and their users from bringing politics into its games like Animal Crossing: New Horizons.
In a statement, Nintendo underscored that their products must be used for personal use only. They also presented guidelines as to the usage of the game by businesses and organizations. According to Nintendo, the only way around the rules they have set is to obtain "separate and express, written permission from Nintendo." The rule was put in place after the Biden/Harris campaign island created within Animal Crossing: New Horizons gained traction on several social media platforms.
No other news or indication of political involvement or activity has involved Nintendo in recent years.
Nintendo appears to be doing well despite the 2020 economic slump brought on by the Coronavirus pandemic. The company has also weathered socioeconomic downturns in the past.
Dow Jones reported a steep dip in finances since 1987. Meanwhile, over 33 million Americans have applied for unemployment in even shorter periods of time. Nintendo, on the other hand, announced its strongest fiscal results, enjoying a 200% jump in profits. A lot of its old consoles were being sold at brand-new prices. In the meantime, new consoles saw a huge mark-up from regular sales at retail price.
This is due to the increased periods of isolation this year to comply with social distancing measures. One of the leisure activities many peopled enjoyed during lockdowns and quarantine have been video games. Video games, in particular, are unique in that they offer a means of self-expansion at home. That's an activity which people cannot undertake due to the current circumstances. This is likely why the company has thrived during a catastrophic global health and economic crisis.
Projecting an increase in smartphone activity, one might think that Nintendo would seek to bolster its mobile game roster. Yet the company mentions no heavy investments in that direction anytime soon. As a console developer, Nintendo is likely to continue refining and encouraging the use of their internal systems. An example would be buying from their own platform, the Nintendo E-Shop.
Nintendo did venture into mobile gaming with Animal Crossing: Pocket Camp, Dragalia Lost, Mario Kart Tour, and Fire Emblem: Heroes among others. However, the company has announced its "retreat" from the mobile market. They are no longer looking to create new mobile games in the foreseeable future.
Reports suggest that Nintendo suffered losses on their mobile game ventures because developers incorporated micro-transactions within these games. Despite this being a feature commonplace in other video games, Nintendo's foray into loot-box style gaming systems met wide criticism. The reason? Its hefty pricing. Not only that, but users also compared mobile titles to their Switch counterparts.
On Nintendo's end, there is also little reason to heavily invest in creating new games or further improving their already existing line-up too aggressively. Nintendo creates their own gaming consoles and puts money towards creating games with selling Nintendo-brand hardware in mind. Without hardware to sell, there is no incentive to get their mobile games up to the same caliber as the company's existing Switch games.
The company has never sought to compete on console power (as Sony and Microsoft are known to do with every new mainline console launch). Nintendo instead looks at crafting games that are accessible and meant to be played on the console they develop.
With the Switch, Nintendo is able to incorporate more third-party developers to port versions of games into their platform. Additionally, they can even create games specifically for the console. By console standards, the Switch cannot be considered a high-power unit. Yet it toes the line of powerful and portable in a way that is said only Nintendo can do.
Nintendo has a long and public legal history. The company holds a harsh stance on copyright infringement, facing challenges from emulation sites (video game piracy) and emulation software developers. Those third parties seek to create ways for non-console owners to play Nintendo games on their computers. Nintendo has sued companies and developers for over millions of dollars in statutory damages, requesting that the websites be taken down.
The same goes for use of music from its library of video game soundtracks. Nintendo reportedly has been lodging claims against popular Youtube videos and music channels. The latter have been featuring audio from Nintendo first-party titles such as Fire Emblem Awakening and Super Mario World.
The other side of the coin however sees Nintendo facing lawsuits over its mainline console. Recently, the company has come under fire when another class-action lawsuit was filed for issues with the system's control or Joy-Con drift. This latest complaint was filed in a Seattle court on November 17, 2020.
The suit outlines the user's experiences with the Nintendo Switch console. It's stating that they noticed a drift on their game controls after three months from buying the unit. The controllers were repaired by Nintendo for $40 but began malfunctioning once more after several months. This would go on for three more pairs of Joy-Cons. The lawsuit also contains photos of the technical aspects of the Joy-Con and shows electron microscope images to highlight the damage on the circuits.
Nintendo faces scrutiny by environmentalists over its relationship with ethical sourcing of minerals needed to manufacture its products. Improvements to their sourcing and development practices have only improved in increments over the course of several years.
Greenpeace has also recently named Nintendo the least environmentally-friendly console manufacturer in their regular report. In that report, they note the company's policies on toxic chemicals, climate change, and recycling. Notably, however, Nintendo has always been a secretive company. Greenpeace automatically gives companies a zero when they cannot identify public information on a company's internal environmental policies.
Nintendo's website contains guidelines on how to recycle their video game and console products and publishes a CSR report at regular intervals as well.
Continue your research with the SWOT analysis of the Nintendo switch.
Filed Under: PEST Analysis, PEST Examples Tagged With: electronics, nintendo, nintendo switch, video games


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Q: Conditional Distribution Poisson Process In class, our professor told us to verify this solution on our own time.  The problem is:
Let $\left\{X(t),t \geq 0 \right\}$ be a Poisson process of rate $\lambda$. For $s,t >0$, determine the conditional distribution of $X(t)$, given that $X(t+s) = n$.
and the answer he gave us is:
$$\binom{n}{k}\dfrac{t^k s^{n-k}}{(t+s)^n}$$
I'm having a hard time understanding how he came up with that answer, any suggestions?

A: The basic points are that $A = X(t)$ and $B = X(s+t)-X(t)$ are independent Poisson random variables with parameters $\lambda t$ and $\lambda s$ respectively, and $A+B$ is a Poisson random variable with parameter $\lambda (t+s)$.  For $0 \le k \le n$,
$$P(A=k, B = n-k)  = P(A=k) P(B=n-k) = e^{-\lambda t} \dfrac{(\lambda t)^k}{k!}
 e^{-\lambda s} \dfrac{(\lambda s)^{n-k}}{(n-k)!}$$
$$P(A+B=n) = e^{-\lambda(t+s)} \dfrac{(\lambda (t+s))^n}{n!}$$
Divide and simplify...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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More than 250,000 members of the state-run Social Security System (SSS) will benefit from the Loan Restructuring Program (LRP) with penalty condonation that will be offered from April 2 to October 1, 2018. extended for another six months or until April 1, 2019.
The state-run Social Security System (SSS) on Friday announced that the Loan Restructuring Program (LRP) with penalty condonation was extended for another six months or until April 1, 2019.
"We are glad to announce that the second Loan Restructuring Program with penalty condonation will be extended for another six months to accommodate more members who have outstanding short-term obligations with the SSS," SSS President and Chief Executive Officer Emmanuel F. Dooc said.
"The LRP is one of our ways to extend our assistance to our members who were not able to pay on time their loan obligations with the SSS. We understand that there were untoward instances like the occurrence of natural calamities such as earthquakes and typhoons that made loan repayments quite uneasy for them," he added.
SSS implemented the first LRP in April 2016 with a one-year availment period that generated roughly P6 billion for the pension fund and benefited more than 800,000 individual member-borrowers.
"While many have benefited from the Loan Restructuring Program implemented in 2016, we have also received numerous requests from members to extend or re-implement it. As I can recall, members flocked to our branches on the deadline of the previous LRP last April 27, 2017. So for those who were not able to apply, this is your time to clean your outstanding loan balance and regain your good-standing with SSS," Dooc said.
The LRP allows member-borrowers to settle their overdue loan principal and interest in full or by installment under a restructured term depending on their capacity. For both schemes, SSS shall waive all the loan penalties after the member has completed paying the restructured loan.
WHO ARE ELIGIBLE TO APPLY?
All member-borrowers with any of the following past due short-term loans are eligible for the program.
For past due short-term loans, except Calamity Loan and SLERP, member-borrower must have previously lived/worked in a calamity/disaster-stricken area as declared by the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) or the National Government.
The outstanding short-term loan/s must be past due for a period of at least six (6) months as of the first day of restructuring period.
Member-borrowers with final benefits application (Death, Total Disability, Retirement) whose contingency date is on or before the last day of the availment period of the restructuring program. Said final benefit claim must be filed within the availment period.
October 2, 2018 – April 1, 2019 (Six months Period).
The principal and accrued interests of all past due short-term loans of the member-borrower shall be consolidated into one Restructured Loan (RL1) payable either in full of installment payment.
For installment term, RL1 shall be subject to interest rate of 3% per annum computed on a diminishing principal balance over the number of months to pay.
A penalty of 0.5% per month shall be charged against the amortization due for every month unpaid during RL1 term.
Monthly installment shall be due for payment every 10th day of the month following the amortization month. Amortization shall start on the month immediately following the approval date of the Restructured Loan.
Payment shall be made through any SSS branch with tellering facilities or authorized collection agents of the SSS.
Secure updated Statement of Loan Balance for Loan Restructuring Program (2 copies) from the nearest SSS branch or foreign office prior to submission of this form.
Fill out and check the applicable items of Part I.C. Certification and Undertaking. Items 1 and 2 are not applicable with death benefit claim.
Secure copy of Notice of Approval of Loan Restructuring Application prior to payment.
If member-borrower is personally applying for the restructuring, present original copy of valid identification cards/documents.
Photocopies of two (2) valid identification cards each of the member-borrower and the filer, at least one (1) with photo and both with signature. Present both original copies of the identification.


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Do-Overs: Four Strong Female Protagonists
Author: Heather Scott Partington |
Posted in Reading, Series No comments
Historical Fiction isn't just a man's world. In fact, several recent historical novels have featured, successfully, stories of bold women who defied odds. In April, I moderated a panel of these writers at the LA Times Festival of Books. Their novels are vastly different, but each presents an old story—a historical one—in an innovative way.
As our discussion evolved, it became clear that the link between these novels—in addition to their female protagonists and their basis in history—was depth of character. I enjoyed each of these four protagonists' stories for what Marisa Silver called "wrong-rightedness:" their believability because of the complex choices they make in difficult circumstances. If you're looking for a new book, one based in history, with a strong woman at its center, here are a few recommendations:
Mary Coin, by Marisa Silver, is a based on the story of Florence Owens Thompson, the woman in the "Migrant Mother" photograph (above), and her photographer, Dorothea Lange. Silver's story begins in the Midwest in the 1920s and follows the two women—named, here, Mary Coin and Vera Dare—through the 1930s as they love, lose, and pursue a living at different ends of the financial spectrum. Silver's story features two women at odds with both their place in the world and their place in time. In Mary Coin, Silver poses excellent questions about artistic composition and how it shapes our feelings about history.
The Peerless Four, by Victoria Patterson, seeks to give a voice to the almost-forgotten first Canadian women to compete in the 1928 Olympics at Amsterdam (and only on a trial basis, at that). Patterson's four are imagined as complicated women taking different routes to the world stage; they're also athletes who have to struggle against being typecast by the media, either as beauty queen or tomboy. Within this sports tale is another story of a bold woman from history who inspires Mel, the ladies' chaperone. The Peerless Four are ahead of their time, but Patterson shows us how women like them paved the way for so many who came later.
Rise the Euphrates is Carol Edgarian's 1995 novel, re-released this year to coincide with the centennial commemoration of the Armenian genocide. In what is largely a tale of family, Edgarian raises questions about our right to tell the stories of others. Garod, a young girl who escapes the genocide in 1915, is eventually a grandmother in America. Garod, or Casard, as she comes to be called, does not want her difficult past to come to light. Her daughter, Araxie, wants the story to be told so that the next generation will know its roots. Rise the Euphrates covers a vast amount of time and geography, but renders beautifully the complex relationships between mother and daughter.
Neverhome, by Laird Hunt, is a colorful, evocative Civil War tale about Constance, who disguises herself as "Ash," a man, so that she may go off to fight. Bartholomew, her husband, remains on the farm. Ash fights in some of the most grisly battles of the war, and eventually has to make her way back to Bartholomew. Neverhome is an Odyssey in reverse: "Penelope gone to war and Odysseus staying home." Hunt bases his tale on untold numbers of women who actually fought during the war. The author's extensive research of soldiers' letters home give this narrative the distinct lyrical flavor of the time period, and Ash is as good a flawed heroine as you could hope for.
Tags:Armenian, Carol Edgarian, Civil War, Do-Overs, Dorothea Lange, female protagonist, Great Depression, historical fiction, LA Times, Laird Hunt, LATFOB, Marisa Silver, Mary Coin, Neverhome, Olympics, photography, Rise the Euphrates, sports, The Peerless Four, Victoria Patterson
The Problem with Writing Autism as Problem
Indies Elsewhere: Estruendomudo
The Readers: William H. Gass and Documenting the Self
The Facts of Life: Poems and Real Deaths
Heather Scott Partington
Heather Scott Partington is a teacher and book critic. Her work appears in such places as Electric Literature, The Los Angeles Review of Books, The Rumpus, and Bookslut. She earned her MFA in Fiction from UC Riverside's Palm Desert Campus. Follow her at @HeatherScottP."


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Newfoundlands are intelligent, hard working, calm, and usually friendly dogs. These traits in addition to their water repellent coat and webbed feet allowed the Newfoundland to be originally used as a water dog assisting fishermen and aiding in water rescue. Currently Newfoundlands like to participate in dog sports such as water trials, packing, draft work pulling carts, weight pulling, musical freestyle, agility, tracking, and obedience as sport that can give them physical and mental challenges while helping them bond with their families. Newfoundlands also bond with people by being service or animal-assisted therapy dogs. Their reputation as a good family dog means they can be around children; however, as with all dogs, extremely close supervision is needed to prevent accidental injury to the child or dog and avoid the dog's subsequently developing fear-based defensive aggression. Newfoundlands are also described as sensitive dogs, so a reward-based approach to training is important, with any treats given being broken into small pieces to prevent weight gain.
The Newfoundland breed originated on the East Coast of Canada and are affectionately referred to as "Newfies" or "Newfs." The breed's ancestors were likely brought to Newfoundland during the 1400's by European sailors, although the exact lineage of the breed is highly debated. Many theorize that the European dogs were crossed with local dogs to establish the modern Newfoundland. Due to their exceptional swimming and water crossing skills, they have been called the "St. Bernard of the water" and were often used to pull fishnets and heavy equipment. Because of these skills, the breed was taken to Europe and put to use by fishermen. By the 18th century, the Newfoundland had established a reputation for itself as an accomplished all purpose water dog, lifeguard and draft animal. The Newfoundland Club was established in England over one hundred years ago and is one of the oldest breed clubs in that country. Most of the Newfoundlands in the United States and Canada are descendants of the dogs that were bred in England. The Newfoundland was recognized by the American Kennel Club in 1886.
86-163 lbs.
PEDIGREE® Wet Dog Food Chopped Ground Dinner 18ct Beef, Bacon, and Cheese Flavor, Meaty Ground Dinner with Slow Cooked Beef, Meaty Ground Dinner with Hearty Chicken
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If you were skeptical before, let me set your mind at rest: there was policy debate inside the top echelons of the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) as late as the 1960s. Indeed, in 1985 – the waning years of his rule – Kim Il Sung gave a speech where he offered fascinating insights as to the scope and limits of policy discussions within the top echelons.
The North Korean Public Distribution System (PDS), as this system is commonly known in English, is widely discussed within North Korean studies, particularly as it relates to the famine. Contrary to what some believe it is not a state secret.
The PDS, under which North Koreans are supposed to receive a fixed ration of grain from the state, is held up in propaganda films as being a great socialist institution. However, just like most social institutions in dictatorships, the system is a propaganda tool; it is not discussed as a topic of the news on a weekly basis.
Indeed, it is a system largely taken for granted, and rarely appears in Kim Il Sung's works: it is a basic service and a part of the social contract. Yet, in 1985, Kim Il Sung gave speeches where he defended the PDS as being the basis for the country's "communist policies" – his words, not mine. Why did he feel the need to do so?
The first speech, entitled "Communist Policies" (공산주의적 시책) is to be found in Volume 39 of Kim Il Sung's Collected Works (저작집). It is just a short list of the country's limited, admittedly impressive achievements, given how poor it was in expanding mandatory education to the entire population, abolishing taxation, and providing food to the entire population as a right.
Of course, this did not mean the introduction of an actual grain market, the decollectivisation of agriculture, or privatization of the retail industry. What it would have meant, according to the man himself, is that the price paid by factory and office workers included the costs of production, not just the cost of transporting grain to the cities.
It would also have meant that households without children would have had more to eat than those with larger families, and it was for this reason that Kim opposed introducing it. What's more, this 1985 speech consecrates the PDS as "a part of the country's communist policies," and thus made it a core part of the regime's social contract, along with free education, healthcare, and housing.
It may be for this reason, among others, that why the regime was so reluctant, until the rise of Kim Jong Un, to tolerate and encourage the spread of retail and wholesale markets.
Ideology and appearances matter, and when the leadership proclaims a specific institution, the PDS, to be a core part of the social contract, it is difficult for those who come after to simply undo the basic social contract created by the Eternal President of the Republic.
Yet, while this point is interesting and important, the second speech is arguably more interesting because of what it can tell us about elite policy debates about the social contract back in the 1950s and 1960s. It is also interesting for what it can tell us about how the North Korea regime sought to confront what they knew was a growing set of economic problems in the 1980s.
Like the first speech, the second speech is not just about the PDS. It is entitled "On Organizing Industrial Complexes, and improving the working organization and methods of the cabinet" (련합기업소를 조직하며 정무원의 사업 체계와 방법을 개선할데 대하여), and includes details of a planned industrial reform and other policy debates that I will discuss in another column, but it also gives details of two by-then dead comrades and their suggested plan to abolish the PDS.
These are two names not widely remembered by specialists, and two otherwise grey figures wrapped in the mystery of the closed state that is North Korea. Ri Ju Yon was an official at the apex of the economic bureaucracy in the 1950s and 1960s, holding the Commerce Ministry portfolio during the war, later becoming Minister of Finance and Vice Premier, before becoming the Politburo of the WPK in 1964.
He died in 1969. His colleague, Chong Jun Taek, was an economic technocrat, becoming head of the State Planning Committee in the late 1940s; he held a number of economic posts, before dying in 1973. Kim says that they suggested the idea after looking at other socialist countries, but that they ultimately concluded it would lead to food poverty for larger families, and so withdrew the idea.
Kim mentions that the PDS originated with the Korean War (though Soviet documents indicate that it may have been fully implemented after 1955), and it is unlikely they would have suggested abolishing it during the war itself.
What is also notable, however, is why Kim Il Sung refers to two comrades he clearly holds in high regard. In a speech Kim gave in 1977 entitled "On Further Raising the Income of Regional Budgets" (Volume 33 of his collected works; Korean title: 지방예산수입을 더욱 늘일데 대하여), he mentions that the issue had been raised on a number of occasions. Until North Korea's archives are opened we can only speculate about when and how such debates were had.
But declassified Soviet documents indicate that Chong got the idea from the USSR ambassador in April 1960. Other Soviet documents suggest policy discussions seemed to have led to the reopening of farmers markets, but little more.
What we are likely to find in North Korea's archives is a bureaucracy that was having heavily prescribed, and coded discussions about how they might change the system in order to make it grow again.
Given the Soviet origin of the 1985 reform, and the reference to previous discussions within the party about other socialist countries, it is probably not that unlikely that Kim Il Sung and the country's technocrats discussed what was going on in China and other Eastern bloc countries in the hopes of finding a "socialist solution" to the country's problems.
Kim gave such speeches to set limits on what was possible, and create "sacred lines in the sand" from which technocrats should not deviate.
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Jenny Rees, Extension Educator in Clay County: Two months of humid, wet weather have allowed for corn disease development in south central Nebraska. Scout fields to know whether you have mostly bacterial or fungal diseases and consider disease pressure, where on the plant the disease is occurring, growth stage, and economics. When possible, consider delaying a fungicide application until later for economic and resistance-management reasons. Anthracnose is being found on lower corn leaves, particularly where we've had high amounts of rainfall, standing water, and/or hail.
Goss' wilt has been observed in corn fields in south central Nebraska, typically along field edges, pivot tracks, pivot/well roads or in hail-damaged firleds.
Goss' wilt (bacterial disease) has been observed in fields, typically along field edges, pivot tracks, pivot/well roads or hail-damaged fields. Plant wounds allow entry for this bacterial pathogen. Physoderma brown spot typically doesn't occur in our area until tasseling (which is where we are at now in some fields); however, I was seeing this as early as two weeks ago on some hybrids. The pathogen causing this disease is a fungal-like pathogen that moves with water. You will notice a purple/brown color on midribs of leaves, leaf sheaths, stalks, and tiny yellow/brown/purple spots on leaves. This disease isn't considered yield-limiting or of significance in Nebraska. It can be confused with southern rust, but Physoderma brown spot does not produce pustules. Rust has been visible in the mid and lower portions of corn canopies. Gray leaf spot is being found in some lower leaf canopies. It is easy to confuse with anthracnose as both diseases appear a little different on various hybrids. Gray leaf spot will be vein-limited while anthracnose is more blotchy in appearance.
For more photos and the full report see JenREESources Extension Blog.
Figure 1. Multiple lesions from Northern corn leaf blight on lower leaf in a continuous corn field in Washington County.
Nathan Mueller, Cropping Systems and Ag Technologies Extension Educator, Dodge County: Northern corn leaf blight first became visible three weeks ago in Dodge and Washington counties. The disease severity has been increasing in some high risk environments (disease present last year, corn-after-corn, and a moderate to susceptible hybrid). In low risk environments, such as corn planted after alfalfa, lesions have not been observed. However, some NCLB lesions can be found in many no-till corn fields that followed soybeans and more prominently in corn following corn where a susceptible hybrid was planted (Figure 1).
In some of these higher risk growing conditions, the disease has spread within the corn canopy to upper leaves. Hybrids with both low to moderate ratings are being impacted in these environments. Septoria brown spot on the lower leaves in the soybean canopy can already be seen in the area, which is not a concern unless we see progression of symptoms upward in to the mid-canopy. In spite of the wet weather, some area producers have been concerned about the amount of grasshoppers in field borders this week.
Scout all corn fields for Northern corn leaf blight to determine which fields may warrant fungicide application at tasseling.
Monitor grasshopper pressure in field borders.
Scout soybeans for Septoria brown spot in the lower canopy and watch for upward movement in the coming weeks.
For more crop reports from east central Nebraska see the Crop Tech Cafe blog with Extension Educators Nathan Mueller, Aaron Nygren, and John Wilson.


If you're a movie star somewhere between Daddydom and Geezerville, the easiest way to get lucky with the younger set is to seduce your nanny.
Of course, you have to have a wife you can cheat on first. The rest is easy. The nanny is on the premises, taking care of your children. Opportunities to ingratiate yourself and show her the "real" you — and thereby impress the likely college undergraduate — abound.
Having a nanny also allows you to find those perfect moments when the mother of your children (a k a, probably, your wife) will not be at home. The star doesn't have to risk unfortunate media exposure trying to pick up women a fraction of his age at a bar.
Speculation that Ben Affleck may have been romancing his nanny while married to Jennifer Garner — the mother of his not one, not two, but three children — made us take another look at nannies and the stars who bed (and sometimes wed) them, and rank them by egregiousness.
Known rogue Jude Law stepped out on his betrothed, actress Sienna Miller, with nanny Daisy Wright. Wright wasn't tending to Law's kids with Miller. Rather, she was looking after the family the "Alfie" actor had started with his ex-wife, Sadie Frost. This liaison, then, must have taken Law some effort to consummate, being not even on the same premises as Wright! As Miller, who pursued her own liaison dangereuse with actor Daniel Craig, was not actually Law's wife, she can't be seen as the victim here. Still, Law tried to save face by issuing a public apology to her.
The thought was nice but the relationship was over. The couple split up shortly thereafter, and Law had two more children with two different women, bringing his total spawn to five.
Hawke met Thurman when they worked together on the film "Gattaca." They wed in 1998. The union only lasted five years before they separated, because of career pressures and his infidelity. During those years, the couple hired Columbia University student Shawhughes to be nanny to their two children. Hawke insists his relationship with Shawhughes was not the reason for the breakup — like a true man, he blames Thurman's successful career instead. Hawke wed Shawhughes three years after the divorce, in 2008. The second Mrs. Hawke has been married to Mr. Hawke for almost as long as Thurman was; they also have two children of their own.
Garces, who was married to Williams for 21 years, raising two children with him, seems to have bided her time. The couple waited a year to get married following Williams' divorce from Velardi, his wife of 10 years. That the second marriage lasted twice as long as the first suggests that, nanny or not, Garces was a good match for the zany comic.


Drake is arguably the greatest artist of all time. In my opinion, he is! Drake's music has always hit different than other music for me. Drake's music can be exciting and at the same time relaxing. Drake's music helps me think as well. I'm going to drop my top ten Drake songs of all time.
Honorable Mention: U With Me?
Every top 10 list has to have an honorable mention! "U with Me?" is my honorable mention. It's from the album "View." In the song, Drake ask if people are with him? He thinks games are being played on him and he wants to know what they are. I like this song because of the rhythm and wording in the song.
In at number ten is "Hype" from the "Views" album. This song gets everyone hyped up. I like this song because of the hype factor. He uses the line "My enemies want to be friends with my other enemies, I don't let it get to me" I really like the line because I feel like it relates to me a lot in life.
In at number nine is "Shot for me" from the "Take Care" album. In this song, it explains how people regret pushing important people out of there life. I like the song because it had people push me out of there life's then later regretting it. It's not good to push important people out of your life because you might not get them back.
I like "God's Plan" a lot! It's from the album "Scorpion." In this song, Drake talks about God's plan. This song is overall really well written. The words and music are really good! I recommend listening to the music video as well! In the video, Drake is giving back to the community.
"Marvin's Room" is one of the most popular Drake songs of all time. This song is from the album, "Take Care." I like this song because of the rhythm of the song and the music in the background.
The song "Fireworks" is from the "Thank Me Later" album. I like how throughout the song fireworks. Drake also sang some really good lines throughout the song. I'd highly recommend this song to put you in your feelings.
In at number is "Worst Behavior" form the "Nothing Was The Same" album. In this song Drake talks about how people don't love us when we are poor, but when we come up on top they want to be around us.
"Wu- Tang Forever" from "Nothing Was The Same" is at four. I just like the general way the song was written and the music going along with it. I also like how Drake said, "It's not about who did it first, it's about who did it right!" I think those lyrics say a lot about life.
"Nonstop" from "Scorpion" album starts off the top three! This song is definitely a hype song! This song dropped in the summer of 2018, and I turned up to it every opportunity I had. I think it's definitely a great song to listen too with your friends.
In at two is "Survival", another song from the "Scorpion" album. This song overall is written really well! Drake use's really good lyrics in this song. I personally think this is one of the most underrated Drake songs of all time. I think this song is the best song from the "Scorpion" album and it deserves more credit then what it gets.
Finally, at number one is "Do Not Disturb" from the "More Life" album. What I like most about songs is the flow of the song. The flow of this song is amazing! Drake uses the lyrics in this song, "They don't know they got to be faster to get to me. No one's done it successfully." To me, life is like a race, and I feel like I'm always in front. This is why I really like this lyric.


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Čačvina Castle the ruins of medieval fortification near the town of Trilj in modern-day Croatia.

Čačvina fortification guarded approach from Bosnia during the wars with the Ottomans. It is  above sea level about  from the town of Trilj. Its strategic location enables its crew to oversee the traffic of goods through the mountain passage that goes through the Dinaric Alps and leads to Bosnia.  First written record of fortification dates to 1345.

References

External links

Castles in Croatia
Buildings and structures in Split-Dalmatia County

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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« Curry County Board of Commissioners Votes to Fund Sheriff's Department Communications Center, $711,000 Upgrade to 911 Emergency Response System
Trash Collection, Transfer Station Hour Changes for Klamath; DNSWMA Facilities Closed for Holiday »
Jessica Cejnar / Thursday, July 1, 2021 @ 4:40 p.m.
Del Norte Ambulance to Transition to Dispatch System Operated Out Of Coos Bay
Del Norte Ambulance is transitioning to a new emergency medical dispatch system. Photo courtesy of Del Norte Ambulance
A partnership between Del Norte Ambulance and MetroWest has already led to updated equipment, easier access to training and education and a regional pool of paramedics to tap into should local responders be unavailable.
The relationship will also lead to a change Del Norte Ambulance owner Ron Sandler says he's been wanting to make for 20 years — transitioning emergency medical dispatch away from the local system to one operated by Bay Cities Ambulance, based in Coos Bay, Oregon.
"People won't see much of a change at all," Sandler told the Wild Rivers Outpost on Thursday. "About the only thing is they'll be talking to somebody who will have time to sit there with them and walk them through every step until first arrivers get on scene, whether it be fire, law enforcement or us. They'll be able to sit with that person and make sure they're getting the proper medical instruction started."
Sandler and Del Norte Ambulance General Manager John Pritchett introduced the potential transition to Bay Cities Ambulance to the Del Norte County Board of Supervisors in May. According to Pritchett, the Board of Supervisors is tasked with approving Del Norte Ambulance rates. The last time rates increased was in 2018, Pritchett said.
In a letter to county supervisors, Sandler said Del Norte Ambulance had been working with MetroWest for about two years. MetroWest is the largest ambulance provider in Oregon and also works with agencies in Washington and though it provides Del Norte Ambulance with additional resources, Del Norte Ambulance is still locally owned, he said.
Though a date hasn't been set yet, transitioning to an emergency medical dispatch system operated through Bay Cities Ambulance will mean less traffic on the local system that's operated through the Del Norte County Sheriff's Office, Pritchett said.
According to Pritchett, in an emergency people will call 911, local dispatch will pick up the phone and if they need an ambulance patch them through to Bay Cities.
"There shouldn't be any delay in time," Pritchett said. "And what's really nice is that each ambulance call generates for dispatch about six transmission. With this new system, they're going to get the call, hit the button and they don't have to say anything anymore. It'll take about 24,000 transmissions out of the system and that's going to make it a lot easier for the dispatchers, for fire, for law enforcement — for everybody."
Though they won't be relaying further information to Del Norte Ambulance, local dispatch will still listen in on the call, Pritchett said. They will continue to serve as backup in case "we can't get hold of Bay Cities," he said.
Local dispatch will also be able to deploy law enforcement or fire agencies if necessary, Pritchett said.
According to Pritchett, Bay Cities Ambulance provides emergency medical dispatch services for other agencies. Other big companies such as Reach and American Medical Response (AMR) also have their own emergency medical dispatch systems, Pritchett said. Del Norte Ambulance is the outlier, he said.
"We've been working closely with the sheriff on this," Pritchett said. "He's very supportive of this move."
A date has yet to be set for when this change will take place. According to Sandler, the partnership needs approval from North Coast Emergency Medical Services, a joint powers authority that oversees emergency medical services in Del Norte, Humboldt and Lake counties.
Del Norte Ambulance must also conduct some trials with the sheriff's office, Sandler said.
"If something does fail, we have a redundant system on top of another redundant system with multiple backups if one should fail in a major disaster," he said. "The system still keeps up and running and we can still get to people right away and take care of them."
Since it began partnering with MetroWest, Del Norte Ambulance has added a wheelchair van to its services that makes roughly 80 trips a month taking people to medical appointments such as dialysis and oncology treatments, Pritchett said.
MetroWest has also teamed up with Del Norte Ambulance to tie its EMTs in with a national paramedic training program, Pritchett said. This move saves those who want to become an EMT Paramedic a trip to the College of the Redwoods campus in Eureka, he said.
When Del Norte Ambulance was impacted by COVID-19, its partnership with MetroWest kicked in, Pritchett said.
"At one point, three of our paramedics were out and it looked pretty grim," he said. "But because of our relationship with MetroWest, they were able to send down paramedics from Roseburg to work for a long weekend until we were able to get back those folks. So our community had no reduction in service."
According to Sandler, the change over to the new emergency medical dispatch system through Bay Cities will not happen over night.
"We will start with wheelchair van and long-distance transports first. Then expand to non-emergent calls before finally implementing the complete service," he told supervisors. "But once full in place and operating, Del Norte Ambulance will have a system that better uses its resources while reducing stress on local dispatchers and provides added value to the community."


The wall reading lamp Fosus, with its flexible neck and energy-saving technology, combines target-oriented reading lighting. It is operated with 3W LED in light color warm white . The arm is covered with rubber in the colors black, white or gray and can therefore be wiped dry! The toggle switch is located on the round wall bracket and allows to switch on or off.


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Annuities seem to be quite modern financial products, and to a large extent, they are. However, the lineage of annuities can be traced back to Roman Empire. The contracts were known as "annua" in Rome and they were quite similar to the ones we have today. These were the contracts between sellers and buyers which guaranteed steady flow of payments for an already set period of time in return for an amount delivered upfront. This sounds quite similar. Such an arrangement provided security for the seller and as well as the buyer, just like today. It enabled the buyers to make sure that financial support was available for them for a period they deemed necessary. On the other hand it enabled the seller to earn profits with chance of paying less than what was taken in by them during the entire term of contract.
There was a level of ambiguity in this. The sellers of annua could not predict how long the clients would live; this often meant that the annua sellers ended paying more than what they took in case the buyer lived for a longer period. As they say "Necessity is the mother of invention", the annua sellers started to look for a way in order to get around this ambiguity.
All this was dependent on the expected death date of the buyer which was set by actuarial table. The actuarial tables allowed the sellers to build more profits in the operations by making sure that they earned more on the buyers who die before full payment of the annua. The hit which the sellers used to take on the buyers who outlived their terms of the contract was also minimized.
In order to help the spread of investment wealth, annuities were widely used by municipalities and communities.
Annuities were used by the Catholic Church for raising funds.
A number of rulers used annuities in order to fund wars. They were also used by rulers for financing public works in their regions.
A great example of "annuity pools" is the France's tontines of 1600s. These provided buyers with a lifetime income in return for upfront payment. France's tontines and the death benefits of today even have a correlation. The money of the buyers who died was spread out to survivors. In 1700s the annuities became more popular, when different European Nations started to authorize the sale of the annuities in order to raise some funds for national coffers. These were considered great investments, particularly by the buyers or upper class. They were also regarded as excellent ways in order to offset the investments with the higher risks.
We now have the modern day annuities and they are a great solution for the financial security on a long-term basis for many people.
As annuities were used widely in Europe in the 1700s, it is quite easy to predict that they came to the United States about the same time. In fact, first annuity which is recorded in the United States was in 1759. A Corporation was behind this annuity in order to provide relief for the distressed widows of the ministers, distressed Presbyterian ministers and the children of the ministers. It was in the Pennsylvania just before it was declared a state. The annuity gave continuous payments to the retired ministers and the survivors of the ministers in return for premiums which were paid by them when they were involved actively in the church service.
1776 – In this year the National Pension Program for Soldiers was created. It was actually an annuity which was designed for the soldiers and the families of solders in the pre-Revolutionary US.
1812 – In this year a company was founded, which was specially designed in order to sell the annuities to public in America, the Pennsylvania Company for Insurance on Lives and Granting Annuities.
1905 – The teachers' Pension Fund was founded in this year by Andre Carnegie. The fund was aimed at distributing annuities among American educators. It transformed to Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association in 1918.
The Period of Great Depression – During the period of great depression, which was the most hazardous economic period ever in the United States, the life insurance policies and annuities helped the investors to protect some level of the wealth.
1935 – In 1935, the Social Security was founded and it was signed to become a law by the then President Franklin D. Roosevelt. It was and still remains a lifetime income annuity.
1952 – The members of the TIAA-CREF, the educators' retirement fund were offered the first group variable deferred annuity.
1986 – The year witnessed significant reforms in tax law and the annuities were made the only tax-free or tax deferred financial products available for the American citizens. It was allowed to deposit an unlimited sum of money in this financial vehicle.
Today – The annuities today have become very popular as vehicles for investment as well as preferred options for the payment of court settlements in the cases of workers compensation, product liability, personal injury and more. In the year 2011 about $240 billion of annuity sales took place and the number is still growing. According to current estimates, the total value of the owned annuities is places somewhere around $1 trillion.
Generally the annuities have been contracts between the buyers and the sellers. The main use of annuities is still the same, but there is another market which has grown a lot, it is a complimentary market known as the secondary annuity market. Rise of secondary market can be attributed to several different reasons.
The first thing is that although annuities are great investment vehicles, they are not quite beneficial because of the payout structure being time determined. For instance, if structured payment (an annuity) is received by a person for the damages awarded as a result of a car accident, the amount will be split and will be paid over time. The problem is that the victim gets the money but not at one time. This doesn't look bad on surface, but it can be quite frustrating in some situations. The recipient might be facing loss of the income along with rising medical bills as a result of accident and they cannot get the funds which they own in order to pay the bills and other expenses, because of time delayed structure of payment of annuity.
Another big problem which arises is that in case a structured settlement is awarded to the annuitant, because of accident or some other decision of court, the annuitant is forbidden to change the terms of the agreement even in case they are unable to pay the bills. They own the money, but cannot get it and the agreement cannot be restructured by them in order to access that money.
In 1982 the Congress passed the PPSA (Periodic Payment Settlement Act). The act was designed specially in order to encourage use of the structures settlement in cases of personal injury. In order to make sure that all structured settlements were entirely exempt from all forms of income tax, the PPSA amended the tax law. This includes local, state as well as federation income taxes. It was a huge change and had a huge impact on secondary annuity market. According to some people the real development of mature market was spurred by this law.
The main reason why the PPSA has such a huge impact on this marketplace is: – PPSA made sure that those owners who are selling the structured settlements in exchange for lump sum amount don't need to pay the income tax the lump sum amount. This provided them most of the money upfront without giving about 30 to 40% to the government. This was the underlying need resulting in birth of secondary market.
This term "secondary market" might sound a little ambiguous, so let us break down thing a little more. In the first annuity marketplace there were just two players – They were the buyers and sellers of the annuities. However, with a rising requirement to sell the existing annuities in return for lump sum amount, there was a need for third player – factoring companies. These factoring companies played the role of a bridge, by connecting the sellers of annuities to the buyers.
Of course, it faced some problems. The idea that the customer could sell the products of insurance companies with any say from them did not go well with the insurance companies. There was a thinking that it will result in undermining of the rational which resulted in the issuance of these structured settlement in first place. It made sense.
The whole idea of issuing structured settlements was protection of consumers from themselves – Many people used to spend the lump sum amount carelessly, which left them with nothing for the future. So it didn't make much sense to insurance companies.
On top of this, the industry had little regulation, which could result in some unscrupulous companies taking advantage of the consumers needing cash. Exorbitant fees, steep discounts and a number of other problems also existed.
Again, it did not seem like a good idea to have secondary market, if one looks on surface. However, if one digs deeper, having secondary market begins to look like a very good idea. It was realized by the government that the demand for the secondary market was there. It was also recognized by the government that there is a need for the regulation in market so that the consumer could be safeguarded and the factoring companies could be policed effectively. This resulted in the Structured Settlement Protection Act (SSPA). Most states have adopted it (a version of SSPA is in place in 43 out of 50 States).
In 2002, SSPA was rolled out in the form of federal law which governs secondary annuity market. As a result of the law the consumers can sell the structured settlements with confidence that they are not being taken advantage of. Out of 50, 43 states have adopted SSPA either in part or in whole.
The SSPA contained a number of hard requirements. One of the requirements was that if any sale of settlement did not comply with any qualified state statute, a 40% federal excise tax was imposed on it. There was the second requirement of approval of sales by a judge. It made sure that the sale of all the structured settlements was in the consumer's best interest. It also helped cutting down risk of steep discounts, hidden fees and any other pitfalls which threatened consumers.
The secondary annuity market place today is a vibrant and important place. It makes sure that people with different annuity products are able to sell part or all of the settlement for lump sum amount without any threat of a disaster. The rights of annuitants are protected and they can access immediate cash in case they need to cover any costs of the situation.
Copyright © 2009–2015 Summerlin Funding. All rights reserved.


Should Time Warner Cable get rid of the NY1 brand?
Executives at Time Warner Cable are reportedly planning to excise the well-known NY1 name of its proprietary local news channel in favor of something that more clearly declares Time Warner Cable's ownership. TWC Today, anyone? The cable company aims to use the channel's new name to make sure its customers understand that they would lose NY1 if they switched providers.
Should Time Warner ditch the NY1 name?
Yes. From a Time Warner Cable branding perspective, it just makes sense. Pat Kiernan will be just as likeable under a new brand.
No. NY1 is an institution! Getting rid of the name everyone knows will drive customers away.
This entry was posted in Media & Entertainment and tagged news, NY1, television, Time Warner Cable. Bookmark the permalink.
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NY1 is well-known by now. But Time Warner can call it "TWC-NY1″ and make everybody happy.
Time Warner should get rid of Time Warner. There are all kinds of problems with their service, at least in my household.
TWC should absolutely, positively not change a single thing about NY1. Period.
Get rid of NY1? Hell no, how would I know what the temperature is as soon as I turn on my TV? Plus, Kristen Schaughnesy rules!
They lost their integrity years ago when they stopped using independent reporters. It's time to admit it. They are an entertainment company like all the other local newscasts. How about "Time Warner Presents!" for a handle?
I, thankfully, have RCN in my building. Time Warner is a total ripoff and NY1 is about the only thing I miss about them.
DO NOT get rid of NY1 that's a strong brand and well respected news outlet. Ask anyone who has no choice if they miss NY1. I wish it was mandatory that it be carried by all cable companies that service NYC. Talk aboit shooting themselves in the foot! Weather on the 1 beats Al Roker any day of the week. Also? Everyone on cable news has followed Pat Kiernan's original segment "In the Papers." Why would anyone want to mess with a good thing and fuarantted viewership? I really don't get The Suits who run these companies.


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Dr. Thomas B. Hardy page
HERE for Fish die-off page.
Court tosses Bush plan for Klamath water
Water A federal judge says the irrigation plan for farmers doesn't help threatened fish
MICHAEL MILSTEIN
A federal appeals court on Tuesday threw out the Bush administration plan to deliver irrigation water to Klamath Basin farmers, saying it does not do enough for threatened coho salmon in the Klamath River.
The ruling probably will mean more water must be shifted from farmers to fish in the basin's emotional tug of war over the precious resource.
"This clearly could be a worse picture for us than what we had in terms of water for irrigation," said Greg Addington, executive director of the Klamath Water Users Association.
The 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that a federal government strategy to phase in higher river flows for salmon over 10 years was arbitrary and capricious because it overlooked the immediate needs of the fish under the Endangered Species Act.
"It is not enough to provide water for the coho to survive in five years, if in the meantime, the population has been weakened or destroyed by inadequate water flows," the appeals court, based in San Francisco, ruled.
The government plan pledged to provide the fish with all the water they need in the final two years of the 10-year span -- 2010 and 2011. But the fish may not have enough water to complete their lifecycles in the meantime, the judges said.
"If that happens, all the water in the world in 2010 and 2011 will not protect the coho, for there will be none to protect," they wrote.
They sent the case back to a district court to impose corrective measures, which could include more water for fish.
The case resulted from a lawsuit filed by the Pacific Coast Federation of Fishermen's Associations, the Oregon Natural Resources Council, Waterwatch of Oregon and other conservation groups. They argued that the government strategy left salmon to struggle in a low river while water flowed to farms.
The Klamath Basin entered the national spotlight in 2001 when irrigation water to farms was restricted during a severe drought so it would be available to salmon and endangered suckers in area lakes.
The Bush administration later routed more water for farms under a plan that promised eventually to increase water dedicated to fish. Government agencies argued it was their best judgement as to how to protect the fish in the face of scientific uncertainty over how much water they require.
But judges said the government did not fully explain how it would avoid harming fish in the early years of the plan.
Farmers said the ruling was evidence that the Endangered Species Act has gone too far and must be reformed. But tribes countered that it was evidence the act serves as a final line of defense for families and tribal cultures that depend on salmon.


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in: Pages needing enhanced family history perspective, Counties of Mississippi, Lafayette County, Mississippi
Lafayette County, Mississippi
Lafayette County, Mississippi view Community messages
Lafayette County, Mississippi links • Birth records • Businesses • Cemeteries • Census data • Census records •
Lafayette County courthouse in Oxford, Mississippi
Location in the state of Mississippi
Mississippi's location in the U.S.
Largest city
679.29 sq mi (1,759 km²)
48.17 sq mi (125 km²), 7.09%
62/sq mi (24/km²)
Website www.lafayettecoms.com
Lafayette County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of 2010, the population was 47,351. Its county seat is Oxford[1]. The local pronunciation of the name is "la-FAY-et". Lafayette County is often regarded as the inspiration for Yoknapatawpha County, the fictional setting of many of William Faulkner's stories. The county is named to honor Marquis de Lafayette, a French military hero and American general who fought during the American Revolutionary War.
The Oxford Micropolitan Statistical Area includes all of Lafayette County.
1.3 National protected area
According to the 2000 census, the county has a total area of 679.29 square miles (1,759.4 km2), of which 631.11 square miles (1,634.6 km2) (or 92.91%) is land and 48.17 square miles (124.8 km2) (or 7.09%) is water.[2]
Mississippi Highway 6 (Lafayette County sections are co-signed U.S. Route 278)
Mississippi Highway 7
Mississippi Highway 30
Marshall County (north)
Union County (northeast)
Pontotoc County (southeast)
Calhoun County (south)
Yalobusha County (southwest)
Panola County (west)
Tate County (northwest)
Tate County Marshall County Union County
Yalobusha County Calhoun County Pontotoc County
National protected area[]
Holly Springs National Forest (part)
As of the census[3] of 2000, there were 38,744 people, 14,373 households, and 8,321 families residing in the county. The population density was 61 people per square mile (24/km²). There were 16,587 housing units at an average density of 26 per square mile (10/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 71.85% White, 25.05% Black or African American, 0.16% Native American, 1.67% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.42% from other races, and 0.84% from two or more races. 1.10% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
The largest European ancestry groups in Lafayette county are[4]:
13.4% English
12.5% Irish
9.1% German
4.4% Scots-Irish
2.8% Scottish
1.1% Polish
1.0% Welsh
Many people in Mississippi may claim Irish ancestry because of the term "Scots-Irish", but most of the time in Mississippi this term is used for those with Scottish roots, rather than Irish.[5]
1850 14,069 115.4%
1890 20,553 −5.2%
1920 19,243 −12.1%
MS Counties 1900-1990
GeoHive - 2000 & 2010 statistics
In 2000, there were 14,373 households out of which 26.90% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.20% were married couples living together, 11.40% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.10% were non-families. 29.10% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.97.
In the county the population was spread out with 19.50% under the age of 18, 27.10% from 18 to 24, 26.30% from 25 to 44, 17.10% from 45 to 64, and 9.80% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 27 years. For every 100 females there were 96.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.60 males.
Communities[]
Incorporated municipalities
Unincorporated places
Harmontown
Yocona
National Register of Historic Places listings in Lafayette County, Mississippi
^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
^ "Census 2000 U.S. Gazetteer Files: Counties". United States Census. http://www.census.gov/tiger/tms/gazetteer/county2k.txt. Retrieved 2011-02-13.
^ http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-context=adp&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR2&-ds_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_&-tree_id=3308&-redoLog=true&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=05000US28071&-format=&-_lang=en
^ Census 2000 Map - Top U.S. Ancestries by County
Lafayette County Records (MUM00256) owned by the University of Mississippi, Archives and Special Collections.
Municipalities and communities of Lafayette County, Mississippi, United States
County seat: Oxford
State of Mississippi
Jackson (capital)
Mississippians | Delegations | Governors | Lieutenant Governors | Legislature | State Parks | State Landmarks | Music | History | Geography | Education | Visitor Attractions
The Delta | Golden Triangle | Gulf Coast | Mississippi Plain | Natchez District | Pine Belt | Tennessee Valley
Gulfport-Biloxi | Hattiesburg | Jackson | Memphis (TN) | Pascagoula
Larger cities
Biloxi | Clarksdale | Clinton | Columbus | Greenville | Gulfport | Hattiesburg | Jackson | Meridian | Olive Branch | Pascagoula | Pearl | Ridgeland | Southaven | Starkville | Tupelo | Vicksburg
Smaller cities
Bay St. Louis | Brandon | Brookhaven | Canton | Cleveland | Corinth | Gautier | Greenwood | Grenada | Horn Lake | Indianola | Itta Bena | Laurel | Long Beach | Madison | McComb | Moss Point | Natchez | Ocean Springs | Oxford | Pass Christian | Picayune | Tunica | Waveland | West Hattiesburg (Oak Grove) | West Point | Yazoo City
Adams | Alcorn | Amite | Attala | Benton | Bolivar | Calhoun | Carroll | Chickasaw | Choctaw | Claiborne | Clarke | Clay | Coahoma | Copiah | Covington | DeSoto | Forrest | Franklin | George | Greene | Grenada | Hancock | Harrison | Hinds | Holmes | Humphreys | Issaquena | Itawamba | Jackson | Jasper | Jefferson | Jefferson Davis | Jones | Kemper | Lafayette | Lamar | Lauderdale | Lawrence | Leake | Lee | Leflore | Lincoln | Lowndes | Madison | Marion | Marshall | Monroe | Montgomery | Neshoba | Newton | Noxubee | Oktibbeha | Panola | Pearl River | Perry | Pike | Pontotoc | Prentiss | Quitman | Rankin | Scott | Sharkey | Simpson | Smith | Stone | Sunflower | Tallahatchie | Tate | Tippah | Tishomingo | Tunica | Union | Walthall | Warren | Washington | Wayne | Webster | Wilkinson | Winston | Yalobusha | Yazoo
Coordinates: 34°22′N 89°29′W / 34.36, -89.49
This page uses content from the English language Wikipedia. The original content was at Lafayette County, Mississippi. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with this Familypedia wiki, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons License.
Counties of Mississippi
... more about "Lafayette County, Mississippi"
-89.49 +


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Everyone can be powerful: 3 ways to practice power in your work
By Scott Labott
How effective do you feel in your ability to challenge the power structure? Where do you start? How confident do you feel in characterizing it?
We in the nonprofit sector are some of the most familiar with the consequences stemming from society's balance of power. We hear the stories of communities most affected, we see the downstream effects of decisions made from remote places. If we are to advance social, racial and economic justice, we need to understand, recognize, and wield the power we have more effectively in our work.
P.S. I don't have all the answers. But I believe in the premise that everyone can be powerful.
Recognizing our place in Power structures
Power, as defined by Eric Liu in his book, You're More Powerful Than You Think, is "the ability to ensure others do as you want them to do." Everything turns on "who has the authority to decide, what gets considered for decision, and how decisions will be reached."
Simple enough. But I've long struggled with how to apply this.
My early work lacked a focused power analysis. I approached big social problems by way of the individual in front of me. When I was getting my feet wet as a shelter worker in Madison, WI, I helped people complete housing applications or seek out mental health services. My role was to support the individual with knowledge and resources so they could make the best decision for their experience. Self-determination - "empowerment" as we liked to call it - was my focus.
It wasn't until years later, though, that I started to see a new element of the equation.
I was working in Milwaukee on a team of organizers whose role was to liaise between residents and law enforcement. We worked collaboratively to address "nuisances" (low-level problems like loud music or neighbor disputes). But working across a district of 110,000 people, I could no longer neglect the larger systems at play. I started seeing how the police and the city worked in tandem to marginalize certain neighborhoods.
It was in this context that I decided to learn about and try to use power.
Seeing Power
Power manifests all throughout our work. We need to start seeing it where it exists. I now work in institutional philanthropy and, out of love, I'm going to pick on it. I encourage you to do the same for your workplace or field. Also, I'm being simplistic to make a point; there's too much ambiguity to explore fully here.
In my world, I see the power that comes with wealth. Of course that power - being able to choose where the money goes and advance the work of certain organizations - is significant in and of itself. But beyond the direct dollars, that money directs other things. A well known facet of this is the grantmaker vs grantwriter dynamic, which is characterized by the ability to give or withhold on the funder's opinion. There's also the reputational power that comes with giving, meaning the prestige that comes with working in philanthropy.
Practicing Power
Here are a few ways of practicing power around any workplace:
Start From Within
With the way people and communities are being actively harmed by the power structure, working on yourself seems wrong. But Ghandi said "Be the change you want to see in the world." The work truly starts with you.
Each of us has strengths and weaknesses: Learn what they are and how to use them. Is there something internally that is limiting your power? Look into resources like this to strengthen the way you show up to your work.
Also, (looking at you, white friends and friends with varying sources of privilege) know your social location and how you contribute to inequitable power dynamics. From micro- to macro-aggressions, this is a critical first step to sharing power.
Invest in Others Around You
Who decides? It's simple enough to know where official decisions at work are made. If you're in a position to do so, give someone near you some strategic autonomy. Let people run with something on their own. Consider coaching for those around you. There are plenty of resources on how to do this well.
But beyond the org chart, who are the informal sources of power and influence around you? Some of the most powerful coworkers I have had were the ones who could raise tough questions and bring people along with them. Culture will always outlast decisions. Work with allies to build a culture that values diverse ways of thinking and psychological safety.
Build Your People
Networks are key ingredients to the work. Power is also getting the right people from your network to show up and act in a way that can disrupt and create something new.
In her book, How Organizations Develop Activists, Harie Han examines organizations that aim to build power through activism. One of the lessons she shares is that organizations that work to cultivate people's motivations and capacities for leadership are some of the most effective at building associational power. Over time, these organizations are the ones who can exert power in their respective movements.
Find your people, coordinate your actions, support each other when it gets tough.
Shifting our Mindset
In her book Emergent Strategy, adrienne marie brown says that we are engaged in an "imagination battle." She says we need to dream bigger about what we seek to create and perpetuate.
In the nonprofit sector, we need to build power with what we've got. If we don't use power, someone else will do it for us. What would the future of the Twin Cities metro look like if an entire sector of people were to consciously practice power?
Tags: Nonprofit Power Twin Cities Scott Labott
Madhuri Bandi commented 2019-08-21 07:16:01 -0500
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text:
Cosmophasis pulchella är en spindelart som beskrevs av Lodovico di Caporiacco 1947. Cosmophasis pulchella ingår i släktet Cosmophasis och familjen hoppspindlar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

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