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Unbelief and Imagination
Posted on December 8, 2005 by Timothy Burke
So The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe has arrived, and in its wake, much as I would have expected, a fairly vigorous undercurrent of debate about C.S. Lewis and Christianity, both on weblogs and elsewhere.
So far the smartest comment is also one of the briefest: Brad DeLong's November 11th observation that Lewis' Christianity may not be the preferred Christianity of many non-Christians, but it's a recognizable form of the religion nevertheless. I agree that there's something fundamentally unsettling about non-Christians lining up to tell Christians which version of their religion is the correct one. On the other hand, that's what having scripture is all about: if Christianity were merely the ineffable, uncommunicable, sublime, private experience of an interior communion with God, a Christian would be perfectly justified in telling anyone who wants to second-guess that to buzz off. But it's also a collective, systematic, institutionalized religion with a powerful social presence, a deep history, and holy texts which lay out the content and practice of the faith.
So it's ok to observe that Lewis' Christianity as developed in the Narnia books is a sort of theological jambalaya (or if we're going to stay British, a trifle with a lot of strange things in it). It's even ok to find his mix of religious elements distasteful in some fashion distinguished from a general opinion of Christianity. On the other hand, if you really had a "favorite" form of Christianity, you'd probably actually be a Christian, so let's not get too silly about what non-believers are entitled to demand.
In my case, I don't especially think about it much. I read a lot of books as a child, took a moderate interest in Catholicism for a brief intense period when I was eleven and twelve, an far more intense anti-Catholicism and agnosticism afterwards, and was at least aware of the content of Christianity more generally for most of my childhood. But honestly, I ripped voraciously through the Narnia books as a wee one and didn't even realize that they were in any sense Christian until The Last Battle, when the religious content starts flashing in neon lights.
So what was I seeing if not Christian allegory? Basically, fantasy and Englishness, the latter in a somewhat twee, eccentric form that felt to me like it was in the DNA of modern fantasy. (Another thing I never knew as a child: Tolkien and Lewis like, actually knew each other. Me, I just thought this was how British fantasy writers sounded as a whole. Doubtless that's part of why China Mieville and Philip Pullman find the Inkling crowd so annoying: this is the specific heritage that they're trying to shuck off.)
As a consequence, though, it seems terribly weird–even borderline foolish–to see someone complaining about the Pevensies getting crowned at the end of the film, as if this is some kind of outrageous reactionary elitism. It's a fantasy trope–being the chosen one, being crowned, being the heir to the throne or gifted with innate magical powers–that runs right down to the core of the genre, especially in children's books. The Chronicles of Prydain, The Dark Is Rising, So You Want to Be a Wizard, Harry Potter, and on and on. You could (and some have) write off all fantasy as a whole for that and other imagined sins. But that is precisely the reason that people who want imaginative culture to perform instrumental ends, to deliver this and that message, to carry this and that burden, to correct this and that social ill, usually write such shitty imaginative work (if and when they trouble to at all).
What makes Lewis relatively innocent, even of the (fairly indisputable) charge that his depiction of pseudo-Muslims practically oozes racism and condescension, is the simultaneous strangeness and typicality of his fantasy, that it contains so many familiar elements, the grammar of the genre and its folkloric roots mixed in with so many eccentrically composed or combined gestures of religious teaching. It takes a meanness of spirit to read Narnia as outrageous theological or cultural error, just as it would to read Wind in the Willows and complain that it was a polemic on behalf of English social hierarchy. You have to take these books simultaneously too seriously and not seriously enough in order to just breeze past their peculiar company on the road to some secular or political jeremiad. Or maybe it's just that unbelievers who are aggressive about their unbelief have some bigger problem with imagination as a whole: it all seems so unseemly in the face of Real Life, perhaps.
The major sins I held Lewis accountable for when I was a boy were world-building ones (apparently, I'm not alone: this was always Tolkien's complaint about Narnia as well). Once I understood who Aslan was meant to be (I enjoyed it more when he was just a enigmatic, luminescent force within the stories) then suddenly Aslan's ways become more than divinely mysterious. He says that he's brought the Pensieves to Narnia so that they may know him better in their own world. Presumably this is so that knowledge can have an impact on other humans: he implies as much to Digory and Polly in his remarks on the fate of Charn. But given that none of the children live into adulthood, this seems truly odd. Most other world-crossing fantasies imply that world-crossing happens all the time, that many children (or adults) may be so blessed. But the God of Narnia seems rather slothful in how he dispenses his magical mystery tours of all creation: in between Narnia's birth and death, only eight British children, a horse, and a cab-driver and his wife get to visit. Heck, even Oz gets more traffic from America alone in a few years than that. Most fantasies of this kind allow the possibility of wish-fulfillment, that anyone might be the next to cross the worlds into fairyland. Lewis' world ought to be the most so: the ferryman who carries souls from here to there is omnipotent and omniscient, with all time and space at his command.
The other thing I couldn't easily forgive as a young reader was Susan, especially after I finished The Last Battle. I grasped readily enough that when you lead your characters into a Platonic afterlife and one of their number is missing, then that character is in the Bad Place (along with all the others who went into Aslan's shadow). That seemed then cruel for the mere sin of lipsticks and nylons; it seems now infuriatingly misogynist, a picture made all the more convincing by Lewis' own sex life.
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31 Responses to Unbelief and Imagination
I'll probably have more to say on this later, but a correction: Susan isn't with the others at the end because she isn't dead. Lewis made this clear in a letter to a reader in which he said that "perhaps she'll come to Narnia in her own way." It's easy to see why people draw the inference you did, but it was just a narrative slip on Lewis's part. Interesting, though, how the story of how Lewis Sent Susan To Hell won't go away, though there have been many, many attempts to correct the misconception.
hestal says:
I read a lot of science fiction when I was a boy. I tried to read some of Lewis' stuff in the 1940's. Didn't like it. Too much silly fantasy for me.
"He says that he's brought the Pensieves to Narnia. . . " REALLY?? Now THAT would be cool!
Tom Scudder says:
Incidentally, it's a few more than eight people total – the humans in Prince Caspian were descendents of (if I remember this right) caribbean or possibly South Seas pirates who had slipped through a portal into the world of Narnia.
Jesse A. says:
I always read The Last Battle as you do, with Susan dilberately excluded from the afterlife, though not neccesarily among those who end up in Aslan's shadow. Susan's problem is not simply "lipsticks and nylons" as you (and to be fair, Lewis) put it. Nor, I think, is it misogyny, though I understand why one might read it that way. She is not with the others because of what it that those accesories to adult womenhood represent. Susan lacks imagination. She becomes, as she grows up, an unbeliever. Lewis could just as easily had Peter grow up with an interest in "fine cigars and single-malt scotch," to use examples which are just as reductive of adult masculinity as "lipsticks and nylons" might be of adult feminity. Susan's sin, whether it consigned her to hell or mere oblivion, unbelief. Christianity as I understand it (and I am not a Christian, so take this as you will), is primarily about faith in God's love for humanity, a love so powerful he died for us. If you don't believe, you really are not saved, in Lewis' system. And Susan didn't believe. Though he may have expressed it in reductionist terms, I really do think that Susan became a non-believer, and that is the reason that she was excluded at the end.
David Chudzicki says:
Isn't there that bit in the Magician's Nephew about how it used to be much easier to travel from our world to the others? I agree with the criticism, though. Still good stories.
I think I got that right reading as a child, but it still seemed very hard on Susan to me: her three siblings, two of their adult friends and her parents are all killed in the same train accident, and two of their friends (Jill and Eustace) have also just disappeared a day or two previously never to be seen again. It didn't feel like any kind of narrative inevitability that killed her parents, just Lewis's desire not to have the believing Pevensies suffer any grief into their afterlife. It might be that she'll come to Narnia later, but it will be by a much harder road than that other unbeliever Eustace, who just had to endure a few weeks as a dragon.
Mary, I guess I think that's just sober realism on Lewis's part: some people do in fact come to religious belief via a hard road, or because of that hard road never come to belief at all. It doesn't seem to me a bad thing to indicate that.
Good point on the Telmarines. Forgot about them: a whole bunch of pirates. So ten Brits and pirates.
Alan, you can't argue that Susan just isn't dead yet: the Platonic Heaven of The Last Battle contains everything that ever will be, of necessity, the way I read it. If Susan's not there yet, she never will be. Maybe she's not in Hell, sure, but she's not there either. Which I think is indeed Lewis' conviction that God cannot reward unbelief. Though on the other hand, look at Emeth: one's faith can be misnamed but as long as it is in the right thing, one will find God.
When chatter started up about the movie, I was rather startled by just how little I remembered any details about the books, despite the fact that I loved them a great deal as a child. I *do* remember being absolutely furious about the treatment of Susan, though, which seemed (and seems) casually cruel and arbitrary. Agreed completely.
Tim, whaddya mean *I* can't argue? I'm just telling you what Lewis himself wrote. I'm informing, not arguing. You can then go on to say that his claim is inconsistent with his own imaginative universe, if you wish. (But then, as you say, it's not a very consistent imaginative universe to start with.)
Where did he say Susan is yet to die and therefore cannot appear in Heaven?
"The books don't tell us what happened to Susan. She is left alive in this world at the end, having turned into a rather silly, conceited young woman. But there is plenty of time for her to mend, and perhaps she will get to Aslan's country in the end — in her own way." (from a 1957 letter, in C S Lewis: Letters to Children).
Simon Shoedecker says:
You are so perceptive and intelligent that I'm dismayed you've fallen for this crude interpretation of Susan. "Lipsticks and nylons" are not Susan's flaw; they are her particular manifestion of a phenomenon Lewis wrote about often (e.g. the dedication to Lucy Barfield of The Lion): the person who casts aside her childhood capacity for wonder and imagination in a desperate (and, Lewis thought, rather childish) desire to seem "grown-up." As Polly says in The Last Battle, "I wish she would grow up," i.e. stop being so disdainful of childish things.
There's a long and very good discussion of Susan, and what Lewis meant by her, here.
Alan, I'm talking mostly about what the books themselves say, since I'm trying to grapple with the ways I read them as a child and the flaws I ended up holding them accountable for. So a later letter doesn't necessarily change that experience of them. However, I'd also say that letter doesn't entirely change my reading even now. For one, there is "silly, conceited young woman", which to me feels not that far from lipsticks and nylons. For another, there is the (to me as a child, rather appealing) vision of Heaven as Platonic: if you take that seriously, then Lewis' Heaven has to contain everything that it is going to contain, past, present, future, though there is also obviously the paradox that it has a temporal dimension (you go upward and inward, worlds within worlds): the dead who are already there obviously experience the arrival of the newly dead as an event, and Lewis describes life in Heaven as a story, which implies temporality as well. I would just observe that this clashes somewhat with other aspects of his Heaven, that it is supposed to contain everything good.
But ok: maybe Susan can still find grace. If I were going to put something on my own personal list of attributes that a "good Christianity" has to have, it's some version of purgatory: I find the idea of a loving God who can allow infinite damnation for sins committed in a finite lifetime, where no salvation can be achieved from damnation, fairly repugnant. Any whiff of that in Narnia is a turn-off for me, especially for what seems the minor sin of narcissism (or losing one's ability to imagine, see below…)
I understand what Simon is pointing to, the argument that Susan is a person who has lost the ability to imagine, and that this is her sin. But I do honestly think there is the tinge of misogyny in Lewis' description of her: everything he has to say about her in the books and elsewhere is very strongly feminized. I don't think this is a radical thing to suggest about either Lewis or Tolkien, that for most of their lives, they had some rather cloistered, awkward and occasionally unpleasant views of women. At times, that's actually a source of appeal in their works, esp. Lewis: it is one of the things that makes the Narnia books feel so eccentrically boys-own at various moments.
As I said in an earlier post, Tim, I have no quarrel with you if you want to say that CSL's treatment of Susan is inconsistent with his imaginative universe. I also said that, in light of his later comment, Lewis made a real "narrative slip" in treating Susan's absence from Narnia the way he does — after all, many people read the story the way you do. I was just making one simple point: the oft-repeated claim that Lewis sent Susan to Hell is incorrect. (But it will keep bouncing around for the foreseeable future because it fits so nicely with what many people would like to believe about Christians like Lewis.)
While I'm in Correction Mode: there is no version of Christianity which features a purgatory of the kind you describe — that is, as a second chance to get it right. In Catholic teaching, Purgatory is for the redeemed and only for the redeemed, who must ready themselves for the presence of God. The damned go straight to Hell and have no second chances. (Interestingly, though, Lewis imagines a kind of second chance for the damned in his theological fantasy The Great Divorce; so he may well have had more sympathy with your position than many orthodox Christians would.)
Finally, while Lewis may have been misogynistic — he certainly held some very traditional views about women, though not all the traditional views (he was, for instance, unusually supportive of female faculty at OXford and Cambridge) — just as a matter of sound critical practice, I would argue that you can't say that about any writer on the basis of his treatment of just one character. You need to look at the larger picture, you need to see if there is a pattern.
Adam Stephanides says:
If you haven't already read it, the short story "The Problem of Susan" by Neil Gaiman (in the anthology _Flights_, edited by Al Sarrantino) is the best thing I've read on the "problem of Susan." And I'm not a Gaiman fan in general.
Fair enough, Alan. I especially agree you can't infer an author's general position from a single character.
I also grant your point about Purgatory, except to note that the redeemed who are in it who must be prepared for the presence of God are there because there is something not quite right about them, something unfinished, yes? But quite right that the damned are the damned, which might well be one of the three or four places at which I would be permanently unprepared to be a Christian myself no matter how attractive I found other aspects of it. A God who accepts that some must suffer infinite suffering for finite sins seems, well, evil to me. That is a huge can of worms to open, I know, and not a point unique to me by any means, but it's something I really cannot work myself around.
My recollection is that Karl Barth somewhere speculated that the end of history is delayed precisely because it is the purpose of G_d to redeem the whole of the creation. Any judgment that sends a part of it to eternal damnation falls short of that and would eternally frustrate the will of G_d. In that scheme of things, one could say that history, itself, is purgatory.
To find "a tinge of misogyny" in Lewis is merely to say that he is not perfect. I wouldn't make a major criticism out of a tinge. Lewis didn't have the imaginative insight into grown women as he did into men and children, and he admitted this. (His essay on Friendship in The Four Loves is – he says quite explicitly – about male friendship as he's known it. He suspects that female friendship works differently, but points out that he doesn't really know.)
The Andrew Rilstone article I linked to in my previous post presents internal evidence from The Last Battle that Susan isn't dead.
It's a good article. I'm going to post over there in comment on it. The one thing I disagree with fairly strongly in the article is that if some have made too much out of "nylons and lipstick", Rilstone makes too little, or offers what is to me an unconvincing interpretation that it's just about Susan being enamored of postwar consumer goods.
hektor.bim says:
There are a couple of ways to discuss the "problem of Susan". One way is to talk about the effect it has on one reading it as a child. For me as a child, it was clear that Susan was excluded from "heaven" because she had incorrect thoughts. I also thought it deeply strange that all of these people could so effortlessly throw away their other lives and merge into heaven. The lack of concern about Susan's fate was also deeply worrying to me. It cemented the problems with "The Last Battle" in my mind and combined with the obvious relish Lewis displayed for destroying Narnia. I don't think it is really possible to argue directly with this interpretation. I've talked to a number of other people who read the Narnia series as children, and they had similar reactions. If this isn't the impression Lewis wanted to give, then it is clear that he made a mistake, because it has come out strongly to so many people. For a children's story to mislead or annoy children in vast numbers must be counted as a mistake.
With more thought and study, the problem of Susan can be explained away or at least mitigated, as is done in the link mentioned. I however, find the mention of "nylons and lipstick" to be objectionable regardless, precisely because it is unnecessary. There really isn't a good reason to deny Heaven to Susan, aside from making a theological point. This is where the real problem for me arises. The Narnia books are ultimately subordinated to the idea of making theological points, and the integrity of the world as a whole suffers. Lewis is almost happy to destroy Narnia, and that is tragic. There shouldn't be joy in destroying your own creation.
As to the other charges against Lewis, the blatant racism and cultural superiority of the "Horse and His Boy" is hard to counteract. I don't have any idea how they are going to film that movie without pissing off a great many people, which is too bad, because despite that, it is my favorite, obviously for other reasons.
bostoniangirl says:
Hmmm, I think that Lewis wanted there to be seven new kings and queens, because seven is a cool number with special significance in a lot of neoplatonic thinking. If Susan had been with them, it would have been eight.
I didn't like the part where people got condemned to hell, but the hell of the dwarves seemed very real to me as a Christian. It was self-inflicted separation from God and an inability to see the glories all around them.
Humans,
In addition to the Telmarines, the Pevensies, Digory, Polly and that lot, there was also the first king of Narnia who was a cabby.
billmcn says:
Like a lot of people, I first read the Narnia series as a child and completely missed the allegory. When I reread it as an adult, I was struck by how front-and-center the Christian elements are, but this did not force a reevaluation of the books on my part. Even literature whose charm lies in the creation of a wholly self-contained world must draw on some aspects of this one to give it resonance, and a literal belief in Christianity is ultimately no more relevant to my appreciation of Lewis' books than my feelings about pagan northern European myths are to my appreciation of "Lord of the Rings". Besides, much of my experience of Narnia has come a sheen of childhood misconception. On my first time through, I mentally mispronounced the lion's name "Alison" for reasons I cannot recreate. And at least as shocking as the whole religious angle was to pick up the paper a few years back and read about the Chechnyan separatist leader Aslan Maskhadov. I'd always assumed Lewis had just made that name up.
If Christianity has had little effect on my appreciation of Narnia, Narnia has had an effect on my appreciation of Christianity. I grew up secular, without even some early childhood wrestling with religious faith. Though culturally familiar, Christianity is ultimately like Islam or Hinduism to me: a set of alien beliefs that I can at best understand intellectually, as an outsider. At this point, my childhood enthusiasm for what turns out to have been a pretty overt Christian allegory is about as close to Christian faith as I'm ever going to get. It may not be much theologically speaking, but my warm memories of this enthusiasm gives me a little bit of empathy that I might otherwise lack. If (as I seriously doubt) C.S. Lewis intended Narnia as a sneaky way of indoctrinating unsuspecting children into a religious worldview, it worked for me in some oblique way. And for that I'm grateful.
Endie says:
Even if Susan had died at the same time as Susan, Peter and Edmund, I find it hard to believe that Lewis would have sent her to "hell". The fate of the dwarves (which to be honest, I always found the most disturbing part of his allegory in terms of overtones) is more likely. That said, I've been trying to write about the Toynbee article in the Guardian all morning, and I just kept seeing her in the stable with the dwarves.
Lewis is steeped in Plato, and nowhere more so than in the Last Battle (not even in Perelandra and Out of the Silent Planet). Susan's fate, if she never changed, would surely not be anything so medieval as "hell". Just never getting to travel further up and further in…
>> But the God of Narnia seems rather slothful in how he dispenses his magical mystery tours of all creation: in between Narnia's birth and death, only eight British children, a horse, and a cab-driver and his wife get to visit
One other bit. As someone mentions, there have been other travellers to Narnia. But the wood of the worlds shows a very large number of worlds exist, and no doubt Aslan has his role in each. Those are, though. other peoples' stories.
It's actually interesting to me that Lewis and Pullman both run into trouble in their series when they allow the allegorical/theological points to overrun the fiction, both in the culminating works of their series. I think there's a larger point about imaginative fiction in that: don't let axe-grinding overwhelm your world, your characters or your story.
beelerspace says:
Lest we forget that Narnia was not written in the all-enlightened world of 2005. Is it fair to take a piece of literature published in the early 1950s and anachronistically stretch it to comply with our own value systems? I am not asking for excuse, but rather a cultural-contextual interpretation.
Secondly, Susan's "sin" was not that she became a woman, but rather that she became an adult. Like nearly _all_ childrens stories, Narnia is noticably absent of adults. My guess is that Lewis mentions Susan's not at the whim of an overarching religious system, but his deeply held belief that children, and people, desperately need imagination. If anything, Susan's fate is propoganda for storytelling, not hell-driven Christianity.
Finally, regarding racism, Lewis makes a rather marked turn towards uncharacteristic universalism at the end of the Last Battle by letting a Telmarine into "heaven," despite his unwavering adherance to all things Tash. I assure you that the phrase Aslan speaks, "What good you did in Tash's name, you did in mine, what evil people do in my name they actually do in Tash's" (or something) is more problematic for most Christians than the lipstick and nylons is for non.
I agree that Emeth's inclusion in Aslan's heaven is one of the more interesting moments in the series, in religious/ethical terms.
emschwar says:
I posted this quote on UD's blog, but it seems more appropriate here, actually:
When I was ten, I read fairy tales in secret and would have been ashamed if I had been found doing so. Now that I am fifty, I read them openly. When I became a man, I put away childish things, including the fear of childishness and the desire to be very grown up.
— C.S. Lewis
I believe Lewis saw Susan as someone who was so very afraid of being perceived as childish that she pretended to be what she thought of as grown up, whilst simultaneously missing the point that the true adult is someone who is not afraid to be themselves, even if someone else might think it childish.
As others have pointed out, Lewis likely felt Susan's *exclusive* need for nylons and lipstick was a symptom of this childishness masquerading as adulthood– not that the items themselves were bad. An analogy can be drawn here to 1 Tim. 6:10, "For the love of money is the root of all evil….", which is often misquoted as, "Money is the root of all evil." In both cases, it's not the things themselves that are problems; it's only when someone pushes Jesus*cough*Aslan out of first place in their favor that they become problematic.
As far as Emeth going to Heaven, I'm pretty sure it was Cardinal Newman who, when asked if there really was a Hell, said that indeed there was, but that didn't necessarily mean that God had ever actually sent anyone there. Dissembling? Perhaps. But at least one pretty darned huge hunk of Christianity has held out the possibility– possibly more; that's the only one that pops to mind off the top of my head.
abstractart says:
I think it's pretty clear that because Narnian history is so long, and so *much* of Narnian history is kept out of sight in the massive time jumps we make through the Chronicles series, that Lewis left plenty of room for other, undocumented instances of contact between their world and ours. The scene in The Last Battle where Eustace comments on how Narnia always seems to be on the verge of destruction when they visit and the King informs him of how many millennia of history and how many ages of beauty and grace the English Children have missed precisely *because* of their time-hopping was one of my favorite parts of the story.
Lewis in a later letter wrote that he had no objections to people writing their own stories about travels to Narnia and that he'd purposely left plenty of "hooks" in The Last Battle — time periods and events that are only referenced, not explained, whole geographic regions in the world of Narnia that we've never explored — to make that possible. It's pretty clear that there's more to Narnia, and more, even, to Narnia/Earth interaction, than the Pevensies are ever allowed to see; that was one of the major themes of Prince Caspian and Voyage of the Dawn Treader, taking these kids who'd been legendary kings and queens and somehow thought they *owned* Narnia and showing them there was a lot more to it than they thought. (The en masse migration of the Telmarines to Narnia, the wacky weirdness in the Eastern Sea, etc.)


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A Devon car dealer accused of conning customers is set to face a judge and jury.
Steven Courage, aged 47, faced a court charged with lying about mechanical problems on cars and vans and the mileage on one, reports the Plymouth Herald.
He also allegedly failed to transfer the proceeds of vehicle sales to vendors, Plymouth Crown Court heard.
Courage, of Colebrook Road, St Budeaux, pleaded not guilty to seven counts of fraud by abuse of position, false representation and failure to disclose information.
The allegations date back to 2013 and 2014.
He also denied using an edited duplicate invoice as a false instrument.
Courage is accused of lying to a customer about repairs to the coolant system of a Vauxhall Signum.
He allegedly held on to the £7,000 sale proceeds from a Dodge Pickup and its trailer.
Courage is also said to have failed to pass on the money from the sale of a Renault Master van.
The defendant is also charged with failing to declare that a Vauxhall Zafira had been returned by a previous customer because of mechanical problems.
Courage is finally accused of lying by claiming that the mileage of a Renault Scenic was 79,000 miles, when in fact it was more than 120,000 miles.
The prosecution is being brought by Plymouth City Council.
Judge Ian Lawrie set down a trial lasting more than a week on April 10 next year.
Courage was released on bail.


Alfonso Ochoa is originally from Cuidad Juarez, Chihuaha, Mexico. He is a musician, painter, and community leader. Ochoa has lived in San Francisco for over 60 years and has been fundamental in increasing the visibility of Latino culture in San Francisco. Born and raised to a family of musicians, his father was a pianist and music teacher. Ochoa has been teaching Piano/Keyboard for over 25 years at the center.
As a long time resident of San Francisco, Ochoa has helped establish various musical venues in San Francisco. He served as Musical Director for over 25 years at Club Elegante, now Club Malibu, overseeing their special performances. During this time, he played alongside various musical legends as they made their tour stops in San Francisco, including, Juan Gabriel, Joan Sebastian, Perez Prado, Isela Vega, and many more. He has also gone on tour with El grand Combo de Puerto Rico, Los Angeles Negros, and Los Graduados de Colombia. Ochoa has also served as the Director of The Comite Mexicano Civico Patriotico and the Cinco de Mayo festival for over 25 years and Musical Director for the Magic Theater for ten years.
Aviles has given printmaking workshops and classes at the Mexican Museum and MCCLA, curated several exhibitions and participated in various collaborative events. In 2013 Aviles was an artist in residence at Mission Grafica. She is currently an in-house artist at Artillery, an artist run collective in the Mission District.
Armando Ibarra started his martial arts training at the age of 4 and has been training Capoeira for 10 years. Armando has a background in teaching since he was 16. He has experience teaching people of all ages, but has largely placed his focus on the youth.
Armando has been assisting with teaching youth classes at local parks and recreation centers under his instructors. He is no stranger to the MAS program as he has grown up in the Mission District and has taught youth in the Mission Cultural Center. He believes that training Capoeira can truly change a person through discipline while introducing a new language, culture, and other skills that one may learn practicing it.
Bianca Coleman has been dancing since the age of 7 when she began studying classical ballet at the SF Academy of Ballet. By the age of 9 she began studying and performing Brazilian dance and since then discovered that dance was her true passion. She participated in SF Carnaval for 11 years beginning in 1987 and performed and choreographed with various Brazilian dance companies in the Bay Area. She has been a choreographer for Latin Dance Grooves' award winning Carnaval contingent since 2009.
For 14 years, Bianca has been studying Afro-Cuban dance and is a founding member of Emese: MOTAD, an Oakland based dance collective founded 1998. Bianca has 20 years of teaching experience and has been teaching Latin Dance Grooves at the MCCLA since fall 2008.
Although Buddy's M.A. is in German Literature (SFSU), his initial attraction to visual expression was an extension of turning dry grammar into fluid language. In 1984 he began taking classes in drawing and painting at the Volkshochschule Schoeneberg (adult night classes), offered by professors from the Akademie der Kuenste (Berlin Academy of Art) while studying Slavic Languages at the Freie Universitaet Berlin. He exhibited both oil and acrylic paintings at galleries in Berlin at that time.
Upon arrival in San Francisco in 1989 he continued classes in oil painting and drawing at SF City College, and soon became a "regular" at the MCCLA drawing sessions and has exhibited figurative charcoal, ink, & pastel work at Open Studios and café galleries.
Talavera-Ballón is a Peruvian-born painter based in San Francisco, CA. He skillfully captures the essence of ordinary people's lives and their surroundings across diverse regions and cultures of the Americas. He explores themes that highlight important social and cultural aspects of the people and places he has encountered. His work is also a tribute to immigrants like himself who left their home countries in search of new horizons.
Talavera-Ballon has exhibited in several art galleries, museums and universities across Perú, Chile, Argentina and the US including the U.S. Embassy, Lima, Peru; Museo Qoricancha, Cuzco; Museo de Arte Contemporáneo, Cuzco; the Peruvian Embassy, Washington, DC; the Latino Art Museum, Pomona, CA; Galería de la Raza, San Francisco, CA, Holy Names University, Oakland, CA, and UC Berkeley. He has has been selected for the San Francisco Arts Commission 2015-2016 Pre-Qualified Artist Pool and as a finalist in ArtSpan's 2015 San Francisco Open Studios Guide Cover Competition. He has also participated in several live painting events such as Friday Nights at the de Young Museum and Art Beats SF, and his work is part of the permanent collection of the Museum of Contemporary Art, Arequipa, Peru. A feature on Univision of his latest painting series "Mujeres Luz" recently received three awards including an Emmy, a New America Media Ethnic Media Award, and an Excellence in Journalism Award from the Society of Professional Journalists for the Arts, Culture, and Entertainment category.
Dora Luz Sanabria M. A. Is a credentialed Creative Arts teacher with the State of California who has taught older adults and adults with disabilities in the Oakland Unified School District and Senior Centers throughout the East Bay. She has also taught children using art, dance, storytelling, music, song and art-therapy for personal growth, use of cognitive skills, joy and healing. She has brought cultural awareness into her classrooms, especially with the art forms of sculpture, paper-cuts and flower making to enhance her students' understanding and meaning of Altars for the Day of the Dead festivities.
As a performing artist, Sanabria has used many cultural dance modes to perform in many venues, including MCC cultural parades. She works diligently and creatively with the Spanish speaking community supporting art and music/choral events and currently teaches art at the Mission Cultural Center for Latino Arts.
Eugene King (Professor Espantalho) was born in San Francisco and raised in Mexico. He returned to San Francisco in 1994 when he began training with Mestre Preguiça. He began teaching capoeira in 1996, and has traveled the world for capoeira to locations including Mexico, Canada, and Brazil. In addition to teaching at the MCCLA, Espantalho also teaches in Concord at Omulu Capoeira Concord and Symbolic Dance Studio in San Francisco. For work, Espantalho teaches physical education and dance for the Mount Diablo Unified School district. For fun, he enjoys dancing, making capoeira instruments, and spending time with his daughter.
Graciela Acedo was born and raised in Venezuela. She has been teaching for over twenty years in the San Francisco bay area. Graciela was trained in Caracas and at the Boston Ballet with a government scholarship and a Harkness Ballet Internship in New York. She has a BFA in performing arts and a Certificate of Cuban syllabus, Methodology/Pedagogy. She has also been awarded twice with a USF grant. Graciela has performed the classics with the Venezuelan Ballet, Teresa Carreño sharing the stage with, Rudolf Nureyev, Fernando Bujones and Julio Boca. Former principal dancer of Ballet Nuevo Mundo de Caracas where she worked with choreographers Judith Jamison, Ulises Dove, John Butler, Elisa Monte, Dennis Nahat, Choo San Goh, Donald Mackayle, among others. She has performed in South America, US, Europe and Asia. Graciela is a former Oakland ballet dancer and teacher.
Jose Rivera began his studies of Afro-Latin music and culture in his native Lima, Peru. He encompasses various forms of folkloric rhythms of Latin America, Africa, and the Caribbean.
Jose Rivera is currently directing Fogo Na Roupa Grupo Carnavalesco Cultural dedicated to the legacy of founder, Mestre Carlos Aceituno. The award winning Fogo Na Roupa consists of a performing company and a Grupo Carnavalesco (Carnaval Contingent) of upto 200 participants of all ages, and backgrounds.
Peruvian dancer, musician, and founder of Tradicion Peruana Cultural Center, Juan de Dios Soto has taught and performed Cajon and Afro-Peruvian percussion since came to the United States in 1991 from Lima, Peru. As part of his cultural traditions Juan was raised playing the Cajon with his family and community. Today he is the musical director of Jaranon y Bochinche dance Performance Company and teaches classes to students and musicians throughout the Bay Area. Juan has led his group to participate in San Francisco Ethnic Dance Festival, Theater Artaud, Encuentro Popular, and at many other Bay Area venues. Juan also created and directed two well received dance and music performances, "Windows to the World" and "Raices Negras".
Juan teaches Cajon classes and workshops to all ages throughout the Bay Area, at schools, Universities, community and cultural centers. His dynamic teaching style and passion for sharing his cultural roots and music comes has inspired students to study with Juan and develop their percussive skills under his direction.
Kerensa DeMars was captivated by the art of Flamenco while earning her Bachelor of Fine Arts degree at the San Francisco Art Institute. With a background in Tribal Style and Butoh dance, her passion for Flamenco led her to Madrid in 1997 where she caught the eye of the renowned world music group Radio Tarifa and toured with them as a featured dancer through 2003. In those six years she continued intensive Flamenco studies with some of Spain's foremost Flamenco artists including the great maestro Toni 'El Pelao'. Upon returning to San Francisco in 2004 Kerensa became artistic director of the Flamenco Room, a weekly Flamenco show now in its eighth year.
Kerensa has performed with Bay Area Flamenco companies including: Theatre Flamenco, Caminos Flamencos, Flamenco Live, Dance Ensemble, and she performed in the San Francisco Ethnic Dance Festival. In 2010 Kerensa received a grant from the Azahar Dance Foundation to present ZAHARA, a fusion of Flamenco and Moroccan music and dance at the Cowell Theater and the Mountain View Center for Performing Arts.
Lydia is a choreographer, dancer, and co-founder of the Tradicion Peruana Cultural Center. She grew up in Lima, Peru. Lydia Soto has taught and performed Afro-Peruvian dance since came to the United States in 1993. Lydia comes from a very talented family. She started dancing in Peru from a very early age in schools, colleges, and communities. Today Lydia is the choreographer-director of Jaranon y Bochinche dance performance company. Lydia also teaches classes to students of different ages throughout the Bay Area.
Lydia has led her group to participate in the San Francisco Ethnic Dance Festival, Theater Artaud, Encuentro Popular, and at many other Bay Area venues. Lydia also was part of "Windows to the World" and "Raices Negras", which are two well-received dance and music performances in the Bay Area.
Born in the America's capital of the African Diaspora, Salvador, Bahia Brazil and as far as she can remember, dancing is what Duke enjoyed most. She started entering and winning dance contests when her was 10 years old. she immigrated to the U.S. in 1998. she has been teaching dance for over 10 years at MCCLA and in USA. In 2000, she founded Energia do Samba Dance Company. and was crowned the Queen of S.F Carnaval in 2002. Her dream is to share Samba with the world.
Duke has performed at many celebrity functions, including Robin Williams' 50th birthday and events for the late Christopher Reeves, and former San Francisco Mayor Willie Brown at City Hall, Warriors basketball team, San Francisco Giants games, Academy of Sciences in S.F., California Music World in Oakland, Ethnic Dance Festival, The Queen Mary in L.A, for Pele, The Most Famous Soccer Player in The World, and many, many other events. and today many people and friends all call her The Samba Queen Maisa Duke.
Manuel Suarez is a performer, teacher, choreographer, and director of Cuban styles of music and dance. He began studying music at the 'Escuela de Arte' in Cuba at six years old, at the age of ten, he began to study dance technique via modern dance as well as folkloric and Cuban popular dance. After high school, he continued dance and music studies at the Universidad Pedagógica.
It was during this time that Manuel had the opportunity to perform, instruct, and create choreography and music for some of the most renowned national and international festivals held in as well as outside of Cuba. He also had the opportunity to be part of a different music and dance troops which resulted in the participation of a myriad of festivals, such as Festival de la Danza Folclórica, Weimilere, and other international festivals in Spain, Italy, Denmark, and others.
Manuel was born in Oriente, Cuba. He moved to Havana where he continued his dance education and studied at the Universidad de la Habana. In 1998, he founded his own dance and music company, 7 Potencias where he was the artistic director. Since coming to the USA in 2000, he has continued his art through teaching and performing both nationally and internationally.
Manuel has been teaching Cuban styles in numerous universities, cultural centers, schools and dance studios such as University of California at Berkeley, Sacramento State University, San Francisco State University, Mission Cultural Center for Latino Arts, Berkeley High School, Alice Arts Center, No Sweat Dance Studio and many others outside of the Bay Area.
Marisa Castillo has been teaching classical ballet for close to 15 years in the San Francisco Bay Area. As a native Californian, Marisa began her dance training in the East Bay studying the R.A.D. syllabus and performing in local musical theater productions. Seeking an in-depth approach to understand and master technique, she trained in the Vaganova Russian Syllabus of Classical Ballet under Karen Morell. Wishing to understand the principles behind movement and ballet, she became a dedicated student of Augusta Moore, a Feldenkrais practitioner, and movement expert. She furthered her dance studies in the Certificate program at the Ailey School in New York and earned a B.A. in Dance from San Francisco State University. Marisa has performed with Peninsula Ballet Theater, North Coast Dance, Santa Clara Ballet, and Columbia City Ballet. After returning from New York, Marisa focused her attention on teaching. Marisa has had the incredible fortune of learning the art of teaching ballet through a somatic lens from Augusta Moore. She furthered her somatic education with Bonnie Bainbridge Cohen, creator of Body-Mind Centering® in experimental anatomy for dance as well as completed coursed towards becoming a Somatic Movement Educator. Teaching credits include ODC Dance Commons, Stanford University, University of San Francisco, Mobu Dance Studio and Shawl-Anderson Dance Center. Marisa enjoys sharing the love of dance with students of all ages.
Marsha Shaw received her MFA in printmaking in 2007 at California College of the Arts in San Francisco. She has lectured and taught courses in bookmaking and printmaking at California College of the Arts, San Francisco Center for the Book, Museum of Children's Art, Iris and B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts at Stanford University, Richmond Art Center.
Shaw manages Mission Grafica, the print studio at MCCLA and is an adjunct faculty member at De Anza College teaching drawing and design. Shaw's prints and artist's books have been exhibited both nationally and internationally.
Having grown up in San Francisco and the Mission community in particular, Mayela has studied dance with several groups including Loco Bloco, ABADA Capoeira, Girl Brigade, Aguas da Bahia and Fogo Na'Roupa. She has also had the opportunity to travel to Guatemala, Puerto Rico, Cuba and Brazil where she was able to perform and study dance with several well-known Masters. While she loves all dance, Mayela has focused on Afro Brazilian dance and culture and has spent over 10 years studying and learning from masters in Brazil and in the United States.
Ms. Henriquez is a graduate of San Francisco's School of the Arts Dance Department with extensive training in Modern Jazz Blues, Ballet, Jazz,Modern, Pilates and Dance Kinesiology. After years of formal and classical training, Metzi found inspiration in Afro-Latin dances and began training in Afro-Brasilian dance and folklore with Mestre Carlos Aceituno at Mission Cultural Center and performing with Fogo Na Roupa performing company.
Currently Henriquez is co-artistic director and choreographer of Fogo Na Roupa Grupo Carn avalesco and teaches weekly classes at Mission Cultural Center for Latino Arts.
Nora Olivera has been preserving, sharing, and cultivating the tradition of Argentine tango for over 40 years. After graduating with a Master of Dance at the National School of Dance in Buenos Aires, her early career included joining the Argentina Folk Ballet and forming a dance partnership with the company's Artistic Director, Raul Dinzelbacher.
After traveling and teaching extensively across the globe, Nora moved to San Francisco, CA where she co-founded the Bay Area Tango Association and partnered with Bob Moretti to launch Nora's Tango Week. She participated as a judge in the Official Argentine Tango USA Championships in 2011 and 2012, currently teaches classes in the Bay Area, and is producing Nora's Tango Weekend now in its 19th year which remains one of the most preeminent tango festivals in North America.
Pablo Daniel Jimenez García joins us at the MCCLA as a folklore teacher. Pablo's intention is to create community and raise confidence in communal spaces. Pablo enjoys his time working alongside young artists of our community. Crossing the border from Mexicali to Calexico with nothing more but his childhood, traveling between families and futures, and learning from customs and artistic practices, Pablo explores the movement that our immigrant people have expressed since colonization, and the seeds rooted in resistance.
Pablo studies sociology, social work, and dance at UC Berkeley. While also forming part of Ensembles Ballet Folklorico de San Francisco. Pablo focuses his work on the possibilities of dance. He dances with love and resistance to create a world of wisdom and uses his art as an avenue of expression that belongs to all of us.
Pablo Daniel Jimenez García nos acompaña en el centro como maestro de folklore. Con intención de crear comunidad y confianza en sus espacios, Pablo disfruta de su tiempo con los artistas jóvenes de nuestra comunidad. Cruzando la frontera de Mexicali a Calexico con nada mas que su niñez, viajando entre familias y futuros, y aprendiendo de nuestras costumbres y practicas artísticas, Pablo explora el movimiento que nuestra gente inmigrante a expresado desde la colonización, y sus semillas en la resistencia.
Pablo estudia la sociología, el trabajo social, y la danza en UC Berkeley. Mientras también formando parte de Ensambles Ballet Folklorico de San Francisco. Con gran amor y resistencia para el baile, Pablo enfoca su trabajo en las posibilidades de la danza, como el mundo de sabiduría y la avenida de expresión que nos pertenece a nosotras.
Rahul Doraiswami was born and raised in the Bay Area, has been a member of the its break-dancing scene for 8 years. He represents Hybrid Crew out of San Jose, California and Weirdside out of Boston, Massachusetts/ Berkeley, CA and is competitive in the Bay Area and throughout the country.
Rahul fell in love with the breaking as a sub-culture during his undergrad at Berkeley and helped to preserve open practice spaces there after a historic practice spot had been taken down. His goal with the open sessions on Monday nights is to create a community space where individuals and crews can come to hone their craft.
Aside from training to become a better dancer, Rahul believes that preserving these spaces for bboys and bgirls is important to preserve the culture that has given so much to him.
When Roberto was 18 he was noticed by Cuba's Conjunto Folklorico Nacional and asked to join the celebrated performance group. In a trial by-fire situation he was schooled in the traditional Orisha songs, dances and rhythms by the most renowned Afro-Cuban folkloric dancers and percussionists of the time.
As Roberto continued to develop his performance skills he began to cultivate his abilities as a choreographer and musical director. Starting as the orchestra leader for his own group in Cuba, Union Cienfueguera, through to his highly successful San Francisco based orchestra, Moderna Tradicion, he continued to direct musical groups and shows for over 30 years.
By the time Roberto left Cuba he had developed a wealth of knowledge and a diverse mastery of Cuban music and dance which also included playing Rumba en la calle, excelling in playing the Bata for Tambores (Yoruba religious ceremonies), choreographing for Carnival and performing on the National Stage.
In order to get the highly tuned performances that he required for his shows, Roberto began to train the dancers and musicians himself. Once in New York, Roberto focused his energy on teaching. With an authentic historic perspective, he worked on creating a meticulous method of teaching that combines music and dance with the evolution of Cuba's musical history. He teaches his students how to listen; one of the most valuable skills that a dancer can have. Along with a surplus of charm and charisma, Roberto has a generosity of spirit that transpires and inspires all of his students.
From a student in Cuba's pre-revolutionary dance halls to a prolific performer of Afro-Cuban dance and percussion, Roberto is able to harness the eros of the stage and direct it towards the world of teaching. If authenticity, raw talent and compassion are what you are looking for.
Suzanne Cortez, Music Instructor, has performed with World Renowned musicians such as Ritchie Ray and Bobby Cruz, Karl Perrazo (Santana). Chepito Areas (formerly with Santana, Latin Rock Hall of Fame, and Michael Carabello (formerly with Santana). She has also played with Pharaoh Sanders who's performed with (John Coltrane) she has also performed with Francisco Aquabella of (Malo) and has played with Pete and Sheila Escovedo. She is known "To keep the music going." She leads her own Orquesta Adelante, the Mission District's own.
She brings her 30 years of music experience to the MCCLA. Suzanne has led choirs and ensembles and has taught many youths and adults to sing and play instruments that have not had any musical knowledge or experience.
Since coming to the US, Betancourt has appeared in "Oyuoro" a folkloric performance in New York City and choreographed for the Cuba Caribe Festival in San Francisco. He currently teaches at Dance Mission, the San Francisco Park & Recreation Department, and the YMCA.
Tara Cartagena has been a performing artist/instructor with Fogo Na Roupa performing company for over 10 years. She has extensive teaching experience with youth and is trained in Brazilian Dance, Jazz and Hip-Hop Some Performance highlights include the yearly, SF Carnaval Grand Parade, SF Ethnic Dance Festival, SF Symphony's 100 anniversary and Rotunda Dance series at City Hall.
Vanessa Mosqueda Velez was born and raised in San Francisco (Mission District) and lived in Jalisco, Mexico. She is certified in Ballet, Ballroom dancing, Ethnic Afro-Latino cultural dances, as-well-as Vinasaya Bhakti Yoga. She has been a dance teacher for 23 years and the Artistic Director/founder for Mixtiso, a Latin Hip Hop dance company for 16 years that performs all over the bay area, especially for Day of the Dead (Día de los Muertos) and the San Francisco Carnaval. Vanessa taught at the MCCLA for 12+ years and is returning to teach 'Mixtiso' after 10 years. She has taught at Rhythm & Motion/ODC for 13 years.
Vanessa has been Dance Director for many elementary schools in San Francisco for the last 15 years in production performances for student dance recitals and Ballroom Dance for Fall/Spring festivals. She has traveled to Spain and Cuba where she taught dance workshops, and travels continuously to Mexico teaching Cumbia, Samba, and Vinasaya yoga classes.


Battle resumes at Anglesey this weekend!
The BRSCC Porsche Championship rolls into Wales this weekend (26th / 27th June), for rounds 7 and 8 of the 2010 season at Anglesey's Trac Mon.
The half way point of the Championship sees things going from strength to strength, with a 20 strong grid for the second race in succession. We welcome a 7th Boxster into the field, driven by Gerry Taylor, whilst Richard Styrin will be making his racing debut in the 924's.
The situation is also hotting up in the Championship! In the 924's, Alastair Kirkham is still sitting pretty at the top of the table, but the chasing pack of Andrew Hannington, Steve Brown and Adam Croft are desperate to reel him back in. Following his inspired win in the wet at Snetterton, Jayson Flegg is the man on the move in the standings, and Andrew's debut win at Snetterton must make him a favourite for Anglesey, along with last year's winner, Steve Brown.
In the Boxsters, Dave Clark has certainly made his intentions clear with three wins out of four races this season, but the top 4 Boxsters of Dave Hughes, Clark, Nick Hull and Snetterton winner Sean Cooper, are separated by just 10 points....all to play for!
Once again, it's anyone's guess who will come out on top around the 1.55mile 'Coastal Circuit' layout at Anglesey!


Brent E. Sasley is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Texas at Arlington, where he teaches Middle East and Israeli politics. His most recent article, in the European Journal of International Relations, discusses the impact of emotions on the Israeli decision to sign the 1993 Oslo Accords. He also blogs at Mideast Matrix.
For the most part, UN resolutions never have any direct impact on the strategies of Israeli and Palestinian decision-makers. However, these votes remain important symbols because they are verbal images, telling other international actors 'who' Canada is and what its values are.


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Changing the Atmosphere of Mormon Missions Worldwide
by | May 7, 2014 | Mormon missionaries | 0 comments
On April 4, 2014, Tad Walsh wrote an article for the Deseret News explaining the new roles that sister missionaries are taking on. Real experiences are shared about how sisters in the Las Vegas, Nevada and in the Provo, Utah missions are implementing these new positions and responsibilities. These new roles include: taking part in the newly created monthly mission leadership council; training elders and sisters in district, zone, and mission meetings; taking on responsibility over the welfare of all of the sister missionaries; and reporting to the mission president or his wife on issues other sisters face.
I am a proud advocate of the new responsibilities that the sister missionaries have been given. From what I understand, there were roadblocks that hindered sisters from doing their jobs properly. For instance, from Walsh's article, Elder Austin Fuller "recalls feeling frustration about the responsibility he had for sister missionaries when he had fewer tools to help them. Elders and sisters can't go on exchanges, for example, and elders are not allowed to counsel sisters." Now that has all changed. The sisters have become more effective as missionaries. This has caused a change for good in the efforts of missionary work.
I believe that the reason for the changes is that women are a strong force within the Church, and President Thomas S. Monson, thePresident and Prophet of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (often called the "Mormon" Church by the media and others), and his Apostles have felt and were given divine revelation to implement these changes for sisters and wives of mission presidents. Giving sisters more responsibility and more roles to use together with their fellow missionaries, whether they are elders or sisters, will make the process of spreading the gospel easier.
This article was written by Melissa Muse

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Whether it will be with an Ambulance Service or a private firm, being a paramedic is one of the most exciting career paths for its numerous advantages. Surely, it requires you to have the right set of skills, abilities and knowledge since your job is all about saving people's lives. So, before you decide whether it is the right profession for you or not, you have to make sure that you know all the essential details of being a paramedic and what whether you have what it takes to do your job perfectly or not. Becoming an emergency medical technician or paramedic implies a lot of training focused on life support techniques, treatment of wounds, and tourniquet application. However, the numerous benefits which you will get once you start to practice this career will make you realize that all the training and studying were worth it. Before searching on the internet for "EMT classes near me", read below all the advantages you will have as a paramedic.
First of all, we need to point out the most important benefit which you will get after becoming a paramedic. The opportunity to get personal satisfaction and feel good about yourself for completing the tasks you have at your workplace is not an opportunity which you can easily find in every job. However, when you are a paramedic, you are saving people's lives and there is nothing more satisfying than to know that a person is safe and healthy because you have done your job well and helped him or her in a life-or-death situation.
If you are an adventurous person who works incredibly well in extreme situations under pressure, you already know by now that a nine-to-five job at the office is not meant for you. However, being a paramedic gives you the opportunity to work in a diverse environment which will keep you on a high level of excitement because you will be on your way to an emergency, not knowing what you are going to find once you reach the location of the victim who needs your help. it is a career which will never get you bored because you will always have to be ready to deal with new situations which will stimulate you to test your limits and improve yourself. Moreover, the career path of a paramedic is incredibly diverse because you get the chance to choose whether you would prefer to work in an Ambulance service or a private firm.
Becoming a paramedic requires you to find and follow the best EMT class near me so that you get and develop all the necessary skills and knowledge for such a career. Also, after you graduate you will have to work hard and continuously improve yourself in order to be able to help the people who need your help in the best possible way. However, you will never be on your own at your job because you will always work in a team with people from whom you can learn and will also make your work be more efficient.
If you wish to find the best EMT class near me which is going to help you follow your dream for a career as a paramedic, you should learn more about EMT classes near me by visiting these links.


There is a classic tale of two siblings that is often repeated in Buddhist teachings.
Two sisters, identical in many ways, were raised by an alcoholic -- and at times, abusive -- father.
One sister went on to graduate school, married a wonderful, supportive partner, raised children of her own, and had a successful career doing something she loved.
The other sister started drinking as a teenager, moved on to drugs, dropped out of school, became homeless, and drifted from one abusive relationship to another.
When both were asked, "Why did your life turn out the way it did?"
They both answered, in spite of the diametrically opposed lives they had built for themselves, in exactly the same way: "Because my father was an abusive drunk."
I read Trevor Noah's terrific memoir "Born A Crime" recently.
He tells tales of growing up in South Africa at a time when his very existence was illegal. He was born to a black mother and a white father, and interracial couplings were not outlawed.
If he was walking down the street with his mother and they saw any government authority, his mother would drop his hand and cross the street, lest she be seen with him and questioned as to the nature of their relationship.
Because of the systemic, institutional racism in South Africa, his mother's family lived in extreme poverty in the ghetto. Noah himself did not have much growing up. But the way he tells it, he was a rabble rouser and a hustler and a kid out to shake up the world.
Noah tells stories that make my heart hurt and would crush my spirit if they were mine.
And yet he manages to find the adventure in them, the sense of love and community, the lessons that taught him how to rise above.
His memories focus on the escapades he got into and how he learned to navigate this world where he wasn't supposed to belong.
South Africa has 11 official languages, and he learned a number of them, because he found that language allowed him to fit in where his skin color made him an outcast.
There are always two ways to look at a story - one that beats you down and makes you feel like you will never get back up; and one where you are heroic in the face of adversity.
Trevor Noah is a master at seeing himself as the scrappy kid from the ghetto who figured out how to get out, and who turned a seemingly impossible situation into an observatory for human nature and a classroom for prejudice. These became the hallmark of his comedy, and the launching pad for his career.
I spent years in therapy rehashing all my childhood pains and dramas and traumas. I got so good at telling my stories - the ones where I was the victim, and my family the perfect storm of need and unresolved issues that crushed against me - that I have worn a groove into my brain with these ideas.
I identify with them so strongly that it's actually a herculean task to identify as the heroine of my own life.
And the trouble with these stories is that they become a filter through which we see the rest of the world.
Even now, situations that have nothing to do with my family get experienced through the lens of those early stories. I default to feeling like a victim, disempowered, waiting to be rescued.
We get attached to what we know, for better and for worse.
There are a lot of tools we can apply to start to dissolve the hold these stories have on us.
I'd like to suggest one for today.
Grad a pen and paper, and give yourself ten minutes to think about a time in your life where you felt defeated by an event or a person.
Now, imagine that the story doesn't end with defeat, but rather with heroic accomplishment.
How can you turn that defeat into a lesson in your hero's tale? Can you see the sidekick who presented herself to support you?
Can you remember the wise older woman who showed you the way?
What tools did you pick up for your journey ahead?
Remember that a classic hero's journey is not an easy path. It is a treacherous passage from young and naive to bold and wise.
It is meant to test the spirit - but never to break you.
It is meant to give you the skills you will need to succeed in life.
It is meant to be difficult, but it is meant to embolden you and make you brave.
Can you see now how a moment of suffering may have defined you to be better than you ever thought possible?


Lucky travels to the past to encounter a mysterious warrior in episode 29 of Uchu Sentai Kyuranger, Orion, The Strongest Warrior.
The Orion, which was supposed to have solved an issue by traveling into the past, now appears before Lucky and his team in a deteriorated state. In order to determine what exactly happened in the past, Lucky travels into the past by himself. Before Lucky can discover Tsurugi's team wounded and defeated, a warrior also going by the name of Orion appears. Luckily is suddenly attacked by Orion. Meanwhile, the Vice Shogun Kukulger appears in the past, despite the fact that he should have been defeated by Tsurugi and his team. They are now certain that Don Armage is alive.


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Q: How do I add padding to this ? The  is not resizable and It looks all weird and is not lined up :(

The amount is the textarea because I need it to be a textarea, not an input because I need to use .innerHTML in javascript to change the amount value when I click the arrows.

textarea {
        width: 21%;
        margin-left: 12px;
        font-size: 18px;
        padding-left: 1.5em;
        font-weight: bold;
        background-color: #202023;
        border-radius: 10px;
        border: none;
        color: white;
    }
<textarea id="myTextArea" placeholder="Amount"></textarea>

I would also love to have the textarea align with the other input/button!
Thanks for your time!! :)

A: You could use Bootstrap. Ex:

        Enter link input field

        Your textarea

        Create button

A: Are the elements u want align in a single div?
try css float for textarea. Or better if applied to all elements that need to be aligned.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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B.Tech. in Information Technology, College of Engineering - Guindy, 2010.
M.S. in Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2014.
Ph.D. in Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2017.
Ram Durairajan is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Computer and Information Science at the University of Oregon. With his colleague Prof. Reza Rejaie, Ram co-leads the Oregon Network Research Group (ONRG). Ram earned his Ph.D. and M.S. degrees in Computer Sciences from the University of Wisconsin - Madison and his B.Tech. in Information Technology from the College of Engineering, Guindy (CEG), Anna University. Ram's research has been recognized with Best Paper Awards from ACM CoNEXT and ACM SIGCOMM GAIA and has been covered in the media (NYTimes, MIT Technology Review, Popular Science, Boston Globe, Gizmodo, Mashable, among others). In addition, his dissertation research on Internet topology and robustness ("Internet Atlas") has recently been named as "One of the 100 Greatest Innovations of 2017" and has won a number of awards including UW-Madison CS Department "Graduate Research Award" for best dissertation research in 2018 and the "Best of What's New" (in the security category) by the Popular Science Magazine in 2017.
Ram's research vision is to create a "robust Internet" by understanding the Internet's structure and behavior through principled measurements. To that end, Ram is developing techniques for (i) measuring and analyzing the topological structure of the Internet, (ii) measuring and understanding end-to-end path dynamics, and (iii) designing scalable and deployable systems to mitigate risks, vulnerabilities and outages. Broadly speaking, Ram has addressed research questions in several areas of computer networking including network measurements and analysis, network economics, large-scale network simulations, debugging and testing in software-defined networks, mobile and wireless communication, Internet of things, visualization and security, and datacenter transport protocols.


MONTREAL/NEW YORK – February 12, 2012 – MEGA Brands Inc. showcases an exciting new line-up of Mega Bloks Boys & Collectors construction toys at the 2012 American International Toy Fair in New York City.
Mega Bloks World of Warcraft: Fans can bring the incredibly immersive story of World of Warcraft to life with highly-detailed customizable figurines, dragons, vehicles, battle-scenes & more with the Mega Bloks World of Warcraft collection coming in Fall 2012 (age 8+). Mega Bloks World of Warcraft is the exclusive construction toy collection based on the world's leading MMORPG (massively multiplayer online role-playing game).


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National team players star as Edo cricket league begins
by Afolabi Gambari	0 Comments
The new season of the Edo cricket league commenced on November 27 on the grass wicket in Benin City with some of the national team players listed for action in the 10-week play.
Uyi Akpata, chairman of Edo State Cricket Association, said more teams are competing in the new season due to growth witnessed in the sport in recent times.
"Beside the new teams, each of the sides now has a feeder team as a pre-requisite for being part of the league. We are developing on all fronts," said Akpata, who doubles as president of the Nigeria Cricket Federation (NCF).
The U-17 Cricket Club had an easy win in the opening encounter as UNIBEN Cricket Club, their opponent, failed to show up for the encounter due to what officials said was "an academic demand on their key players."
The game's officials, however, ruled out a re-match and awarded the points to U-17 Cricket Club.
In the second match, Vincent Adewoye, one of the top bowlers for the senior national team, led Integrity Force to a smooth victory over Ambrose Alli University Cricket Club.
Integrity Force won by 5 wickets while Adewoye was named the man of the match following his 29 runs' contribution.
On match day 2, Ambrose Alli University Cricket Club extended the woes of UNIBEN Cricket Club by claiming another walkover when they again failed to meet up with the minimum requirement for a re-match, according to league officials.
In the second match, No-Limit Cricket Club rose above Invictus Cricket Club after the latter failed to match up their 97 runs stake in the first innings.
Victor Ikpoli, the national under-17 bowling star, with 4 wickets in 4 overs for 10 runs, was named the man of the match.
All the matches were played at the Edo Boys High School High Performance Center in Benin City.
Hostilities are expected to resume next weekend.
Edo Cricket League
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Some Cities Dropped as Vision Airlines Adjusts Network for Fall and Winter
AirlinesAirports August 8, 2011 Staff
Vision Airlines' newly published winter flight schedule and changes to its fall flight schedule will see the low-cost carrier dropping service to five cities,...
Vision Airlines' newly published winter flight schedule and changes to its fall flight schedule will see the low-cost carrier dropping service to five cities, but at the same time it will add several new routes to Florida destinations.
Some of the route changes will take place as early as August 19, according to Vision Airlines.
The carrier will continue to serve the Destin/Fort Walton Beach area with flights from Atlanta, Louisville, Tunica (which is in the Greater Memphis area), Orlando Sanford, and St. Petersburg/Clearwater throughout the fall and winter. Little Rock will continue to have service to Destin/Fort Walton Beach until November 2.
However, Vision Airlines will discontinue service to Lafayette, Shreveport, Chattanooga, Asheville, and Knoxville. But the carrier will add new routes to its winter schedule flights from Louisville to Punta Gorda/Fort Myers and Orlando Sanford; from Little Rock to Orlando Sanford; and from St. Louis to Punta Gorda/Fort Myers.
Vision Airlines is growing its fleet of Boeing 737s with more 737-300s and 737-400s (like the 737-400 seen in this photograph) to help with the expansion of its scheduled-service network to Northwest Florida Regional Airport, as well additional schedules to several other Florida airports and to Grand Bahama Island
"The fall and winter schedules shift as consumers typically flock to Southern Florida destinations or to international hot spots like Grand Bahama Island," says David Meers, Vision Airlines' senior vice president and chief operating officer. "Based upon travel trends, we have decided to make these changes sooner than anticipated and focus on markets where demand for travel will be stronger."
Adds Meers: "We expect to have a robust schedule of flights to Northwest Florida Regional Airport resume again on April 1, 2012. We are pleased to continue to grow our business in Florida by offering additional flights from Louisville and St. Louis. Non-stop flights to popular winter destinations such as Orlando/Sanford, Fort Lauderdale, and Punta Gorda/Fort Myers have been among the most requested routes from these airports."
Vision Airlines says any passenger affected by the route changes will be given the option of a full refund or offered the opportunity to travel from a nearby city served by the carrier. The company says it will continue to build on these core cities and plans to offer additional flights to them in the future.
One example is the company's June 29, 2011 announcement that it would introduce flights to Grand Bahama Island from Raleigh/Durham, Richmond, Baltimore/Washington International, Fort Lauderdale, and Louisville. Vacation packages and flights to Grand Bahama Island start on November 3 and are available for booking at www.visionairlines.com or by calling 1-877-FLY-A-JET.
Asheville NC13 Atlanta59 Chattanooga TN4 Clearwater FL7 Destin FL7 Florida13 Fort Myers FL28 Fort Walton Beach FL8 Knoxville McGhee Tyson Airport2 Knoxville TN5


Happy First Day of Spring from JNC!
It's the official first day of spring and time for sakura to bloom. Happy Spring Equinox from JNC!
QotW: What's the best car commercial from Japan?
Sometimes four doors are better than two. Check out this GC110 and more in JNC reader dalla's mega gallery of the Historix Japan event at Suzuka.


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A student will do anything to become part of the "in-crowd" at the exclusive school she attends in New York.
Country: Canada, USA
Country: Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, France, Italy, Slovenia, UK
Every man has a different recollection of the beautiful young woman who wreaked havoc on their lives during one heated night.
A true story about four Allied POWs who endure harsh treatment from their Japanese captors during World War II while being forced to build a railroad through the Burmese jungle….
Two groups of people discover evidence that suggests spirits may be trying to invade the human world through the Internet.
Genre: Horror, Mystery, Sci-Fi, Thriller
Lyle Jensen is subject to sudden and violent outbursts, and he is committed to the juvenile wing of the Northwood Mental Institution. Several other youths are there with a variety…
All Over the Guy
All Over The Guy is a contemporary romantic comedy about the quest to find the one when the one doesn't know he's the one. It explores the unlikely pairing of…
Children Underground
A profile of homeless Romanian children who were born victims of the nation's reckless population growth policy during its communist era.
Members of a cult, modeled on Aum Shinrikyo, sabotage a city's water supply, then commit mass suicide near the shores of a lake. Family members of those affected by it…
Several Jewish and Palestinian children are followed for three years and put in touch with each other, in this alternative look at the Jewish-Palestinian conflict. The three filmmakers …
At the Wannsee Conference on January 20, 1942, senior Nazi officials meet to determine the manner in which the so-called Final Solution to the Jewish Question can be best implemented.
Genre: Biography, Drama, History, War
Je chanterai pour toi
It is a love story told by a singer whose music takes us on a social, political and geographic voyage of Mali from 1960 to our days.
Country: France, Mali
Genre: Biography, Documentary, Drama
Monkeybone
In a coma, a cartoonist finds himself trapped within his own underground creation and must find a way to get back, while racing against his popular but treacherous character, Monkeybone.
Genre: Animation, Comedy, Fantasy
Soul Survivors
A co-ed is caught between the world of the living and the dead.
The Hole
Four teenagers at a British private school secretly uncover and explore the depths of a sealed underground hole created decades ago as a possible bomb shelter.
Cum to Live
In this low budget comedy about safe sex, a man and a woman are stuck in a house in the French Alps in a snowstorm. They want to have sex…
Genre: Comedy, Thriller
Belphegor: Phantom of the Louvre
A collection of artifacts from an archeological dig in Egypt are brought to the famous Louvre museum in Paris, and while experts are using a laser scanning device to determine…
Three young women gathered in a coffee bar in Bangkok tell and discuss three original ghost stories with each other. The first tale: In Bangkok, the young Jieb receives an…
Witness to a Kill
The Queen's Messenger is called to convey vital dispatches to a highly secretive conference called to combat the activities of modern poachers who threaten the economies of many African states.
Genre: Action, Adventure
Fast Sofa
This road picture follows a dope fiend named Rick, who believes his goal in life is to track down Ginger, a famous porn star who is currently staying in her…
Genre: Adventure, Drama
Stacy: Attack of the Schoolgirl Zombies
Girls surrounding 17 years old are affected by an illness that make her to be 'Stacies': they feel a strange and momentary happiness until they become zombies.
Startup.com
Traces the birth and failure of new media company govWorks.com.
Ni na bian ji dian
A watch salesman meets a young woman soon leaving for Paris and becomes infatuated, so he begins to change all the clocks in Taipei to Paris time.
Country: France, Taiwan
9-year-old Krista is so annoyed with her little brother Tyler, she wishes he would turn into a bug. However, when the kids' mysterious nanny makes her wish come true, drama,…
Genre: Comedy, Family, Fantasy
No One Can Hear You
The lives of a sedate suburban family turn rather gruesome with the arrival of a house-guest who is not what he seems to be.
An aimless young man turns to murder in order to satisfy the desires of his new girlfriend, a narcissistic blue jean fetishist.
Crooked Earth
Forces of tradition and tribal pride collide with government authority.
An advertising executive fails to realize that the woman of his dreams is his best friend since first grade, now married to his cheating co-worker.
Abahachi, Chief of the Apache Indians, and his blood brother Ranger maintain peace and justice in the Wild West. One day, Abahachi needs to take up a credit from the…
Genre: Comedy, Western
Ghosts & Witches of Olde England
Ghosts and Witches of Olde England is a remarkable journey. Tour around the country to explore some of the best examples of fright inducing ghost, hauntings and witch folklore ever…
The sheriff of a small Utah community searches for a serial killer.
Documentary about war photographer James Nachtwey, considered by many the greatest war photographer ever.
Genre: Documentary, War
E-Dreams
An in-depth look at the highs and lows of a dot com. The movie follows the founders of Kozmo.com as they raise money and file for IPO. But no one…
After hitting the road a man encounters characters that make him realize the importance of family.
The American Astronaut
Samuel Curtis, an interplanetary trader, sets forth through a rustic and remote solar system, unaware that his old friend Professor Hess is trying to kill him.
Genre: Comedy, Musical, Sci-Fi
One Night the Moon
Based on the true story of a young girl who went missing in the Australian outback in 1932.
Genre: Drama, Musical, Mystery
America So Beautiful
America So Beautiful follows the odyssey of a group of Iranian Immigrants in Los Angeles, trying to find their place in America amidst the unfolding of the 1979 Iran hostage…
Thank Heaven
When a man playing golf gets cancer, it's up to his son and his playboy wife Jenny McCarthy to take over the novelty cheese factory he left behind.
Dogtown and Z-Boys
Documentary about the pioneering 1970s Zephyr skating team.
Inugami
Akira, the young new schoolteacher in town falls for secretive Miki, an older woman who takes care of her family's urn that supposedly holds a forest wolf-spirit, inugami. People soon…
Genre: Drama, Fantasy, Thriller


Located near major Interstates I-85 & I-65.
Welcome to Fisherman's Bay, featuring all dockable waterfront properties for sale. Fisherman's Bay will delight everyone in your family, with its abundance of mature hardwood trees and beautiful pecan grove.
Easily access the lake from your new homesite and let the adventures begin, whether you boat over to the Montgomery Riverwalk or all the way to the Gulf of Mexico! There's always something to do and new to explore. Come fall in love with the beauty, location, and endless recreation at Fisherman's Bay!
If you have a question about Fisherman's Bay land for sale EMAIL US and we will contact you promptly with more information. To speak directly with one of our Land Consultants, CALL (866) 952-5336, Ext 20. We look forward to hearing from you!


Nadya first came in contact with Josiah Venture in 2008 through an English camp at Christ Fellowship Church in Lviv, Ukraine. Doing these camps several years in a row opened her heart to the youth in her city. While looking for new ideas for youth ministry, God led her to participate in a Fusion camp in the Czech Republic. Excited about this opportunity in Ukraine, she became a leader for Fusion ministry in 2014 in her local church there. In seeing how much Josiah Venture helped her church to grow in the area of youth ministry, Nadya desired to help other churches as well. In 2017, she was asked to help JV Ukraine launch the Exit Tour ministry. After a successful launch of three churches partnering with seven schools for the sake of reaching teens with the gospel, Nadya officially joined JV full-time, as part of the Exit Tour team. Nadya's husband, Artem, also serves at Christ Fellowship Church. The Vorobyovs live with their two children in Lviv, Ukraine, where they remain involved in their local church and are currently support raising.
You can write to Nadiya & Artem Vorobyova directly from this page.


Thanks to a grant from the US Small Business Administration's Portable Assistance Grant program, the SBDC of Hampton Roads will be conducting a twelve-week long seminar specifically designed to help those business owners who work in this arena.
Bryan Stephens, President and CEO of the Hampton Roads Chamber of Commerce, has released the following statement in reaction to Governor Terry McAuliffe's January 15 announcement of the Commonwealth Transportation Board's approval of a reduction of tunnel toll rates for the Downtown and Midtown tunnels.
U.S. Senators Mark Warner (D-VA) and Tim Kaine (D-VA) today applauded the release of the Fiscal Year 2014 Omnibus Appropriations bill, which provides discretionary funding for the entire federal government for the fiscal year, including $486.9 billion in defense spending to advance our nation�s security and military readiness, and to provide support for our troops and their families.
The Recruiting Eligibility Compliance (REC) Forum presented by CHKD Sports Medicine is your guide to playing college athletics and to learn the ins and outs of the process from local Division I, II & III colleges. The Hampton Roads Sports Commission (HRSC), an affiliate of the Hampton Roads Chamber of Commerce, presents this returning event that provides invaluable information to college-bound student-athletes and their families. If you are a student-athlete, parent of a student-athlete, coach, guidance counselor, athletic administrator or an enthusiast for amateur athletics, this is a must-see forum for you.


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Home » News » Education » USM College of Business honors Bill Rayburn as Entrepreneur of Year
USM College of Business honors Bill Rayburn as Entrepreneur of Year
DR. BILL RAYBURN
Mortgage industry expert Dr. Bill Rayburn will be honored by The University of Southern Mississippi's College of Business as its 2017 Entrepreneur of the Year during a special luncheon set for Friday, April 7. The luncheon will be held at the Trent Lott Center on the Hattiesburg campus.
Rayburn, USM class of 1981, is the chairman and CEO of Mortgage Trade (mTrade.com), which focuses on improving the way organizations buy, sell, and analyze whole loans.
"Bill Rayburn exemplifies the characteristics of an entrepreneur as he built one of the most successful firms in the state of Mississippi, sold it and immediately started another," said Dr. Faye Gilbert, Dean of the USM College of Business. "His positive energy, integrity, and drive were evident when he was a faculty member and remain some of the first things you notice about him when you meet him today. On behalf of the Business Advisory Council, I am pleased to congratulate Bill Rayburn on his success and for his amazing spirit."
Rayburn was responsible for the conception of Mortgage Trade's strategy, vision and culture. Mortgage Trade Holding Company, LLC is the parent company of mTrade.com. Prior to Mortgage Trade, Rayburn co-founded FNC Inc., and served as chairman and CEO from inception until the sale of the company in 2016. FNC's innovative approach to appraisal evaluation led to its achieving a dominant market position in the U.S. FinTech market prior to its sale.
A former finance professor at USM and the University of Mississippi, Rayburn holds a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration and an MBA in finance (both from USM) and a doctorate in finance from the University of Memphis.
The Entrepreneur of the Year event is dedicated to and sponsored by Joseph Boardman Jr., a 1953 graduate of Southern Miss. Boardman has remained connected to his alma mater through both his generosity and service. A past president of the Southern Miss Alumni Association and former member of the USM Foundation Board, Boardman also served 18 years on the Harrison County Development Commission. The honor recognizes USM alumni and friends who demonstrate a talent for superior entrepreneurship.
business Forrest County Hattiesburg Mississippi news University of Southern Mississippi	2017-04-05
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The main goal of the project is to sensitize Catalan companies about the economic and social benefits that exist when promoting a larger number of women in places of decision making in small and medium enterprises (SMEs). In order to do this, data on the present situation of women in the labour market in Catalonia and the positive results that companies that carry out gender policies have will be analyzed.
This project directly replies to the strategic line "Equal opportunities in the labour market" detailed in the Project's Call for Proposals and bases its planning in several European studies and statistics which demonstrate that – today – a larger number of senior graduates are women and that the most brilliant academic reports are mostly from women; therefore, this flow The proposal also constitutes an important step to favour cultural changes as the improvement of equality of opportunities in the labour market and the sensitization of companies about the potential value of hiring more women.
Study on the present situation of women in the labour market in Catalonia will be carried out on the first semester of 2009.
Proposition of a series of measures to the Public Administration and the Private Sector in order to promote gender equality in companies.
Dissemination of the study among 40 Business Organisations belonging to FEPIME-CATALUNYA, the Federation of Employers of the Small and Medium Enterprise of Catalonia. FEPIME-CATALUNYA, the partner entity, will support the realization of the project in all the Catalan provinces and will help to disseminate the information that was generated in all of its member organizations.