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Vice President M. Venkaiah Naidu on February 17, 2018 stressed on the importance of teaching varied and rich learning experiences to students by educational institutes and said educational institutions must provide varied and rich learning experiences to students.
While addressing the Platinum Jubilee Celebration of Rouzathul Uloom Association at Farook College in Kerala, the vice president said that there is a need to lay a strong foundation in the early years of schooling in order to become lifelong learners.
"What is important is the ability to be curious, to observe, analyze, synthesize, draw conclusion, test hypothesis, and advance continuously the frontiers of knowledge," he said.
Saying that education liberates people from dependence, he said if the access to good education will not expand, then there will be wide gaps between different sections of society.
Saying that there is a need to educate women to empower society, he said that there is also a need to further enrich the human resource in the county.


2015 Toyota Camry Hybrid Mpg: The Toyota Camry really did not end up being the successful vehicle in The U.S.A. right part of the last 20 years by falling short of customer expectations. In terms of integrity credibility, resale value, roominess, gas economy, practicality, and nearly every other metric that conventional buyers care about, the Camry ranks at or near the top of the charts. Yet couple of spirits, absolutely not us, would argue that Toyota's evergreen household car has had gotta-have-it appearances or sports-sedan high qualities.
To address that perception, Toyota has actually provided the Camry a four-corners renovation for 2015. The previous dour and also blocky visage obtains sportier this year courtesy of a longer, reduced, and also angrier-looking snout, a gently creased and folded hood, newly sculpted and also formed flanks, as well as a wider stance. Inside, there's new cheer, also, with more soft-touch surface areas, accent stitching, and also intense silver trim. The remodel additionally includes the Camry crossbreed, of which there are now 3 trim degrees: LE, XLE, as well as the new SE, the subject of this test. The SE includes some red mist to its eco-friendly photo with a mesh grille, dark chrome trim, a spoiler, as well as 17-inch aluminum wheels.
All 2015 Camrys obtain structure-stiffening procedures using extra area welds in key locations, such as the cowl and door openings. Toyota also massaged the electrical power guiding (to allegedly make it feel a lot more like a traditional hydraulically enhanced system) and added a dual-stage brake booster in an attempt to earn pedal action more linear.
The SE crossbreed gets certain suspension bushings, shock valving, as well as a back anti-roll bar tuned for a smidgeon much better responsiveness. Its trip is a shade firmer compared to other Camrys' however is still maximized for convenience. Steering response, while straight, really feels rather wooden. And brake-pedal feedback, despite having Toyota's years of method mixing regenerative and hydraulic systems, has a somewhat remote feel.
We 'd like to report that the SE hybrid's sportier look is matched by a just as extra interesting driving experience. Yet that's not the instance, and also the test numbers expose no added vigor, either. According to our gear, the 2015 Camry SE crossbreed handled the very same 178-foot 70-to-0-mph quiting range as well as 0.78 g of lateral hold as the last Camry hybrid we examined, a 2012 XLE design.
In a feeling, all Camry hybrids are sportier compared to nonhybrid four-cylinder models thanks to a more powerful drivetrain. Whereas the traditional four-cylinder Camry makes do with just 178 horse power and 170 lb-ft of torque, the consolidated 200 equines of the crossbreed's gas-electric powertrain as well as the stout low-end torque of the electric motor get this gas-sipper off the line briskly. At 7.2 seconds from remainder to 60 miles per hour, the 2015 Camry hybrid was a full 2nd quicker to that mark than a four-cylinder nonhybrid Camry.
But let's not neglect the main factor that seven percent of Camry sales up until now this version year are crossbreeds: gas economic situation. Despite the tweaks Toyota checked out upon the SE hybrid version-- consisting of bigger, 215/55 rubber-- its EPA gas mileage score coincides 40/38 mpg city/highway as the XLE crossbreed variation. While those typically aren't the headline-grabbing 43/39-mpg figures of the Camry LE hybrid that rolls on skinnier, ultra-low-rolling-resistance 205/65 -16 tires, it's a big improvement over the base 2.5-liter's 25/35-mpg rankings. In a number of hundred miles of testing, we averaged 31 mpg with the SE crossbreed, 5-mpg thriftier than the last standard four-cylinder Camry we reviewed.
The sportier versions have actually been amassing increasingly more of nonhybrid Camry sales, so Toyota might be onto something by offering an SE version of the hybrid. When we have the ability to pitch one versus the Ford Combination crossbreed, Hyundai Sonata hybrid, and also Kia Optima hybrid we'll be able to see whether the Camry SE's touch of red haze helps it win the fight of the eco-friendly cars.


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Guha
Revision as of 14:37, 16 December 2016 by 127.0.0.1 (Links to existing pages added by LinkTitles bot.)
By Swami Harshananda
Guha in Rāmāyana
Guha was the chieftain of the forest tribes living at Sṛṅgaverapura and a friend of Daśaratha, Rāma's father. Guha hosted Rama, entertaining him with love and affection, and helped Rāma, Sītā and Lakṣmaṇa to cross the Gaṅgā to get to its southern bank at the beginning of Rama's 14 years of exile.
When Rāma was staying at the Citrakuta mountain, Bharata arrived to the forest with his army to take him back. Suspecting that he must have come to harm Rāma, Guha prepared his men to fight with Bharata if necessary. However, after learning of his real motive, Guha regretted his hasty action, entertained Bharata and his army and helped them to cross the river Gaṅgā.
Guha, son of Śiva and Pārvatī
Guha is the son of Śiva and Pārvatī and the commander-in-chief of the army of the gods. It is also one of the names of Subrahmaṇya known by other names such as:
Śaravaṇabhava
Kumāra
Saṇmukha
The Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Swami Harshananda, Ram Krishna Math, Bangalore
DonorsDurga ChalisaAnudattaKanyākumāriŚantātiya-mantra
Retrieved from "http://hindupedia.com/eng/index.php?title=Guha&oldid=114919"
Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Controversy and the National Arts Theatre in Lagos
Orlando Reade
The theater, built by the military and finished in time for FESTAC in 1977, has always been a site of public disagreement.
The National Arts Theater in Lagos, Nigeria. Image: Wiki Commons.
The National Arts Theatre is visible from the motorway system which connects Lagos Island and the mainland: an iconic modern structure which rises, it is often noted, like the peak of a military cap from the surrounding parkland. On the first day of the four-day Eid public holiday there are no arts to be seen: the theatre and the art gallery operating within are both closed for business, guarded by relaxed-looking men in military uniform. The park is full of children walking, running, sitting, playing; smartly dressed children shooed by their mother, clip-clopping along the pavements; colorful stands sell snacks and drinks; miniature bottles of liquor scattered in the grass. This enthusiastic misuse of the site reflects some of the reasons for which it has, in the last two decades, become a huge problem for the Federal and State Governments.
The Theatre was built during the military regime of Olusegun Obasanjo, by a construction firm working from a plan of the Palace of Culture and Sports in Vama, and finished in time for the Second World Festival of Black Arts and Culture (FESTAC) in 1977. Until recently the Centre for Black and African Arts and Civilisation (CBAAC) printed elegant and ambitious books of Nigerian, African and international black culture from an office in the Theatre. The sale of the building in 2001 was a significant part of Obasanjo's program of privitization when he returned to power as Nigeria's elected President. The idea of the sale prompted furious protests from many Nigerians. Wole Soyinka, whose fable of abusive sovereignty, King Baabu, premiered at the theatre the same year, said "You can liken this to a horrendous fate suffered by the black race, pauperized and victimized by public office holders who transform power into an instrument of repression and oppression".
Having failed to convince the public that privitisation would be beneficial, but nevertheless still incapable of fulfilling the ambition of the site's original architects, buoyed by the oil boom of the 70s and inspired by a program of cultural nationalism and black internationalism, the state has remained an unhappy steward of the site. The theatre appears to have lost its status as a beacon of cultural nationalism: there's a National Gallery of traditional arts, two cinemas showing films. Try-outs for the popular tv dance competition, the Maltina Dance All happen in one of the cinemas; the main auditorium has been closed for decades.
In April this year, a new controversy around the use of the Theatre site arose, and quickly became emblematic of the fraught relationship between culture and development in Lagos. This April there were more rumblings after rumours circulated that the National Theatre would be sold by the Federal Government and replaced by a five-star hotel. Following an outraged response, the Lagos State Government promised to challenge the federal government's decision. The federal government eventually made it clear that they were proposing the development of land surrounding the theatre — where the Lagos Rail Mass Transit Project is already under construction — into a hotel, restaurants, offices, shopping malls.
On one of the plots adjoining the Theatre lies the Artistes Village. A "para-statal" organisation, the village was built by the Ministry of Culture, Tourism and National Orientation on land set aside for use in FESTAC and intended to become a vibrant part of the city. This is one of the communities threatened by the state government's plans for redevelopment of the National Theatre site. The village offers a valuable example of the resilience of culture in Lagos, whose artists are given little support in from the state, showing the resilience necessary to survive and create.
Aremo Tope Babayemi, aka Baba Tee, (pictured above) is busy preparing to leave for the Osun festival but before he leaves he has come to welcome us to the Artistes Village, where he is the coordinator. Baba Tee, who tells us he was the original percussionist for UB40, also runs a performance space, The Little Theatre. One of the first institutions in the village, it was built in 1986 and holds regular events. As with most of the activities of the village, their performances are open to outsiders but primarily made for the extended community of artists.
Baba Tee sees the village as a rare example of a community which supports itself; he says about his younger colleagues, Jude Udueni and Shaggy Don: "if they were lesser men they'd be out doing "419" [email scams], pimping, robbing." Instead they are Chairman and Secretary of the village, both writers who have been working at the village since it started properly in 1996.
The artists in the Village see the government as out of touch, "officials in plush offices with no sense of artistic energy." While the National Theatre stands, in one minister's memorable phrase, as a "gigantic empty shell", here in the Artistes Village an creative community has been living for the last twenty years. "This is where the content is."
Sixty people — not only artists but dancers, writers, sculptors, musicians, animationists and filmmakers — work in the village. In addition to the many artists' spaces, there are three recording studios, six dance studios, a theatre school and a run-down National Art Gallery which contains relics from FESTAC. Jude says the government gives the artists subsidised rent, "the only thing we all enjoy." They say FESTAC Town, originally built to house the FESTAC visitors, is too expensive for most artists. Even those unaffordable streets are now neglected, its internet cafes are now the epicentre of the "419" email scams.
The government's threat to concession the land on which the Village is built represents, Baba Tee says, "a failure of management on behalf of government: too much and too little: instead of admitting it they put in political appointees and expect results. They put us in double jeopardy. The presidency are imposing this executive recklessness."
The artists circulated news of a protest about the plans on July 29th, which took place in the style of the Turkish duran adam (standing man) protest. This idea came from Tümay Kilincel, a German-Turkish dancer-choreographer who was staying in the village while on a teaching fellowship in Lagos. The protest was well documented in the Nigerian media, whose busy association building is conveniently nearby.
We walk down the shaded corridors of the studio complex, past a small courtyard wherecolourful costumes are drying in the sun, and turn into a room in which three men and a woman are moving, almost too much for the small space, choreographed to a remix of Beggin' by Frankie Valli & the Four Seasons. This is the Emmanuel family, preparing for their next audition on the Maltina Dance All. As we watch them Jude explains that he sees the village as a kind of laboratory, where practitioners of different kinds of arts can meet and collaborate.
In another corner of the village an unguarded door onto a workshop presents work by a sculptor from Benin (pictured below): animal and human figures carved out of wood. There are several FESTAC masks, named after the mask originally used for the festival's logo.
I ask about the government office on site, charged with running the complex, and the artists say "we have a good relationship with them, but they are government. They are breaching the national contract of arts and culture."
The artists see Chief Edem Duke, the Minister for Tourism, Culture and National Orientation, doing little for the arts. In a city which has seen rapid and noisy development in business and enterprise, unprofitable activities struggle to make a claim for themselves.
Walking back past the entrance to the village we encounter the recording artist Zule Zoo singing with his friends, one playing the guitar, some dancing, some sitting. While we listen to them sing I talk to Jude about his practice, making theatre for school-children.
We enter the workshop of a sculptor introduced as Mr Smart, whose negative moulds covered the floor with dismembered limbs. The only finished work visible was a small prototype model of a shackled slave, highly varnished.
Mr Smart (pictured below), who has been working in the village since 2009, believes the government threaten to concession the village land "would show they are ignorant and unserious".
"All my years here I've never sold anything to someone walking by. Working with performing artists has inspired me a lot. I have used shots of them with my work. We all work together. This is the only place you get the visual arts, performing artists, producers all together."
The value of the village, it seems, is not its economics but the strength of its community which the government subsidy — and the artists' determination — makes possible.
"The government didn't bring you here. They've been messing with FESTAC Town from day one. It's meant to be the original artists village. This is just an incidental artists village."
As we leave Mr Smart asks my companion, "where are you from?" And then adds, with a model-maker's eye for form, "I like your nose."
Out the back of the studio another man is working on a fiber-glass bust. Behind him runs a canal, full of rubbish, an oil patina sparkling in the midday sun, and a pig wades through, its snout held just above the water, navigating between refuse. The government now claim the artists have failed to take care of their area, using this excuse to validate their attempt to repurpose the land. In the Village, however, there is much evidence that its inhabitants care for their private and communal spaces.
We find Benjamin Graves (also pictured below), his hands lined with cement, fixing the step outside his studio. He's lived in the village since 2001, but his studio is more recent, and reflects his new interest in music production. Once a dancer with the national dance troupe he has started to record tracks, which he describes as Afro hip-hop; he plays us one on his computer, dancing in the tight space of the cubicle with serious intensity.
As we leave the village on the road leading back to the National Theatre, we encounter a man wearing a furry waistcoat who is introduced to us as Jolof Rice, a clown, and he dances past us, making lewd gestures.
In recent interviews, Chief Edem Duke, the minister leading the case for redevelopment, has spoken out against the current use of the theatre site.
"I am a bit a flustered when I saw that the National Theatre Lagos has become a den for all kinds of unholy activities, the environment completely compromised and has become a habitat for hoodlums and undesirable elements," he lamented.
Anecdotes such as this one from the Nigerian daily newspaper, This Day — an account of corruption by pseudo-officials working on the theatre site — correlates Chief Duke's story. But the minister insistently confuses that corruption with the resistance of the Village.
The minister said, "If they are proper artistes, they would not be dwelling in that kind of squalour and projecting an outward façade that they are creative people when that place is literally being turned into a brothel of some sort. That must not be a benchmark for artistes for Nigerian community."
Culture in Lagos has a precarious relation to the rapid development of business and construction. It is difficult to be optimistic about the government's plans for new construction in a city where a thriving community like the Village is threatened with destruction to make way for a luxury hotel. In time that hotel may have its own art gallery, as several hotels in Lagos do, but it would be unlikely to offer artists the diverse and invaluable support they receive in the Village. The state's attempt to clear the "undesirable elements" out of the National Theatre site and prepare the way for a new cultural quarter, may destroy a rare community which exists for culture and where culture exists for the community.
The National Arts Theatre is visible from the motorway system which connects Lagos Island and the


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Today, April 4th, marks the 49th anniversary of the assassination of Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. A minister, a change-agent, an advocate for equality, Dr. King was a civil rights leader whose message of non-violence inspired generations.
At 39 years of age, he was fatally shot at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee. Dr. King, who was in Memphis that day to show solidarity for striking sanitation workers, delivered one of his most famous speeches on April 3 at the Mason Temple Church in Memphis. Toward the end of the speech, he referred to threats against his life and used language that seemed to foreshadow his impending death, yet he reaffirmed that he was not afraid to die. His words hung in the air as an ominous predictor of what was to occur the next day.
Well, I don't know what will happen now. We've got some difficult days ahead. But it really doesn't matter with me now, because I've been to the mountaintop.
And I don't mind. Like anybody, I would like to live a long life; longevity has its place.
But I'm not concerned about that now. I just want to do God's will.
And He's allowed me to go up to the mountain. And I've looked over. And I've seen the Promised Land.
I may not get there with you. But I want you to know tonight, that we, as a people, will get to the Promised Land.
So I'm happy, tonight. I'm not worried about anything. I'm not fearing any man.
Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord.
Just after 6:00 p.m. on the following day, Dr. King and a group of others were standing on the second-floor balcony of the Lorraine Motel when he was hit in the neck by a single bullet. He was taken to the hospital where he was pronounced dead later that evening.
For all of us, for all persons of compassion and good will, for a world filled with racism, his death was a deeply felt loss. We remember his eloquence. We remember his tenacity. We remember his faith and his courage. Today, we remember and we honor his legacy
This entry was posted in Courage, Faith, Freedom, Inspiration by kathymfindley. Bookmark the permalink.


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Bombus pensylvanicus, the American bumblebee, is a threatened species of bumblebee native to North America. It occurs in eastern Canada, throughout much of the Eastern United States, and much of Mexico.

Once the most prevalent bumblebee in the southern United States, populations of Bombus pensylvanicus have decreased significantly in recent years, including in its scientific namesake state of Pennsylvania where its numbers are considered critically low. Overall, the population has dropped nearly 90% in just the last 20 years.

Bombus pensylvanicus tends to live and nest in open farmland and fields. It feeds on several food plants, favoring sunflowers and clovers, and functions as a pollinator.

Taxonomy and phylogenetics
Bombus pensylvanicus belongs to the order Hymenoptera (consisting of ants, wasps, bees, and sawflies), the family Apidae (consisting of Cuckoo, Digger, Carpenter, Bumble, and Honeybees), the Subfamily Apinae (consisting of Honey, Orchid, Bumble, Long-horned, and Digger Bees), and the genus Bombus (consisting of bumblebees). Within Bombus, B. pensylvanicus belongs to the subgenus Thoracobombus, which includes species such as Bombus armeniacus, Bombus pauloensis, Bombus dahlbomii, Bombus fervidus, Bombus humilis, Bombus morio, Bombus muscorum, Bombus pascuorum, Bombus pomorum, Bombus ruderarius, Bombus sylvarum, and Bombus transversalis. Bombus pensylvanicus is sometimes mistaken for B. terricola or B. auricomus, but its closest relative is Bombus sonorus, found in Mexico and Arizona. Scientists sometimes treat Bombus sonorus as a subspecies of Bombus pensylvanicus, although each species maintain differences in male genitalia. Intermediate individuals of B. pensylvanicus and B. sonorus have been found in areas of geographic overlap, but further evidence is needed to distinguish whether B. sonorus is a subspecies of B. pensylvanicus.

Description and identification
Bombus pensylvanicus is a widespread species, characterized as long-tongued. In comparison to its similar species B. sonorus, B. pensylvanicus has a darker color pattern and is located in the eastern United States. Characteristics of B. pensylvanicus include: a yellow thoracic dorsum, a black posterior, 3 initial alternating black and white tergal segments, a long and lanky malar space, and short hair. These characteristics resemble those of B. fervidus and B. auricomus, leading to confusion among species. B. pensylvanicus is similar in color and range to Bombus fervidus. In terms of characteristics within the hive, a larger queen measures 22–26 mm compared to worker at 13–19 mm. Males have an outward penis valve head with a broad banana shape, and often have extensive yellow on the thoracic dorsum posteriorly.

While bees normally forage close to their nests, it has been observed that individuals can return from up to 1.5 miles away. Though there is likely individual variation in homing ability and the time it takes a bee to find its way back to the nest. The method utilized by the bees is most likely trial and error method, not a sixth sense or homing instinct because the bees maintained varying variation in time taken to return to the nest. Males become more common in late summer.

Intraspecific Variation
S.A. Cameron observed that bees of the genus Bombus tend to have a comparable morphology throughout their range, thus signifying that behavioral adaptations may play a large part in colonizing different habitats. Mimetic evolution is postulated to account for both interspecific and intraspecific variation in color pattern. Eastern North American B. pensylvanicus and western North American B. sonorus are taxa that have a similar morphology, but have distinct color patterns and different male genitalia. In areas where the two taxa overlap, there is genetic introgression between B. sonorus and B. pensylvanicus, suggesting that the two taxa may actually be conspecific (as they produce fertile offspring), and best considered as subspecies.

Distribution and habitat
Bombus pensylvanicus ranges from the Eastern Great Plains to eastern and central US and southern Canada, and Mexico. The species has become rarer, declining in number mainly in northern parts of its range. B. pensylvanicus generally nests in fields of long grass, but may sometimes nest underground. The species utilizes bundles of hay or long grass to create sheltered nests above ground. Some nest in established crevices and burrows, such as old bird nests, rodent burrows, or in cinder blocks. This species has even been noted to nest in human made objects, like buckets or barns.

Colony cycle
Bombus pensylvanicus maintains a reproductive cycle that it similar to other species of bumblebee. Environmental factors as well as accessibility of resources affects the cyclic advancement of the colony. The cycle begins in February and ends around November or December. Female bees can yield eggs without the need for mating, a process known as haplodiploidy. Unfertilized eggs develop into males, whereas fertilized eggs develop into female workers or queen bees. The reproductive cycle begins in July/August, when a male mates with a freshly hatched queen. The fertilized queen stays in hibernation until spring of the next year, waiting for the optimal conditions to search for a nest. In March, the queen bee gathers pollen and nectar, as a source of nutrition and to build a wax pot, and establishes her colony. These colonies most likely arrange and initiate in February. Female workers develop through the pollen collected as it stimulates the ovaries to create eggs, which are fertilized from the males of year before. The queen continues to warm the eggs initially, then the eggs continue their life cycle of development: first larval stage, then pupae, and lastly adult female workers. The female workers care for the nest and eggs, whereas the queen lays eggs. This process of egg to adult bee takes about 4–5 weeks. Initial workers forage and increase the colony size by bringing resources for growth. Thus, workers that hatch later in the year, around midsummer, tend to be larger than initial worker bees. The hives continue to grow, and in late summer there can be more than 200 worker bees. At the point when the size of the hive is sufficient, the queen stops production of a chemical that prevents ovarian production of certain females leading to specify the production of queen bee eggs and male eggs. Certain female workers may produce their own eggs, but the queen will usually get rid of them. The constant battle between the queen and workers continue until late summer when the workers sting the queen to death. The cycle begins again in the winter as the queen bee eggs hatch and the worker bees die.

Colony Hierarchy
B. pensylvanicus has a varying stability within its colony cycle. Queens are considered the dominant caste because they are usually the largest bees of the colony. As worker male bees grow larger in average wing length, they become the dominant caste as the number of queens decrease. Wing length of males vary depending upon the point of colony development. Initial males that found the colony tend to have a smaller wing length than the first or second generation of the colony. Food supply is scarce, at first, as the queen is the forager. Until July, the workers are the foraging caste and an enormous increase in body size is observed. The worker proportions decrease when reproductive males develop, representing a turning point in the colony, as male size increase until active bees develop to the size of a queen near November and December when the worker population dissipates. Queens maintain the least amount of standard deviation for average wing length and thus are the most stable caste in the colony. It is postulated that this is because queens are made in a short time span when colony resources have reached its threshold. The activity of B. pensylvanicus in a subtropical zone resemble that of species in temperate zones, maintaining periods where there are no active bees.

Interaction with other species

Predators
Although Bombus pensylvanicus maintains aposematic coloration and defensive stinger, it faces many predators. Predation is likely to be caused by attack to gain the resources of the hive, which contains carbohydrate and protein abundant nectar, larvae, and pollen. Predators consist of mostly mammals such as skunks, bears, and raccoons. Furthermore, bumble bees are predated on by birds for food. Foragers are frequently predated by invertebrates. Crab spiders and cryptically colored ambush bugs ambush bees at flowers to catch them. Robber flies resemble bumble bees and clasp the bumble bees, insert them with enzymes, then eat their internal organs. Mallophora bomboides is a robber fly species that preys specifically on B. pensylvanicus and uses it as a model for Batesian mimicry. Wasps, such as the beewolf species Philanthus bicinctus, intercept bees then paralyze them with venom, using them to nourish the wasp's larvae. Assassin bugs and dragonflies are also common predators of the bee.

Parasites
Bumble bees are generally host to a diversity of parasitoids in which the larvae grow inside the living host. The majority of parasitoids for bumble bees are flies and about 30 percent or more bees within the area can be infected. The process of parasitism consists of the fly attaching to the bee in flight and inserting her oviposits between the terga of the bee. The larval fly hatches within the bee host and develops by feeding on the host's tissues. The bee lives for about two weeks before dying. The fly then pupates and spends the winter inside the bee, fully developed, before it emerges the following year. Bombus pensylvanicus is host to one "cuckoo" bumble bee species, B. variabilis. Hibernating queen bumble bees are parasitized by a nematode worm, Sphaerularia bombi. This parasite does not reduce life span, but instead causes the sterilization of the queen. It has been observed that affected queens forage two to three weeks later than those that are unaffected. Parasitic microorganisms also use bees as their host. Parasitic microorganisms' effects may be lethal or sublethal. Pathogens may be transmitted within a colony or the bee may be infected at flowers. Tracheal mites (Locustacarus buchneri) leads to reduced foraging efficiency by living in the bee's alveoli. Certain protozoans and fungi consume the host tissue or gut substances of the bumble bee's digestive tract, decreasing foraging efficiency, life span, and thus the colony fitness. Bees may contain symbiotic bacteria that offer some immunity to pathogens. Further exposure to habitat loss as well as pesticide exposure may lead to bee predisposition, thus promoting the species' decay.

Mimicry
Since bumble bees are characterized by a striking color pattern as well as a defensive sting, they are involved in mimetic complexes (both Müllerian mimicry and Batesian mimicry) with other insects that also gain reduced predation. Bombus pensylvanicus is mimicked by various sawflies, day-flying moths (e.g. Hemaris diffinis), beetles, flies, and other bees, such as carpenter and digger bees.

Behavior

Pollinator preference
Wesselingh and Arnold (2000) studied pollinator preferences on Iris fulva (red-flowered) and Iris brevicaulis (blue-flowered). B. pensylvanicus preferred purple-flowered hybrids. The bees continued to visit the nearest flowers the majority of the time, demonstrating that movements were usually between a diversity of flower types rather than prioritizing only one type of flower. Thus, a lack of intermediate genotypes of iris hybrids is not due to pollinator preference by B. pensylvanicus, but rather, pollinating behavior is done through mixed mating of alternating flower types of different pollination syndromes.

Resource partitioning
Johnson tested for intraspecific size resource utilization differences in B. pensylvanicus. In Minnesota, flowers with short corollas and long corollas existed in single and mixed species stands. Foragers with short corollas and shorter proboscises (tongue) were discovered in mixed species stands. Johnson concluded that B. pensylvanicus foragers would preference the corolla length that corresponds with their proboscis length. Further comparison of conspecific foragers of mixed versus single species stands revealed a shorter proboscis length for mixed species in comparison to single species stand for the short corolla. This study postulated that a diversity of flowering species may influence the specific bee that pollinates the species for single species stand.

Gene flow and decline
Bumblebee species have been found to deteriorate substantially in 1940-1960, and continue to decrease presently. Ranges of Bombus pensylvanicus have specifically decreased in Illinois, coinciding with agricultural investment within the state. Lozier and Cameron evaluated genetic structure using microsatellite markers in Illinois to compare genetic variation of historical versus contemporary collections within B. pensylvanicus. It was found that B. pensylvanicus had greater population structure, indicating reduced gene flow and dispersal among populations. It was found that genetic diversity has overall not been significantly altered over time, but there were some reductions in B. pensylvanicus. Slight losses of genetic diversity in B. pensylvanicus may be an indication of the species' decline. These results were expected because of the recent decrease in population, which would cause declines in genetic diversity for severe bottleneck situations. Thus, the alteration in gene flow may suggest potential future genetic differentiation of the B. pensylvanicus.

Status
Current research states that Bombus pensylvanicus is uncommon and declining quickly. As stated in previous sections, the northern range of B. pensylvanicus has significantly decreased. Once the most abundant species throughout the southern United States, B. pensylvanicus is now a rare species that has been extirpated in certain areas and has suffered declines in others. Conservation efforts are encouraged in order to maintain the species including agriculture with wildlife-friendly techniques including hedgerows and pest management.

References

Bumblebees
Hymenoptera of North America
Insects described in 1773
Taxa named by Charles De Geer

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Some of these mistakes have even been employed by seasoned companies, let alone new businesses! To make the most out of your phone marketing strategies, avoid these top five marketing failures at all costs!
This is where the Golden Rule comes in: do unto others as you'd want them to do unto you. Do you like it when someone pushes you to do something when you're not ready? The same concept applies to your customers. Many new businesses make the huge mistake of pushing their prospective leads by bombarding them with unsolicited texts and calls when they are simply not ready.
Instead, try pulling them in by using paid search ads, pay-per-click ads, subscriber incentives, and even offline marketing techniques. On each of these marketing outlets, attach a vanity number to track their individual performances. Online marketing techniques should come with click-to-call options to make customer support even more convenient and available for consumers. 70% of 3000 mobile users have used click-to-call and 61% of whom found this feature to be "Extremely/Very Important." Don't miss out on this marketing opportunity!
After a new business makes a sale, nurturing follow-ups seem to be a rarity. Don't commit the same mistake! Studies show that getting new customers is 5 to 10 times more expensive than inquiring existing ones. To top it off, existing customers spend 67% more on average than new customers! It's completely worth it to maintain a solid relationship with your converted leads.
One great way to do that is to engage them through SMS automations. Researchers found that out of all other customer communication channels, the highest rated contact method is texting. Texting earned a whopping score of 90/100, as opposed to 77/100 for calls and 66/100 for social media customer support. Text messaging has a 98% open rate, a 45% response rate, and 90% of all texts are read in under 3 minutes. If you haven't employed text messages in your relationship marketing campaigns yet, now is the time to do it. Be careful, though! Only text those who give you permission and always give customers the option to opt out at all times.
The most effective phone marketing techniques are intentional about targeting the right user demographics. To get the best idea of who you're currently reaching and how to target the most profitable demographics in your field, invest in a call platform with advanced reporting capabilities. Phonexa's Call Analytics, for example, reports in real-time the location of the caller, the first and last name of the caller, which marketing campaign prompted the call, and more. Having these reliable data will boost your marketing efforts exponentially.
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The last of the great middle European giants of the symphony was Gustav Mahler, a Bohemian Jew who lived most of his life in Vienna. Like Richard Wagner, whom he worshipped musically, Mahler was a complicated introvert. He made his living by conducting other men's operas. His own, seldom-played, gargantuan (90-minute) scores are full of funeral marches, Dante-like infernos and heavenly serenities.


text:
His Majesty attends Special Exhibition on Public Governance
HIS Majesty the Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan of Brunei Darussalam yesterday consented to join other Heads of State and Government of Asean to visit the Special Exhibition on Public Governance in conjunction with the Asean-Republic of Korea Ministerial Roundtable Meeting which was held at the Busan Exhibition and Convention Center (BEXCO), Busan, Republic of Korea.
His Majesty visited the Special Exhibition after attending the Second Session of the Asean-Republic of Korea Commemorative Summit.
His Majesty together with the Heads of State and Government of Asean viewed the exhibitions participated by Asean member countries and the host country, the Republic of Korea, specifically related to Good Governance.
The Special Exhibition, which was coordinated by the Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs with its theme 'Better Governance, Happier Citizens' was aimed at sharing knowledge and experience of respective systems of governance for a more effective cooperation and development of Asean member countries.
Immediately after the visit to the Special Exhibition, His Majesty together with other Heads of State and Government of Asean proceeded to a luncheon hosted by Chong Jong-sup, the Minister of Government Administration and Home Affairs, which was held at the Nurimaru APEC House, Busan.
Accompanying His Majesty were the Minister of Finance II at the Prime Minister's Office, Pehin Orang Kaya Laila Setia Dato Seri Setia Awang Haji Abd Rahman bin Haji Ibrahim; Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade II, Pehin Orang Kaya Pekerma Dewa Dato Seri Setia Lim Jock Seng and the Minister of Energy at the Prime Minister's Office, Pehin Datu Singamanteri Colonel (Rtd) Dato Seri Setia (Dr) Awang Haji Mohammad Yasmin bin Haji Umar. - Borneo Bulletin (11 December 2014)


text:
The Wharf Times Square 1 est un gratte-ciel de Wuxi, en Chine. La tour fait partie d'un complexe comportant deux autres bâtiments de 164 mètres, tous achevés en 2014. C'est en  le plus haut gratte-ciel de la ville de Wuxi

Articles connexes

 Liste des plus hauts gratte-ciel du monde
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Gratte-ciel mesurant entre 300 et 349 mètres
Gratte-ciel construit en 2014
Gratte-ciel à Wuxi


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But what is the connect string when using PO8 under W95 standalone.
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Guwahati: A speeding inter-city train going to Tinsukia killed a 7year-old elephant at Kurkuria under Sonapur range in Kamrup district on Wednesday night. The female elephant, which was separated from its herd, after being hit was dragged along the track for quite a distance. Forest officials said that the post-mortem of the elephant was conducted on Thursday.
Elephant accidents like this have of late become a regular affair in the state. Trains account for 37 per cent of elephant deaths in the country. With this killing, the total death toll of elephants due to collision with speeding train has increased to four s o far this year.
Last month, an elephant was killed by a speeding train at Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary in Jorhat district. Two more elephants were knocked down to death in Karbi Anglong area in February and June respectively. Another elephant was injured by a moving train at Deepor Beel area in May this year. Elephants continue to come under the trains at various locations in spite of marking the areas as danger zones.
The three major danger zones are Deepor Beel, Daldali Reserve Area of Karbi Anglong and Hoollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary. Wildlife activists allege that due to lack of cooperation from the railway department such accidents take place. "On an average, 8 to 10 elephants die each year in train accidents. And the same number of elephants die when poachers of people hunt or poison them," said MK Gogoi, the founder director of Friends of Nature, an NGO.
He also said that on several occasions the incidents go unrecorded as the injured elephants simply vanish into the jungle after being hit by a train. "They later die and thus it is recorded as natural death," he added. In most of the cases, it is the female and calves who become the victims.
According to rule, a train has to lower its speed to 30 kilometre or lesser in the elephant corridors. "The railway rule book says that a train can be stopped even at the speed of 45 kilometre per hour on certain conditions. But train drivers never obey such rules and regulations and continue hitting the elephants," he said.
The elephants follow the same route according to their behaviour and if they are barred or if they find resistance they tend to go wayward and disturb the neighbouring areas.
In Hoollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary, three elephants have lost their lives in the past nine months. Seven elephants were killed by a speeding train in a single accident in Bogapani area in 2007.
In Dibru-Saikhowa at least five elephants were killed in the past five years. "In the past five years, more than 35 elephants have been killed by the poachers or villagers. Villagers often poison them to get rid of their menace," he added.


text:
\section{Introduction}

Investigation of pairing in different Fermi systems
is still on the forefront of active research.
Examples are nuclear physics
\cite{sb08}
and the physics of cold fermionic atoms
\cite{gps08}.
The formation and condensation of heavier clusters
in Fermi systems is much less studied.

In cold atom physics the recent advent of trapping
three different species of fermions \cite{olk08}
has opened up the possibility of creating gases of heavier clusters.
For the time being those may be trions
(bound state of three different fermions) but in
the future one also can think of quartets (bound state of four different
fermions). The latter are specially interesting because of their bosonic
nature and the possibility of Bose-Einstein condensation
(BEC) of quartets.
The description of quartet condensation to occur
has been attempted with an extension of the so-called Cooper problem
to the four body case in \cite{km05}.
In \cite{sg99} a variational procedure for the condensation
of ($2s+1$)-component fermion clusters,
with $s$ the fermion spin, has been proposed.
A quartet phase has been found in a one dimensional model
with four different fermions \cite{rcl08}.

On the other hand,  nuclear physics, because it is a four-component
fermion-system (proton/neutron spin up/down), all fermions
attracting one another,
leading to the very strongly bound $\alpha$-particle, is a proto-type
system for quartetting. There, the formation
of clusters has been an object of study almost since the beginning of nuclear
physics \cite{www37}. Of course, pairing also exists in nuclei from
where it is concluded that neutron stars are superfluid.
Nuclei are very small quantum
objects with only a (slowly) fluctuating phase (the conjugate variable to
particle number $N$). Actually the number of Cooper
pairs in nuclei generally does not exceed  about a dozen (often much less) and
yet clear signs of superfluidity are observed in nuclei (e.g., moments of
inertia strongly reduced from their classical value), implying that no
critical size exists from where signatures of superfluidity abruptly
disappear.
One, thus, can safely extrapolate from finite nuclei to superfluidity in
neutron stars. On the other hand, as already mentioned, in nuclear physics
the existence of quartets ($\alpha$-particles) as subclusters of nuclei is
omnipresent. As well known, many lighter nuclei with equal
proton and neutron numbers ($Z=N$) show,
for instance in excited states, strong $\alpha$ clustering.
The concept that these $\alpha$-particles may form a condensate
in certain low density states of nuclei and that this may,
in analogy to the pairing case,
be a precursor sign of $\alpha$-particle condensation in infinite matter
\cite{rss98},
has come up only recently \cite{thsr01}.
Also heavy
nuclei seem to have preformed $\alpha$-clusters in the surface because of
their well known spontaneous $\alpha$ decay properties.

Symmetric nuclear matter does not exist in nature because of the too strong
Coulomb repulsion. However, in collapsing stars, so-called proto-neutron
stars, the fraction of protons is still high \cite{st83} and the formation of
$\alpha$-particles and, at sufficiently low temperature, their condensation
may eventually be possible. At any rate, it seems evident that nuclear
matter at various
degrees of asymmetry is unstable with respect to cluster formation in the
low density regime. At zero temperature, the most stable nucleus is $^{56}$Fe
but as a function of temperature, density, asymmetry, other cluster
compositions of infinite baryonic matter may be formed. Several theoretical
studies predict $\alpha$-phases to exist in certain temperature-density-
asymmetry domains \cite{sto98}.

In view of the complexity of the task, the objective of the present work is
quite modest. We want to study the critical temperature of $\alpha$-particle
condensation as a function of density and temperature in symmetric nuclear
matter. Still, even this task will not be carried out down to the BEC limit.
We will study the critical temperature $T_c^{\alpha}$ for the onset of
formation of $\alpha$-particles in a thermal gas of nucleons. This shall be
done with a theory analogous to the famous Thouless criterion for the onset
of formation of Cooper pairs in a superconductor. On the microscopic level the
problem is still very challenging, since it amounts to solve an in-medium
four-body problem.
In spite of that, solutions have already been worked out in the
past, either solving the Faddeev-Yakubovsky equations \cite{beyer} or with an
approximate procedure \cite{rss98}.

In this work, we will continue along those lines. The final objective is to
reach the BEC regime in a treatment similar to the one of
Nozi\`eres and Schmitt-Rink (NSR) theory \cite{nsr85}, but for quartets.
Needless to
say that this only will be possible if the whole formalism can radically be
simplified. Actually, as we will show in this work, such a procedure may well
exist. In any case, it is not conceivable that one treats condensation of
bosonic clusters built out of $N$ fermions on the level of non-linear
in medium $N$-body
equations for $N>2$. On the other hand, it is well known,
that nuclei can satisfactorily be described, in mean field
approximation \cite{rs00}.
Projecting these mean field (Hartree-Fock) type of solutions on zero
total momentum (${\bf K}=0$) will then allow these mean field clusters to Bose
condense. Actually it is well known among the nuclear physics community that
even for such a small nucleus as the $\alpha$-particle a momentum projected
mean field approach yields a very reasonable description \cite{berger}.
The reason for this stems, as already mentioned, from the presence of
four different fermions, all attracting one another with about the same force.

In Fig.~\ref{fig1}
we sketch the situation, indicating that the two protons and two neutrons
occupy the lowest $0S$ level of the mean field potential. Actually
calculations show that the $0S$ orbital of the self-consistent mean field
resembles very much an oscillator wave function of Gaussian shape. In this
respect the cartoon in Fig.~\ref{fig1}
is not so far from reality. We suspect that
the situation is generic for all strongly bound quartets which may be
produced in the future and, therefore, our present study is of quite general
interest. We will adopt this momentum projected mean field
procedure in this work.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=40mm]{Tcritfig1.eps}
\caption{\label{fig1}
Sketch of $\alpha$-particle configuration,
indicating that the two protons and two neutrons
occupy the lowest $0S$ level
in the mean field potential of harmonic oscillator shape.}
\end{figure}

\section{The in-medium four body equation}

In-medium four body equations are well documented in the literature since long
\cite{ds94}. In the present case of an in-medium
quartet, the corresponding equation reads as follows \cite{rss98}:
\begin{eqnarray}
(E-\varepsilon_{1234})\Psi_{1234}
&=&(1-f_1-f_2)\sum_{1'2'}v_{12,1'2'}\Psi_{1'2'34}\nonumber \\
&+& (1-f_1-f_3)\sum_{1'3'}v_{13,1'3'}\Psi_{1'23'4}\nonumber \\
&+&{\rm permutations},
\label{eq1}
\end{eqnarray}
where $f_i=f(\varepsilon_i)=[e^{(\varepsilon_i-\mu)/T}+1]^{-1}$
with $\varepsilon_i=\varepsilon(k_i)=k_i^2/(2m)$
is the Fermi-Dirac distribution and
$\varepsilon_{1234}=\varepsilon_{1}+\varepsilon_{2}
+\varepsilon_{3}+\varepsilon_{4}$
($\hbar=c=k_B=1$: natural units).
The matrix element of the interaction is
$v_{12, 1'2'}$ with the numbers 1, 2, 3, $\cdots$
standing for all quantum numbers as momenta, spin, isospin, etc.,
as also in all other quantities in (\ref{eq1}).

In Eq.~(\ref{eq1}), when $E=4\mu$, this signals quartet
condensation in very much the same manner as in the two body equation
\begin{equation}
(E - \varepsilon_{12})\Psi_{12} = ( 1- f_1 -f_2)
\sum_{1'2'}v_{12,1'2'}\Psi_{1'2'},
\label{eq2}
\end{equation}
where $\varepsilon_{12}=\varepsilon_{1}+\varepsilon_{2}$,
the approach of $T \rightarrow T_c$ such that $E \rightarrow 2\mu$ signals the
transition to a superconducting or superfluid state (the well known Thouless
criterion \cite{thouless60}).

Of course, as already stated several times, the determination
of $T_c^{\alpha}$  needs the heavy solution of the in-medium modified
four particle equation (\ref{eq1}).

Following the discussion in the introduction, we, therefore, make the
following 'projected' mean field ansatz for the quartet wave function
\cite{km05,schuck08,sg99},
\begin{equation}
\Psi_{1234}= (2\pi)^3
\delta^{(3)}({\bf k}_1 +{\bf k}_2 + {\bf k}_3 + {\bf k}_4)
\prod_{i=1}^4\varphi({\bf k}_i)\chi^{ST},
\label{eq3}
\end{equation}

\noindent
where $\chi^{ST}$ is the spin-isospin function which we suppose to be the
one of a scalar ($S=T=0$).
We will not further mention it from now on.
We work in momentum space and
$\varphi({\bf k})$ is the as-yet unknown single particle $0S$ wave function.
In position space, this leads to the usual formula
\cite{rs00} $\Psi_{1234} \rightarrow \int d^3R \prod_{i=1}^4
\tilde\varphi({\bf r}_i - {\bf R})$
where $\tilde\varphi({\bf r}_i)$ is the Fourier
transform of $\varphi({\bf k}_i)$. If we take for $\varphi({\bf k}_i)$
Gaussian shape, this gives:
$\Psi_{1234} \rightarrow \exp[-c\sum_{1\leq i<k \leq 4}
({\bf r}_i - {\bf r}_k)^2]$
 which is the translationally invariant ansatz often used to describe
$\alpha$-clusters in nuclei. For instance, it is also employed
in the $\alpha$-particle condensate wave function
of Tohsaki, Horiuchi, Schuck, R\"opke (THSR) in \cite{thsr01}.

Inserting the ansatz (\ref{eq3}) into (\ref{eq1}) and integrating
over superfluous
variables, or minimizing the energy, we arrive at the following non-linear,
Hartree-Fock type of
equation for the single particle $0S$ wave function
$\varphi(k)=\varphi(|{\bf k}|)$

\begin{equation}
A(k)\varphi(k) + 3B(k)+ 3C(k)\varphi(k)=0,
\label{eq4}
\end{equation}
where $A(k)$, $B(k)$, and $C(k)$ are given by:
\begin{eqnarray}
{\cal A}(k_1)
&=&\int \prod^{4}_{i=2}\frac{d^3 k_i}{(2\pi)^3}
\left[\sum_{i=1}^4\frac{k_i^2}{2m} - 4\mu\right] \nonumber \\
&\times&
|\varphi(k_2)|^2|\varphi(k_3)|^2|\varphi(k_4)|^2
(2\pi)^3\delta^{(3)}(\sum_{i=1}^4{\bf k}_i)
\label{eq4c}\\
{\cal B}(k_1)&=&\int \prod^{4}_{i=2}\frac{d^3 k_i}{(2\pi)^3}
\frac{d^3k_1'}{(2\pi)^3}\frac{d^3k_2'}{(2\pi)^3}
(1-f(\varepsilon_1)-f(\varepsilon_2))
\nonumber \\
&\times& v_{{\bf k}_1 {\bf k}_2,{\bf k}_1' {\bf k}_2'}
\varphi(k_1')\varphi(k_2')\varphi(k_2)|\varphi(k_3)|^2|\varphi(k_4)|^2
\nonumber \\
&\times& (2\pi)^3\delta^{(3)}(\sum_{i=1}^4{\bf k}_i)
\label{eq4a}\\
{\cal C}(k_1)
&=&\int \prod^{4}_{i=2}\frac{d^3 k_i}{(2\pi)^3}
\frac{d^3k_2'}{(2\pi)^3}\frac{d^3k_3'}{(2\pi)^3}
(1-f(\varepsilon_2)-f(\varepsilon_3))
\nonumber \\
&\times&v_{{\bf k}_2 {\bf k}_3, {\bf k}_2' {\bf k}_3'}
\varphi(k_2)\varphi(k_2')\varphi(k_3)\varphi(k_3')|\varphi(k_4)|^2
\nonumber \\
&\times& (2\pi)^3\delta^{(3)}(\sum_{i=1}^4{\bf k}_i),
\label{eq4b}
\end{eqnarray}
where, in this pilot study, we neglect mean
field shifts and effective mass contributions.

From Eq.~(\ref{eq4}), we obtain the single particle wave function
in momentum space as
\begin{equation}
\varphi(k)=\frac{-3B(k)}{A(k)+3C(k)}.
\label{eq9}
\end{equation}
As seen in Eqs.~(\ref{eq4c}), (\ref{eq4a}), and (\ref{eq4b}),
since $A(k)$, $B(k)$, and $C(k)$ depend on
the wave function of $\varphi(k)$,
Eq.~(\ref{eq9}) is strongly non-linear. Its solution can be found by iteration.

For a general two body force
$v_{{\bf k}_1 {\bf k}_2, {\bf k}'_1 {\bf k}'_2}$,
the equation to be solved is still rather complicated.
We, therefore, proceed to the last
simplification and replace the two body force by a unique separable one,
that is
\begin{equation}
v_{{\bf k}_1 {\bf k}_2, {\bf k}'_1 {\bf k}'_2} = \lambda
e^{-k^2/k_0^2}e^{-k'^2/k_0^2}
(2\pi)^3\delta^{(3)}({\bf K}-{\bf K}'),
\label{eq5}
\end{equation}
where ${\bf k}=({\bf k}_1-{\bf k}_2)/2$,
${\bf k}'=({\bf k}_1'-{\bf k}_2')/2$,
${\bf K}={\bf k}_1+{\bf k}_2$, and ${\bf K}'={\bf k}_1'+{\bf k}_2'$.
This means that we take a spin-isospin averaged two body interaction and
disregard that in principle the force may be somewhat different in the
$S,T = 0, 1$ or $1, 0$ channels.

We are now ready to study the solution of (\ref{eq1}) for the critical
temperature $T_c^{\alpha}$ when the eigenvalue hits $4\mu$.
For later comparison, the deuteron (pair) wave function at the
critical temperature
is also represented from Eqs.~(\ref{eq2}) and (\ref{eq5}) to be
\begin{equation}
\phi(k)= -\frac{1-2f(\varepsilon)}{k^2/m-2\mu}\lambda e^{-k^2/k_0^2}
\int \frac{d^3k'}{(2\pi)^3} e^{-k^2/k_0^2} \phi(k'),
\label{eq8}
\end{equation}
where $\phi(k)$ is a relative wave function of two particles given by
$\Psi_{12} \to \phi(|\frac{{\bf k}_1-{\bf k}_2}{2}|)
\delta^{(3)}({\bf k}_1+{\bf k}_2)$, and
$\varepsilon=k^2/(2m)$.
From Eq.~(\ref{eq8}), the critical temperature of pair condensation
is obtained with the following equation:
\begin{equation}
1=-\lambda \int \frac{d^3k}{(2\pi)^3}
\frac{1-2f(\varepsilon)}{k^2/m-2\mu} e^{-2k^2/k_0^2}.
\label{eq10}
\end{equation}

\section{ Results for the critical temperature $T_c^{\alpha}$}

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=60mm]{Tcritfig2.eps}
\end{center}
\caption{\label{fig2}
Critical temperature of alpha and deuteron condensations
as functions of chemical potential (a) and density (b),
derived from Eq.~(\ref{eq4}) for the $\alpha$-particle
and Eq.~(\ref{eq10}) for the deuteron,
respectively.}
\end{figure}

In order to determine the critical temperature for
$\alpha$-condensation as a function of density $n$,
we need to determine the chemical potential $\mu$ via
\begin{equation}
n=4\int \frac{d^3k}{(2\pi)^3} f(\varepsilon)
\label{eq-density}
\end{equation}
and adjust the temperature so that the
eigenvalue of (\ref{eq1}) hits $4\mu$.
The two open constants $\lambda$ and $k_0$ in Eq. (\ref{eq5}) are determined
so that binding energy ($-28.3$ MeV) and radius
($1.71$ fm) of the free ( $f_i=0$) $\alpha$-particle come out right.
The adjusted values are: $\lambda=-992$ MeV fm$^{3}$, and
$b=1.43$ fm$^{-1}$.
The results of the calculation
are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig2}.

In Fig. \ref{fig2}, the maximum of critical temperature
$T^{\alpha}_{c, {\rm max}}$
is at $\mu=5.5$ MeV, and
the $\alpha$-condensation can exist up to  $\mu_{\rm max}=11$ MeV.
It is very remarkable that the obtained results for $T_c^{\alpha}$
well agree with a direct solution of (1) \cite{beyer}.
These results for $T_c^{\alpha}$ are by about 25 percent higher than the ones
of our earlier publication \cite{rss98}. We, however, checked that the
underlying radius of the $\alpha$-particle in that work is
larger than the experimental value and that $T_c^{\alpha}$
decreases with increasing radius of
$\alpha$-particle.
Furthermore a different variational wave function was used in
\cite{rss98}.

In Fig.~\ref{fig2}
we also show the critical temperature for deuteron condensation
derived from Eq.~(\ref{eq10}).
In this case,
we take $\lambda= -1305$ MeV fm$^3$ and $k_0 = 1.46$ fm$^{-1}$ to
get experimental energy ($-2.2$ MeV) and radius ($1.95$ fm) of the deuteron.
It is seen that at higher densities
deuteron condensation wins over the one of $\alpha$-particle.
The latter breaks down rather abruptly at a critical positive value
of the chemical potential. Roughly speaking, this corresponds to the point
where the
$\alpha$-particles start to overlap. This behavior stems from the fact
that Fermi-Dirac distributions
in the four body case, see (\ref{eq1}), can never become step-like, as in the
two body case, even not at zero temperature,
since the pairs in an $\alpha$-particle
are always in motion. As a consequence,
$\alpha$-condensation generally only
exists as a BEC phase and the weak coupling regime is absent.

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=80mm]{Tcritfig3.eps}
\end{center}
\caption{\label{fig3}
Single particle wave functions
in momentum space $\varphi(k)$ (a),
and in position space $r\tilde \varphi(r)$ (b) at critical temperature,
Eq.~(\ref{eq9}).
From top to bottom:
(1) $\mu=-7.08$ MeV, $T_c=0$ MeV, $n=0$ fm$^{-3}$
(2) $\mu=-2.22$ MeV, $T_c=6.61$ MeV, $n=9.41 \times 10^{-3}$ fm$^{-3}$,
(3) $\mu=6.17$ MeV, $T_c=8.45$ MeV, $n=3.07 \times 10^{-2}$ fm$^{-3}$,
and
(4) $\mu=10.6$ MeV, $T_c=5.54$ MeV, $n=3.34 \times 10^{-2}$ fm$^{-3}$.
Figs.~(a1) and (b1) correspond to the wave functions
for free $\alpha$-particle.
The vertical lines in (a3) and (a4)
are at the Fermi wave length $k_F=\sqrt{2m\mu}$.}
\end{figure}

Fig.~\ref{fig3} shows the normalized
self-consistent solution of the wave function
in momentum space derived
from Eq.~(\ref{eq9}) and the wave function in position space defined by
its Fourier transform $\tilde \varphi(r)$.
Fig.~\ref{fig3}-(a1) and (b1) are the wave functions
of the free $\alpha$-particle.
As discussed in the Introduction,
the wave function resembles a Gaussian and
this shape is approximately maintained as long as $\mu$ is negative,
see Fig.~\ref{fig3}-(a2).
On the contrary,
the wave function of Fig.~\ref{fig3}-(a3),
where the chemical potential is positive, has a dip around $k=0$ which is
due to the Pauli blocking effect.
For the even larger positive chemical potential
of Fig.~\ref{fig3}-(a4) the wave function develops a node.
This is because of the structure of the wave function derived
in Eq.~(\ref{eq4}) from where one can realize that again this stems from
the Pauli blocking factor.
The maximum of the wave function shifts to higher momenta and
follows the increase of the Fermi momentum $k_F$, as indicated
on Fig.~\ref{fig3}.
From a certain point on the denominator in (\ref{eq9}) develops a zero
and no self-consistent solution can be found any longer.

On the other hand, the wave functions in position space
in Figs.~\ref{fig3}-(b2), (b3) and (b4) develop
an oscillatory behavior, as the chemical potential increases.
This is reminiscent to what happens in BCS theory for the pair wave
function in position space \cite{m06}.

\section{Discussion and Conclusions}

In this work we again took up the study of the critical temperature
of $\alpha$-particle (quartet) condensation
in homogeneous symmetric nuclear matter.
We essentially confirm the behavior of two previous studies
\cite{beyer,rss98}.
The objective of the paper was to show that practically same results as before
can be obtained with a strongly simplifying ansatz for the four particle wave
function. Namely, this time, we used a momentum projected mean field
variational wave function. This is based on the fact that the four
different fermions of the quartet can occupy
the same single particle $0S$-wave function in the mean field. The
latter is to be determined
from a self-consistent non linear HF-type of equation as a function of
chemical potential or density.
The relation between the chemical potential and density is taken from
the free Fermi gas relation, Eq.~(\ref{eq-density}).
However, the total nucleon density of the system must be calculated
from the mean single nucleon state occupation number
taking into account correlations,
so that the contribution of bound states to the total nucleon density
is taken into account, see Ref.~\cite{srs90}.
To calculate the critical temperature
not as function of the free nucleon density,
see Fig.~\ref{fig2}b, but of the total nucleon density,
a generalization \`a la NSR \cite{nsr85} must be performed,
that is we have at least to incorporate the
contribution of the $\alpha$-particle density including the
condensate to the single particle occupation numbers. This shall be
investigated in future work.

Besides, in this work, we used the isospin-independent
separable potential, Eq.~(\ref{eq5}), for the two-body interaction
as a simplification.
Comparison with a realistic two-body interaction is interesting.
This study also shall be done in the future.

The self-consistent
wave function has been studied in momentum and position space.
For negative chemical
potential the single particle wave function behaves like a Gaussian.
However, once the
chemical potential turns positive, then the single particle wave function
in $r$-space starts to oscillate. This is a well known feature from
ordinary pairing.

We, therefore, have demonstrated that a very simplifying momentum
projected mean field
ansatz suffices to account for the salient features of quartet
condensation. This is very helpful for the next step which is more
complicated, i.e. the incorporation of quartet condensation
self-consistently into the Equation of State (EOS).

We should, however, be aware of the fact that our projected mean field ansatz
for the quartet wave function can only be a valid approximation so long as
well defined quartets exist. In the break down region seen on
Fig.~\ref{fig2}, this is
certainly no longer the case. How the quartet phase evolves into a superfluid
phase of pairs is an open question. A possibility to study this very
interesting problem could be to write down the in-medium four body
equation (\ref{eq1}) directly in the BCS formalism, i.e. with
the corresponding BCS coherence factors. It may be foreseen that the
latter only catch on close to
the transition region. Another interesting problem for the future is how the
present results are modified in the asymmetric case, that is in the case of
neutron excess.

The success of our study to employ a very simplifying ansatz of the mean
field type for the quartet wave function, may open wide perspectives.
Besides to push the description
of quartet condensation much further,
there might exist the possibility
that even for the case of a gas of trions such a
projected mean field ansatz is a quite valid approach. In the case of
three colors, like quarks in the constituent quark model for nucleons,
a harmonic
confining potential is frequently assumed and the three quarks can occupy the
lowest $0S$ state, analogously to the case of quartets treated in the present
paper. Of course, trions are composite fermions and cannot be
treated in the same way as
bosonic composites, since they shall form a new Fermi gas with their own new
Fermi level. How this situation can eventually be treated has recently been
outlined in \cite{ssr08}.

\acknowledgments

This work is part of an ongoing collaboration with Y. Funaki, H. Horiuchi,
A. Tohsaki, and T. Yamada. Useful discussions are gratefully acknowledged.
We thank P. Nozi\`eres for his interest in quartet condensation.
This work is supported by the DFG grant No. RO905/29-1.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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text:
Q: Multiplication table in Swift ios I am learning how to make a multiplication table in swift and used
override func viewDidLoad() {
    let n = Int(str)!

    while (i<=10) {

       let st = "\(n) * \(i) = \(n * i)"
       lbl.text = st

        i += 1

    }

this code. i have a label in which i want to show the table, but the problem is that only the last result which is say 2*10 = 20 is showing and not all the other value. i am confused what to do, please help what to do so that all the values are displayed.

A: Glad you've decided to learn Swift. You're on the right track, but as others have said, your final iteration of the loop is replacing the contents of lbl.text.
There are many ways to achieve what you want, but for problems like this I'd suggest starting off working in a playground rather than worrying about labels, viewDidLoad and suchlike.
Here's a nice Swift-y way to do what you want
let n = 12
let table = Array(0...10).map({"\(n) * \($0) = \(n * $0)"}).joinWithSeparator("\n")
print("\(table)")

Gives…
12 * 0 = 0
12 * 1 = 12
12 * 2 = 24
12 * 3 = 36
12 * 4 = 48
12 * 5 = 60
12 * 6 = 72
12 * 7 = 84
12 * 8 = 96
12 * 9 = 108
12 * 10 = 120

To break that down…
      // Take numbers 0 to 10 and make an array
Array(0...10).

      // use the map function to convert each member of the array to a string
      // $0 represents each value in turn.
      // The result is an array of strings
map({"\(n) * \($0) = \(n * $0)"}).

      // Join all the members of your `String` array with a newline character
joinWithSeparator("\n")

Try it for yourself. In Xcode, File -> New -> Playground, and just paste in that code. Good luck!

A: That's because every time the loop iterates, it overwrites the previous value in label.text. You need to append the new value to existing string value in label, as suggested by RichardG.
let n = Int(str)!

    while (i<=10) {

       let st = "\(n) * \(i) = \(n * i)"
       lbl.text = lbl.text + " " +st //Append new value to already existing value in label.text

        i += 1

    }

There is also a possibility of UI issue. You have to provide number of lines to the label or it will mess up the display. It also needs to be of size enough to hold your data. A better option would be UITextView which is scrollable, if you are unwilling to handle cases for label height and width. But if you want to stick with UILabel, the following code will resize the label depending on text for you:
lbl.numberOfLines = 0; //You only need to call this once. Maybe in `viewDidLoad` or Storyboard itself.
lbl.text = @"Some long long long text"; //here you set the text to label
[lbl sizeToFit]; //You must call this method after setting text to label

You can also handle that by Autolayout constraints.

A: Easy way to do it with SWIFT 2.0
var tableOf = 2 //Change the table you want
for index in 1...10 {

    print("\(tableOf) X \(index) = \(index * tableOf)")

}

OUTPUT

A: repeat-while loop, performs a single pass through the loop block first before considering the loop's condition (exactly what do-while loop does).
1) repeat...while Loop
var i = Int()
repeat {

    print("\(i) * \(i) = \(i * 11)")
    i += 1

} while i <= 11

2) While Loop
var i = Int()
while i <= 11
{

  print("\(i) * \(i) = \(i * 11)")
  i += 1

}

3) For Loop
for n in 1..<11
{
    print("\(n) * \(n) = \(n * 10)")

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Sophie Viger est une développeuse indépendante, formatrice et directrice d'établissement d'enseignement supérieur française, née en 1973. Elle dirige l'école 42, dédiée aux métiers du numérique depuis le mois d'.

Biographie
Sophie Viger se passionne dès l'enfance pour l'univers de la science-fiction et des jeux vidéo. À sept ans, elle découvre l'informatique à travers l'ordinateur Sinclair ZX81 offert à ses frères, puis suit ses premiers cours de Basic à l'école à l'âge de dix ans.

Après son bac au lycée Jules Ferry, elle passe un DEUG de biologie à l'Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie en 1993, puis une maîtrise de musicologie, option informatique à la Sorbonne en 1998. Elle suit ensuite une formation de concepteur-réalisateur multimédia et se découvre une vocation pour l'enseignement de la programmation.

Carrière professionnelle
Sophie Viger commence à travailler à  en tant que développeuse indépendante et intervenante dans des écoles d'informatique. Elle devient ensuite directrice d'un laboratoire d'ergonomie et veille technologique (Think For), puis d'une équipe commerciale (RMA) avant de s'arrêter trois ans à partir de 2004 pour s'occuper à temps plein de sa fille qui vient de naître.

Elle lance en 2007 ONG-TV, une plateforme de publication de vidéos pour les organisations non gouvernementales afin de leur permettre de valoriser leurs actions auprès des donateurs et bailleurs de fonds. Elle occupe en même temps le poste de directrice pédagogique de l'IESA Multimédia de  à .

En 2013, sa carrière prend une nouvelle dimension lorsqu'elle est choisie pour diriger la Web@cadémie, un établissement privé d'autoformation créé par l'école Epitech et l'association Zup de Co ou elle créera une promotion exclusivement composée de jeunes filles pour féminiser la profession. L'année suivante, elle est chargée d'organiser le Samsung Campus et en 2015 de diriger la Coding Academy.

Elle reste à la tête des trois établissements jusqu'au mois d' où elle est nommée directrice de l'école 42, en remplacement du cofondateur Nicolas Sadirac.

Le , elle annonce la création d'un réseau de 20 campus à l'international.

Sophie Viger est membre du conseil féminin de l'association de promotion de la mixité #JamaisSansElles.

Distinctions
Le magazine Forbes sélectionne Sophie Viger dans sa liste des 40 Françaises qui comptent en 2019 car elles « incarnent l'excellence, l'avenir et la passion d'entreprendre. »

L'association StartHer, qui propose le baromètre des levées de fonds réalisées par des femmes, la liste parmi les dix femmes de la Tech à suivre en 2019.

Le , elle est décorée de la médaille de chevalier de l'ordre national du Mérite.

Notes et références

Liens externes

 Sophie Viger sur le site de l'école 42

Naissance en novembre 1973
Étudiant de l'université Paris-Sorbonne
Étudiant de l'université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie
Personnalité féminine française


From my archives. View of Johannesburg from the old Top Star Drive-in. It was situated on top of a mine dump overlooking the city. I shot this image a few days before the famous landmark was demolished and gone forever.


Rutgers University athletic director Julie Hermann told a journalism class that athletes at the school receive plenty of benefits and that it would be "great" if the Star-Ledger, the New Jersey newspaper that just laid off 167 staffers, would die completely, according to a report by Muckgers last week.
By the time we go recruit [a football player], sign him, bring him to campus, do all of their care, provide all of their medicine, all of their travel, all of their gear, all the things we've got to provide—by the time we're done with him, here at Rutgers, we've spent over half a million dollars on him minimum…so, technically, what we're providing for them is a value, it's about $100,000. How many of you are going to walk out of here and get jobs that pay you $100,000?
What's amazing is that Hermann's description of what Rutgers provides athletes is the exact legal argument that allowed Northwestern University football players the right to unionize. (Not to mention that one of players' largest grievances is that universities don't "do all of their care," since many health effects from playing football don't crop up until later in life.) And while many recent Rutgers grads may not be pulling in $100,000 salaries, their employers will be paying them in real money—not scholarships, shoulder pads, and concussion treatments.


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