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Is Stellar Growth a Threat to Ripple?
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Although Ripple and Stellar share many similarities, mainly both being developed by the same person, Jed McCaleb, founder of Edonkey, they are the outturn of very distinct mindsets. Ripple was born from a corporation, the OpenCoin, Stellar was born from a nonprofit, the Stellar Development Foundation, based on the Ripple Protocol.
Despite both being instant and almost free payment protocols through gateways envisioned by Jed McCaleb, Chris Larsen's imprint on Ripple and Joyce Kim's on Stellar led them through very different paths. The emergence of Satoshi's solution for the double-spending problem, the Blockchain, was a big stunner for RipplePay as the company was eventually able to provide the service it always strived for, with a technology that was perfectly fit for it. From there on, Ripple started its path of partnerships with big names, with some distinctly supporting them in terms that weren't publicly revealed (like Starbucks), while many others are adopting Ripple's gateways, both internally and externally, including big names like Santander.
Currently, Ripple has countless gateways, including major banks and payments services. Stellar, unfortunately, has a few. But that has less to do with popularity and potential and more with what Stellar seems to be aiming for. They self-describe as a group which connects people to low-cost financial services to fight poverty and develops individual potential. This doesn't impede them to also be adopted by corporations, like the giant Deloitte and IBM, which announced Stellar will be the backbone if its new "cross-border payment solution", and promised is convening with big banking partners to adhere to it.
Ripple's initial XRP distribution in 2013 was received with a good deal of criticism, as the founders retained 20% of the total supply, which was widely viewed as an exorbitant amount by the community. In contrast, Stellar distributed their initial tokens like this: 50% of people who signed up for an account, 25% gave to nonprofits, and 20% given to Bitcoin and… Ripple holders, as they felt Stellar owed a lot to these two systems, keeping only 5% for themselves to fund operations. Ripple's advisory board of directors, which include names previously involved with government positions and big banks, is also often seen as reproachable by critics.
For those who are not sure about how gateways function in both systems: anyone can make use of both Stellar's and Ripple's API and declare themselves a gateway. The amount of (any currency you can think of) will be shown as <(balance), (name of the currency), (name of the gateway)>, for instance <100, USD, Santander>, and then users send or receive using the same gateway and currency, or even using different ones.
A community deprived of access to banking systems or one in which banking transaction costs are too high, having someone or some organization in whom they trust will take care of their funds (like a bank would), can function as a gateway for the community, and that person or organization can decide how much he would charge for the service, withdrawal conditions and so on. A university, for instance, can have their own community managed gateway and cast off their need to rely on external banking systems (or, at least, coexist with them, as an alternative).
At the same time Stellar Is being envisaged as a form of small or underprivileged organized communities to rely less on big banks and payment systems, Ripple, which in the beginning was seen as a threat for banks, is going in the direction of being a great solution implemented by… Big banks and payments systems.
We can expect, if everything goes right, a future where several local communities, and Stellar's diverse team and advisory board seems to be strongly working on that, adopt Stellar as a reliable payment option, while Ripple maintain their partnership with big banks and payment systems as a much-needed replacement of the cumbersome SWIFT protocol. In this ideal future, Stellar would be leading in the number of gateways which trade smaller volumes, while Ripple would be mainly adopted by big corporations with larger volumes, both coexisting side-by-side.
There is nothing inherently bad in being a for-profit corporation, but this usually means that their decisions will tend (and they already do) to adapt to regulation and the "traditional economy" needs, which may impact its usability and, consequently, the outcome of investing on it. Stellar also has a nemesis in front of their objective, which is local government regulations around the world, whose bureaucracy may be too prohibitive for the implementation of new gateways. With that in mind, since Stellar is making efforts to being an alternative to traditional monetary transfer using traditional banks, especially in places which most need it, we can't exactly correlate Ripple's success to Stellar's flop, and vice-versa.
And what that means to investors?
Besides speculation, we can expect Ripple and Stellar value to rise as more gateways are implemented and utilizing Ripple's XRP and Stellar's XLM as a middle currency, which is what they were both designed for. Stellar is making a big effort and has numerous success cases in bringing secure and efficient banking and payment solutions to places in the developing world, while still surprising their enthusiasts with partnerships like IBM. Ripple protocol is also used by many major banks, with an evergrowing number of smaller gateways.
Ripple's market cap is the third among cryptocurrencies, Stellar is the 8th, but Stellar was released 2 years after Ripple. They both seem to be growing in market cap at the same rate: which is, as of today, the highest growth rate among the top 50 cryptos.
Source: https://coinmarketcap.com
This is the XRP/USD and XRP/BTC chart. Its price is significantly growing again after some stagnation and has finally hit the psychologically important $1 value, which usually means demand for the currency tends to increase, especially as the BTC rollercoaster ride starts to lose its speed.
This is the XLM/USD and XLM/BTC price, both steadily growing too. Investors who bought this cryptocurrency in the short-term should probably be cheerful about its growth of more than 8%.
That said, both Stellar and Ripple are revolutionary platforms and their usability and partnerships will probably determine how high they're growing. With so many announcements around both of them, especially Ripple with Starbucks and Stellar with IBM, besides the smaller projects, holding both coins is probably a good idea, as both are presumed to have a markedly blooming future, not only bullish but as dominant protocols for exchanging money and making payments.
We will be updating our subscribers as soon as we know more. For the latest on XLM and XRP, sign up below!
Disclaimer: This article should not be taken as, and is not intended to provide, investment advice. Global Coin Report and/or its affiliates, employees, writers, and subcontractors are cryptocurrency investors and from time to time may or may not have holdings in some of the coins or tokens they cover. Please conduct your own thorough research before investing in any cryptocurrency.
Related Topics:RippleStellarXLMXRP
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Top 4 Cryptocurrencies to Bet on in 2019
iBankCrypto
The crypto prices have surged quite high in the last few months. Of course, their progress is nowhere near the one seen in 2017, but they appear to be getting there, one day at the time. However, things might not be as simple as that, and according to recent performance — it is more than possible that a major Bitcoin crash is incoming.
The fact is that cryptos saw a massive amount of growth in a very short period. Bitcoin itself more than doubled its price in only two months. Now, the rally is starting to crash in on itself, and the coin is already about $1,000 lower than last week. If such development does come to pass, a lot of people will experience quite large losses, although experienced investors might find some opportunities, and leverage in order to enhance their holdings' long-term value.
For example, Bitcoin dominance is expected to crash very quickly, which will work in favor of quite a lot of altcoins. While this does not seem to be the best time to invest in BTC, altcoins are another story, and diversifying a portfolio now might end up being very profitable in days to come.
Bitcoin behavior mirrors the pre-bear market situation
The crash that analysts are predicting right now comes as a direct consequence of all the hype that has been building up in…
Crypto bulls are back, that much is clear. The long-lasting, harsh crypto winter is gone, and the new era in digital currency sector opens up some rather interesting opportunities. With many more bull runs expected to come in months ahead, a lot of coins are likely to blow up and maybe even hit new all-time highs, although that still remains purely theoretical.
On the other hand, the fact is that numerous coins are seeing prices that were not achieved since early 2018, and the overall momentum remains bullish. With that in mind, even if new records do not come for a very long time — chances are that many of the coins will blow up enough for investors to see some serious gains in months to come. As a result, investing in some of these coins now might be a very profitable decision, for those who have the patience to wait a few months. Here are some of the projects believed to have the greatest potential to go big in the second half of 2019 and beyond.
1. TRON (TRX)
Putting TRON on the list should not really surprise anyone, as the project constantly comes up with new project updates, partnerships, and alike. It also constantly breaks records, as is becoming one of the biggest players in the dApp and smart contract development sector.
In the past few…
Can Crypto Credit Cards Disrupt the Fight Against Financial Crime?
Ali Raza
It is commonly known that the world of finances has the biggest problem with the crime of all existing industries around the world. It has been so throughout history. While the financial world has evolved, so did the criminal activities, and they continue to be an issue. With the arrival of cryptocurrencies, many were hoping that financial crime might be disrupted. However, for now, at least, it appears that cryptos themselves cannot find a way to resolve issues such as international money laundering.
In fact, when it comes to money laundering, the crypto sector appears to be the weakest link, especially because of the nature of digital currencies. The anonymity that cryptos are being praised for means that anyone can get a payment from an unknown source from anywhere in the world. This method can then be used for financing drug trafficking, cyberattacks, terrorists, and more.
Until recently, it was not easy for bad actors to make use of cryptocurrencies obtained for illegal purposes. The number of merchants willing to accept the coins was low, and criminals were forced to find a way to exchange crypto into fiat currencies. However, this came with a set of issues, such as taking foreign exchange risks and then sending the money through wallets and exchanges to a banking system that would allow withdrawal. The banking account was the biggest obstacle here,…
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
ICANN Publishes Its Annual Report and Reports $100 Million in Assets
By Michael Berkens President of Worldwide Media, Inc.
ICANN just published its annual report for 2011 and god bless, in the worst economy of our lifetimes they managed to get up to just short of $100 Million in assets; cash, investments and accounts receivable for the year ending June 30, 2011.
According to the report as of June 30, 2011, ICANN has over $29 Million in Cash, $51 Million in investments and over $15 Million in accounts receivable, and with some other assets all totalled, just short of $100 Million dollars.
Of course like the rest of us and to be fair, ICANN has some bills and obligations, but it's showing as "Unrestricted Net Assets" over $80 Million while it wound up last year, June 2010 with only $64 Million.
Not horrible for a non-profit that seems to be quite profitable.
On the income side ICANN seems to have brought in $70 Million in revenue plus made some $6 Million on its investments in the year ending June 2011.
On the expense side ICANN incurred "Personnel Expenses of over $26 Million, over $12 million in Travel, over $12 million in Professional expenses and finally an administrative cost of over $8 Million.
Other than the raw numbers here is what ICANN says are the achievements for the year:
"Fiscal year 2011 may be remembered most for what happened at the end, when ICANN's Board of Directors approved a plan to allow an increase in the number of Internet domain name extensions, generic top-level domains, such as .com, .org and .net."
"Major changes do not happen easily or quietly, nor should they when the global public interest is at stake."
"The Board's decision to usher in this historic change to the Internet domain name system was the culmination of six years of debate and deliberation within ICANN's multistakeholder community, and brought many to the table that had never before engaged with ICANN." "The Board of Directors approved a plan to allow an increase in the number of generic Internet domain name extensions (called generic top- level domains) beyond the current 21, which include such familiar domains as .com, .org and .net."
"Between 20 June and the writing of this report, 4,943 news stories about new gTLDs had been posted, printed or broadcast around the world."
I think that works out to something like $2,000 a story when compared to assets.
Which we at our TheDomains.com could claim the same.
2012 brings the new gTLD's which at $185,000 per application fee is said by ICANN to be revenue neutral or a cost recovery.
Of course the budget ICANN put together for the new gTLD revenue doesn't have even $1 allocated as coming from auctions of strings in contention, otherwise known to domainers as auctions.
All that auction proceeds money will flow apparently flow directly to the bottom line.
So 2012 report should be much better.
Actually ICANN could under the right circumstances be a non-profit with over $250 Million in "Unrestricted Net Assets" within 2 years.
Lets call it our 1st prediction for 2013.
Mark it.
By Michael Berkens, President of Worldwide Media, Inc.
Michael H. Berkens is a member of the Florida Bar, President of Worldwide Media, Inc. which owns over 75,000 domain name, a Director in RightoftheDot.com and writes a blog at TheDomains.com.
2022 Domain Name Year In Review
Elisa Cooper
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Jan 02, 2023 2:12 PM PST
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Dan York
Nov 25, 2022 8:30 PM PST
Achieving Multi-Stakeholder Progress on DNS Abuse
Ajith Francis
Nov 16, 2022 6:29 AM PST
ICANN Policymaking Should Be Even More Transparent
Jon Nevett
The Continuing WHOIS Disappearing Act
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ICANN's Accountability and Transparency – a Retrospective on the IANA Transition
Keith Drazek

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
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ADCC WA; Be There This Sunday
The Abu Dhabi Combat Club (ADCC) is one of the fiercest submission grappling competitions on planet earth.
In little over a week, the ADCC World Chamionships will be held in Anaheim Calafornia. The best no-gi grapplers in the world will travel to compete for the highest prize in submission grappling.
But this Sunday September 22, ADCC Western Australia (ADCCWA) will be putting on a show of its own at Craigie Leisure Centre. If you have any interest in grappling or Mixed Martial arts… you should probably be there.
Unlike traditional Jiu-Jitsu competitions, ADCC organises competitiors into divisions based on experience, not belt rank; allowing grapplers from all backgrounds to compete against one another.
Freestyle wrestlers will fight Judo practitioners, who will fight Jiu Jitsu artists, who will fight Sambo competitiors.
In a sense, ADCC is the Mixed Martial Arts of the submission grappling world. It fosters a space where grapplers from all disciplines can come and test the efficacy of their practice.
Which is why it's so impressive that ADCC champions are almost exclusively Brazillian Jiu-Jitsu practitioners.
My favourite Jiu Jitsu artist (Nicky Ryan) on his journey to ADCC 2019
But on Sunday, at the local level, expect everyone to have a chance at victory.
'What sets the ADCC apart from the other grappling competitions is the emphasis on going for the submission victory'.
ADCC WA
ADCC WA are adopting the same ruleset we'll see at the Word Championships next week, which is the perfect introduction to grappling for the unaquainted.
One of the common critiques of Jiu-Jitsu competitions is that there is an overemphasis on complicated point systems, which isolate those who don't already train. ADCC WA promises that this won't be a problem on Sunday.
'You won't see stalling tactics used like you do in other grappling competitions'.
Over the past few years, submission focused competitions such as team-based grappling competition Quintet, and the Eddie Bravo Invitational have emerged with the hope of appealing to more casual fans.
For the competitors in these organisations, the ADCC is their version Olympics.
If you're a grappler of any kind and haven't signed up to compete this weekend, you only have a few hours to register (which you should).
And if you're at all curious (or skeptical) about what submission grappling looks like, or whether Jiu-Jitsu is a practical martial art to pick up for self defence, do yourself a favour, support your local grappling scene, and be at Craigie Leisure Centre on Sunday.
Submission focussed competitions like ADCC are the future of grappling. With so many new organisations promoting the sport, there's never been a better time to get involved; fighter or fan.
About Luke Binetti
I'm a writer, theatre-maker and Brazilian jiu-jitsu artist who puts his thoughts on the line every day.
bjj fitness grappling Health mixed martial arts wellbeing wrestling
Johns Hopkins Psychedelic Research Centre
Negativity Bias


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GOV. CASWELL FROM ALEX. MARTIN.
I have been honored with your Excellency's Letter of the 26th Ulto. in which you are pleased to suggest you have been disappointed in receiving particular information respecting the Convention; In my last I wrote your Excellency the Reasons which I flatter myself you have received and approved of, why Communications could not be made until the Business before this Body be Completed and prepared for the public Eye, much time has been employed in drawing the outlines of the Subjects of their Deliberations in which as much unanimity has prevailed as could be well expected from so many Sentiments Arising in twelve Independent Sovereign Bodies; Rhode Island not having deigned to keep company with her Sister States on this Occasion. The Convention after having agreed on some great principles in the Government of the Union Adjourned for a few days, having appointed a Committee composed of the following Gentlemen, to-wit: Mr. Rutledge of South Carolina, Mr. Randolph of Virginia, Mr. Elsworth of Connecticut, Mr. Wilson of Pennsylvania, and Mr. Gorham of Massachusetts, to detail or render more explicit the chief subjects of their Discussion; on the Report of these Gentlemen the Convention again met, and are now employed taking up the same Paragraph by paragraph, and so slow is the progress that I am doubtful the Business will not be fully reduced to System and finished before the middle of September next, if then.
return. The State will still be represented fully in Convention by my Honourable friends Messrs. Spaight, Blount & Williamson. My absence may I think be the more easily dispenced with when I have the pleasure to inform your Excellency the Deputation from the State of North Carolina have generally been unanimous on all great questions, and I flatter myself will continue so until the Objects of their mission be finished. Tho' I have not told your Excellency affirmatively what the Convention have done, I can tell you negatively what they have not done. They are not about to create a King as hath been represented unfavourably in some of the eastern States, so that you are not to expect the Bishop Oznaburg or any prince or great man of the World to rule in this Country. The Public Curiosity will no doubt be gratified at the next Assembly, perhaps before.


text:
Ogrodzieniec – łąka w Gorcach, w dolinie potoku Koninka we wsi Poręba Wielka w województwie małopolskim, powiecie limanowskim
 Ogrodzieniec – gmina w województwie śląskim, w powiecie zawierciańskim
 Ogrodzieniec – miasto w województwie śląskim, w powiecie zawierciańskim, siedziba gminy miejsko-wiejskiej Ogrodzieniec
 Ogrodzieniec – dawna gromada
 Ogrodzieniec – osada w województwie warmińsko-mazurskim, w powiecie iławskim, w gminie Kisielice
 Ogrodzieniec – osada leśna w województwie wielkopolskim, w powiecie czarnkowsko-trzcianeckim, w gminie Wieleń
 Ogrodzieniec – ostaniec skalny na Wyżynie Olkuskiej
 Zamek Ogrodzieniec – we wsi Podzamcze koło Ogrodzieńca w województwie śląskim, w powiecie zawierciańskim

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Full disclosure: I work in TV. I am a creative director at a premium cable channel, and I can tell you right now that I get paid to watch TV. I don't watch it all day, every day. But I do spend some portions of my week watching series from my own network, and occasionally, competitor networks and stations.
I love my job. I love being able to read scripts and watch series, in many cases a year before they hit the airwaves. And I can assure you, there are many opportunities for you to earn money doing something you love — watching TV. Here are just a few.
Let's start with my own personal area of expertise. From HBO, Showtime, and STARZ, to Netflix, Hulu, and Amazon, there are thousands of jobs available in the TV and movie industry. You may think that the only people getting paid to watch TV at these companies are high-end executives and producers, but that's not the case. In my own company, everyone from IT and legal, to HR and creative services, has access to a wide variety of movies and series.
We are often required to watch our own series to be educated on what our own company does, much like employees at a brewery get free ale and hotel employees get free rooms. The more you know about what your company does, the better you are at your job. We also have companywide screenings of series and movies, and similar companies do the same for their employees, too.
If this sounds like the field for you, take some time to search the career web pages of any company offering TV and movie services. You may be surprised at the opportunities available.
It's a slow burn, but if you're willing to invest the time and a little money, it can really pay off. As you probably know, there are a lot of wealthy YouTubers out there. Some of them create original content, some are comedians, some play video games. And, some watch TV and movies and record their reactions, or provide reviews of the latest movies and series. In fact, there are even YouTubers who review YouTube review channels! That's some Inception-level stuff right there.
The best way to start on this path is to review the movies you either really love … or really hate. Audiences love both kinds of reviews, with the latter usually being more funny and satirical. All you need to start is a computer or smartphone with a decent camera (if you use a phone, get a tripod).
There really is an app for that. Well, multiple apps, actually. One of the most popular is Viggle, which rewards you for logging in and watching TV shows from providers like Netflix, Hulu, and Amazon. It's done on a points-per-minute basis, although sometimes you can double, triple, or even quadruple the amount of points you earn. You can also get bonuses for engaging with your friends on social media, and you can redeem your rewards for gift cards, cash, and even debit cards.
4. Become a Netflix "tagger"
Fair warning: There are only about 30 of these positions in existence, and they are in extremely high demand … for good reason. Taggers are a team of 30 media-savvy reviewers who get paid to watch Netflix day in, day out. The job of a tagger is to watch the content and tag it as it's being viewed with relevant metadata. In layman's terms, that includes factual information about the content, like year of release, language, cast, and so on, but also the tone, style, and how to categorize it for a search.
As FastCompany reported this past March, it's a dream job for Sherrie Gulmahamad, who watches over 20 hours of TV and movies per week in her role as "originals creative analyst." But, as she pointed out, it's not always an easy ride. Much like a food critic, you don't always have an appetite for what is put in front of you.
"I've also been assigned a 60-hour Colombian crime drama about Pablo Escobar's hit man," she told FastCompany. "No, I did not have to watch all of it — but I tried!" If you want to try and get into Netflix tagging, Gulmahamad recommends first getting into an archival or library studies program, and going from there.
Neilsen is a household name in America, and is the driving force behind all those ratings figures you see for TV series and movies. You can become a part of this process.
There are a couple of ways to go about it; one is by choice, the other by chance. First, you can go to Nielsen Digital Voice and join the panel. Thousands of people in the U.S. do this, and it's a way to provide information on what you're watching via the internet. The rewards aren't going to let you quit your day job, but you'll get the chance to win up to $1,000 every month, with 400 members getting a chunk of the monthly $10,000 sweepstakes.
The other way is the traditional Nielsen route, and that is purely in the hands of fate. Nielsen families are randomly selected from a section of different communities across the nation, and although you have just as much chance as anyone else, there are only 40,000 homes being monitored. With over 126 million households in the U.S., that's a slim chance.
These days there are all kinds of mystery shopping gigs available, and they are not just limited to retail stores and restaurants. You can actually get paid to go to the movie theater and check out the latest movies, and who wouldn't want to be paid for an activity you usually have to pay for?
One of the biggest names in theater mystery shopping is VeriTes, and they are looking for independent contractors in all 50 states. You can also check out CFA or Imyst.


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Q: after_touch callback is fired multiple times I have a hierarchy of models, for which I'm trying to cascade a :touch event.
class Category < ActiveRecord::Base
    has_many :posts

    after_touch :do_stuff

    def do_stuff
        # do stuff...
    end
end

class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
    belongs_to :category, :touch => true
    has_many :comments, :dependent => :destroy
end

class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
    belongs_to :post, :touch => true
end

I have a form for Post which creates a new Comment through nesteed_attributes. When this event occurs the after_touch method on the Category class is fired 4 times in quick succession (milliseconds apart) and I'm at a bit of a loss to understand why.
In my minds-eye the callback should only be fired once for the transaction? I also notice that in events such as destroying a post the callback is fired for the post, and each of the comments which is destroyed, resulting in many-many calls.
Is this normal behaviour? Is it expected? Is there a way around this? Is this a bug in Rails?

A: class Category < ActiveRecord::Base
    has_many :posts

    after_touch :do_stuff

    def do_stuff
        # do stuff...
    end
end

class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
    belongs_to :category
    has_many :comments, :dependent => :destroy
end

class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
    belongs_to :post
end

posts_controller

def update
  ...
  if @post.update
     @post.category.touch
  else
     ...
  end

end

A: Seems that this is 'by design' within Rails at the moment. There also doesn't seem to be any immediate plan to change this, so for the moment if you're planning on using :touch and only require a single callback, you need to look at another option.
https://github.com/rails/rails/issues/8759

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Biology • Zoologia (Curitiba) 31 (2) • Apr 2014 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-46702014000200003 copy
The feeding habits of the eyespot skate Atlantoraja cyclophora (Elasmobranchii: Rajiformes) in southeastern Brazil
Alessandra da Fonseca Viana
, Rio de Janeiro, , Rio de Janeiro, , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia , Laboratório de Biologia e Tecnologia Pesqueira, Brazil
Marcelo Vianna
The stomach contents of the eyespot skate, Atlantoraja cyclophora (Regan, 1903), were examined with the goal to provide information about the diet of the species. Samples were collected off the southern coast of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, near Ilha Grande, between January 2006 and August 2007, at a depth of about 60 m. The diet was analyzed by sex, maturity stages and quarterly to verify differences in the importance of food items. The latter were analyzed by: frequency of occurrence, percentage of weight and in the Alimentary Index. The trophic niche width was determined to assess the degree of specialization in the diet. Additionally, the degree of dietary overlap between males and females; juveniles and adults and periods of the year were defined. A total of 59 individuals of A. cyclophora were captured. Females and adults were more abundant. The quarters with the highest concentrations of individuals were in the summer of the Southern Hemisphere: Jan-Feb-Mar 06 and Jan-Feb-Mar 07. Prey items were classed into five main groups: Crustacea, Teleosts, Elasmobranchs, Polychaeta, and Nematoda. The most important groups in the diet of the eyespot skate were Crustacea and Teleosts. The crab Achelous spinicarpus (Stimpson, 1871) was the most important item. The value of the niche width was small, indicating that a few food items are important. The comparison of the diet between males and females and juveniles and adults indicates a significant overlap between the sexes and stages of maturity; and according to quarters, the importance of prey groups differed (crustaceans were more important in the quarters of the summer and teleost in Jul-Aug-Sep and Oct-Nov-Dec 06), indicating seasonal differences in diet composition. Three groups with similar diets were formed in the cluster analysis: (Jan-Feb-Mar 06 and 07); (Apr-May-Jun 06 and Jul-Aug-Sep 07); (Jul-Aug-Sep 06 and Oct-Nov-Dec 06).
Diet; elasmobranch; trophic niche; Rajidae; Rio de Janeiro
Alessandra da Fonseca Viana* * Corresponding author. E-mail: fviana.ale@gmail.com ; Marcelo Vianna
Laboratório de Biologia e Tecnologia Pesqueira, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Bloco A, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
Key words: Diet; elasmobranch; trophic niche; Rajidae; Rio de Janeiro.
Dietary analyses may be used to understand variations in the growth, reproduction, migration and the behavioral aspects of food capture. They may result in increased knowledge of resource sharing and competition between organisms (ROSECCHI & NOUAZE 1987), and a broader understanding of trophic ecology, which can be used in ecosystem management (ZAVALA-CAMIN 1996). Fish diet may differ ontogenetically, spatially and seasonally. For instance, juveniles and adults differ in the size of the food they consume, and differences in food availability may affect the diet of broadly distributed species (ZAVALA-CAMIN 1996).
Elasmobranchs play an important role in marine ecosystems, occupying high trophic levels (EBERT & BIZARRO 2007). They play an important role in the energy flow between the benthic and pelagic regions (AGUIAR & VALENTIN 2010). As a result of their place in the food chain, benthonic skates may accumulate contaminants such as mercury, and are therefore good indicators of pollution (LACERDA et al. 2000).
Benthonic skates have suffered increased fishing pressure in recent years (MASSA et al. 2006). They are also caught very frequently as bycatch. These two factors make fishery the main anthropogenic factor that affects elasmobranch populations. (VOOREN & KLIPPEL 2005). Overfishing of skates and rays can change the abundance and distribution of their populations, and result in proportional growth of populations of species in lower trophic levels (WALKER & HISLOP 1998).
Studies on the diet of elasmobranchs are less frequent than studies involving other marine fishes. According to AGUIAR & VALENTIN (2010), only 44 studies on the alimentary biology and ecology of elasmobranchs have been published in Brazilian journals, and only one of these analyzed the diet of Atlantoraja cyclophora (Regan, 1903). Elasmobranchs are carnivorous, eating less variety of prey than the herbivorous or omnivorous teleosts. EBERT & BIZARRO (2007) studied 60 species of Rajiformes and indicated that in the diet of skates, teleosts and decapods are dominant groups. Rajiformes are secondary or tertiary consumers and are classified as benthopelagic or epibenthic predators specialized in marine invertebrates or small crustaceans (AGUIAR & VALENTIN 2010).
The eyespot skate A. cyclophora belongs to Rajidae. This oviparous skate with demersal habits is found in the South Atlantic Ocean, from Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) to the south of the Mar del Plata (Argentina). The species is found from 30 to 300 m depth (mainly below 50 m) (GOMES et al. 2010), generally in cold waters of the continental shelf and upper continental slope, and does not seem to have a preference for any peculiar granulometry of the sediment. Normally, females of A. cyclophora are heavier and wider than males (ODDONE & VOOREN 2004). The species is caught as bycatch in coastal demersal fisheries, and has suffered growing fishing pressure. As a result, it is considered "vulnerable" in the Red List of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (CHEUNG et al. 2005). Given the scarcity of studies on A. cyclophora, it is the time for scientists to focus their attention on the species (MASSA et al. 2006).
The goal of this study was to generate information about the diet of Atlantoraja cyclophora in southeastern Brazil, by identifying the main food items to species; and to ascertain differences in the importance of food items according to sex, maturity stages and periods of the year.
Between January 2006 and August 2007, 14 samples were hauled from the southern coast of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, near Ilha Grande (Fig. 1). Each haul lasted one hour, and was conducted at about 60 m depth. The boat worked with a bottom-pair trawl. The net had a 20 mm mesh between opposing knots at the body and sleeves and 18 mm in codend.
The area of the study is located near the Ilha Grande Bay (22°50'-23°20'S, 44°00'-44°45'W), in the southern coast of Rio de Janeiro. The sediment is mainly characterized by medium/fine sand, but also silt and clay. In this region three water masses occur: Tropical Water, Coastal Water and South Atlantic Central Water. The Tropical Water (TW) occurs in the upper layer, with high temperatures and salinity (T > 20°C, S > 36.4). The Coastal Water (CW), with high temperature (24°C) and low salinity (34.9), normally occurs in the inner shelf. The South Atlantic Central Water (SACW) has low temperature and salinity (T < 20°C, 34 < S < 36.4) and can emerge when the wind conditions are favorable for upwelling. Therefore, in late spring and summer, this mass occupies the inner shelf, and in winter and autumn it moves offshore.
After collection, the material was chilled and later frozen until processing. Samples of A. cyclophora were identified according to GOMES et al. (2010), measured (disc width, cm), weighed (total weight, g) and sexed (voucher C.DBAV UERJ1256). Then, the skates were dissected and the maturity stage of each specimen (juvenile or adult) was determined according to a combination of internal and external characteristics (ODDONE & VOOREN 2005). The stomachs were removed, weighed, fixed in 10% formalin and conserved in 70% ethanol. The stomach contents were analyzed and prey items were weighed and identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level. Identification was made with the help of specialists.
A cumulative prey curve (CORTES 1997, FERRY & CAILLIET 1996) was employed to determine whether the sample was large enough to precisely describe the diet. This method plots the cumulative number of randomly pooled stomachs against the cumulative number of prey types. This curve was constructed using the program EstimateSWin820 and fifty randomizations were performed.
Food items were analyzed by Frequency of Occurrence (%FO), expressed as the percentage of the stomachs analyzed containing the prey item; and Percentage Weight (%W), which is the percentage of the weight of the prey item with respect to the total weight of all prey items combined. These measurements were combined in the Alimentary Index (IAi), according to KAWAKAMI & VAZZOLER (1980), and modified to use the Percentage Weight (%W), according to the equation:%IAi1 = ((%FO1 x%W1) /Σ (%FOT x%WT)) x 100, where%FO1 = percentage of stomachs in which determined item occur;%W1 = percentage of weight of determined item. The trophic niche width was determined according to the Standardized Levins Index (HURLBERT 1978) to assess the degree of diet specialization, according to the following equation: Bi = [(ΣjPij2)-1 - 1] (n-1)-1, where Pij = proportion of the prey j in the diet of the predator I; n = number of prey categories. In order to provide information about prey importance and feeding strategy, an adaptation ofthe COSTELLO's (1990) method by AMUNDSEN et al. (1996) was employed.
The diet was analyzed by sex, maturity stages of the skates and quarterly. The Trophic Niche Overlap Index by PIANKA (1973), was employed to determine the degree of dietary overlap between males and females and juveniles and adults, according to the following equation: Oxy = Σ (Pxi x Pyi)/ Σ(ΣPxi2 x ΣPyi2), where Pxi = proportion of prey i in predator x; Pyi = proportion of prey i in predator y.
In the temporal analyses, six quarters were defined: 1 (Jan-Feb-Mar 06), 2(Apr-May-Jun 06), 3(Jul-Aug-Sep 06), 4(Oct-Nov-Dec 06), 5 (Jan-Feb-Mar 07), 6 (Jul-Aug-Sep/07). The diet was determined for each quarter and a cluster analysis was performed, employing Ward's Method, using the Past Statistic Program to define groups with similar diet.
We analyzed a total of 59 stomachs of A. cyclophora; of these, two were empty and were not included in the analyses. Of the remaining 57 stomachs, those from females and adults were more abundant (Table I), with disc width ranging from 14.8 to 47.8 cm (mean = 38.04 ± 8.25; median = 40.3). While Jan-Feb-Mar 06 were the quarters with the highest concentration of skates, Apr-May-Jun 06 and Jul-Aug-Sep 07 (Table I) had the lowest concentrations. The cumulative prey curve (Fig. 2) stabilized after about 40 stomachs, indicating that this number was representative for the sampling area.
Prey items were classified into five main groups (Crustacea, Teleosts, Elasmobranchs, Polychaeta, Nematoda) (Table II). The group Crustacea was the most important in the diet (79.4%IAi). Teleosts were also important, since this group has a significant FO%. The crab Achelous spinicarpus (Stimpson, 1871) (= Portunus spinicarpus) was the most important item overall (53.5%IAi), followed by Portunidae (23.6%IAi). Item fragments of teleosts were important (9.7%IAi), and Dactylopterus volitans (Linnaeus, 1758) was a very representative teleost (8.2%IAi). The trophic niche width of A. cyclophora was 0.1, indicating that a few food items are very important.
The prey importance and feeding strategy diagrams (Figs 3 and 4) show that no food item was dominant in the diet of A. cyclophora. We reached this conclusion because no items occur in area IV of the diagram (Fig. 3). However, two items were the most important, Brachyura and fragments of Teleosts. The other items were rare, because they occur in area III (Fig. 3). When whole groups were taken into consideration, Crustacea were dominant (presence in are IV), but Fishes were also important (presence in area VI, with a high frequency of occurrence). Polychaeta and Nematoda were rare (Fig. 4).
The value of dietary overlap between females and males was high, 0.93. In both cases Crustaceans were more important (Table II) (77.3% IAi and 89.5% IAi respectively) followed by teleost, which were more heavily represented by females (22.7% IAi and 10.5% IAi respectively). Regarding the items, Portunidae (18.2% IAi for females and 33.5% IAi for males) and A. spinicarpus (59.2% IAi for females and 28.8% IAi for males) were the most important for both sexes. Other items like Caridea and crustacean fragments were more represented in the diet of males (2.7 and 2.3% IAi respectively).
The value of dietary overlap between juveniles and adults was also quite high, 0.99. In this case, the crustaceans were also more representative for the both stages of maturity (Table II) (90.5 and 79.7% IAi respectively), followed by teleost (9.2 and 20.3% IAi respectively). The polychaetes and nematodes were less relevant, but more relevant to juveniles. In both groups A. spinicarpus was the most representative item (43.1% IAi for juveniles and 52.3%.IAi for adults).
The importance of prey groups differed according to season (Table III). The cluster analysis (Fig. 5) indicated that three groups were formed: Group 1 (Jan-Feb-Mar 06 and Jan-Feb-Mar 07); Group 2 (Apr-May-Jun 06 and Jul-Aug-Sep 07) and Group 3 (Jul-Aug-Sep 06 and Oct-Nov-Dec 06), indicating seasonal differences in diet composition. The quarters Jan-Feb-Mar 06 and Jan-Feb-Mar 07 had a great importance of crustaceans (97.3 and 98.9% IAi respectively), mainly Portunidae and A. spinicarpus. In the quarters of Jul-Aug-Sep 06 and Oct-Nov-Dec 06 teleost were the most representative (57.7 and 63.7% IAi respectively), especially D. volitans. The quarters, Apr-May-Jun 06 and Jul-Aug-Sep 07 had predominance of crustaceans (76.2 and 100% IAi respectively), but the number of individuals captured during this period was less representative.
Females of A. cyclophora were larger at onset of sexual maturity than males, which is in agreement with results of other studies on Rajidae (ODDONE & VOOREN 2005, ODDONE et al. 2008). Females also reached larger size than males, as observed in other studies with A. cyclophora (ODDONE & VOOREN 2004, ODDONE et al. 2008). Skates were more abundant in the summer (Jan-Feb-Mar 06 and Jan-Feb-Mar 07). Summer is the season of greatest upwelling of the South Atlantic Central Water (SACW), which generates the oceanographic conditions favored by this species (ODDONE & VOOREN 2004).
Atlantoraja cyclophora feeds on benthic prey, mainly crustaceans and teleost. Crabs, mainly A. spinicarpus, were the most important item in the diet of A.cyclophora, probably because they are abundant in the area (PIRES 1992). The prey importance and feeding strategy diagrams confirmed these results, showing the dominance of crustaceans in the diet of the skate, followed by teleosts. Our results indicate that the diet of A.cyclophora is specialized. Although the Fishes did not have a high value of Alimentary Index (% IAI) and was not a dominant item, this group had a high Frequency of Occurrence (% FO), particularly in teleost fragments. These values are small because of the low% P and prey-specific abundance. Therefore we cannot estimate the true importance of this group. As previously observed by ZAVALA-CAMIN (1996), Fish are digested more rapidly than other groups that have a carapace, such as crustaceans.
A diet based on crustaceans and teleosts was also observed for a congeneric species, and for A. cyclophora by other authors (SOARES et al. 1992, BIZARRO et al. 2007). In a study of the diet of A. cyclophora in Ubatuba (23°20'S-24°00'S, 44°30'W-45°30'W), São Paulo, Brazil, the most important items were crustaceans and teleosts, and Brachyura was also relevant (SOARES et al. 1992). In the same study, the feeding habits of Raja castelnaui (= A. castelnaui) were also analyzed and showed greater representation of crustaceans and teleosts. The diets of Raja binoculata, R. inornata, and R. rhina were studied in California (USA), and crustaceans and fish were the most important groups (BIZARRO et al. 2007).
The diets of juveniles and adults overlapped significantly. However, teleost and A. spinicarpus are more important in the diet of adults and Caridea/Dendobranchiata, polychaetes and nematodes are more important in the diet of juveniles. The diets of both sexes were also very similar. Nevertheless, teleost and crabs are slightly more frequent in the diet of females, while males tend to eat more shrimp. These small differences can be attributed to differences in the method of catching food. It is difficult for smaller individuals to capture teleosts, which are more agile (VIANNA et al. 2000).
The temporal analysis of feeding may have been compromised by the low abundance of individuals at certain times of the year, as for instance in Apr-May-Jun 06 and Jul-Aug-Sep 07. However, analysis of the other quarters indicated that there are two groups with similar diets. The water masses found in the region modify the physical and chemical parameters of the water during the seasons, which suggests a change in the structure and dynamics of the benthic fauna in the region (PIRES 1992). Portunidae and A. spinicarpus were the most important groups consumed in Jan-Feb-Mar 06 and Jan-Feb-Mar 07, i.e., the summer of 2006 and the summer of 2007 (when the SACW approaches the coast), which may be explained by the increased availability of A. spinicarpus in this region at this time of year (BRAGA et al. 2005). At Ubatuba, A. spinicarpus is also important in the food of other rajids such as R. agassizi and P. extenta, especially in the summer, which is related to the local abundance of the species (MUTO et al. 2001). Therefore, the period of greatest abundance of A. spinicarpus corresponds to the optimal oceanographic conditions for A. cyclophora. The upwelling of SACW may explain the importance of this crab in the diet of the skate. Seasonal changes in diet were observed in other studies of rajids (MUTO et al. 2001, BORNATOWSKI et al. 2010).
Although this study did not analyze a large number of stomachs, the data are important for interpreting the feeding biology of this skate, and to evaluate its responses to environmental conditions and fishing pressures.
The authors are grateful to the Laboratório de Biologia e Tecnologia Pesqueira group for the help in samples, measurements and dissection of the skates, to Paulo C. Paiva for helping with polychaete identification, and to Tereza C.G. da Silva and Karina A. Keunecke for helping with crustacean identification.
Submitted: 30.IX.2013;
Accepted: 16.II.2014.
Editorial responsibility: Cassiano Monteiro Neto
Corresponding author. E-mail:
fviana.ale@gmail.com
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SOARES, L.S.H.; C.L.B. ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI; L.M.C. ALVARES; E.Y. MUTO & M. LOS ANGELES. 1992. Grupos tróficos de peixes demersais da plataforma continental interna de Ubatuba, Brasil. I. Condrichthyes. Boletim do Instituto Oceanográfico 40 (1/2): doi: 10.1590/S0373-55241992000100006
VIANNA, M.; C.A. ARFELLI & A.F. AMORIM. 2000. Feeding of Mustelus canis (Elasmobranchii, Triakidae) caught off south-southeast coast of Brazil. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca 26 (1): 79-84.
VOOREN, C.M. & S. KLIPPEL. 2005. Diretrizes para a conservação de espécies ameaçadas de elasmobrânquios, p. 213-228. In: C.M. VOOREN & S. KLIPPEL (Eds). Ações para a conservação de tubarões e raias do Brasil. Porto Alegre, Editora Igaré
WALKER, P.A & G. HISLOP. 1998. Sensitive skates or resilient rays? Spatial and temporal shifts in ray species composition in the central and north-western North Sea between 1930 and the present day. ICES Journal of Marine Science 55: 392-402. doi:10.1006/jmsc.1997.0325
ZAVALA-CAMIN, L.A. 1996. Introdução aos estudos sobre alimentação natural em peixes. Maringá, EDUEM, 129p.
* Corresponding author. E-mail: fviana.ale@gmail.com
Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia Caixa Postal 19020, 81531-980 Curitiba PR Brasil, Tel./Fax: (55 41) 3266-6823 - Curitiba - PR - Brazil
E-mail: sbz@sbzoologia.org.br
Outros formatos de citação e exportação: Enter references manager format or citation style (e.g., "APA", "AMA", "MLA", "Vancouver")
E-mail: scielo@scielo.org
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Bokepdo.download is tracked by us since February, 2018. Over the time it has been ranked as high as 508 799 in the world, while most of its traffic comes from Indonesia, where it reached as high as 6 270 position.
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text:
Amla Junction railway station is a main railway station in Betul district, Madhya Pradesh. Its code is AMLA. It serves Amla city. The station consists of six platforms.

Amla Junction is on broad-gauge lines which connects to Itarsi in the north, Nagpur in the southeast and Chhindwara in the east.

Trains
 Andaman Express
 Gomti Sagar Express
 Chhattisgarh Express
 Panchvalley Passenger
 Deekshabhoomi Express
 Patalkot Express (via Amla)
 Nagpur–Rewa Superfast Express
 Jaipur–Secunderabad Express
 Amla–Betul Passenger
 Betul–Chhindwara Passenger
 Itarsi–Nagpur Passenger
 Amla–Chhindwara Passenger
 Amla–Nagpur Passenger
 Dakshin Express
 Gorakhpur–Secunderabad Express
 Amravati–Jabalpur Superfast Express
 Ahilyanagari Express
 Dr. Ambedkar Nagar–Nagpur Superfast Express
 Dadadham Intercity Express (via Itarsi)
 Gorakhpur–Yesvantpur Express
 Bhusaval–Hazrat Nizamuddin Gondwana Superfast Express
 Hazrat Nizamuddin–Raigarh Gondwana Superfast Express
 Thiruvananthapuram Swarna Jayanti Express
 Grand Trunk Express
 Raptisagar Express
 Indore–Nagpur Tri Shatabdi Express
 Visakhapatnam–Hazrat Nizamuddin Link Superfast Express

References

Railway stations in Betul district
Nagpur CR railway division
Railway junction stations in Madhya Pradesh


How to get a job in hospitality?
This is an exciting time – it's the start of your career journey. An experience you will always remember. If you're ready to make an impact in the world of hospitality, we would be honoured to share this experience with you.
Choosing a career at IHG gives you the chance to develop and grow, with tonnes of opportunities under one roof. We have a diverse range of global opportunities in our hotels and offices, with supportive senior leaders ready to equip you with the skills you need to be successful in your career.
Check in to inspiring journeys and become part of the IHG family.
Managing Director for South East Asia & Korea.
Whatever your passion, there's a place for you in the hospitality industry.
Training, Development, Support and Travel.
Join IHG and you'll check in to more than a job.
You'll check in to brilliant opportunities.
Search for IHG® hospitality jobs by clicking 'search jobs' and apply for an opportunity suitable for you (or if you live close to the hotel or office, stop by and ask if you can speak to HR in person).
In your application, tell us about what interests you about working in the hospitality industry.
Someone at the hotel or office will review your application and you may receive a call from HR to have an initial conversation.
Be prepared to talk about your previous experience and what interests you about working at IHG.
This is your opportunity to shine. Bring to life first-hand examples of skills relevant to working in hospitality, it may be team-work or problem-solving. We also want to know what your interests are outside of work.
Be prepared to ask the interviewer any questions you may have.
If you receive an offer of work experience at one of our hotels and offices – congratulations and welcome to the IHG family!


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It looks like a deal with something for everyone. The UK gets significant equity funding for the first reactor in a massive 19 Gwe nuclear build in return for letting Chinese firms book an export sale of its newest light water reactor (LWR) technology in a western nation with the ability to pay for it. Earlier this year China booked a sale for a Hualong One with Argentina, but for now, unless a miracle occurs, China will be building and providing 100% of the financing for that plant as a turnkey project with Argentina paying it off with revenues generated by the electricity produced by the reactor.
What set the complex deal in motion is that EDF, which is planning to build two Areva 1600 MW at the Hinkley site, simultaneously issued two press releases both filled to the brim with bad news.
First, EDF said that its planned completion of a similar EPR nuclear plant at Flamanville in France is falling further behind in its schedule and it was cost more, a lot more. The cost of the project is now pegged at $11.7 billion.
Anyone looking at the players involved in Flamanville, and has a stake in Hinkley C, is now wondering about the ability of Areva and EDF to complete that project on time and within budget. EDF and Areva are also pegged to build two more EPRs at the UK's Sizewell site. From the perspective of UK PM Cameron, these players have a lot of risk associated with them and on his watch.
Second, EDF said it was halting further work on the Hinkley C site until the finances for the project could be settled in terms of funding for it. This produced all kinds of uproar in the UK tabloid press which said that EDF was calling it quits. EDF strongly countered that it has complete confidence in the project.
According to the UK newspaper The Express, PM Cameron blew a fuse over the latest delay which put in motion the swap of funding for Hinkley C now in return for buying a Hualong One later.
According to the newspaper, EDF would sell its development rights at the Bradwell site to the Chinese firms. The UK government and EDF would help the Chinese firms negotiate the complex regulatory review process of reviewing the design of the Hualong One. Approval from the UK Office of Nuclear Regulation is needed as part of its Generic Design Review for new reactors. It is an expensive and time consuming process.
The nuclear energy deal will likely be discussed, and perhaps agreed to in principle, during a state visit to the UK next month by Chinese President Xi Jinping.
The issues associated with funding Hinkley C have only increased over time. The plant was originally planned to open in 2017, but now EDF says the earliest it would enter revenue service is 2024.
UK PM Cameron is reportedly manifestly unhappy with this delay and has his civil servants burning the midnight oil to hammer out the details of an agreement with the two Chinese nuclear firms that would be involved in the deal – China General Nuclear and China National Nuclear Corp. According to wire service reports, the two firms would be minority stakeholders in the Hinkley C plant and also get options to be equity partners in the subsequent EDF led Sizewell project.
Table of planned new nuclear reactors in the UK. Data and table courtesy of World Nuclear Association.
The problems with the estimated costs of the reactors has re-energized calls for the UK to nationalize its new reactor building program to reduce costs by eliminating the interest costs of capital. The UK must build out its program of new reactors due to the end of life of the current fleet and being more or less over a barrel energy wise due to the diminished oil and natural gas coming from the North Sea. The UK government has said that there is a real prospect of power cuts, brownouts, and other troubles with electricity reliability if the reactors are not built.
Find out how China is currently doing with the two EPR's that IT is building at Taishan. That is very important here. By the time they start in the UK at least the Chinese may have shown they can build these things.


text:
Category: Yleinen
Applicants to nursing education are invited to participate in a study during January 2023
New healthcare workers are highly needed in the field of nursing. There is an increasing number of nurses from different cultural and linguistic backgrounds in Finland.
In the joint application period (4 January – 18 January), 12 Universities of Applied Sciences offer study programmes of nursing in English (incl. one paramedic study programme). During January 2023, applicants to nursing education are invited to participate in a survey study "Culturally and linguistically diverse nursing applicants' desire to work as a nurse" in the uasinfo.fi-website. The study is a Master's thesis study. Participation to the study is entirely voluntary and does not affect student selection decisions.
If you are applying or planning to apply for nursing education, you have a possibility to participate in the study here.
Joint application for higher education degree programmes offered in English starts on 4 January 2023
Posted on 2.1.2023 29.12.2022
The spring first joint application for higher education degree programmes starts on 4 January and ends on 18 January at 15:00 Finnish time. In this joint application, applicants apply for degree programmes offered in English starting in autumn 2023.
In the spring first joint application, universities of applied sciences (UAS) have 106 study programmes available for application. 3,224 study places are available for Bachelor's degrees and 1,112 study places for Master's degrees in different UAS.
International UAS Exam is a joint digital entrance exam of Finnish universities of applied sciences, used in selecting students for UAS degree programmes offered in English. Most UAS study programmes use the International UAS Exam. There are 94 study programmes included in the joint application, with a total of 2,525 study places. UAS also have other selection methods which can be used in selecting students for their programmes.
The International UAS Exam consists of two phases conducted online. The first phase written exam is organised on 8 February and the second phase group interviews between 6 and 17 March 2023. In some study programmes in social and health care, the applicants' Finnish/Swedish skills are assessed in an oral language skills test which is organised between 20 and 22 March 2023. Those applicants who score the highest in the first phase written exam in their study field are going to be invited to the second phase group interview.
Student selection for study programmes offered in English in Finnish UAS has been developed towards a simpler and more uniform direction in 2021–2022. Now, the International UAS Exam is used in all fields of study, and it has replaced the previous field-specific entrance exams. Applying is now easier than before because the applicants can apply with a single exam for many different study programmes offered in different UAS.
Joint application period 4–18 January 2023
First phase written exam 8 February 2023
Second phase group interviews 6–17 March 2023
Finnish/Swedish oral language skills test 20–22 March 2023
Selection results disclosed to the applicants on 2 June 2023 at the latest
Studies begin in autumn 2023
Results of the first International UAS Entrance Exam are now released
Posted on 5.4.2022 5.4.2022
The results of the International UAS Exam, used in spring 2022 first joint application round, are now released. More than 2,200 students are selected to universities of applied sciences on the basis of the International UAS Exam.
During the past year, universities of applied sciences have developed their selection methods of programmes conducted in English to a more applicant-friendly way. The development work has proceeded fast. Universities of applied sciences launched a wide, joint UAS cooperation project to develop student selection for programmes conducted in English, and already in spring 2022 the new joint digital UAS entrance exam, the International UAS Exam, was launched.
– I am proud of our universities of applied sciences solving their joint challenges together. Finland needs international professionals and by working together, we use our resources more efficiently. In this way, we not only save resources but also generate effective results, Executive Director Ida Mielityinen of the Rectors' Conference of Finnish Universities of Applied Sciences Arene says.
The use of International UAS Exam facilitates and simplifies the application process. In previous years, many different entrance exams and student selection practices for UAS programmes conducted in English have been in use, which has seemed strenuous and complicated for the applicant.
The International UAS Exam was developed to replace the previous, field-specific entrance exams. The application process is now considerably easier, as the applicant may take a single entrance exam to apply for several programmes open for application in different UAS. In the spring first joint application round 2022, a record number of applicants was noted – more than 17,000 applicants took the exam to apply for programmes using the International UAS Exam.
– This spring was the first time that we used the International UAS Exam. In developing the International UAS Exam, we based our work on the high-quality development work and best practices of the Finnish-language joint entrance exam. Universities of applied sciences will continue the development of student selection for programmes conducted in English also in the coming years, Project Manager of the UAS Student Selection Consortium Marko Borodavkin explains.
The International UAS Exam consists of two phases conducted online: a written exam and a group interview. The Finnish UAS successfully carried out these phases in February–March. The online entrance exam meant that applicants could take the exam in any location instead of having to travel to Finland for it.
In autumn 2021, the universities of applied sciences also released a joint UASinfo website, providing information on the International UAS Exam and the application process in general, selection methods and studying. The joint website further harmonizes the steering and communication of the student selection of UAS programmes conducted in English.
Minimum pass scores of the 9 February 2022 International UAS Exam first phase written exam
International UAS Exam is used for the first time in spring 2022. Due to diffculty level of the exam, the minimum pass scores of the first phase written exam have been amended (18 February 2022) in the following sections:
Reasoning skills
The original minimum pass score was 5 points. The final minimum pass score is 2 points.
Mathematical skills
Ethical skills
All eligible applicants who have passed the first phase written exam will be invited to the second phase. The second phase group interviews will be organised on 2–16 March 2022.
Universities of Applied Sciences executed the first phase of the International UAS Exam with success
The first phase written exam of the International UAS Exam, the joint entrance exam of Finnish UAS, was organized today, 9 February 2022. 12 054 participants took the exam and the participation rate was 72,4%.
The International UAS Examis used for the first time this spring. It is used to select students to UAS study programmes leading to a degree and conducted in English. In joint application procedure, 16,641 applicants applied for a programme using the joint entrance exam.
Most applicants taking the International UAS Exam are from outside Finland, mostly from non-EU/non-EEA countries. The online entrance exam enabled the applicants to take the exam in a location of their choice, instead of having to travel to Finland. The entrance exam was successfully executed in the entrance exam system. The exam was executed with the same digital entrance exam system that is used in, among others, the UAS entrance exam.
In previous years, students to UAS study programmes conducted in English have been selected by using several different entrance exams. Now, the UAS have developed their student selection in collaboration and the result, the joint entrance exam, greatly facilitates and simplifies the application process. Most UAS study programmes open for application use the joint entrance exam. The applicant can now take a single exam to apply for different programmes and study fields.
–"Universities of applied sciences have started to develop, in extensive cooperation with stakeholders of the entire UAS sector, student selection procedures of study programmes conducted in English into a more student-friendly direction. A good example of this is the successful execution of the first phase written exam of the International UAS Exam", Marko Borovadkin, Project Manager of UAS Student Selection Consortium describes.
The International UAS Exam consists of two phases. The eligible applicants that have passed the first phase exam are invited to a group interview organized on 2–16 March 2022. The second phase group interview is also a joint exam for all study fields and the applicant participates in only one group interview. In some study programmes of social and health care fields, also the applicant's oral language skills in Finnish and/or Swedish are assessed.
In the spring first application round, the universities of applied sciences have a little more than 3,000 study places in programmes leading to a UAS degree open for application. For programmes leading to a Master's degree, there are almost 1,000 study places available for application.
The selection results will be released on Friday, June 3, at the latest. In the spring first application round, applicants may be selected to several study programmes, depending on their entrance exam success. However, approved applicants may only accept one study place leading to a higher education degree, among study programmes that start in the same semester.
The spring first application round to universities of applied sciences ended on Wednesday, January 19. The applicants applied for UAS study programmes conducted in English that start in autumn.
In the joint application round, over 21,000 applicants applied for Bachelor's and Master's programmes of universities of applied sciences, almost 9,000 applicants more than in 2021. Most UAS applicants, 85%, were from other countries than Finland. 15% of the UAS applicants were Finns. Most foreign applicants were citizens of non-EU/non-EEA countries.
In the spring first application round, the universities of applied sciences had 156 study programmes open for application. In total, they have almost 4,000 study places in different UAS study programmes. Over 3,000 study places are in programmes leading to a Bachelor's degree and some 900 study places in programmes leading to a Master's degree. Service fields saw the highest number of applicants in relation to study places; 12.8 applicants per study place.
Joint UAS entrance exam, the International UAS exam, is organised in February
International UAS Exam is the new digital joint entrance exam of Finnish UAS, to be used in selecting students for UAS study programmes leading to a degree and conducted in English. The entrance exam will be used for the first time in spring 2022 first joint application round. Universities of applied sciences also have other selection methods in use, on the basis of which applicants may be selected to study programmes.
– I'm very proud that universities of applied sciences stand at the forefront of reform, also in this matter. Collaboration ensures that applicants find it easier to find and compare different study programmes. By combining resources, we also guarantee resources for further development, Ida Mielityinen, Executive Director of the Rectors' Conference of Finnish Universities of Applied Sciences Arene describes.
Most of the study programmes use the International UAS Exam. In the joint application round, over 17,000 applicants applied for a study programme that uses the joint entrance exam.
– From the applicant's perspective, the procedure is simpler: with a single exam, the applicant can apply for several study programmes available for application, in many study fields. An online exam may be taken anywhere in the world, and the applicant does not have to travel to Finland for it, Marko Borovadkin, Project Manager of UAS Student Selection Consortium points out.
International UAS Exam consists of two phases. The first phase written examination is organised on 9 February 2022. The written exam includes common sections to all applicants and programme-specific sections that applicants complete based on their selected study programmes. All applicants who have passed the written exam are invited to a group interview, organised between 2 and 16 March 2022. More information on the entrance exam in English is available at UASinfo website.
Selection results will be released at the beginning of June at the latest
The results of the spring first application round will be released at the latest on Friday, June 3. In the spring first application round, applicants may be selected to several study programmes, depending on their entrance exam success. However, approved applicants may only accept one study place leading to a higher education degree, among study programmes that start in the same semester.
The spring second application round is organised on 16–30 March 2022, for UAS study programmes conducted in Finnish and Swedish that start in autumn.
The figures in this release have been retrieved from Vipunen – Education Statistics Finland on 20 January 2022. The reported figures may change as applications are being processed.


Uses: Clear UV stable clear coating for protection of concrete against carbonation and chloride ingress.
Uses: General purpose pigmented UV stable coating for protection of concrete against carbonation and chloride ingress. For use on buildings and reinforced concrete structures.
Uses: Improves water repellency and reduces chloride diffusion into concrete. Can be applied at high ambient temperatures.
Uses: Filling of bug holes and surface conditioning of concrete and plaster surfaces prior to the application of water dispersed coatings.


The princess of hip-hop is here!
This is an opportunity for you. Every day, you have experiences. You encounter problems and challenges. You buy products to help you with those problems and challenges. These are all things you can write about.
Why Do We Keep Reading Parenting Advice?
Let's stop complaining then and just use our heads shall we? Are there too many pieces telling you how to be a better parent? Maybe. Are there too many studies telling us what's healthy and what's not? Maybe.
The implications of a generation of kids who feel empowered to explore their own identities and desires with openness and self-acceptance rather than repression and self-loathing are nothing short of revolutionary.
The desire for change has moved from a slight wish to a hard desire for a new alignment. It is everywhere, from what we eat to how we feel about the climate. But we do not agree on this new alignment, hence the huge gulf between Sanders followers and Trump adherents.
The Internet is a great tool, but it is also a risky one. We have all fallen victim to the Internet's black hole effect, reemerging hours later to wonder where the day went. We pay in time and peace of mind what we get in "convenience." These are a few reasons why I keep wifi out of my home.
Not everyone can be a Simone Weil or an Isaac Newton. But we all have capacities for meditation and attention, and the Internet is antagonistic to their development. It is not a neutral medium. I think this is pretty obvious.
Despite being admired for his astonishing achievements in sport, one of the greatest NBA champions Michael Jordan often had to deal with failure.
This Cyber Monday, instead of hunting for discounted Uggs inside a computer screen, we invite you to join Diane's cause and say "F the Internet." Go outside, meet a friend for racquetball, visit your grandmother at her old folks home or, if she's dead, make that trek out to the cemetery.
The biggest problem with cable systems is not technological -- it's human. Because they run underground, underwater and between telephone poles, cable systems populate the same spaces we do. As a result, we accidentally break them all the time.
In the September 24, 2015 issue of the New York Review of Books, Jed Perl writes about the current state of an art form that has been declared dead or dying many times. That would be painting.
How is the Internet impacting the human being? Ever since the beginning of technology humans have expanded new forms of connection.
Over ten thousand #OMF2015 photos were shared last week to celebrate the 6th annual ONE Musicfest. The daylong music festival featured performances by headliners Ms. Lauryn Hill, Wale, Janelle Monae & Wondaland, A$AP Rocky, The Roots, Raekwon, Ghostface, and The Internet.
Is Donald Trump Reading Your Blog?
Author, Speaker, and the Voice of "Dear Family Whisperer"
Was life always filled with so many details, so much minutiae? I'm tempted to blame this on the Internet.
All blind people know the frustration that we routinely experience in encountering inaccessible electronic and information technology, especially websites, apps, and other internet-based services. At best, these barriers are merely annoying -- at worst they can lead to unemployment.


It's that time of year again and school cycling has never been stronger than it is now. With record numbers lining up in the Auckland series on Tamaki Drive and BikeNZ churning out the World Championship medals it is time to see the secondary schools racing at it's best.
The lion Foundation Championships are hosted by the Ngaruawahia Cycling Club Inc and take place in Gordonton just out of Hamilton on the 3rd and 4th of July with the team time trial on the 3rd followed by the road race.
Proving to be in perfect harmony the South Island Secondary Schools Championships will take place over the same weekend. Stay tuned for the SI details.
Attached is the 2010 official entry form.
Medal winners to line up in their group like last year.
To be Held at Ngaruawahia High School at completion of Senior Boys event.
SCHOOL UNIFORM OR OFFICIAL RACING UNIFORM TO BE WORN AT PRESENTATIONS.
6.610 metres � no exceptions!
To be Held at Gordonton School at completion of Senior Boys event.
Last year a number of teams were using the main Gordonton Road for riding and down as a warm up. Please be advised that our Traffic Manager has advised that if any team who is caught doing this will be instantly disqualified. Managers please advise your riders of this.
There will be no parking in the school grounds again this year. Schools will be permitted to set up their tents in school grounds.


Description This will be a late season snowshoe trip to Mt. Washington, probably to Paradise Meadows.
Costs Ferry, shared fuel and the trail pass. The snowshoe day pass is $10 or $28 if you rent equipment.
The trip Wednesday was a partly off-trail adventure over some classic Quadra scenery – open moss-covered ridges, with views from along the top of cliffs on those ridges. Seven of us took advantage of the sunny, almost-Spring day. From the active quarry on the NW side of North Gowlland Road, we followed the open ridges to the high point near the Little Black Dress mountain bike trail. From there we opted to do a loop of mountain bike trails including Little Black Dress, Silk Stocking and Back Door. We descended back to North Gowlland Road on a partially developed trail. 7.6 km; 3¾ hours.
This trip is FULL, but you can contact the coordinator to be on the wait list.
Contact Info margotw@gicable.com or phone 250.285.2393; commitment for this trip needs to be made by March 13.
Description Planning four days of hiking on beautiful Cortes Island, staying at Linnaea Farm House. This is an eight bedroom rustic farmhouse, on the edge of Gunflint Lake at the gateway to many of the hiking trails on Cortes. This is an active farm & was once the residence of the farmers who ran 'Lakeview Dairy', the last raw milk in B.C.
Departure Time 9:05 am sailing, be early in case of overload.
Cost Ferry costs plus shared fuel. $35/night if you bring your own sleeping bag or linen; $50/night if Linnaea supplies the linens.
Trip limits Eight bedrooms. Deadline booking is 13 March 2017.
Dogs? No. Dogs are not allowed on the farm.
Notes: Everyone is responsible for their own daily breakfasts & lunch, pot luck dinner teams to be organized.
Looking forward to once again hiking on beautiful Cortes Island.
Contact Info 285-3710 or norris.weimer@ualberta.ca. Please contact the coordinator in advance of the trip.
Description This hike starts up briefly on an active logging road and then climbs steeply up onto open bluffs. There is no trail or flagged route, but there are views to the south and west. The route continues through mostly open forest and mossy bluffs (only a bit of bushwhacking) to join the Little Black Dress trail. The trip is flexible in length by choosing the many mountain bike trail options.
This trip includes industrial logging roads, steep mossy bluffs without trails and mountain bike trails. It will have a bit of everything.
Change of date from March 29 to April 12!
Contact mz.markzimmerman@gmail.com or 285-2103; please contact the coordinator ten days to one week prior to the trip to ensure car pooling availability.
Description The focus of the trip will be on local area birds and water birds, particularly brants. The group may visit more than one location depending on the cooperation of the birds. Actual destinations will be decided closer to the time of the trip and will remain flexible.
Notes: Bring lunch, gear for the weather and binoculars.
Contact Info 285-2029. Please contact the coordinator in advance of the trip.
Description We will go up the south side to South Chinese Mtn. and have lunch while enjoying the view. Then down the north path and up North Chinese Mtn. and back to the vehicles.
Dogs? No, as trail is narrow in spots.
Notes: It is only 3.4 km around South Chinese so we will go up north as well. Not everybody has to do both.
Contact Info 285-3614; please contact the coordinator in advance of the trip.
Description This hike will include official trails, flagged routes and unofficial trails. The loop will pass over rocky bluffs with views, follow along creeks and travel through undulating forest. There are a variety of options depending on the interests of the group, including Rousseau Ridge.
Meeting Place Trailhead for Thompson Trail on Thompson Rd.