text:
04/09/2015 12:52 pm ET Updated Dec 06, 2017
Fifteen Years Ago, 'Dawson's Creek' Gave Us TV's First 'Passionate' Gay Kiss. How Far Have We Come?
By Lauren Duca
Fifteen years ago, in an episode entitled "True Love," "Dawson's Creek" featured the first "passionate" kiss between two men on primetime television. Marked primarily by the Joey-Pacey-Dawson love triangle, the Season 3 finale showed just seconds of kissing as part of secondary plot point for Jack. Still, the episode is a milestone in the timeline of gay representation in pop culture -- one worth talking about in the context of the current state of acceptance surrounding same-sex love and the progress that still needs to be made.
At the end of the episode, Jack (who comes out in Season 2 after dating Joey) travels to Boston in an attempt to win back Ethan, gathering his courage before leaning in for a kiss. The camera closes in on their lips before Jack is interrupted by the realization that Ethan has a boyfriend (who is sitting a few feet away).
The episode's director, James Whitmore, told The Huffington Post that he didn't push for anything specific, opting to let Kerr Smith (Jack) take control of the character in that defining moment. "With the kiss, the actors committed," he said. "I left them alone and I wanted to see what it would end up being. It was quite extraordinary."
Once it had happened, Whitmore knew he had something special, something that no one else was doing on TV at the time. As he tells it, there was a bit of nervousness from executives at The WB, though they ultimately decided that even if they received backlash, airing the scene would be in their favor.
"The truth is TV is a business of ratings," Whitmore said. "If you've got something exciting that's going to happen on TV, everybody tunes in and watches it."
The importance of Jack's arc, of course, extended far beyond that brief kiss. In "True Love" specifically, after Dawson's ugly sobbing and before Joey and Pacey (literally) sail off into the sunset, Jack comes home for an emotional discussion with his father. Their dialogue works to deconstruct the intensity of the kiss, as he opens up about the struggle of feeling so different and finally finds his father's hard-earned acceptance.
Whitmore said the deep compassion of that second scene can be credited to writer Greg Berlanti, who modeled Jack's narrative after his own experiences as a teenager. "Greg was very open, courageous and smart about talking about what he dealt with growing up. [His] writing in that show really explored the conflict and the pain of these poor people who felt they couldn't be honest about who they were," Whitmore said. "It was very painful. And it was one of the first times on TV that they ever even show that kind of thing."
Jack was not conceived as a gay character. Creator Kevin Williamson introduced him as Joey's boyfriend, planning to add him to the mix as the primary source of romantic tension for the couple. Before coming out publicly himself, Williamson decided he needed a gay character on the show. He took Smith out for coffee to see what he thought of changing the role.
Smith was hesitant. "I'm thinking in my head, 'Wow, I just moved to Los Angeles, I just landed probably one of the best shows on television at the time for my demographic, and now he wants me to take this incredibly risky route with the character.' So, I had to make a decision," he told HuffPost. "It was either 'I go for this' or I probably would have left. He probably would have found somebody else to do it."
After seeking advice from his family and representation, he decided to embrace the changes. Smith thought of Williamson's suggestion as a groundbreaking opportunity, while remaining painfully aware of how easy it is to be stereotyped in Hollywood.
Smith made moves to ensure his reputation wasn't affected. "I made it a point to choose projects in that three month window we had when we were shooting to choose characters that were very different, like the meathead in 'Final Destination,' things like that," he said. "I picked characters who were very different, just so I could get out of that potential pigeon hole."
Like all of the core characters on "Dawson's Creek," Williamson based Jack, in part, on himself. Around Season 3, Berlanti further infused his own experiences as a young gay man. They wrote many of the episodes together, striving for compassionate and genuine storytelling.
"The gay storyline was always really special to me, and to Greg," Williamson told E! News. "Greg and I wrote the coming-out storyline for [Episodes] 214 and 215. It was spawned out of something that happened in Greg's childhood, and then I took it and it was sort of my family's reaction."
Smith learned to understand the pain Jack felt by applying aspects of his own adolescence. "Those scenes are tough," he said. "You just have to substitute in there whatever fits your heart for the scene."
As for that kiss in "True Love," Smith knew he was making history, but he thought more in terms of being honest to the character's intentions. "I didn't want it to be just an innocent little peck," he said. "That's not what Jack was trying to tell Ethan [...] The whole point is that he was really going for it. That's what that kiss needed to be."
Whitmore has gone on to direct many episodes for hit TV shows, including "The Good Wife" (cut to Kalinda hooking up with every slinky lesbian on the Chicago law scene). Over the years, he has seen standards shift, despite the fact that there is still so much bigotry.
"There are still extremely racist and homophobic people all over this country," he said. "They're hard at work trying to manifest their belief system. The idea of hating gays is going to be here for a while now, but the truth is you legally can't do it anymore! It's bullshit."
There exists a prevailing (and ridiculous) idea that a gay sex scene is somehow more salacious than a straight one -- a sentiment evidenced by Billy Crystal's comments about how things have changed since he played one of the first gay men on TV, on "Soap" in the 1970s.
Crystal openly took issue with the portrayal of the "lifestyle" on current shows. "Sometimes I think, 'Ah, that's too much for me,'" he said while promoting "The Comedians" at a Television Critics Association Panel in March. "Sometimes, it's just pushing it a little too far for my taste."
In spite of the prevalence of this sort of homophobic perspective, more shows than ever are pushing for more equitable sexual representation.
Previously, each of the most groundbreaking shows was off the broadcast spectrum (see: "Ellen" or "Will & Grace"). Perhaps The WB gave the okay to the "Dawson's Creek" kiss back in 2000 because the show was aimed at a younger audience. Typically, broadcast networks are wary of alienating conservative advertisers, where as premium cable shows are allowed more latitude via the subscription model. Now, there are more gay characters on all-access channels than ever before. And that's important.
According to Carole Bell, an assistant professor at Northeastern University who has done extensive research on gay representation in pop culture, simply seeing gay characters on the small screen can foster acceptance. In an interview with HuffPost, she explained research which substantiates this impact: "For people who didn't have a lot of exposure previously, who didn't have friends or family members that they knew of, watching shows with gay characters actually made a significant difference in prejudice reduction," she said.
This is not so simple as the idea that exposure breeds acceptance. People make connections with characters in a way that mirrors real life relationships, a phenomenon called "parasocial contact." "The idea is that TV viewers and other people consuming fictional entertainment can feel emotionally attached to the characters that they're watching," she explained. "Under certain conditions, when they do that, it will have a positive effect on the way they see a minority group."
"There are also studies about the effect this has on gay youth," she added. "It's important for making them feel visible and not so isolated. It helps, to see those images, it helps to make people more comfortable."
Bell emphasized that the form that representation takes also makes a difference, and could still use quite a bit of work. "Quantity of representation is important because visibility is important for members of oppressed groups in society," she said. "But just increasing the number of LGBT characters alone is not enough."
More often than not, gay characters fill secondary roles. (There hasn't been a gay character in a title role since "Ellen.") And they are often subject to stereotyping. (Bell points to the "effeminate" behavior of Jack on "Will & Grace.") Unsurprisingly then, intimacy between same-sex couples is rarely depicted. Consider the fact that in a 2007 study of six shows, researcher Victor D. Evans found that 80 percent of all intimate scenes between same-sex couples occured on Showtime's "Queer as Folk."
That said, things are getting better. In 2013, the GLAAD Network Responsibility index did not rate a single channel as "excellent" in its grading of gay representation on TV; in 2014, ABC Family, HBO and MTV made the list.
This past fall featured a banner lineup for LGBT-inclusive programming. On Fox, "Empire" is dealing with sexuality in the context of a hyper-masculine African-American family. This can't be overstated: patriarch Lucious Lyon (Terrence Howard) owns a club called Leviticus -- the book of the bible which ostensibly condemns any "man who lies with a male." Within this first season, Lucious' son Jamal has had a powerful, public coming-out scene in spite of his father's aggressive bigotry, been depicted living with and in bed with his now-ex boyfriend, and, most recently, taken up with a new love interest.
Also in its freshman season, ABC's "How to Get Away with Murder" has made waves with some of the raciest gay sex scenes to date. Shonda Rhimes has consistently provided some of broadcast television's foremost gay couples on "Grey's Anatomy." Before their divorce this season, Callie and Arizona had one of the longest lasting same-sex marriages on TV to date. The Shonda-produced "HTGAWM" takes things a step further by introducing audiences to casual sex, rather than a committed relationship. It's also worth noting that Connor is a dark, complex character, who breaks the mold of more typical stereotypes surrounding young, gay men as seen on network broadcast during primetime.
"I am glad that people are talking about it and that it's sparked the conversation. I think that that's the aim of entertainment," Jack Falahee (Connor) told E! News. "If we can have a dialogue about it, it can become more accepted."
That dialogue started up again when the same-sex kiss between two 13-year-olds on ABC Family's "The Fosters" marked the youngest gay kiss in the history of TV.
The episode was powerfully and succinctly defended against detractors by the show's creators. "When people question the scene my response has been: 'Everyone has a first kiss and you remember it. How old were you? Ninety percent of people who have an answer come back and say, 'I was 12, 13 and 14 years old,' and I say, 'Exactly. It was time to see this, time to put this up for the world,'" Bradley Bredeweg said in an interview with The Wrap. "Then people understand, they're able to wrap their heads around it."
With each exposure understanding increases, for the closeted teens hoping for acceptance and the uninformed bigots finally finding a way to relate. There's certainly progress to be made, but there is more gay representation on TV than ever before and with each new season that representation is growing more nuanced and influential.
Looking at the state of TV now, Smith is really talking about a different world when he describes shooting that "Dawson's Creek" episode back in 2000 or worrying that even fictional gayness could derail his career. All these years later, he is able to look back with pride and take his share of credit for the progress that has been made since Jack gave Ethan that "passionate" kiss.
"Are you kidding?" he laughed, when asked about how things have changed. "Every show has a gay character now. It's no big deal, and that's the way that it should be ... We're proud of what we did. We paved the way for the way things are today."
10 Controversial Gay Kisses
Lauren Duca
Entertainment Reporter, The Huffington Post
Dawson's Creek Dawson Creek Gay Kiss Dawson's Creek Gay Makeout First Gay Kiss Tv First Gay Kiss
Britney Spears, Madonna, And Christina Aguilera Kiss
During the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards, Madonna shocked the world by sharing kisses with Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera.


As for carryalls? Try the beloved wicker bag, but fused with polished leather to cut the beach feel, as in Miu Miu's incarnation. Or Jil Sander's cream tote, which, perfectly sized for towels or a laptop, can go from seaside to concrete jungle. Some of the best transitional pieces have a wild card appeal, like a bathing suit that can later act as a chic bodysuit. Not a bad way to keep that carefree vacation spirit alive come back-to-school season.
This entry was posted by Administrator in Lookbook.


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demo limitations - small selection of stops available. The sample quality is original (24bit/48kHz).
Direct/Diffuse/Rear and tremmed ranks included.


« It's Time, Y'all! Arkansas Blogger Bake Sale this Saturday!
So happy to hear we raised so much money for No Kid Hungry this year through the bake sale! I am looking forward to participating and donating baked goods next year too I hope. :) Way to go, team!


— But if ye will not hear these words, I swear by myself, saith Jehovah, that this house shall become a desolation.
— But if ye will not hear these words, I swear by myself, saith the LORD, that this house shall become a desolation.
— But if ye will not hear these words, I have sworn by myself, saith Jehovah, that this house shall become a waste.
— But, if ye will not hear, these words, By myself, have I sworn, Declareth Yahweh—That, a ruin, shall, this house, become.
— And if ye do not hear these words, By myself I have sworn—an affirmation of Jehovah, That this house is for a desolation.
— But if you will not hearken to these words: I swear by myself, saith the Lord, that this house shall become a desolation.
— But if yee will not heare these words, I sweare by my selfe, saith the LORD, that this house shall become a desolation.
— But if ye will not perform these words, by myself have I sworn, saith the Lord, that this house shall be [brought] to desolation.
— But if ye will not hear these words, I swear by myself, saith Yahweh, that this house shall become a desolation.
A primitive particle; used very widely as demonstrative, lo!; interrogitive, whether?; or conditional, if, although; also Oh that!, when; hence as a negative, not.
Prolonged from H0411; these or those.
Feminine of H2721; properly drought, that is, (by implication) a desolation.
_ _ I swear by myself — (Hebrews 6:13, Hebrews 6:17). God swears because it seemed to them incredible that the family of David should be cast off.
_ _ this house — the king's, where Jeremiah spake (Jeremiah 22:4).
See commentary on Jeremiah 22:1-9.
But if ye will not hear these words, I (b) swear by myself, saith the LORD, that this house shall become a desolation.
(b) Showing that there is no one greater than he is, (Hebrews 6:13) and that he will most certainly perform his oath.
Jeremiah 17:27 But if ye will not hearken unto me to hallow the sabbath day, and not to bear a burden, even entering in at the gates of Jerusalem on the sabbath day; then will I kindle a fire in the gates thereof, and it shall devour the palaces of Jerusalem, and it shall not be quenched.
2 Chronicles 7:22 And it shall be answered, Because they forsook the LORD God of their fathers, which brought them forth out of the land of Egypt, and laid hold on other gods, and worshipped them, and served them: therefore hath he brought all this evil upon them.
Isaiah 1:20 But if ye refuse and rebel, ye shall be devoured with the sword: for the mouth of the LORD hath spoken [it].
Numbers 14:28-30 Say unto them, [As truly as] I live, saith the LORD, as ye have spoken in mine ears, so will I do to you: ... Doubtless ye shall not come into the land, [concerning] which I sware to make you dwell therein, save Caleb the son of Jephunneh, and Joshua the son of Nun.
Deuteronomy 32:40-42 For I lift up my hand to heaven, and say, I live for ever. ... I will make mine arrows drunk with blood, and my sword shall devour flesh; [and that] with the blood of the slain and of the captives, from the beginning of revenges upon the enemy.
Psalms 95:11 Unto whom I sware in my wrath that they should not enter into my rest.
Amos 6:8 The Lord GOD hath sworn by himself, saith the LORD the God of hosts, I abhor the excellency of Jacob, and hate his palaces: therefore will I deliver up the city with all that is therein.
Amos 8:7-8 The LORD hath sworn by the excellency of Jacob, Surely I will never forget any of their works. ... Shall not the land tremble for this, and every one mourn that dwelleth therein? and it shall rise up wholly as a flood; and it shall be cast out and drowned, as [by] the flood of Egypt.
Hebrews 3:18 And to whom sware he that they should not enter into his rest, but to them that believed not?
Jeremiah 7:13-14 And now, because ye have done all these works, saith the LORD, and I spake unto you, rising up early and speaking, but ye heard not; and I called you, but ye answered not; ... Therefore will I do unto [this] house, which is called by my name, wherein ye trust, and unto the place which I gave to you and to your fathers, as I have done to Shiloh.
Jeremiah 26:6-9 Then will I make this house like Shiloh, and will make this city a curse to all the nations of the earth. ... Why hast thou prophesied in the name of the LORD, saying, This house shall be like Shiloh, and this city shall be desolate without an inhabitant? And all the people were gathered against Jeremiah in the house of the LORD.
Jeremiah 39:8 And the Chaldeans burned the king's house, and the houses of the people, with fire, and brake down the walls of Jerusalem.
Micah 3:12 Therefore shall Zion for your sake be plowed [as] a field, and Jerusalem shall become heaps, and the mountain of the house as the high places of the forest.
Gn 22:16. Nu 14:28. Dt 32:40. 2Ch 7:19, 22. Ps 95:11. Is 1:20. Jr 7:13; 17:27; 26:6; 39:8. Am 6:8; 8:7. Mi 3:12. He 3:18; 6:13, 17.
Please post your comment on Jeremiah 22:5.


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Q: Faster modulus in C/C#? Is there a trick for creating a faster integer modulus than the standard % operator for particular bases?
For my program, I'd be looking for around 1000-4000 (e.g. n%2048). Is there a quicker way to perform n modulus 2048 than simply: n%2048?

A: If the denominator is known at compile time to be a power of 2, like your example of 2048, you could subtract 1 and do a bitwise-and.
That is:
n % m == n & (m - 1)

...where m is a power of 2.
For example:
22 % 8 == 22 - 16 == 6

         Dec   Bin
       -----   -----
          22 = 10110
           8 = 01000
       8 - 1 = 00111
22 & (8 - 1) =   10110
               & 00111
               -------
           6 =   00110

Bear in mind that a good compiler will have its own optimizations for %, maybe even enough to be as fast as the above technique. Arithmetic operators tend to be pretty heavily optimized.

A: You could zero out the high order bits i.e.
x = 11 = 1011
x % 4 = 3 = 0011
so for x % 4 you could just take the last 2 bits - I'm not sure what would happen if negative numbers were used though

A: Here's a few techniques that replicate the modulus operation.
Of those benchmarked, this was the fastest (modified to fit your 2048 scenario). As long as your "max" isn't millions and in the 1000-4000 range you mentioned, it may work faster for you too:
int threshold = 2048; //the number to mod by
int max = 1000; //the number on the left. Ex: 1000 % 2048
int total = 0;
int y = 0;
for (int x = 0; x < max; x++)
{
    if (y > (threshold - 1))
    {
        y = 0;
        total += x;
    }
    y += 1;
}
return total;

Give it a go. It performed faster on the author's machine at various settings, so should perform admirably well for you too.

A: Branchless non-power-of-two modulus is possible by precomputing magic constants at run-time, to implement division using a multiply-add-shift.
This is roughly 2x faster than the built-in modulo operator % on my Intel Core i5.
I'm surprised it's not more dramatic, as x86 CPU div instructions can have latencies as high as 80-90 cycles for 64-bit division on some CPUs, compared to mul at 3 cycles and bitwise ops at 1 cycle each.
Proof of concept and timings shown below. series_len refers to the number of modulus ops performed in series on a single var. That's to prevent the CPU from hiding latencies through parallelization.

#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/time.h>

typedef int32_t s32;
typedef uint32_t u32;
typedef uint64_t u64;

#define NUM_NUMS 1024
#define NUM_RUNS 500
#define MAX_NUM UINT32_MAX
#define MAX_DEN 1024

struct fastdiv {
    u32 mul;
    u32 add;
    s32 shift;
    u32 _odiv;  /* save original divisor for modulo calc */
};

static u32 num[NUM_NUMS];
static u32 den[NUM_NUMS];
static struct fastdiv fd[NUM_NUMS];

/* hash of results to prevent gcc from optimizing out our ops */
static u32 cookie = 0;

/* required for magic constant generation */
u32 ulog2(u32 v) {
    u32 r, shift;
    r =     (v > 0xFFFF) << 4; v >>= r;
    shift = (v > 0xFF  ) << 3; v >>= shift; r |= shift;
    shift = (v > 0xF   ) << 2; v >>= shift; r |= shift;
    shift = (v > 0x3   ) << 1; v >>= shift; r |= shift;
                                            r |= (v >> 1);
    return r;
}

/* generate constants for implementing a division with multiply-add-shift */
void fastdiv_make(struct fastdiv *d, u32 divisor) {
    u32 l, r, e;
    u64 m;

    d->_odiv = divisor;
    l = ulog2(divisor);
    if (divisor & (divisor - 1)) {
        m = 1ULL << (l + 32);
        d->mul = (u32)(m / divisor);
        r = (u32)m - d->mul * divisor;
        e = divisor - r;
        if (e < (1UL << l)) {
            ++d->mul;
            d->add = 0;
        } else {
            d->add = d->mul;
        }
        d->shift = l;
    } else {
        if (divisor == 1) {
            d->mul = 0xffffffff;
            d->add = 0xffffffff;
            d->shift = 0;
        } else {
            d->mul = 0x80000000;
            d->add = 0;
            d->shift = l-1;
        }
    }
}

/* 0: use function that checks for a power-of-2 modulus (speedup for POTs)
 * 1: use inline macro */
#define FASTMOD_BRANCHLESS 0

#define fastdiv(v,d) ((u32)(((u64)(v)*(d)->mul + (d)->add) >> 32) >> (d)->shift)
#define _fastmod(v,d) ((v) - fastdiv((v),(d)) * (d)->_odiv)

#if FASTMOD_BRANCHLESS
#define fastmod(v,d) _fastmod((v),(d))
#else
u32 fastmod(u32 v, struct fastdiv *d) {
    if (d->mul == 0x80000000) {
        return (v & ((1 << d->shift) - 1));
    }
    return _fastmod(v,d);
}
#endif

u32 random32(u32 upper_bound) {
    return arc4random_uniform(upper_bound);
}

u32 random32_range(u32 lower_bound, u32 upper_bound) {
    return random32(upper_bound - lower_bound) + lower_bound;
}

void fill_arrays() {
    int i;
    for (i = 0; i < NUM_NUMS; ++i) {
        num[i] = random32_range(MAX_DEN, MAX_NUM);
        den[i] = random32_range(1, MAX_DEN);
        fastdiv_make(&fd[i], den[i]);
    }
}

void fill_arrays_pot() {
    u32 log_bound, rand_log;
    int i;

    log_bound = ulog2(MAX_DEN);
    for (i = 0; i < NUM_NUMS; ++i) {
        num[i] = random32_range(MAX_DEN, MAX_NUM);
        rand_log = random32(log_bound) + 1;
        den[i] = 1 << rand_log;
        fastdiv_make(&fd[i], den[i]);
    }
}

u64 clock_ns() {
    struct timeval tv;
    gettimeofday(&tv, NULL);
    return tv.tv_sec*1000000000 + tv.tv_usec*1000;
}

void use_value(u32 v) {
    cookie += v;
}

int main(int argc, char **arg) {
    u64 builtin_npot_ns;
    u64 builtin_pot_ns;
    u64 branching_npot_ns;
    u64 branching_pot_ns;
    u64 branchless_npot_ns;
    u64 branchless_pot_ns;
    u64 t0, t1;
    u32 v;
    int s, r, i, j;
    int series_len;

    builtin_npot_ns = builtin_pot_ns = 0;
    branching_npot_ns = branching_pot_ns = 0;
    branchless_npot_ns = branchless_pot_ns = 0;

    for (s = 5; s >= 0; --s) {
        series_len = 1 << s;
        for (r = 0; r < NUM_RUNS; ++r) {
            /* built-in NPOT */
            fill_arrays();
            t0 = clock_ns();
            for (i = 0; i < NUM_NUMS; ++i) {
                v = num[i];
                for (j = 0; j < series_len; ++j) {
                    v /= den[i];
                }
                use_value(v);
            }
            t1 = clock_ns();
            builtin_npot_ns += (t1 - t0) / NUM_NUMS;

            /* built-in POT */
            fill_arrays_pot();
            t0 = clock_ns();
            for (i = 0; i < NUM_NUMS; ++i) {
                v = num[i];
                for (j = 0; j < series_len; ++j) {
                    v /= den[i];
                }
                use_value(v);
            }
            t1 = clock_ns();
            builtin_pot_ns += (t1 - t0) / NUM_NUMS;

            /* branching NPOT */
            fill_arrays();
            t0 = clock_ns();
            for (i = 0; i < NUM_NUMS; ++i) {
                v = num[i];
                for (j = 0; j < series_len; ++j) {
                    v = fastmod(v, fd+i);
                }
                use_value(v);
            }
            t1 = clock_ns();
            branching_npot_ns += (t1 - t0) / NUM_NUMS;

            /* branching POT */
            fill_arrays_pot();
            t0 = clock_ns();
            for (i = 0; i < NUM_NUMS; ++i) {
                v = num[i];
                for (j = 0; j < series_len; ++j) {
                    v = fastmod(v, fd+i);
                }
                use_value(v);
            }
            t1 = clock_ns();
            branching_pot_ns += (t1 - t0) / NUM_NUMS;

            /* branchless NPOT */
            fill_arrays();
            t0 = clock_ns();
            for (i = 0; i < NUM_NUMS; ++i) {
                v = num[i];
                for (j = 0; j < series_len; ++j) {
                    v = _fastmod(v, fd+i);
                }
                use_value(v);
            }
            t1 = clock_ns();
            branchless_npot_ns += (t1 - t0) / NUM_NUMS;

            /* branchless POT */
            fill_arrays_pot();
            t0 = clock_ns();
            for (i = 0; i < NUM_NUMS; ++i) {
                v = num[i];
                for (j = 0; j < series_len; ++j) {
                    v = _fastmod(v, fd+i);
                }
                use_value(v);
            }
            t1 = clock_ns();
            branchless_pot_ns += (t1 - t0) / NUM_NUMS;
        }

        builtin_npot_ns /= NUM_RUNS;
        builtin_pot_ns /= NUM_RUNS;
        branching_npot_ns /= NUM_RUNS;
        branching_pot_ns /= NUM_RUNS;
        branchless_npot_ns /= NUM_RUNS;
        branchless_pot_ns /= NUM_RUNS;

        printf("series_len = %d\n", series_len);
        printf("----------------------------\n");
        printf("builtin_npot_ns    : %llu ns\n", builtin_npot_ns);
        printf("builtin_pot_ns     : %llu ns\n", builtin_pot_ns);
        printf("branching_npot_ns  : %llu ns\n", branching_npot_ns);
        printf("branching_pot_ns   : %llu ns\n", branching_pot_ns);
        printf("branchless_npot_ns : %llu ns\n", branchless_npot_ns);
        printf("branchless_pot_ns  : %llu ns\n\n", branchless_pot_ns);
    }
    printf("cookie=%u\n", cookie);
}

Results
Intel Core i5 (MacBookAir7,2), macOS 10.11.6, clang 8.0.0
series_len = 32
----------------------------
builtin_npot_ns    : 218 ns
builtin_pot_ns     : 225 ns
branching_npot_ns  : 115 ns
branching_pot_ns   : 42 ns
branchless_npot_ns : 110 ns
branchless_pot_ns  : 110 ns

series_len = 16
----------------------------
builtin_npot_ns    : 87 ns
builtin_pot_ns     : 89 ns
branching_npot_ns  : 47 ns
branching_pot_ns   : 19 ns
branchless_npot_ns : 45 ns
branchless_pot_ns  : 45 ns

series_len = 8
----------------------------
builtin_npot_ns    : 32 ns
builtin_pot_ns     : 34 ns
branching_npot_ns  : 18 ns
branching_pot_ns   : 10 ns
branchless_npot_ns : 17 ns
branchless_pot_ns  : 17 ns

series_len = 4
----------------------------
builtin_npot_ns    : 15 ns
builtin_pot_ns     : 16 ns
branching_npot_ns  : 8 ns
branching_pot_ns   : 3 ns
branchless_npot_ns : 7 ns
branchless_pot_ns  : 7 ns

series_len = 2
----------------------------
builtin_npot_ns    : 8 ns
builtin_pot_ns     : 7 ns
branching_npot_ns  : 4 ns
branching_pot_ns   : 2 ns
branchless_npot_ns : 2 ns
branchless_pot_ns  : 2 ns

A: For powers of two 2^n, all you have to do is zero out all bits except the last n bits.
For example (assuming 32 bit integers):
x%2 is equivalent to x & 0x00000001
x%4 is equivalent to x & 0x00000003
In general x % (2^n) is equal to x & (2^n-1). Written out in C, this would be x & ((1<<n)-1).
This is because 2^n gives you a 1 in the n+1th bit (from the right). So 2^n-1 will give you n ones on the right, and zeros on the left.

A: The fastest way to multiply/divide unsigned integers numbers is by bit shifting them left or right. Shift operations match directly to CPU commands. For example, 3 << 2 =6, while 4>>1 = 2.
You can use the same trick to calculate the module: Shift an integer far enough to the left so that only the remainder bits are left, then shift it back right so you can check the remainder value.
On the other hand, integer modulo also exists as a CPU command. If the integer modulo operator maps to this command in optimized builds, you will not see any improvement by using the bit shift trick.
The following code caclulates 7%4 by shifting far enough that only the 2 last bits are left (since 4=2^2). This means that we need to shift 30 bits:
uint i=7;
var modulo=((i<<30)>>30);

The result is 3
EDIT:
I just read all the solutions proposing simply erasing the higher order bits. It has the same effect, but a lot simpler and direct.

A: If you are dividing by literals that are powers of two, then the answer is probably No: Any decent compiler will automatically turn such expressions into a variation of an AND operation, which is pretty close to optimal.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Here's a thread strumsalot started a while ago which should answer your question.
Your husband's Alvarez is a dreadnought, it should be very similar to the size of my D82SW.
Another thing I have noticed is that as the guitar body gets smaller, the nut (the slotted piece at the top of the fingerboard) gets wider. Again, that is a characteristic that is more fingerstyle friendly. Classical guitars, which are played almost exclusively fingerstyle, have fretboard nuts that are around 2 wide.
IMHO, a wider nut/fretboard makes learning the chords easier b/c it gives the learner more room in which to place the fingers and therefore lessens the errors that are part of learning. If you are not making mistakes, you are not trying to improve, or so I've been told. I made the error of buying a steel string guitar with a very narrow nut/fretboard early in my learning process--hated the damn thing so much that when it was stolen by a burglar I was not at all disturbed. However, the same burglar also stole my first classical guitar, and if I'm ever lucky enough to meet him in a dark alley I'll break both of his hands for that eggregious act [:0] .
I know you've read it here before, Vermonter, but I'll say it again--before you buy, go to a music store and sit down with your husband and play a variety of guitars. Most guitar stores have classical guitars and dreadnaught designs, they are the most common, but you might meed to search out a more specialized store to get the chance to play around with a folk guitar. Pay attention to the width of the fretboard, at which fret the body of the guitar joins the ftetboard (most, but not all, steel strings join at the 14th fret, most if not all classical guitars join at the 12th fret), and how easily you can cradle the body of the guitar (including how comfortably your arm drapes over the body of the guitar). The depth of the body has the most impact on that last feature, with folk and classical guitars being the most shallow, dreadnaughts being more deep, and jumbos having the greatest depth.
Get one that feels the best in your arms and you won't get discouraged as easily while you learn. It's not a difficult process (if it were, I could never have managed, as I truly believe I don't have a musical bone in my body), but like any other endeavor there will be plateaus in the learning curve and that is when one can get discouraged. Hang in there and you'll eventually get past the plateau--it continues to happen for me even after 35 years with one of these boxes with 6 strings in my hands.
We're all looking forward to hearing from you as you strike out on this enjoyable path--and if you involve your husband I predict it will be even more enjoyable--we have a few husband/wife teams here on the forum and I can attest that I really admire the togetherness they display. Music is, after all, another language, another manner of communication!
My Alvarez AF62 has a one and eleven-sixteenths nut, and it is listed as a folk guitar.


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Pennsylvania Constitutional Carry Vetoed by Governor
2021-12-08T10:35:57-06:00December 8th, 2021|Tags: Pennsylvania|0 Comments
On December 2, 2021, Governor Tom Wolf vetoed Senate Bill 565, which would have provided constitutional carry for Pennsylvania. While unfortunate, this veto came as no surprise to Pennsylvania gun owners. Governor Wolf has a long history of restricting gun rights in the Keystone State. Wolf previously vowed that if constitutional carry legislation reached his desk, he would do everything in his power to ensure it never became the law by utilizing his power to veto the bill.
Constitutional Carry in Pennsylvania
However, the fact that constitutional carry passed both the House and Senate in Pennsylvania should be seen as a big win for gun owners. While a bill passing the House and Senate alone effects no change of law in Pennsylvania, we did get the opportunity to see how various elected officials would vote on this important gun rights issue. And therein lies the real political value, and perhaps even the goal of those who pushed this legislation forward knowing that a veto was almost inevitable: now voters are able to see how much respect for gun rights their elected officials have. With elections for both the House and Senate approaching, how officials voted on Senate Bill 565 provides important insight into how they might vote on future gun rights issues, and even future attempts to pass constitutional carry.
Why Did the Governor Veto Pennsylvania Constitutional Carry?
While Governor Wolf proclaimed in a letter accompanying his veto that constitutional carry would jeopardize the safety of Pennsylvanians, the truth is that it would not allow prohibited persons to carry firearms. Instead, if it had passed, Senate Bill 565 would remove the ability of local issuing authorities to hamper the exercise of the fundamental right to keep and bear arms. While many jurisdictions are responsive and helpful to those wishing to obtain a Pennsylvania License to Carry Firearms ("LTCF"), some localities seem intent on obstructing those who wish to exercise their 2A rights. If anything, the COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated problems in jurisdictions that had historically already made it more difficult to obtain an LTCF. Things got so bad during the pandemic that lawsuits were filed in some areas to force issuance of LTCFs to deserving applicants. Constitutional carry legislation, if passed, would prevent this type of disparity between gun-friendly and non-gun-friendly jurisdictions.
What Is the Future of Constitutional Carry in Pennsylvania?
While it didn't pass during this legislative session, constitutional carry can and should remain a priority for the Pennsylvania Legislature. And don't forget that Pennsylvania will have the opportunity to elect a new governor next year. Find out how your elected representatives voted on this now-vetoed attempt—and remember how they voted when you show up to the ballot box in future elections!
The information provided in this publication is intended to provide general information to individuals and is not legal advice. The information included in this publication may not be quoted or referred to in any other publication without the prior written consent of U.S. LawShield, to be given or withheld at our discretion. The information is not a substitute for, and does not replace the advice or representation of a licensed attorney. We strive to ensure the information included in this publication is accurate and current, however, no claim is made to the accuracy of the information and we are not responsible for any consequences that may result from the use of information in this publication. The use of this publication does not create an attorney-client relationship between U.S. LawShield, any independent program attorney, and any individual.
Don't Carry a Gun? U.S. LawShield® Still Has Your Back
The Facts About the "Safe Guns, Safe Kids Act"

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anyone know where to shop for affordable garage storage systems. I like units they sell at Sears by Craftsmen and Gladiator but they are out of my price range. I've checked Home Depot and Menards already. I don't want rubbermaid type. Any suggestions would be appreciated.
Best-selling author Scott Fox reviews websites! Personalized usability, Seo, product strategy, and design advice that can help redesign your website to make more sales! Includes Top Design Tips video instantly. Juicy $99 sales with 30% commission!


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Bundesliga: BVB vs BMG FC
The Dortmund runner-up will begin the journey to conquer the prestigious silver plate, and topple Bayern Munich's dominance with the welcome of Gladbach. However, the opponent of teachers and coaches Lucien Favre is not easy to play at all. So let's wait and see if Dortmund find a perfect start on Signal Iduna Park's nest.
Expected a lot last season and was even more appreciated than Bayern Munich. However, in the end, the old Bundesliga script still repeated and Dortmund continued to be the runner-up of the tournament. Through 34 rounds, Dortmund got 21 wins, 6 draws and 7 losses. Thus they only won 69 points, 13 points behind Bayern. It is regrettable because of the fact that Dortmund's team has many stars. The problem is they don't have the stability needed to maintain their form throughout 34 rounds of the season. To solve the above inherent problems, Dortmund has quite actively participated in friendly matches. They played 7 matches and brought in 4 wins and 2 losses. Dortmund's current force has not changed too much, of which the most notable are still names like Hazard, Haaland and Sancho.
Gladbach just had a successful season and they even won tickets to the Championss League. Over 34 matches, this team got 20 wins, 5 draws and 9 losss. Winning 65 points and ending in 4th place has helped teachers and coach Marco Rose to return to the most prestigious playing field of European football at club level. Even the distance of Gladbach and Dortmund itself is only a meager 4 points. In terms of form, Gladbach is also playing very well when winning 8/10 of his last appearances. Last summer they also won 3/4 friendly matches. The biggest problem now is that Gladbach has a very bad head-to-head record against Dortmund. Specifically, the last 10 encounters between the two teams, Gladbach lost all the time. With that, it is not too surprising if the visitors embrace once more.
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Moving beyond nuclear power's troubled history
It's easy to be ambivalent about nuclear power, as my last post illustrated. Nuclear power does provide a low carbon source of energy at scale – if we are serious about decarbonising our energy systems we are going to need a new wave of nuclear power stations, not least to replace an earlier generation of ageing reactors. But nuclear enthusiasts seriously underestimate the scale of the problems that need to be overcome to achieve a large scale expansion of nuclear power. Civil nuclear power has a troubled history everywhere; in Japan consequences of the Fukushima disaster are very much part of current affairs, whose repercussions have spread to countries like Germany. To move beyond this troubled history, to a future in which nuclear power does provide safe and affordable low-carbon energy, we need to understand how this technology got to its current state.
The way in which the technology of civil nuclear power has unfolded was not inevitable; it was the result of the specific circumstances in which it was born and developed. In this sense nuclear power is a great example of the way in which technological trajectories are not pre-ordained; there are many possible paths that nuclear energy could have gone down. What has happened is an example of "technological lock-in" – the particular historical environment in which nuclear power was born put the technology on one particular trajectory, from which it is difficult to make a big jump (as argued in this article by Robin Cowan). This is important because it explains why the current state of the technology is probably not the best place to be given the problems we need to solve.
We can't understand where we are with nuclear power without appreciating its roots in military technology. This point should be obvious given the role of nuclear weapons in the twentieth century, but I still think its consequences are under-appreciated. For many anti-nuclear people the connection with weapons in itself marks the technology of nuclear power as immoral, so no further discussion is required. For many pro-nuclear people, on the other hand, there's a tendency to de-emphasise the military roots of nuclear power. For the moment I want to discuss the issue from a perspective that is neither pro nor anti, but which explores how the design constraints imposed by military needs shaped the technology and put it on the path that led to where we are now.
To remind ourselves of the basics, recall that both civil nuclear power and nuclear fission weapons depend on harnessing the energy released during a chain reaction from a fissile nucleus. There are two important fissile elements – uranium and plutonium. Uranium is very common – about as common as tin – but only one isotope of uranium as it occurs in nature – uranium-235 – is fissile. So to make a nuclear weapon from uranium one needs to do the difficult job of enriching the uranium to have a much higher concentration of uranium-235 than the 0.72% than occurs in nature. Plutonium, on the other hand, does not occur in nature. But the fissile isotope plutonium 239 can be obtained by irradiating the common isotope of uranium – uranium 238 – with neutrons.
The first application of nuclear fission was the atomic bomb, as developed in the Manhattan project. The choice between making a weapon from uranium-235 and plutonium-239 has pros and cons on both sides, and the US programme pursued both options simultaneously. A uranium bomb is easy to make, but the uranium is hard to enrich. On the other hand, getting hold of plutonium is slightly more straightforward, but it's more technically tricky to make a weapon from it. The Manhattan Project succeeded in both endeavours, and the Americans used one of each type against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945.
After the war, the USA had a nuclear weapons monopoly, and they wanted to keep it that way. Keeping nuclear weapons out of the hands of their former ally turned cold war enemy, the Soviet Union, was the top priority, but the USA saw no reason to encourage their former partners in the Manhattan project, the British, to make their own bomb either. For the British, struggling to maintain a place as a great power in the postwar world, developing their own bomb became a priority, despite being cut off from the technology they had helped to develop in the Manhattan project. Given technical knowledge but no access to the huge infrastructure required to enrich uranium, a plutonium weapon was a natural choice. To make plutonium in the absence of access to enriched uranium, one needs a nuclear reactor that can use natural uranium, and to do the job efficiently one needs to be able to move fuel rods in and out without shutting the reactor down. The second requirement comes from the fact that to make weapons grade plutonium one should only irradiate the uranium for a short time – longer irradiation introduces other radioactive contaminants which complicate the business of bomb making. These requirements dictated the design of what became the Magnox reactor in the UK. This gas cooled, graphite moderated reactor entered service as an essentially dual use technology, generating electricity but also making military plutonium. One result of the Magnox programme which followed directly from its military purpose was a ghastly legacy of poorly managed nuclear waste at Sellafield, which is still generating substantial clean-up costs. In the UK, single Magnox reactor, in Wylfa in Anglesey, is still producing power. Meanwhile, in North Korea, a reactor based on published Magnox designs supplies plutonium for that nation's nuclear weapons programme.
Despite the USA's best efforts to hold on to their nuclear secrets, the Soviet Union tested their own first nuclear weapon in 1949. They too chose the plutonium route, and their version of a graphite moderated reactor running on natural uranium also led to a dual use military/civil design, the RMBK. Unlike Magnox, however, the RMBK was cooled not by gas but by water. Because water absorbs neutrons, this design has the ugly characteristic that in some circumstances, if the reactor overheats and the water starts to boil, the reactor power increases, a positive feedback that can lead to a runaway loss of control. Such a runaway happened at Chernobyl in 1986, causing an explosion and the spread of radioactive fallout across Europe.
Back in the USA, another military application for nuclear power was strongly driving the technology in another direction. Even before the end of the war the possible application of nuclear power for propelling submarines was being considered – the need for diesel-electric submarines to surface to charge their batteries was a serious drawback. Above all, a submarine reactor needs to be compact, which rules out the rather large gas cooled, graphite moderated reactors like Magnox. But given the availability of enriched uranium from the weapons programme, a design using a dense core with light water both as moderator and coolant was possible (because normal water – called light to distinguish it from heavy water, in which the hydrogen is replaced by deuterium – absorbs neutrons it isn't possible to use it as a moderator for a reactor using natural uranium). This design was strongly favoured by Admiral Rickover, who headed the submarine programme. In 1954 the first nuclear powered submarine, Nautilus, was launched, powered by a Westinghouse manufactured type of light water reactor, the pressurised water reactor.
At the time of the launch of the Nautilus, the USA decided to establish civil nuclear power and export nuclear reactor technology to allies in the rest of the world. At the time the submarine experience had given it a working design – the pressurised water reactor – with two companies – Westinghouse and GE – actively involved in the nuclear business. The reactors were built by US utilities and aggressively marketed in Europe, through a combination of cheap loans from the US government and loss-leader pricing from Westinghouse and GE. By the 1970's, with the wind-up of the UK's troubled second generation programme of gas cooled reactors, light water reactors had a dominant position. Westinghouse's Pressurised Water Reactor design was the basis of the very large scale French nuclear program, while GE's simpler variant, the Boiling Water Reactor, captured markets in the USA and Japan. Moving to the present day, if one wants to buy a reactor, the descendants of these designs are the only ones on offer (with one exception: a Canadian heavy water moderated and cooled reactor design, CANDU).
Light water reactors need enriched uranium as their fuel. The process for separating the two isotopes of uranium, yielding uranium enriched in U-235 (at low enrichments for reactors, higher enrichments for weapons) and a depleted uranium – nearly pure U-238 – as a residue began as a military technology in the Manhattan Project, effected either by gas diffusion or by an electromagnetic method. These methods are hugely expensive in terms of the size and cost of plant and their energy inputs. A much cheaper and easier enrichment technology was developed originally in the Soviet Union. This uses centrifuges to separate the isotopic variants of the gas uranium hexafluoride on the basis of their different mass. In the west the method is associated with the scientist Gernot Zippe. The UK joined forces with Germany and the Netherlands in 1971 to create the consortium URENCO to enrich uranium using this method. The spread of centrifuge enrichment technology has been an important factor in the geopolitics surrounding nuclear weapons proliferation. A key figure is the Pakistani scientist A.Q. Khan. He worked for Urenco in 1972, during which time it is believed he acquired advanced Urenco centrifuge designs. On his return to Pakistan, he led the enrichment program which led to successful Pakistani nuclear tests in 1998. In the 1990's he is believed to have developed a worldwide network for the sale of centrifuges and other nuclear technology; known recipients of this technology include Libya, North Korea and Iran. Libya relinquished its centrifuges and abandoned its nuclear program in 2003, leading to some rapprochement between the Ghaddafi regime and the West. North Korean is believed to be pursuing a uranium enrichment program as part of its nuclear weapons effort, in parallel to the plutonium route. Iran maintains that its centrifuge-based uranium enrichment programme is solely directed to civil nuclear power, a position that is not universally believed. As for Urenco itself, this is in the news again as a result of the current UK government's intention to privatise its share in the consortium.
Despite the dominance of the light water reactor, it isn't at all obvious that these are the best of all possible designs. There are many other designs that were possible but not built, that didn't make it beyond the prototype stage, that were implemented in small numbers and abandoned, or that never achieved more than niche status. One feature of some of these designs – such as the heavy water reactor CANDU or the UK's second generation gas cooled, graphite moderated reactor the AGR, is that the core is relatively large compared to the very compact core of the light water reactors. The small size of the PWRs core makes them cheaper to build than the competition, and of course it's a crucial advantage in the original application in submarines. But for a power reactor this small size carries a big downside. A reactor can be shut down in an emergency, by inserting neutron absorbing rods. But even though the chain reaction has stopped, the intense radioactivity means that the core continues to emit significant heat over a period of days or even weeks. If the core is large, even if an accident has stopped the circulation of coolant, this heat can be dissipated. But in the dense core of a light water reactor a loss of coolant circulation is very serious; hot high pressure steam confined in the containment vessel can react with metal to form hydrogen, which can explode, while the core itself can get so hot that it fuses and can melt its way through the base of the reactor.
It was this kind of loss of coolant accident that happened first at Three Mile Island in the USA, in 1979. That accident led to a release of radiation and the irreparable loss of the reactor, but there was no loss of life. A much more serious release of radiation happened after the Fukushima disaster in Japan in 2011, when a tsunami led to loss of power to three boiling water reactors, causing a series of hydrogen explosions and breaches of containment. The direct costs of this accident are estimated as being in excess of $50 billion.
The benefits of settling onto a single type of nuclear reactor should have been that it led to reduced costs and higher reliability as people learnt from experience how to build and operate them better. As I mentioned in the last blog, it doesn't seem to have turned out that way, as this study by Grubler(£) shows. In the USA, the capital cost per kilowatt of nuclear power stations has gone up from about $1000 in the early 1970's to around $5000 in the 1990s (these are 2004 dollars, accounting for inflation). Even in France, widely considered to be the most well-run nuclear build-out, real costs doubled over a similar period. The most recent experiences are even unhappier. A new PWR was commissioned in Finland from the French company Areva in 2005. The original estimate for the cost of the 1.6 GW plant was €3 billion, with a 2009 delivery date. It is still unfinished; the expected start-up date has slipped to 2016 and the cost is currently estimated at €8.5 billion.
Safety and cost remain big issues for nuclear power, while the question of the final disposal of nuclear waste remains unsolved. Related to these is the question of the public acceptability of the technology. In fact, it's possible to argue that the real risks of nuclear power remain relatively low, compared to other energy technologies, and the size of the waste problem for current versions of the technology should be much less than it was earlier, where the needs of the military program greatly magnified the amount of radioactive material that had to be processed. But this is missing the point; we should know by now that what's important in determining the way people react to technologies isn't the scale of the risk that they perceive, but the degree of trust that they have in the institutions that are in charge. The – correct – perception that the civil nuclear program has had close links with the military nuclear weapons program is one source of distrust. Another arises from the fact that in several major nuclear countries – the USA, the UK and Japan – nuclear power plants are operated by private utility companies that don't have a very good reputation for openness, or indeed competence. The caricature of the nuclear power station owner, Montgomery Burns, in the cartoon "The Simpsons" may well be very unfair, but that's how public perception is shaped.
Currently a program of new nuclear build is getting underway here in the UK. It's difficult to imagine circumstances less likely to improve public trust in nuclear energy than what is now being planned. An attempt by the government to look like it is abiding by unwise political promises is driving it to make potentially very disadvantageous long-term commitments. Government policy opposes overt subsidy for nuclear power; instead a covert subsidy, paid for by increased electricity bills, is being put in place. The government is putting a guaranteed floor under the price the generators will receive for their nuclear energy, around twice the current wholesale price of power, for thirty five years. At the moment the government is in a position to borrow money at historically very low long-term interest rates; this makes it an ideal time for the government itself to finance an infrastructure program that could provide an immediate boost to the economy and would deliver the increase in low-carbon electricity capacity that everyone knows we need. But political constraints mean that the government will not borrow the money directly, but will instead raise the funds from overseas sources, including Chinese state controlled organisations. This will cost more money, it will lead in effect to a degree of direct overseas government control over a sensitive area of strategic infrastructure, and it will mean that the government will be in a very weak position in negotiating for some of the work of building the power stations to come back to UK businesses. These opaque and expensive arrangements are guaranteed to increase suspicion and reduce trust. All three main political parties bear some responsibility for this highly sub-optimal situation.
It's hard to be an enthusiast for nuclear power in the current situation. But we do need to move – and move urgently – to decarbonise our energy system, and it is difficult to see how this will happen without nuclear energy making a substantial contribution. That will need a new nuclear building program. What should we do? To say that it would be much better not to have to be starting from here is tempting, but not very helpful. I think we do have to get moving and do something; we need to address the cost and affordability issues, and we have to address the safety problems. If we are to start to build anything this decade, we probably have to accept that we will be building light water reactors of some kind.
My own view is that we should rethink the obsession with size and scale. In principle, building larger and larger nuclear reactors brings economies of scale, making the capital cost per GW of capacity smaller, and thus reducing the overall cost of the electricity produced. But the history of escalating costs and receding delivery dates suggests that there's a big gap between in principle and in practise. Moreover, as we've seen with the story of British nuclear new build, size brings economic problems too. The capital cost of a single new nuclear power station becomes significant compared to the overall capitalisation of a utility company, so a decision to build a new nuclear plant effectively puts the whole company at risk, without complicated and opaque arrangements to share that risk and expensive long-term guarantees underwritten by the tax-payer or energy consumer. An alternative approach uses much smaller individual reactors – so-called "small modular reactors" (see this OECD report, PDF, for a useful overview). The idea is to trade the elusive economies of scale for economies of manufacture.
Instead of building very large reactors on the site, the idea is to manufacture much smaller reactors, which can be made in a factory and installed as multiple units at the power station site. The advantages of these small modular reactors are that we will be able to exploit learning effects to to bring the cost down after manufacturing multiple units, we can impose a much higher degree of uniformity and quality control than is possible for on-site assembly of the much bigger reactors that have been favoured recently, and there are potential safety advantages too. To get moving with a new nuclear program, we should begin a serious design and manufacturing program for light water small modular reactors. But at the same time we should resume serious research on reactor design. As I wrote in an earlier blog, there has been a worldwide run-down of energy research over the last twenty years, a neglect of nuclear power research has been very much part of this. The aim of this research should be to explore that space of better designs that were locked-out by the military origins of civil nuclear power.
Author Richard JonesPosted on October 17, 2013 October 17, 2013 Categories General
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The Coahuila Prosecutor's Office confirms that the body located in Madero matches that of the Dayan Favela Quinones.
Dayan Yamil's body was located in a vacant lot in the Buenavista de Madero Ejido. (special)
Through a statement, the Coahuila State Attorney General's Office confirmed that the lifeless body was discovered in the Buenavista Ejido of Francisco I. Madero matches that of 34-year-old Dayan Yamil Favela Quinones, who disappeared on January 11 this year in Gomez Had gone. Palacio, Durango.
"Through forensic and expert evidence, the corresponding legal autopsy was performed, determining that the causes of death were Hypovolemic shock secondary to rupture of the aortic arch by a penetrating sharp weapon in the chest Says the statement.
As reported, Dayan Yamil's body was located in a vacant lot in the Buenavista de Madero Ejido; The body was being deposited in four plastic bags, which were then placed inside a black bag and then buried,
of these facts It was learned that there is a person in custody, possibly involved in the incidents, whose identity has not been disclosed., However, it is expected that in the next few hours the competent authority will issue a statement in this regard, as it is known that the seizure was carried out by officers of the Durango State Attorney General's Office.
Through a prior statement released through social networks on the page created by relatives for the location of the Dayan Yamil Favela Quinones, where it was reported, since yesterday afternoon, the remains located in the Buenavista Ejido were his, but this Tuesday, It was not until the afternoon of January 17 that the Coahuila authority confirmed the identity of the deceased and stated that The case is investigated under the female-murder protocol, this is the first case to be registered in the Lagunera area during the current year 2023,
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Journal of the History of Philosophy
Malebranche and Occasionalism: A Reply to Steven Nadler
Desmond M. Clarke
Volume 33, Number 3, July 1995
10.1353/hph.1995.0047
Notes and Discussions Malebranche and Occasionalism: A Reply to Steven Nadler Steven Nadler has argued, in "Occasionalism and General Will in Malebranche, ''~ that many commentators have misunderstood Malebranche's occasionalism, especially the way in which it differs from Leibniz's preestablished harmony, and that in this respect I have fallen "into the same trap as Arnauld, Jolley, and McCracken" (4t). I am honored to share any position with the great Arnauld and would almost prefer to rest mutely in that esteemed condition rather than make any effort to renounce his intellectual fellowship. However, two comments might help to clarify the state of discussion in respect of Malebranche and occasionalism, and to explain why commentators continue to share Arnauld's apparent misunderstanding. The first concerns whether commentators "misunderstand" Malebranche or disagree with him; the second , whether Malebranche can coherently make the theological distinctions which Nadler needs in order to distinguish his position sufficiently from that of Leibniz. Evidently, it is irrelevant for the history of philosophy who is "right" or "wrong" about the interpretation of a particular text; but it seems important that, in claiming to clarify what some texts mean, we not attribute to them an interpretation which is gratuitously incoherent. 1, The first comment is about some of the features involved in disagreement about what texts mean, and how commentators might understand their role. One might expect that the primary role of the commentator is to repeat accurately what the original authors said or, at least, not to attribute to them views which they explicitly reject. Those who are as familiar as Nadler is with the amount of quotation, including selfquotation , involved in Arnauld's dispute about Malebranche's theory of ideas understand that the main problem is not in reporting verbatim what someone said, but in testing our understanding of it when we put it into our own words. When we translate someone else's ideas into our sentences, it often provokes the reply: "That's not what I said or meant... " (if the original author is still alive, and is interested in correcting our commentary). This in turn tends to stimulate a further effort on the part of the 'Journal of theHistoryofPhilosophy31 (1993): 31-47. Subsequent page references to this article are given in parentheses. [499] 500 JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY 33:3 JULY ~995 commentator to put the point in a different way. The commentator and original author often find intractable difficulties in agreeing on what was said in the work which is subject to commentary. Otherwise, how could we understand the complexity of the Jansenist dispute about what was, or was not, included in Auguainus? Even such a lengthy book was short enough to be checked line by line to decide unambiguously whether it contained the allegedly heretical words which were attributed to its author. The problem was not in finding particular marks on a page, but in accepting or rejecting alternative readings of the same words. However, that is only the first source of problems. If we think we understand some author and also disagree with what they said, we are likely to express our disagreement by identifying their position with some other author with whom, we anticipate, they do not agree. We might say: "Your position is the same as the Pelagians," or some other appropriate (and relevantly provocative) claim about the equivalence of two theories. This is likely to get the reply: "I certainly do not endorse the Pelagian (or generally: the x-ian) view." How is the commentator supposed to react to these replies? It concedes too privileged a position to authors--as commentators on the meaning or implications of their own text--if we have to say: "They say they do not agree with x and that's the end of it"; or, in response to the first type of reply: "They say that is not what they meant, and they ought to know." That is why we still find commentators saying that Mill, despite what he says about himself, is not a genuine utilitarian; that Newton, despite his famous hypotheses non fingo, did in fact construct and use many hypotheses; or that Descartes, despite his explicit statements...


text:
9 things you didn't know about 'globetrotter' Narendra Modi
By Sanjana Ray
Love him or hate him, there's no ignoring Narendra Damodardas Modi. India's globetrotting Prime Minister has managed to create quite the domineering presence across the world and, following Barack Obama's lead, is the second most followed politician in the world on Twitter. Following his landslide victory in 2014, Modi has seemingly been pulling all the right strings to steel in his cushion on the Prime Minister's chair.
A calculating diplomat, Modi realised quite early that it was imperative to gain global recognition and resume friendly relations with the World's superpowers – be it the USA, China or even Saudi Arabia – to help India make its mark on the international market.
Modi was perhaps the first noted Prime Ministerial candidate who used social media to the maximum in his campaign. His promise of "acche din" and the hashtag #NaMO resonate through our minds like it was only yesterday when our newsfeeds spoke of little else. Before we get into the sensitive debate regarding the reality of this "acche din" and the real effectiveness of the many news schemes he has adopted, and the old ones he plans to recycle, here are a few lesser known facts about this vivid technocrat who dominantly occupies all our screens.
Behind the un-creased and staunch apparel he adorns as per his position, Modi is quite the poet at heart. In his younger days, he wrote many literary pieces in his mother tongue, Gujarati, which were eventually published as a book of 19 poems called Saakshi Bhav. Who would have thought this ruthless diplomat would have a romantic, creative side to him?
Earlier this year, Modi made a trip to Saudi Arabia, and in the midst of his visit to Riyadh he stopped by an all-woman IT Office, becoming the first foreign dignitary to have met and interacted with the women entrepreneurs of a largely conservative nation.
For his swearing-in ceremony as the 14th Prime Minister of India, Modi invited the heads of all the SAARC countries to attend the auspicious event, becoming the first ever Indian Prime Minister to extend this invitation. Later, Pakistan's Nawaz Sharif and Sri Lanka's Mahinda Rajapaksa faced severe criticism in their home countries for having attended the event, owing to the decades-long tensions that existed between them and India.
Modi also managed to take centre-stage in London, where, on his stately visit in November 2015, he became the first Indian Prime Minister to address the British Parliament. Our erstwhile colonisers must have rolled in their graves.
Modi's sights hadn't always been set on politics. When he was younger, he held a more religious zeal for life and led a more bohemian lifestyle. He took off on an unknown journey and ended up at the doorsteps of the Ramakrishna Mission of Rajkot and Belur Math. However, he was advised against taking up this life and was reportedly turned down three times by Swami Atmasthananda.
While the Indo-Pak War was rampant, a teenage Modi volunteered to serve food and refreshments to the Indian Army, stationing himself in various railway stations. He also reportedly assisted victims of the Gujarat Floods of 1967.
Although there has been much talk about his estrangement with his family, Modi makes it a point to visit his mother, Heeraben, on his birthday every year. He has four brothers, a sister and even a wife, although he has no contact with the latter considering that the marriage was never consummated and he took off for his climb up the political ladder.
About a decade ago, Gujarat owed the World Bank a total of almost Rs 50,000 crores. Under his leadership as Chief Minister, it has now deposited about one lakh crore, which goes to show how much the state has developed under his rule. Incidentally, Gandhinagar was named the 'Greenest Capital City' in the whole of Asia.
He is an ardent follower of Sardar Vallabhai Patel's leadership style. He considers Swami Vivekananda his guru, in a sense, and firmly believes in his philosophy of life.
As the world waits and watches to see what dynamic thing this man with many facets will do next, and he trots off to his mother's house on the 17th of September to get her blessings on his 66th birthday, we'd like to wish our Prime Minister a very happy birthday!
Social Media & Networking
globetrotting Prime Minister


text:
Introduction

Go is an open source project, distributed under a
BSD-style license.
This document explains how to check out the sources,
build them on your own machine, and run them.

There are two distinct ways to experiment with Go.
This document focuses on the gc Go
compiler and tools (6g, 8g etc.).
For information on how to use gccgo, a more traditional
compiler using the GCC back end, see
Setting up and using gccgo.

Environment variables

The Go compilation environment depends on three environment
variables that you should set in your .bashrc or equivalent,
plus one optional variable:

	$GOROOT

The root of the Go tree.  Typically this is $HOME/go
	but it can be any directory.

$GOOS and $GOARCH

	The name of the target operating system and compilation architecture.
	Choices for $GOOS are linux,
	darwin (Mac OS X 10.5 or 10.6),
	and nacl (Native Client, an incomplete port).
	Choices for $GOARCH are amd64 (64-bit x86, the most mature port),
	386 (32-bit x86), and
	arm (32-bit ARM, an incomplete port).
	The valid combinations are
	linux/amd64,
	linux/arm,
	linux/386,
	darwin/amd64,
	darwin/386,
	and
	nacl/386.

$GOBIN (optional)

	The location where binaries will be installed.
	If you set $GOBIN, you need to ensure that it
	is in your $PATH so that newly built Go-specific
	command such as the compiler can be found during the build.
	The default, $HOME/bin, may already be in your $PATH.

Note that $GOARCH and $GOOS identify the
target environment, not the environment you are running on.
In effect, you are always cross-compiling.

Set these variables in your .bashrc.  For example:

export GOROOT=$HOME/go
export GOARCH=amd64
export GOOS=linux

Double-check them by listing your environment.

$ env | grep '^GO'

Ports

Go compilers support two operating systems (Linux, Mac OS X) and
three instruction sets.
The versions for Linux and Mac are equally capable except that the ARM port
does not run on OS X (yet).

There are important differences in the quality of the compilers for the different
architectures.

	amd64 (a.k.a. x86-64); 6g,6l,6c,6a

	The most mature implementation.  The compiler has an effective optimizer
	(registerizer) and generates good code (although gccgo
	can do noticeably better sometimes).

	386 (a.k.a. x86 or x86-32); 8g,8l,8c,8a

	Comparable to the amd64 port. Not as well soaked but
	should be nearly as solid.

	arm (a.k.a. ARM); 5g,5l,5c,5a

	It's got a couple of outstanding bugs but is improving. Tested against QEMU
	and an android phone.

Except for things like low-level operating system interface code, the runtime
support is the same in all ports and includes a mark-and-sweep garbage collector
(a fancier one is in the works), efficient array and string slicing,
support for segmented stacks, and a strong goroutine implementation.

See the separate gccgo document
for details about that compiler and environment.

Fetch the repository

If you do not have Mercurial installed (you do not have an hg command),
this command:

$ sudo easy_install mercurial

works on most systems.
(On Ubuntu, you might try apt-get install python-setuptools python-dev first.)
If that fails, visit the Mercurial Download page.

Make sure the $GOROOT directory does not exist or is empty.
Then check out the repository:

$ hg clone -r release https://go.googlecode.com/hg/ $GOROOT

Install Go

The Go tool chain is written in C.  To build it, you need
to have GCC, the standard C libraries, the parser generator Bison,
<tt>make</tt> and the text editor <tt>ed</tt> installed.  On OS X, they can be
installed as part of
Xcode.  On Linux,

$ sudo apt-get install bison gcc libc6-dev ed make

(or the equivalent on your Linux distribution).

To build the Go distribution, make sure $GOBIN
(or $HOME/bin if $GOBIN is not set)
is in your $PATH and then run

$ cd $GOROOT/src
$ ./all.bash

If all.bash goes well, it will finish by printing

--- cd ../test
N known bugs; 0 unexpected bugs

where <var>N</var> is a number that varies from release to release.

Writing programs

Given a file file.go, compile it using

$ 6g file.go

6g is the Go compiler for amd64; it will write the output
in file.6. The ‘6’ identifies
files for the amd64 architecture.
The identifier letters for 386 and arm
are ‘8’ and ‘5’.
That is, if you were compiling for 386, you would use
8g and the output would be named file.8.

To link the file, use

$ 6l file.6

and to run it

$ ./6.out

A complete example:

$ cat >hello.go <<EOF
package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	fmt.Printf("hello, world\n")
}
EOF
$ 6g hello.go
$ 6l hello.6
$ ./6.out
hello, world
$

There is no need to list hello.6's package dependencies
(in this case, package fmt) on the 6l
command line.
The linker learns about them by reading hello.6.

To build more complicated programs, you will probably
want to use a
Makefile.
There are examples in places like
$GOROOT/src/cmd/godoc/Makefile
and $GOROOT/src/pkg/*/Makefile.
The
document
about contributing to the Go project
gives more detail about
the process of building and testing Go programs.

Community resources

For real-time help, there may be users or developers on
#go-nuts on the Freenode IRC server.

The official mailing list for discussion of the Go language is
Go Nuts.

Bugs can be reported using the Go issue tracker.

For those who wish to keep up with development,
there is another mailing list, golang-checkins,
that receives a message summarizing each checkin to the Go repository.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Last edited by Tazahn
5 edition of Gandhi"s view of political power found in the catalog.
Gandhi"s view of political power
Published 1987 by Deep & Deep Publications in New Delhi .
Gandhi, Mahatma, 1869-1948.,
Statesmen -- India -- Biography.,
Nationalists -- India -- Biography.,
India -- Politics and government -- 1919-1947.
Statement Jai Narain.
LC Classifications DS481.G3 N347 1987
Pagination 163 p. ;
Interpreting Gandhi in this context, Ronald J. Terchek says in Gandhi's view, plurality simultaneously requires distinctiveness and unity, individual integrity and cooperation. In fact Gandhi never tries to accept any partial perspective whether it is the advaita of metaphysics or logico-materialism of the modern-day scientific knowledge.
taxation of public utilities in Ohio
The Early Life and Times in Boone County, Indiana
Storytimes for two-year-olds
Gospel Perspectives (Gospel perspectives)
approaching general election
[Type specimen book and plant list].
The Original Freddie Ackerman
The Old English Poem `Judgement Day II
Intervention and negotiation
Water resources appraisals for hydroelectric licensing
The 2000 Import and Export Market for Petroleum Jelly and Mineral Waxes in Denmark (World Trade Report)
Mid Georgian silver.
Organization and functions of the executive departments
Symposium on surgery of the hand
Swimming against the tide
Emerging Trends in Securities Law/1994-95
Teepee neighbors
Visions of the heavenly sphere
Serious players in the primary classroom
Gandhi"s view of political power by Jai Narain Download PDF EPUB FB2
Home» Browse» Books» Book details, Gandhi's Political Philosophy: A Critical Gandhi's Political Philosophy: A Critical Examination past two centuries the West has politically and economically dominated the rest of the world and used its economic and political power to spread its ways of life and thought.
Its ideas travelled with. For anyone interested in world peace, Mary King's book, Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr: The Power of Nonviolent Action, is a must read.
In the post cold war era, the battling forces of conflict - war and negotiation - peace have changed. From tothe Gandhis view of political power book States/Soviet Union standoff shaped public by: Dr Brown presents a political study of the first clearly defined period in Mahatma Gandhi's Indian career, from to The period began with Gandhi's return from South Africa as a stranger to Indian politics, witnessed his dramatic assertion of leadership in the Indian National Congress of and ended with his imprisonment by the British after the collapse of his all-India civil Format: Paperback.
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi's Religion and Political Views. Gandhi as a Political Strategist is a book about the political strategies used by Mahatma Gandhi, and their ongoing implications and applicability outside of their original Indian context. Written by Gene Sharp, the book was originally published in the United States in An Indian edition was published in The book has been reviewed in several professional journals.
In this article on Gandhi, 'Political Thought of Mahatma Gandhi: A Brief Outline', the author gives a brief outline of the political thoughts of Gandhi.
This section contains articles written by very well-known personalities and eminent authors about Gandhiji's view On Politics and it's relevance today. Gandhi: Behind the Mask of Divinity is a book by United States Army officer G.
Singh. The book was written in biographical form nearly 60 years after the assassination of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, and challenges his image as a saintly, benevolent, and pacifistic leader of Indian independence, told through Gandhi's own writings and actions over the course of his life.
The book claims that Gandhi Publisher: Prometheus Books. Gandhi said that, "to me political power is not an end but Gandhis view of political power book of the means of enabling people to better their conditions in every department of life.
Political power means the capacity to regulate national life through national representatives. If national life becomes so perfect as to become self-regulated, no representation become Size: KB. Politics of Gandhi. Coming to the political thought of Gandhi, we have to remember certain dispositions of of all, Gandhi was not a system builder in an academic was not a political all his sayings were pouring from.
Chapter: 3 Socio-Political Thought of Mahatma Gandhi Introduction M. Gandhi known as 'Mahatma' was great hero; serve up the nation with truth and non-violence. He was always against violence.
Gandhi conjures up another dream of politics and conflict at a time once coercion isn't solelyFile Size: KB. Thus the centralization of power in the State negates the very conception of democracy.
This is why Gandhi did not favour the so-called democracy in the West. In his view, Western democracy was only formal. In reality it was totalitarian in so far as only a few could enjoy the political power in this system. Mohandas Gandhi was born in the western part of British-ruled India on October 2, A timid child, he was married at thirteen to a girl of the same age, Kasturbai.
Following the death of his father, Gandhi's family sent him to England in to study law. There, he became interested in the. Mahatma Gandhi inspired people all over the world, including one of the United States' most famous civil rights leaders, Martin Luther King Jr.
Though the two men never got a. Mahatma Gandhi, byname of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, (born October 2,Porbandar, India—died JanuDelhi), Indian lawyer, politician, social activist, and writer who became the leader of the nationalist movement against the British rule of India.
As such, he came to be considered the father of his country. Gandhi is. Gandhi was a Hindu by name but drew from all religions, particularly Jainism for his policy of non-violence. He spent much of his life trying to reconcile differences between religious groups.
Political Views. Gandhi was the ultimate civil rights activist. His politics revolved around equality, freedom, and. Based on the complete edition of his works, this new volume presents Gandhi's most important political writings arranged around the two central themes of his political teachings: satyagraha (the power of non-violence) and swaraj (freedom).
Dennis Dalton's general Introduction and headnotes highlight the life of Gandhi, set the readings in historical context, and provide insight into the. The book succeeds in providing an insightful if perhaps uncritical examination of Gandhi's approach to political theory and method through examining in depth the significance of political experiment and its connection to truth and knowledge for Gandhi, as well as core Gandhian concepts such as swaraj, swadeshi and sarvodaya, for example Author: Iain Atack.
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was leader of India's nonviolent independence movement against British rule. He was revered the world over for his philosophy of passive resistance and was known to his. Gandhi's literally self-centred view of politics reached its zenith in the months around independence in Late in he asked his year-old great-niece Manu to sleep with him to test his sexual desire; connecting the worsening political situation to his own failure to be perfectly sexless.
Based on the complete edition of his works, this new volume presents Gandhi's most important political writings arranged around the two central themes of his political teachings: satyagraha (the power of non-violence) and swaraj (freedom). Dennis Dalton's general Introduction and headnotes highlight the life of Gandhi, set the readings in historical context, and provide insight into the 4/5(1).
This was well-received and ratified by the All India Congress Committee under Gandhi's leadership. (Moraes, ) Nehru's power and influence would continue to grow throughout the Indian Independence movement, leading to him being selected by Gandhi as the first prime minister of an independent India.
In Gandhi's view all the political power that was concentrated in the State apparatus could be dissolved down to every last individual. He stated "Power resides in the people, they can use it at any time."5 Reiterating the idea of Anarchy, Gandhi said, "In such a state (of affairs), everyone is his own rulers.
Political Thought and Politics of Jawaharlal Nehru. Nehru imparted a socialistic vision to the Indian development. Nehru adopted Marxism in the s as a tool for understanding society, social development and the national movement itself He disagreed, on one basic question at lease afterwith the contemporary Marxist position.
MIDDLE EAST, INDIA, Ma — After twenty centuries all that can be said of Christianity is that it is the world's largest religion with over 2 billion followers.
Its influence on men Author: Frank Raj. Mahatma Gandhi tried his best to crush the Human Rights, Fundamental Rights, Social Rights, Economics Rights, Political Rights, Educational Rights and Religious Rights of the Untouchables (Dalits) of India, through "Poona Packet" on Sep, i.e.
the Untouchables (Dalits) of India hate him (Mr. Mahatma Gandhi). Mahatma Gandhi was accused of acting as an apologist for the caste system in India.
Inhe resorted to fasting 'to block an affirmative action' planned by Britain in favour of the outcastes, the so-called 'untouchables'. Gandhi tried his best to undermine the centuries-old caste system and to remove the blot of untouchability from Hinduism.
It would be relevant to state that Gandhi's 'Satyagraha' movement was instrumental in releasing the countless inhibitions, social, emotional, political and physical, of the woman in India from the villages as well as from the cities, from the highest caste and class to the lowest.
It was as if the flood-gates of suppression were lifted, and out. Self-rule is a political goal pursued by Gandhi for India. In contrast non-violence, self-renunciation, and truth are policies of self conduct and political action that guide the action for. Mohandas 'Mahatma' Gandhi Gandhi in during a visit to London©.
Mahatma Gandhi has come to be known as the Father of India and a. Mahatma Gandhi is revered the world over as one of history's most transformative and inspirational hout his life in South Africa and India, Gandhi was a fearless campaigner for the rights and dignity of all people, whose constant and unwavering promotion of non-violence as a tool to win over hearts and minds has forever left its mark on the : Goalcast.
India needs to know the real Gandhi J oseph Lelyveld's book Great Soul: Mahatma Gandhi and His Struggle with India does not break new ground, but the Gandhi. Gandhi during the Salt March, March-April (Wikimedia Commons/Walter Bosshard) History remembers Mohandas Gandhi's Salt March as one of the great episodes of resistance in the past century and as a campaign which struck a decisive blow against British imperialism.
In the early morning of MaGandhi and a trained cadre of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi () was one of the few men in history to fight simultaneously on moral, religious, political, social, economic, and cultural fronts.
During his time as a lawyer in South Africa he developed his strategy of non-violence: the idea of opposing unjust laws by non-violent protest. His book The Politics of Nonviolent Action () is widely regarded as a classic.
Other important works are two collections of essays, Social Power and Political Freedom () and Gandhi as a Political Strategist (), and the more recent Making Europe Unconquerable (). Gandhi Political Thinker 2 Indian National Congress 3 Salt March by Mahatma Gandhi 4 Non-Cooperation Movement 5 Indian Independence Movement 6 Gandhis view of Swaraj and rural same in his vivid descriptions of Indian villages Innumerable books have been written on the ideology and philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi but this book is.
Gandhi fought Ambedkar over establishing separate electorates for untouchables, arguing that these would "vivisect" Hinduism. "I want political power for my community," Ambedkar explained. On Septemin his cell at Yerwada Jail near Bombay, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi begins a hunger strike in protest of the British government's.
To Gandhi, political power, or the state, was not an end in itself, but "one of the means of enabling people to better their condition in every department of life".
Thus, he did not accept the Hegelian view of the state as the final goal of human organization, the ultimate end that has the highest right against the individual and is itself above morality. Mohandas Gandhi (October 2, –Janu ) was the father of the Indian independence movement.
While fighting discrimination in South Africa, Gandhi developed satyagraha, a nonviolent way of protesting injustice. Returning to his birthplace of India, Gandhi spent his remaining years working to end British rule of his country and to better the lives of India's poorest : Jennifer Rosenberg.
His view of the female body was warped. in her book Sex and Power, Gandhi's genius was to realise the great power of non-violent political revolution. But the violence of his thoughts Author: Michael Connellan.Power based on love is a thousand times more effective and permanent than the one derived from fear of punishment." Gandhi opposed the power concentration in a few or single hand.
He believed that the concentration of political power leads to the exploitation, inequality and promote the hierarchal society.Satyagraha, (Sanskrit and Hindi: "holding onto truth") concept introduced in the early 20th century by Mahatma Gandhi to designate a determined but nonviolent resistance to evil.
Gandhi's satyagraha became a major tool in the Indian struggle against British imperialism and has since been adopted by protest groups in other countries.
porkfection.online - Gandhis view of political power book © 2020


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For an incredible third year running the first team home in the grueling Ten Tors expedition is from the same school scout troop.
The six 14 and 15-year-olds from the 20th Torbay (Torquay Boys Grammar School) troop completed 35 mile route by 8.08am on Sunday.
It is the third year in a row that scouts from the 20th Torbay have been the first team to cross the finishing line in the event described by the Army as Britain's toughest youth challenge.
Teams complete routes on Dartmoor of either 35, 45 or 55 miles depending on their age including an overnight stay on the moor. They have to carry all their own equipment and are totally self-reliant.
The team at the finish are (from left) Euan Jones, Max Green, Finley Dennison, Bobby Godley, Louis Pilkington and Louis Nieuwoudt.
Teams have to train throughout the winter. This years training was particularly difficult with the weather playing a major and disruptive role with heavy rain, gales, snow and hail being encountered throughout.
The team from the 20th Torbay (Grammar School ) Scout Group consisting of six 14 and 15 year old boys who had managed to get to their 8th tor by the Saturday night so only had about 15kilometres to complete on the Sunday morning when they started at 6am.
Team leader Finley Dennison said: "We tried to run as best we could on the Sunday when we were on the flatter bits or going downhill.
"It was hard but when we could see the finish and were told by the army that we were the first ones back it was all worth it."
Steve Perrelle, the Team manager said it was remarkable that for the third year in a row Scouts from this group had been the first to complete with more than 400 teams taking part. He said: " I was rather surprised that they did so well this year which is a great reflection on their mental toughness as much as anything. They really wanted to do well and clearly pushed themselves right to their limits."


text:
package slayers

import (
	"encoding/binary"
	"fmt"

	"github.com/google/gopacket"

	"github.com/scionproto/scion/go/lib/common"
	"github.com/scionproto/scion/go/lib/serrors"
)

// MaxSCMPPacketLen the maximum length a SCION packet including SCMP quote can
// have. This length includes the SCION, and SCMP header of the packet.
//
//  +-------------------------+
//  |        Underlay         |
//  +-------------------------+
//  |          SCION          |  \
//  |          SCMP           |   \
//  +-------------------------+    \_ MaxSCMPPacketLen
//  |          Quote:         |    /
//  |        SCION Orig       |   /
//  |         L4 Orig         |  /
//  +-------------------------+
const MaxSCMPPacketLen = 1232

// SCMP is the SCMP header on top of SCION header.
//
//   0                   1                   2                   3
//   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
//  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
//  |     Type      |     Code      |           Checksum            |
//  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
//  |                            InfoBlock                          |
//  +                                                               +
//  |                         (variable length)                     |
//  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
//  |                            DataBlock                          |
//  +                                                               +
//  |                         (variable length)                     |
//  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
//
type SCMP struct {
	BaseLayer
	TypeCode SCMPTypeCode
	Checksum uint16

	scn *SCION
}

// LayerType returns LayerTypeSCMP.
func (s *SCMP) LayerType() gopacket.LayerType {
	return LayerTypeSCMP
}

// CanDecode returns the set of layer types that this DecodingLayer can decode.
func (s *SCMP) CanDecode() gopacket.LayerClass {
	return LayerClassSCMP
}

// NextLayerType use the typecode to select the right next decoder.
// If the SCMP type is unknown, the next layer is gopacket.LayerTypePayload.
func (s *SCMP) NextLayerType() gopacket.LayerType {
	switch s.TypeCode.Type() {
	case SCMPTypeDestinationUnreachable:
		return LayerTypeSCMPDestinationUnreachable
	case SCMPTypePacketTooBig:
		return LayerTypeSCMPPacketTooBig
	case SCMPTypeParameterProblem:
		return LayerTypeSCMPParameterProblem
	case SCMPTypeExternalInterfaceDown:
		return LayerTypeSCMPExternalInterfaceDown
	case SCMPTypeInternalConnectivityDown:
		return LayerTypeSCMPInternalConnectivityDown
	case SCMPTypeEchoRequest, SCMPTypeEchoReply:
		return LayerTypeSCMPEcho
	case SCMPTypeTracerouteRequest, SCMPTypeTracerouteReply:
		return LayerTypeSCMPTraceroute
	}
	return gopacket.LayerTypePayload
}

// SerializeTo writes the serialized form of this layer into the
// SerializationBuffer, implementing gopacket.SerializableLayer.
func (s *SCMP) SerializeTo(b gopacket.SerializeBuffer, opts gopacket.SerializeOptions) error {
	bytes, err := b.PrependBytes(4)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	s.TypeCode.SerializeTo(bytes)

	if opts.ComputeChecksums {
		if s.scn == nil {
			return serrors.New("can not calculate checksum without SCION header")
		}
		// zero out checksum bytes
		bytes[2] = 0
		bytes[3] = 0
		s.Checksum, err = s.scn.computeChecksum(b.Bytes(), uint8(common.L4SCMP))
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

	}
	binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(bytes[2:], s.Checksum)
	return nil
}

// DecodeFromBytes decodes the given bytes into this layer.
func (s *SCMP) DecodeFromBytes(data []byte, df gopacket.DecodeFeedback) error {
	if size := len(data); size < 4 {
		df.SetTruncated()
		return serrors.New("SCMP layer length is less then 4 bytes", "minimum", 4, "actual", size)
	}
	s.TypeCode = CreateSCMPTypeCode(SCMPType(data[0]), SCMPCode(data[1]))
	s.Checksum = binary.BigEndian.Uint16(data[2:4])
	s.BaseLayer = BaseLayer{Contents: data[:4], Payload: data[4:]}
	return nil
}

func (s *SCMP) String() string {
	return fmt.Sprintf("%s(%d)\nPayload: %s", &s.TypeCode, s.Checksum, s.Payload)
}

// SetNetworkLayerForChecksum tells this layer which network layer is wrapping it.
// This is needed for computing the checksum when serializing,
func (s *SCMP) SetNetworkLayerForChecksum(l gopacket.NetworkLayer) error {
	if l == nil {
		return serrors.New("cannot use nil layer type for scmp checksum network layer")
	}
	if l.LayerType() != LayerTypeSCION {
		return serrors.New("cannot use layer type for scmp checksum network layer",
			"type", l.LayerType())
	}
	s.scn = l.(*SCION)
	return nil
}

func decodeSCMP(data []byte, pb gopacket.PacketBuilder) error {
	scmp := &SCMP{}
	err := scmp.DecodeFromBytes(data, pb)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	pb.AddLayer(scmp)
	return pb.NextDecoder(scmp.NextLayerType())
}