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Events Past Events David Baqaee and Ben Moll on What if Germany is cut off from Russian oil and gas?
David Baqaee and Ben Moll on What if Germany is cut off from Russian oil and gas?
On Thursday, April 7, David Baqaee and Ben Moll joined Markus' Academy for a lecture on What if Germany is cut off from Russian oil and gas? Baqaee is an assistant professor of economics at UCLA, a research affiliate of the CEPR, and a Faculty Research Fellow at the NBER. Moll is a professor of economics at London School of Economics and Political Science.
[16:16] Goals of the research
[20:37] German energy shock
[38:36] Keys to basic macro modeling
[50:16] Richer models with supply chains and international trade
[1:04:46] Order of Magnitudes calculation
[1:15:41] Other missing effects?
[1:28:06] Policy recommendations
[0:00] Introductory remarks. Coal, oil, and natural gas sanctions are very different. Coal and oil are part of the world market, whereas gas is more local; hence, the West can replace Russian coal and oil from other suppliers, but Russia can also sell their energy to other customers, undermining the effectiveness of sanctions. For natural gas the situation is different. In terms of timing, "blitz sanctions" are imposed cold turkey and are more effective though costly, while sustained sanctions are long lasting preparing for a long confrontation. The costs depend crucially on how easily one can substitute natural gas and gas dependent products with alternatives. Estimating the elasticity of substitutability is tricky, as there are (non-local) non-linearities – small shocks are easier to deal with compared to large shocks. For an example, see Jim Hamilton's webinar for the 1973 OPEC shock. Furthermore, production chains further complicate matters and many macro-models do not take physical transportation constraints fully into account. Finally, financial frictions can further amplify the effects.
[16:16] Goals of the research: analyzing the economic consequences for Germany of some supply shock, caused by an embargo or stop of deliveries from Russia. Would this lead to a small GDP decline, a depression, or something in between? The paper estimates that GDP decline will be between 0.5% and 3%, making an import stop less severe than a Covid recession, where Germany was able to provide insurance and socialize costs.
[20:37] German energy shock. German energy is largely sourced from Russia– 34% of oil, 55% of gas, and 25% of coal– the paper focuses primarily on gas, due to the challenges in global transportation. Substitution of gas is only to some degree possible, perhaps from Norway or the Netherlands. It would also be possible to use lignite, hard coal, or nuclear technology, which could mean that the gas shock would essentially be 30% instead of 55%; this equates to an 8% decrease in total energy from gas, oil, and coal. Consumption of gas, oil, and coal comprise 4% of Gross National Expenditure (GNE), the imports make up 2.5% of GNE, and consumption of gas is 1.2% of GNE. Yet, amplification could make these effects quite large. Hardest hit sectors could see a difference comparable to the Covid crisis in Gross Value Added, wages, and employees. The paper argues that the distribution of costs should be relatively equal across the income distribution.
[38:36] Substitutability is key to basic macro modeling. Modeling that assumes perfect or no substitutability, i.e. GDP drop will be proportional with gas decline, is ill-founded. The simplest model is an aggregate CES production function, which has output as a function of gas, capital, labor, and more; the keys here are the elasticity of substitution and the gas share. Elasticities of substitution are very time dependent (relevant horizon of next winter), and understanding the macro effects of cross-production processes is necessary. Supply chains and substitution via imports are other considerations. Output losses for different elasticities will be very different.
[50:16] Richer models with supply chains and international trade. The richer analysis based on Baqaee & Fahri that takes supply chains into account and distinguishes between German real consumption and real production. However, it assumes perfect substitutability within each subsector and abstracts away from within-sector transportation frictions of gas. Changes in real consumption can be approximated (to a first and second order) through changes in imports, exports expenditures, and employment. Non-local effects are not included.
[1:04:46] Order of Magnitudes calculation. By comparing to the oil shock in the 1970s, we can estimate how much the energy share changes. Assuming that expenditure share quadrupled, as they did in the 1970s, we would see a 1% loss in GNE. All models suggest a GNE loss under 2.3%, which would suggest a per capita per year shift of 400-900 euros. However, these calculations may miss some business cycle amplification effects, such as the real and nominal frictions contracting aggregate demand. To deal with this, pessimistic calibration was used, but the numbers should be lower than 3%, if the estimates are off.
[1:15:41] Other missing effects? One thing left out was Keynesian aggregate demand amplification; Bayer et al. try to focus on heterogeneous households and use Keynesian demand functions with a TFP drop of 2.2 % (from this paper) and 3% capital obsolescence due to a depreciation shock. This analysis assumes that inflation expectations remain well anchored. The German Council of Economic Experts had a variety of scenarios, and all GDP deduction estimates were somewhere under 2.5%. They also clarified that a full import stop would mean a 3-5% GDP loss in the first year (more information here). Krebs (2022) believed that there should have been separate elasticities of substitution for different industries. Others claimed that the gas shock would hit harder, perhaps closer to 55% than 30%.
[1:28:06] Policy recommendations. Need people to substitute, and prevent the shock from falling entirely on the industry or household. Price adjustments are assumed to lead to appropriate substitution. Monetary policy will have to be ready to raise interest rates to control inflation, fiscal policy should not tax subsidies on energy. Using policies applied in Covid will help socialize losses, and substantial inflation effects might require adjustment of tax/transfer schedules.


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3. Click the Select button and that's all there is to it! A note will appear every time you log into Amazon that asks if you'd like to use the Smile Amazon option and you just say "YES!". Amazon shopping is exactly the same as normal but you are also supporting the work of the Eagan Foundation and our community. Thank You!


The fox woke us at 4am this morning. Bryn was going daft and had to be released to do whatever he does – runs around barking, I guess.
Couldn't get back to sleep, so baked some almond biscuits and coconut cookies to fill the tins.
Milking machine repair, looks complicated.
Beautiful morning. Up at 4am, wondering if Rosie was calving. She wasn't. Consequently felt a bit zombie-like.
Lots of strawberries – best crop ever. And a good crop of gooseberries too. Raspberries are poorer – but they were supposed to be replanted this year and that didn't quite happen.
The freezer is getting full, even though we're eating lightly cooked strawberries with yogurt every day for breakfast. Delicious.
Overcast but dry. The cows were exceedingly unco-operative today – Blizz just refused to come in – and I ran out of time and patience, so no milk today.
Bug had his feet trimmed – they grow at a huge rate.
Sent off the registrations to the Shetland Cattle Herd Book Society – Annie's calf, Panda is registered as Rosedean Xena and Rosie's as Rosedean Xanthe (she doesn't have a pet name yet). Blizzard's steer calf isn't registered, of course.
While doing the routine weekly paperwork, I've been pulling out the costs for this year's pigs and meat birds. Because they are short-term discrete enterprises, it's pretty simple.
Today we cleaned the eight birds we killed yesterday – they weighed 2.3kg to 3.4kg, totaled 22.3kg, average 2.79kg. I'll do the same when we do the nine hens next week and see how much they cost us to produce.
As things stand with the pigs, if they have an average deadweight of 60kg, they'll have cost us £3.73/kg to get them to the butcher.


Have you ever committed code to your Git repository, and then realized that you forgot something or there was an error in your code? Wish there was an easy way to amend your commit with the fix? What about if you've already pushed your code or made several commits?
If you run a strong test suite, and commit before running the whole test, this probably happens regularly (at least it does for me). Usually each fix you make will require a separate commit until the test suite passes. While there is nothing wrong with many small commits, sometimes it is helpful to squash many commits into one complete commit, especially when hooking project management software into your Git commits. This article discusses a technique used to squash multiple commits in branch (even master) into a single commit. Next week we will discuss another approach to this problem where you start in a branch and squash when you merge the branch into master.
You will need Git install on your machine and GitX is also useful for visualizing the Git commit tree.
If you have 2 or more previous commits that you want to squash, then read on. The follow steps discuss how to squash multiple commits.
The following command will list the previous commit(s) (change -1 to -N, where N is the number of previous commits to see). However, it is much easier to see commit using a tool like GitX.
Grab the SHA-1 of your latest commit (we'll call this B, a8e3d75acc974a76bc7aafb43b392a69ab1bab57), and the SHA-1 of the previous commit that you want to squash into (we'll call this A, 7c44b35795b03426861963ad8cc9f5bd1898d901). It doesn't have to be the immediately previous commit, if you want to squash several commits together, but I usually only squash 2 commits together for sanity reasons.
The simple solution simply adjustes the previous commit tree to include your most recent changes that you added. It also gives you an opportunity to update the commit message. If you have not added new changes, then the amend command will simply allow you to change your previous commits message.
If you are changing more than the previous commit, these steps cause Git to jump to a forward commit, then move back to a previous commit, without actually updating the tree. Since the changes from the forward commit are still there, you can amend them onto the previous commit, creating a new updated commit containing the first commit and all changes until the forward commit. Once you push to master it will be as if the there was ever only 1 commit.
This technique was originally found on the Stack Overflow article git-how-to-squash-the-first-two-commits. The author follows similar steps to those above, but instead of remembering the newly created commit SHA, he tags the commit for referencing and deletes the tag at the end. The questioner was trying to squash their first and second commits ever in master, so this technique can be used to cleanup any part of your Git history. Additionally, if you replace master in the steps above with whatever active branch you are using, then you can use this same techique on your branches.


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The 20-year-old franchising program that located Woodcraft retail stores across the nation is featured in the Summer 2017 Franchising Today issue.
Woodcraft promotes business applications and technology director to position of chief information officer.
Longtime employee Jack Bigger has been promoted by Woodcraft to vice president of sales and marketing.
Scott Phillips, forester, woodworker and co-host of "The American Woodshop" on PBS, joins Woodcraft in promoting tree planting on Arbor Day.
Midwest Woodworkers in Omaha will become the first Woodcraft retail store in Nebraska.


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Cavalier and hero
On January 26, 2007, the State Duma in the Russian calendar set a new memorable date - the Day of the Heroes of the Fatherland, which is now annually celebrated in our country on December 9. On this day, according to the plan of the parliamentarians, the country should remember and honor its citizens who have been awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union, Hero of Socialist Labor, Hero of the Russian Federation, the Order of St. George or the Order of Glory.
The point is what to say, good. Especially since the date for such celebrations was not chosen by chance: December 9 (November 26 old style) in Russia until 1917 was celebrated on the Day of St. George's Cavaliers.
In our stories, rich in war, and heroes, and gentlemen was enough. During and after the Great Patriotic War, there were even those who, to their crosses of St. George, deserved in the First World War, added a heroic Golden Star. And even two!
By the end of the war, the two crosses and two Stars had Marshals of the Soviet Union Georgy Zhukov, Rodion Malinovsky and Konstantin Rokossovsky, the legendary partisan commander Lieutenant General Sidor Kovpak. Marshal Semyon Timoshenko had three crosses of St. George, but he received his first Gold Star in 1940, the second in 1965. In 1978, Army General Ivan Tyulenev became a Hero of the Soviet Union, having earned four crosses of St. George on the First World War. The famous Commander of the Civil War and the Soviet Marshal Semyon Budyonny to 1917, the year was also marked by St. George's crosses of all four degrees, but he received all his three Gold Stars after the Victory.
And was there such a person who could become both a full George Knight and a Hero of the Soviet Union even before the festive salutes of May 1945?
It turns out there was.
His name was Konstantin Iosifovich Nedorubov.
Son of a quiet don
He appeared on the light in June 1889 on the farm Rubezhniy stanitsa Berezovskaya Ust-Medveditsk district of the region of the Don (now Danilovsky district of the Volgograd region).
The village was not one of the poor: at the beginning of the twentieth century it "had 426 yards, in which the 2524 man of the Cossack class, who owned more than seven thousand acres of arable land, lived." There were a Rubezhna magistrate, a judicial investigator and a bailiff, a veterinary and a medical station, two junior parochial schools, a parochial school operated. Worked two windmills, brick and leather factories. It is hard to believe in it, but already then the postal and telegraph office and savings and loan services were available to the residents of the village ... Oh, and the Cossacks lived hard under the tsarist regime!
It was in this stanitsa that the seventy-two-yard Rubezhniy farm was entered, the most typical one, one of a hundred of such, stretching along the Don. Kostya Nedorubov's parents never were prosperous Cossacks, but still managed to give their son primary education: from 1897 to 1900, the lad with his peers ran to the stanitsa parochial school, where he learned to read and write, count, and in the lessons of God's law, memorized prayers. And what else spasnu Cossack need? For him, the main thing is military.
In January, 1911, Nedorubov, was called up for active service and identified in 6 the 100th 15th Cavalry Regiment of the 1th Don Cossack Division, stationed in the Kingdom of Poland, then one of the Russian provinces. The regiment, in which Konstantin served, lodged in the town of Tomashov in the Lublin province. Here and found the war of the twenty-five Cossack. To its top, Nedorubov was already an experienced warrior, wore epaulets of a junior sergeant and led a team (half platoon) of regimental scouts.
He deserved his first George in less than a month after the start of hostilities. All under the same Tomashov in mid-August, fierce fighting broke out with the Austrians. In the course of one of the attacks, pursuing the retreating enemy, the reconnaissance agents of the Don, led by their sergeant, broke into the location of the enemy's battery, capturing the servants and seizing six whole guns as trophies.
The second Cross of St. George adorned Konstantin Iosifovich's chest in February 1915. He received his Cossack thanks to not so much courage and daring as tricks, ingenuity and luck.
In December, the first military year of the 1-th Don Cossack Division redeployed under Przemysl. A solid front line did not exist at that time, and therefore the intelligence officers were constantly searching for information about the enemy. One winter morning, Nedorubov single-handedly decided to survey the gifted (a little farm for two or three houses), nestling among groves and ravines a few kilometers from the advanced Cossack posts. And I found there Austrians, snoring carelessly on the heated huts. Without hesitation for a long time, the conscript threw a grenade into the courtyard, and then let the horse gallop around the wattle fence, firing into the air and shouting commands to imaginary subordinates in Russian and the only familiar phrase in German: "Hyundai hoh!".
The explosion, firing and screams in the pre-dawn haze made such an impression on the Austrians jumping out of the little houses that they considered it a blessing to immediately surrender to the cossacks who flew from. Nedorubov, without leaving the saddle, with a horse, pushed the warriors out of the yard onto the winter road and, not giving a chance to come to their senses, constantly shouting something and postrelaya, drove them into the regiment. Only there, under the approving hum and exclamations of his colleagues, was the constable able to count his loot. And when he did, he gasped in surprise: 52 soldier and chief lieutenant!
Then, a year and a half, Konstantin Iosifovich fought "like everyone else", earning during this time two St. George medals "For Bravery." The first is for the fact that at the end of April 1915 of the year, in addition to valuable information, it also dragged from the night search a serviceable light machine gun. For which the scout was awarded the second medal, the documents did not survive. But it is clearly not for the beautiful eyes and lush mustache. It is only known that at the same time Nedorubov was wounded twice, and, apparently, quite hard, because he was not treated in field hospitals, but in rear hospitals in Kiev and Kharkov. That is, the doctors worked hard on the Cossack.
At the end of May 1916, the finally recovered consignor returned to his native regiment. And, as it turned out, on time: the famous Brusilovsky breakthrough began on June 3, and the 1-I Don Cossack Division took an active part in it. Obviously, Nedorubov in the summer and autumn was heroic in such a way that a detailed description of his exploits would take a lot of place in government papers. Therefore, in the presentation to the St. George Cross of the 2 degree, it was stated simply: "for unparalleled courage and bravery".
It is worth saying here that originally, due to some clerical error, another Georgy of the 3 degree was re-handed to Konstantin Iosifovich. But soon the misunderstanding was corrected: in the corresponding order on the 3 Cavalry Corps, the name of Nedorubov and the record "St. George 3 X degree of the degree of 40288" standing opposite her are crossed out, marked "No. 7799 2 degree" and the link: "See Corps Order No. 73 1916 of the Year. "
Well, before the onset of the New, 1917, the brave and successful conscript became the full George Knight. The cross of 1 degree to Nedorubov was handed after he and his scouts seized the headquarters of the German division, headed by its commander, an infantry general and all operational documents. This feat of the Cossack does not need any comments.
After all four soldier Georgy began to shine on Nedorubov's chest, according to the statute of this award, he was promoted to sub-corps - the senior noncommissioned officer in the Cossack troops. So, in all its glory, with crosses and shoulder straps, he came to his native village in the fall, hoping to relax with family for all seven years of uninterrupted service and three and a half years of war that he spent without sleep and rest.
But there was no peace in the Quiet Don ...
"For people's power with their own people ..."
Up to the summer of 1918, Konstantin Iosifovich did not adjoin to either white or red, working on his yard and hut, which had noticeably decayed during the time that the Cossack spent at the front. But is it possible for a long time to remain at anything in a country gripped by a fratricidal war?
In late May, he again saddles his horse. And June 1, along with other villagers, joins the Cossack Regiment of Ataman Krasnov's 18 Cossack Regiment. However, Nedorubov didn't have to fight for whites for a long time: July 12 he was captured and after a few days did not just begin to go on the attack under the red banner - he commands a squadron!
Such are the vicissitudes of fate. Well, in the Civil War and this did not happen.
For almost a year Konstantin Iosifovich has been fighting in the cavalry division of Mikhail Blinov, which consisted entirely of Cossacks, who recognized and accepted Soviet power. And therefore they fought for it fiercely and fiercely. It was the Blinov Cavalry Division, which was part of the 9 Red Army, which was thrown at the suppression of the Cossack uprising that broke out in the villages of the Upper Don Region in March 1919. And played a crucial role in his suppression.
Under the Buturlinovka, the Pancakeers clashed with the Cossack regiments of General Mamantov, and for almost a week exterminated each other with equal persistence and varying success. The village passed from hand to hand several times, until Budyonny's cavalcore corps came to its rescue in favor of the Reds.
In June, 1919, an event occurred that could be, but did not become another turning point in Nedorubov's life: he was captured again. And, of course, he was preparing to accept death ... It was the Cossack's sake that he was tried almost at home — on the farm of Bashkir Ust-Medveditsk District, where he was known to everyone, loved and respected by all. And it was not the military tribunal who was trying to judge, but the meeting of the St. George Cavaliers, who considered that Don Cossack blood had already been spilled enough, and therefore let Nedorubov go to all four sides: God, they say, you judge ...
So, less than a week went by, as a full St. George Cavalier again led a squadron of red cavalrymen. Famously fought under Yelanya, Rudny, Ust-Medveditskaya (now Serafimovich), in the Sal's steppes. In 1920, the Panin Division joined the 1 th cavalry corps of Dmitry Zloby, and Konstantin Iosifovich was appointed commander of the 8 th Taman cavalry regiment. After one of the battles with the Vrangel cavalry, Nedorubov was presented to the Order of the Red Banner. But at the headquarters of the Southern Front, the presentation was broken, believing that this was too much for the former tsarist podhorunzhy, who had been fighting for a month and a half from Krasnov.
So the red commander of the Nedorubov never received a single award in the Civil War. But I nevertheless met with my bullet: when the battles were already going on in the Crimea, under the Big Tokman, the machine-gun fire knocked the regiment out of the saddle. The bullet stuck in the lung, and Konstantin Iosifovich sneaked her there until the end of his days.
The war was already coming to an end, and therefore, after injuring the paint, they were demobilized for health, allowing them to go to their native lands. Since July, 1920, he headed the village council in his native farm Rubezhnoye. Then, when in the Don farms and stanitsa the new government began to create collective farms, headed by the one that was formed in the Berezovsky district.
At the end of 1920 - the beginning of 1930 - s, Nedorubov held a number of positions in Soviet and economic bodies until 1932 was appointed in April to the appointment of the collective farm chairman at Bobrov Farm. One sowing and harvesting conducted with dignity. And in 1933, as they say, came under a campaign: in the country, with a new force, they began to search for hidden enemies, pests, counterrevolutionaries and saboteurs. Where not found - appointed. Konstantin Iosifovich turned out to be one of such designated "enemies of the people": in the fall of 1933, "for the loss of grain in the field" he was convicted under article 109 of the Soviet Criminal Code on 10 years of camps. And the full George Knight, the former red regiment and the chairman of the collective farm became the foreman of the prisoners Dmitlag, who worked on the construction of the Moscow-Volga canal.
Three years Nedorubov waved a shovel and pushed the car at the largest construction site of the mid 1930-s, where more than 200 thousands of people worked. However, unlike the absolute majority, he was incredibly lucky: Konstantin Iosifovich was ahead of schedule, even before the end of construction, released with the wording "for good behavior and percussive work". It seems that he did not work this way because he was madly in love with the Soviet government or considered himself guilty of something before it. Nedorubov was simply referring to that unique type of Russian people who can't do anything in half, half-heartedly: fight like that, fight, and work like that, work!
After his release, Konstantin Iosifovich returned to his native village. He was not convicted of his previous conviction, he was not struck with rights, and therefore Nedorubov did not have any problems with employment. He worked as a storekeeper, brigadier on the collective farm, was in charge of the post office, and headed the machine and tractor station. 21 May 1941 celebrated his 52-th birthday.
And then the villagers, who were walking merrily and noisily at a celebration at a countryman, did not suspect that a new war was already at the threshold ...
And the enemy is all the same, and the Motherland is still the same
After the beginning of the Great Patriotic War on Don, as well as throughout the country, the formation of regiments and divisions of the people's militia began. They were those who for various reasons did not fall under the mobilization.
But if in Moscow or, say, Leningrad, the bulk of the volunteers were students and university professors who had a vague idea of military affairs, then from the villages spread along the banks of Khopyor, Medveditsa, Buzuluk, Chir and other tributaries of the Don, tried and tempered Warriors who had only one drawback - non-appealing age. But what is 50 or even 55 for a Cossack ?!
In October 1941 of the year Nedorubov on horseback arrived in the center of the Khopersky district, the stanitsa of Uryupinskaya, where the Cossack cavalry volunteer division was formed. Finding out all the details of what is happening and enlisting the support of the division commander Colonel S.I. Gorshkov, he returned to Berezovskaya. There, at a gathering, Konstantin Iosifovich proposed to create a Cossack hundred of veterans and the first to enroll in it.
The Cossacks, as usual, shouted "Lubo!", Reached for the note-sheets and immediately elected Nedorubov as their commander. Then it went all familiar order. Volunteers from neighboring villages - Malodelskaya, Sergievskaya, Razdorskaya, Ostrovskaya began to arrive in Berezovskaya. They came on their horses, in uniform and with their swords, and after them from the collective farms on sleds they brought up fur coats, food, and fodder, Cossack peaks made in collective farm workshops.
The problem arose only once, when the district department of the NKVD did not approve the candidacy of Nedorubov as the commander of the hundred formed. The arguments were iron - he fought for the whites, the former convict ... But then, strangely enough, the party organs intervened: the secretary of the Berezovsky district committee of the CPSU (b) Ivan Vladimirovich Shlyapkin personally vouched for the full Georgy cavalier and the former commander of the Red Army. An act, of course, very brave for the party leader of those times.
In general, in the first half of November 1941, Konstantin Iosifovich took his hundred to Mikhailovskoye Slobodka, where volunteer subunits that formed the cavalry division of the militia of the Stalingrad region gathered and were trained. There Nedorubov, officially approved as the commander of the hundreds and receiving lieutenant shoulder straps, for the first time ventured to put on his Georgiev.
At first, this act was perceived by fellow servicemen ambiguously: in the minds of many, the Cross of St. George continued to remain a "royal reward." But the regimental and divisional authorities had the sense to look at it from the other side: the crosses were deserved until October 1917, and not for the dispersal of workers' demonstrations, but for courage and bravery in battles with the Germans, with whom the Cossacks were about to again get together in cruel fights. And "Georgia" those for the upbringing of young Red Army men were, perhaps, more necessary and more effective than any words, slogans and appeals of full-time political workers.
2 February The 1942 division was renamed the 15 th Don Cossack Cavalry and soon became part of the 17 th Corps Corps, which was ordered to defend the left bank of the Don River in its lower reaches and the eastern coast of the Azov Sea. In the summer, stubborn battles broke out there with German, Romanian and Italian units that were bursting into the North Caucasus.
In the middle of July, the Cossack regiment, in which Nedorubov's hundred fought, reflected for four days the Germans' attempts to force the Kagalnik River in the Peshkovo area on the move. Then, with a dashing blow, he knocked the enemy out of the villages of Zadonsky and Aleksandrovka, where the Cossacks, led by the full Cavalier of St. George, destroyed more than 150 soldiers and officers of the enemy.
Then there were bloody battles for the stanitsa of Kanelovskaya, Kushchevskaya, Shkurinskaya. In Kushchevskaya, which passed from hand to hand three times, it came to melee. This is where the Cossack swords and daggers "drank blood and ate meat"! In the same place, reflecting the next attack, Konstantin Iosifovich, having chosen a convenient position on the flank, personally put down the Hitler's 72 machine gun. And in the same place he lost his son Nicholas, who fought in his hundred. I thought that forever. But fate was favorable to the Nedorubovs.
What happened to Nicholas seems to be a miracle. Having received wounds at mortar shelling of 13 (!), He lay for three days with a half-covered land. Quite accidentally, the inhabitants of the stanitsa stumbled upon it when they buried the fallen Cossacks in mass graves: the bodies began to decompose under the scorching sun, and the Nazis, who settled in Kushchevskaya, were afraid of an epidemic. Risking their lives, the Cossacks Matryona Tushkanova and Serafima Sapelnyak carried Nicholas to the hut at night, washed and bandaged their wounds. And then they nursed the young man, changing the products for bandages and medicines in the Romanian hospital, which was located in Kuschevskaya. And so for five months, until the village was liberated part of the 151 th Red Banner Rifle Division ...
And Nedorubov Sr., who all this time considered his son dead, beat the enemy with tripled hatred and anger. At the end of August, 1942-th his hundred, having infiltrated the front line, crushed the rear convoy, destroying 20 machines with military property and around 300 fascists. 5 September in a battle for the height of 374,2 near the village of Kura, Absheron district of the Krasnodar Territory, Lieutenant Nedorubov single-handedly got to the mortar battery, which particularly annoyed the Don, threw it with grenades and destroyed the entire cannon servant from the PCA. At the same time, he himself was wounded, but he did not leave the location of the regiment. October 16 near the village of Martuki, a hundred Nedorubov per day repulsed four attacks of the SS and almost all fallen on the battlefield. The fifty-three-year-old lieutenant himself received 8 (!) Bullet wounds.
The war was interrupted for a while. Konstantin Iosifovich was in Sochi hospital. Then he was transferred to be treated in Tbilisi, where the military-medical commission concluded that Nedorubov was no longer suitable for military service for health reasons.
Drooping his head, the Cossack returned to his native village. And there he was waited for at once by two joyful news: in one letter, which came from Kushchevskaya, it was reported that the son Nikolai was alive. And in the second, colleagues from the home division congratulated Konstantin Iosifovich on awarding the Order of the Red Banner.
Well, how could an old warrior sit at home after this? How he caught up with the advancing division, how he found his regiment in the front-line leapfrog and whirlwind, as he persuaded the authorities to re-enlist him in the service - history is silent. But the fact remains: at the end of May 1943, Lieutenant Nedorubov took command of the squadron of the 41 Guards regiment of the 11 Guards Cavalry Division of the 5 Guards Don Cossack Corps.
He fought as best he could.
And as we knew how to fight the St. George Cavalier, we already know ...
Therefore, it is not surprising that 26 of October 1943 was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR Konstantin I. Nedorubov.
Then there were fights in Ukraine and in Moldova, in Romania and Hungary. In December, the 1944 th in the Carpathians Guard captain Nedorubov received another injury. This time it was so difficult that I had to part with the military service.
Veteran of the Three Wars
AFTER the war Konstantin Iosifovich plunged into a peaceful life: he was in charge of the social security department, the road department, the forestry enterprise. At the same time he led an active social activity: he was secretary of a party organization, a deputy of the district council, often visited military units, met with some venerable Soviet writers, including "the singer of the Pacific Don" Mikhail Sholokhov.
October 15, 1967 Nedorubov, together with twice Hero of the Soviet Union General (future Marshal aviation) Alexander Efimov and a retired senior lieutenant Ivan Afanasyev, a member of the defense of Pavlov's house, was part of the torch-carrying group that delivered the Eternal Flame from the Volgograd Square of the Fallen Fighters to the newly opened military glory hall of the memorial complex on Mamaev Kurgan.
At these celebrations, as well as at other pompous events, where the illustrious warrior was often invited, on the paramilitary uniform of Konstantin Iosifovich there were Gold Star and four crosses of St. George that he wore, not hesitating and not afraid of idle conversations. Someone was so embarrassed by this neighborhood, someone was amazed and delighted. But no one left indifferent.
And in May 1969, residents of the village of Berezovsky and all Severodonsky districts of the Volgograd region celebrated the 80 anniversary of Konstantin Iosifovich. At the invitation of the Hero and the full cavalier of St. George, Lieutenant-General S. I. Gorshkov, a former division commander, who first allowed Nedorubov to wear "royal crosses" and the commander of the 42 Guards Colonel Colonel M. A. Karapetyan, who once took take the liberty of taking on the service of an old Cossack written off by doctors.
At the same time, the authorities presented to the honored veteran of three wars a new spacious house, in which he lived until December 1978 ...
Igor Sofronov
http://www.bratishka.ru/
"For service and courage" "He was given for courage and loyalty to his native land."C George on the chest. Cavaliers of the Order of St. George on the fronts of the First World War
Su-9 10 October 2013 08: 26
His affairs speak for themselves!
Glory to the heroes!
But regarding the phrase in the article: "The crosses were deserved until October 1917, and not for dispersing workers' demonstrations," - so it seems that George was not given for dispersing the demonstrations. Why write something in vain?
Apollo 10 October 2013 08: 43
quote-And was there such a person who could become both the complete St. George Knight and the Hero of the Soviet Union even before the festive fireworks of May 1945?
vovich 10 October 2013 08: 48
What a man's willpower! Such people need to erect monuments everywhere, and not to German henchmen like Krasnov.
RUSS 10 October 2013 13: 21
Now Krasnov, Shkuro and so on are really more "on hearing", but not a word about real heroes. People like Nedorubov should erect monuments during their lifetime.
kirgudu 10 October 2013 10: 22
Lovely, brothers!
predator.3 10 October 2013 10: 49
Hmm, that's fate.
George 10 October 2013 12: 29
Good Cossack !!!
An icon should be for young Cossacks.
Alekseev 10 October 2013 13: 49
His face is similar to Lieutenant Vereshchagin.
xan 10 October 2013 14: 06
This is the life!
Two passages from Shambarov
As for the participants of the First World War, most of them proved themselves worthy in a new war. And those who fought on the fronts, and those who by age and health could not take up arms. Here are, say, a few examples from the memoirs of Army General P.I. Batova. Veteran of the First World War old peasant Dmitry Nikolaevich Temin saved the banner of the 24th division near Minsk, finding it on the chest of a murdered officer. And saved. And then, at a parade in Lviv, he proudly carried this banner - with a gray beard, in an old tunic and with a St. George cross on his chest, and on the sides, as assistants, young officers walked, glittering with Soviet orders. An elderly fisherman, Saenko, helped sappers navigate the Dnieper. "On the night before the attack, the old man went out to see the fighters. People carried boats to the river, and he stood by the bushes on the edge of a peat meadow in a clean shirt, and on his chest he had four St. George crosses. So the old Russian soldier simply and clearly expressed the feeling of a holiday that seized him on the eve of the throwing of our troops across the Dnieper ... We stood next to you, and you know, suddenly the days of military youth flickered in my memory - then, in the 16th year, my teachers were like that , like this Russian soldier, bearded men. Pavel Abramovich Saenko stood nearby, looking after the fighters leaving for the Dnieper, and on his face was an expression of calm and satisfaction. I looked again at his clean, patched shirt with old decorations and hugged the veteran with all my heart. " Batov also describes other veterans - for example, the old sapper Pichugin, a participant in the Brusilovsky breakthrough. Which, in response to the general's words about the upcoming difficulties in crossing the Dnieper, replied: "Difficulties that ... Difficulties will be forgotten, victory will remain." And he came to this victory, building at the end of the war a bridge over the Oder.
And similar "uncles" in the history of World War II have no numbers. CM. Shtemenko in his memoirs describes the 9th Red Banner Plastun Division gene. P.I. Metalnikov, formed in the Kuban. "Fighters - well done to well done, many brave volunteers with St. George's crosses on their chests." And this division showed such high combat qualities that it became "special". It was under the control of Stalin himself, and it was allowed to use it in one direction or another only with the permission of the Headquarters. And in the 5th Don Cavalry Corps gene. S.I. Gorshkova, the famous grunt captain Paramon Samsonovich Kurkin and fought the whole war with four Georges on his chest - to which, at the time of the capture of Budapest, three orders of the Battle Red Banner were added.
And in many memoirs of military leaders, diaries of frontline correspondents, similar cases are given that occurred after our troops entered the western regions of Ukraine, Belarus, and Poland. When elderly locals suddenly came to this or that general with crosses and medals on the side-shirts and bravely clicking their supports, they reported in Russian: "Your Excellency! An ordinary such-and-such, who was on indefinite leave, arrived for further service! "
captain 10 October 2013 18: 13
Why don't they make films about them? Do not write books? Where are our Mikhalkovs, Govorukhins, etc.?
Why don't people make films about people like him? Mr. Mikhalkov, show courage.
kci 10 October 2013 19: 05
Glory to the Heroes of all times. May the Russian land not become scarce Heroes !!!!!
and according to the article: honestly did not know that George was allowed to wear, thanks to the author for educational program
Vlaleks48 10 October 2013 20: 23
Yes, this is MAN !!!
Warrior by God!
Bassman 11 October 2013 00: 00
A worthy son of Don! Glory to the Heroes! It is a pity that the Soviet government destroyed such a unique estate as the Cossacks, People of incredible courage, professionalism and courage!
Uazovod 11 October 2013 15: 40
But Serdyukov and Vasilyeva became famous differently - and nothing to them (no confiscation, no capital punishment). On television, you need to talk about people like K.I. Nedorubov, and our young people watch "House 2" (Sodom) and any rubbish like "Real boys". And society is still amazed: how is it that the veteran was attacked and the awards with grave money were taken away. The answer is simple - our oligarchic elite needs an obedient herd. My grandfather has the Order of the Red Star (he served from 1938 to 1955) and he was an example for me, an educator and a respected person.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Over the years I have participated in the Borzoi News and Show Borzoi email lists, there have been many wonderful first person stories from List members, sharing their daily adventures with their Borzoi. Some have been hilariously funny, others sad and touching, but all have displayed the true essence of our wonderful breed. The writers paint such wonderful pctures of their hounds that I frequently said to myself; "I can just see it!" What followed last fall was my observation on the lists that we should compile these tales into a book for everyone to enjoy. To my amazement and delight, up stepped several people saying that if I would like to do this project, they would be pleased to assist.
Thus Being Borzoi was born. The may who have leant their expertise to the various tasks are so talented and knowledgeable that each has contributed significantly. New friendships have been born of this collaboration, and we have become a family of Borzoi friends. We have been overwhzelmed with the grat response from readers with stories and pictures along with enthusiasm and the good wishes of Borzoi lovers from around the world.
We, who have come together to create this book, hope dog lovers everywhere will enjoy our collection of anecdotes, tales, stories, and pictures. If some of the stories bring a tear to your eye, or a smile to your lips, our goal has been achieved, as wehave been able to portray the Borzoi in all their guises. May you recognize the love, humor, faithfulness, an mischief as they come together in one lovely package. Then you will agree we have created an image that truly reveals the essence of Being Borzoi.


Really good. Thank you :) Although last time the food was not upto the mark but this time I'm literally impressed. Keep up the good work.
Quality and quantity , both were appreciable.
It was not more than a "tillon wala naan" in 590 rupees not a smoked chicken cheese naan. I think that's enough to explain. Worst experience. Total waste of money.
It was worst taste of soup i have ever tasted in my life. Minus points.
This time, the mutton was not cooked completely.
All you people can do is lie about delivery times. You lie on the phone. Your rider lied about it at his turn. You should be removed from food panda because you do not take service seriously at all. I hated my experience. I would never recommend this restaurant to anyone!
The quality wasnt at all like the one i ordered before. Something was very wrong in the burger.
They didn't send rice with manchurian.
Literally disgusting! It tasted so bad. Seriously you lost your customer!
expensive zaada ha ! 2300 ma bht khana ajata ha lkin in k plater ma 350 ma sarf 2 chicken pieces thy !
Food was awesome! Only one little suggestion though.. Kindly include spoon & fork with the meal.. Thanks!
Taste was good but due to late delivery it got cold and wasnt up to the mark it shud have been.
The soup was more of a carrot and cabbage soup and no chicken . The wrap was soggy and it smell bad and the taste was even more bad .


The Renaissance period came straight after the Middle Ages and with it saw many people leaning towards classic values, with a love of all things ancient Roman and Greek. The style of art classified as Renaissance started out in Italy during the latter stages of the 14th century, and is now synonymous with the works of Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael – amongst others.
Many Renaissance works depicted religious themes, think da Vinci's 'The Last Supper' and Michelangelo's 'Pieta' as prime examples of this. And while it is true to say that the Catholic Church heavily patronised the arts at that time, most of the work was commissioned by private buyers and local government, although it was Pope Julius II who commissioned Michelangelo to paint the amazing Sistine Chapel ceiling.
The Renaissance spirit spread from Italy and started in influence artists throughout Europe, including France, Spain and the Netherlands. Jan van Eyck is considered to be one of the Northern Renaissance's most important artists, completing work on Ghent Cathedral's altarpiece around 1432.
Some of the most well known Renaissance art includes da Vinci's 'Mona Lisa', Michelangelo's 'The Creation of Adam' and Botticelli's 'The Birth of Venus'.


The U.S.-Africa Leaders Summit represents the largest gathering any American president has ever hosted with African heads of state and government.
President Obama's town hall today with 500 of Africa's most promising young leaders provided an inspiring window into what the future holds for Africa, and the world.
The President announced during the town hall that the Washington Fellowship was being renamed as the Mandela Washington Fellowship for Young African Leaders, in honor of the former South African President, Nelson Mandela. Mandela Washington Fellows represent the best and brightest from communities across Africa, and fields ranging from education, medicine, law, business, and beyond. These are the young leaders whose skills, passion, and visions for the future, will help shape the fate of their countries and the world. It is in everyone's best interest to help them prepare with the tools they need to build a healthier, more secure, more prosperous, and more peaceful Africa, which is why President Obama launched YALI in the first place.
President Obama also took today's opportunity to preview another historic event planned for next week. The U.S.-Africa Leaders Summit will be hosted in Washington, by President Obama, and will represent the largest gathering any American president has ever hosted with African heads of state and government.
YALI is about capitalizing on the creativity and talent of Africa's young leaders by empowering them with the skills, training, and technology necessary to make lasting change, and meaningful progress back home. And to do so, we are engaging public and private sector partners to create new Regional Leadership Centers across Africa to reach more young leaders. We're joining with American universities, African institutions and business partners like Microsoft and MasterCard Foundation. Starting next year, young Africans can come to these centers to network, access the latest technology, and get training in management and entrepreneurship. The first centers will be located in Senegal, Ghana, South Africa and Kenya -- and will provide tens of thousands of young Africans the resources they need to put their ideas into action.
As last year came to a close, the world said goodbye to one of the brightest lights the world has ever known -- President Nelson Mandela. His life was proof of the power within each of us to leave the world better than we found it. Yet, as that brilliant star dimmed, we now have the opportunity to see 500 more shine brightly this week.
One of this summer's Fellows, Sobel Ngom from Senegal, captured the spirit of his experience in the YALI program this way: "Here, I have met Africa. The [Africa] I have always believed in. She is beautiful, young, full of talent, motivation and ambition." And being here with all of his Fellow Mandela Washington Fellows -- learning together, working together, dreaming together -- has only strengthened his determination, he says, to realize his aspirations for his country and his continent.
Click here for more information on the Mandela Washington Fellowship for Young African Leaders.
Click here for more information on President Obama's Young African Leaders Initiative (YALI).


text:
PHILLIP DALY
SURNAMES: CONNELY, ATKINSON, BONETTI,
Among the useful citizens of the Morgan Hill community is Phillip Daly who is the owner and operator of a baling press for hay and grain and by hard work and strict attention to business has won a place for himself in that locality. He was born on Staten Island, N. Y., December 31. 1864, the eldest son of Patrick Daly, a native of Ireland, who came to America in 1850. He married Miss Kate Connely, also a native of Ireland, in 1862, and in 1868 they removed to San Jose, Cal., and in July, 1872, the Daly family came to Gilroy and settled on North Monterey Street, where the original home place still stands. His father died in 1899, aged seventy-four and the mother on October 3, 1916, at the age of seventy years. Phillip entered the public schools in 1868 and in 1873, at the age of ten years, was obliged to leave school and assist his father. When he reached the age of seventeen he hired out as a ranch hand with Horton & Daniels and worked with a threshing crew for ten years in San Benito, Monterey and Santa Clara counties.
Mr. Daly's marriage united him with Miss Josephine Atkinson, a daughter of Richard Atkinson, a pioneer of Santa Clara County, whose biographical sketch will be found in this work. Mr. and Mrs. Daly are the parents of five children: Viola is a graduate nurse of St. Joseph's Hospital and now resides in San Bernardino; Richard served in the U. S. Navy on board the cruiser Montana and did transport duty for eleven months; he is married and has one child living; Phillip A. served in Company A, First U. S. Engineers, overseas for five years and is now in active service. He has the honor of wearing the Distinguished Service Cross. awarded him after a sharp engagement at Verdun in 1918; he has also been awarded the French Croix de Guerre; Gladys is a graduate of the San Jose State Normal School with the class of 1919 and is now teaching in Mendota, Fresno County, Cal.; Bernice is the wife of Alphonse Bonetti, a rancher of Morgan Hill and they are the parents of two children. What success has come to Mr. Daly has been through his own efforts and perseverance, and the family enjoy the respect and esteem of the entire community.


text:
Tag: Project Give back
Cookies for Mental Health: Toronto Tween Delivers
Sept. 21, 2020 – By SUSAN MINUK
Mia Adler has reason to smile. This summer, the 11-year-old delivered cookies to raise awareness for mental health.
Mimi (her nickname) created "Mimi For Mental Health" in preparation for her bat mitzvah on Nov. 7 this year. Her business motto: Be kind. Be empathetic. Be brave.
Mia Adler, Mimi For Mental Health
Mia's cookie venture has raised $4,226 in support of Mental Health Empowerment Day (MHED), a venture that promotes mental health education, de-stigmatization and builds community.
"Mia's passion for helping others proves that young people can drive change," lauded Leanne Matlow, founder of MHED.
The cookie project launched on July 30. And with Mia's final delivery on Erev Rosh Hashanah, her "Rosh rush" drove record-breaking sales: More than 78 dozen cookie orders.
Mimi For Mental Health cookie delivery
As the Grade 7 student at Humewood Community School explained, "I want people to be happy, especially during times like this [pandemic]. I've had mental health issues and I know how important it is to let someone know you care. Receiving a box of cookies can change a person's perspective on everything. It can put a smile on someone's face and can make them feel loved."
To make that happen, she participated in Project Give Back, which started in 2007 to inspire young students to develop meaningful relationships with their community and become global-minded, compassionate citizens. Mia's cookie project was a special Project Give Back initiative geared to her bat mitzvah.
Mia partnered with Sam Ginsberg, a 15-year old CHAT student who runs Sam's Sweet Creations. Sam developed the mouthwatering cookie recipes.
"I love baking," Sam enthused. "I love Mia's cause and I thought it was really cool to partner with another youth."
From the start of the pandemic, Sam has been delivering baked goods to front-line workers and shelters, donating 20 percent of his profits to charities.
"So being involved in Project Give Back was a good fit for me."
After rigorous taste-testing, it was decided that Chocolate Chunk, Reverse Double White Chocolate Chunk, and S'Mores would be available for $36 a dozen.
Mia created a social media presence, providing an online form for people to order the treats, with 100 percent of sales supporting MHED, less costs for the cookies.
"Once we knew the numbers of the orders for the week, we would pay Sam so he can purchase his ingredients and for his labour and time," explained Mia's mother, Marnie Adler.
"The rest of the money was put aside into a big pot that eventually would go to MHED. Several people who received the cookie boxes reached out to let Mia know how special it was and then they paid it forward the next week, [by ordering more]," her mother said.
For the first week, Sam baked at home in a small kitchen with a single oven. "That order was 27 dozen," he recalled. "It took about 12 hours. As the orders grew, my aunt let me use her house with double ovens."
For the final bake, Sam found a commercial kitchen that donated space. He can now bake 34 dozen at a time.
With cookies typically in hand by midweek, Mia's work began.
"On Thursday mornings, I would wake up and organize the cookies and put them in boxes," she said. "I had to write names on sticky notes so I wouldn't lose track of all the boxes and their addresses. I also wrote handwritten cards included with each box."
Fridays were cookie delivery day. Father and daughter would leave their Toronto home at 10 a.m. for the four-hour journey that included Etobicoke, the Beaches, Richmond Hill, and Maple.
Marnie gushed with pride about her daughter's entrepreneurial spirit.
"Mia knows how good it feels to give back and how important it is – and that's what this was all about."
Concurred Matlow: "Together, Mia and Sam have demonstrated that anything is possible and the future is in good hands."
Visit www.mhed.ca to learn more about mental health resources.
Author Canadian Jewish RecordPosted on September 21, 2020 September 21, 2020 Categories NewsTags bat mitzvah, Beaches, CHAT, Chocolate Chunk, Etobicoke, Humewood COmmunity School, Maple, Mental Health Empowerment Day, MHED, Mia Adler, Mimi for Mental Health, Project Give back, Reverse Double White Chocolate Chunk, Richmond Hill, Rosh Hashana, Sam Ginsberg
Toronto Teen Wins Diana Award for Holocaust Education
Aug. 20, 2020 – By BARBARA SILVERSTEIN
When Erin Sade was in Grade 6 she was given the opportunity to learn about any charitable organization that interested her. She chose the Canadian Society for Yad Vashem (CSYV) and in subsequent years she dedicated much of her spare time to helping other young people learn about the Holocaust.
Fast forward seven years and Sade, now 18, was one of seven Canadian recipients of the 2020 Diana Award. Named for the late Princess of Wales, the accolade honours young people for their humanitarian efforts and social action. Sade was nominated for her commitment to Holocaust education.
The virtual 2020 ceremony held last month was hosted by the Vamps' James McVey and included celebrities like the Duke of Sussex (Prince Harry) and actor, Dame Emma Thompson. About 180 people worldwide received the award this year.
Sade, a recent graduate of Havergal College – she will be on her way to medical school in England later this month – said she was thrilled to win the Diana Award.
Erin Sade
She was nominated by Ellen Schwartz, creator and executive director of Project Give Back (PGB), the organization that ran the education program that spurred Sade's involvement with CSYV, when she was in Grade 6.
"I owe her [Schwartz] so much," Sade said in a telephone interview from her home in Toronto. "She did everything to nominate me…She has so much kindness. She is so dedicated to the [PGB] program and the students she brings it to."
Through her connection with CSYV Sade participated in the Twinning Program, which encourages youngsters to dedicate their bar or bat mitzvahs to a specific young Holocaust victim. Sade's "twin" was Lily Friedman, who died in Auschwitz just shy of her 12th birthday.
"Yad Vashem pairs you with a child who died before their bar or bat mitzvah," Sade explained, noting that she was able to discover information on Friedman because her sister had survived the war.
The twinning was "a beautiful experience," Sade said, noting that her own middle name is Lilly. "Having that little connection made it feel more real. That was an empowering experience."
She said after her bat mitzvah, she was motivated to learn more about the Holocaust and to increase awareness of Nazi atrocities by helping to educate other students, particularly non-Jews.
She encouraged students to participate in the Ambassadors of Change Program, also run by the CSYV, in which high schoolers get the opportunity to connect with Holocaust survivors in small groups.
She would also represent the CSYV through class presentations at various schools in the GTA. She would create and distribute booklets with the personal histories of individual Jewish youngsters from the Holocaust era.
The students would each receive a booklet and then they would find out about the fate of the individual child they had learned about. Each booklet had a QR code that the students could scan with their phones to see if the child had survived or perished during the Second World War.
"That part of the presentation always got through [to the students] the most," Sade said, pointing out that most of the children they learned about did not survive.
She said she also arranged for Holocaust survivors to speak at Havergale, something that had never been done before.
For Sade, the Diana Award brought to mind another prize she received from Prime Minister Justin Trudeau four years ago.
In 2016, the Yad Vashem society created the Cantor Kraus Catalyst for Change Award in honour of Cantor Moshe Kraus, a Holocaust survivor. The award was to recognize individuals showing dedication to Holocaust education. Sade was one of three recipients.
"It was insane," she recounted. "They didn't tell me that Prime Minister Trudeau was going to present the award. I was starstruck the entire time. "You realized that the work that you're doing actually matters. It was an amazing feeling."
Author Canadian Jewish RecordPosted on August 20, 2020 August 31, 2020 Categories NewsTags Auschwitz, Diana Award, Emma Thompson, Erin Sade, HAvergal College, Holocaust, Holocaust Survivor, James McVey, Prime Minister TRudeau, Prince Harry, Project Give back, Yad Vashem1 Comment on Toronto Teen Wins Diana Award for Holocaust Education


Why choose the bioresonance treatment?
It is known that many diseases, especially allergies and chronic diseases cannot be cured easily by means of classical medicine. This is due to the fact that the majority of these cases, conventional medicine can only reduce patient symptoms with proper medication. They are not able to identify and eliminate the causes that may cause these symptoms.
The bioresonance therapy is a painless, quick and very effective method. It can provide significant relief and even healing in patients who suffer from symptoms years of their illness. It can be applied to all ages, from newborn babies to the very old. The bioresonance is a new development in the field of medicine that addresses the need of early detection of disorders and body burden can potentially develop into disease.
Designed bioresonance method of treatment?
The method of bioresonance aims for the holistic approach of man.
Depending on the case, you may see an immediate improvement in your symptoms or an initial deterioration. Generally, the body maintains the therapeutic signals received for the next 7 to 10 days after treatment. This means that during this time it is processed and gradually occurs therapeutic change.
How often can / should be the treatment?
The body processes the therapeutic signals for at least 7 days after treatment. For this reason, in chronic cases, it is recommended to repeat the treatment every week or every ten days. But can the interval to be considerably higher, eg three weeks in the case of some hormonal disorders. However, in acute cases, such as fever, viral infection, severe pain, repetition can be done very quickly, even every day.
The number of treatments will be needed, vary the case. That depends on the chronicity of the condition (the chronic symptoms require more treatments), the reaction force of the organism and the number of aggravating factors that contribute to the consolidation of symptoms.
To illustrate: when a patient with a normal liver has the frequency of a healthy liver put into the testing circuit, there will be resonance. The absence of change in the patient's skin resistance indicates that the liver is not stressed. If, on the other hand, a patient with an energetically stressed liver has a healthy liver frequency run through the testing circuit, that frequency will not resonate with that person's electromagnetic field relating to their liver tissue. This non-resonance increases the electrical resistance in the person's body. The increase in skin resistance in this case tells us that there is an energetic stress in the liver. Subsequent tests can then be performed with other organs and toxins in order to obtain more information on the nature of the liver disturbance. By conducting a series of organ and toxin tests, we can construct a picture of the patient's health status.
This enables a practitioner to identify health challenges at their root and devise treatment accordingly, rather than merely treating symptoms of an underlying challenge.
This is not where the implications of bio-energetic technology end. If every substance, living or non-living, emits electromagnetic frequencies based on the amount and rotational speed of their atoms, and if we can identify these frequencies, then we have an extremely valuable tool for treatment. Remedies can be tested for compatibility with specific conditions for every unique case that a client may present. Using this approach, the practitioner can map out the most effective course of treatment. Furthermore, now that we have a database of frequencies of substances and conditions, we can imprint remedies, bespoke for the individual client's requirements; a digital form of homeopathy completely customized for each case.
Energy medicine is growing in popularity, but it is certainly not new. 'Chi' has been an integral part of Chinese medicine for millennia. The success of these well-honed and time-honored treatments has been well documented anecdotally; a vast number of people know that energy medicine works because they have seen and experienced the results for themselves. As a complementary medicine, clinical research has historically been poorly funded and thereby very limited. Now, science, driven by the need to find methods more effective than symptom-suppressing drugs, is beginning to catch up with experience.
In the 1900's, Western science began to investigate the ancient theories of electrical energy and wave patterns in living things and objects. A number of scientists (such as Royal Rife) produced studies evaluating the electrical properties of various compounds. They concluded that each had its own unique wave pattern or resonant frequency. When the theories behind acupuncture points first came under scrutiny from western medicine scientists, European researchers validated the existence of such points by way of electrical conductivity readings. The electrical conductivity of these points would become the foundation of Electro-Dermal Screening (EDS). In 1951, a researcher named Nivoyet established that acupuncture points do in fact have a lower skin resistance than points elsewhere on the body's surface and that by implication, their conductivity is higher. In 1952, Dr. Walter Schmidt examined patients that had a variety of known disorders. He examined the corresponding acupuncture points using an electrical current and found that resistance at the specific acupuncture points that related to their disorder increased when that organ was malfunctioning. In contrast, this resistance remained constant when the function of a corresponding organ was not impaired. These two vital findings were not consolidated until 1953, when German physician Dr. Reinhold Voll researched and developed a systematic approach for evaluating the body through skin resistance measurements. Cumbersome and complicated though it was, this was the world's first EDS (Electro-Dermal Screening) system. Because the techniques Dr. Voll developed were so difficult to implement, German physicians went on to work hard on developing EDS practices that would reduce the quantity of acupuncture point measurements needed, as well as reducing the quantity of remedies required in medication testing. As these modified practices developed, they became known as "Bio-electronic Functions Diagnosis & Therapy" (BFD).
Dr. Helmut Schimmel, a medical and dental physician and clinical researcher from West Germany. He worked with BFD for nearly a decade until, in 1978, he developed a third incarnation of the system. The "VEGATEST-Method" or VRT (Vegetative Reflex Test) was the culmination of some thirty years development and experience of German Electro-Acupuncture. The new technology and practices became hugely popular in Germany and spread overseas to the USA, England and Australia.
In 1979, an American named James Hoyt Clarke launched a machine named Dermatron. This was the world's first Computerised Electro Dermal Screening (CEDS) system. Clarke would go on working to perfect a computer system capable of taking electro-dermal measurements quickly, simply and accurately. After 16 years of research and development, he achieved this, introducing the LISTEN (Life Information System Ten) System to the world in 1991. This second-generation computerised system allowed faster and simpler operation with more accurate results. Clarke programmed tests against 18,000 substances. The LISTEN system was the basis for BioMeridian's BEST System, which was released in 1998. Fully Windows compatible, this system would test against 29,000 substances. Because of these radical improvements in accuracy, scope and convenience, EDS and bio-energetic technology gained popularity amongst independent practitioners worldwide. Since then popularity for bio-energetic medicine continued to spread; and science began to catch up. Energy medicine began to gain widespread clinical acceptance, with results now backed by scientifically documented research.
In 2003, the EDS technology evolved from the BEST system to the Asyra. Aside from software developments, by far the most important change was that the Asyra was capable of filtering (through use of specific frequencies) the information it gathered to allow accurate single-point testing. No more multi-site probing! Criticism of EDS until this point had focused on the time and training necessary to take accurate readings. But now, with The Asyra, one site could be screened to obtain all the necessary information, rather than dozens. Instead of using probes, the practitioner could simply hand the client two hand-masses. This represented a major advance in EDS and bio-energetic technology; it would make the screening procedure significantly faster and completely non-invasive. The Asyra brought bio-energetic screening to hundreds of independent practitioners worldwide, giving them a better chance than ever of high rates of positive treatment results. This widespread application of the technology in busy private clinics highlighted new demands: practitioners needed the screenings to be faster still; and they needed probing that would be completely insusceptible to practitioner bias or error. Maximum accuracy, consistency and ease of use in minimum time would now be the focus for research and development in the EDS and bio-energetic medicine field.
The Asyra AT3, introduced in 2006, marked a significant step forward for the technology. It was one of the first truly flexible probeless EDS devices. Not only did the AT3 eliminate operator bias; it also enabled many of the ponderous techniques associated with probing to be automated. In a single stroke screening times were reduced dramatically. So much so, that a test of all major organs and body systems was reduced from around an hour to less than a minute. The benefits of this to the busy practitioner are obvious. As well as being fast, the Asyra AT3 is extremely flexible. Treatment protocols can be tuned to meet the varying needs of individual practitioners, new protocols can be created and preferred remedies, from any supplier, can be quickly and easily added to the system's database. All this, adds up to a powerful tool, which can enhance the skills and knowledge of practitioners from a broad spectrum of health disciplines. The test libraries include: Energetic Status of 40 major organs, Nutritional Assessment, Metabolic Disturbance, Dental Profile, Hormonal Profile, Parasites and Infections, Toxicity, Phenolic Sensitivity, Menstrual & Menopausal Problems, Emotional Stressors, Trace Minerals, Vertebral Profile, Miasm Influence, TMJ Stress, Constitutional Influence, Neurotransmitter Disturbance, Environmental Sensitivity, Food Intolerance, Sensitivity and Allergy Vitamins and Minerals, Cranial Suture, Dental Causation, Herbs, Heavy Metals, NAET … and much more!


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Dan Walters | California gun law headed to Supreme Court?
By Dan Walters | dan@calmatters.org | CALmatters.org
California has some of the nation's tightest gun control laws and virtually no session of the Legislature ends without additional restrictions being enacted.
In polling and by their votes, Californians have heartily endorsed making gun purchases and ownership increasingly more difficult.
As California's restrictive laws proliferated, however, the state's current and would-be gun owners complained that notwithstanding their political popularity, the laws violate Californians' constitutional right to bear arms, codified in the Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
Those complaints are now likely to reach the U.S. Supreme Court because of Tuesday's decision by the 9th District Court of Appeals upholding two of the state's most controversial gun control laws, banning the sale and possession of magazines holding more than 10 rounds of ammunition. One was enacted by the Legislature and the other in a ballot initiative (Proposition 63) sponsored by Gavin Newsom in 2016 when he was lieutenant governor.
A federal judge in San Diego, Roger Benitez, became a hero to gun owners when he struck down Proposition 63's 10-round magazine limit two years ago, saying that it unconstitutionally interfered with using guns for self-protection. "The statute hits at the center of the Second Amendment and its burden is severe," Benitez wrote.
Newsom had become governor when Benitez ruled and denounced the judge as a "wholly-owned subsidiary of the gun lobby and the National Rifle Association."
A three-three judge panel of the 9th Circuit Court sided with Benitez but on Tuesday, the full 11-judge court, dividing along ideological lines, ratified the magazine laws. It declared that they "reasonably supported California's effort to reduce the devastating damage wrought by mass shootings.
The majority opinion added that requiring owners of higher-capacity magazine to get rid of them is not an illegal government "taking" because "the government acquires nothing by virtue of the limitation on the capacity of magazines."
The case sparked a welter of opinions from individual members of the court both endorsing the majority opinion and dissenting.
Three judges appointed by former President Donald Trump were sharply critical of the majority, saying, "these magazines are lawfully owned by millions of people
nationwide" and warning that applying California's law across America would "require
confiscating half of all existing firearms magazines in this country."
Newsom, of course, hailed the ruling that upheld his ballot measure, tweeting, "Weapons of war don't belong on our streets. This is a huge victory for the health and safety of all Californians."
California being what it is, the nation's most populous state with some of the nation's tightest gun laws, the eventual outcome of the magazine capacity case could have wide effects. Blue state prosecutors filed briefs supporting California's position while those in Texas and other red states backed Benitez's ruling.
The possibility of it becoming a landmark case was enhanced when lawyers for gun owners who challenged the state's magazine limit immediately promised that they would appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court.
If, as Tuesday's decision indicated, judicial attitudes about gun control laws divide along ideological lines, California's limit on magazine capacity could face rough treatment from the Supreme Court's 6-3 conservative majority.
In recent decisions, the Supreme Court has become increasingly critical of restrictive gun laws and has a landmark case now pending, involving New York's ban on carrying guns outside the home.
During arguments a few weeks ago, majority justices gave every indication they would overturn the law, criticizing it for interfering with citizens' rights to self-defense. That's essentially the same line of reasoning that Judge Benitez adopted in overturning California's magazine limit.
Dan Walters has been a journalist for over half a century, spending all but a few of those years working for California newspapers starting in 1960, at age 16, at the Humboldt Times in Eureka, while still attending high school. He can be reached at dan@calmatters.org.
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Dan Walters has been a journalist for nearly 57 years, spending all but a few of those years working for California newspapers. He began his professional career in 1960, at age 16, at the Humboldt Times in Eureka, while still attending high school, and turned down a National Merit scholarship to continue working as a journalist. At one point in his career, at age 22, he was the nation's youngest daily newspaper editor. The Hanford Sentinel was the first of three newspaper editor positions before joining the Sacramento Union's Capitol bureau in 1975, just as Jerry Brown began his governorship. Walters later became the Union's Capitol bureau chief, and in 1981 began writing the state's only daily newspaper column devoted to California political, economic and social events. In 1984, he and the column moved to The Sacramento Bee. He has written more than 9,000 columns about California and its politics and his column has appeared in many other California newspapers. Walters has written about California and its politics for a number of other publications, including The Wall Street Journal and the Christian Science Monitor. In 1986, his book, "The New California: Facing the 21st Century," was published in its first edition. He is also the founding editor of the "California Political Almanac," the co-author of a book on lobbying entitled "The Third House: Lobbyists, Money and Power in Sacramento," and contributed chapters to two other books, "Remaking California" and "The New Political Geography of California. He also has been a frequent guest on national television news shows, commenting on California politics.
Dan Walters | Newsom backs away from single-payer health care pledge
Letters to the editor | Jan. 19, 2022
You and the Law | Rationing of health care is now a reality
Matthew in the Middle | A look at wildcard weekend
Press Release 101


text:
<?php

namespace Nth\Permit\Models;

use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model as Eloquent;
use Nth\Permit\Helper\ConfigHelper;

class ResourceAction extends Eloquent{

	protected $table;

	public $timestamps = false;
	protected $primaryKey = "resourceActionId" ;

	public function __construct(array $attributes = array())
    {
        parent::__construct($attributes);

        $this->table = ConfigHelper::getResourceActionTableName() ;
    }

    // sqlite will complain if dun do this
    public function getBitwiseValueAttribute($value)
	{
		return intval($value);
	}

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
from typing import NamedTuple, List

from django.db.models import QuerySet
from drf_spectacular.utils import extend_schema
from rest_framework import serializers, status
from rest_framework.decorators import action
from rest_framework.permissions import IsAdminUser
from rest_framework.response import Response
from drf_yasg.utils import swagger_auto_schema

from dojo.api_v2.serializers import RiskAcceptanceSerializer
from dojo.models import Risk_Acceptance, User, Vulnerability_Id
from django.utils import timezone
from dojo.authorization.roles_permissions import Permissions
from dojo.engagement.queries import get_authorized_engagements

AcceptedRisk = NamedTuple('AcceptedRisk', (('vulnerability_id', str), ('justification', str), ('accepted_by', str)))

class AcceptedRiskSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
    vulnerability_id = serializers.CharField(
        max_length=50,
        label='Vulnerability Id',
        help_text='An id of a vulnerability in a security advisory associated with this finding. Can be a Common Vulnerabilities and Exposure (CVE) or from other sources.')
    justification = serializers.CharField(help_text='Justification for accepting findings with this CVE')
    accepted_by = serializers.CharField(max_length=200, help_text='Name or email of person who accepts the risk')

    def create(self, validated_data):
        return AcceptedRisk(**validated_data)

class AcceptedRisksMixin(ABC):

    @property
    @abstractmethod
    def risk_application_model_class(self):
        pass

    @swagger_auto_schema(
        request_body=AcceptedRiskSerializer(many=True),
        responses={status.HTTP_201_CREATED: RiskAcceptanceSerializer(many=True)},
    )
    @extend_schema(
        request=AcceptedRiskSerializer(many=True),
        responses={status.HTTP_201_CREATED: RiskAcceptanceSerializer(many=True)},
    )
    @action(methods=['post'], detail=True, permission_classes=[IsAdminUser], serializer_class=AcceptedRiskSerializer,
            filter_backends=[], pagination_class=None)
    def accept_risks(self, request, pk=None):
        model = self.get_object()
        serializer = AcceptedRiskSerializer(data=request.data, many=True)
        if serializer.is_valid():
            accepted_risks = serializer.save()
        else:
            return Response(data=serializer.errors, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)
        base_findings = model.unaccepted_open_findings
        owner = request.user
        accepted = _accept_risks(accepted_risks, base_findings, owner)
        model.accept_risks(accepted)
        result = RiskAcceptanceSerializer(instance=accepted, many=True)
        return Response(status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED, data=result.data)

class AcceptedFindingsMixin(ABC):

    @swagger_auto_schema(
        request_body=AcceptedRiskSerializer(many=True),
        responses={status.HTTP_201_CREATED: RiskAcceptanceSerializer(many=True)},
    )
    @extend_schema(
        request=AcceptedRiskSerializer(many=True),
        responses={status.HTTP_201_CREATED: RiskAcceptanceSerializer(many=True)},
    )
    @action(methods=['post'], detail=False, permission_classes=[IsAdminUser], serializer_class=AcceptedRiskSerializer)
    def accept_risks(self, request):
        serializer = AcceptedRiskSerializer(data=request.data, many=True)
        if serializer.is_valid():
            accepted_risks = serializer.save()
        else:
            return Response(data=serializer.errors, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)
        owner = request.user
        accepted_result = []
        for engagement in get_authorized_engagements(Permissions.Engagement_View):
            base_findings = engagement.unaccepted_open_findings
            accepted = _accept_risks(accepted_risks, base_findings, owner)
            engagement.accept_risks(accepted)
            accepted_result.extend(accepted)
        result = RiskAcceptanceSerializer(instance=accepted_result, many=True)
        return Response(status=201, data=result.data)

def _accept_risks(accepted_risks: List[AcceptedRisk], base_findings: QuerySet, owner: User):
    accepted = []
    for risk in accepted_risks:
        vulnerability_ids = Vulnerability_Id.objects \
            .filter(vulnerability_id=risk.vulnerability_id) \
            .values('finding')
        findings = base_findings.filter(id__in=vulnerability_ids)
        if findings.exists():
            # TODO we could use risk.vulnerability_id to name the risk_acceptance, but would need to check for existing risk_acceptances in that case
            # so for now we add some timestamp based suffix
            name = risk.vulnerability_id + ' via api at ' + timezone.now().strftime('%b %d, %Y, %H:%M:%S')
            acceptance = Risk_Acceptance.objects.create(owner=owner, name=name[:100],
                                                        decision=Risk_Acceptance.TREATMENT_ACCEPT,
                                                        decision_details=risk.justification,
                                                        accepted_by=risk.accepted_by[:200])
            acceptance.accepted_findings.set(findings)
            findings.update(risk_accepted=True)
            acceptance.save()
            accepted.append(acceptance)

    return accepted


As developers continue to experiment with a range of VR navigation techniques, Virtuix's Omni treadmill gives gamers a way to physically walk and run around virtual worlds in an otherwise limited space. The company's latest developments bring compatibility with the HTC Vive and its Lighthouse tracking tech, enabling 'decoupled' manipulation of walking, looking, and aiming.
I've been lucky enough to try the Virtuix Omni treadmill at several stages along its development, but I've yet to be able to experience the holy grail of a fully decoupled experience that's now enabled with the HTC Vive.
In my prior engagements with Omni prototypes, the direction you looked was also the direction you ran. That means you couldn't run forward while looking to the left or right, for instance. The gun prop was also just a glorified controller, as the weapon was untracked and your reticle was attached to the center of your view.
Now as the company readies the first shipments of the Omni, they're showing off what's been their ultimate vision for the VR treadmill all along: fully decoupled motion. Utilizing the HTC Vive with its 360 degree Lighthouse tracking, that means independent control over walking, looking, and aiming. Now if you wanted to, say, run backwards while looking to the side with your arms outstretched in either direction, you totally can. And that means it's time for me to start begging people to make an Equilibrium (2002) game so that I can pretend I'm doing this.
Virtuix is also showing off a new version of their in-house title TRAVR Training Ops, which is built from the ground up for the Omni's fully decoupled locomotion. The game is set up like a time trials arena, leader board and all. As you dash through each room, targets pop up all around you which you can shoot with either of your dual pistols, and there's even some threats to dodge.
When you run faster in the Omni, you actually move faster in the game, which means that topping the leaderboards is going to be as much about fitness as it is about aiming. Speedrunning is about to take on a whole new meaning.
And therein lies something that's had me excited about VR from the very beginning: aligning the emotional action of gaming with corresponding psychical action. Virtuix calls this sort of full body gameplay 'Active VR'.
I always go back to an example that I know well, the last moments of an epic game of Capture the Flag (for me, that would be in Halo, but pick your favorite game and imagine along with me). It's 2-2 in a match to three. Each team has the opposing team's flag and now it's a race to see who can capture it first for the win. The adrenaline is pumping and everyone is on the edge of their seat, playing their best to try to secure victory.
But in contemporary gaming, all of this intense action is happening in your head and on the screen, but physically speaking, you're twiddling your thumbs. How much more amazing would it be to be physically running that flag, knowing that the harder you run the faster you'll get that flag back to base. Giving every last ounce of your effort—emotional and physical—for the sake of your team.
People who play sports at a competitive level know this duality of emotion and physicality well—for many, it's what drives them to play sports in the first place. Soon the doors will be open for it to be part of gaming too. Not only is having your whole body involved in the action more natural, it's also more immersive and could very well reverse the cliché of the unfit gamer.
For Virtuix's part, the Omni is finally approaching the light at the end of a tunnel which started way back during the company's 2013 Kickstarter which raised more than $1 million to get the VR treadmill into production. Now the very first units are set to ship starting in December, with a wider rollout in 2016. In the mean time the Omni is available for pre-order for $699.
I'm excited to see physicality come into play in the digital space as well. For me though it'll take some time for me to buy into it until I can properly determine whether or not it's mature enough for my likings. Taking the CTF example, I would want to be able to trust that everyone was actually just running as fast as they were moving and that I wasn't putting in everything I had just to keep up with someone that was pressing a keyboard button or tweaked their rig to give them faster movement. I'd say that proper foot tracking is pretty essential for this. If someone's feet aren't lining up with their motion you know something is up.
In the end though, the digital space is a lot harder to trust because we naturally look to make things easier on us physically so I imagine cheating becoming very common thread. Outside of proper tournaments, I have a hard time imagining competitive online multiplayer ever becoming a trusted outlet.
I think that when you play a FPS online game and you're driven by kill counts, you generally give up alot of immersion just for the sake of a competitive edge. I can't see why anyone would choose to use something like the Omni when they cared about kill counts, given that people will give up just about every kind of visual and game play nicety just to get lower latency, greater precision, or some other kind of edge. You'd use the Omni for single player games and/or in game modes where you care more about the immersion than your kill count.
Having used the Rift to play Team Fortress 2 with decoupled gun/aim and look/gaze setup, I'd have to disagree. You do have an advantage in certain areas.
One example would be you're in a room looking at the corner. The corner has a door on each adjacent wall. On a monitor you have to swing the view back and forth constantly to not get snuck up on. In VR, you can point your gun at the main door, while actually looking at the secondary door and still see both with your peripheral vision. Anyone comes through the main door you blast them, if you see someone come through secondary, you just point and shoot cause you're already tracked on the target.
If they modded it with dual-wield guns you could cover both sides of you at once for even more advantage. Mouse and keyboard users will still have advantages in important ways. It will be interesting how it all plays out. With the right amount of advantageous omni mods, both could perhaps be equal.
A script could be written to verify that you were playing in a room solely populated by players using an Omni. It would be a parallel game mode with it's own measures for success.
They would still care for bragging rights. The hardware ID is a good idea, with a universal database of known hardware IDs from cheaters which game servers can reference.
Perhaps they could embed a unique ID at the hardware level to ensure that only the most dedicated hackers could even temporarily spoof the hardware to cheat without being immediately caught? It does seem like competitive multiplayer games would be a pinnacle for something so physical as the Omni.
I think room-scale VR will be far more prevalent than free-range VR facilitated by solutions like the Omni. Even so, I'm hoping that the interface for Omni is implemented as though it were as simple as a plug 'n play keyboard and mouse. That way, game and graphics engines could implement a general interface for it once, and all apps written to those engines would immediately be compatible with that general interface without any special coding, just provisions for an Omni-like device in the case one is there. Such a general interface would grant free-range as a nice plug 'n play option to all VR, games and otherwise. Virtually walking on a beach, through a museum, or running through a forest would simply be a matter of adding an Omni to the mix.
Doesn't it seem impossible for most consumers to play even a game like capture the flag in room scale? You'd essentially require a warehouse.
Is this just showing off decoupled mode on Vive, or are they saying that this is only possible on the Vive and not the Rift? If that's the case, I don't understand why not.
You can technically do this in the Rift as well. You would need the touch controllers and most likely an additional camera and /or consumer Rift with LED's on the back of the headset. I think the reason that they are showing the Vive is because they currently have access to it. There are more Vive's and controllers out in the wild than there are Oculus Rifts with Touch controllers.
It's amazing to see the first wave of Virtual Reality hardware maturing like this. Pairing a decoupled Omni with the Vive system gives you dual-wielding and unlimited free-roaming. This surpasses what has been possible in videogames to date. It's a new pinnacle not just for VR, but for videogames too! I'm of course looking forward to this same integration happening with the Oculus Touch controllers when they're released.