text:
Q: Parse JSON string in JavaScript I have this json string in :
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SAT 6:30PM\\nTHE SEOUL WORLD CUP STADIUM\\nYouTube LIVE@ http:\\\/\\\/www.youtube.com\\\/officialpsy\\nTickets: http:\\\/\\\/smarturl.it\\\/PsyHappeningKor\\nEnglish Booking: http:\\\/\\\/smarturl.it\\\/PsyHappeningEng\\n===============================\\n\\nFor More Information @\\nhttp:\\\/\\\/www.facebook.com\\\/officialpsy\\nhttp:\\\/\\\/twitter.com\\\/psy_oppa\\nhttp:\\\/\\\/twitter.com\\\/ygent_official\\nhttp:\\\/\\\/me2day.net\\\/psyfive\\nhttp:\\\/\\\/www.psypark.com\\nApp Store: http:\\\/\\\/goo.gl\\\/l9TU6\\nGoogle Play: http:\\\/\\\/goo.gl\\\/UiEn1\\n\\n\\u00a9 YG Entertainment Inc. 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and i want to parse it in javascript with:
function extract(html) {
    var obj = JSON.parse(html);

    return html;
}

If i remove the parse method it just return it, if i add it it return nothing, so i understand something go wrong with the JSON parse method.
Any idea what can be the issue?

A: You should return obj and not html.

A: I suppose you wanted to return obj instead of html in your method; like this:
function extract(html) {
    var obj = JSON.parse(html);

    return obj;
}

Then again; if you think about it you could also use JSON.parse(html) instead of writing a function that doesn't do anything else then wrap an already existing function.

A: To add to what the others already said, your JSON is invalid according to jslint.com
Parse error on line 39:
...==\\nPSY CONCERT \\"HAPPENING\\"\\n2013.
-----------------------^
Expecting '}', ':', ',', ']'

I think the JSON.parse part is throwing an error, check your console.

A: function extract(html) {
    var obj = JSON.parse(html);
    return obj;//return obj instead of html
}

no point returning your raw json!!!


text:
Baker Mayfield Has No Room For Your Nonsense
Jerry Barca Contributor
Baker Mayfield (ASSOCIATED PRESS)
Baker Mayfield is here to win ball games and that's it.
He's not here to make friends with opponents.
He's not going to be the friendly make-you-comfortable quarterback brand ambassador and that's why the critics can't stop talking about him. The other reason people love talking about Mayfield is that he is the unapologetic leader of the Cleveland Browns' culture change.
Today, Mayfield can lead the Browns to something they've only done twice since they restarted the franchise in 1999. A win at Baltimore would give the Browns an 8-7-1 record. A winning record. In doing so, Mayfield and Co. could also put a dagger in the Ravens' playoff plans.
If the Browns win today, they will double the franchise's total wins for the past three seasons. Since firing head coach Hue Jackson after the eighth game this season, Cleveland has posted a 5-2 mark. The last time Cleveland went 5-2 in a seven-game stretch Mayfield was a walk-on transfer sitting out a year at Oklahoma. The Browns posted these five wins in the last 49 days. The team's previous five wins took 1,096 days. Things are different in Cleveland this year and it has a lot to do with Mayfield. He's the change agent. He's a disruptor.
Last week, he made himself an easy target for critics with a stare down of his former coach. It came late in the fourth quarter after a long pass to David Njoku. Mayfield locked in on the Cincinnati Bengals sidelines where Jackson, his former coach, found work as an assistant coach after being fired in Cleveland. Mayfield turned, backpedaled and continued the stare as he strolled upfield. It was quite the performance piece. It left no questions about what exactly the quarterback was doing.
Baker Mayfield stared down Hue for 30 mins lmao pic.twitter.com/I8EKQss5Oj
— Will Brinson (@WillBrinson) December 23, 2018
Days later, Mayfield couldn't understand why people thought it was a big deal that he sent the taunting look over at his opponent. "I don't get why people have a problem with football being a competitive sport," he said. "You're supposed to play with emotion, you're supposed to play with passion. Quite honestly, if you don't like it, whatever. Football's not meant to be a soft game. Could care less."
Don't expect Mayfield to give the cookie-cutter cliché answers. This is who he is and this is who the Browns needed. For 20 seasons, the losing has been a near constant. It's the label that marked the entire city until LeBron James undid it. But even with Cavaliers championship, the losing label remained stuck on the Browns. At least until Mayfield arrived.
Would the Mayfield show work everywhere in the NFL? No. But it's not needed everywhere else. It is needed in Cleveland. Things weren't going to change there without it. He is the interruption the organization needed and he's not going to change how he's conducting business.
"I'm not trying to be anybody else. I've been who I am. That's gotten me here. And I'm going to continue to do that because I try and improve every week and I have that same mindset.
"So, that's why I said a few weeks ago [that] I'm not trying to get anybody's approval. I'm trying to win football games and do this for as long as I can. That's the goal. And the guys inside this locker room know that. They know that I would fight for them. They know that I would take a bullet for them. To me, that's what matters.
"I don't have to make any friends outside of this locker room. I'm not trying to do that. Once they're in here, they know exactly what they're gonna get. And that's what really matters."
Jerry Barca
I write about leadership as seen through sports with a particular focus on football and basketball. I also write sports books and produce documentary films. I produced t...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Wagyu Picanha Steak from Highland Wagyu. The Pinaha is a real South American cut that becoming far more popular throughout the UK, popping up in many specialist meat orientated restaurants and butchers alike. Although most of the best Picanha Steak comes from South American countries such as Chili, Uruguay and Brasil the Picanha is increasing in popularity worldwide with some great Picanha's coming from numerous state of the US and Australia. What makes the Picanha delicious is the marbling that comes from not only the breed of animal, but the diet too. Grain diets help to induce the levels of marbling that makes the Picanha the sought after cut it is today. The Highland Wagyu breed genetics and the associated feeding regime in my mind is what makes a Highland Wagyu Picanha an absolutely fantastic cut of World class standard.


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In a medium size pot, heat water and carrots to a boil. Reduce heat to a simmer and cook for 30 minutes or until carrots are fork tender.
Remove soup from heat. Carefully puree 1/2 the soup in a blender or food processor until smooth.
Pour your pureed carrots back in the pot. Slice cucumbers and add cucs and the remaining ingredients to the pot.
Heat the soup to a boil. Remove from heat. Cover and let sit for another 10 minutes. Done!


From modest beginnings in 1851 in a corner of London's Covent Garden, Moss Bros has been at the forefront of menswear through the decades.
Donations may only apply to the sale price and not include VAT, delivery and other such costs. Please do not use voucher codes from other websites as this may affect your donation. Items that are refunded/ returned will not be eligible for donation.


text:
NewsUKUK PoliticsBrexit
Brexit fishing row with France: Ask The Independent's chief political commentator John Rentoul anything
John Rentoul will be on hand to answer your latest questions regarding Brexit following the latest dispute over fishing rights
(AFP via Getty Images)
It was predictable – and it was predicted – that Brexit would not be a "clean break" with the European Union, and that leaving would merely be the start of never-ending negotiations. So it has proved, with the talks to resolve differences over the Northern Ireland protocol now complicated by a simultaneous dispute over fishing rights in the Channel.
Over the weekend Boris Johnson and David Frost, his Brexit negotiator, warned the French that they would launch dispute settlement proceedings under the Trade and Cooperation Agreement if they carry out threats to our fishing industry and energy supplies.
Meanwhile, last week's official update on the talks about the Northern Ireland protocol had a familiar feel: "The week's talks have been conducted in a constructive spirit. While there is some overlap between our positions on a subset of the issues, the gaps between us remain substantial."
The biggest remaining gap, now that the EU side has tabled proposals to take a more relaxed view of goods traffic going to Northern Ireland from the rest of the UK, is the British demand to rewrite the protocol to remove any role for the European Court – a role to which Mr Johnson and Mr Frost agreed when they signed the withdrawal agreement just two years ago.
The British side implies, but does not state explicitly, that this change is needed to ensure that the protocol has the support of the Northern Ireland assembly under the consent mechanism that requires a vote in 2024. The protocol is unpopular with some unionists, and Sir Jeffrey Donaldson, the leader of the Democratic Unionist Party, has demanded that it be scrapped.
Britain tells France: you have 48 hours before we sue you over Brexit fishing threats
Macron warns of retaliation in Brexit fish dispute and tells Britain to 'be serious'
Brexit row escalates over European Court involvement in Northern Ireland
However, a Lucid Talk poll last week found that 52 per cent of Northern Irish residents think the protocol is "a good thing for Northern Ireland"; 41 per cent disagree. Asked about the British government's threat to suspend the protocol under its article 16, which allows either the UK or the EU to put it on hold if it leads to "serious economic, societal or environmental difficulties that are liable to persist, or to diversion of trade", 53 per cent are opposed, while 39 per cent say invoking article 16 would be justified.
If you have questions about Brexit, I will be on hand on Tuesday lunchtime to answer as many as I can about what will happen next between the UK and the EU.
If you have a question, submit it now, or when I join you live at 1pm on Tuesday 2 November for an "Ask Me Anything" event.
To get involved all you have to do is register to submit your question in the comments below.
If you're not already a member, click "sign up" in the comments box to leave your question. Don't worry if you can't see your question – they may be hidden until I join the conversation to answer them. Then join us live on this page at 1pm as I tackle as many questions as I can.
John RentoulFranceBoris JohnsonEuropean UnionNorthern IrelandFishing rightsDavid FrostAsk Me Anything
1/1Ask commentator John Rentoul anything about the Brexit fishing row
Ask commentator John Rentoul anything about the Brexit fishing row
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text:
\section{Introduction}

Brain rhythms contribute in every aspect of brain function from sensory and cognitive processing, and memory to motor control
\cite{Buzsaki_2006}. Origin and physiological functions of brain rhythms are a topic problem in neuroscience. Brain rhythms are also related to many unusual phenomena observed in the brain.
Interactions between billions of neurons give rise to phase transitions, self-organization, and critical phenomena \cite{Chialvo_2006,Chialvo_2010}. Phase transitions were observed, for example, in human bimanual coordination \cite{Kelso_1984,Kelso_1985,Kelso_1986,Kelso_1987,Kelso_2010} and in living neural networks stimulated by electric fields \cite{Eckmann_2007}.
There are evidences that epileptic seizures, alpha and gamma oscillations, and the ultraslow oscillations of BOLD fMRI patterns emerge as a result of non-equilibrium phase transitions. Neural avalanches are one more example of critical collective phenomena observed in the brain \cite{Beggs_2003,Chialvo_2010}.

Various resonance phenomena were also observed in the brain. Experimental investigations of CA1 neuronal networks from mammalian brain demonstrated that stochastic resonance can enhance effects of intrinsic 4-10 Hz hippocampal theta and 40 Hz gamma oscillations \citep{Gluckman_1996}. Recently, using a functional imaging technique, Sasaki \emph{et al.} \cite{Sasaki_2006} revealed that the majority of rat CA1 neurons act collectively like a band-pass filter. Damped oscillations and the Berger effect are also related to brain rhythms. The Berger effect manifests itself in activation of alpha waves on the electroencephalogram when the eyes are closed and diminution of alpha waves when they are opened \cite{Hari_1997}.

In the present paper, we study collective dynamics of neural networks composed by excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the presence of noise.
Based on exact analytical calculations and numerical simulations, we show that spontaneous emergence of network oscillations occurs as a dynamical (non-equilibrium) phase transition
at a critical level of noise.
The  transition manifests itself in slowing down of the relaxation of a perturbed neural activity to a steady state, a strong enhancement of stochastic fluctuations of activities of neural populations and an increase of
the linear response function to afferent periodic stimuli at the frequency of neural oscillations. We show that near to the critical boundary, neural networks act as damped harmonic oscillators or  band-pass filters that pass frequencies within a certain range and attenuate frequencies outside that range.

\section{Cortical circuit model}

We use a cortical circuit model \cite{Goltsev_2010} composed of $N_e$ pyramidal cells (excitatory neurons) and $N_i$ interneurons (inhibitory  neurons) that form a sparsely connected network. The probability that there is a synaptic connection between two neurons is $c/N$ where $N=N_e+N_i$ is the total number of neurons and $c$ is the mean degree. This network has the structure of a directed
classical random graph (or Erd\H{o}s-R\'{e}nyi graph) with the Poisson degree distribution $P_{n}(c)=c^{n}e^{-c}/n!$ where $n$ is the number of presynaptic neurons.
Neurons receive sporadic inputs from a remote part of the cortex and synaptic noise.
Neurons fire with
a constant firing frequency $\nu$ that is the same for both excitatory and inhibitory neurons.
The total input $V_m$ to a neuron with index $m$, $m=1,2,\dots, N$,
is the sum of random spikes from
noise, excitatory  and inhibitory neurons,
\begin{equation}
V_m(t)=\sum_{n=1}^{N} k_n(t)a_{nm}J_{nm}+\xi(t),
\label{input}
\end{equation}
where $k_n(t)$ is the number of spikes that arrive from presynaptic neuron $n$ during the time interval $[t-\tau,t]$, $\tau$ is the integration time. Below we will consider the case $\tau \nu \leq 1$ when the number of spikes $k_n(t)$ is 1 or 0. If we assume that the emissions times of spikes of different neurons are uncorrelated, then the parameter $\tau \nu$ has a meaning of the probability that a postsynaptic neuron receives a spike from an active presynaptic neuron during time $\tau$.
Furthermore, $a_{nm}$ is the
adjacency matrix, i.e.,  $a_{nm}=1$ if there is a direct edge from neuron
$n$ to neuron $m$, otherwise $a_{nm}=0$. $J_{nm}$ is the efficacy
of the synapse connecting neuron $n$ with neuron $m$. $J_{nm}$ is positive if presynaptic neuron $n$ is excitatory and it is negative if the neuron is inhibitory. $\xi(t)$ is the number of random spikes from noise that neuron $m$
receives during the time interval $[t-\tau,t]$.  We use the Gaussian distribution for $\xi(t)$,
\begin{equation}
G(\xi)=A\exp \Big[-\frac{(\xi-\langle n\rangle)^2}{2\sigma^2}\Big],
\label{noise}
\end{equation}
where A is the normalization constant, $\sigma^2$ is the variance, $\langle n\rangle$ is the mean number of random spikes
determined by the mean rate $\omega_{rs}$, $\langle n\rangle = \omega_{rs}\tau$. Note that noise in our model is actually shot noise. According to Schottky's theorem, the intensity of this noise is proportional to $\langle n\rangle$.

We consider stochastic neurons. Their
response on input is a stochastic process that occurs with a certain rate.
Two rules determine dynamics of stochastic neurons \citep{Goltsev_2010}:
\begin{enumerate}
\item If the total input $V_m(t)$
at an inactive excitatory or inhibitory neuron $m$ at time $t$  is at
least a certain threshold $\Omega$ (i.e., $V_m(t)\geq \Omega$), then this
neuron is activated at a rate $\mu_{e}$ or $\mu_{i}$, respectively, and fires with a cyclic frequency $\nu$.
\item Active excitatory (inhibitory) neuron $m$ is inactivated at a
rate $\mu_{e}$ ($\mu_{i}$) if $V_m(t)< \Omega$.
\end{enumerate}
We assume that $1/\mu_{e}$ and $1/\mu_{i}$ are of the order of the first spike
latencies of excitatory and inhibitory neurons, respectively. We introduce the
ratio
\begin{equation}
\alpha \equiv \mu_{i}/\mu_{e}
\label{alpfa}
\end{equation}
that plays an important role in our model, as it will be shown below.
The advantage of this model with stochastic neurons is that it can be solved analytically.

In numerical simulations, we studied
sparsely connected networks of size $N=10^3-10^5$ and applied the following algorithm. We divided time $t$ into intervals of width $\Delta t=\tau$. At each time step, for each neuron, we calculated the input  Eq.~(\ref{input}), taking into account that each active presynaptic neuron contributes with a spike with probability $\tau \nu$. The number of random spikes from noise in this input is generated according to the Gaussian distribution, Eq.~(\ref{noise}). Then, with the probability $\tau \mu_a$, $a=e,i$, we updated the states of all neurons using the stochastic rules formulated above.
We used the following parameters:
the fraction of excitatory neurons is $g_e =N_e/N=75 \%$, the fraction of inhibitory neurons is $g_i=N_i/N=25 \%$,
the mean number of connections $c=1000$  (750 excitatory and 250 inhibitory connections), the threshold $\Omega=30$, and the variance of noise $\sigma^2 =10$. Following \cite{Amit_1997}, we chose $J_{ie}=J_{ii}\equiv J_i$, $J_{ee}=J_{ei}\equiv J_e$, and $J_{i}=-3J_{e}$.
These parameters agree with anatomical estimates for cortex. In cortex, the fraction $g_i$ of inhibitory neurons is between $0.15$ and $0.3$, the mean number of synaptic connections $c$
is about $7000$. The threshold $\Omega$ is between $15$ and $30$ in
neural networks {\it in vivo} \citep{Eckmann_2007} and about $30-400$ in the brain. The level of noise $\langle n\rangle$ was varied in the interval $0-150$ spikes per integration time $\tau$. We also assumed that, for simplicity, $\tau \nu =1$ and $\tau \mu_e =0.1$.

Dynamical behavior of the model
is described by the fractions $\rho_e(t)$ and $\rho_i(t)$ of active
excitatory and inhibitory neurons, respectively, at time $t$. We will call them
`activities' of the neural populations.
Using the rules of the stochastic dynamics formulated above and assuming that activities are changed slightly during the integration time $\tau$, in the infinite size limit $N\rightarrow\infty$, we find a rate equation \citep{Goltsev_2010},
\begin{equation}
\frac{d\rho_a (t)}{\mu_a dt}=f_{a}(t)(1{-}\rho_a(t))-\rho_{a}(t)+\Psi_a(\rho_{e}(t),\rho_{i}(t)).
\label{eq:10}
\end{equation}
for $a=e,i$. The function $\Psi_a(\rho_e,\rho_i)$ is the probability
that at time $t$ the input to a randomly chosen excitatory or inhibitory neuron
is at least the threshold $\Omega$. For the model under consideration $\Psi_i(\rho_e,\rho_i)=\Psi_e(\rho_e,\rho_i)\equiv
\Psi(\rho_e,\rho_i)$, where
\begin{equation}
\Psi(\rho_e,\rho_i)=\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\sum_{l= 0}^{\infty}\sum_{\xi = -\infty}^{\infty}\Theta(J_{e}k {+}J_{i}l{+}\xi{-}\Omega) G(\xi) P_{k}(g_{e}\rho_{e} \widetilde{c})P_{l}(g_{i}\rho_{i} \widetilde{c}).
\label{eq:14}
\end{equation}
Here $\Theta(x)$ is the Heaviside step function, the parameter $\widetilde{c}$ is defined as
$\widetilde{c} \equiv c\nu\tau$, and
$P_k(g_e\rho_e \widetilde{c})$ and $P_l(g_i\rho_i \widetilde{c})$ are the probabilities that
a randomly chosen neuron receives $k$ spikes from active presynaptic excitatory and $l$ spikes from inhibitory neurons, respectively, during the time window $\tau$ at given activities $\rho_e$ and $\rho_i$. The functions $f_{e}(t)$ and $f_{i}(t)$ represent a rate of spontaneous activation of excitatory and inhibitory neurons, respectively, by stimulus, for example, an electric field.
The rate equation (\ref{eq:10}) is similar to the Wilson-Cowan equations \citep{Wilson_1972,Wilson_1973}, see also \citep{Goltsev_2010}. Equation (\ref{eq:10}) is asymptotically exact in the limit $N\rightarrow\infty$.

\begin{figure}
  \includegraphics[height=.3\textheight]{fig_Goltsev_Granada_2012}
  \caption{Schematic phase diagram of the cortical model and critical and resonance phenomena near the critical boundary of the non-equilibrium phase transition to sustained network oscillations. }
  \label{fig-overview}
\end{figure}

Steady states of the neural populations can be found from Eq.~(\ref{eq:10}), supposing $d\rho_{a}/dt = 0$ in the limit $t\rightarrow \infty$.
If $\rho_e(t)$ and $\rho_i(t)$ at time $t$ are close to steady state activities $\rho_e(\infty)$ and $\rho_i(\infty)$, then Eq.~(\ref{eq:10}) enables us to describe relaxation of $\rho_a(t)$ to the steady state. We introduce
\begin{equation}
\delta\rho_a(t)\equiv \rho_a(t)-\rho_a(\infty)
= Re (A_a e^{-\gamma t})
\label{relaxation}
\end{equation}
where $A_a$ is a complex amplitude.
Using the standard perturbation theory, we solve Eq.~(\ref{eq:10}) in the first order in $\delta\rho_a(t)$. We find
\begin{equation}
\gamma_{\pm}=\frac{1}{2}(B_1+B_2)\pm \frac{1}{2}\Bigl[(B_1-B_2)^2+4\alpha D_{ei}D_{ie}\Bigr]^{1/2},
\label{eq-gamma}
\end{equation}
where we introduced parameters $B_1=1-D_{ee}$, $B_2=\alpha(1-D_{ii})$,
$D_{ab}=d\Psi_a(\rho_e,\rho_i)/d\rho_b$ for $a,b=e,i$.
respectively.
Derivatives $D_{ab}$ are
determined by the activities $\rho_e(\infty)$ and $\rho_i(\infty)$ from the non-linear equation Eq.~(\ref{eq:10}) when $d\rho_{a}/dt = 0$ \citep{Goltsev_2010}.
The real and imaginary parts of the complex rate $\gamma$ ($\gamma_r\equiv Re(\gamma_{-})$ and $\gamma_i\equiv Im(\gamma_{-})$) determine the relaxation rate and the angular frequency of damped oscillations, respectively. Notice that the period of the oscillations equals $2\pi/ \gamma_i$.

Analyzing behavior of $\gamma_r$ and
$\gamma_i$ in dependence on $\alpha$ and $\langle n\rangle$,
we obtain the phase diagram in Fig.~\ref{fig-overview}.
One can see that there are three regions. There is a region I (small noise level and/or large $\alpha$) where the relaxation of the neural activity to a steady state is exponential ($\gamma_r >0$ and $\gamma_i=0$). In region II,
the neural activity relaxes in a form of damped
oscillations ($\gamma_r >0$ and $\gamma_i \neq 0$).
In region III, network oscillations are sustained.
A similar phase diagram was found in \citep{Goltsev_2010}  for a simpler model.
If $\alpha$
is above a critical value $\alpha_t$, that corresponds to the $\alpha$-coordinate of the top point of the region III in Fig.~\ref{fig-overview}, then
with increasing the noise level $\langle n\rangle$, the activities $\rho_e$ and $\rho_i$ in the steady state undergo a first-order phase transition
at a critical noise level $n_c$.
A similar discontinuous transition was observed in living neural networks {\it in vitro} when living neural networks were stimulated by an electric field \cite{Eckmann_2007}. Neuronal avalanches are precursors of this phase transition. Activation (or inactivation) of one neuron can trigger avalanche  process of activation (or inactivation) of a cluster of neurons.
In cortex, neuronal avalanches have been observed experimentally \cite{Beggs_2003}, see the review  \cite{Chialvo_2010}.

If the parameter $\alpha <\alpha_t$,
sustained networks oscillations appear in a certain `optimal' range of the noise level $\langle n\rangle$ between two critical points.
Weak noise can not stimulate network oscillations. Too strong noise over-activates neural networks and only damped oscillations can occur.
The critical boundary of region with the sustained oscillations
is determined by the condition that the relaxation rate $\gamma_r$ is zero,
\begin{equation}
\gamma_r =Re(\gamma_{-})=0,
\label{gamma-r}
\end{equation}
where the complex frequency $\gamma_{-}$ is given by Eq.~(\ref{eq-gamma}).
For the parameters given above and $\tau=10$ ms,
frequencies of the oscillations lie in the range of brain waves (1-- 100 Hz).

\section{Linear response function and band-pass filter behavior}
\label{response function}

Now we study critical phenomena that precede the non-equilibrium phase transition from asynchronious dynamics to sustained oscillations. For this purpose we calculate the linear response of the neural network to a time-dependent stimulus $f_{e}(t)$ and $f_{i}(t)$ in Eq.~(\ref{eq:10}) for region I and II. Here we are not studying a response in region III that needs a special consideration.
A response of the neural population $a=e,i$ to a weak stimulus $f_{a}(t)$
is determined by the linear response function $\chi_{ab}(t-t')$,
\begin{equation}
\Delta\rho_a(t){\equiv} \rho_a(t) {-} \rho_a(\infty){=}\!\!\sum_{b=e,i} \!\!\int_{-\infty}^{t}\chi_{ab}(t{-}t') f_b(t')dt'.
\label{t-response}
\end{equation}
Solving Eq.~(\ref{eq:10})
in the linear-response regime, we find that in the regions I and II the neural network behaves as a damped oscillator driven by a force $F_e (t)$,
\begin{equation}
\frac{d^2 \Delta\rho_e(t)}{dt^2}+2\zeta \omega_0 \frac{d \Delta\rho_e(t)}{dt}+\omega_{0}^2 \Delta\rho_e(t)=F_{e}(t),
\label{d-oscillations}
\end{equation}
(see, for example, in \citep{Kubo_book}). Here we introduced the damping ratio $\zeta=\gamma_r /\omega_0$ and a frequency $\omega_0 =(\gamma_{r}^2 +\gamma_{i}^2)^{1/2}$.
In region I, the network  is critically damped because $\zeta =1$ and it is underdamped in region II, where $\zeta < 1$.
In the case $f_{e}(t)\neq 0$ and $f_{i}(t)=0$, the force $F_{e}(t)$ equals $F_{e}(t)=(1-\rho_{e}(\infty))(B_2 f_{e}(t)+ d f_{e}(t)/dt)$. The parameter $B_2$ was defined above.
Solving Eq.~(\ref{d-oscillations}) leads to a response function,
\begin{equation}
\chi_{ee}(t-t')=X_e e^{-\gamma_r (t-t')}\sin\Big[\gamma_{i} (t-t')+\Phi_e \Big].
\label{eq:y}
\end{equation}
where $X_e{=}(1{-}\rho_e(\infty))[1{+}(B_2 {-} \gamma_r)^{2}/\gamma_{i}^{2}]^{1/2}$
and $\Phi_e {=} \tan^{-1}[\gamma_i/(B_2 {-} \gamma_r)]$ (one finds a similar result for $X_i$ and $\Phi_i$ of inhibitory neurons). If $\gamma_r > 0$, then Eq.~(\ref{eq:y}) shows loss of memory in the neural network with increasing time interval $t{-}t'$. If $\gamma_r$ tends to zero, the memory becomes long-range.
The Fourier transform $\widetilde{\chi}_{ee}(\omega)$ of the linear response function is
\begin{equation}
\widetilde{\chi}_{ee}(\omega)=\frac{(1-\rho_e)(i\omega+B_2)}{\omega_{0}^2-\omega^2+2i\zeta  \omega_0 \omega}.
\label{Fourier}
\end{equation}
Equation~(\ref{Fourier}) shows that at $\zeta < 1$,
the neural network acts as a band-pass filter.
The spectral intensity  as a function of $\omega$ has a maximum at a resonance frequency $\omega_r \approx \omega_{0}\sqrt{1-2\zeta^2}$ at $\zeta < 1/\sqrt{2}$.
The maximum value $\|\widetilde{\chi}_{ee}(\omega_r)\|^2$
depends on the noise level $\langle n \rangle$.
When approaching the critical point, $\gamma_r \rightarrow 0$,
the value $\|\widetilde{\chi}_{ee}(\omega_r)\|^2$
diverges as $\widetilde{\chi}_{ee}(\omega_r) \propto 1/\gamma_{r}^2 \rightarrow\infty$, while the angular frequency of damped oscillations $\gamma_i$  tends to the frequency of stable network oscillations. This behavior signals that, in this regime, in the presence of noise, a neuronal network can amplify periodic signals. This amplification may be a mechanism of stochastic resonance observed in brain \cite{Moss_2004}.

The band pass filter behavior described by Eq.~(\ref{Fourier}) seems to be supported by
measurements of response of rat CA1 neurons to afferent stimulation \emph{in vitro} \citep{Sasaki_2006}. These measurements
revealed that the majority of rat CA1 neurons act collectively like a band-pass filter and fire synchronously in response to a limited range of presynaptic firing rates ($20-–40$ Hz) that are in the range of gamma oscillations in the rat hippocampus \citep{Csicsvari_2003}.
One can also note that, a long time ago,
a number of characteristics of a band-pass filter behavior and a resonance response on sin wave trains already have been observed in EEG recordings of alpha activity \citep{Tweel_1964}.
Based on Eq.~(\ref{Fourier}), we suggest that band-pass filter behavior observed in \citet{Sasaki_2006} and \citet{Tweel_1964} is a manifestation of the critical phenomena near to the transition to neural network oscillations.

\section{Stochastic fluctuations of neuronal activity}
\label{fluctuations}

EEG measurements demonstrate that brain activity always contains a stochastic component. In this section we will show that stochastic fluctuations are enhanced when a neural network is close to the critical point of the non-equilibrium phase transition.
For characterizing stochastic fluctuations, we introduce the autocorrelation function
\begin{equation}
C_{ab}(t)=
\frac{1}{T}\int_{0}^{T}\delta\rho_a(t_{1})\delta\rho_b(t_{1}+t) dt_1,
\label{correl-1}
\end{equation}
where  $\delta \rho_a(t)=\rho_a(t)-\overline{\rho}_a$  describes fluctuations of activity $\rho_a(t)$ of population $a$, $a=e,i$, around the mean value $\overline{\rho}_a$   (see, for example, Ref.~\citep{Gardiner_2002}).
$C_{ab}(t)$ is a measure of correlations between values of $\delta \rho_a (t_1)$ and $\delta \rho_b(t_1 +t)$ at two different instants separated by a lag $t$ and averaged over an arbitrary large time window $T$.
The Wiener-Khintchine theorem states that the power density spectrum of the fluctuations is the Fourier transform of the autocorrelation function.

For calculating the autocorrelation function, one uses the standard method \citep{Gardiner_2002,Thomas_1982}. In the deterministic equation (\ref{eq:10}), we assume that $f_a(t)$ is a stochastic force  that satisfies conditions $\langle f_a(t) \rangle=0$ and $\langle f_a(t) f_b(t')\rangle=f_{0}^2 \delta(t-t')\delta_{a,b}$.
If fluctuations are small, the autocorrelation function may be found in the linear response theory \citep{Gardiner_2002,Thomas_1982}. Assuming, for simplicity, $f_i(t)=0$, we obtain Eq.~(\ref{t-response}) that leads to
\begin{equation}
C_{ee}(t)=2\pi f_{0}^2\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}e^{i \omega t}\|\widetilde{\chi}_{ee}(\omega)\|^2 d\omega,
\label{correl-2}
\end{equation}
where the linear response function $\widetilde{\chi}_{ee}(\omega)$ is given by Eq.~(\ref{Fourier}).
In the region of damped oscillations, the autocorrelation function $C_{ee}(t)$ has a form
\begin{equation}
C_{ee}(t)=A_e e^{-\gamma_r |t|}\cos\Big(\gamma_{i} |t|+\Phi_e\Big).
\label{correl-4}
\end{equation}
The parameter $A_e$ and the phase  $\Psi_e$ behave as $A_e \propto 1 /\gamma_r$  and $\Phi_e \propto \gamma_r/\gamma_i$ at small $\gamma_r$. For inhibitory neurons we obtain a similar behavior. Thus, stochastic fluctuations
of activities of excitatory and inhibitory neural populations
are enhanced when approaching the critical point $\gamma_r=0$, Eq.~(\ref{gamma-r}), of the emergence of network oscillations (see Fig.~\ref{fig-overview}). However, the linear-response approximation is not valid when fluctuations become sufficiently large. This occurs near to the  non-equilibrium phase transition and non-perturbative methods are required for calculating $C_{ab}(t)$.

\section{Conclusion}
\label{conclusion}

In the present paper, using  a cortical model with stochastic neurons, we have showed that, in neuronal networks,  spontaneous appearance of sustained  network oscillations occurs as a non-equilibrium phase transition. The critical point is determined by the level of noise, structure of the neural network, the balance between excitatory and inhibitory neurons,  and other parameters. We have found critical and resonance phenomena that precede the transition. The important property of this transition is that, at the critical point, the relaxation time of the neuronal activity to a steady state becomes infinite in the infinite size limit.
An increase of the response of neural networks to periodic afferent stimulations and a strong enhancement of stochastic  fluctuations of activities of neural populations are also the critical phenomena that precede the transition.
Note, that these phenomena
are general properties of second-order phase transitions observed in physical, chemical and biological systems (see, for example, \citet{Stanley_book,Haken_1983,Kelso_2010}). These critical phenomena have been observed near the non-equilibrium phase transition in human hand movements  \cite{Kelso_1984,Kelso_1985,Kelso_1986,Kelso_1987,Kelso_2010}. The noise-induced nonequilibrium phase transition found in \cite{Toral1994} is one more example of a phase transition with similar critical phenomena.
Furthermore, we have demonstrated that near to the critical point, neuronal networks behave as damped harmonic oscillators or band-pass filters in agreement
with band-pass filter behavior observed \emph{in vitro} in networks
of CA1 neurons in mammalian brain \citep{Sasaki_2006}. We suggest that band-pass filter behavior is a manifestation of critical phenomena near to the transition to network oscillations.

We have also demonstrated that, in the cortical model, stochastic neural activity generated by a stochastic force is similar to spontaneous alpha activity
observed in EEG recordings of both a normal man
and human epileptic seizures of petit mal activity \citep{Babloyantz_1986}.

\begin{theacknowledgments}
  This work was partially supported by the following projects PTDC:
SAU-NEU/ 103904/2008, FIS/108476/2008, MAT/114515/2009, and PEst-C/CTM/LA0025/2011.
K.~E.~Lee was supported by FCT under grant SFRH/BPD/ 71883/2010,
M.~A.~L. was supported by FCT under Grant No. SFRH/BD/ 68743/2010.
\end{theacknowledgments}

\bibliographystyle{aipproc}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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Which are the top 10 popular diets in 2019?
In today's world, millions of people pledge to start eating healthy foods. The problem is, with so many ways to diet, it has always been a challenge to zero in on the best food that suits your body and lifestyle. But recently, the U.S. News and World Reporters ranked 40 diet plans on a variety of measures. Let's look at the most popular diets in 2019 – top 10.
Since no one diet is good for everyone, it is essential to have a look at a list of diets to determine what suits you best. Weight Watchers Diet was picked as the most effective diet for weight loss.
To lose weight, reduction of calories and exercising is a must. Weight Watcher's diet is considered one of the best diet plans since it encourages both of them.
It also puts a lot of emphasis on the consumption of fruits and veggies, while reducing sugars and unhealthy fats. By strictly following this diet, you can drop up to 2 pounds weekly.
Also, it encourages weekly get together where people with common goal share ideas, achievements and support and help one another.
Most popular diets in ancient days comprise of meats, veggies, and nuts. All which were both hunted and gathered. Although nothing is hunted today, Paleo diet remains the same. There are no process foods or anything human-made.
By avoiding any processed food, Paleo diet followers can prevent harmful bacteria that may affect their digestive system. Although it was voted one of the top 10 diet plans for weight loss, its disadvantage is that it is too restrictive.
It is considered to be the most natural diet to follow by World Reporters. Doctors and nutritionist also recommend it as it contains a lot of fruits, veggies, whole grain beans, olives, olive oil, and nuts. Exercise is also encouraged.
As the population becomes more aware of their health and eating habits that give them health problems, they have become more interested in the Mediterranean diet.
As the name implies, Fertility diet is designed to assist your system re-balance and overcome fertility problems.
It is important to watch your diet before and after pregnancy, and so this diet plan comes in handy. As far as conceiving a healthy baby, almost all the nutrients required are in Fertility Diet. Some of the food that is considered to be best for fertility include; sweet potatoes, garlic, soybeans sunflower seeds, green leafy vegetables, and almonds.
Although this diet is not too much strict on the calories and carbohydrate intake, it highly stresses you watch what goes into your mouth and cutting your daily intake of junk.
It is good for the heart, and it is considered to be the best diets to lose weight fast.
Like any other diet, you have to exercise at least 30 minutes every day.
Ornish Diet has two active phases that help you maintain a healthy lifestyle.
Losing weight – this being the starting point, you are tasked to change your eating habits for two weeks altogether. If done successfully you are sure to lose 6-10 pounds.
Living without weight – this phase helps you to maintain the new weight you now have after the two weeks of intense fat burning. It is also written out how you will continue to lose at least 1 to 2 pounds a week. Although it doesn't seem much, this will ensure that you do not sneak in the unhealthy habits that will land you back to being overweight.
A person typically consumes the same quantity of food as his/her weight. To lose weight, you can still eat the same amount but with less energy density. This is according to nutritionist Barbara Rolls, Ph.D.
Volumetric diet includes a lot of fiber, liquid that have zero calories and lots of water-rich foods.
There are several rules for losing weight.
Satisfy Hunger – you eat less when you don't skip hunger pangs.
Reduce Calories in your diet – a natural way of keeping that weight at bay.
Ensure a Balance diet in your meals – you'll have a healthy immune system when you eat a balanced diet.
Include exercises at least twice a week – this cannot be emphasized enough.
Also known as the Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes diet is one of the top 5 diets plans in 2018. It is recommended to people with heart conditions, high cholesterol, and diabetics.
It allows just enough calories to maintain a healthy lifestyle.
Salt intake is less than 2.400 milligrams.
Fats daily intake is less than 7 percent.
Cholesterol is limited to 200 milligrams or even less.
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) was designed to help lower blood pressure. The American Heart Association highly recommends it since it has nutrient-dense fruits and vegetables, whole grains and very low-fat dairy good for the heart.
For years, the Mayo Clinic diet was said to be the worst diet in the world. Until recently after it was considered one of the popular diets in 2019 – Top 10.
This diet suits people with a heart condition; it also controls and prevents the risk of type two diabetes.
MIND Diet, which is a combination of Mediterranean and DASH diets reduces the chance of Alzheimer by halve. According to research, it contains certain groups of foods that are good for the brain. They include; beans, fish, fish, nuts, wine, and green leafy vegetables.
A diet program only becomes relevant only when it works. Choose one of the popular diets in 2019 – top 10, and adhere to make it your lifestyle.


"You're a Grand Old Flag" is a patriotic song of the United States. The idea for this Cohan favorite came from an encounter he had with a Civil War veteran who fought at the battle of Gettysburg. The two men found themselves next to each other and Cohan noticed the vet held a carefully folded but ragged old flag. The man turned to Cohan and said, "She's a grand old rag." Cohan thought it was a great line and respectfully changed the word 'rag' to 'flag'.
Cohan's song is a spirited march and a tribute to the U.S. flag. It makes references to our flag, and it uses snippets of other popular songs. Cohan wrote it in 1906 for his stage musical, George Washington, Jr. After its preview in the musical, it became the first song in American history to sell over one million copies of sheet music.
Listening Example: "Give My Regards to Broadway"
George Michael Cohan, was an American entertainer, playwrite, composer, lyricist, actor, singer, dancer, and producer.
Cohan was born on July 3, 1878 in Providence, Rhode Island.
George and his whole family told everyone that he was born on the 4th of July; however, there is a baptismal certificate from the Irish catholic church where he was baptized that says his birthdate is July 3.
George's parents were traveling vaudeville performers and he joined them on stage as an infant as a prop! As soon as he could walk and talk, his parents taught him to sing and dance so he could perform with them.
Listening Example: "I'm a Yankee Doodle Dandy"
As a child, George Cohan was somewhat temperamental, but he later learned to control his frustrations. He began his career at age 8 playing violin and dancing. Cohan performed with his parents and his older sister Josie in a vaudeville act known as "The Four Cohans." He joined them on stage while still an infant, first as a prop, then learning to dance and sing soon after he could walk and talk. George began writing original skits and songs for the family to perform.
"The Yankee Doodle Boy" is a song most people know as "I'm a Yankee Doodle Dandy". It is a patriotic song from Cohan's first Broadway musical in 1904. Cohan used snippets of popular American songs in the lyrics, as he often did with his songs. In the show, Yankee Doodle Dandy was the name of a racehorse.
The 1942 film Yankee Doodle Dandy was a tribute to Cohan's life and music. The part of Cohan was played by famous actor James Cagney, who was a fine tap dancer. Cagney had a charisma that brought energy and life to Cohan's music, and brought smiles and laughter to peoples' faces.
Frameworks: M.1.4., M.5.1., M.5.2., M.5.5.
Vaudeville - a theatrical variety show with no plot or theme; singers, dancers, acrobats, jugglers, etc.
James Cagney in "I'm a Yankee Doodle Dandy"
The Cohan family takes a bow.
In 1917, George Cohan became one of the founding members of ASCAP, the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers. This is the arts organization that protects copyrights of artists. He appeared in films until the 1930s, and continued to perform until 1940.
Before World War I, Cohan was known as "the man who owned Broadway". From 1904 to 1920, Cohan created and produced over fifty musicals, plays and revues on Broadway including Give My Regards to Broadway. His shows ran simultaneously in as many as five theatres. His life and music were depicted in the 1968 musical George M!. A postage stamp and an 8-foot bronze statue of Cohan in Times Square, New York City commemorates his contributions to American musical theatre. In his shows he uses dance not merely as razzle-dazzle, but to advance the plot. Cohan's main characters were "average Joes and Janes" that appealed to a wide American audience.
"Give My Regards to Broadway" is a song written by Cohan for his musical play Little Johnny Jones, which opened in 1904 in a Broadway theater. Cohan, playing the title character, sings this sentimental song as his friend is about to sail to America from England. It's common for performers to sing this song with a top hat and a cane, to represent the theaters of Broadway.
George Cohan was an early founding member.
This is the time of year when adults prepare their income tax returns, and George Cohan won recognition by having a tax rule named after him. In 1930, Cohan won a law case against the Internal Revenue Service that allowed the deduction, for federal income tax purposes, of his business travel and entertainment expenses, even though he was not able to document them with certainty. This became known as the "Cohan rule" and is frequently cited in tax cases.
As a child, Cohan and his family performed in vaudeville theaters most of the year and spent summer vacations at his grandmother's home, where he was able to spend time with other kids riding a bike and playing baseball. Cohan's memories of those happy summers inspired the musical 50 Miles from Boston, which contains one of his most famous songs, "Harrigan". In "Harrigan", Cohan both celebrates and mocks his Irish heritage. The song has been adapted for use in political campaigns, including that of President John F. Kennedy, who was also of Irish heritage.
George Cohan won a case against the IRS which led to the "Cohan Rule" regarding deductions for travel expenses without documentation.
Massachusetts where Cohan and his family performed during summer vacations.
George Cohan as a youth.
George Cohan was called "the greatest single figure the American theatre ever produced – as a player, playwright, actor, composer and producer." In 1936, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt presented him with the Congressional Gold Medal for his contributions to World War I soldier morale, in particular the songs "You're a Grand Old Flag" and "Over There." Cohan was the first person in any artistic field selected for this honor, which previously had gone only to military and political leaders, philanthropists, scientists, inventors, and explorers.
Cohan wrote the World War I song "Over There" in 1917. "Over There" was popular with United States soldiers in both world wars. It was a song designed to encourage American young men to enlist in the army. Cagney was recognized for his efforts to entertain war troops overseas.
Youtube Video - "Over There" performed by James Cagney and Joan Leslie in a scene where they are entertaining troops during WWI.


text:
'First Girlfriend' Sandra Lee
At Bette Midler's 12th Annual NYRP "Hulaween" Ball in 2007(Photo by Andrew H. Walker/Getty Images)
At The "Eat Pray Love" New York Premiere(Getty Images)
20th Annual Broadcasting & Cable Hall Of Fame Awards(Getty Images)
At The 58th Annual BMI Country Music Awards(Getty Images)
At the 2010 Country Music Awards(Getty Images)
"Harry Potter And The Deathly Hallows: Part 1" New York Premiere(Getty Images)
2010 UNICEF Snowflake Ball(Getty Images)
From Sandra Lee's Official Web Site
Sandra Lee
At The 37th Annual Daytime Entertainment Emmy Awards(Getty Images)
Sandra Lee With her beau, Governor Andrew Cuomo, at the premiere of "Julie & Julia" in 2009(Getty Images)Governor Andrew Cuomo and girlfriend Sandra Lee (credit: Getty Images)
Sandra Lee With her beau, Governor Andrew Cuomo, at the premiere of "Julie & Julia" in 2009(Getty Images)
At The 36th Annual Daytime Emmy Awards After Party(Photo by Frazer Harrison/Getty Images)
At The 36th Annual Daytime Emmy Awards (Photo by Frazer Harrison/Getty Images)
At The 36th Annual Daytime Emmy Awards After Party(Getty Images)
At The Christopher & Dana Reeve Foundation's "A Magical Evening" Gala(Getty Images)
Arriving at the Elton John AIDS Foundation's eighth annual benefit on November 16, 2009 in New York. (DON EMMERT/AFP/Getty Images)(DON EMMERT/AFP/Getty Images)
Sandra Lee attends the Heart Truth Fall 2010 Fashion Show during Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week at The Tent at Bryant Park on February 11, 2010 in New York City.(Getty Images)
DIFFA's Dining By Design New York 2010(Getty Images)
Andrew Cuomo Announces Candidacy For Governor Of New York on May 22, 2010 in New York City(Getty Images)
New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo(Getty Images)New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo, left, and Sandra Lee. (Getty Images)
Andrew Cuomo Announces Candidacy For Governor Of New York on May 22, 2010 in New York City.(Getty Images)
Remembering Sidney Poitier Through The YearsPoitier was the first Black man and Bahamian actor to win an Oscar for Best Actor for his role in "Lilies of the Field" in 1963.
Scaled Back New Year's Eve Celebration Held In Times Square Amid COVID SpikeNew Year's Eve celebrations were held in Times Square on Dec. 31, 2021, despite a surge in COVID-19 cases, but crowds were limited and vaccines and masks were required.
Remembering Betty White Through The YearsBetty White was born in Oak Park, IL in 1922 and went to Beverly Hills High School.
'West Side Story' Film Premiere In New York CityNew York City rolled out the red carpet Monday for the premiere of the "West Side Story" movie.
95th Annual Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade Marches Through ManhattanThe holiday tradition returned with spectators this year, after being scaled back in 2020 because of the pandemic.
Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade Balloon Inflation Tradition ReturnsAfter being canceled last year due to the coronavirus pandemic, New Yorkers and visitors from across the country flocked to the Upper West Side again Wednesday to watch the balloons for the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade be inflated.
2021 Soul Train Awards Red CarpetThe Soul Train Awards were held at Harlem's famed Apollo Theater for the first time ever on Nov. 20, 2021. You can watch the ceremony on Sunday, Nov. 28, at 8 p.m. on BET.
2021 New York City MarathonThe New York City Marathon finally returned after it was canceled in 2020 due to the pandemic. More than 33,000 people took part in the historic 50th running of the iconic event.
Gen. Colin Powell Through The YearsGen. Colin Powell, who was born in Harlem and became the first Black U.S. secretary of state, died on Oct. 18, 2021 at 84 due to complications from COVID-19.
Columbus Day Parade Marches Up Fifth Avenue AgainThe world's largest celebration of Italian-American heritage returned to the streets of New York City.
New York Comic Con Returns To Jacob Javits CenterThe annual celebration is back a year after being forced to go virtual because of the pandemic.
74th Annual Tony Awards Red CarpetStars hit the red carpet ahead of the 74th Annual Tony Awards at the Winter Garden Theatre in New York City on Sept. 26, 2021.
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2021 Met Gala Arrivals: A Lexicon Of FashionThe stars were out on the red carpet on Sept. 13 for the 2021 Met Gala at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Remembering 9/11: Twenty Years LaterThe names of the thousands of lives lost in the terror attacks were read out loud.
Remembering Michael K. Williams Through The Years
Hurricane Ida Remnants Batter Tri-State With Historic Rain, Tornado ReportsThe once category 4 hurricane passed through New York City, dumping 3.15 inches of rain in the span of an hour at Central Park.
Tropical Storm Henri Brings Heavy Rain, Flash Flooding To Tri-StateHenri was downgraded to a tropical storm overnight, but heavy rain hanging over the area is causing flooding concerns.
New York City Celebrates Reopening With 'We Love NYC: The Homecoming Concert'New York City celebrated its progress in the coronavirus pandemic and its gradual reopening with "We Love NYC: The Homecoming Concert" on Aug. 21, 2021.
Andrew Cuomo Through The YearsAndrew Cuomo announced Tuesday he will be stepping down as governor following a bombshell report by New York Attorney General Letitia James found that he had sexually harassed 11 women. Here's a look back at Cuomo's public life through the years.
Pyer Moss Honors Black Inventors With 1st Couture ShowFashion designer Kerby Jean-Raymond paid tribute to Black inventors often overlooked by history with his label's first couture show at Villa Lewaro.
Hometown Heroes Ticker Tape ParadeNew York City threw a ticker tape parade to say thank you to the essential workers who helped the city through the pandemic.
Rare Sunrise Eclipse Seen Around The WorldA rare sunrise eclipse dazzled the sky early Thursday morning.
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This fun, hands-on course will cover the whole screen printing process – from preparing images and exposing them onto screens using the photo-emulsion process, to printing and fixing your designs using water-based, washable inks. You can choose to print repeat images onto lengths of fabric to take away with you to make a bespoke textile item, or to print your design onto t-shirts and tote bags.


The result of an annotation task on regular polysemy for a series of semantic classes or dot types in English, Danish and Spanish.
"Manuel died in exile in 1932 in <England>", where the highlited word England is potentially metonymic.
The highlighted words can be literal, metonymic or underspecified.
a) a voting scheme with a back off that assigns the underspecified sense when literal and metonymic tie.


text:
Alibaba's US spending spree opens global doors for start-ups
Published Fri, Jul 25 201412:00 AM EDT Updated Fri, Jul 25 201411:07 AM EDT
Ari Levy@levynews
Alibaba's headquarters in Hangzhou, China.
Hong Wu | Getty Images
Chinese companies have been pouring money into Silicon Valley in the past year, joining a parade of financiers seeking to participate in the latest Internet boom. In a market flush with cash, winning deals isn't easy -- ask any prominent venture capitalist.
So when Alibaba was making its pitch to invest in U.S. video chat start-up Tango late last year, the e-retailer went all in. Among the 22,000 employees it could have sent across the Pacific Ocean, Alibaba chose Joe Tsai, executive vice chairman and second in command.
"We were ecstatic," said Eric Setton, Tango's chief technology officer. In addition to hosting Tsai at Tango's office in Mountain View, California, Setton and his co-founder Uri Raz had dinner with the Alibaba executive at the Four Seasons Hotel in nearby East Palo Alto. Soon after, they hopped on a plane to tour Alibaba's headquarters in Hangzhou, where they had an hourlong sit-down with Executive Chairman Jack Ma. "We got to meet with pretty much every senior executive at Alibaba," Setton said.
As Alibaba marches toward an initial public offering that could value the company at well over $100 billion, Setton knows how important those contacts are going to be. That's a big reason why in March and April, Tango took investments totaling $217 million from Alibaba at a valuation of more than $1 billion.
Read MoreAlibaba IPO survey: In or out?
With 200 million members mostly in the U.S. and Western Europe, Tango now needs to expand across Asia and beyond, pitting it against massive Internet companies including Facebook
, which is buying WhatsApp, Line out of Japan and China's Tencent
, whose WeChat service is growing rapidly.
While Alibaba is choosing the investment route as its major entree into the U.S. (rather than going head-to-head with Amazon.com
in e-commerce), start-ups are asking what the Chinese company can offer in addition to capital, because there's plenty of that—venture investing in the U.S. is at the highest level since the dot-com bubble.
Over the past year, Alibaba has backed six U.S. start-ups in funding rounds that totaled about $1 billion, according to CB Insights.The company has an investing team in Silicon Valley and is opening an office in San Francisco. Its most recent U.S. investment was in ridesharing company Lyft, which pulled in $250 million in April. In its IPO prospectus, Alibaba said its investments have three main purposes: "increasing user acquisition and engagement, improving customer experience, and expanding our products and services."
Alibaba is one of the three big Chinese Internet companies pushing westward. Baidu
, Alibaba and Tencent, commonly known as the BAT group, each have so much market share in China that they have to compete on a global stage to maintain their growth.
"The BAT companies have become increasingly aggressive in the U.S.," said Scott Sandell, head of the technology investing practice at venture firm New Enterprise Associates in Menlo Park, California. "They have global ambitions, and one way they see sales expanding overseas is through investments."
Tango has global pursuits of its own. The company's mobile video chat app, which is similar to Skype and Apple's
FaceTime, is free. Tango makes money on mobile games and the ads that it can show to gamers playing them. The service works like a social network, because users play against friends and family, which are typically the same people on their chat list.
Tango's biggest challenge is that Shenzhen-based Tencent has $65 billion in annual revenue, a market capitalization of $150 billion and a suite of competitive products. For Tango, partnering with Alibaba is less about cracking China, a market that's notoriously tough for U.S. Web companies and is dominated by Tencent, and more about gaining an ally as it vies for users elsewhere.
Tencent growth is just getting started: Pro
Squawk Box Asia
"The company that has the best understanding of Tencent other than Tencent is probably Alibaba," Setton said. Beyond that, Setton knows that eventually Tango will have to evolve from an application focused on communication and games to one that also facilitates commerce, so users can view promotions and then buy the items with the click of a button.
"If you think that in the medium to long term that e-commerce might be part of your future, there's no better partner," he said.
Ashley Zandy, an Alibaba spokeswoman, said company executives were unavailable to comment because of the pre-IPO quiet period.
Alibaba presents a different opportunity for ShopRunner. The San Mateo, California-based shopping site raised $202 million from Alibaba in the past year, handing over a 39 percent stake in the start-up. The two companies soon began working on technology that will open the U.S. e-commerce market to Chinese shoppers.
To date, consumers in China looking to buy handbags, shoes and even baby formula from the U.S. have had no easy way to do so. They can go through back channels to have goods shipped in suitcases, with the risk that they'll receive counterfeits, or they can deal with the high delivery prices, extended shipping times and limited inventory from other e-commerce sites.
In the U.S., ShopRunner charges members $79 a year for a service that includes two-day shipping and return shipping from any of the company's retail partners like PetSmart
, American Eagle
and Ralph Lauren. ShopRunner is now working with Alibaba to enable those same retailers to send goods to Chinese shoppers within 10 days of the order, said Fiona Dias, ShopRunner's chief strategy officer.
Because Alibaba controls the Chinese domestic market, has a massive distribution system and understands all the politics involved, a once impossible task for a U.S. Internet company—particularly a 90-person start-up—becomes feasible. Buyers will also be able to pay with Alipay, the Chinese equivalent of PayPal.
Alibaba IPO survey: Are you in or out?
"It's solving the language issue, customs issues, payments issues—many things that need to be solved," Dias said. "Using Alibaba's massive logistics division, shipping costs will be far lower than what normal consumers would find at UPS."
Come this holiday season, Dias expects the complex new system to be up and running for Chinese shoppers.
Alibaba's ability to help ShopRunner in China and bolster Tango and Lyft's offerings elsewhere will likely determine whether it can be a permanent force in Silicon Valley tech investing. Corporate venture groups are often shunned by start-ups because the relationship can make it difficult to do business with rivals, and because, as part of big companies, they tend to be slower to sign the paperwork.
Read MoreLyft's NYC debut delayed
Toshi Otani, a managing director at venture firm TransLink Capital in Palo Alto, says Alibaba is at least bucking the latter trend. TransLink, which backs companies looking to tap Asian markets, co-invested with Alibaba in Tango and app search engine Quixey.
"A lot of strategic investors take a long arduous approach," Otani said. "Alibaba seems to be much more quick and decisive. "If there are enough synergies they can foresee, they tend to invest at a much faster pace."
—By CNBC's Ari Levy


Strapped for time, but still trying to maintain your fitness? Keith Carpenter NSCA, a certified personal trainer at the TriHealth Fitness and Health Pavilion, says incorporating brief bouts of exercise into your everyday life is an easy way to stay fit, especially on days when you don't have time to hit the gym.
Related: Can I Get In Shape by Walking?
Desk chairs can double as exercise equipment, particularly for your legs and arms. For a leg exercise, stand in front of your chair and squat down until your rear end nearly touches (or briefly touches) the chair and then come up to a full stance, without locking your knees. This exercise should only be done with a stationary chair. If this exercise bothers your hips or legs, however, do a shallow squat that doesn't go down as far.
If you have a stationary chair with arms on it, put your legs straight ahead, with the heels of your feet touching the floor. Then, place the palms of your hands on the arms of the chair and lift your body up and down out of the chair, using just your arms. Go out of the chair until your arms are straight, but do not lock any joints, to avoid straining your joints.
When performing either activity, Keith says to aim for about two or three sets of 15 to 20 reps (or as many reps as you can complete while maintaining proper form).
Wall sits, when done correctly, strengthen your leg muscles, particularly your quadriceps, without the wear and tear of a weight machine.
Stand with your back against a wall and slide down the wall until your legs create a 90-degree angle (or as close to that as your body will allow). "You want to make sure your knees never go past your toes – that's the biggest thing," Keith stresses.
Hold this position for 30 seconds or as long as you can, to get the most out of this exercise.
Perform calf raises by standing on a step with your heels hanging off the edge. Then, lower your body and follow up by rising up onto your toes. While this exercise is more effective when done with the heels of your feet are hanging off an elevated surface because this gives you a full range-of-motion, if stairs are inaccessible, this exercise can ultimately be done anywhere by simply rising up onto the balls of your feet.
Even a short workout that lasts only 10 to 15 minutes can be effective as long as you exert yourself. Try high intensity interval training (HIIT), which is a fitness strategy that alternates periods of short, intense exercises with a recovery period of lower intensity.
For example, you could run up and down steps, do jumping jacks, jump on and off stable platforms and perform burpees for the cardiovascular workout portion and then do body weight exercises, like push-ups or chair sits, to strengthen your muscles.
If you want to do a running HIIT workout, try a two-to-one ratio, where you run hard for 30 seconds and then jog slowly or rest for 15 seconds. However, "It really depends on your fitness level. Increase by going longer on the high intensity or shortening the rest," Keith points out.
Ultimately, Keith says anytime you're starting a new exercise routine, it's important to consult your doctor or a fitness professional. "Listen to your body. Don't jump into anything too quickly because you might injure yourself. If you start to feel pain, back off," he explains.


Come and meet our Kindergarten teachers on Tuesday, August 21st at 2:00pm-3:00pm in the Kindergarten classrooms. Classroom placements will be given when you arrive in Matsumoto's Forum. The Kindergarten Parent Orientation is on Thursday, September 6th from 8:00am-9:00am. Hope to see you there!


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ENFORCER Frontman Interviewed On Greece's 'TV War' (Video)
March 18, 2013 skullbone76	Leave a comment
Photo credit: Gustav Öhman Spjuth
On February 24, Metal Hammer Greece's TV show, "TV War", conducted an interview with guitarist/vocalist Olof Wikstrand of Swedish metallers ENFORCER. You can now watch the chat below.ENFORCER released its new album, "Death By Fire", on February 1 via Nuclear Blast Records. The CD artwork was created by Jonathan Hultèn of Necromantic Art and can be seen below.
"Death By Fire" track listing:
01. Bells Of Hades
02. Death Rides This Night
03. Run For Your Life
04. Mesmerized By Fire
05. Take Me Out Of This Nightmare
06. Crystal Suite
07. Sacrificed
08. Silent Hour / The Conjugation
09. Satan
The official video for the song "Mesmerized By Fire" from ENFORCER can be seen below. The clip was filmed with director, and the band's longtime friend, Gustav Öhman Spjuth. The group states: "We really feel we have something special to show this time, and it's definitely not just any other video."
The "Mesmerized By Fire" seven-inch single was released on January 18.
The track listing for the effort is as follows:
Side A: "Mesmerized By Fire"
Side B: "You Can Be" (non-album track)
In addition to the limited-edition vinyl, there was also be a digital release.
Commented Wikstrand: "'Mesmerized By Fire' is more or less the title track from the 'Death By Fire' album. I think within four minutes it captures pretty much everything about ENFORCER: intensity and power mixed with a touch of melody and melancholy. The B-side is a cover of NAGAZAKI's 'You Can Be'. It is a track with mega potential from a band that unfortunately never made it in the '80s."
ENFORCER's second album, "Diamonds", was released in May 2010 in Europe by Earache Records and in the rest of the world through Heavy Artillery.
Having released its debut album, "Into the Night", in November 2008, ENFORCER kicked open the floodgates for the return of traditional heavy metal, paving the way for many other young bands to follow. With critical acclaim pouring in from fans and the international music press, ENFORCER wasted no time taking their show to the road for their first European and American tours as well as a litany of appearances at many of Europe's most highly regarded festivals.
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That changed here Wednesday at the $600,000 A1 Major Vienna presented by Swatch as the 17th-seeded Dutch women's pair posted two pool play wins highlighted by a 2-0 (24-22, 21-15) win in 39 minutes over top-seeded Melissa Humana-Paredes/Sarah Pavan of Canada to secure a guaranteed ninth in the third Beach Major Series event on the 2017-2018 FIVB World Tour calendar.
Combined with their 2-0 (21-18, 15-15) win in 34 minutes over Kelley Larsen/Emily Stockman of the United States on Wednesday morning, Keizer and Meppelink secured the Pool A title and earned a bye for the first round of elimination that netted the Dutch a day off on Thursday before resuming play on Friday.
Agatha Bednarczuk and Eduarda "Duda" Lisboa of Brazil were the only top eight-seeded team to win both of their matches on Wednesday to win a group title (Pool C). Wednesday also marked Duda's 20th birthday as the third-seeded South American posted pool wins over teams from Russia and the United States.
In addition to the Dutch duo, other teams winning groups unexpectedly were 31st-seeded Marta Menegatti/Viktoria Orsi Toth of Italy (Pool B), 13th-seeded Kelly Claes/Brittany Hochevar of the United States (Pool D), 28th-seeded qualifiers Lauren Fendrick/Sarah Sponcil of the United States (Pool E), 22nd-seeded Katarzyna Kociolek/Kinga Kolosinska of Poland (Pool F), 10th-seeded Maria Antonelli/Carolina Salgado of Brazil (Pool G), Mariafe Artacho/Taliqua Clancy of Australia (Pool H).
Highlighting the upsets was Menegatti and Orsi Toth's opening win Wednesday over second-seeded Heather Bansley/Brandie Wilkerson of Canada while Fendrick and Sponcil had to defeat two of the three teams from Germany in Pool E. It marked the 24th-time in FIVB World Tour history that three men's or women's teams from the same country competed in same pool.
While the men were completing two days of qualifying on Wednesday, the women played two rounds of modified pool play with 24 of the 32 teams advancing to the elimination bracket where the first round will be played on Thursday leading to Friday's quarterfinals and Saturday's medal match where the gold medal winners will share the $40,000 first-place prize. Men's elimination will be played on Friday with the final four matches on Sunday.


Be kind to yourself when making decisions.
Our decisions become the path of our life. No one really ever taught us to make decisions. We model the behavior of those around us. But many of us, myself very much included, struggle with decisions. Because making a choice is asserting myself, and it demands a responsibility to deal with the consequences, good or bad, of the decision. That is scary! Sometimes we have support in a decision we make, and other times we don't. But what really matters is that the decision sits well with the one who made it, whether others agree or not, and whether that decision is in accordance with our values. And whether or not we have a clear set of values…well that is probably a whole different conversation.
Decisions have been a major source of struggle in my life. I used to dream, as a kid, of being born in a different time, when less decision-making was necessary, or possible. I used to lie in bed and wish I could have just been born a subsistence farmer, when all I needed to do was grow my own food, and stay alive. (OK, to all the farmers out there, and out of respect to those who truly do not have the resources to opt out of that life, I say that with the utmost respect for the difficulties of that kind of life. I was a kid and imagined that to be easier than deciding my life's course with, what I felt like, was zero guidance from trusted sources).
As I grow up, learning what my values are is important to me. Seeking out the guidance of religion, philosophy, and wise people ("elders") is important to me. And maybe, while I cannot go back and be born in a simpler time, I can choose to have less choices to make, as my values will begin to set limitations on what range of options I even give to myself.
This dharma talk was very helpful to me, and at about 40 minutes into it, there is a short meditation on decision making. I recommend listening to the whole thing, if decisions are point of strife for you.


"The staff at South Shore Dentistry made me feel safe, comfortable, and well informed with all my dental visits. I have a lot of dental anxiety and came here to have sedated dental care and I could not be more happy with the warmth and kindness of the staff. I highly recommend them for anyone who feels nervous to visit the dentist!"
"Dr. Burt and his staff are amazing! They made going to the dentist a breeze. The staff was very professional and eased my fear of the dentist. They were knowledgeable and the friendliest office staff I've met in a the dentist profession. I would recommend them to all my friends and family. Keep up the great work! "
"Excellent treatment, friendly staff, and always on time. I give Dr. Burt and his crew my highest possible recommendation! "
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When you visit our South Weymouth dental office, your smile is our #1 priority. Dr. Burt and Dr. Dadhania are dedicated to providing each patient with the best comprehensive dental care. Why drive all over town to visit a different dentist for each member of your family? South Shore Dentistry offers everything you need for dental care under one roof.
Millions of people suffer from dental anxiety. At South Shore Dentistry, we understand that a fear of the dentist can make you hesitate to schedule the dental work that you need. That's why we've created a soothing dental experience for our patients, which includes offering three types of sedation dentistry: oral sedation, laughing gas, and IV sedation.
At South Shore Dentistry, our team believes investing in state-of-the-art dental technology is an important step toward providing our patients with the best dental care quickly and comfortably. Advanced dental technology enables Dr. Burt and Dr. Dadhania to improve diagnostic accuracy, increase the speed of treatment provided, and ensure your comfort through every phase of treatment.
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