text:
Selected Science News
Science and technology news
ARGONNE "HOMEGROWN" HYBRID SOLAR CELL AIMS FOR LOW-COST POWER
11/26/2009 02:09:00 AM Publicado por Alquimia
Etiquetas: Engineering
Scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Argonne National Laboratory have refined a technique to manufacture solar cells by creating tubes of semiconducting material and then "growing" polymers directly inside them. The method has the potential to be significantly cheaper than the process used to make today's commercial solar cells.
Funding for this research was provided by the Department of Energy's Office of Basic Energy Sciences and by the NSF-Materials Research Science and Engineering Center at the University of Chicago.
Because the production costs of today's generation of solar cells prevent them from competing economically with fossil fuels, Argonne researchers are working to re-imagine the solar cell's basic design. Most current solar cells use crystalline silicon or cadmium telluride, but growing a high-purity crystal is energy- and labor-intensive, making the cells expensive.
The next generation, called hybrid solar cells, uses a blend of cheaper organic and inorganic materials. To combine these materials effectively, Argonne researchers created a new technique to grow organic polymers directly inside inorganic nanotubes.
At its most basic level, solar cell technology relies on a series of processes initiated when photons, or particles of light, strike semiconducting material. When a photon hits the cell, it excites one electron out of its initial state, leaving behind a "hole" of positive charge.
Hybrid solar cells contain two separate types of semiconducting material: one conducts electrons, the other holes. At the junction between the two semiconductors, the electron-hole pair gets pulled apart, creating a current.
In the study, Argonne nanoscientist Seth Darling and colleagues at Argonne and the University of Chicago had to rethink the geometry of the two materials. If the two semiconductors are placed too far apart, the electron-hole pair will die in transit. However, if they're packed too closely, the separated charges won't make it out of the cell.
In designing an alternative, scientists paired an electron-donating conjugated polymer with the electron acceptor titanium dioxide (TiO2).
Titanium dioxide readily forms miniscule tubes just tens of nanometers across—10,000 times smaller than a human hair. Rows of tiny, uniform nanotubes sprout across a film of titanium that has been submerged in an electrochemical bath.
The next step required the researchers to fill the nanotubes with the organic polymer—a frustrating process.
"Filling nanotubes with polymer is like trying to stuff wet spaghetti into a table full of tiny holes," Darling said. "The polymer ends up bending and twisting, which leads to inefficiencies both because it traps pockets of air as it goes and because twisted polymers don't conduct charges as well.
"In addition, this polymer doesn't like titanium dioxide," Darling added. "So it pulls away from the interface whenever it can."
Trying to sidestep this problem, the team hit on the idea of growing the polymer directly inside the tubes. They filled the tubes with a polymer precursor, turned on ultraviolet light, and let the polymers grow within the tubes.
Grown this way, the polymer doesn't shy away from the TiO2. In fact, tests suggest the two materials actually mingle at the molecular level; together they are able to capture light at wavelengths inaccessible to either of the two materials alone. This "homegrown" method is potentially much less expensive than the energy-intensive process that produces the silicon crystals used in today's solar cells.
These devices dramatically outperform those fabricated by filling the nanotubes with pre-grown polymer, producing about 10 times more electricity from absorbed sunlight. The solar cells produced by this technique, however, do not currently harness as much of the available energy from sunlight as silicon cells can. Darling hopes that further experiments will improve the cells' efficiency.
(Photo: ANL)
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text:
\section{Higgs couplings}
\label{sec:higgs}

The total Higgs production cross section measurement $\sigma(\PZ\PH)$, using only the
system that recoils against the produced Higgs boson and without examining the Higgs
decay products, is a unique feature of lepton colliders.
It dominates the model-independent determination of the ZH coupling, $\ensuremath{g_{\PH\PZ\PZ}}\xspace$, and is
only possible at the initial energy stage.
In turn this propagates into the extraction of all the other Higgs couplings.
Accumulating more data at $\roots=380\,\ensuremath{\text{GeV}}\xspace$ therefore contributes to improved
precision on the other Higgs couplings.

\subsection{Summary of Higgs observables}

Extensive studies of the CLIC sensitivities to Higgs couplings have been reported
previously in \cite{Abramowicz:2016zbo}, where details of the analyses and
the extraction of Higgs observables through combined
fitting can be found{\footnote{Note that earlier studies assumed an energy staging of $\sqrt{s}=350\,\ensuremath{\text{GeV}}\xspace$, 1.4\,\ensuremath{\text{TeV}}\xspace, and 3\,\ensuremath{\text{TeV}}\xspace; those energy stages are used for the results presented here, but with results scaled to the updated integrated luminosities.}}.
Sensitivities obtained assuming the current CLIC luminosity baseline can be found in \cite{Robson:2018zje}.

Here, the precisions of the individual Higgs sector measurements are given for an
increased luminosity of $4\,\abinv$ at the initial energy stage, while
the luminosities of the 1.4 (1.5) and 3\,TeV stages are unchanged at
2.5 and 5.0\,\abinv, respectively.  This serves to illustrate what could be
obtained from the different stages of an alternative running scenario.

Precisions on the Higgs observables are given in \autoref{tab:GlobalFit:Input350} for
the first energy stage, and in \autoref{tab:GlobalFit:Input143} for the two
higher-energy stages.  These individual results assume unpolarised beams.

Measurement of the cross section for double-Higgs production at 1.4 and 3\,TeV
gives sensitivity to the Higgs self-coupling $\lambda$.
This is unchanged from that reported in \cite{Robson:2018zje,Roloff:2019crr}, with an ultimate precision on
 $\lambda$ of $[-7\%,+11\%]$.

The recoil mass analysis from $\Pep\Pem\to\PZ\PH$
events can be used to search for BSM decay modes of the Higgs boson into
`invisible' final states.  Scaling the result from \cite{Abramowicz:2016zbo}
to 4\,ab$^{-1}$ at $\roots=350\,\ensuremath{\text{GeV}}\xspace$
gives an upper limit
on the invisible Higgs branching ratio of $BR$($\PH\to$ invis.) $<$ 0.34\%
at 90\% C.L. in the modified frequentist approach.

\begin{table*}[htp]\centering
  \begin{tabular}{lllcc}\toprule
                        &                                                           &                              & \tabt{Statistical precision} & \\ \cmidrule(l){4-4}
        \tabt{Channel}  & \tabt{Measurement}                                        & \tabt{Observable}            & $350\,\ensuremath{\text{GeV}}\xspace$ & Reference \\
                        &                                                           &                              & $4\,\abinv$ & \cite{Abramowicz:2016zbo} \\ \midrule
    $\PZ\PH$            & Recoil mass distribution                                  & $\mH$                        & $39\,\ensuremath{\text{MeV}}\xspace$ & \cite{Abramowicz:2016zbo} \\
    $\PZ\PH$            & $\sigma(\PZ\PH)\times \ensuremath{BR}\xspace(\PH\to\text{invisible})$        & $\Gamma_\text{inv}$           & $0.2\,\%$ & \cite{Abramowicz:2016zbo} \\ \midrule
    $\PZ\PH$            & $\sigma(\PZ\PH)\times \ensuremath{BR}\xspace(\PZ\to\Plp\Plm)$                & $\ensuremath{g_{\PH\PZ\PZ}}\xspace^{2}$                   & $1.3\,\%$ & \cite{Abramowicz:2016zbo} \\
    $\PZ\PH$            & $\sigma(\PZ\PH)\times \ensuremath{BR}\xspace(\PZ\to\PQq\PAQq)$               & $\ensuremath{g_{\PH\PZ\PZ}}\xspace^{2}$                   & $0.6\,\%$ & \cite{Abramowicz:2016zbo} \\
    $\PZ\PH$            & $\sigma(\PZ\PH)\times \ensuremath{BR}\xspace(\PH\to\PQb\PAQb)$               & $\ensuremath{g_{\PH\PZ\PZ}}\xspace^{2}\ensuremath{g_{\PH\PQb\PQb}}\xspace^{2}/\GH$       & $0.30\,\%$ & \cite{Abramowicz:2016zbo} \\
    $\PZ\PH$            & $\sigma(\PZ\PH)\times \ensuremath{BR}\xspace(\PH\to\PQc\PAQc)$               & $\ensuremath{g_{\PH\PZ\PZ}}\xspace^{2}\ensuremath{g_{\PH\PQc\PQc}}\xspace^2/\GH$        & $5\,\%$ & \cite{Abramowicz:2016zbo} \\
    $\PZ\PH$            & $\sigma(\PZ\PH)\times \ensuremath{BR}\xspace(\PH\to\Pg\Pg)$                  &                              & $2.2\,\%$ & \cite{Abramowicz:2016zbo} \\
    $\PZ\PH$            & $\sigma(\PZ\PH)\times \ensuremath{BR}\xspace(\PH\to\tptm)$                   & $\ensuremath{g_{\PH\PZ\PZ}}\xspace^{2}\ensuremath{g_{\PH\PGt\PGt}}\xspace^{2}/\GH$  & $2.2\,\%$ & \cite{Abramowicz:2016zbo} \\
    $\PZ\PH$            & $\sigma(\PZ\PH)\times \ensuremath{BR}\xspace(\PH\to\PW\PW^*)$                & $\ensuremath{g_{\PH\PZ\PZ}}\xspace^{2}\ensuremath{g_{\PH\PW\PW}}\xspace^{2}/\GH$      & $1.8\,\%$ & \cite{Abramowicz:2016zbo} \\
    $\PH\PGne\PAGne$    & $\sigma(\PH\PGne\PAGne)\times \ensuremath{BR}\xspace(\PH\to\PQb\PAQb)$       & $\ensuremath{g_{\PH\PW\PW}}\xspace^{2}\ensuremath{g_{\PH\PQb\PQb}}\xspace^{2}/\GH$      & $0.7\,\%$ & \cite{Abramowicz:2016zbo} \\
    $\PH\PGne\PAGne$    & $\sigma(\PH\PGne\PAGne)\times \ensuremath{BR}\xspace(\PH\to\PQc\PAQc)$       & $\ensuremath{g_{\PH\PW\PW}}\xspace^{2}\ensuremath{g_{\PH\PQc\PQc}}\xspace^{2}/\GH$      & $9\,\%$ & \cite{Abramowicz:2016zbo} \\
    $\PH\PGne\PAGne$    & $\sigma(\PH\PGne\PAGne)\times \ensuremath{BR}\xspace(\PH\to\Pg\Pg)$          &                             & $3.5\,\%$ & \cite{Abramowicz:2016zbo} \\
    \bottomrule
  \end{tabular}
    \caption{Summary of the precisions obtainable for the Higgs
      observables in the first stage of CLIC for an increased integrated
      luminosity of $4\,\abinv$ at $\roots=350\,\ensuremath{\text{GeV}}\xspace$, assuming
      unpolarised beams, to illustrate the scenario where more data is taken
      at the inital energy stage than in the CLIC baseline.
      For the branching ratios, the measurement
      precision refers to the expected statistical uncertainty on the
      product of the relevant cross section and branching ratio; this
      is equivalent to the expected statistical uncertainty of the
      product of couplings divided by $\Gamma_{\PH}$ as indicated in
      the third column. \label{tab:GlobalFit:Input350}}
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[htp]\centering
    \begin{tabular}{lllccc}\toprule
                        &                                                            &                             & \tabtt{Statistical precision} & \\ \cmidrule(l){4-5}
        \tabt{Channel}  & \tabt{Measurement}                                         & \tabt{Observable}           & $1.4\,\ensuremath{\text{TeV}}\xspace$        & $3\,\ensuremath{\text{TeV}}\xspace$ & Reference \\
                        &                                                            &                             & $2.5\,\abinv$      & $5.0\,\abinv$ & \\ \midrule
   $\PH\PGne\PAGne$     & $\PH\to\PQb\PAQb$ mass distribution                        & $\mH$                       & $36\,\ensuremath{\text{MeV}}\xspace$         & $28\,\ensuremath{\text{MeV}}\xspace$ & \cite{Abramowicz:2016zbo} \\ \midrule
   $\PZ\PH$             & $\sigma(\PZ\PH)\times \ensuremath{BR}\xspace(\PH\to\PQb\PAQb)$                & $\ensuremath{g_{\PH\PZ\PZ}}\xspace^{2}\ensuremath{g_{\PH\PQb\PQb}}\xspace^{2}/\GH$     & $2.6\,\%^{\dagger}$   & $4.3\,\%^{\dagger \ddagger}$ & \cite{Ellis:2017kfi} \\
   $\PH\PGne\PAGne$     & $\sigma(\PH\PGne\PAGne)\times \ensuremath{BR}\xspace(\PH\to\PQb\PAQb)$        & $\ensuremath{g_{\PH\PW\PW}}\xspace^{2}\ensuremath{g_{\PH\PQb\PQb}}\xspace^{2}/\GH$     & $0.3\,\%$          & $0.2\,\%$ & \cite{Abramowicz:2016zbo} \\
   $\PH\PGne\PAGne$     & $\sigma(\PH\PGne\PAGne)\times \ensuremath{BR}\xspace(\PH\to\PQc\PAQc)$        & $\ensuremath{g_{\PH\PW\PW}}\xspace^{2}\ensuremath{g_{\PH\PQc\PQc}}\xspace^{2}/\GH$     & $4.7\,\%$          & $4.4\,\%$ & \cite{Abramowicz:2016zbo} \\
   $\PH\PGne\PAGne$     & $\sigma(\PH\PGne\PAGne)\times \ensuremath{BR}\xspace(\PH\to\Pg\Pg)$           &                             & $3.9\,\%$          & $2.7\,\%$ & \cite{Abramowicz:2016zbo} \\
   $\PH\PGne\PAGne$     & $\sigma(\PH\PGne\PAGne)\times \ensuremath{BR}\xspace(\PH\to\tptm)$            & $\ensuremath{g_{\PH\PW\PW}}\xspace^{2}\ensuremath{g_{\PH\PGt\PGt}}\xspace^{2}/\GH$  & $3.3\,\%$         & $2.8\,\%$ & \cite{Abramowicz:2016zbo} \\
   $\PH\PGne\PAGne$     & $\sigma(\PH\PGne\PAGne)\times \ensuremath{BR}\xspace(\PH\to\mpmm)$            & $\ensuremath{g_{\PH\PW\PW}}\xspace^{2}\ensuremath{g_{\PH\PGm\PGm}}\xspace^{2}/\GH$    & $29\,\%$          & $16\,\%$ & \cite{Abramowicz:2016zbo} \\
   $\PH\PGne\PAGne$     & $\sigma(\PH\PGne\PAGne)\times \ensuremath{BR}\xspace(\PH\to\upgamma\upgamma)$ &                             & $12\,\%$          & $6\,\%^*$ & \cite{Abramowicz:2016zbo} \\
   $\PH\PGne\PAGne$     & $\sigma(\PH\PGne\PAGne)\times \ensuremath{BR}\xspace(\PH\to\PZ\upgamma)$      &                             & $33\,\%$          & $19\,\%^*$ & \cite{Abramowicz:2016zbo} \\
   $\PH\PGne\PAGne$     & $\sigma(\PH\PGne\PAGne)\times \ensuremath{BR}\xspace(\PH\to\PW\PW^*)$         & $\ensuremath{g_{\PH\PW\PW}}\xspace^{4}/\GH$              & $0.8\,\%$         & $0.4\,\%^*$ & \cite{Abramowicz:2016zbo} \\
   $\PH\PGne\PAGne$     & $\sigma(\PH\PGne\PAGne)\times \ensuremath{BR}\xspace(\PH\to\PZ\PZ^*)$         & $\ensuremath{g_{\PH\PW\PW}}\xspace^{2}\ensuremath{g_{\PH\PZ\PZ}}\xspace^{2}/\GH$      & $4.3\,\%$         & $2.5\,\%^*$ & \cite{Abramowicz:2016zbo} \\
   $\PH\epem$           & $\sigma(\PH\epem)\times \ensuremath{BR}\xspace(\PH\to\PQb\PAQb)$              & $\ensuremath{g_{\PH\PZ\PZ}}\xspace^{2}\ensuremath{g_{\PH\PQb\PQb}}\xspace^{2}/\GH$      & $1.4\,\%$         & $1.5\,\%^*$ & \cite{Abramowicz:2016zbo} \\ \midrule
   $\PQt\PAQt\PH$       & $\sigma(\PQt\PAQt\PH)\times \ensuremath{BR}\xspace(\PH\to\PQb\PAQb)$          & $\ensuremath{g_{\PH\PQt\PQt}}\xspace^{2}\ensuremath{g_{\PH\PQb\PQb}}\xspace^{2}/\GH$      & $5.7\,\%$         & $-$ & \cite{Abramowicz:2018rjq} \\
  \bottomrule
  \end{tabular}
    \caption{Summary of the precisions obtainable for the Higgs
    observables in the higher-energy CLIC stages for integrated
    luminosities of $2.5\,\abinv$ at $\roots=1.4\,\ensuremath{\text{TeV}}\xspace$, and
    $5.0\,\abinv$ at $\roots=3\,\ensuremath{\text{TeV}}\xspace$. In both cases unpolarised beams
    have been assumed.  These are the same sensitivities given in \cite{Robson:2018zje}.
    For $\ensuremath{g_{\PH\PQt\PQt}}\xspace$, the $3\,\ensuremath{\text{TeV}}\xspace$ case has not yet been studied.

    Numbers marked with $*$ are extrapolated from $\roots=1.4\,\ensuremath{\text{TeV}}\xspace$
    to $\roots=3\,\ensuremath{\text{TeV}}\xspace$ while $\dagger$ indicates projections based on fast simulations.
    For the branching ratios, the measurement precision refers to the expected
    statistical uncertainty on the product of the relevant cross
    section and branching ratio; this is equivalent to the expected
    statistical uncertainty of the product of couplings divided by
    $\Gamma_{\PH}$, as indicated in the third column. \label{tab:GlobalFit:Input143}
    $^{\ddagger}$ The value for $\sigma(\PZ\PH)\times \ensuremath{BR}\xspace(\textrm{all hadronic})$ at 3\,TeV has recently been confirmed as 4\% in a full-simulation study \cite{Leogrande:2019dzm}.}
\end{table*}

\subsection{Combined fits}

Precisions on the Higgs couplings and width extracted from a model-independent
global fit, described in \cite{Abramowicz:2016zbo}, are given
in \autoref{tab:MIResultsPolarised8020}.
The fit assumes the baseline scenario for beam polarisation,
but an increased integrated luminosity at the initial stage for illustration.
The increase in cross-section from having a predominantly negatively-polarised
electron beam is taken into account by multiplying the event rates for all
$\PW\PW$-fusion measurements by a factor of 1.48, corresponding to a factor of
1.8 for $80\,\%$ of the statistics and 0.2 for the remaining $20\,\%$.
This approach is
conservative because it assumes that all backgrounds, including those from
$s$-channel processes, which do not receive the same polarisation enhancement,
scale by the same amount.

Each energy stage contributes significantly to the Higgs programme:
the initial stage provides $\ensuremath{g_{\PH\PZ\PZ}}\xspace$ and couplings to most fermions and
bosons, while the higher-energy stages improve them and add the top-quark,
muon, and photon couplings.  The precision on $\ensuremath{g_{\PH\PZ\PZ}}\xspace$ is determined by the
statistics at the initial stage.

Precisions extracted from a model-dependent
global fit, also described in \cite{Abramowicz:2016zbo}, are given in \autoref{tab:MDResultsPolarised8020}.
This fit also assumes the baseline scenario for beam polarisation,
but an increased integrated luminosity at the initial stage for illustration.

A global EFT fit has been carried out in \cite{deBlas:2019rxi} for the purposes of comparing
future collider projects, and is extensively described there.
The corresponding projections for the illustrative increased integrated luminosity at the initial
CLIC stage, combined with the projected HL-LHC sensitivities, are given in \autoref{tab:eft-global} and \autoref{fig:hllhcComparison}
for the model SMEFT$_{\textrm{ND}}$, which does not assume flavour universality.
The HL-LHC projections are also given separately for comparison.

\section{Conclusions}

Under different scenarios, CLIC could take more data at the initial energy stage than assumed in
the CLIC luminosity staging baseline.

Here, the effect on the Higgs coupling sensitivities of taking $4\,\abinv$ instead of $1\,\abinv$
at the initial stage has been presented, as an exercise to illustrate what could be obtained from
an alternative running scenario.  This could be achieved by running for 13 years instead
of 8 years, with an accelerator repetition rate of 100\,Hz instead of 50\,Hz.

\section{Introduction}

The Compact Linear Collider, CLIC, offers high-energy \epem\ collisions up to centre-of-mass energies of 3\,TeV \cite{clic-study}.
A rich programme of Higgs and top-quark physics is uniquely provided by the initial energy
stage around $\roots=380\,\ensuremath{\text{GeV}}\xspace$; this is supplemented at the higher-energy stages
by increased precision in Higgs and top-quark physics, and further reach to Beyond Standard Model (BSM)
effects \cite{Abramowicz:2016zbo,Abramowicz:2018rjq,deBlas:2018mhx}.

One of the most attractive features of a linear collider is the ability to
extend the energy reach in stages.  Correspondingly, this provides a high degree of
flexibility in adapting the programme in terms both of maximum centre-of-mass energy and running times at each stage;
this could be in response to physics results that suggest reoptimisation;
to technical developments in CLIC or other accelerator technologies
that suggest updating the global accelerator strategy; or to other considerations
such as the availability of funding, which could change the schedule.

In the context of the European Strategy for Particle Physics, while
the CLIC proposal presents a sequence of energy upgrades from $\roots=380\,\ensuremath{\text{GeV}}\xspace$ (CLIC$_{380}$)
to 1.5\,TeV (CLIC$_{1500}$) and 3\,TeV (CLIC$_{3000}$), this flexibility means that it would also be possible to take a different
route after the initial stage, for example:
\begin{equation*}
\begin{aligned}
  \text{CLIC}_{380}  &+  \text{CLIC}_{1500} + \text{CLIC}_{3000}  \\
  \text{CLIC}_{380}  &+  \text{CLIC}_{1500} + \text{FCC}_{hh}  \\
  \text{CLIC}_{380}  &+  \text{FCC}_{hh}   \\
  \text{CLIC}_{380}  &+  \text{muon collider} \\
  \text{CLIC}_{380}  &+  \text{wakefield acceleration} \\
  \text{CLIC}_{380}  &+  \text{dielectric-based acceleration.}
\end{aligned}
\end{equation*}

Starting with CLIC$_{380}$ gives the option of reviewing the physics and technology landscape
every few years, and choosing the best next step at that time, so the initial choice becomes:
\begin{equation*}
\begin{aligned}
  \text{CLIC}_{380}  &+  \text{best next step. \;\;\;\;\;\;\;}
\end{aligned}
\end{equation*}

To explore the options afforded by a flexible running scenario, as an exercise we examine here the extra sensitivity to
Higgs couplings that would be obtained by collecting more integrated luminosity at $\roots=380\,\ensuremath{\text{GeV}}\xspace$.
This could arise through changed accelerator parameters -- for example running at the initial stage
with a repetition rate of 100\,Hz, which is double the baseline repetition rate --
or through running for a longer time, or a combination of both.

\section{Staging}
\label{sec:staging}

CLIC's luminosity baseline was presented in \cite{Robson:2018zje,CLICsummaryYR}, where corresponding
Higgs coupling sensitivities were given.
The luminosity baseline assumes $1\,\abinv$ of integrated luminosity collected at the initial stage,
$\sqrt{s}=380\,\ensuremath{\text{GeV}}\xspace$, followed by $2.5\,\abinv$ at $\sqrt{s}=1.5\,\ensuremath{\text{TeV}}\xspace$ and
$5\,\abinv$ at $\sqrt{s}=3\,\ensuremath{\text{TeV}}\xspace$.  The projected timescale includes a three-year
ramp-up to reach the nominal instantaneous luminosity for the first energy stage,
and two-year ramp-ups at the second and third stages.

For a comprehensive mapping of the Higgs\,(125\,GeV) sector in \epem collisions, some data must
be taken close to the threshold for Higgs production, where the Higgs-strahlung
process dominates.  This allows a precise measurement of the total Higgs production
cross-section through the so-called `recoil' method, which is needed in order to
extract Higgs couplings in a model-independent way from measured cross-sections times branching ratios.

The CLIC physics priority is to move to higher centre-of-mass energies quickly,
to take advantage of the unique capability of CLIC to provide multi-TeV \epem
collisions.  The higher-energy stages open production channels not accessible at
the initial energy stage and provide enhanced sensitivity to BSM scenarios.
The CLIC baseline luminosity scenario therefore moves to $\sqrt{s}=1.5\,\ensuremath{\text{TeV}}\xspace$ after
8 years of running at the initial energy stage.

However, it is useful to see how sensitivities would be affected by taking more data
at the initial stage, for example to adapt to the available funding profile.

Owing to the initial ramp-up in instantaneous luminosity, integrated luminosity is
accumulated more quickly later in the run, after the nominal instantaneous luminosity has been reached.
Therefore, by increasing the initial stage
from 8 years to 13 years, the integrated luminosity is doubled.  Furthermore, as
discussed in \cite{SteinarPostGranada}, it would be possible to operate CLIC at $380\,\ensuremath{\text{GeV}}\xspace$
at double the repetition
rate -- 100\,Hz instead of 50\,Hz -- with only modest increase in
cost (around the 5\% level) and power (from around 170\,MW to around 220\,MW).

Taking both of these enhancements into account, as an exercise we consider sensitivities resulting
from $4\,\abinv$ collected at the initial stage, rather than the baseline $1\,\abinv$.
As in the baseline scenario, equal amounts of --80\% and +80\% polarisation running are
foreseen throughout the initial energy stage.

The two examples of
(a) the CLIC baseline of $1\,\abinv$ collected at $380\,\ensuremath{\text{GeV}}\xspace$ plus $2.5\,\abinv$ collected at $1.5\,\ensuremath{\text{TeV}}\xspace$
(presented in \cite{Robson:2018zje} and \cite{CLICsummaryYR}), and
(b) $4\,\abinv$ collected at $380\,\ensuremath{\text{GeV}}\xspace$ (presented here), provide realistic scenarios
that can usefully be compared
with other proposed \epem collider options that are limited in centre-of-mass energy.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Debbie Hayton
What this academic gets wrong about trans rights in Britain
18 December 2020, 7:00am
A Trans Lives Matter flag is flown during a protest in London (Getty images)
The Keira Bell judgment, which said that children are unlikely to be able to give informed consent for taking puberty-blocking drugs, 'puts trans people everywhere' at risk. That's the verdict of Grace Lavery, a professor of English, critical theory, and women's studies at the University of California, Berkeley. From the other side of the Atlantic, Lavery described the case in an article for Foreign Policy as 'an unprecedented juridical attack on the LGBT community in the U.K.' It is, of course, nothing of the sort.
The High Court determined that children as young as 12 were highly unlikely to be competent to understand and weigh the long-term risks of receiving such radical treatment. As such, the judges decided that 'we consider that it is appropriate that the court should determine whether it is in the child's best interests to take PBs (puberty blockers).' That was it. It was a wise judgment that put the interests of children first; it was not an attack on LGBT people.
Lavery and I are both transgender, but I live in the UK and I do not recognise any 'escalation of anti-transgender policy' that Lavery writes about. The UK is a safe and welcoming place for transgender people. The Equality Act protects us against harassment and discrimination, while the Criminal Justice Act imposes a duty upon courts to increase the sentence for any offence motivated by hostility to transgender people.
According to statistics produced for Transgender Day of Remembrance, no trans people were murdered in the UK in the last year. The comparable figure for the USA was 28. Perhaps Lavery – who was born in the West Midlands but now lives in New York – should spend less time panicking about the UK, and campaign for the safety of transgender people in the USA.
It was clear that Lavery's research had been limited. For example, GIDS does not typically use Lupron to block puberty – as Lavery appears to suggest – but triptorelin, a different drug. It is also deeply irresponsible for a professor of English to repeat the claim that the effects of puberty blockers are reversible. As a teacher of physics, I defer to the NHS who explain that 'little is known about the long-term side effects of hormone or puberty blockers in children with gender dysphoria.'
Perhaps the real reason for Lavery's concern is that the progress made in the UK to protect children from making life-changing decisions before they are old enough to understand the consequences might be picked up in the USA? Similarly, the progress made by women's groups such as Woman's Place UK (named by Lavery) and forwomen.scot might be replicated by American women?
Those groups have challenged the extremes of transgender ideology and balanced a debate that had previously centred on the trans lobby to the detriment of women. That was never going to yield a settlement in which everyone, including transgender people, could be confident.
While Lavery moans about the UK press, with a special mention for The Spectator, it is here that debate is at least allowed. What's more, there seems some irony in Lavery's piece linking to mine in an article making a claim that this judgement is an attack on trans people. This trans person for one disagrees.
But there is also a broader problem with Lavery's argument; it is baffling. The piece concludes as follows:
'There are complexities in the relation between social type and logical category—indeed, that problem has been central to philosophy since Aristotle—but the naive insistence on the self-evidence of natural types is a path to confusion. That's the route that the court in Bell v. Tavistock took into an erroneous decision that endangers the lives and well-being of sexual minorities, while flattering the sensibilities of those who believe fertility, rather than self-determination, is what makes a woman's body worth preserving.'
My subject is physics rather than English, and I am reminded of something that Einstein once said, 'If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.'
In this case, the truth is clear, and I can explain it simply. There are two sexes. Some of us might struggle with our sex – and a compassionate society can accommodate us – but that does not mean we are the opposite sex.
The Bell v Tavistock judgment protected children from making premature decisions. And women are adult human females, same as they ever were. So no: the High Court's verdict isn't a victory for transphobia, but one for common sense.
Written byDebbie Hayton
Debbie Hayton is a transgender teacher and journalist.
Topics in this articleSocietygendertransgender

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Status and extended information from the EFI common and well-documented catalog.
The last meeting of EUROSTAM (A Europe-wide strategy to enhance transplantation of highly sensitized patients on basis of Acceptable HLA mismatches, http://eurostam.eu/) took place in Leiden from 18th to 20th of November 2015. It included a workshop on the current status of the definition of HLA epitopes and their clinical relevance.
The Pheno Search utility developed in Geneva as part of this project was presented at the Regentenkamer (see picture below). This tool allow to output HLA phenotypes frequencies in different European populations (including complex search expressions).
Discover more about the new EFI Population Genetics working group in the EFI Newsletter of this month (Issue 73, May 2014).
The HLA-net platform v1.0 is now online ! You are welcome to discover the projects, run the tools for handling and analysing data with ambiguities or share your feedbacks and ideas. It is also possible to sign up for an account and to submit your own data.


text:
Q: Google Maps encoded polyline not showing as expected I'm trying to create an encoded polyline of all Canadian provinces. I begun with this utility:
https://developers.google.com/maps/documentation/utilities/polylineutility
Using it I create many point to follow the province line of ontario as closely as possible. Here's a screenshot of the resulting polyline:

but when I take the polyline an plug it into the code to map it, It provides me with partially different line:
http://jsfiddle.net/2x6eLLca/1/

<title>Test</title>

Any Ideas why the line deviates? I tried it twice, each time the line veers of midway.
Thanks

A: You need to escape the "\" characters in the string (replace the single "\" with a double "\\").
Change:
var decodedPath = google.maps.geometry.encoding.decodePath('wkllHvswcQ_N`Kgl@jDJuEyIwIgv_TYuymWyusd@wbOqcLrgd@yvn@fqsH_ulc@iuMgppAhoWixv@v|oC}vXf`uD_{K`idAp}gApjkCynyCtwmB_`rIlobYsia@tmlFex}CtiiDov{Ov`KivImrH_gSc]gsDwhE}gAcc@{rBer@szI{zH{q_@_EufFkpDsoSicFi}L_EydG`r@slC~AygLeiCqsQcmG{eM~S_[_Bi`]dqHwgWdlCg}Wfnr@rhPpdWi`]hlGn|SnnMf_Lt_D`gShpEzgLni@~qIjc@puE}pAtcAaEfsDkc@zyEbxD|aObNbwMhmG~xLnuBraMpxBnr@jaItw\bkA`dCto@ucAtrBhqEcHvv@x{BfuCvrBn~Gd`y@nolAtrGtcA`gPpf\gv@~lEdxHnuP~i@xbHhaBzpCdaGqGbpEzeM`j@zpN|bKjdEr{F`~Pr|xAtkcAzWrjtJzwb@pn~Ajfe@}oUvbT_mE`oCrjDnpAor@nnDtcAvvAgaK~cAytAhtE|pCdbDePfnEivIfq@ujDr|BabDdhEeP`qLx{Df{sAvl~Ethc@vh`FxvfBlf_F?ra{@web@f{fAouc@~hRm|O_mEcaTnr@ohLq|HidConModBgaK{cDcaV{f`@_e_@{hBa`EfiAy}Cch@adCivDaqD{qC_mEukJcjA_gIohD}nB?afDq_BiwGtrAc{NyeAwlHw_C_tFi`F_pBbjAqfBk_AoupB}~w@iusIfbjAwr}Ar{rEwab@sb^ibSnjZxVrpd@`yFrtWxVngJchXncW{wSrqGgpCzKs_@glA_|HhqEs~HlTk~NmdEqxCrnBuS|gAn\tjDunAduChh@jdEdqFjoF|AhoFykAn`GuSb~E~bAzrB}D|pC|bAv}Ct|EtjDet@~aOmn`@vjg@i{p@tdR{rsGbbkT~wJff}@zjt@jc~BgpFnq]lx@fyYyqBtb^tmE|aOwvDttWwnOhoFzUpuaBcg@fsD{kBucApr@~zKhx@pnBvzAfvTklGpuEka@flAix@qnB_fBwIvXrnBsxB|x@eFnpA{_@zKl@zZre@gChWdn@aS`]ikHlEayAtIgM`]sQzZvl@fdDik@`{@npApwDvjAfaKjqBrjDjiA`bDrGjfDzi@b{@hCbhBxl@xv@vb@zaCxl@nc@|_@hwCha@se@liDj|GwNfn@|iCr{Chn@njC`~@|gAte@pnBve@`aJdPtcAaSd_@`]r{C{Kvg@zmAl{Bnu@joFaI|x@owBf}@|Kn_BiC`sC`wCplNma@rt@irG}i@{v@ycBgn@`l@rfArwPa}BjdElJ`bDsvIia@dP|pCujDsnBozAtmTp[jkHcgEbbDfa@pcLehCwXlJ~eBz}@vX{eBnpA_ShjB_uJia@eiArqGayCxtAjr@nyCub@xzJ{z@pGdu@~lEfa@?xUbyAqQ~gAx_@tIvDxeAiWlT_c@tbGxhArbDfsB`e@fMnaAjh@rGj|@urAnkBzi@nsCoaAvl@{cBpy@qVhk@`xGvl@zrB_IrVvjA`bDeFd_@lJiCvNvIsiCvaBePqFpBfQuNbHuDqJ}ItADeMwLxGiAzClEvQoAhNeKQx@sK{DaDsVpYmH}Ds`F`oC}Vf\ob@t_@yFnTlCtP}Vp]uLxJgYzKuAbCcbFlpD{zBni@itDi_CooA?kY`vBicAfn@{Fzi@qlBjkBT||Dbk@jpFrXbuNaU`l@eWt|CqvBvuCel@yYuOjDshAor@g~@_MkO_pAlF}xCca@al@jJok@V{h@xAyRsHwg@iOmSa[~[q]ki@cFtIgXcHsxCxz@eUpoC~i@xuLo_Jjy_@qBtrAmbAhyBwFt~BshC?oGd_@rp@pxDoXjsSj[nfPq^za@swAlqCoAldHxeB~kQ`~Avg@kOhh@`q@`{@vKxvCgd@r{@z~@lxC~`@ho@rHr{CzX~\xdCu|@ddB|Sf^vg@ng@prFhu@pmE|G`eC~OrnBqSxeArd@dzApGps@_u@flAxApd@p}@`{@zRre@`Kt`HaPbhBlEd|@cFvqBdRr`ByFre@UvhE_uAt|C__@bAk`@en@k{@tHosAcl@q_BtHexDf{AopBj|AyRhhCk[tlI`Kb^qBjaFmx@pkIvKnvDkQhmAj@hmAbAlTmQlTnLxv@xAl}AqNtu@lLjnAeMtyDpBbyAe^jaFbAz|AlFhtAka@`zCqo@nr@ueB_\_w@fXmeAp{@iDj_Aoc@rs@s[~`Dxc@xyBtEz|AmRl_Ds`@n_BbGdwE~_BdwBfN|uAka@`gEwQzyEsIntBykAjgA}Nn{EczBntEoj@heDm]}DomCpfE{YlnAgyIjnAut@qnBooDvg@yYse@efk@fpK_uBtjDs|c@xqH}yAucAeXf|FkrG~wRjNpfEtgAv}CpR|fGifAfiHgh@v|CsTnUabA`dC');

To:
var decodedPath = google.maps.geometry.encoding.decodePath('wkllHvswcQ_N`Kgl@jDJuEyIwIgv_TYuymWyusd@wbOqcLrgd@yvn@fqsH_ulc@iuMgppAhoWixv@v|oC}vXf`uD_{K`idAp}gApjkCynyCtwmB_`rIlobYsia@tmlFex}CtiiDov{Ov`KivImrH_gSc]gsDwhE}gAcc@{rBer@szI{zH{q_@_EufFkpDsoSicFi}L_EydG`r@slC~AygLeiCqsQcmG{eM~S_[_Bi`]dqHwgWdlCg}Wfnr@rhPpdWi`]hlGn|SnnMf_Lt_D`gShpEzgLni@~qIjc@puE}pAtcAaEfsDkc@zyEbxD|aObNbwMhmG~xLnuBraMpxBnr@jaItw\\bkA`dCto@ucAtrBhqEcHvv@x{BfuCvrBn~Gd`y@nolAtrGtcA`gPpf\\gv@~lEdxHnuP~i@xbHhaBzpCdaGqGbpEzeM`j@zpN|bKjdEr{F`~Pr|xAtkcAzWrjtJzwb@pn~Ajfe@}oUvbT_mE`oCrjDnpAor@nnDtcAvvAgaK~cAytAhtE|pCdbDePfnEivIfq@ujDr|BabDdhEeP`qLx{Df{sAvl~Ethc@vh`FxvfBlf_F?ra{@web@f{fAouc@~hRm|O_mEcaTnr@ohLq|HidConModBgaK{cDcaV{f`@_e_@{hBa`EfiAy}Cch@adCivDaqD{qC_mEukJcjA_gIohD}nB?afDq_BiwGtrAc{NyeAwlHw_C_tFi`F_pBbjAqfBk_AoupB}~w@iusIfbjAwr}Ar{rEwab@sb^ibSnjZxVrpd@`yFrtWxVngJchXncW{wSrqGgpCzKs_@glA_|HhqEs~HlTk~NmdEqxCrnBuS|gAn\\tjDunAduChh@jdEdqFjoF|AhoFykAn`GuSb~E~bAzrB}D|pC|bAv}Ct|EtjDet@~aOmn`@vjg@i{p@tdR{rsGbbkT~wJff}@zjt@jc~BgpFnq]lx@fyYyqBtb^tmE|aOwvDttWwnOhoFzUpuaBcg@fsD{kBucApr@~zKhx@pnBvzAfvTklGpuEka@flAix@qnB_fBwIvXrnBsxB|x@eFnpA{_@zKl@zZre@gChWdn@aS`]ikHlEayAtIgM`]sQzZvl@fdDik@`{@npApwDvjAfaKjqBrjDjiA`bDrGjfDzi@b{@hCbhBxl@xv@vb@zaCxl@nc@|_@hwCha@se@liDj|GwNfn@|iCr{Chn@njC`~@|gAte@pnBve@`aJdPtcAaSd_@`]r{C{Kvg@zmAl{Bnu@joFaI|x@owBf}@|Kn_BiC`sC`wCplNma@rt@irG}i@{v@ycBgn@`l@rfArwPa}BjdElJ`bDsvIia@dP|pCujDsnBozAtmTp[jkHcgEbbDfa@pcLehCwXlJ~eBz}@vX{eBnpA_ShjB_uJia@eiArqGayCxtAjr@nyCub@xzJ{z@pGdu@~lEfa@?xUbyAqQ~gAx_@tIvDxeAiWlT_c@tbGxhArbDfsB`e@fMnaAjh@rGj|@urAnkBzi@nsCoaAvl@{cBpy@qVhk@`xGvl@zrB_IrVvjA`bDeFd_@lJiCvNvIsiCvaBePqFpBfQuNbHuDqJ}ItADeMwLxGiAzClEvQoAhNeKQx@sK{DaDsVpYmH}Ds`F`oC}Vf\\ob@t_@yFnTlCtP}Vp]uLxJgYzKuAbCcbFlpD{zBni@itDi_CooA?kY`vBicAfn@{Fzi@qlBjkBT||Dbk@jpFrXbuNaU`l@eWt|CqvBvuCel@yYuOjDshAor@g~@_MkO_pAlF}xCca@al@jJok@V{h@xAyRsHwg@iOmSa[~[q]ki@cFtIgXcHsxCxz@eUpoC~i@xuLo_Jjy_@qBtrAmbAhyBwFt~BshC?oGd_@rp@pxDoXjsSj[nfPq^za@swAlqCoAldHxeB~kQ`~Avg@kOhh@`q@`{@vKxvCgd@r{@z~@lxC~`@ho@rHr{CzX~\\xdCu|@ddB|Sf^vg@ng@prFhu@pmE|G`eC~OrnBqSxeArd@dzApGps@_u@flAxApd@p}@`{@zRre@`Kt`HaPbhBlEd|@cFvqBdRr`ByFre@UvhE_uAt|C__@bAk`@en@k{@tHosAcl@q_BtHexDf{AopBj|AyRhhCk[tlI`Kb^qBjaFmx@pkIvKnvDkQhmAj@hmAbAlTmQlTnLxv@xAl}AqNtu@lLjnAeMtyDpBbyAe^jaFbAz|AlFhtAka@`zCqo@nr@ueB_\\_w@fXmeAp{@iDj_Aoc@rs@s[~`Dxc@xyBtEz|AmRl_Ds`@n_BbGdwE~_BdwBfN|uAka@`gEwQzyEsIntBykAjgA}Nn{EczBntEoj@heDm]}DomCpfE{YlnAgyIjnAut@qnBooDvg@yYse@efk@fpK_uBtjDs|c@xqH}yAucAeXf|FkrG~wRjNpfEtgAv}CpR|fGifAfiHgh@v|CsTnUabA`dC');

updated fiddle

code snippet:

google.maps.event.addDomListener(window, 'load', initialize);

function initialize() {
  var myLatlng = new google.maps.LatLng(61.5780305, -107.1029399);
  var myOptions = {
    zoom: 3,
    center: myLatlng,
    mapTypeId: google.maps.MapTypeId.ROADMAP
  }
  var map = new google.maps.Map(document.getElementById("map"), myOptions);

  var decodedPath = google.maps.geometry.encoding.decodePath('wkllHvswcQ_N`Kgl@jDJuEyIwIgv_TYuymWyusd@wbOqcLrgd@yvn@fqsH_ulc@iuMgppAhoWixv@v|oC}vXf`uD_{K`idAp}gApjkCynyCtwmB_`rIlobYsia@tmlFex}CtiiDov{Ov`KivImrH_gSc]gsDwhE}gAcc@{rBer@szI{zH{q_@_EufFkpDsoSicFi}L_EydG`r@slC~AygLeiCqsQcmG{eM~S_[_Bi`]dqHwgWdlCg}Wfnr@rhPpdWi`]hlGn|SnnMf_Lt_D`gShpEzgLni@~qIjc@puE}pAtcAaEfsDkc@zyEbxD|aObNbwMhmG~xLnuBraMpxBnr@jaItw\\bkA`dCto@ucAtrBhqEcHvv@x{BfuCvrBn~Gd`y@nolAtrGtcA`gPpf\\gv@~lEdxHnuP~i@xbHhaBzpCdaGqGbpEzeM`j@zpN|bKjdEr{F`~Pr|xAtkcAzWrjtJzwb@pn~Ajfe@}oUvbT_mE`oCrjDnpAor@nnDtcAvvAgaK~cAytAhtE|pCdbDePfnEivIfq@ujDr|BabDdhEeP`qLx{Df{sAvl~Ethc@vh`FxvfBlf_F?ra{@web@f{fAouc@~hRm|O_mEcaTnr@ohLq|HidConModBgaK{cDcaV{f`@_e_@{hBa`EfiAy}Cch@adCivDaqD{qC_mEukJcjA_gIohD}nB?afDq_BiwGtrAc{NyeAwlHw_C_tFi`F_pBbjAqfBk_AoupB}~w@iusIfbjAwr}Ar{rEwab@sb^ibSnjZxVrpd@`yFrtWxVngJchXncW{wSrqGgpCzKs_@glA_|HhqEs~HlTk~NmdEqxCrnBuS|gAn\\tjDunAduChh@jdEdqFjoF|AhoFykAn`GuSb~E~bAzrB}D|pC|bAv}Ct|EtjDet@~aOmn`@vjg@i{p@tdR{rsGbbkT~wJff}@zjt@jc~BgpFnq]lx@fyYyqBtb^tmE|aOwvDttWwnOhoFzUpuaBcg@fsD{kBucApr@~zKhx@pnBvzAfvTklGpuEka@flAix@qnB_fBwIvXrnBsxB|x@eFnpA{_@zKl@zZre@gChWdn@aS`]ikHlEayAtIgM`]sQzZvl@fdDik@`{@npApwDvjAfaKjqBrjDjiA`bDrGjfDzi@b{@hCbhBxl@xv@vb@zaCxl@nc@|_@hwCha@se@liDj|GwNfn@|iCr{Chn@njC`~@|gAte@pnBve@`aJdPtcAaSd_@`]r{C{Kvg@zmAl{Bnu@joFaI|x@owBf}@|Kn_BiC`sC`wCplNma@rt@irG}i@{v@ycBgn@`l@rfArwPa}BjdElJ`bDsvIia@dP|pCujDsnBozAtmTp[jkHcgEbbDfa@pcLehCwXlJ~eBz}@vX{eBnpA_ShjB_uJia@eiArqGayCxtAjr@nyCub@xzJ{z@pGdu@~lEfa@?xUbyAqQ~gAx_@tIvDxeAiWlT_c@tbGxhArbDfsB`e@fMnaAjh@rGj|@urAnkBzi@nsCoaAvl@{cBpy@qVhk@`xGvl@zrB_IrVvjA`bDeFd_@lJiCvNvIsiCvaBePqFpBfQuNbHuDqJ}ItADeMwLxGiAzClEvQoAhNeKQx@sK{DaDsVpYmH}Ds`F`oC}Vf\\ob@t_@yFnTlCtP}Vp]uLxJgYzKuAbCcbFlpD{zBni@itDi_CooA?kY`vBicAfn@{Fzi@qlBjkBT||Dbk@jpFrXbuNaU`l@eWt|CqvBvuCel@yYuOjDshAor@g~@_MkO_pAlF}xCca@al@jJok@V{h@xAyRsHwg@iOmSa[~[q]ki@cFtIgXcHsxCxz@eUpoC~i@xuLo_Jjy_@qBtrAmbAhyBwFt~BshC?oGd_@rp@pxDoXjsSj[nfPq^za@swAlqCoAldHxeB~kQ`~Avg@kOhh@`q@`{@vKxvCgd@r{@z~@lxC~`@ho@rHr{CzX~\\xdCu|@ddB|Sf^vg@ng@prFhu@pmE|G`eC~OrnBqSxeArd@dzApGps@_u@flAxApd@p}@`{@zRre@`Kt`HaPbhBlEd|@cFvqBdRr`ByFre@UvhE_uAt|C__@bAk`@en@k{@tHosAcl@q_BtHexDf{AopBj|AyRhhCk[tlI`Kb^qBjaFmx@pkIvKnvDkQhmAj@hmAbAlTmQlTnLxv@xAl}AqNtu@lLjnAeMtyDpBbyAe^jaFbAz|AlFhtAka@`zCqo@nr@ueB_\\_w@fXmeAp{@iDj_Aoc@rs@s[~`Dxc@xyBtEz|AmRl_Ds`@n_BbGdwE~_BdwBfN|uAka@`gEwQzyEsIntBykAjgA}Nn{EczBntEoj@heDm]}DomCpfE{YlnAgyIjnAut@qnBooDvg@yYse@efk@fpK_uBtjDs|c@xqH}yAucAeXf|FkrG~wRjNpfEtgAv}CpR|fGifAfiHgh@v|CsTnUabA`dC');
  var decodedLevels = decodeLevels("BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB");

  var setRegion = new google.maps.Polyline({
    path: decodedPath,
    levels: decodedLevels,
    strokeColor: '#8A8000',
    strokeOpacity: 1.0,
    strokeWeight: 2,
    fillColor: '#8A8A1D',
    fillOpacity: 0,
    map: map
  });
}

function decodeLevels(encodedLevelsString) {
  var decodedLevels = [];

  for (var i = 0; i < encodedLevelsString.length; ++i) {
    var level = encodedLevelsString.charCodeAt(i) - 63;
    decodedLevels.push(level);
  }
  return decodedLevels;
}
html,
body,
#map {
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Cryptocurrency vs Blockchain: What's The Difference?
Internet Cryptocurrency vs Blockchain: What's The Difference?
We all know very well that the cryptocurrency and blockchain are disruptive technologies that will simply change the industries in the coming years in many ways. Hence, today we will simply discuss all the differences between cryptocurrency and blockchain.
1 Cryptocurrency vs Blockchain: What's The Difference?
1.3 How does a transaction work in blockchain?
1.4 What is an ICO?
What are Blockchain and cryptocurrency? Is it safe to invest in them? Don't worry about these issues and things, as today we will simply discuss everything about the Blockchain and Cryptocurrency.
So, let's start with the blockchain, yes, we all know very well that it is one of the buzzwords of recent times. As the blockchain is a concept that will not only bring disruptive revolution in our economy but it will also bring many innovations and evolutions in all kinds of areas.
Hence, understanding what this chain of blocks or blockchains are is not so difficult, as nowadays this secure concept is being used more and more by the users, so, here simply we wanted to make a quick introduction to the blockchain and cryptocurrency, to describe what they are, how they work and what revolution it will bring. So, what are you waiting for let's get started and explore the entire post simply to know the difference between cryptocurrency and blockchain.
The blockchain is a medium that basically eliminates mediators, hence, simply helps to decentralize all management. As the control of the process is simply depends on users, not on the banks. Of course, we are talking about money, but the example can be extrapolated to other types of transactions. Hence, it is they who basically become part of a huge bank with thousands, millions of nodes, each of them simply becomes a participant and manager.
So, blockchain is a gigantic book of accounts in which the records are linked and simply encrypted to protect the security and privacy of transactions. In other basic words, it is a distributed and secure database that can be applied to all types of transactions that do not necessarily have to be economic.
However, the most important thing is that the blockchain has an important requirement, yes, there must be several users (nodes) that are responsible for verifying those transactions to validate them and thus the block corresponding to that transaction register in that gigantic account book.
Basically, the word cryptocurrency is made up of two different concepts. The first one is crypto, as cryptographic algorithms are used to make the Cryptocurrency networks safe. These allow that when an action is taken the computers can not reverse it, and you can not know where it comes from and who has made it.
The second part of the concept is the definition of what a currency is. The currencies have to fulfill three major and basic functions, that allow to store value, make exchanges and transactions, and referencing objects. Reference means that you can use a reference value, as when you say the price of your phone so that the rest of us can get an idea of its value.
According to these standards, we can not say that cryptocurrencies are real coins because they do not fulfill these three properties. The one that is fulfilled the most is the storage of value as if it were a virtual gold.
But as a means of exchange they are not accepted in too many places, and due to constant changes in value and high volatility, they are not serve as a reference. Hence, the cryptocurrencies will not be real coins until these three properties are met.
How does a transaction work in blockchain?
The process is relatively simple, but as we say it involves more people. Now to explain this we will show you a clear and short example, suppose Tushar want to withdraw a bitcoin from his own account simply to give it to Amar, here comes the twist, as the transaction that Tushar wants to initiate in that nobody will know that who is Tushar and who is Amar, so, it is quite odd but it is common in this section. As in the whole transaction process, only the bank account in which Tushar wants to transfer that amount to another will be known, that's it, as we told it is fully encrypted.
Moreover, when a block no longer supports any transactions, there comes an important moment, yes, we are talking about the "validate" or "seal" it option, which is activated by the users themselves while doing bitcoin mining.
An ICO is a form of financing a business project that instead of offering shares simply offers virtual tokens. These new cryptocurrencies have some hypothetical value due to their scarcity and demand and are directly associated with the business project that creates them, as is the case with well-known examples of the Brave browser.
This method to finance and obtain liquidity began to be used in 2014, but it has not been until the last year when startups have exploded and have started to invest big in tokens generated by the companies. With this, companies that issue tokens are able to finance themselves without resorting to venture capital, so they do not have to sell part of the company or deal with those who control risk capital.
As a return of capital right now, tokens are an unbeatable product as compare to others. As when you invest in a startup you can not get out of it, which means that your shares are sold down. But, if we talk about the tokens then let me clarify that they can be resold at any time to have liquidity, which makes them more attractive assets than others.
Basically, the cryptocurrencies, blockchains, and tokens are disruptive technologies that will simply change the industries in the coming years in many ways. So, what do you think about this? Simply share all your views and thoughts in the comment section below.


More than anything Lotus Lowenstein wants to go to Paris to be an existentialist and to fall in love with "a dashing Frenchman called Jean-something." Unfortunately, her parents are not very supportive of her dream, and they are not about to pay for Lotus – who is fifteen – to go France. Lotus decides to get a job at a local wellness center to pay for her ticket to France, and then she sets up a French club at her school. She is quite resigned to having a total of two members in the club (herself and her best friend Joni), so she is very surprised when a rather cute boy called Sean turns up at the first meeting. Sean is really into existentialism and Jean Paul Sartre, so he is a perfect fit.
Without really being aware of it, Lotus starts to fall for Sean, and she isn't the only one. Joni also thinks that Sean is just the guy for her. Both girls are deliciously happy until they find out that Sean has been double dipping. He truly believes in the whole free love thing, and he has no problem with kissing both girls. The girls, on the other hand, find that they are not as free thinking as they thought they were.
Written in the form of a diary, this book is funny, poignant, and thoroughly delightful. Sprinkled liberally with French words and phrases, Lotus' diary entries truly capture some of the confusing things that young people experience as they navigate the turbulent waters of adolescence.


Some reports have suggested the next iPhone will have a 4.6-inch display. A new report, from iMore, claims the new iPhone will just have the same 3.5-inch screen as all previous iPhone models. They do expect 4G LTE, just like the new iPad.
iMore has a good reputation when it comes to rumors. They knew when the new iPad would be launched and that it would support LTE. In addition to the claims above, iMore also says the new iPhone will be introduced/launched in October, at least this Fall. Keep in mind that a new iPhone is usually also a reason for Apple to launch the next generation of iOS. They are probably going to show off iOS 6 during WWDC in June. The question is: will they also show off the next iPhone?


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JGBE Virtual Jam (Round 40) - Iris
mr. beaumont
It's true though...I think so many of us come up playing GASB tunes and bop tunes, and we spend a lot of time trying to simplify changes...then we get to these tunes that have "simple" changes (or at least, not as many in #) and the script gets flipped on us!
I can't remember who I heard say it, but I stole it years ago and repeat it a lot: "The job of a jazz musician is to make the complex sound simple, and the simple sound complex."
I guess it all goes to show why jazz is not for "dabbling." You can commit yourself completely to it and STILL not master all of it in a lifetime.
That can sound kind of glum, I suppose...I just like to think of it as an excuse to never be bored again, my whole life. There's ALWAYS something else to learn.
The Jazz Guitar Chord Dictionary
ragman1
Anyway, this would scramble anyone. I thought I'd do it a bit more swingy and it seemed to work. Every chorus is different and there are lots of different ideas in it.
Christian Miller
Hmm... this reminds me of a convo I had the other day on a duo gig with an excellent jazz guitar player who had learned completely by ear (his background was in gypsy jazz) - not a jot of theory. He said the the'd been taking theory lessons so the he could play more contemporary New York style jazz.
Which led me to thinking - is there something about the more modern music that necessitates theoretical thinking/hearing? Hard to find a counter example, as all the players I know with an interest in contemporary jazz have a very thorough grounding in theory.
Obviously when you learn standards, there's a shared vocabulary of moves. Learn a few hundred standard tunes, bop numbers etc etc and you'll know 90% of what comes up in a new tune (ii V I's being the obvious example). There's always unfamiliar changes, but you can focus on these in isolation when they crop up.
Whereas in modern jazz even within the ouvre of one composer, such as Wayne Shorter there's not that much stuff that gets repeated from tune to tune. The 'room' is much larger. There are common general features - stepwise bass lines, counterpoint, melody on the extensions. blues, pentatonic influences etc - but it's not like there's neat little modules like ii-V's (unless there are actual ii-V's).
(That said, I'm starting to look at old school standards more in this specific way as well, trying to find what's unique about a tune.)
Modern jazz theory like CST based improv approaches always gives you an approach on these tunes, even it doesn't always map onto what the original musicians did on them. Play your patterns over the chords, etc.
One alternative approach for literally any tune that always works great is variation of the melody, which seems a favourite of Wayne - so maybe you can?
Originally Posted by mr. beaumont
You're 100% right.
I was at a blues jam session some time ago.
There were probably 30 guitarists.
Eight musicians played on the stage and new guitarists entered every two tunes.
It was great fun on three or two chords.The audience had a great time.
... the musicians just came out and played quite nice blues solos.
I don't even know if any of these bluesmen have ever listened to Shorter's music.
They were all happy.
The fun was great.
Originally Posted by Christian Miller
You once mentioned that you can play anything in gypsy style ...Can you try to play "Iris" in gypsy style?
This is a serious question.
I often come back to what Miles said in his autobiography about what he was up to from Kind of Blue forward, and especially with the second quintet. He was sick of playing changes and wanted another way to frame songs and improvisation, but still have structure. He experimented with different approaches to this -- the simplified phrasing, increased use of space, and quartal palette of Ahmad Jamal; explicitly modal tunes; tunes that kind of have changes, but don't really have resolutions (such as Iris); soloing in a "free" style over conventional tunes; funk vamps, to name a few. I'm not sure I've understood it correctly, but I think of it as taking harmony out of the picture as a firm constraint and elevating other elements of musical structure -- articulation, dynamics, dissonance, harmonic rhythm, surprise, long/short notes, etc. Something like the Plugged Nickel recordings are kind of the ultimate expression of this.
Calling Iris a "Miles Davis" tune rather than a "Wayne Shorter" tune helps me understand it a little better. Yes, Shorter wrote it (and Evans, maybe, wrote Nardis, yada yada). But he wrote it (I think and could be wrong) for a band/context/purpose, not as an independent work. As I play this kind of tune, I try to have the sound of that band in my mind and let stuff happen rather than force what I play to fit in a thought-out harmony. Obviously, there are certain devices that have thought behind them (e.g., playing bits of an altered dominant scale over a dom7 or a lydian mode over a maj7), but I try to make it as much as possible about sound/feel rather than thought/harmony.
wzpgsr
Originally Posted by John A.
I'm not sure I've understood it correctly, but I think of it as taking harmony out of the picture as a firm constraint and elevating other elements of musical structure -- articulation, dynamics, dissonance, harmonic rhythm, surprise, long/short notes, etc.
I like your way of looking at it. On Iris, the improviser is responsible for explaining or interpreting or making sense of the harmony for the listener, because (at least to my relatively unsophisticated ear), the harmony itself doesn't have the same kind of internal logic of a functional harmony tune that you can hang your hat on. When I listened to Mr B.'s take I was like "ohhhhhh I get it", but when I sit down to try and play something, it becomes clear quickly that I will need a lot more time with the tune to even begin to make a coherent statement.
Originally Posted by kris
I would say 'challenge accepted' in a heartbeat normally, but it's so hard for me to find time to do anything at the moment. I would love to give it a try… maybe?
Matz will probably me beat me to the punch haha
(Anyway it wasn't me who did that, but my bass player haha, I find it a fun theory and I have yet to find any counterexamples.)
I did do Witch Hunt
The melody would sound great on violin...
Each musician can take a different approach to Iris.
You can just take this tune as standard from Real Book and try to use modern jazz language.
Ragman posted a recording of a guitarist/Alesio Menconi/ who seems to implement such concepts.
Jazz waltz- in right tempo.
I prefer the original recordings from ESP- Miles Davis recording..
This is my individual feeling.
Maybe the guitar doesn't match this tune.
Playing melodically no matter what the changes is an ideal. And with changes like these, unless it's all planned out beforehand, extremely difficult. The notes have got to come from somewhere, they can't all be random.
That means having a very firm idea what to use at any point. But combining that necessity with attractive melodic lines, that's another story.
I'm fairly sure that's why the pros use so many effects rather than lines in tunes like this. Also, it probably means internalising the whole thing till it's become second nature. Probably the only way to master any tune really.
Not that I have with this one so far, of course.
lawson-stone
Wilmore, KY USA
No, saying "you and I" in that context is incorrect grammatically. In context, it's two personal pronouns that are the object of the preposition "of". "Me" is the first person object pronoun, not "I". Correcting it with "we" would also be wrong; "us" would be correct.
God this kind of talk warms my heart. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you.
Hey, I said my lyrics were shitty.
Change it to "glimpse of you and me" and they'll be sublime (and grammatical)
Last edited by John A.; 10-18-2021 at 09:18 PM.
It's not that, you only wrote a little aide-mémoire, quite nice too. My comment was just a jest. I got it wrong (amazingly) but now it's a syntactical symposium. Poor you!
I would like to say goodbye to the JGBE participants for a while.
I have a few recording jobs and I would like to focus on that.
Good luck with the music.
I think Ragman 1 and others will be saddened by this decision.
Do not be sad, I will come back someday.
Last edited by kris; 10-19-2021 at 02:25 AM.
It doesn't mean anything if it hasn't got that 'swing'
I will come back someday.
Oh, I have no doubt!
What about your poor old 90 year-old man?
I don't think it's possible to solo over this tune without making it sound weird. It IS weird, even if you play all the right notes. I think the nice tune disguises the strangeness.
But, personally, I quite like weird...
grahambop
Yes, not an easy tune to get your head around. I played around with the melody and chords for quite a while until I could come up with some ideas which seemed to fit. The only 2 chords which really gave me trouble were (unsurprisingly) the Abmaj#5 and the Dbm b6. So I worked out a sort of 'pool' of notes I could use on each one, and just made ideas out of those. Probably the closest I've ever got to using anything like 'chord-scale theory'!
Also I put some delay on the guitar to make it sound a bit more mysterious, wayney, shorterish, milesey, etc. etc.
Last edited by grahambop; 10-19-2021 at 07:30 AM.
Not simple, is it? The AbM7#5 is just C/Ab. I just play it like a C chord, sort of C D E G notes.*
Over the Dbmb6 I just use the Db harmonic minor - Db Eb E Gb Ab A C . Or use the Dbm pentatonic. Using the 9th (Eb) with it sounds good.
I thought the other stuff you were doing was great, sounded nice.
* The other scale is F melodic minor because it has the natural E but it can be tricky because the F note is basically redundant. And one tends to head naturally for the root.
Thanks, yes for the Abmaj#5 I was using some kind of Fm melodic lines (though when playing I just tend to think of it as Fm lines with a maj7).
For the Dbm b6 I was essentially using Amaj7 lines.
Originally Posted by ragman1
Sorry about the grammar diversion, Jeff, but a day without poking Rags in the eye about something irrelevant is like a day without sunshine, or a fish without a bicycle, or something.
For me, the thing which stands out from your solos is that you've achieved some lovely melodic lines. Not easy in this tune and you've done it marvellously.
I'm not against CST myself. It's certainly not as black as it's painted. I think what most people object to is that it can easily be taken as some sort of final authority, not to be questioned or deviated from, the 'bible' of what-to-play-over-what, and so on.
Experienced players, knowing there are frequently many options over a progression, poo-poo that, naturally. But I think those beginning in this stuff need some kind of guide to what to play. The ideas set out by CST are sound. It also factors in context and options, which is often overlooked by its detractors.
I think the real downfall is a dependency on it and therefore a reluctance to look outside it because it's 'safe'. But that's applicable to any sphere of life, not just music. But it's okay for establishing a grounding. In my view, anyway. One can experiment later.
And I certainly don't believe in the 'no scales, no modes' idea. That's just foolish because the notes have got to come from somewhere.
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Heritage Eagle Classic?
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Oz Noy - New Standards Album
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This is great stuff - thanks, Mark! For anyone interested in a more in-depth discussion of DIY live recording, here's a link to an article I wrote for Audiophile Style in 2021 (I write a column...
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Another way is to look at the "What are you listening to?" threads on this site. You can get exposed to all kinds of music that you may have never heard.
Is there a linear audio listening program for discovering jazz?
All of these answers are terrific so far!! I am pursuing all of them. Keep 'em coming if there are more ideas. What a wealth of knowledge from you all.
Good info QAman. I would add that setting the nut slot height should be done after you've nailed the truss rod and the bridge otherwise you risk buzz on open strings if you straighten the neck after.
Good playability starts at the nut. Too often the nuts slot depths leave the factory excessively high, and changing saddle height will still leave you with an uncomfortable stiff feeling guitar. ...
To my eye it looks like the neck has too much bow. Mine has about 0.5mm (fraction thicker than the 2nd string) between the strings and the 2nd fret. Similar to previous posts I like to set the...
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New Guitar and Amp Day
The frets have little wear and do not look low or levelled to me. Maybe it's the pics. Though the action is too high, it plays well. DB
Huh. Why that? How can you see this? DB
I recorded this for my sister at the end of March. DB And this live track features Jan on bass, who passed away november last. Neither Jan nor the trumpet player knew this tune and had...
JGBE Virtual Jam (round 54) - Detour Ahead
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Panayiota, a 37-year-old illiterate housewife, leads a quiet life with her husband and their children in a modest neighbourhood in Athens, Greece. To cope with the recession that has been affecting her family for some time, Panayiota for the first time in her life, finds a job as a cleaner in a shopping mall. Despite the ruthlessness of her work-environment, Panayiota breaks free from domestic monotony and gradually gains the respect she never had from her family. When a series of layoffs starts, she will have to face again her personal dead ends. But Panayiota cannot be the same anymore.


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NowPow
A woman-owned and operated company that uses a digital platform and data analytics to connect patients in under-resourced neighborhoods to nearby vital health and social services.
Founded in 2015 by Dr. Stacy Lindau, NowPow grew out of a health initiative of the Affordable Care Act that sought to jump-start new approaches to promoting good health and well-being. Employing non-professional community outreach workers, NowPow uses digital technology to link those people known to have chronic health and social problems to community-based providers of the health and social services that have been prescribed for them.
Based in Chicago's Hyde Park neighborhood, NowPow currently works in communities on the city's South and West sides serving a broad range of clients from large hospitals, such as Rush University Medical Center and Sinai Health System, to community health centers and organizations, such as Mercy Housing and CommunityHealth.
In Chicago, the average life expectancy for individuals in low-income, minority communities can be as much as 16 years lower than the life expectancy of those living in affluent, white areas. In Cook County alone, more than half of Medicaid and Medicare enrollees or uninsured individuals live with multiple chronic health and social conditions.
All too often, people in under-resourced communities lack the information and connections to follow the recommendations made to them by health care and social service providers. Studies have shown that the most important predictor of improved health is whether the person follows through on the therapies or medicines prescribed, or what is called "self-care." Yet, it is here that a great challenge persists. Not only is it difficult for professionals and patients to access up-to-date information, but patients also often lack the information they need to access the prescribed treatments.
Pictured above: NowPow CEO Rachel Kohler (left) with Founder and Chief Innovation Officer Dr. Stacy Lindau (right)
NowPow aids health and social service providers and empowers patients to take charge of and improve their health by translating recommendations (specific to their condition, address, age, and gender) into accessible contacts and resources – whether those are for a specific therapy or health care service provider or for a source to access general needs, such as housing, job placement, or fitness training. In addition to connecting patients to community resources, NowPow also maintains an e-connection between patients and their case managers, care coordinators, social workers, and clinicians.
Pictured above: NowPow employees during a team meeting
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MALACCA 2016- A CNY Vacay Part 1 - Eunice C.
This year, my family brought our Chinese New Year celebration to a whole new level!
It was so special to have our celebration done in MALACCA, the historical city that I have always wanted to visit, because it was more than 10 years ago since the last time I went.
Thanks to my aunt, who is currently residing in Malacca with her family, provided us great hospitality more than we could ask for and also, this awesome touristy experience for three days.
In contrast with my unexciting little hometown, Malacca offers much greater tourist attractions, as well as its preserved local heritage buried with centuries of history.
We arrived at Malacca from Ipoh on the eve of CNY, and it took us approximately three and a half hours, even when there were some slow moving traffic along the way. Upon reaching, we went to my aunt's house for late lunch, before checking into our homestay.
#1 CNY COUNTDOWN @ JONKER WALK!
Our CNY eve reunion was done with simplicity, where everyone gathered around the table, steam-boating. As usual after eating, we talked, laughed, chilled in front of the TV, and played with my cheeky cousins. Out of the blue, someone suggested to go to Jonker Walk, aka Chinatown of Malacca! It was a Sunday, which means it was our last chance in this trip to visit Jonker Walk, as it only operates during the weekends and on Friday.
Jonker Walk, or also known as, Jalan Hang Jebat is a street loaded with ancient history. It existed back in the 17th century, where rich peranakans lived and did their business there.
I always love walking in happening places like this, enjoying the view while eating street food. The night air was fresh, and I could feel smell the CNY countdown excitement in the air. It was so nice to see the multi racial community walking in the streets, with CNY vibes everywhere.
There was a vendor knocking and breaking chunks of candies using a chisel, producing the "ting-ting" sound, and hence, the name "ting-ting candy". Apparently, it was not found in Ipoh anymore! It came in two flavours- Malt & Peppermint, priced at RM5 per packet. My parents and relatives were saying how cheap it was last time, and how the "Ting-ting uncle" always went round the neighbourhood.
Honestly, I love how it tastes like. I wish I lived in that era where it was famous and had more authenticity.
Photo courtesy of The Star online.
When it was almost 12am, there was amazing fireworks display that was right in front of me!
I definitely had the time of my life, even just by walking and exploring Jonker Walk itself. Definitely the best CNY countdown I have ever been to.
The God of prosperity, aka Chinese Santa Claus is on stage.
Dress: H&M's CNY edition dress. I have seen many people wearing this same dress, and I wouldn't have bought it but this dress really brings out my figure and it gives me a very oriental look. I really love how contemporary the design is, while maintaining the oriental features.
My aunt suggested us to go up to the Menara Taming Sari, where from the height of 80m, the panoramic view of Malacca city can be observed.
Here are the snapshots that I viewed from up there. You can even view it with the binoculars given. The ride was pretty fast, just less than 10 minutes I suppose.
We went to Nadeje, the cafe with the famous mille crepe cakes for teatime. We ordered an assorted range of flavours on their menu.
Clockwise: Strawberry Chocolate, Cafe Mocha, Mango Yogurt, Rum and Raisin, Original, and Double Chocolate. My favourite is Rum and Raisin, from the alcoholic category.
Apart from their popular mille crepe cakes, they have a variety of main courses, such as spaghetti, and pizzas.
We ordered the bolognese spaghetti, and also the Yaki Spaghetti. I preferred the bolognese spaghetti, as it has a stronger taste than the Yaki Spaghetti, which I found it plain.
Unlike the mainstream CNY dinner, we had ikan bakar by the river on the first night of CNY. This ikan bakar place was so popular that it requires advanced booking, unless you don't mind queuing up till 9.00pm. So, we decided to try and see what's so hyped up about it.
The seafood was definitely fresh, but the cooking style was not great. I'm sorry to say that the teochew style steamed Siakap was very bland and plain. Perhaps more and generous garnishing and flavouring can be added such as pickles/ sour vegetables, tofu, ginger, scallion, and coriander (my favourite).
The view from the restaurant was breathtaking.
After a satisfying dinner, we headed to the Melaka River Cruise. It was serene to watch the night view, while enjoying the boat ride.
Thats all for the first and second day. Stay tuned for Part 2!


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Isabel Briggs Meyers, née le  à Washington et est morte le , c'est une romancière américaine, cocréatrice avec sa mère (Katherine Cook Briggs), du Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). Plus tard, elle entra en collaboration avec Mary McCaulley et poursuivit avec elle, des expérimentations liées à la méthode mais aussi des recherches pour approfondir les connaissances du MBTI.

Années de formation
Isabel Briggs-Myers a grandi à Washington D.C. où sa mère, Katherine Cook-Briggs, lui apprenait à lire et écrire. Son père, Lyman J. Briggs, était physicien et devint directeur de l'antenne de Washington du National Bureau of Standards : il lui communiqua sa passion pour les études statistiques. I. Briggs-Myers n'avait donc bénéficié que d'une formation rudimentaire lorsqu'elle s'inscrivit en sciences politiques au Swarthmore College. Là, elle fit connaissance avec un étudiant en droit, Clarence « Chief » Myers : ils se marièrent en 1918.

Influences
Dans le numéro (posthume) de  de son journal MBTI News, Briggs-Myers révéla qu'elle avait été initiée à l'œuvre de C.-G. Jung par sa mère. Inspirée par les idées du psychiatre suisse, Briggs-Myers lança une enquête dans les journaux, qui allait déboucher sur la classification MBTI. Elle proposait aux lecteurs un questionnaire censé les aider à déterminer le profil qui leur permettrait de réussir dans la vie. Pour sa typologie des caractères humains, Jung s'était fondé sur trois oppositions : extraversion/introversion, bon sens/intuition, et pensée/sentiment. Briggs Myers y ajouta une quatrième opposition : jugement/perception.

Au début de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, Briggs-Myers caressait l'espoir de résorber les conflits entre les individus en les aidant à se comprendre mieux. Elle observa que plusieurs employés du secteur militaire n'aimaient pas leur travail et s'intéressa à leur expérience personnelle. Puis en 1945, le doyen de la George Washington School of Medicine autorisa Briggs-Myers et sa mère à faire passer leur test MBTI aux étudiants de première année : cela représentait un total de  individus. Briggs-Myers en analysa les résultats en recherchant les facteurs discriminants entre « bons » et « mauvais » étudiants.

La romancière
En 1928, Isabel Briggs-Myers participa au concours du meilleur roman policier américain avec un manuscrit intitulé Murder Yet to Come : elle remporta le premier prix, d'un montant de , et son roman parut en 1929. Ce roman s'appuie sur les connaissances de l'auteur en psychologie.

Par son succès, Isabel Briggs-Myers se voyait commander un second roman policier : c'est ainsi qu'elle écrivit Give Me Death, où réapparaissent les mêmes enquêteurs que dans Murder Yet to Come. Il s'agit d'une famille du Sud des États-Unis dont les membres se suicident l'un après l'autre en apprenant qu'ils ont du sang noir. Ce second roman, publié en 1934, a été jugé durement par la critique.

Publications
 Myers, I. (1995) Gifts differing:Understanding personality type. Davies-Black Publishing, U.S.
 Myers, I. (1990) Introduction to Type: A Description of the Theory and Applications of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. Center for Applications of Psychological Type Inc

Articles
Saunders, F. W. (1991) Katharine and Isabel: Mother's Light, Daughter's Journey. Davies-Black Publishing, U.S.   A biography of Katharine Cook Briggs and Isabel Briggs Myers.

Liens internes
 Test (psychologie)
 Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
 Socionique

Références

Liens externes

  Éléments bibliographiques.

Psychologue américain
Étudiant du Swarthmore College
Auteur américain de roman policier
Développement personnel
Psychologue jungien
Femme de lettres américaine
Naissance en octobre 1897
Naissance à Washington (district de Columbia)
Décès en mai 1980
Décès à 82 ans

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Since our last update, Karla has been back for 5 radiation treatments to the base of her skull & hips area. These radiation procedures typically leave her tired and as days progress and the radiation continues to work, she has a combination of soreness, fatigue followed by some gradual pain relief. This focus on her upper spine did cause a very dry and sore throat which took more than a week to feel better, so late November and December was a tough period.


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