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Justia Patents Particular Pulse Demodulator Or DetectorUS Patent for Communication method and receiving apparatus Patent (Patent # 5,903,614)
Communication method and receiving apparatus
Dec 24, 1997 - Sony Corporation
A reception method of a multicarrier system is one in which a phase-modulated data is transmitted by using each of a plurality of subcarriers, and includes a random data generating step of generating a phase shift data randomly changed, a multiplying step for multiplying each of the received subcarriers with an output obtained in the random data generating step, and a state detection signal generating step for monitoring a state of an output obtained in the multiplying step and for generating a predetermined state detection signal when a predetermined state is detected.
The present invention relates to a communication method applicable to the orthogonal frequency division multiplex system (OFDM system) and a receiving apparatus for receiving a signal according to the communication method.
For a communication method suitable for a mobile communication such as a wireless telephone system or the like, a multicarrier communication method called Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM system) has been proposed. This system is such that a plurality of subcarriers are arranged at a predetermined frequency interval within one transmission band and data is scattered over the respective subcarriers to modulate them for transmission. In this case, on a transmitting side, transmitting data in the form of a time sequence is orthogonal-transformed to a multicarrier signal at a predetermined frequency interval by a fast Fourier transform or the like. On a receiving side, a received multicarrier signal is subjected to the inverse transform of that in transmission for obtaining received data.
The transmitted signal according to the OFDM system has an advantage in that even if there is a multipath a good transmission characteristic is ensured, so that it is particularly suitable for the mobile communication such as the wireless telephone system or the like.
When such multicarrier signal is received, it is difficult to detect a frequency offset of the received signal. Specifically, when the multicarrier signal in which subcarriers of a predetermined number are provided in one transmission band, for example, is transmitted in a plurality of continuous transmission bands, it is difficult for the reception side to easily determine which range of the subcarriers from one transmission band. Especially, in order to increase the transmission efficiency, a frequency interval between the adjacent subcarriers is very narrow (e.g., an interval of several kHz) in the communication of this kind, which makes it difficult to precisely detect the frequency offset.
In order to solve this disadvantage, it can be considered that the transmission side transmits a specific symbol by using a subcarrier at a specific position in one transmission band and the reception side corrects an offset of a reception frequency with reference to the subcarrier in which the reception side receives the specific symbol. However, when such a specific symbol is transmitted, the period of data transmission is reduced to that extent, which reduces the transmission capacity.
In view of such aspects, it is an object of the present invention that, when transmitting the multicarrier signal, the frame period or a reference timing in a frame can simply be detected on a receiving side even if the synchronizing signal is not transmitted.
According to a first aspect of the present invention, a reception method of a multicarrier system, in which a phase-modulated data is transmitted by using each of a plurality of subcarriers, includes a random data generating step of generating phase shift data randomly changed, a multiplying step for multiplying each of received subcarriers with an output obtained in the random data generating step, and a state detection signal generating step for monitoring a state of an output obtained in the multiplying step and for generating a predetermined state detection signal when a predetermined state is detected.
According to a first aspect of the present invention, a reception apparatus for a multicarrier system in which a phase-modulated data is transmitted by using each of a plurality of subcarriers, includes a demodulation unit for demodulating a signal of a multicarrier system, a random data generating unit for generating phase shift data randomly changed, a multiplying unit for multiplying an output from the demodulation unit with an output from the random data generating unit, and a state detection signal generating unit for monitoring a state of an output from the multiplying unit and for generating a predetermined state detection signal when a predetermined state is detected.
FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram showing the structure of slots according to the communication method applied to each embodiment of the present invention;
FIGS. 2A to 2G are explanatory diagrams showing the transmission timing according to the communication method applied to each embodiment of the present invention;
FIGS. 3A and 3B are explanatory diagrams showing the band slot according to the communication method applied to each embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram showing the transmission phase according to the communication method applied to each embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing the construction of the receiving system according to the first embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is an explanatory diagram showing the phase shift states according to the first embodiment;
FIG. 7 is a phase characteristic diagram showing an example of the phase shift state according to the first embodiment;
FIGS. 8A to 8C are characteristic diagram showing the phase state when assuming that data is zero with the first embodiment;
FIGS. 9A to 9C are characteristic diagrams showing the phase state when data is scattered with the first embodiment; and
FIG. 10 is a block diagram showing the construction of the receiving system according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
Embodiments according to the present invention will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
In these embodiments, the present invention is applied to the wireless telephone system of what is called a cellular system in which a base station is arranged in a predetermined condition to form a service area and communicate with a portable station (terminal device). First of all, the multicarrier transmission system applied to the embodiments will be described in detail with reference to FIG. 1 to FIG. 4. A communication system of the present example is made to be the orthogonal frequency division multiplex system (OFDM system) in which a plurality of subcarriers are successively arranged within a preallocated band. And a plurality of the subcarriers within one transmission band are simultaneously utilized through one transmission path, and is further made to modulate collectively a plurality of the subcarriers within one band in a band division.
A structure thereof will be explained. FIG. 1 shows how to construct slots of the transmitting signal in this example, in which figure a vertical axis represents frequency and a horizontal axis represents time. In case of this example, orthogonal bases are provided by dividing the frequency axis and the time axis in a grid shape. Particularly, one transmission band (one band slot) consists of 150 kHz and twenty-four subcarriers are arranged within this one transmission band of 150 kHz. These twenty-four subcarriers are successively arranged at an equal interval of 6.25 kHz and to each subcarriers are given subcarrier numbers 0 to 23, respectively. However, really existing subcarriers are twenty-two one from subcarriers numbers 1 to 22. Regarding the subcarrier numbers 0 and 23 at both ends within one band slot, they are made guard band in which no subcarrier is arranged and their powers are made zero.
Looking over the time axis, one time slot having a time period of 200 .mu.s is defined and at every time slot the twenty-two subcarriers are modulated by a burst signal for transmission. A time section in which twenty-five time slots are arranged (i.e. 5 ms) is defined as one frame. To each time slot within this one frame is given time slot numbers 0 to 24, respectively. An area shown by hatching in FIG. 1 represents one time slot section of one band slot. Further, the time slot of the slot number 24 is made a time period where no data is transmitted.
Using the orthogonal bases formed by dividing the frequency axis and the time axis in a grid shape, the multiple access in which the cell station communicates simultaneously with a plurality of the portable stations (terminal devices) is carried out. In this case, as to a mode of coupling to each portable station, it is performed in such a manner as shown in FIGS. 2A to 2G. FIGS. 2A to 2G illustrate use of the time slots of six portable stations (users) U0, U1, U2, . . . U5 to be coupled to the cell station through one band slot (in practice, the band slot for use is switched by means of a frequency hopping described below), in which figure a time slot denoted by R is a receiving slot and denoted by T is a transmitting slot. The cell station establishes a frame timing of twenty-four time slot periods as shown in FIG. 2A (The last slot numbered 24 of twenty-five prepared time slots is not used.). In this case, the transmitting slot and the receiving slot are arranged here to use a different band transmission, respectively.
For example, the portable station U0 shown in FIG. 2B uses the time slots numbered 0, 6, 12, 18 within one frame as the receiving slot and uses the time slots numbered 3, 9, 15, 21 as the transmitting slot, through the respective time slots the reception or transmission of the burst signal being performed. The portable station U1 shown in FIG. 2C uses the time slots numbered 1, 7, 13, 19 within one frame as the receiving slot and uses the time slots numbered 4, 10, 16, 22 as the transmitting slot. Also, the portable station U2 shown in FIG. 2D uses the times slots numbered 2, 8, 14, 20 within one frame as the receiving slot and uses the time slots numbered 5, 11, 17, 23 as the transmitting slot. Again, the portable station U3 shown in FIG. 2E uses the time slots numbered 3, 9, 15, 21 within one frame as the receiving slot and uses the time slots numbered 0, 6, 12, 18 as the transmitting slot. Further, the portable station U4 shown in FIG. 2F uses the time slots numbered 4, 10, 16, 22 within one frame as the receiving slot and uses the time slots numbered 1, 7, 13, 22 as the transmitting slot. Finally, the portable station U5 shown in FIG. 2G uses the time slots numbered 5, 11, 16, 22 within one frame as the receiving slot and uses the time slots numbered 2, 8, 14, 20 as the transmitting slot.
According such as arrangement as is shown in FIGS. 2A to 2G, six TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) in which the six portable stations are coupled to one band slot can be performed. Seeing from each portable station side, after the reception and transmission during one time slot period had been completed, there is a spare time for two time slot periods (i.e., 400 .mu.s) until the next transmission or reception begins to be performed. Thus, using this spare time, a timing process and the process termed the frequency hopping are performed. That is, during about 200 .mu.s before each transmitting slot T, a timing process TA in which a transmission timing is made to match with a timing of a signal from the base station side is performed. After a time passage of about 200 .mu.s, when each transmitting slot T has been completed, the frequency hopping in which a band slot for the transmission and reception is switched over another band slot takes place.
A plurality of the band slots are assigned to one base station. For example, in case of the cellular system where one cell is comprised of one base station, if a band of 1.2 MHz is allocated to one cell, eight band slots can be assigned to one cell. Likewise, if a band of 2.4 MHz is allocated to one cell, sixteen band slots can be assigned to one cell. Also, if a band of 4.8 MHz is allocated to one cell, thirty-two band slots can be assigned to one cell. Finally, if a band of 9.6 MHz is allocated to one cell, sixty-four band slots can be assigned to one cell. In order to use equality a plurality of the band slots assigned to this one cell, the frequency switching process called frequency hopping is carried out.
FIGS. 3A and 3B show an example where eight band slots are arranged within one cell. At each of eight band slots prepared as shown in FIG. 3A, twenty-two subcarriers are arranged as shown in FIG. 3B for data transmission. Data is transmitted over each of the respective subcarriers under a predetermined phase modulation. In this example, QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) modulation is used, in which data is transmitted as data at four points of phase position shifted in turn by .pi./2 of a circle on an orthogonal coordinate (a circle denoted by a broken line in FIG. 4) which are formed by laying an I component at right angles to a Q component, as is shown in FIG. 4.
Wireless communication takes place in this transmission system. However, in case of the present example, the transmitting signal is made of such data as each subcarrier is multiplied by respective different random phase shift data. That is, at each of the twenty-two subcarriers from the subcarrier number 1 to the subcarrier number 22 within one band slot, an initial phase shift value of the first data of the first time slot of each frame is established and then the phase shift value is changed from the initial phase shift value in a sequence determined at random sequence which is determined in advance).
Next, a construction of a first embodiment according to the present invention in which a terminal device (portable station) receives the signal transmitted from the base station in this way, will be described with reference to FIG. 5. FIG. 5 shows a receiving system of the terminal device, in which a received signal (the signal which is subjected to a receiving process in a filter or an amplifier after received by an antenna) available at an input terminal 11 is supplied to mixer 12, where it is mixed with a frequency signal output by a frequency signal generator means 13 comprised of a PLL circuit (phase locked loop circuit) for frequency converting the received signal of a predetermined transmission band (band slot) into an intermediate frequency signal. In this case, this frequency signal generator means 13 has basically an output frequency which varies at an interval of one band slot (i.e. here at a interval of 150 kHz).
Subsequently, the intermediate frequency signal output by the mixer 12 is supplied to an analogue/digital converter 14, where it is sampled at a predetermined sampling period. The received data sampled in the analogue/digital converter 14 is supplied to window multiplier circuit 15, wherein it is multiplied by window multiplying data (temporal wave form) corresponding to a window multiplying data by which it was multiplied on the transmitting side.
The received data multiplied by the window multiplying data is supplied to an inverse fast Fourier transform circuit (IFFT circuit) 16, wherein it is subjected to a transforming process between a frequency domain and time domain by the inverse fast Fourier transform operation, thereby causing the data which modulated the twenty-two subcarriers at an interval of 6.25 kHz for transmission to be a single sequence of continuous data in the time axis.
The received data transformed into a single sequence is supplied to a multiplier 17, wherein it is multiplied by random phase shift data output by a random phase shift data generator circuit 18. The random phase shift data output by the random phase shift data generator circuit 18 is generated on the basis of pattern data stored in a random phase shift pattern storing memory 19. The random phase shift data is data for restoring the data whose phase was shifted and scattered on every subcarrier in transmission from the transmitting side (base station) to the original data. As to the random phase shift data, an initial phase shift value to each subcarrier is determined and its value is arranged to change the phase to be shifted from the initial phase position at random (The order in which the phase shift amount is varied at random from the initial phase shift value is the same as that set up on the transmitting side). A timing to generate the random phase shift data by the generator circuit 18 is set up under the control of a controller 25 which controls the receiving operation of this terminal device.
Thereafter, the data whose phase has been restored to original phase is supplied to a decoder 20, where the phase modulated data is decoded by the differential demodulation or the like. The decoded data is supplied to a four frame deinterleave buffer 21, where interleaved data over four frames in transmission is restored to data of the original sequence. The deinterleaved data is supplied to a Viterbi decoder circuit 22 for Viterbi decoding. The Viterbi decoded data is then supplied as the received data to a received data processing circuit (not shown) at subsequent stage from a received data output terminal 23.
Moreover, in this embodiment, the decoded data by the decoder 20 is supplied to a decision circuit 24 which decides whether or not the data has correctly been decoded and supplies the decision data to the controller 25. Regarding this decision, for example, when accumulating phases of the signal over a time period in which data of the twenty-two subcarriers forming one band slot time period is acquired, if the accumulated phases vary at an angular interval of about .pi./2, the decision data is produced that indicates that the decoding has been completed correctly. If the accumulated phases do not vary at the angular interval of about .pi./2, the decision data is produced that indicates that it is erroneously processed data.
The controller 25 estimates, if it receives the decision data indicating that the decoding has been completed correctly, that there is no frequency offset in the received signal at that time. If it receives the decision data indicating that the decoding has been performed incorrectly, it estimates that there is a frequency offset in the received signal at that time. On the basis of a result of the decision, the controller 25 outputs the frequency offset correction data D.sub.1 and makes a fine adjustment of a received frequency at intervals of 6.25 kHz.
The fine adjustment of the received frequency can be implemented by such processings as changing the output frequency of the frequency signal generator means 13 at an interval of 6.25 kHz, or as establishing the number of transform points in the inverse fast Fourier transform by IFFT circuit 16 more than the number of the subcarriers (twenty-two subcarriers) forming one band slot and then changing a position of the twenty-two subcarriers extracted from the transform points as a sequence of data or the like. Furthermore, the fine adjustment of the received frequency may be performed by other processing.
In addition, the controller 25 in the present embodiment outputs a frame position detecting data D.sub.2 based on a timing when a predetermined condition has been decided by the decision circuit 24. On the basis of the frame position detecting data D.sub.2, a processing timing at each of the circuits within the terminal device is set for the timing synchronous with the received data.
Next, an operation when receiving with the terminal device according to the present embodiment will be described. For example, when the base station transmits, the initial phase shift amount by which the first data of each frame is multiplied is made a value which is determined for every subcarrier and the phase shift amount for each subcarrier is arranged to change from the initial phase shift amount at a predetermined random manner.
FIG. 6 shows an example of the initial phase shift amounts of respective subcarriers. Phase shift value of transmitting data therein shows the initial phase shift amount of each of the subcarriers in each frame. Its value is determined in turn from the carrier number 0. These phase shift values are here set up within a range from -.pi. to .pi. so that all of them will be different phase shift amounts at respective subcarriers within one band slot. FIG. 7 is a diagram which shows the initial phase shift values of the respective carrier numbers by its phase state, in which figure the phases of the carrier numbers are represented as #0, #1, #2 and so on.
These initial phase shift values are also stored in the random phase shift pattern storing memory 19 of the receiving side (terminal device). On the basis of data read out of the memory 19, a processing to restore the phases of the subcarriers by the amount phase shifted by the multiplier 17 is performed. Case 1, case 2 and case 3 denoted in FIG. 6 show setting examples of the initial phase shift values by which the received signal is multiplied on the receiving side. In each case, the initial phase shift values are shifted in turn one by one subcarrier. Here, for example, the receiving process for the initial phase shift amount set up in each case is performed at every one frame. For example, in the first frame the initial phase shift amounts are set up according to case 1 and in the following frame the initial phase shift amounts are set up according to case 2 where they are shifted by one subcarrier. In the further following frame, the initial phase shift amounts are set up according to case 3 where they are shifted further by one subcarrier.
In the example of FIG. 6, since the initial phase shift amounts in case 2 correspond with those on the transmitting side, in a frame which sets up the initial phase shift amount according to case 2 for the receiving process, data can correctly be decoded and correct received symbol data can be obtained. That is, assuming that the transmitting data which is transmitted through the twenty-two subcarriers forming one band slot are the same data of all zero data, when the initial phase shift of case 1 is set up for the receiving process, the phase decoded by the decoder 20 will scatter into respective phase states as shown in FIG. 8A. Also, when the initial phase shift of case 3 is set up for the receiving process, the phase will scatter into different phase states as shown in FIG. 8C. In contrast to this, when the initial phase shift of case 2 is set up for the receiving process, the phase will go into the same phase state as shown in FIG. 8B. This means that the condition in which the receiving frequency is set up according to case 2 is the condition in which one band slot is correctly received and there is no frequency offset.
In fact, the transmitting data is scattered values and so the phase states corresponding to cases 1, 2 and 3 will change as shown in FIGS. 9A, 9B and 9C. When the accumulated phases in the decision circuit 24 correspond to case 2, it is decided that they change at an angular unit of about .pi./2 and the decision data indicating that the correct decoding has been performed is then supplied to the controller 25. In the receiving process corresponding to case 1 and case 3, since a change of the accumulated phases is not the change at an angular unit of about .pi./2, the decision data indicating that the data has been erroneously processed is supplied to the controller 25.
Therefore, the controller 25 outputs the frequency offset correction data D, and makes the initial phase shift to change in turn in order to control the receiving frequency to be set up correctly, until the state of case 2 is detected.
By performing a receiving process in such a manner as the present embodiment, when a multicarrier signal in which the subcarriers are successively arranged at a narrow frequency interval is to be received, it is possible to simply detect the correct receiving coverage of one band slot and to correct the frequency offset by a simple processing in a short period of time. In this case, since there is no need to transmit a particular symbol for detecting the frequency offset as in the past, the data transmission capacity for practical use increases by that less need, thereby allowing a correct receiving process to be performed without lowering the transmission efficiency.
Also, by performing the receiving process according to the present embodiment, it is possible to detect not only the frequency offset but also the frame position of the transmitting signal. Further, in this case, it is necessary for the random phase shift pattern to be determined beforehand so that a different pattern may be used depending on "the slot number in a frame given to the relevant slot. "If such an arrangement is made in advance, when, after the adjustment of the frequency offset has been completed, for example, "the random phase shift pattern used for the first slot in a frame" is produced by the random phase shift data generator means 18 and then the output of the decoder of received signal is multiplied by that random phase shift pattern, if it is decided that the phases of the respective subcarriers vary at an angular unit of about .pi./2, then it can be determined that the slot is the first slot in the frame. The timing of the frame can be detected by processing in this way.
In the above-mentioned processing, a slot signal in a certain slot is stored in a memory 31 and this signal is multiplied by the first shift pattern of the frame, by the second shift pattern of the frame, by the third shift pattern of the frame, etc. Thus, results of the multiplication by the respective shift patterns are decided, thereby also allowing the slot number in the frame given to the relevant slot to be estimated.
Next, a second embodiment according to the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. 10. The construction shown in FIG. 10 is that of the receiving system in the terminal device for receiving the multicarrier signal according to the system described above referring to FIG. 1 to FIG. 3, in which the corresponding parts to FIG. 5 described on the first embodiment are denoted by the same reference numerals and are not described in detail.
In this embodiment, received data transformed by the inverse fast Fourier transform circuit (IFFT circuit) 16 is supplied to the multiplier 17 which multiplies the received data by the phase shift data output by the random phase shift data generator circuit 18. At the same time, the received data transformed by the IFFT circuit is supplied to a memory 31 and after it is once stored, it is supplied to a multiplier 32 which multiplies it by the phase shift data output from the random phase shift data generator circuit 18. At this time, a timing of outputting the phrase shift data from the random phase shift data generator circuit 18 to the multiplier 32 is made to synchronize with a timing of reading the received data out of the memory 31. Moreover, for the memory 31, a memory of a capacity which is capable of storing the received data for a predetermined time period (e.g. one frame period or one slot time period) is used. A timing of reading the data out of the memory 31 is controlled by a controller 35.
A multiplied output of the multiplier 32 is decoded by a decoder 33. This decoder 33 has the same structure as that of the decoder 20 which decodes the output of the multiplier 17. The data decoded by the decoder 33 is supplied to a decision circuit 34 which decides if the data is correctly decoded and its decision data is then supplied to the controller 35. Regarding this decision, for example, when accumulating phases of the signal over a time period in which data of the twenty-two subcarriers forming one band slot time period is acquired, if the accumulated phases vary at the angular of about .pi./2, the decision data is made what indicates that the decoding has been completed correctly. If the accumulated phases do not vary at the angular unit of about .pi./2, the decision data is produced that indicates that it is erroneously processed data.
The controller 35 estimates, if it receives the decision data indicating that the correct decoding has been completed, that there is no frequency offset in the received signal at that time. When the decision data indicating that the correct decoding can not be performed, it is decided that there is a frequency offset in the received data at that time. On the basis of a result of the decision, the controller 35 outputs the frequency offset correction data D.sub.1 and makes a fine adjustment of a received frequency at an interval of 6.25 kHz.
Also, the controller 35 outputs a frame position detecting data D2 based on the timing when the predetermined state is decided in the decision circuit 24. On the basis of the frame position detecting data D.sub.2, the timing of processing in each circuit of the terminal device is made to a timing synchronized with the received data.
Concerning other parts, they are constructed in the same way as those in the receiving system of the first embodiment shown in FIG. 5.
According to the construction of the second embodiment, by using the received data once stored in the memory 31, it is possible to perform processings for the received frequency offset detection and the frame position detection irrespective of the actual receiving condition. In other words, if the minimum unit of data required for detecting the frequency offset and the frame position is stored in the memory 31, it is possible that the stored data is repeatedly read out and at every readout time the initial phase shift amount is shifted in turn as case 1, 2 and 3 shown in FIG. 6, the result of decoding by the decoder 33 being decided in the decision circuit 34 for detecting the frequency offset and the frame position. Thus, using the received data stored in the memory 31, it is possible to quickly detect the frequency offset and the frame position.
Further, in the above embodiments, the processing where a signal transmitted from the cell station is received at the terminal device has been described, the present invention is of course applicable to a case where a signal transmitted from the terminal device is received at the cell station. In this case, the detected offset value is reported to the terminal apparatus with which the base station is communicating, and the terminal apparatus adjusts the frequency offset of a signal from itself in accordance with the report.
Moreover, in the above embodiments, the phase shift amount is set up at random within the range from -.pi. to .pi., whereas the phase shift amount may be set up at random within the other range. For example, it may be set up at random within the range from 0 to .pi./2.
Also, in each of the aforesaid embodiments, the present invention is applied to the multicarrier signal transmission system described referring to FIG. 1 to FIG. 4. However, the present invention is also applicable to a communication method and its receiving apparatus to which various transmission systems of other signals are applied. As to the specific modulating method and encoding method, they are not limited to those of the embodiments described above. In addition, regarding the mode of communication to be applied, it is applicable to the case where the multicarrier signal is transmitted in various wireless communications other than the wireless telephone system described above.
According to the communication method of the present invention, since an initial phase of each of subcarriers forming multicarrier signal is set to a predetermined random value, it is possible to precisely receive the transmitted multicarrier signal by detecting the random initial phase on the reception side.
Since the frequency offset between the transmission band and the reception band of the reception signal is detected by detecting an initial phase shift amount of each of subcarriers. It is possible to precisely correct the frequency offset.
When the phase change among the respective subcarriers of the received signal is in a predetermined state, it is determined that there is no frequency offset between the transmission band and the reception band of the reception signal. Therefore, it is possible to easily detect the frequency offset.
According to the reception apparatus of the present invention, since the frequency offset between the transmission band and the reception band of the reception signal is determined based on the phase change between the subcarriers determined by the determining means, it is possible to detect the frequency offset of the multicarrier signal with a simple arrangement.
In this case, the phase shift data based on the initial phase previously set for each of the subcarriers is multiplied with each of the subcarriers of the received signal, and the multiplied signal is decoded by the determining means. Then, it is determined whether or not the phase change falls in a predetermined state. Therefore, it is possible to easily determine whether or not the frequency is offset, only by determining the result of the decoding processing.
Since the multiplying means successively shifts the arrangement of the phase data to be multiplied with each of the subcarriers and a position where the determining means determines a predetermined state is determined, it is possible to easily detect a reception position with no frequency offset.
Having described preferred embodiments of the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to the above-mentioned embodiments and that various changes and modifications can be effected therein by one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention as defined in the appended claims.
1. A reception method of a multicarrier system in which phase-modulated data is transmitted by using each of a plurality of subcarriers, comprising:
a receiving step for receiving the plurality of subcarriers that are transmitted;
a converting step for converting the received plurality of subcarriers to respective digital subcarriers;
a random data generating step for generating randomly changed phase shift data;
a multiplying step for multiplying each one of the plurality of digital subcarriers with an output obtained in said random data generating step;
a decoding step for decoding an output of the multiplying step;
a state decision signal generating step for monitoring a state of an output obtained in said decoding step and for generating a predetermined state decision signal when a predetermined state is detected; and
a detecting step for detecting a frequency offset of each of said plurality of subcarriers based on an output obtained in said state decision signal generating step.
2. The reception method according to claim 1, wherein said predetermined state and said predetermined state decision signal are defined such that when an output obtained in said decoding step is changed by a unit of a predetermined value, it is regarded that there is no frequency offset and, in other cases, it is regarded that there is a frequency offset.
3. The reception method according to claim 1, wherein said predetermined value is.pi./2.
4. The reception method according to claim 1, comprising the further step of delaying each of said received subcarrier signals input in said multiplying step by a predetermined time.
5. A reception apparatus for a multicarrier system in which phase-modulated data is transmitted by using each of a plurality of subcarriers, comprising:
a demodulation unit for demodulating a received signal of the multicarrier system;
a random data generating unit for generating randomly changed phase shift data;
a multiplying unit for multiplying an output from said demodulation unit with an output from said random data generating unit and producing an output signal;
a decoder for decoding the output signal from said multiplying unit;
a state decision signal generating unit for monitoring a state of an output from said decoder and for generating a predetermined state decision signal when a predetermined state is detected; and
a controller,
wherein a frequency offset of the received signal is detected and corrected based on an output from said state decision signal generating unit.
6. The reception apparatus according to claim 5, wherein said predetermined state and said predetermined state decision signal are defined such that when an output obtained from said decoder is changed by a unit of a predetermined value, it is regarded that there is no frequency offset and, in other cases, it is regarded that there is a frequency offset.
7. The reception apparatus according to claim 6, wherein said predetermined value is.pi./2.
8. The reception apparatus according to claim 5, further comprising:
a signal delaying unit for delaying an output from said demodulation unit by a predetermined time and supplying the delayed output to said multiplying unit.
3742498 June 1973 Dunn
4041391 August 9, 1977 Deerkoski
4481640 November 6, 1984 Chow et al.
5541552 July 30, 1996 Suzuki et al.
5677927 October 14, 1997 Fullerton et al.
5694415 December 2, 1997 Suzuki et al.
Assignee: Sony Corporation (Tokyo)
Inventors: Mitsuhiro Suzuki (Chiba), Kazuyuki Sakoda (Tokyo)
Primary Examiner: Stephen Chin
Assistant Examiner: Joseph Roundtree
Attorney: Jay H. Maioli
Current U.S. Class: Particular Pulse Demodulator Or Detector (375/340); Transmitters (375/295); Phase Shift Keying (375/308); Particular Set Of Orthogonal Functions (370/208); Fourier Transform (370/210); Combining Or Distributing Information Via Code Word Channels Using Multiple Access Techniques (e.g., Cdma) (370/335)
International Classification: H03D1/00;


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Brewer's Yeast Versus Nutritional Yeast
Looking for a healthy source of B vitamins, protein, fiber, and minerals that doesn't come from animals? Nutritional yeast and brewer's yeast are versatile foods-some would say superfoods-that fit the bill.
Both nutritional and brewer's yeasts are a type of fungus. So, like mushrooms, they're neither plant nor animal. Both are good sources of B vitamins, necessary for efficient metabolism of food and to help us withstand stress, and of minerals, protein, and fiber. Although either one can be taken as a supplement in pills, flakes and powders are the most popular forms, adding a nutritional boost when mixed in juices, smoothies, dressings, sauces, or soups, or sprinkled on salads, cooked vegetables, popcorn-or just about any other food. Nutritional yeast is especially popular as a vegan substitute for grated cheese, such as Parmesan.
Both types of yeast are inactive, meaning they won't make bread rise or generate a yeast overgrowth in your body. And both are the same species of yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. But in other ways, they differ.
The taste of nutritional yeast is milder, with a nutty, cheesy flavor. Brewer's yeast is a bit bitter, although the bitterness is reduced in some products. The concentration of vitamins and minerals differs among products, and the yeasts are cultivated on different media.
Nutritional yeast is inactive, meaning it won't make bread rise or cause yeast overgrowth in the body.
How Yeasts Are Grown
Brewer's yeast is traditionally a byproduct of the beer-making process, in which case it's cultivated on malted barley or other grains, which produces some bitterness. However, some brewer's yeasts are "primary grown," meaning they are cultivated specifically for use as a dietary supplement, and may be grown on the same types of media as nutritional yeast.
Nutritional yeast is never a brewery by-product, and is typically grown on molasses from either sugar beets or cane sugar. Much of the sugar beet harvest in the U.S. is genetically modified, but nutritional yeasts grown on non-GMO versions are available, and some are organic.
B Vitamins and Other Nutrients
Both types of yeast contain similar amounts of protein, fiber, and a very small amount of fat-around 7 grams of protein, 4 grams of fiber, and 1 gram of fat in a 60-calorie serving. Brewer's yeast naturally contains chromium, whereas nutritional yeast does not. In other ways, the exact concentration of B vitamins and minerals varies from one product to another. Although the yeasts naturally contain all the B vitamins, additional amounts are sometimes added, in which case B vitamins are listed as separate ingredients on the label.
How to Decipher B-Vitamin Content
Product labels typically list amounts of each B vitamin as "%DV," meaning a percent of Daily Value, the FDA's rough estimate of the basic amount of each vitamin required by an average adult. These are approximations to prevent a deficiency, and many nutritional professionals recommend higher amounts for optimum health.
As a guide, these are the Daily Values for each B vitamin. The %DV would be a percentage of these quantities:
Daily Values (DV)
B1 (thiamine)
B2 (riboflavin)
B3 (niacin)
B6 (pyridoxine)
B7 (biotin)
B5 (pantothenic acid)
B12 (cobalamin)
6 mcg
Nutritional & Brewer's Yeast Recipes
Holistic chef and nutritional educator Shelley Alexander, author of Deliciously Holistic, favors nutritional yeast for its taste. "You can put it in pasta sauces or sprinkle it on top," she says. Or, try some of her recipes:
Cheesy Popcorn
For more holistic recipes and tips, visit aharmonyhealing.com
Gluten warning: Brewer's yeast that is a by-product of beer is not a gluten-free food.
Nutritional Yeast and Brewer's Yeast Products
NOW Foods Nutritional Yeast Flakes
Solgar Brewer's Yeast Powder
Bluebonnet Nutrition Super Earth Brewer's Yeast
Contributing editor Vera Tweed has been researching and writing about supplements, holistic nutrition, fitness, and other aspects of healthy living since 1997. She is the author of several books, including Hormone Harmony: How to Balance Insulin, Cortisol, Thyroid, Estrogen, Progesterone and Testosterone to Live Your Best Life.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Hi everyone! Welcome to Gluten-Free Wednesdays. If you are looking for gluten-free eating ideas, you've come to the right place. Just browse the links below, and add your own if you're a blogger.
If you get this post by email, remember to click over to the site later in the day or sometime tomorrow to see what great ideas have been gathered here.
Giveaway: This week I have a Maninis Gluten-Free mixes giveaway going on. I really like these products and bet you will too.
Monthly Theme: Potatoes are the theme for the month of January. The theme is always a suggestion, not a requirement, but I'll be looking for potato recipes to highlight each week.
My Submission: A potato recipe!
If you're new, please read the guidelines.
3. TOP 10 DIY / "MAKE YOUR OWN" POSTS OF 2011!
25. Sundried Tomato Spread and other GF recipes!
43. Coconut Ginger Granola (parfaits) DF, GF, SF!
I linked a potato soup that features pickles and fresh dill. It's perfect for all the pickle lovers out there. (And probably really odd to everyone else.) If nothing else, it's real easy to make and cheap.
I shared my Curried Chicken Salad and a video for making coconut water kefir.
I'm off topic again since we don't eat potatoes, so this week I posted tips on getting your household 100% gluten-free. Having a gluten-free household has made a huge difference in our son's health! Plus, it just feels good to know you are totally safe at home!
Even folks who have a shared home may be able to use some of these tips to help keep them safe.
I am linking up my decadent GF S'more Brownies. I hope I don't cause anyone to break a resolution! 🙂 Thanks for hosting and featuring my red potato recipe.
I am sharing a new favorite in our household…Potato Muffins!
Oooh, I just got some white sweet potatoes from our CSA. I'll have to see what I can come up with for next week! Thanks for the inspiration!
I'm sharing my roundup of all the ways to get greens into a gluten-free diet. Will have to think about potatoes. I think I've shared my kale and potato cakes before. Mostly we're just stuffing baked potatoes lately.
No potatoes in the Mushroom & Artichoke Chicken I linked, but I think it would go great with mashed potatoes. The yummy sauce would be great on them!
I just replace the tablespoon of flour with whatever GF I have on hand.
I hope you're having a great week. I'm sharing a recipe for preserved lemons. These little babies will spice up anything from ethnic dishes to sauces, roast chicken and dips.
Thanks for highlighting so many yummy potato recipes. I shared my Vanilla Toffee Ice Cream (Vegan) and Banana Bread (Gluten and Dairy Free) this week. Happy Wednesday!
This week I am submitting two recipes. First, a creamy dairy-free mushroom soup (that takes about 10 minutes!) and a fun granola (coconut ginger). I made some fun parfaits with my vegan, sugar-free pudding and the granola. Super yummy!!
I shared my oat potato vanilla muffins – weird, I know ;). Maybe I'll have a potato fudge recipe to link up next week.
Hi! Thank you for hosting! I shared my first post about herbs and spices – Parsley – with a recipe for Parsley & Lemon Butter.


With new sophisticated phone apps and online food ordering options for the customer seemingly endless and convenient, for takeaway and restaurant owners it's imperative that they deliver their customer's food on time.
But things don't always go to plan. One of the biggest headaches in the food delivery service industry is ensuring there are enough drivers on the ready to meet customer's expectations.
Now a trio of innovative Asian businessmen from Leeds, have teamed up to provide the perfect solution that takeaway and restaurant owners may face when their delivery driver can't make it in for their shift.
Brother Ayaz and Faraz Saddiq and friend Kameran Khan recognised the niche in the market and have developed the perfect solution, which is sure to be a win-win for takeaway owner, customer and delivery driver.
Ayaz Saddiq, who's worked in the food industry for a number of years, experienced this first hand when he took on evening jobs as a takeaway delivery driver.
"I witnessed the stress takeaway owners were enduring if their delivery driver let them down and struggled to source a driver at very short notice," explains Ayaz.
"I realised this was quite a big issue for takeaway and restaurant owners and was discussing it extensively with my brother Faraz.
Ayaz and Faraz decided they could offer a food delivery service agency and so went door-to-door promoting their services. Very soon they couldn't cope with the sheer volume of "last-minute" delivery requests.
Whilst discussing the scenario with their close friend Kameran, the team have developed a delivery-driver booking app 'DriverStop', which is set to revolutionise the way eateries manage their deliveries.
DriverStop is a new app that brings together takeaway/restaurant owners and delivery drivers at a very short notice.
A takeaway owner can submit their driver request through the app for the number of hours work required, a message is sent to all the pre-registered drivers and the first to accept will get the job.
"The idea is simple but it's a service that is long over due," says Kameran.
"This app is set to revolutionise the fast food delivery industry.
There is more to DriverStop says Faraz: "Delivery drivers are the backbone of the takeaway industry.
"They work tirelessly to bring us our food fresh and tasty, yet their hard work has gone unnoticed far too long, the DriverStop gives flexibility to delivery drivers so they can work when they want and achieve a good work-life balance.
As well as paying great rates according to the driver's delivery experience, it offers advice on customer service, best routes for optimum delivery times and tips on ensuring customer confidence.


1877 DIARY OF CHARLES LUKE KEITH JR.
Jan 1 – At Tomlinson House. Very blustring. Frank and I took a ride out East in afternoon. Mercury 14 Abz.
Jan 2 – Snows some. George gone over to Mount Morris after Nell. Bot this Diary in Perry. Nell came home about two oclock. Went over to Nobles in Evening, saw fountain.
Jan 3 – Snows and blows, snow piled up, Mercury 14 Abz. Mr Braughton and Lady here. Marion and I went to see the Waubinoes performe.
Jan 4 – Cold morning. Left Perry one oclock P.M., went over to Gainesville, took the cars for Buffalo, arrived about six P.M., left Buffalo half past one for Detroit.
Jan 5 – Got to Detroit about 12 noon, left Detroit half past six, got to Galesburg about twelve night, got home about one.
Jan 6 – At home all day. Not very well. Found the folks all well. Mercury 45 Abz.
Jan 7 – Went down to Katharines. All well. Not very cold.
Jan 8 – Went up to Skinners. Del over to burg to attend a lawsuit. All well. Sent letter to Patty.
Jan 9 – Cold, mercury 4 below zero. At home, no one here. Filed three saws for Ernest 60 cts. Browns folks here in Evening. Mrs Calkins here with them.
Jan 10 – Went over to burg, carried Jims Boots over, paid 60 cts. Mrs Ralph here.
Jan 11 – Not very well. Went over to burg, got Jims Boots. Snowed like fun.
Jan 12 – Cold, 2 below zero. Filed my Bucksaw. Major killed to day. Hog hunt here.
Jan 13 – Cold day, Mercury 8 Abz above zero. Went up in woods, cut down one tree, drawed two loads wood. Snow very deep in woods.
Jan 14 – Ed Childs and wife here. Went down to Katharines in Evening. Henry here stayed all night.
Jan 15 – Went up to Mr Flanders with Henry. Snowed and blowed like the mischief.
Jan 16 – Very pleasant day. Shelled 3 bushels corn.
Jan 17 – Earnest killed my hogs. Went over to burg after grist, no get him. Mercury 30 Abz. Went down to Browns in Evening. Mr Morrison and wife there.
Jan 18 – Mercury 30 Abz, ledle some rain in morning.
Jan 19 – Mr Ives and George called here. Sarah and Mrs Betts went to burg. Went to Barbers in Evening. Put hair in one End of bow.
Jan 20 – Cold and blustrous Mercury 16 Abz morning. At home. Mrs Emeline Bradley died to day.
Jan 21 – At home all day. Ethan and Henry went up to Foundry. Cold day Mercury 2 below.
Jan 22 – Mercury 18 Abz in morning.
Jan 23 – Went over to burg with Henry. Mart, Ansil and Lucy here. I went down to M. O. Streators to see if I could get some straw.
Jan 24 – Pleasant cold day. Made saw Buck for Earnest Whiting.
Jan 25 – At home all day. Not much done.
Jan 26 – Went down to Katharines. Mrs Betts and Sarah went down to Browns.
Jan 27 – Drawed Straw from M. O. Streators, two loads for Brown, one for my self. Went up to Nathan Lamkins in Evening with Browns folks. Mrs Betts went over to Burg.
Jan 28 – Fine pleasant day Mercury 34 Abz.
Jan 29 – Drawed some wood. Went over to burg in Evening after Mrs Betts. No find him.
Jan 30 – Drawed two loads Straw from Streators. Went over to burg in Evening after Mrs Betts. Got him this time. Mr and Mrs Streator called here no stop long. Rained in night. Sleighing thin.
Jan 31 – Not very cold snow melting. Drawed two loads wood. Went over to burg. Received of Township Treasurer one hundred and four dollars. Lois came down.
Feb 1 – Went to Foundry. Boys making Cider. Got mawl.
Feb 2 – Carried Hannah up to Mr Ralphs. Went up to Foundry. Boys making cider. Filed saw for A Brown by golly. Hall sent timber for two ax helves.
Feb 3 – Went up to Foundry. Got three bushels wheat of H. A. Taylor 1.35¢ pr bus, paid him 3.05¢. Carried it over to burg. Sarah and Mrs Betts went over to burg. Carried Lois down to Browns.
Feb 4 – At home. Mrs Benjamin came down after Lois. Hannah went down with her. Not very cold. Went over to burg after Sarah and Mrs Betts.
Feb 5 – At home. Worked in shop some.
Feb 6 – Worked in shop on violin some.
Feb 7 – Worked in shop on violin. Charley called here to see about his violin. Fine day.
Feb 8 – Pleasant morning. Put Charley Gillis violin together. Ethan and Hannah went down to Mr Randal. Ethan fixed their melodian.
Feb 9 – Cut wood, cut one tree. Ethan and Hannah went up to T. C. Fords in Evening.
Feb 10 – Worked in woods cutting wood. Charley Gillis got his violin. He paid me two Dollars.
Feb 11 – At home all day. Put new finger board on my violin. Mrs Betts went to burg with Jacksons folks.
Feb 12 – Worked in woods cutting grubbs &c. Fine day.
Feb 14 – Pleasant day. Went up to woods, got one load wood. Filed saw for A. Brown. Ella and Minnie Randall, they stayed in Evening. Two of Isaac Odels girls Died to day.
Feb 15 – Worked in woods some sawed some wood. Cut some grubbs. Odells girls buried to day. Pleasant day. Jim lost cold chisel. Ethan up to shop.
Feb 16 – Fine day no snow. Cut some grubs in after noon. Ethan up to shop.
Feb 17 – Ethan drawed wood. I shelled some corn and acarried corn and oats to mill. Carried Mrs Betts and Sarah over to burg. Fine day.
Feb 18 – Pleasant day mercury 27 Abz in morning. At home.
Feb 19 – Worked round shop some. At home.
Feb 20 – Worked in shop. Made cross head for Theodore Earl. Fine day.
Feb 21 – Went up to Swaddles. Mrs Betts stayed up there. Warm day. Roads nice, dusty.
Feb 22 – Very smoky. Choped wood. Warm day. Cut some trees in in grove on hill South East of barn. Ebenezar Flanders died this morning. Mercury 53 Abz.
Feb 23 – Went down to Catharines to Auction sale. Bot ax and Iron mortar[?] of Ansil Lee. Went over to Henry Rogers in Evening. Had a big time, lots there.
Feb 24 – Cloudy morning. Ethan drawing wood. Jule Allen came up with Browns folks stayed the Evening. Ebenezer Flanders buried to day.
Feb 25 – At home all day. Jim went down to Katharines. Nice day. Rass folks and Mrs Totty to Browns to day. Henry came here stayed all night.
Feb 26 – Fine pleasant morning Mercury 30 Abz in morning. Henry and Ethan gone up to shop.
Feb 27 – Worked in shop some. Went over to burg. Got pole for Streators wagon. Fine day. Went down to Browns in Evening Whitcom Blake Forbush &c.
Feb 28 – Put in pole for Streator. He paid me one Dollar $1.00. Very nice day. A. R. Shere to dinner. Sent Lois ham bone, sent Ina sum nuts.
Mar 1 – Pleasant morning mercury 23 Abz in morning. Worked in shop some on violins. Rained in night. ____ Rowland buried to day. Hannah went up to Lois to sewing.
Mar 2 – Worked on violins. Rainy day, snowed some, not very cold.
Mar 3 – Cold morning mercury 27 Abz. Put tops on two violins Talsimers[?] and Keans. Snowed all day snow fell 8 inches.
Mar 4 – Pleasant morning mercury 18 Abz in morning, lots snow.
Mar 5 – Carried two bushels corn to mill. Lost my tie strap. Mart called here. Carried hams down to Browns. Browns folks came up here in Evening.
Mar 6 – Mercury 14 Abz, cold, some sleighing. Made Herbert Earls Oars. Worked some on violins.
Mar 7 – Worked in shop on patterns for binder. Rained in night. Made Ina a wash board. Mrs Betts got mad because Sarah let her hand go but she felt better after it. Rested[?] first rate.
Mar 8 – Worked on patterns. Snowed and blowed all day Mercury 17 Abz. Verry good sleighing. Hannah up to Lois to work.
Mar 9 – Cold snowy blustrous day. Making patterns. Mercury 15 Abz. Filed _____ saw for Ernest _____ Whiting brot it down. Jim went to burg with him.
Mar 10 – Mercury 6 Abz in morning. Rather a fine day. Worked on patterns in fore noon. Went over to burg in afternoon. Sarah and Mrs Betts went over. They went to uncle peats. They stayed all night in burg. Bot Box in post office 25 for one year Box 86[?].
Mar 11 – Fine day. Ansel and Katharine came up here. Went over to burg after Mrs Betts and Sarah. Henry here.
Mar 12 – Warm morning Mercury 31 Abz. One foot snow on ground. Worked on patterns. Snows and blows very blustrous day. Henry and davis Stafford called here. They had been to cut tree for shaft ____ water wheel.
Mar 13 – Very pleasant morning Mercury 5 Abz, not very cold. Went up to Lois in Evening. 13 inches snow. Carried Ina her washboard. Snowed in night.
Mar 14 – Snows some, blustrous morning, 14 inches snow. Worked in shop some. Drawed some wood. Will Planks Girl born to day.
Mar 15 – Fine day. Went up to Marshall with Dell Skinner to see his farm. Stayed all night. Found them well.
Mar 16 – Sarah and Mrs Betts went down to Browns[?]. Snows like fun. Dell went and saw Mr Stage abut taking the Hull farm. Left for home not far from 12 noon. Snowed hard. Called at Luke Smith took dinner. Got to Skinners about seven Evening. Ethan came up after me. Got home about Eight oclock.
Mar 17 – Fine morning mercury 7 Abz in morning. Worked in shop on patterns.
Mar 18 – Snowed in morning like fun. Not very well hard cold. Mrs Oakly buried to day. Lots snow on ground.
Mar 19 – Snowing Mercury18 Abz at ten oclock A.M.
Mar 20 – Worked on patterns some. Filed saw for Win. Mart called here. Snowed hard. Dell and Lois drove in here. Drawed two loads wood. Snow very deep. Thundered and lightened in afternoon.
Mar 21 – Pleasant, sun came out, lots snow on ground, nearly 2 feet. Worked in shop on patterns. Henry here to dinner. Dell and Lois called here. Not very cold. Extracted two teeth for Mrs Wolcots hired man Emmet Emmons. He paid 50¢.
Mar 22 – Worked on patterns. Thawed all day. Win got saw. Sarah and Browns folks went over to tabernacle in Evening. Mr Sherwood Died this morning.
Mar 23 – Worked in shop on patterns. Henry came down stayed all night.
Mar 24 – Worked in shop. Drawed two loads wood. Lots snow in woods. Stormy day. Mr Sherwood buried to day. Carried Mrs Betts and Sarah over to burg. Sarah rode home with Brown. Sylvester Mead died 7 AM to day.
Mar 25 – At home. Snowey day. Went down to Katharines in afternoon stayed all night.
Mar 26 – At Marts. Mart scalded sap bucketts. Jo York came after Adelpha. Got home about two Pm. Dave Barton brot load hay, wheelbarrow &c. Sylvester Mead buried to day.
Mar 27 – Worked in shop some on wagon neap. Turned some acorns for I. D. L. Schram. Fine day. Hannah came home with him. Ina came with her.
Mar 28 – Worked in shop some. Drawed two loads wood. Went up to H. A. Taylors. Got one bushel potatoes paid one Dollar. Bot 4 bushels wheat paid 4 Dollars. Jo Kean paid me one Dollar.
Mar 29 – Worked in shop made neap for A. R. Skinners wagon. George ives called and got Taloimers violin. He paid 2.25. Ina here.
Mar 30 – Went over to burg in morning. Hannah went bot table spread. Sent letter for seeds. Sawed out stuf for wheelbarrow. Rained all night.
Mar 31 – Worked on wheelbarrow some. Filed saw for E Whiting. Rained in morning. Will Clark came with two horses. Dell and Lois called got Ina. They went down to Browns stayed all night. Ida Barber came over stayed all night. Mrs Betts went to Burg.
Apr 1 – Rained some in morning. At home all day. Dell and Lois came up just at night.
Apr 2 – Went over to Town meeting. Dell and I went up to Blanchards. Got load stalks, straw and hay. Went after Sarah and Mrs Betts at night.
Apr 3 – Worked in shop some. Put rockers on Hat Taylors chair. Dell went to Kalamazoo. Ethan, Lois and Hannah went down to Katharines.
Apr 4 – Went up to Blanchards with Lois. They left for Marshall. Ethan went with them. Rained in Evening. Paid Hat Taylor 1.60 one Dollar and sixty cents.
Apr 5 – Ethan and Will came back from Marshall. Made pick handle for Herb Earl. Fixed Browns handle.
Apr 6 – Fine morning. Jim and Will left for Marshall. Went down to Katharines. Sarah and Mrs Betts went to eat new shugar, got some.
Apr 7 – Worked in shop on patterns. Mrs Betts went over to burg to hear the gospel preached. Ethan and Bill went down to Katherines. Henry went a long. Fine day.
Apr 8 – Warm looks some like rain, considerable wind. Mrs Betts came home.
Apr 9 – Ethan went up to Foundry. Sarah went over to burg stayed all day. Old Mr King Died this morning. I worked on Skinners wheel barrow. Fine day high wind.
Apr 10 – Ethan gone up to shop after chain wheel pattern. Repaired Skinners wheel barrow.
Apr 11 – Will Brown commenced plowing. Worked round house. Fixed my stove boat. Old Mr King buried to day. Elder Gage called on Mrs Betts. Went over to burg in Evening. Sarah went to Hoags. I waited bout a our and half in the road.
Apr 12 – Made soap. Painted Dells wheelbarrow, Jims slead. Uncle Daniels lost wagon tyre. Cleaned out cellar. Looked over apples &c. Mrs Betts put her ward robe in her room. Mr Brown plowing to day.
Apr 13 – Worked round house and yard. Dell came down to Harts.
Apr 14 – Worked in yard trimmed some trees. Went down to Katharines in Evening. Browns folks went. Mrs Betts went over to burg. Henry stayed all night. Bill sick. Skinner called here got his wheelbarrow.
Apr 15 – At home all day. Henry went up to Flanders. Fine day very dry.
Apr 16 – Worked in shop on patterns. Sarah went over to Janes Stayed all night.
Apr 17 – Went over to burg after Sarah. Went over after Alfleda. Mrs Calkins came home with her. Had a rainy night. Mrs Hennika Died to day.
Apr 18 – Carried Mrs Calkins over to burg. Rained. Carried Hannah down to Browns. Rained hard. Filed saw for Erve Hall 20¢. Man called here canvasing for Diary.
Apr 19 – Worked in shop on patterns. Charley Town called in.
Apr 20 – Worked on patterns. Carried Hannah over to Barbers. Bot midlings[?] over to mill[?] 50¢. Bot one Bushel potatoes, one Dollar to be paid in work. Manne Hennikas wife buried to day.
Apr 21 – Worked in shop on patterns. Mrs Betts went over to burg.
Apr 22 – At home all day. No one here.
Apr 23 – Worked in garden pulled grubbs. Hot day. Brown sowed oats. Carried Hannah over to aunt Peets. Sarah went over to Janes stayed all night.
Apr 24 – Went over to burg in morning after Sarah. Put fellow in one wheel. Split some wood in afternoon. McNaughten boy buried to day.
Apr 25 – Worked round. Got out manure. George Barber helped all day.
Apr 26 – Got out two loads manure. Chored round. Spread manure on East garden. Cyrus Streator and Laura called here just at night.
Apr 27 – Carried some corn over to mill 2½ bushels. Spread manure on west garden. Earnest Whiting plowed garden. Rained just at night. Henry came down. Jo Kean paid 50¢ cts.
Apr 28 – Rained in morning. Not much done. Went over to burg in Evening after hannah. Got my meal.
Apr 29 – At home all day. Rainy day. Henry came down stayed all night. Snowed in night. Hailed in afternoon.
Apr 30 – Ethan and Henry gone up to shop. Hannah went over to Mr Johnsons.
May 1 – Cool day snowed and blowed some. Split some wood. Will Ridler commenced plowing. Hannah came home. Got some lumber of Theodore.
May 2 – Commenced hen yard. Ethan went up to shop. Fine day froze ice.
May 3 – Cool, ice this morning. Put the cow in Browns lot to day. Ethan gone up to shop.
May 4 – Worked on hen yard. Fine day. Ridler plowing. Went up to Jim Spires to raise Barn, big Barn.
May 5 – Worked on hen yard. Very pleasant day. Will Ridler finished plowing. Mrs Betts went over to burg to hear the gospel preached in the Babtist Church.
May 6 – At home all day. No one here.
May 7 – Trimed trees south side road. Sarah went over to burg. Mrs Betts came home.
May 8 – Worked round hen yard and house. Frost this morning.
May 9 – Went up to Foundry. Got chissel made for Binder. Got my grubb ax repaired. Mr daniels lost tire of one wheel. Fine day, cool wind, frost this morning.
May 10 – Frost this morning. Worked on hen yard some.
May 11 – Worked round yard and in garden.
May 12 – Worked on got two bushels potatoes of H A Taylor. Got some lumber up to mill 5 boards 14 feet long. Not very good. Went up to foundry after Ethan. Jim came home. Mrs Betts went to burg.
May 13 – Went down to Katharines. Jo Darling maried to day. John Darling was there. Fine day.
May 14 – Worked on hen yard. Will Ridler planted corn in south west lot. Herbert Earl helped him. Mrs Betts came home.
May 15 – Worked on hen yard put the gate up. Ernest plowed in afternoon. Jim went back to Marshall. Brown planting. Considerable wind.
May 16 – Rained in morning. Brown planting. I trimed some trees. Warm day. Brown put Snap and buggy in Barn.
May 17 – Went up to shop in morning with Ethan. Mr Ford and M O Streator came down and made out release on Mortgage. I went up to Streators. Got seed corn some potatoes of Brown.
May 18 – Mercury 90 in shade. Went up to shop in morning. Ground gr____ Ax. Hot day. Draged some of my corn ground. Jesse Earl planting.
May 19 – Hot day. Carried Ethan up to shop. Finished draging corn ground. Jesse Earl planting. Ernest plowing his corn ground. Burnt brush East of Barn. Barber came over and started the plow.
May 20 – Very hot day Mercury 85 in shade. At home. No one here.
May 21 – Made corn Markers. Marked ground one way. Rained in afternoon. Paid Minnie Randall twenty Dollars.
May 22 – Rainy day. Barber came over. Plowed some moved old cornstalks. Went up to shop after Ethan at night.
May 23 – Carried Ethan up to shop. Barber plowing. Berban Jacobs and Brother called here a while in forenoon. Commenced planting corn East of house. Fine day cold East wind.
May 24 – Cold North East wind. Went up to Foundry. Mercury 50 Abz. Planted corn.
May 25 – Finished planting. Old Mrs Youngs buried to day. Henry Earl died this morning.
May 26 – Went up to shop in morning with Ethan. Worked on hen yard some. Hoed in garden. Went up after Ethan at night. Sarah and Mrs Betts went over to burg stayed all night.
May 27 – Fine morning. Sun came out nice.
May 28 – Worked round garden. Went over to burg. Went up to Ridlers to see him about road work.
May 29 – Went up to shop in morning. Hoed some in garden. Went up to shop in afternoon. Hannah and Ida Barber went. Elward Agent called on the boys to see Binder.
May 30 – Working on road. Hot day. Went up to Foundry.
May 31 – Worked round garden. Worked on road.
Jun 1 – Hoed in garden. Mrs Betts went over to Mr Wi___ans to strawberry festival. Barber put on plaster in front room. Conk Smith here stayed all night.
Jun 2 – Hoed corn, beans and potatoes. Cultivated cabbage ground. Went up to Foundry after Ethan. He had gone by the burg have rode with Ed Flanders.
Jun 3 – Some cloudy, no rain yet, very dry. Ethan and Hannah went down to Catharines. Hannah stayed. Little Dutch man stayed here all night.
Jun 4 – Went up to Foundry in morning. Marked out potatoe ground. Barber planted in some corn. Rained in night. Conk Smith stayed here all night.
Jun 5 – Cloudy some mist. Ethan set out some plants.
Jun 6 – Planted in corn. Mrs Betts went to Dowagiac. Sarah went over to burg. Theodore put in bridge. Ethans patent papers came or a part of them.
Jun 7 – Finished planting corn. Put handle on Mr Taylors hoe. Hoed in garden some. Water wheel busted. Mrs Brown and Jule here in afternoon.
Jun 8 – Ethan and Henry at work on patterns. Plowed out potatoes. Rained in afternoon. Barber brot over some more ashes for corn.
Jun 9 – Cloudy morning, rainy day. Not much done. Cow out. Filed saw for Whiting.
Jun 10 – Cool wind Mercury 53 in morning. Went down to Katharines. Mrs Gaffing there.
Jun 11 – Put ashes on corn. Rainy afternoon. Ridler came down to work in corn.
Jun 12 – Cool morning Mercury 62. Went down to Katharines. Expected to go to Kalamazoo but no go. Came home and finished ashing my corn. Ezekiel Lee Died to day.
Jun 13 – Hoed in garden some. Barber commenced plowing for Buckwheat. Ethan finished patterns. Cow out to night. Rainy night. Brown and I went to find Cattle no find him.
Jun 14 – Rainy morning. Found Cattle over by Rail Road. Had been in Whitbecks wheat. Worked in garden some. H. A. Taylor brot his buggy down to paint.
Jun 15 – Worked on Barbers cultivator. A. Browns folks came up in Evening. Mrs Semer came with them. Had a heavy shower rained all the Evening. They went home in the rain.
Jun 16 – Went up to Foundry. Henry went up to Battle Creek with patterns.
Jun 17 – At home all day. Mr Henry Rogers and wife and Mrs Wilson here. Ethan carried Hannah down to Katharines. Dell came stayed all night.
Jun 18 – Dell went to Kalamazoo, had Bill. Dell and Henry stayed all night. Finished Barbers Cultivator. George put ashes on corn. Painted cultivator. I painted Taylors buggy boddy.
Jun 19 – Painted Taylors buggy. Hoed in garden some.
Jun 20 – Rainy day. Not much done.
Jun 21 – Carried Ethan up to Foundry. Ansil, Catharine and Hellen came up here. Ansil and I went up after Ethan.
Jun 22 – Fine morning. Henry came down to have pattern alterd some.
Jun 23 – Carried Ethan up to shop. I cultivated turnip ground. Barber Cultivated corn one way. Brown plowed Buckwheat ground. Henry got Castings. Lois came home in Evening. Went down to Browns in Evening. Alfleda down to Browns.
Jun 24 – At home. Mr Daniels called here a while. He went down to Browns. Ethan went down to Katharines carried some things to Hannah. Lois went with him. Had a heavy shower.
Jun 25 – Went up to shop. Very hot. Hoed in garden some.
Jun 26 – Went over to burg. Got wire for hen yard. Bot one Barrel plaster paid one Dollar for it.
Jun 27 – Put wire round Hen yard. Hot day. Sarah went down to Browns. Carried Hannah up to Mr Flanders. Ina here.
Jun 28 – Barber sowed Buckwheat. Hoed some in garden. Dell and Lois went home took Ina.
Jun 29 – Went up to shop with Ethan. Brown sowed Buckwheat. Hot day. I hoed potatoes. Got ½ bushel potatoes of H. A. Taylor. Ridler plowed out corn in south west lot. Mrs Benagar Dean died.
Jun 30 – Carried Ethan up to shop. Sarah went to burg. I plowed potatoes and corn. Very high wind all day.
Jul 1 – Wind continues to blow. Mrs Dean buried to day also Mr Enoch Nap of Comstock. Mart and Lucy came up here. I had a chill.
Jul 2 – Not very well to day. Went over to burg. Got dress for Hannah. Put new bridge on new violin. Rained a little in afternoon.
Jul 3 – Worked some in shop and garden.
Jul 4 – At home all day. Sarah went over to burg. Ethan and Hannah went over in Evening to see fireworks.
Jul 5 – Varnished Taylors buggy and turned some pins for _____. Had a hard blow in afternoon, blowed down our Locust tree in front yard.
Jul 6 – Finished Taylors buggy. Turned 6 pins for Jim Millham. Hoed corn in afternoon some. Went over to burg after Sarah.
Jul 7 – Pleasant morning. Went up to shop. Took Mr Taylors buggy home. Hoed corn some. Hank and Nancy came home.
Jul 8 – Hank and Nancy* here. Ethan took Hannah down to Katharines. Hank and Nancy went down to Mr Browns.
Jul 9 – Worked in corn some.
Jul 10 – Plowed and hoed corn. Mrs Betts came home to day.
Jul 11 – Hoed corn. Brown cut wheat in west lot. Mr Barber commenced cutting wheat.
Jul 12 – Carried Ethan up to Foundry. Plowed and hoed corn.
Jul 13 – Finished hoing corn. Brown drawed one load wheat.
Jul 14 – Cleaned out Barn. Worked in potatoes some. Put paris green on them. Hot day Mercury 91 Abz.
Jul 15 – Very hot. Ethan took Mrs Betts over to burg. Ethan went after Mrs Betts at night.
Jul 16 – Went to Kalamazoo after Louese. Had Ernest buggy. Cows got in Whitbecks lot. Sold calf to Whitbecks for 4.00. Bot set Spokes $3.00 pr _____.
Jul 17 – Chored round house and garden. Run after cows and fixed fence.
Jul 18 – Made wheelbarrow for Claud K. Brown Esqr of Chicago.
Jul 19 – Went Kalamazoo with Hank. He went to Chicago. Bot coat and pants $3.00. Dell and Lois came here. Mart and Lucy called here. Hannah went to Caywoods. Sis went up to Milhams.
Jul 20 – Carried Ethan up to shop. Corked barn floor in forenoon.
Jul 21 – Hoed[?] corn some. Barton[?] thrashed some. Mrs Betts went over to burg.
Jul 22 – At home all day. Lois came back. Dell went home. Mr Clark called in a while.
Jul 23 – Barton thrashed some. I plowed corn. Very hot. Ridler plowed corn. Finished plowing.
Jul 24 – Hot day. Plowed corn. Emma Allen here. Twelve here to dinner.
Jul 25 – Rainy morning. Headache. Hoed some potatoes. Tamer Ford here. Barber plowed some corn. Lois went up to Jo Flanders.
Jul 26 – Some cooler this morning. Spect had rain somewhere. Finished plowing corn. Mr Flanders came down got all the whimmen took them up to their house. Had a heavy shower, rained and blowed hard. Mr Flanders had to drive in _____.
Jul 27 – Cloudy morning. Laid up fence in forenoon. Carried all the wimmin down to A. Browns in afternoon. Went over to burg. Received of Township Treasurer 36 Dollars. Rained hard in night. Adda Ralph here to day.
Jul 28 – Sun came out in morning, fine day, rained some in afternoon. Cow went to Bull. Mrs Betts went to burg.
Jul 29 – Hot day. Went down to Katharines. All well. Mrs Gaffing there.
Jul 30 – Made Ex for Skinners Democrat[?]. Jim came home. Sarah went over to burg. Mrs Betts came home. Mrs G____ preached at burg this Evening.
Jul 31 – At home. Worked worked in shop some.
Aug 1 – Worked on spokes some. Mrs Brown and Jule here in afternoon.
Aug 2 – Worked on spokes. Repaired Huntings guitar. Lois went home.
Aug 3 – Worked in corn some. Drove some spokes in afternoon.
Aug 4 – Drove some spokes in morning. Catharine and Mrs Gaffing came up. Mrs G. went up to Jim Milhams. Estella came down stayed all night. Hoed corn in afternoon.
Aug 5 – Katharine here. Hank and Nancy came up. Warm day.
Aug 6 – Hank moved his things over. Hoed corn. Sarah and Katharine went up to Jim Milhams. Hannah went down to A. Browns. Rained a very little towards night.
Aug 7 – Cloudy morning looks like rain. Finished hoing corn and potatoes. Katharine went home. Mrs Betts went to burg. Dr Upham came here stayed all night from Elkhart, Ia. Hot and dry.
Aug 8 – Cut weeds in yard hoed some. Sarah went to burg to meeting. Ethan came home in morning. Hot day. Babtist Association at Burg.
Aug 9 – Chored round. Belas calf got in corn lot. Went round woods put up some fence. Hoed some. Will Clark came. Ethan sick in night. Mrs Betts came home. A____ closed to day.
Aug 10 – Fine morning. Went up in woods. Plowed out the potatoes. Cut some grubbs in cornfield side road. Will Clark here.
Aug 11 – Hunt preaches in D K Rogers Saloon this morning. He paid five Dollars for the room. Drawed one load wood. Not feeling very well. Jim and Will went up to Henrys.
Aug 12 – Fine morning some cloudy. At home all day. Mrs Betts went burg on her own hook I guess some mad spose. Peer Whitcomb brot her home. Hank and Nancy came up stayed all night.
Aug 13 – Some cloudy. Will Clark went home. I cultivated my corn one way. Had a good shower in afternoon rained hard. Nancy and Claud here all day. A. Browns folks went to Kalamazoo to Seance at Wagners.
Aug 14 – Killed 3 fowls, one white Rooster, old Speckled hen, one yellow hen. Nice morning. Went down to Katharines got 25 lbs flour. Had a heavy shower, rainy afternoon, rained all night.
Aug 15 – Rainy morning. Picknic at South Haven. Jim gone.
Aug 16 – Put rims on wheels. Ethan worked up to shop. Charles Lees folks here came up with they new buggy. Mrs Betts, Nancy and Mrs Brown and Jule went up to Mr Ralphs.
Aug 17 – Work round, cut some wood, chored round. Mr Barber plowed corn. Sate Skinner went up to Flanders. Henry came down in Evening.
Aug 18 – Pleasant morning. Cut some wood. Sarah and Mrs Betts went over to Burg to stay all night.
Aug 19 – At home all day. Very hot Mercury 92 in shade. Alvin, Ida and Henrys _____ _____ _____ ____ and Louese went over to Burg after Sarah and Mrs Betts.
Aug 20 – Not very well. Drawed one load wood. Nancy and Claud went down to Ambrose and Matildas to attend to business &c.
Aug 21 – Worked round garden pulled weeds in Strawberry patch. Rained in night.
Aug 22 – Went up to sawmill in morning. Some rainy. Worked round house and shop. Rainy afternoon and night. Ethan & Louese calculated to went down to Katharines but no go, to much rain.
Aug 23 – Rainy. Jim went over to Barbers after umbrella. Carried Ethan up to shop. Got Whitings buggy. Wedged two axes for E Whiting and mended pruning shears. Rainy day and night.
Aug 24 – Rainy morning. Mrs Skinner and Sate came here stayed all night. Henry came down in Evening. Fixed Whitings buggy wheels.
Aug 25 – Went over to burg. Bot sack flour 90 cts. Bot oil, cheese, paper, Envelopes. Mrs Skinner and Sate went home. Henry here. Wm Gleason died this morning. Went down to Katharines stayed all night.
Aug 26 – Went to Kalamazoo, took the cars. Went to Schoolcraft. Attended a Spiritual meeting. Left my horse to Jesse Turners. Came back. Went up to Katharines stayed all night. Alfleda went down to Charles Lees. Mr Wm Gleason buried to day.
Aug 27 – Rained some. Came home at noon. Hank here to work. Not much done in the work line.
Aug 28 – Some misty. Not very well. Not much work don to day. Rained hard in night.
Aug 29 – Worked in shop some on cross head. Mart and Lucy, Delpha come up. Louese went home with them. I went over to burg in morning. Received of township treasurer $3.70 cts.
Aug 30 – Finished cross head. Went up to saw mill. Hannah went down to Browns. Mr Brown thrashed his wheat. Saw Mr Dilenbeck from Yorkstate. Martin Turner and wife called here just at night. Brown thrashed.
Aug 31 – Hot morning Mercury 83 Abz. Carried Hannah down to Katharines. Louese came back with me. Rained some. Stoped to Browns.
Sep 1 – Cool morning. Town[e] thrashing. Chored round, drawed two loads wood. Louese and Stella went up to Sherwoods in afternoon. Rained some in night. Cool days.
Sep 2 – Henry came down in morning. Rainy.
Sep 3 – Chored round. Went up to Mr Flanders. Bot one bushel corn 60. Claud went with me. Jim helping Streator thrash.
Sep 4 – Went to Comstock to mill, carried 4 bushels wheat, one corn. Mrs Betts and Mrs Keith went over to burg on a visit.
Sep 5 – Chored round. Split some wood. Cool day. Ethan carried patterns up to shop. Rained some in afternoon. Commenced (indecipherable). Extracted two teeth for Herbert Earl.
Sep 6 – Pleasant morning but hot. Pioneer Picknick at Augusta. Drawed one load wood. Mr Browns folks and Mr Wagner here in Evening had a Circle. The Old Preach came Che Che would not let him talk.
Sep 7 – Henry and Louese gone up to Marshall. Had Bill. Worked in shop some. Cut out sides for wheelbarrow. Ethan worked up to shop.
Sep 8 – Stript some corn. Nancy here. Ridler commenced cutting corn.
Sep 9 – All well at home. Hank and Nancy here.
Sep 10 – _____ worked in shop on mold pattern. Mart and Lucy came up. Rainy. Mart went to burg with Sewing Machine.
Sep 11 – Finished mold pattern. Rained in afternoon. Barber came up and cut some corn. I went down to Browns to tea. Hank and Will topping corn.
Sep 12 – Worked in corn. Mrs Betts and Nancy came back. Homes girl died. Henry got home with Bill. Ridler cutting corn.
Sep 13 – Lottie Holmes buried to day. Ethan and Henry went up to shop. I toped corn all day. Ridler finished cutting. Barber cutting. Sarah, Mrs Betts and Nancy went up to Hanibals in afternoon. Boys made some cider.
Sep 14 – Pleasant morning. Finished cutting corn in fore noon. Set up cornfodder in afternoon. Hot day. Ancil got back from Salt Lakecity.
Sep 15 – Nice morning. Browns folks gone to Plainwell. Will came up to ___s after Louese. Ethan gone up to shop.
Sep 16 – At home all day. Ethan down to Browns. Mrs Betts went to burg. Louese came home from Marshall. Ancil and Lucy came up here in afternoon. Rainy night.
Sep 17 – Rainy morning. Sarah went over to burg in morning. Took old buggy to pieces. Went after Sarah and Mrs Betts. Mrs Betts (indecipherable) Eat to much Honey. Dell called here.
Sep 18 – Pleasant morning. Chored round. Made fire under Kettle[?]. Sarah colored lot cloth for Louese. Took the old buggy wheels to pieces. _____ up hubbs to get the _____ out. Ethan went up to shop. Sent my patterns _____.
Sep 19 – Made rack[?] for Cart to draw corn _____ on. Drawed some _____. Louese went up to _____ stayed all night. _____ stayed here with Jim.
Sep 20 – Sprinkled some. Took Ethan over to burg. He went to Jackson to State fair. Drawed two loads wood in forenoon. Went over Ethan in Evening.
Sep 21 – Hank and Will cut the Buckwheat. I made Claud a husking ____. Worked on wringer.
Sep 22 – Fine morning. Hank, Jim, Jule and Nancy gone to Skinners. Ethan gone up to shop. Mrs Betts gone to burg. Sarah and I went down to Katharines. Stayed all night.
Sep 23 – Went Came home in Evening all right.
Sep 24 – Worked round shop, cleaned out old shop. Barber husked little corn. Hank and all hands got home. Mrs Betts came home from burg.
Sep 25 – Ethan went shop. I husked some corn in forenoon. Sawed out felloes for Barbers wheel. Mr Orrin Case called here at noon to see about Sam Chichester stealing[?] hogs of Father.
Sep 26 – Finished Barbers wheel at noon. Ethan went up to shop. I worked round, picked apples up at the corner then went down to Jacksons. Stayed all night.
Sep 27 – Pleasant morning. Ethan went up to shop. I stript some corn leaves in forenoon. Mercury 88 at one oclock, very hot. Mrs Betts went over to burg Ethan took her over to hear the gospel preached once more in her life. Rained hard up to _____.
Sep 28 – Henry and Ethan went up to shop. Cloudy morning. Worked on wheel some. Asel left for home Titusville Pennsylvania.
Sep 29 – Worked on wheel finished one wheel. Husked some corn. Mr and Mrs Ira Clark here to Dinner. Fine day. Claud went up to Rass Towns with Mr Brown, got some peaches.
Sep 30 – At home. Hank and Nancy here, Henry here. I went down to Katharines just at night after tea and butter.
Oct 1 – Sarah went over to burg in morning with Ethan. I put bottom in three peck basket. Picked lot corn. Hot day. Mercury 94 at one PM in shade. Husked some corn.
Oct 2 – Picked sixteen rows corn. Earnest brot Hogs head down in morning. Sarah, Mrs Betts and all the girls went up to Jesse Earls. I set tire on Barbers wheel. Very hot and dry.
Oct 3 – Warm and dry, 89 in shade. Repaired rake wheel for Jesse Earl in morning. Cut popcorn in west garden in fore noon. Jim and George Barber gone down to Jacksons to gather butternuts. Went down to Jackson after walnuts. Rained in night.
Oct 4 – Some rainy and very high wind. Picked some corn and husked some. Barber finished cutting Buckwheat.
Oct 5 – Carried Ethan up to Henrys. They went to Marshall, had Whitings buggy. I picked and husked some corn, drawed one load wood.
Oct 6 – Jim and I husked corn. Sarah and Mrs Betts went down to A. Browns. Mrs Betts was so lame she could not stay at home. She had been housed up for for four days, had not been visiting in four days. She thought it would do her good.
Oct 7 – At home all day. Not much rain.
Oct 8 – Worked round done chores &c. Went over to burg at noon. Sarah went over to get pattern for Hannah. We went down to Katharines stayed all night. Rained most all night.
Oct 9 – Went to Kalamazoo. Sarah Expected to go to Chicago. There was no Excursion Train going so she no go. Came home in forenoon. Dell here to dinner. He went to Kalamazoo Sis went with him. Ethan came home.
Oct 10 – Rainy day. Husked some corn carried it in to corn house. Dell and Ethan went to burg in forenoon.
Oct 11 – Husked some corn. Ethan worked on patterns. Hank and Nancy moved over to burg. I carried over two loads.
Oct 12 – Hank cleaned out gallery. Worked round house and barn.
Oct 13 – Hank carried one load over to gallery. I finished husking my ____ corn. Ridler and Barber husking. Mrs Betts went over to burg. Ethan went up to Foundry.
Oct 14 – Hannah and I went around the Squair. Saw Bronsons, Burgess and Peet Milhams houses for the first time. Henry Rogers and wife and Mrs Wilson came over here.
Oct 15 – Cleared out corn house and sorted corn. Sarah went over to burg in morning. Barber husked some. I am Sixty four years old to day.
Oct 16 – Sorted corn some. Barber put in some. Nancy and Claud here to day. Ethan and girls went over to Nancys in Evening.
Oct 17 – Sorted corn. Ridler brot one load. Barber thrashed Buckwheat. Rained in afternoon. Brown Drawed his Buckwheat. Ridler finished drawing my corn.
Oct 18 – Sorted corn. Ridler took one load home the last. Minnie Randall here in Evening. Mrs Corkins came from Battle Creek. Rainy night.
Oct 19 – Rainy day. Sorted corn. Took Mrs Corkins over to burg at noon she went home on the 12.55 train. Mart and Jay Barton thrashed wheat.
Oct 20 – Worked in corn some sorted some corn.
Oct 21 – Went down to Katharines after some butter.
Oct 22 – Chored round house and barn.
Oct 23 – Fixed up bin in cornhouse. Sorted some corn. Went over to burg. Got potato hook mended.
Oct 24 – Mr Chapin Died to day. Took Hannah up to Jesse Earls and Ethan up to shop. Went down to M. O. Streators. Dug potatoes. Barber thrashed Buckwheat. I get three bushels B.wheat. To Browns to buy eleven bushels potatoes.
Oct 25 – Went down dug 3 bushels. Mr Streator raised his Hog pen and corn house. Floral[?] Hall burnt on the Galesburg Fair ground in Evening.
Oct 26 – Went over to burg in morning after Louese. Rained some. Barber came over and shelled some corn.
Oct 27 – Dug my potatoes up at the corner and put them in the cellar. Ethan, Hannah and Louese went down to Katharines stayed all night.
Oct 28 – Pleasant, nice day, some wind, Mercury 70 Abz at noon in shade.
Oct 29 – Husked corn some. Fine day. Husked about fifteen baskets and put it in corn house.
Oct 30 – Finished husking. Louese started for Chicago. Sorted corn.
Oct 31 – Worked round house and barn. ____ some all day. Went up to shop with Ethan.
Nov 1 – Went up to mill got load _____ for fence got some steaks for fence.
Nov 2 – Went up to shop with Ethan. Rainy day. Brot sewing machine home from Earls. Carried it over to burg. Sarah went over bot warp for Katharines carpet.
Nov 3 – Carried Sarah down to Katharines. Clarra came home with me. Carried Mrs Betts over to burg. Made fence around the Strawberries. Susan Giddings here to day. Whiting brot his cutter down.
Nov 4 – Carried Hannah and Clarra down to Katharines. Sarah came home. Rained quite hard when we came home.
Nov 5 – At home. Snowey day. Not much done but move stoves. Put stove in shop and in middle room. Cold night. Ethan and Jim went over to burg. Jim got boots. Mrs Betts came home.
Nov 6 – Not very well hard cold. Mercury 3 Abz in morning. No work to day.
Nov 7 – Mercury 10 Abz in morning. Husked popcorn &c. Rather disagreable day. Ethan went up to shop. Rained all night. Jim went up to Milhams stayed the night.
Nov 8 – Rainy. No work to day hard cold. Eugene Powlisons wife died. Elva Earl Married to day spec so maby some.
Nov 9 – Cut and drawed two loads wood. Hank and Nancy came over stayed all night. Walter Barton died to day.
Nov 10 – Nancy gone down to Mr Browns. Fine morning. Put handle and heads in my mawl. Mrs Powlison buried to day. Fine pleasant day. Not much done, hard cold.
Nov 11 – Nice day. At home all day, not very well. Walter Barton buried to day.
Nov 12 – Went down to Katharines after tea and Hannahs cloths. Mrs Gaffing started for Tennessee.
Nov 13 – Pried up well room in forenoon. Worked on road in afternoon. Picked stone on the hill. Fine day.
Nov 14 – Patched the roof some. Chored round. Banked house some. Mr Mitchel called here. Dell and Lois drove in did not get out of the carriage. Rained some in after noon. Mr R Ransom died this morning.
Nov 15 – Some rainy. Ethan went over got Nancy. I put up shelf on back roof to put iron ware on. Shelled some corn. Ethan made water spout.
Nov 16 – Went to Comstock to Mill got Buckwheat and corn ground.
Nov 17 – Went over to Burg. Sarah and Mrs Betts went over to burg. Sarah started for South bend.
Nov 18 – Went over to burg after Hank and Nancy. Henry came down. Herbert Clark and Jimmy Millham came down here. Very nice day. All well as usual.
Nov 19 – Fine day. Worked on Skinners buggy. Mr Barton and David thrashed. Lois and Hannah went down to Mr Browns. Ross Ingersoll died to day.
Nov 20 – Nice morning. Lois and Hannah went over to Nancys. Mrs Betts came home to get ready to go over to Galesburg. Finished Skinners buggy.
Nov 21 – Repaired my wagon wheel in forenoon. Carried Alfleda down to Katharines. Rainy afternoon, rained in night.
Nov 22 – Cloudy morning, Ross Ingersoll buried to day.
Nov 23 – Lois and Will went home. I went up to James Ralphs. Took up two bushels Buckwheat, got almost three bushels and a half potatoes. Henry came down. Ethan went up to shop in Evening. Bot stove pipe. Old Mrs __oo___ died.
Nov 24 – Warm morning. Went up in woods got load wood. Went over to burg after Nancy. Mrs Betts went over with me. Extracted tooth for Jenny Giddings. Had head ache in afternoon.
Nov 25 – Mercury 51 Abz nice warm morning. Mr Brown called in. Claud went home with him. Hank came over. Will and Jule came up here. Claud went down home with Jule stayed all night.
Nov 26 – Warm, mercury 49 Abz rainy morning. Cow gone, found her down on Randals. Dressed out cutter Knees. Rainy day. Claud went home this morning.
Nov 27 – Mercury 38 Abz in morning. Rained some in morning. Ethan went over to burg.
Nov 28 – Mercury 28 Abz in morning. Fixed up hatch way in forenoon. Snowey and blowey. Fixed up high chair in afternoon. Allen Simmons called here to get buggy boddy made. Cold day.
Nov 29 – Mercury 15 Abz in morning, cold and Blustrous, no snow. Filed buck saw for Whiting.
Nov 30 – Worked in shop on cross Head. Stormy.
Dec 1 – Finished cross Head in forenoon. Sawed out cutter Beams in afternoon. Mrs Betts went over to burg with A. Brown.
Dec 2 – Pleasant, Mercury 17 Abz. At home all day. Claud stayed here all night.
Dec 3 – Pleasant, sun out all day, warm. Carried Claud home. Mrs Betts came home. Drawed two logs down from the corner on sleigh.
Dec 4 – Rainy morning, not very cold, some snow. Worked in shop some on wheel barrow.
Dec 5 – Went up to mill in the morning. Worked on road some. Windy, not very cold. Jesse Earl and Burgess and Ed Schram worked. Drawed some dirt.
Dec 6 – Worked on road in forenoon. Snowey day. Went over after Sarah, she no come.
Dec 7 – Worked in woods in fore noon. Cut maple tree. Went over after Sarah, she come. Drawed some wood.
Dec 8 – Snowey. Jim and I cut some wood. Went over to burg in Evening after Hank and Nancy. Ethan carried Hannah down to Caywoods. She came home at night. Ambrose and Matilda here in Evening.
Dec 9 – At home. Hank and Nancy here. Fine day. Mart brot Alfleda home. Katharine came with them.
Dec 10 – Worked on bob patterns some. Barber came over shelled some corn.
Dec 11 – Took the carpet rags over to Mrs Semer. Katharine and Sarah went to Nancys. Mrs Betts went over to Mr Burdicks. Barber came over. I hung ax for him. He cut stub down for _____. I went over (indecipherable). Bot Horse Blankets.
Dec 12 – Fine day, mercury ____ Abz. Went up in woods cut some wood. Katharine, Sarah and Alfleda went up to Nichols. Byron Allen and wife, Cora, Ida and Emma here in Evening. Henry took Claud home.
Dec 13 – Drawed three loads wood in fore noon. Went down to Marts. Katharine and Hannah went home. No snow, cold wind.
Dec 14 – Pleasant morning. Worked in woods, cut wood.
Dec 15 – Cut wood in forenoon, drawed some. Went over to burg carried Mrs Betts over. Sarah went down to Kalamazoo with Nancy to get stove and furniture. Jim went over got his over coat.
Dec 16 – Pleasant day. At home all day.
Dec 17 – Repaired guitar for Harry Streator. Bot _____ of Whiting 8½ lbs 5 cts pr pound. Went over to burg after Mrs Betts. Warm day.
Dec 18 – Rainy morning. Worked in shop. Commenced Simmons buggy boddy. Browns folks and Sarah went over to Hanks in Evening. Rained in Evening.
Dec 19 – Cloudy, mercury 55 Abz in morning. Not much done to day. Worked in shop some.
Dec 20 – Sick, no work. Mercury 66 Abz.
Dec 21 – Fine day. Worked in shop in afternoon. Ernest brot shank. Plained board for Ernest.
Dec 22 – Not any work to day. Ethan carried Mrs Betts over to burg.
Dec 23 – At home. Not very well. Went down to Katharines. Took Hannahs things down, got tea. Lost Martingale ring. Warm day, rained in Evening.
Dec 24 – Worked some in shop on sills. Went over to burg with N. L. Randall. Received of Township Treasurer 40 forty Dollars. Paid Minnie Randall 40 forty Dollars.
Dec 25 – Rainy morning, not very cold, Mercury 46[?] Abz in morning. Went down to Browns in Evening. Ed Phelps got hurt, gun burst, blowed britch pin into his head.
Dec 26 – Worked in shop some. Carried Nancy home. Alfleda went over. Mrs Betts came home. Old cow out, found her at Blakes barn in galesburg. Filed saw for Erve Hall 15.
Dec 27 – Worked in shop some. Not very cold, 20.
Dec 28 – Filed saw for Erve Hall 20. Put in cross bar in Rand___ saw frame and filed saw 20. No frost, Mercury 50 Abz.
Dec 29 – Worked in shop some. Went over to burg in Evening. Mrs Betts went over with me. Hank and Nancy came over.
Dec 30 – Henry came down. Carried Hank and Nancy home in Evening. Mrs Betts came home.
Dec 31 – Worked in shop in forenoon. Mart came up with Hannah. Went over to burg, paid my tax 7.69 cts. Ed Phelps Died this morning. Hannah stayed over to Nancys.
 Louese was attending school in Chicago and staying with her uncle and aunt, Hiram & Katherine (Atcheson) Crawford Jr.


We're seeing reports from some blog owners, who purchased custom domains through Blogger / Google, who are unable to access the registrars zone editor through Google Apps.
Owners of blogs published to custom domains, where the domains were purchased through "Buy a domain", need to use the registrars zone editor to maintain their domains. In the past, the zone editor could be accessed from a link in the "Advanced DNS settings" wizard in the "Admin console" / Google Apps dashboard.
The "Advanced DNS settings" wizard provides important tokens, to let the owner of a domain, purchased through Blogger / Google, interact with the registrar. Besides the tokens, there is a link, captioned "Sign in to DNS console", which should lead directly to the sign in screen provided by either eNom or GoDaddy.
Right now, the "Sign in to DNS console" link leads back to the "Admin console" dashboard. This does not help the domain owner.
Having discussed this issue with a Google Apps Top Contributor, it appears that the only way to login, right now, is using the correct registrar login screen. The link must be properly selected, according to the registrar who hosts the domain.
These two links, properly selected, should permit owners of domains, purchased using "Buy a domain", to access the zone editor of the respective registrar.
The domain owner will still have to access the "Advanced DNS settings" wizard, to retrieve the "Sign-in name" and "Password" tokens, which are unique to each domain. The tokens, once retrieved, will be used on the appropriate eNom / GoDaddy login screen, as linked above.
Great information you have about Google's apps and the advanced DNS settings. Your ideas are so helpful for the configuration of these DNS services that is so rare to find the best solution from a blog post. I mostly use smartdns that is great and have all the good things I want to have that is good for my daily working.