text:
\section{Introduction}

The question of motility and transfer of microorganisms in their
environment is at the center of numerous issues. In many practical situations as in porous or fractured media, the pore size or the gap left for the micro-organisms to move can be very small and in theses confined situations surfaces become predominant. In addition, internal walls of porous media, as well as biological conducts like blood vessels, lymphatic ducts, urinary and reproductive tracks, are not simply perfect cylinders, but their surfaces have irregularities, as grooves and crevices, that make them different from simple regular surfaces.
The understanding of bacteria motion along complex surfaces
in the presence of flows is thus of strong importance for the control of microorganism transport in underground water resources, catheters or biological conducts.

\begin{figure}[!htb]
     \begin{center}
    \centering      \includegraphics[angle=0, scale=0.5]{Fig1.eps}
     \end{center}
 \caption{Sketch of the experimental configuration. A rectangular microfluidic channel of height $h=20 \mu m$ and width $w=200 \mu m$ is observed using an inverted microscope. A bacteria suspension is flown at a volumetric rate $Q$ in the direction indicated by the blue arrows. The red arrow in the $x$ direction is our positive reference. Panels (a) and (b) indicate schematically \emph{typical} bacteria motion at the top and bottom surfaces, respectively, as well as at their interceptions with the lateral edges. Edges with a green (red) color picture correspond to mostly ``in-going'' (``out-going'') mean transverse flux.}
 \label{fig:sketch}
\end{figure}

Bacteria transport has been investigated in bulk flows and Marcos \al \cite{Marcos2012} have recently shown that bacteria drift with respect to the shear plane in Poiseuille flows. The drift has been explained as a consequence of the interaction between the chiral flagella of the bacteria and the shear rate \cite{Marcos2012, Fu2009}. As a consequence bacteria drift in opposite directions in the upper and lower half of a Poiseuille flow, induced by the opposite signs of the shear rate components.

The presence of walls modifies bacteria motion even without flow. In confined environments, bacteria are known to be attracted by flat surfaces and several studies have shown that the concentration of bacteria is significantly larger at the top and
bottom walls of square microchannels compared to the concentration
in the bulk \cite{Berke2008, Frymier1995, Drescher}.

The attraction towards the walls results from hydrodynamic interactions between swimming bacteria and walls. Typically an autonomously swimming bacterium can be seen as a force dipole. Then, bacteria described as "pushers'' \cite{Drescher} are attracted to their specular hydrodynamic image close to a solid wall \cite{leal2007advanced, Berke2008, DiLeonardo2011,chilukuri2014impact}. Furthermore, near a surface the rate of tumble has been observed to decrease with respect to the bulk \cite{molaei2014failed} also contributing to the long time bacteria spend very close to solid surfaces \cite{Drescher, schaar2014detention}. Bacteria motion at the surface is also modified compared to motion in the bulk due to lubrication forces between bacteria and walls. The viscous drag felt by the bacteria slows down the bacteria velocity \cite{DiLeonardo2011} and leads to the existence of circular trajectories due to their body rotation \cite{Frymier1995,Berg2004,Lauga2006}. Note that a purely kinetic approach \cite{Ezhilan2015, Li2009accumulation}, not taking hydrodynamic interactions with walls into account, also predicts increased bacteria concentrations at walls in confined geometries.

Under flow, the interaction between local shear and swimmer motion close to the surface results in upstream migration at small shear rates and downstream swimming at a given angle with respect to the flow direction at higher shear rates, reported for \textit{E. coli}  in \cite{Kaya2012} and for mammalian sperm in \cite{kantsler2014}. More generally, recent studies suggest that upstream swimming  takes place above a given threshold in shear rate for any front-back asymmetric micro-swimmer interacting hydrodynamically with a surface \cite{tung2015emergence}.

Concentration profiles stay flat in the bulk with a strong increase of concentration at the surfaces for small applied shear rates \cite{Gachelin2013}, but for higher shear rates more complex concentration profiles are observed and predicted in the direction of
the channel height \cite{Rusconi2014, Ezhilan2015, chilukuri2014impact}. Ezhilan and Saintillan \cite{Ezhilan2015}  and Chilukuri \al \cite{chilukuri2014impact} predict a decrease of the surface concentration
with increasing shear rate, but no experimental investigation of this phenomenon has been performed so far.

Less work has been devoted to the study of bacteria motion at wall interceptions. Bacteria concentration have been found to be even higher at these edges compared to flat surfaces \cite{Altshuler2013} and under flow bacteria motion is observed at the edges in a predominantly upstream way \cite{Hill2007,Altshuler2013} over long distances. This upstream motion is at the origin of anomalous
reconcentrations observed to be closely linked to the specific details of the confining
structure \cite{Altshuler2013,Figueroa2013}.

Here we study the behavior of bacteria while swimming in the vicinities and along the edges
resulting from the interception between bottom and lateral walls of confined rectangular
microchannels, as a first approach to understand their behavior in
response to shear in confined irregular structures.

We systematically quantify the
concentrations and velocities of bacteria at the horizontal surfaces
 and at the edges, as a function of the applied mean shear rate. We show that concentrations decrease exponentially with shear rate due to erosion of bacteria. The slower decay of bacteria concentrations at the edges can be explained by the smaller local shear rate experienced by bacteria at the edges compared to the surfaces, as well as strong attractive hydrodynamic interactions and suppression of bacteria tumbles. We establish the link between bacteria motion at the horizontal surfaces and the anisotropic bacteria concentrations observed at opposite edges. We show that the bacteria navigation along the edges takes place at speeds mainly given by collisions between bacteria moving along a single line along the edges. In contrast, at the bottom and top surfaces bacteria are transported downstream at a speed proportional to the mean shear rate, as soon as a critical shear rate is overcome.

We define and measure an order parameter that allows to
quantify the strong tendency of {\it E. coli} to navigate upstream
along the edges. It shows a transition from a symmetric mix of
downstream/upstream navigation at very low mean shear rates, to pure
upstream navigation at larger mean shear rates. We identify an ``edge boundary layer'' close to the edges, where bacteria also navigate upstream.

Finally, we show that the overall bacteria transport results from the dependency of both the concentrations and transport velocities on the mean shear rate.

\begin{figure*}
\begin{minipage}[b]{\textwidth}
 \begin{tabular}{l l l l}
   \textbf{a} &  &  & \textbf{c} \\
   \includegraphics[scale=0.5]{Normalized_V_temporal.eps} &
   \includegraphics[scale=0.5]{axes.eps} &  &
     \includegraphics[scale=0.5]{Normalized_shear_temporal.eps} \\
   \medskip
   \textbf{b} &  & \textbf{d} \\
   \includegraphics[width=5cm,keepaspectratio]{V_y_z_new.eps} &  &  &
   \includegraphics[width=5cm,keepaspectratio]{Shear_y_z_new.eps}
 \end{tabular}
\end{minipage}
\caption{Flow velocities and shear rates for a rectangular channel ($w/h=10$) from the solution of Stoke's equations (eqn. \ref{sol_veloc}). (a) Normalized velocity field $V(y,z)/V_{max}$. (b) Zoom of normalized velocity profiles close to the lateral edges at different z positions versus distance normalized by the channel half-width $w/2$. (c) Normalized shear rate amplitude $\s_{local} (y,z)/\s$. (d) Zoom of the normalized shear rate profiles close to the lateral edges at different z positions versus distance normalized by the channel width $w$.}
  \label{fig:V_and_shear_profiles}
\end{figure*}

\section{Experimental set-up and methods}
\label{sec:experimental_details}

\textsl{Bacteria suspension~} -- The bacteria are wild-type {\it E. coli} (ATCC 11105).
Suspensions are prepared using the following protocol:  10 $\mu L$ of bacteria were grown overnight in 15 mL of a rich culture medium (LB). From this, 5 mL was washed using 25 mL of PBS and centrifuged. Thereafter, the pellet was re-suspended into Minimal Motility Medium (MMA)\cite{Minamino2003} and supplemented with K-acetate (0.34 mM) and polyvinyl pyrolidone (PVP: 0.005$\%$). After incubating for an hour in this medium to obtain a maximal activity, it was mixed with Percoll (1:1) to avoid bacteria sedimentation.  This controlled environment promotes motility but does not allow bacteria replication. The experiments where performed at $(25\pm 2)$ $^\circ C$. Under these conditions, the average swimming speed (far from the surfaces) is $28.7\pm~1.3 \mu m/s$. \textit{E.coli} perform run an tumble motions which can be regarded as a directed random walk process \cite{Berg2004, TorqueBerg}. At short times, the trajectory is ballistic with a swimming velocity $v_0$ and at long times, the motion is diffusive with a translational diffusion coefficient: $D = \frac{1}{6}v_0^{2} \tau$, where $ \tau $ is the cross-over time scale expressing the loss of directional orientation and is $\tau = 0.5 s$ for our experiments \cite{Gachelin2013, Matias2015}.

For the present experiments, the average bulk bacteria concentration is kept at $n_b = (3 \pm 0.5) \times 10^9$ bact./mL ($3 \times 10^{-3}$ bact.$/\mu m^3$) unless otherwise stated. The volume fraction $\phi$, based on a body volume of $1\mu m^3$ is $\phi=0.003$ and corresponds to a dilute regime.\\

\textsl{Microfluidic channel} -- The experimental cell is a rectangular channel made in PDMS using soft lithography techniques. The channel is $h = 20~\mu m$ deep, $w=200~\mu m$ wide and several millimeters long (see Fig. \ref{fig:sketch}). Confinement of bacteria suspensions by two parallel walls can be quantified by comparing the distance between the two walls (the channel depth) to a typical distance over which bacteria swim between two successive tumbles, yielding the confinement parameter $C = \frac{v_0 \tau}{h}$ \cite{Ezhilan2015}. For $C>1$ a bacterium crosses the channel depth essentially without changing direction and the walls play an important role in the bacteria dynamics. On the other hand, for $C<<1$ the motion of bacteria within the channel depth is diffusive and the channel walls only play a minor role. For our experimental system, we find $C=0.75$ and we are thus in a  situation where walls play a non-negligible role. \\

\textsl{Experimental protocol and bacteria detection} --  The suspension is observed using an inverted microscope (Zeiss-Observer, Z1) with a high magnification objective $100\times$ (field-depth 6 $\mu m$). Videos are taken with a digital camera Photron FastCam SA3 (1024 $\times$ 1024 $pixels$ or 158 $\times$ 158 $\mu m$) at a frame-rate of 500 fps unless otherwise stated. The bacteria suspensions were seeded with latex beads ($d=2~\mu$m, Beckman Coulter, density $\rho = 1.027 g/mL$ at a volume fraction $10^{-5} \%$) and injected inside the micro-channel at different flow rates $Q$ obtained by gravity over-pressure.
The focus position is set at a height immediately above the bottom surface where a first homogeneous layer of moving bacteria can be detected. At this position the cell bodies appear as white areas surrounded by a dark halo. Through image post-processing they are detected via their local intensity maximum. Then using a calibrated criterion for the maximal intensity, we quantified that bacteria detected in this way where within a distance  $z_0= 1.5 \mu m $ from the surface. Furthermore, we define that bacteria belong to {\it the horizontal surfaces} when they can be tracked in focus for at least 1 second, which corresponds to a traveling distance without flow of typically their own size including the flagella bundle.

Although the field depth of the microscope is quite small ($6 \mu m$), beads can be observed over the whole channel depth when flowing through the micro-channel. The fastest bead in each video is used to determine the maximum flow velocity $V_{max}$ in the channel. The uncertainty of this method depends on the number of observed beads and is almost negligible as soon as we observe more than 10 beads. It can however be significant at very low flow rates. Maximal velocities detected vary between 0 and $4150\mu m/s$.

\section{Velocity and shear profiles }
\label{section:rectangular channel}

The rectangular channel we use here has an aspect ratio $w/h=10$. Velocity profiles differ thus from an ideal parabolic Hele-Shaw flow profile, where the velocity is invariant in the transverse direction $y$, for distances to the lateral wall larger than the cell height $h$. This will influence the local values of  flow velocities and shear rates and thus the transport properties of bacteria at the surfaces. We present in Fig. \ref{fig:V_and_shear_profiles} the flow velocities and shear rates computed for a rectangular channel with the same aspect ratio as our experimental channel. Velocities and shear-rates are normalised respectively by the maximal velocity $V_{max}$ and by the average shear rate $\dot{\gamma} =\frac{2 V_{max}}{h}$.

The amplitude of the local shear rate  is defined as:
$\s_{local}(y,z)= \sqrt{ ( \frac{\partial V}{\partial y}(y,z))^2 + ( \frac{\partial V}{\partial z}(y,z))^2}$. General views and zooms of the longitudinal velocities and shear rates are displayed on  Figs. \ref{fig:V_and_shear_profiles}(a)(c) and Figs. \ref{fig:V_and_shear_profiles}(b)(d) respectively. The zooms show the regions close to the edges that we are specifically interested in. The flow and shear rate profiles are obtained from an exact solution of the Stokes equation for the longitudinal velocity field $V(y,z)$ with no-slip boundary conditions \cite{tabeling2010introduction}:
 %
\begin{eqnarray}
 V(y,z) =  \sum_{n,odd}^\infty \frac{4 h^2 c}{\pi^3 n^3 }
 \left[
1- \frac{\cosh\left(\frac{n \pi y}{h}\right) }{\cosh\left( \frac{n \pi w}{2h}\right)}
\right]
\sin\left( \frac{n \pi z}{h}\right)
\label{sol_veloc}
\end{eqnarray}
where $c=-\frac{\nabla p}{\mu}$, (with $\mu$ the dynamic viscosity and $p$ the pressure), $-\frac{w}{2}<y<\frac{w}{2}$ and $0<z<h$.
Interestingly, one can see that close to the edges there is a significant variation of the hydrodynamic conditions compared to the situation at the bottom/top surfaces. At a typical distance from the bottom wall, corresponding to our observation plane ($z \approx 1.5 \mu m$), we find a velocity reduction ($V_{surface} \approx 0.3 V_{max}$) and an increase in the local shear rate ($\s_{surface} \approx 1.7 \s$), while at the same height and $1\mu m$ from the lateral wall, corresponding to the edge, we find $V_{edge} \approx 0.05 V_{max}$ and $\s_{edge} \approx 0.5 \s$.

 \section{Results and discussion}

\subsection{Experimental observations}
\label{subsection:observations}

In absence of flow, a large amount of bacteria swim close to the
bottom surface and we observe them performing circular
trajectories (not shown) in agreement with previous observations \cite{Frymier1995,Berg2004,Lauga2006}.

\begin{figure}[!htb]
     \begin{center}
          \includegraphics[width=0.85\linewidth]{Snapshots.ps}\\
     \end{center}
 \caption{Surface rheotaxis. Superposition of snapshots for the top and bottom channel surfaces.
 Individual bacteria trajectories in the channel are visible from image superposition and white arrows indicate the average direction of bacteria motion. The green and red lines indicate respectively ``in-going'' and ``out-going'' edges, analogous to the ones sketched in Fig. \ref{fig:sketch}. For these snapshots the bulk bacteria concentration of the reservoir was $(4 \pm 0.5) \times 10^9$ bact./mL. The videos were taken at $40\times$ magnification and 30 fps with a digital camera PixeLINK PL-A741-E ($512 \times 512$ pixels or $197 \times 197 \mu m$), at a mean shear rate of $19 s^{-1}$.}.
 \label{fig:rheotaxis}
\end{figure}

When a flow is applied, the scenario changes radically. The swimming direction is modified and at very small shear rates we observe upstream motion of bacteria, as also reported by Kaya and Koser \cite{Kaya2012}. At higher shear rates (corresponding to most of our experiments) bacteria navigate diagonally downstream (left or right as a function of the sign of the shear gradient), see Fig. \ref{fig:sketch} and snapshots on Fig. \ref{fig:rheotaxis}.
This effect of ``surface rheotaxis'' is also in agreement with previous observations in \cite{Kaya2012}.

\begin{figure}[!htb]
     \centering
     \includegraphics[angle=0, scale=0.55]{Attachment_detachment.eps}
 \caption{ Attachment/detachment processes visualized at the edge. The background ($25 \times 50 \mu m$) snapshots are taken near one lateral edge between the bottom surface and a lateral wall. The white line trajectories superimposed on the picture corresponds to bacteria detaching from the edge (left) and attaching to it (right). Mean shear rate is $\dot{\gamma}=220 s^{-1}$, (the edge corresponds to an ``in-going'' case, but it was not colored in green for clarity).}
 \label{fig:attachment_detachment}
\end{figure}

 As bacteria reach an interception between the top and bottom surfaces with the vertical walls, they reorient along the edges, leading predominantly to an upstream motion. Due to shear, bacteria can also be eroded from the edges. In Fig. \ref{fig:attachment_detachment}, we present two typical trajectories corresponding to attachment (left panel) and detachment (right panel) from an edge. Note that for these trajectories bacteria swim indeed upstream at the edge.

 It is important to notice that surface rheotaxis has a strong influence on the balance of fluxes concerning the bacteria traffic at the 4 edges, as it breaks their geometrical symmetry. This is why we make a distinction between edges corresponding to ``in-going'' (green line) and ``out-going'' (red line), represented in Figs. \ref{fig:sketch} and \ref{fig:rheotaxis} and that will be discussed further in section \ref{subsec:concentrations}.

 \subsection{Surface {\it vs.} edge erosion}
\label{subsec:concentrations}

\begin{figure}[!htb]
     \begin{center}
   \flushleft \textbf{a} \\
   \centering       \includegraphics[width=0.85\linewidth]{n_shear_two_axes.eps}

     \flushleft \textbf{b}\\
 \centering    \includegraphics[width=0.85\linewidth]{m_inc_div_sorted_fittings_two_axes.eps}
		\end{center}
 \caption{Surface erosion: bacteria concentrations vs absolute shear rate value $|\dot{\gamma}|$ . Lines are exponential fits: $A \exp{(-|\dot{\gamma}|/\dot{\gamma}^0)}$. (a) Bacteria concentrations are measured at the channel bottom surface, excluding $10\mu m$-wide stripes from the lateral walls. $A_s=(2.81\pm0.12) 10^{-2} bact/\mu m^2$ and $\dot{\gamma}^{0}_s=(143\pm20)s^{-1}$.  (b) Linear concentrations at the edges for ``in-going'' and ``out-going'' edges . Fit parameters: $A_i=(2.0\pm0.7)10^{-1}bact/\mu m$ and $\dot{\gamma}^{0}_i=(250\pm 75)s^{-1}$ (in-going) and $A_o=(1.2\pm0.7)10^{-1} bact/\mu m$ and $\s^{0}_o=(240\pm 100)s^{-1}$ (out-going).}
 \label{fig:n}
\end{figure}

Here we quantify the evolution of the bacteria concentration as a
function of the mean shear rate at the flat horizontal surfaces and the edges. Fig. \ref{fig:n}
shows the mean bacteria surface concentration at the bottom wall and at the edges of
the channel as a function of the mean shear rate.

In Fig. \ref{fig:n} the surface concentration $\sigma$ is defined as the number of bacteria observed within an area S of the surface, and within a distance $z_0=1.5 \mu m$ from it, divided by S. The volume concentration $n_s$ near the surface is then given by the number of bacteria observed in the same region, but divided by the volume $z_0S$. The linear edge concentration $\lambda$ is defined as the number of bacteria observed along a distance $L$ of the edge, divided by $L$. Finally, the volume concentration near the edge $n_e$ is given by the edge linear concentration divided by $1.5\mu m^2$, i.e., we are assuming that bacteria swim along a corridor of width $1\mu m$ and height $1.5\mu m$ parallel to the edge. At zero shear rate, the volume concentrations for the surface and the edges shown in Fig. \ref{fig:n}(a) and (b) are found to be around $1.5 \times 10^{-2}$ and $10^{-1}$ bact$/\mu m^3$ respectively. Compared to the ``bulk'' volume concentration of the reservoir of ($n_b = 3\times 10^{-4}$bact$/\mu m^3$) the concentration is thus 5 times higher at the flat surfaces and 30 times higher at the edges. Ezhilan and Saintillan \cite{Ezhilan2015} predict a typical increase of the surface concentration at a flat surface for parameters comparable to our experimental conditions of typically 2-3 times. A purely kinetic model as theirs might thus not be enough to explain the large increase in concentration observed in our experiments. This indicates the importance of hydrodynamic attractive forces \cite{chilukuri2014impact} (or others) to maintain bacteria near the walls for long times.

We now discuss the evolution of concentrations when a flow is applied. From Fig. \ref{fig:n}(a) one can see that with increasing shear rate, the surface concentration decreases strongly, indicating erosion of bacteria from the wall. The concentration decrease is well described by an exponential decay as $A \exp{(-\sa/\s_0)}$ with $\s_0=(143\pm20)s^{-1}$. This typical erosion shear rate is large compared to the inverse of a typical hydrodynamic time scale for swimming bacteria, that can be defined as $v_0/l$, where $v_0$ is the bacteria swimming speed and $l$ is a typical bacterium size. This difference might be explained once again by hydrodynamic interactions between the bacteria and the surface.

The viscous drag on a bacterium can be estimated as $F_e \propto \mu l^2 \s $, with $\mu$ the fluid viscosity and where modifications of the viscous drag due to the presence of the wall are neglected. On the other hand, the hydrodynamic attraction force in the presence of a flat surface scales as $F_a \propto \mu l (\frac{l}{r_w})^2 v_0 $, with $r_w$ the distance between the swimmer and the wall and $l$ the dipole size, corresponding roughly to the bacteria body size (possibly including the flagella) \cite{leal2007advanced}.  From the balance between $F_e $ and $F_a$, a typical erosion shear rate can be obtained:
\begin{equation}
\s_0 \propto \left(\frac{l}{z_0}\right)^2 v_0/l.
\end{equation}
Therefore, a distance of $z_0 = 1 \mu m$, $l = 10 \mu m$ and $v_0= 30 \mu m/s$ yields: $\s_0  \approx 3\times10^2 s^{-1}$,  which is about the right order of magnitude for erosion, as seen in Fig. \ref{fig:n}(a). However, this estimation is critically sensitive to the choice of the ratio $\frac{l}{z_0}$ and clearly, should be validated on a more refined hydrodynamic model, possibly also including the kinetic contribution of bacteria incoming from the bulk flow.

Fig. \ref{fig:n}(b) shows the linear bacteria density at the two edges corresponding to the bottom
of the channel as a function of the mean shear rate.  An important observation can be made from this figure. The concentrations at the right and left edges are identical only at very small or very high shear rates. With increasing shear rate the concentration at the in-going edge increases whereas the concentration at the out-going edge decreases, leading to an asymmetry between the two edges. This has already been qualitatively observed in \cite{Hill2007} and results from the bacteria transport at the flat surfaces. From the snapshots on Fig. \ref{fig:rheotaxis} it is clear that bacteria swim, in average, with a finite angle compared to the flow
direction. This brings bacteria preferentially towards a given edge (the in-going edge).
At the bottom surface bacteria are observed to drift towards the left with respect to the flow direction, leading to a concentration increase at the left edge, from the point of view of an observer moving with the flow. At higher shear rates a decrease of the bacteria concentration with shear rate is again observed. At very large shear rates the erosion (detachment) of bacteria is so strong that the concentration tends towards zero for both edges. We attempt to adjust this decrease also by an exponential, and even if the quality of the fit for the edges is less good compared to the flat surface it leads to an estimate of the decay rate, which is found, by separately fitting the two data sets, to be approximately $\s^{0}=(250\pm 100)s^{-1}$ for both edges.

So, the shear rate associated with the concentration decrease is larger for the edges than for the surfaces and bacteria are thus eroded more slowly from the edges compared to the surfaces. In section \ref{section:rectangular channel} we have shown that the local shear rate at the edges is $3-4$ times smaller compared to the local shear rate at the flat surfaces. This difference in local shear rate is enough to account for the difference in $\s_0$ observed. We can however, within our experimental resolution, not exclude other effects that might make bacteria more resistant to erosion at the edges, as increased hydrodynamic attraction at the corner compared to the surface. Actually, the attractive interaction with the walls at the edges can be seen as stemming from the interaction between the bacterium and two specular images, each of them situated at the opposite side of each wall, plus a third specular image in a direction extrapolated from the segment going from the actual bacteria to the interception between the walls. Furthermore a smaller bacteria concentration at the flat surface for larger shear rates could also result in a smaller concentration at the edges, as less bacteria reach the edges reducing bacteria concentrations there.

 \subsection{Transport of bacteria by the flow}

\subsubsection{At the flat surfaces}

We start by reporting the bacteria velocities at the flat surfaces. First, without flow, we noticed a significant decrease of bacteria velocities close to the surfaces ($13\pm2 \mu m/s$) when compared with the velocities in the bulk ($28.7\pm1.3\mu m/s$).
Second, we report the transversal and longitudinal velocities of bacteria at the flat surfaces under flow.
Bacteria
move at the surfaces of the microchannel following transversal,
straight trajectories as is illustrated in Fig. \ref{fig:rheotaxis}.
By tracking individual bacteria, we were able to obtain their velocities and orientation. We project the velocities on the $x$ and $y$ axes to obtain the longitudinal and transversal bacteria velocities. The transversal velocity on the surface always points in the vorticity direction, indicating that bacteria move to the left with respect to the flow direction at the bottom surface. The longitudinal direction at the surface is referred to the fluid direction, being positive when bacteria move downstream and negative when they migrate upstream.

Fig. \ref{fig:vy}(a) shows the mean transversal bacteria velocity, oriented
from the out-going to the in-going edge.
If the flow is reversed, the transversal velocity also reverses, and the in-going and out-going edges
exchange positions.  The different symbols correspond to different flow directions. As the shear rate increases, we
see a steep increase in the transversal velocity, until it saturates at a value that coincides with
the average swimming velocity of the bacteria at surfaces without flow. This means that bacteria swim
almost perpendicular to the flow, as reported by Kaya and Koser \cite{Kaya2012}. This saturation occurs for a mean shear rate of the order of
40~$s^{-1}$.

The bacteria moving at the surfaces feel a Stokes drag from the local flow and can thus be transported downstream. In Fig. \ref{fig:vy}(b), the mean longitudinal velocity far from the lateral walls is displayed as a function of the mean shear rate $\dot{\gamma}$. The effect of the flow is an entrainment proportional to $\dot{\gamma}$. Due to the fact that bacteria swim mostly in a direction perpendicular to the flow direction at higher mean shear rates the swimming speed does not influence the bacteria transport. The longitudinal bacteria velocity is found to be smaller than the local flow velocity ($v_{longitudinal}=0.2 V_{surface}$), which can be explained by hydrodynamic interactions such as lubrication forces slowing down the mean transport velocity. At very small shear rates bacteria can swim upstream and average bacteria velocities in a direction opposite to the flow direction have been reported by Kaya and Koser \cite{Kaya2012}. Here we explore much higher flow rates, and the mean entrainment direction is essentially along the flow. Only for the smallest applied flow rate (see inset \ref{fig:vy}(b)) negative bacteria velocities has been detected.

\begin{figure}[!htb]
 \flushleft \includegraphics[width=0.85\linewidth]{Velocities_bottom.eps}

 \caption{(a) Average transverse bacteria velocities at the horizontal surfaces as a function of the mean shear rate. Experimental data collected for both positive (filled circles) and negative (open triangles) flow directions at the same surface. The horizontal line indicates the average swimming velocity of bacteria at the surface at zero shear rate.  (b) Absolute value of the mean longitudinal bacteria velocities
for various flow rates $|\dot{\gamma}|$ at the bottom horizontal surface. The line is a linear fit to the data with a slope $\Lambda= 0.64 \pm 0.02 \mu m$.  In inset, zoom on the longitudinal velocity $<v_x>$.
  \label{fig:vy}}
\end{figure}

 \subsubsection{Upstream {\it vs.} downstream traffic at the edges}
 \label{subsec:edge_navigation}

In this section, we quantify in detail the traffic of {\it E. coli} moving along the edges.
Fig \ref{fig:edge}(a) displays the concentration of bacteria swimming
upstream and downstream at a given edge as a function of the mean
shear rate. Interestingly, the number of bacteria swimming upstream along the edges largely
dominates the number of bacteria swimming downstream. The slight asymmetry in the curves for positive and negative mean shear rates is due to the fact that the edge switches from an ingoing edge ($\s<0$) to an outgoing ($\s>0$) edge when the flow is inverted. The concentration of bacteria swimming downstream is observed to be very small as soon as the mean shear rate is larger than $|\s|\geq$ 25 s$^{-1}$. Shear induced orientation near the edges seems to be the cause of this difference: as bacteria approach the edge transversally as illustrated in Figs. \ref{fig:sketch} and \ref{fig:attachment_detachment}, the local shear rotates the bacteria body that aligns preferentially in the direction
facing the flow \cite{Hill2007,Altshuler2013}. This shear induced
orientation of bacteria does not take place at very small flow
rates, and the concentrations of upstream and downstream bacteria at
the edges are similar.

\begin{figure}[!htb]

         \flushleft \textbf{a} \\
  \centering        \includegraphics[width=0.85\linewidth]{Fig5.eps}\\
          \flushleft \textbf{b} \\
  \centering        \includegraphics[width=0.85\linewidth]{C_normalization_superposition_inset.eps}
          \flushleft \textbf{c}\\
   \centering       \includegraphics[width=0.85\linewidth]{v_upstream_downtream_abs.eps}

 \caption{Bacteria transport at the edges. (a) Concentration of bacteria along the left edge. Note that the ``in-going'' edge for $\sm<0$ becomes an ``out-going'' edge when $\sm>0$.
(c) Bias parameter in Edge Traffic (BET) as a function of the shear rates (see Eq. \ref{BET}),
The meaning of the labels in the different symbols in the picture are: \textit{L1} and \textit{R1} Left and right walls respectively in an experiment at a bulk concentration in the reservoir of $(3 \pm 0.5) \times 10^8$ bact./mL; \textit{L2} left wall at $(4 \pm 0.5) \times 10^8$ bact./mL. (c) Absolute value of the mean longitudinal velocity for the bacteria population moving along the edges. The horizontal line is their mean velocity at the center of the channel at zero flow. }
 \label{fig:edge}
\end{figure}

In order to further quantify the bias in the direction of the bacteria traffic along the edges, we define a  parameter called Bias in the Edge Traffic or BET number, as:
\begin{equation}
BET=\frac{\lambda_{up}-\lambda_{down}}{\lambda_{up}+\lambda_{down}}  \mbox{,}
\label{BET}
\end{equation}
where $\lambda_{up}$ and $\lambda_{down}$ are respectively the linear concentrations of
bacteria moving in the positive and negative directions relative to
the red arrow shown in Figs. \ref{fig:sketch} and
\ref{fig:rheotaxis}(a). BET thus allows to visualize the bias in the bacteria navigation without taking the total bacteria concentration or the erosion of bacteria from the edges into account.
Fig. \ref{fig:edge}(b) shows the dependence of BET on the mean shear rate $\dot{\gamma}$ for different experiments, i.e. different channels of similar geometry, different concentrations and measured at different edges.
When $\dot{\gamma}=0$, there is an equal amount of bacteria moving
up and downstream, so $BET=0$. As the shear rate increases in the
positive direction,
more and more bacteria move upstream (i.e., in
the negative direction), until $BET=-1$. A similar reasoning explains
the shape of the curve of Fig. \ref{fig:edge}(b) for negative shear
rates.

We now consider bacteria velocities at the edges. The average velocities of bacteria moving upstream and downstream at the two bottom edges are displayed on Fig. \ref{fig:edge}(c). Bacteria velocities are found to be identical for the two populations for very small shear rates. Velocities of about $10 \mu m/s$ (slightly smaller than the swimming speed at the flat surface) are observed. Surprisingly, with increasing shear rate upstream swimming bacteria become faster in average, whereas downstream swimming bacteria slow down. At even higher shear rates, the tendency is reversed and the downstream swimming bacteria see their velocity increased whereas the upstream swimming bacteria see their velocity decreased. These observations indicate transport dynamics very different from those reported at the flat surface, where the mean bacteria velocity is directly proportional to the shear rate (see. Fig. \ref{fig:vy}(b)). The transport velocities at the edges can thus not be simply explained by the hydrodynamic drag exerted by the local flow, but we associate these observations with the specific dynamics of bacteria moving along a unidimensional corridor along the edges.

In general, bacteria can move up and downstream at the edge, leading to collisions between swimmers. We have observed that during frontal collisions, bacteria slow down for a certain time until they cross each other and continue swimming along the edge. We have also observed bacteria to detach from the edge during such a collision. Similar slowing down or detachment can also take place during rear collisions between two bacteria swimming in the same direction, but are much less frequent.

For very small shear rates the concentration of bacteria at the edges is large, and collisions are frequent. These collisions are at the origin of the decreased transport speed of bacteria at the edges compared to the flat surfaces. As soon as the shear rate is larger than $25s^{-1}$ the number of bacteria swimming upstream is much larger than the number of downstream swimmers (Fig. \ref{fig:edge}(a)), resulting in more frequent collisions for bacteria swimming in the flow direction, and the downstream swimming population is thus more strongly slowed down, provoking a decrease of their velocity compared to the upstream swimming population.

With increasing flow rate, the concentration of bacteria at the edges decreases and bacteria transport velocities increase again, due to a decrease in the number of collisions.  At very high shear rates, only very little bacteria are left at the edges and we expect collisions not to play an important role any more. In this range of mean shear rates, the mean upstream bacteria velocities are observed to be close to the swimming speed measured at the flat surfaces without flow, indicating that bacteria swim upstream nearly undisturbed by the local flow. It is worth noticing that the speeds of individual upstream and downstream bacteria between collisions are always roughly similar and also very close to the bacteria swimming speed measured at the flat surfaces without flow.
For the downstream swimming bacteria the small average velocities measured in this range of shear rates are due to their attachment dynamics. During a typical attachment process under flow, a bacterium, advected by the main stream arrives at an edge, flips and starts swimming upstream. During this flipping process, the swimmer changes its velocity direction from downstream to upstream, contributing to the statistics of downstream swimmers velocity for a short lapse of time, with a velocity that decreases to zero.

At even higher shear rates the viscous drag on the bacteria might become important, leading to a decrease of the mean velocity of upstream swimming bacteria and a decrease for the downstream swimming bacteria. At a shear rate of $\s$=400$s^{-1}$ the local flow velocity at the edge is $20\mu m/s$. At the flat surfaces bacteria where transported downstream at velocities five times smaller compared to the local flow velocity. Assuming a similar relation at the edges this would correspond to a transport velocity of $4 \mu m/s$ that needs to be added to the swimming speed of the bacteria. This is not in contradiction with the observed decrease in average transport velocity of upstream swimming bacteria at these high mean shear rates. Most likely a correct modeling of the lubrication forces would lead to an even smaller expected transport velocity at the edges. The striking fact that bacteria move at the edges nearly unperturbed by the flow can thus at last partially be explained by the decreased local flow velocities at the edges compared to the flat surfaces. Increased drag close to a corner and the significant strength of the hydrodynamic interactions between bacteria and the edges might even enhance this effect.

As overall bacteria speeds at the edges vary little as compared to concentrations variations, the total bacteria flux at the edges is directly proportional to the concentration profile represented on Fig. \ref{fig:edge}(a) and has not been represented separately.

  \subsection{Edge boundary layer}
 \label{subsec:EBL}
The previous measurements show that the edges have singular transport properties, as there is a significant flux of bacteria moving against the flow. Here we characterize whether this upstream motion is restricted to the edges, by measuring the bacteria flux along the flow direction at the surfaces and close to the edges and identify what we call the Edge Boundary Layer (EBL).

\begin{figure}[!htb]
     \begin{center}
        \flushleft \textbf{a} \\
  \centering  	\includegraphics[width=0.85\linewidth]{currents_y_Rw_increasing_decreasing} \\
	\flushleft \textbf{b} \\
    \centering  	\includegraphics[width=0.85\linewidth]{flow_center_allpoints_twocurves_dashed.eps} \\
	\flushleft \textbf{c} \\
  \centering    \includegraphics[width=0.85\linewidth]{y_layer_fitting_paper.eps}
      \end{center}
  \caption{Edge Boundary layer:
	(a) longitudinal flux density of bacteria $J_x$ as a function of the vertical direction $y$ for 3 values of the shear rate $\dot{\gamma}$.
  For negative values of the horizontal axis bacteria move upstream inside the edge boundary layer, while they move downstream for positive values of the horizontal axis.
	The continuous lines are exponential fits of the form $J_0+B\exp{(-y/\delta)}$ where $J_0$, $B$ and $\delta$ depend on $\dot{\gamma}$.
	(b) Longitudinal Bacteria flux $J_0 $ from the exponential fitting of each bacteria flux vs $\s$. The black solid line is the product $\sigma \left< v_{longitudinal} \right>$ from independent fittings and the blue dashed line is the best  fit to the data using $A \s \exp{-\s/\dot{\gamma}_c}$, where $A = (2.5 \pm 0.3)10^{-2}$bact$/\mu m$ and  $\dot{\gamma}_c = 110 \pm 10 s^{-1}$.
 	(c) Width of the Edge Boundary Layer as a function of the mean shear rate $\dot{\gamma}$.
}
  \label{fig:flux_EBL}
 \end{figure}

The bacteria flux at the bottom surface is represented on Fig. \ref{fig:flux_EBL}(a) as a function of the distance from the wall. If bacteria are transported upstream, the bacteria flux is negative, and it is positive if they are transported downstream. As can be seen in Fig. \ref{fig:flux_EBL}(a), at relatively large distances from the edge, bacteria are advected downstream with the flow and only at very small shear rates (see results for $\s=1s^{-1}$) they move upstream even far away from the edge. The bacteria flux far away from the edges, the saturation flux $J_0$, is represented in Fig. \ref{fig:flux_EBL}(b). When increasing the flow rate, the bacteria flux first increases and then decreases again, illustrating the interplay between bacteria transport and erosion. First the flux increases due to the linear increase in flow velocity (Fig. \ref{fig:vy}(b)), then, the effect of erosion starts to dominate and exponentially decreases the surface concentration (Fig. \ref{fig:n}(a)), leading to an overall decrease of the surface flux. This can be quantified comparing the measured saturation flux $J_0$ with the product $\sigma \left<v_{longitudinal} \right>$ from the expressions obtained by fitting the experimental data in Fig. \ref{fig:n}(a) and Fig. \ref{fig:vy}(b). The result is shown in Fig. \ref{fig:flux_EBL}(b) as the black line. We can also adjust the results for $J_0$ vs the mean shear rate directly with the same functional dependence $J_0=A\s \exp{-\s/\s_c}$. The value obtained for $\s_c$ is within the error bars in agreement with the critical shear rate for erosion at the flat surfaces $\s_s^0$ from Fig. \ref{fig:n}(a). From the fit of the bacteria density and velocity we obtain for $A=1.8 \times 10^{-1}$bact$/\mu m$ slightly smaller than the prefactor obtained from the best fit to the saturation flux.

Close to the edge bacteria are observed to move upstream even at mean shear rates where the flux far from the edges is observed to be downstream. From the longitudinal flux profile, we determine the distance from the edge where the flux changes sign, defining the width of the EBL, which is shown in Fig. \ref{fig:flux_EBL}(c). The boundary layer builds up when the flow is turned on and reaches a maximal width of about  10$\mu m$ at a mean shear rate of about $\s=20s^{-1}$. When further increasing the mean shear rate the EBL decreases again and stabilizes at a value of 2$\mu m$ corresponding to the width of a single bacterium and bacteria move upstream in a single line along the edge.

\section{Conclusions}

In this paper, we have quantified the transport of bacteria at flat surfaces and edges in confined microfluidic channels under flow.

We have measured the decrease of the surface and edge concentrations as a function of applied mean shear rate. The slower decrease of the bacteria concentration at the edge can be explained by the smaller local shear rate at the edge and possibly increased hydrodynamic interactions at the intersection between two flat surfaces. Furthermore bacteria concentrations at different edges are not identical, because rheotaxis at the horizontal surfaces breaks the symmetry along the main axis of the channel, bringing bacteria preferentially towards a given edge: for a given shear flow in one direction, two diagonally opposed edges of the rectangular cross-section are outgoing edges, and the other two are ingoing edges.

We have observed that bacteria swim predominantly upstream at the edges as soon as a small flow is applied. This is attributed to shear induced reorientation of the bacteria attaching to the lateral edges. We have quantified the strong bias in the swimming direction of bacteria at the edges towards upstream
swimming by means of an order parameter that accounts for the
symmetry of up and downstream swimming bacteria concentrations at the edges: the
proportion of bacteria moving upstream increases very quickly as the shear rate
increases until all bacteria are observed to swim upstream.

Bacteria swimming at the edges are nearly undisturbed by the applied flow even at mean shear rates where bacteria transport at the flat surfaces is already strongly influenced by the latter. This can be explained again by the decreased local shear rate at the edges and possibly increased hydrodynamic interactions. Interestingly, we have found that average bacteria velocities along the unidimensional corridor of the edges are mainly the result of collisions between up and downstream swimming bacteria. The number of collisions depends on the total concentration of bacteria at the edges as well as the percentage of up and downstream swimming bacteria and is thus found to be a non monotonic function of the shear rate.

Bacteria are able to swim upstream not only at the edges, but as well within an edge  boundary layer (EBL). The width of the EBL decreases from approximately 10 bacteria
body widths at small shear rates, to 1 body width at higher shear rates.

Our results thus quantify the bacteria fluxes at all surfaces of a confined microchannel as a function of the mean shear rate. In the future these results can be used to understand bacteria transport in more complex geometries or to design specific flow geometries to guide bacteria fluxes to selected positions.

\bigskip

\textbf{Acknowledgements}
We thank R. Soto and A. Lage-Castellanos for useful discussions. N. F. M. thanks support by the
Pierre-Gilles de Gennes Foundation during PhD studies. E. A. and A. R. acknowledge a TOTAL-ESPCI ParisTech Chair. \\

\bibliographystyle{unsrt}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
import mediumZoom from 'medium-zoom';

export default function (selector = '.container img:not([data-no-zoom])') {
  const zoom = mediumZoom(selector, {
    margin: 0,
    scrollOffset: 48,
  });

  return zoom;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


You have got a shop and want to become a reseller? Or do you want to purchase raw materials for your own liquid production? We also offer eliquids with private label (OEM) and contract bottling or formulation (manufacturing liquids with your recipe).


text:
Q: Easiest way to crawl a site with an .onion domain? I'm trying to build a site that crawls various pages that are hosted on an .onion domain. That means its not as simple as just calling requests.get("http://XXX.onion"), because .onion is only available by connecting through TOR.
I could use a redirector like onion.to, but that requires a click through, which won't work when I'm crawling.
I don't care about anononimity, I just want the data.

A: Requests supports HTTP proxies, but not SOCKS proxies, which is what Tor provides you.
You can either get a patched version of requests: How to make python Requests work via socks proxy
Or install Polipo and use it as another proxy to "transform" Tor's SOCKS5 proxy into a HTTP/HTTPS proxy. Here's my config file:
proxyName = "localhost"
proxyAddress = "127.0.0.1"
proxyPort = 8118

allowedClients = 127.0.0.1
allowedPorts = 1-65535

cacheIsShared = false
chunkHighMark = 67108864

socksParentProxy = "localhost:9050"
socksProxyType = socks5

diskCacheRoot = ""
localDocumentRoot = ""

disableLocalInterface = true
disableConfiguration = true
disableVia = true

dnsUseGethostbyname = yes

maxConnectionAge = 5m
maxConnectionRequests = 120

serverMaxSlots = 8
serverSlots = 2

tunnelAllowedPorts = 1-65535

Now, you can just use the proxies with requests:
proxies = {
    'http': 'localhost:8118',
    'https': 'localhost:8118'
}

requests.get('http://something.onion/', proxies=proxies)

A: Why do not you setup Tor and use a bunch of wget and torsocks?
e.g.
# torsocks wget -c -mirror http://kpvz7ki2v5agwt35.onion

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Administrator Scott Pruitt says winning the trust of state-level regulators will be one of his top priorities in the new job.
"I seek to ensure that we engender the trust of those at the state level," Pruitt said in a speech to EPA employees in Washington, D.C. yesterday. It's important that states "see us as partners in this very important mission we have as an agency, and not adversaries," he said.
Their biggest win was a U.S. Supreme Court stay of the so-called Clean Power Plan (CPP), an EPA regulation that was created after cap-and-trade climate legislation was defeated in Congress in 2010, despite wide Democratic majorities at the time. Like the cap-and-trade bill, the CPP regulation would require states to impose carbon dioxide limits on power plants and mandate the use of more wind, solar and other so-called renewables. In a recent interview with Wall Street Journal columnist Kim Strassel, Pruitt said he now plans to withdraw the CPP.
In his speech to EPA employees, Pruitt pledged that future agency regulations would be "tethered" to existing laws. "The only authority that any agency has in the executive branch is the authority given to it by Congress," he said.
For his part, Pruitt said he rejects the idea that economic growth undermines environmental stewardship. "I believe that we as an agency and we as a nation can be both pro-energy and jobs and pro-environment," he said.
Pruitt also defended the nation's record on the environment. "I think our nation has done better than any nation in the world in making sure we do the job of protecting our natural resources and protecting our environment, while also respecting the economic growth and jobs our nation seeks," he said.


text:
Historic Huguenot Street
Architecture, Freedom & Dignity
81 Huguenot Street
Ulster County Tourism Website
Early Dec-early May: Appointment only. Early May-late Oct: Open daily 10am-5pm, closed Wednesdays. Early Nov-early Dec: Sat & Sun 10am-5pm and by appointment.
Historic Huguenot Street is the oldest authentic museum street in America. Dating to the 1677 colonial period, the museum tells the story of a pre-and post-united America through the eyes of French Huguenot immigrants and their descendants. Guests encounter engaging, relevant, and diverse tours and programs that highlight the rural life of this group of early settlers who came together to build an enduring community. Nestled between the Shawangunk Mountains and the banks of the Wallkill River, Historic Huguenot Street offers iconic Hudson Valley views. Discover America's most significant, intact architectural concentration of late 17th and early-18th century stone houses. Located on a beautifully landscaped 10-acre site, the Visitor Center and Museum Shop are located in the historic 1705 DuBois Fort. Historic houses reflect Colonial, Federal, and Colonial Revival architecture, a 1700s burying ground, and a reconstructed 1717 French Church.
Amenities: Passport Stamp, Family Friendly, Public Transportation, Restrooms
Samuel Dorsky Museum of Art0.8 miles
D & H Canal Historical Society and Museum 5.5 miles
John Burroughs' Slabsides 6.8 miles
Walkway Over The Hudson State Historic Park7.4 miles
Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum8 miles
Freedom & Dignity

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Trofeo Beach&Ball - Bibione (Venezia - Italia)
Beach Rugby Festival - Bibione (Venezia)
Beach Fitness 2011
Raduno Calcio a 5 - Bibione (Venezia)
The World > Europe > Sweden
Credits:Peter Grant/imagebank.sweden.se
Stockholm Palace
Stockholm City Hall
Drottningholm Palace
Östergötland County
Dalarna County
Gävleborg County
Halland County
Jönköping County
Jämtland County
Kalmar County
Kronoberg County
Norbotten County
Södermanland County
Värmland County
Västerbotten County
Västernorrland County
Västmanland County
Västra Götaland County
is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland, and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund. At 450,295 square kilometres (173,860 sq mi), Sweden is the third largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of about 9.4 million. Sweden has a low population density of 21 inhabitants per square kilometre (54 /sq mi) with the population mostly concentrated to the southern half of the country. About 85% of the population live in urban areas. Sweden's capital is Stockholm, which is also the largest city. Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages. In the 17th century, the country expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire. The empire grew to be one of the great powers of Europe in the 17th and early 18th century. Most of the conquered territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were lost during the 18th and 19th centuries. The eastern half of Sweden, present-day Finland, was lost to Russia in 1809. The last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Sweden by military means forced Norway into a personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, adopting a non-aligned foreign policy in peacetime and neutrality in wartime. Today, Sweden is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy of government and a highly developed economy. In 2010, it ranked fourth in the world in The Economist's Democracy Index and ninth in the United Nations' Human Development Index. In 2010, the World Economic Forum ranked Sweden as the second most competitive country in the world, after Switzerland. According to the UN, it has the third lowest infant mortality rate in the world. Sweden also has the lowest Gini coefficient of all countries (0.23) which makes Sweden the most equal country on earth in terms of economic division. Sweden has been a member of the European Union since 1 January 1995 and is a member of the OECD.
Capital STOCCOLMA
Currency Corona svedese (SEK)
Country code 0046
Spoken languages  Swedish
It is necessary to travel with one of the two valid documents, we can produce if required by local authorities. The village forms part of the EU and shall accede to the Schengen Agreement. For any changes related to the survival of the Passport you should request to be informed beforehand at the Embassy or Consulate of the country present in Italy or at your travel agent.
The level of health facilities is high, with a good degree of reliability. For specialist visits the waiting times are very long. Most medicines are sold solely on presentation of recipe, released by Swedish doctors. Over-the-counter health products are sufficiently available. Italian citizens who travel temporarily for tourism, business, study or work in the country (Member State of the European Union) can receive necessary medical care provided by local public health care if they have the European health insurance card (TEAM) that health card. We recommend that you take out before undertaking the journey, a health insurance that includes, in addition to the coverage of medical expenses, even the eventual repatriation medical air or transfer in another country. Warnings Meadows and wooded areas can be infested, especially during the summer months, from mints whose sting can cause brain, sometimes even fatal infections (borreliosis, Lyme tick encephalitis (TBE) bite. In the West of the country, close to the area of Gothenburg, were detected cases of foxes with murine intestinal parasitic tapeworms, which can be transmitted to other animals such as cats and dogs and, although rarely, even to humans. Swedish veterinary authorities advise to those who travel in this area to wash the hands after touching animals, plants or other and cook thoroughly wash the mushrooms and berries gathered.
Non-homogeneous climate, given the country's territorial extension. North cold climate, characterized by long winters with minimum temperatures and -15/ -20 degrees. In the Stockholm area, average winter temperatures hovering between -5 and +2 degrees (in December, the sun rises and sets at 9.30 to 15.00). The summer is short and with temperatures oscillating between 15 and 20 degrees c. Rainfall is concentrated in summer and autumn.
Licence Italiana. Car insurance The liability insurance is mandatory for residents and for visitors who drive a motor vehicle, including a moped. Is not mandatory for the trailers. The Italian insurance is also valid in Sweden. Delegation to conduct: Remember those driving abroad, a car that is not advisable to have a delegation to conduct of the owner with a notary certified signature at. Mandatory equipment: Helmets for motorcyclists: required for mopeds and motorcycles. Safety belts, child seat: mandatory to wear seat belts in all seating positions in which they are mounted, the vehicle is registered in Sweden or abroad. A visitor who cannot wear your seatbelts for medical reasons, must have an exemption document issued in his country, preferably written in English. A child of 7 years must sit on a seat suitable to its size or on a cushion and lead a normal belt. This applies to children seated on both front seats and rear ones. Triangle: required. It should be placed at a distance of 50 metres behind the vehicle on normal roads, 100 m on highways. Controller: any motor vehicle (including a moped) must have low beam lights lit both day and night, all year round and on any type of road. Winter equipment: during the winter period for passenger vehicles and trailers up to 3.5 tons, the trucks must have snow tires (or other similar equipment) from 1 December to 31st of March, if the road conditions require it. Detailed information can be found in English on the website: www.transportstyrelsen.se/en/road/Vehicles/winter-tyres BAC Local legislation is particularly severe in punishing the alcohol consumption, even in quantities, by drivers. Limit allowed: 0.02%. If the blood-alcohol level of a driver exceeds the limit is imposed a fine. If the rate is detected between 0.02% and 0.1%, the driver could be up to 6 months of imprisonment plus a fine, and the licence is suspended for a period depending on the gravity of the infringement; If the rate exceeds 0.1% are up to 2 years imprisonment, disqualify and obligation to repeat examinations. Transportation: I particularly cared for. The road network is good and motorways are toll free. In towns is well pay particular attention to crosswalks and bicycles. It is permissible to use the phone on the part of the driver. Are spare parts for passenger cars marketed only. Listed here are the respect of speed limits and the highway code. The internal air connections are excellent and frequent. Good international air links.
Upload an image of Sweden
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Published by Anemos - Guide Turistiche Digitali


My second post in 1 day.....nuts!
But anyway,this would be something to paint on banners, capes, shields etc.
I would do it to her nails myself, but I'd need some 2D practice before.
Yeah, I suppose it's actually quite hard to do your own nails. Especially the right hand.
The evil shield is quite simple though.
You think you can just use miniature paint and cover with clear polish?
As far as I know, nail painting is done with acrylics and varnish, so I guess with some trial and error a miniature painer could pull off some amazing things with the materials they have.
Think of your typical Dremel/Proxxon tool, too. It's what nail artist use in rose and pink and built in China, but basically the same thing.
but did I ever post a picture?
I ask now and here because it might be considered mildly on topic.
I don't remember that and I certainly don't remember seeing it! Slap it on the slab!
Also I would never have thought we'd have a thread about nail polish on this site!
It's just the three combat die symbols on the shoulder blade. Not worth showin you guys black hog hairs and filthy witch pimples in a picture.
By the way, tallyho, I just noticed the Frozen horror is your avatar.
How far up north in Norway do you live, exactly?
I live in southwest of Norway, Stavanger.. Not much frozen here now, about 7 + degree. I do miss the cold and snow.


This beautiful blouse is completely handmade and has a delicate hand embroidered pattern in the neck part (front and back). Although it has a huipil style cut (to say, boxy), it leaves you with clean lines and a very tailored look.
Product ID: 2852 Categories: Blouses / Shirts, Clothes. Tag: mexico.


Red and white gingham. A pleasant afternoon picnic requires the perfect quilt or blanket, and that's where this collection comes in! Afternoon Picnic features colorful flowers, flower buds and classic gingham.


It's been a productive summer for former Wolverines at the next level. Mitch McGary was one of the stars of the Orlando Summer League before Tim Hardaway Jr. tore up the Las Vegas Summer League.
Hardaway's NBA career continues to blossom. He averaged 22.8 points, 2.6 rebounds and 1.2 assists per game in Summer League action, checking in as the No. 2 scorer in Las Vegas.
"They're working on trying to make a move in the backcourt," the NBA source familiar with the Knicks' thinking said Sunday.
The idea that the Knicks are trying to make a trade to balance the roster isn't earth-shattering. President Phil Jackson and GM Steve Mills have mentioned the Knicks have a surplus in the backcourt, with Mills saying last week the Knicks are "heavy" at shooting guard. The issue for the Knicks, of course, is deciding whom to send out in a trade and figuring out what they can get in return in such a transaction.
Tim Hardaway Jr. has been deemed virtually untouchable, per a source.
Hardaway has settled into the NBA better than most would have ever guessed and appears to be poised for a big second season under Phil Jackson.
Nik Stauskas hasn't done anything earth shattering in summer action, but he's held his own as the Kings have won the Vegas Summer League Championship. Stauskas is averaging 9.8 points, 2.2 assists and two rebounds per game. He also signed a contract with Nike.
Stauskas had 10 points, four rebounds an an assist, going 3-of-6 from the floor in the Summer League Championship game.
Trey Burke has had an up and down professional career thus far after his dominate college years. Burke struggled in his first summer league before starting the season on the injured list with a hand injury. He eventually put together a successful rookie season, earning a place on the NBA All-Rookie First Team. But the Jazz drafted another guard with the potential to play point, Dante Exum, and now Burke struggled in summer league once again. ESPN had a harsh critique of his game in Vegas, where he averaged 9 points, four rebounds and four assists per game while shooting just 30% from the floor.
Despite almost a full season of running point exclusively, Burke has struggled in Vegas. He's been atrocious shooting the ball this summer, barely connecting on 30 percent of his field goal attempts, and has not really exhibited the type of playmaking that gives you confidence in his ability to hold on to his starting role. With rookieDante Exum flashing glimpses of bona fide brilliance on the court, Burke's only chance at keeping his starting job is by proving that he and Exum can play alongside one another. That means Burke has to become a more dependable perimeter shooter, especially given that he's not a good finisher around the rim to begin with. Although Exum's electric play also comes with the inconsistent shooting expected of rookie, if I'm going to bet on a point guard who can't shoot, I'll put my money on the Australian. Burke's small stature and lack of quickness dictate that he must win the skill war. Otherwise, he's little more than Wally Pipp to Exum's Lou Gehrig.
Burke will also participate with the USA Basketball select team, according to a report by Mark Snyder of the Detroit Free Press.
Glenn Robinson III averaged 7.7 points and three rebounds per game in Summer League, finishing the summer with his best performance, 17 points and three rebounds against the Pelicans. The Wolves resigned Robbie Hummel and now have just one guaranteed roster spot remaining. Robinson will be fighting to be signed to that final roster spot, but there are other potential options as well. The Wolves could buyout Alexey Shved to open another spot and there's also the possibility that Kevin Love is traded.
Jordan Morgan also wrapped up Summer Leauge on a high note, scoring 10 points on 5-of-6 shooting and grabbing a rebound in 18 minutes. Morgan averaged 6 points and three rebounds per game and played in three of six contests.
Darius Morris finished summer action with averages of 9 points, three rebounds and 2.3 assists per game while shooting 48% from the field.


text:
Ontario Securities Commission provides guidance on material changes and M&A negotiations
Canada January 24 2008
In its recent decision in AiT Advanced Information Technologies Corporation, the Ontario Securities Commission gives direction to target corporations for determining when a material change occurring during the course of negotiating a merger and acquisition transaction would trigger a disclosure obligation under Ontario securities law.
The OSC dismissed allegations that a director of AiT breached the Securities Act (Ontario) when AiT failed to disclose the negotiations with 3M after the letter of intent was signed and during the due diligence period that followed.
3M made an unsolicited approach to AiT about a potential acquisition in February 2002. Executives of the two companies held meetings to discuss a transaction, 3M conducted some initial due diligence and then 3M indicated on April 24 that it would consider proposing a transaction at a price of $2.88 per share. The next day, AiT's board approved a recommendation to its shareholders of 3M's acquisition at a purchase price of $2.88 per share, subject to receiving a fairness opinion and the execution of a definitive agreement to be approved by the board. On April 26, AiT signed a non-binding letter of intent with an exclusivity clause. The letter of intent contained a number of conditions that had to be satisfied before 3M would commit to a transaction, many of which were beyond AiT's control, including the completion of a favourable due diligence report and obtaining voting and stock option agreements from some key shareholders. After an unusual increase in the trading volume and price of AiT shares, Market Regulation Services (RS) contacted AiT. AiT informed RS that the company was in discussions to be potentially acquired and, on May 9, issued a news release that it was "exploring strategic alternatives." The 3M board approved the acquisition of AiT on May 14, subject to its CEO's approval of the due diligence report. 3M's CEO approved the transaction on May 21, and the AiT board approved the definitive merger agreement on May 22. The agreement was executed the following day, and AiT then announced the transaction.
OSC Staff commenced a proceeding against AiT, its CEO and a director, alleging that a material change triggered a disclosure obligation as early as (i) April 25, when the board recommended the proposed price and authorized management to negotiate a letter of intent at a specified price; (ii) April 26, when the letter of intent was executed; or (iii) May 9, when AiT issued the news release. AiT and the CEO settled with the OSC. After a contested hearing, the OSC dismissed the allegations against the director, finding that a material change had not occurred during that period.
Significance of the Decision
Material Facts and Material Changes
The OSC confirmed the significance of the distinction between material facts and material changes, and held that the distinction applied in the context of disclosing merger negotiations. A "material change" is defined as a "change in the business, operations or capital of an issuer that would reasonably be expected to have significant effect on the market price or value of any of the securities of the issuer," or a decision to implement such a change. The definition of a "material fact" does not require a change to have taken place in the business, operations or capital of the issuer. A fact is a "material fact" if it would reasonably be expected to have a significant effect on the market price or value of the issuer's securities.
In this case, the OSC found that the negotiations between AiT and 3M were a material fact relative to AiT, and hence insiders of AiT were prohibited from trading or tipping as a result of the negotiations. However, the negotiations and other preliminary steps to a binding deal were not a material change and did not trigger a disclosure obligation.
Assessment of Material Changes in the M&A Process
The OSC concluded that there is no "bright-line" test for determining when a material change has occurred in the context of an M&A transaction. The assessment will depend on the facts and circumstances of each case. The key is whether both parties are committed to proceed with the transaction and there is a substantial likelihood that the transaction will be completed. The OSC noted that a material change could occur before the signing of a definitive binding agreement, although it did not do so in this case. However, where the transaction is conditional and surrounded by uncertainties, a commitment from only one party to proceed will not normally be sufficient to constitute a material change.
In AiT, there was no material change or decision to implement a material change when the AiT board decided on April 25 to recommend an acquisition by 3M at a price of $2.88 per share. At that stage, while AiT may have been committed to completing a transaction with 3M if possible, significant uncertainties remained; the AiT board could not therefore conclude that 3M was also committed or that there was a reasonable likelihood of completing the transaction. The OSC identified a number of factors indicating the lack of certainty, including that AiT was dealing with a 3M executive several levels below the CEO and that 3M had to complete a highly structured due diligence process before the 3M board and the CEO would approve the transaction. Those hurdles were not overcome during the time frame at issue in the case (from the April 25 board meeting to the May 9 news release).
Judgment and Disclosure Decisions
In its recent decision in Kerr v. Danier Leather, the Supreme Court of Canada held that the "business judgment rule" does not protect disclosure decisions under securities laws against judicial second-guessing. Mindful of that decision, the OSC found that the determination of when or if a material change occurred could not be subordinated to the board's business judgment regarding the potential negative impact of disclosure. However, the OSC also said that if a board's governance process is effective and it reasonably believes that the board is therefore properly motivated in making determinations regarding a material change, the OSC is reluctant to interfere with judgments about disclosure that are the product of that process; furthermore, that it was not appropriate to evaluate disclosure decisions on the basis of hindsight.
Corporate Finance/M&A
Share (finance)
Security (finance)
Securities Act of 1933
U.S. bankruptcy court bars tolling of fraudulent conveyance look-back period *
Encroaching on privacy in the name of privacy *
Canada to adopt International Financial Reporting Standards: an update *
Cross-border environmental litigation *
M&A defensive tactics: using a confidentiality agreement to stop a hostile takeover bid *
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An evolving interpretation of material change? *
OSC clarifies material change reporting obligations *
OSC clarifies timing for press release of pending merger transactions - or does it? *
AI Redefining the Practice of Law * - Finland
Artificial Intelligence and your business: A guide for navigating the legal, policy, commercial, and strategic challenges ahead * - USA
Legal Aspects of Artificial Intelligence * - USA
Dr Jürgen Fegbeutel
Legal Services Director
BMW (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd
"Lexology is a quick and useful indicator of developments in the legal sphere. It alerts me to changes taking place in the legal environment in South Africa that I may not otherwise have spotted or had immediate access to as a company lawyer. It definitely serves as a trigger for me to investigate such changes in the legal landscape in South Africa as they may affect my work and that of my employer. I believe that receiving Lexology provides me with a competitive advantage."


text:
Roy Jones junior golf tourney back again
Ryan Herman / Sports Editor
There are two things in Lenoir County you can count on in mid-June � random thunderstorms and the Roy Jones/BB&T Junior Golf Classic.
The prestigious junior golf tournament is back for a 28th year and will begin today at the Kinston Country Club.
Male and female junior golfers 18 and under will convene on the par-71, Ellis Maples-designed course for two days in search of an age-division title and looking to add to their overall ranking with the Tarheel Youth Golf Association five-multiplier event � the highest ranking a tournament can earn.
This year there are roughly 100 participants spread out across several different age groups.
�I can�t believe we�re here, in our 28th year,� said Jones, a retired local businessman who started the tournament in 1985. �The tournament has just grew and grew and grew.�
This year�s field includes several local standouts, including recent Parrott Academy graduates Riley Davis and Jack Sides. Davis, who is headed to UNC-Pembroke, had a scoring average of 73.6 for the Patriots while Sides, who has signed with High Point University, averaged a team-best 72.
Also playing locally is Jackson Crocker, Cameron Minyard, Matt Simmons and Tara Simmons.
�We have a great field this year,� Kinston C.C. club professional Carl Beaman said. �The course is in great shape, so I expect a challenging yet exciting two days of golf.�
The tournament kicks off at 8:30 a.m. and is free and open to the public.
Ryan Herman can be reached at 252-559-1073 or Ryan.Herman@Kinston.com. Follow him on Twitter: @KFPSports.
Roy Jones/BB&T Junior Golf Classic
When: Today-Wednesday
Where: Kinston Country Club
Who: Junior golfers, both male and female, from all over N.C.
Notable local participants: Riley Davis, Jackson Crocker, Jack Sides, Cameron Minyard, Matt Simmons and Tara Simmons


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Alyssa Ashley B-Girl Hip Hop Eau De Parfum for Women
Alyssa Ashley Musk Eau De Toilette for Women
Alyssa Ashley Musk Perfume Oil for Women
Alyssa Ashley White Musk Eau De Toilette for Women
Alyssa Ashley Musk Bath & Shower Gel for Women
Alyssa Ashley Musk Hand & Body Lotion for Women
Alyssa Ashley Musk Body Cream for Women
Alyssa Ashley Vanilla Eau De Toilette for Women
Alyssa Ashley Fizzy Eau De Toilette for Women
Alyssa Ashley Fizzy Blue Eau De Toilette for Women
Alyssa Ashley Ocean Blue Eau De Toilette for Women
Alyssa Ashley Coco Vanilla Parfum for Women
Alyssa Ashley Esoteric Eau De Parfum for Women
Alyssa Ashley Musk Body Spray for Women
Alyssa Ashley Musk Hand & Body Moisturizer for Women
Alyssa Ashley Musk Lotion for Women
Alyssa Ashley Musk Musk for Women
Alyssa Ashley White Musk Hand & Body Lotion for Women
English Waterlilys Body Mist Spray for Women
English Waterlilys Callalily for Women
English Waterlilys Daylily for Women
English Waterlilys Tigerlily for Women
English Waterlilys Callalily Body Mist Spray for Women
Birthed in the 1960s hippie era of the United States, Alyssa Ashley began its revolutionary journey to becoming one of the most well-known perfume brands rising as an act of rebellion to move alongside the changing times and generations. Dubbed Alyssa Ashley by the founder as an ode to his daughter, the brand prides itself on its innovation and quality raw materials. The cosmetics brand is closely related to the House of Houbigant which is a famous fragrance house from 1775 and well known amongst nobles and the royal court. They pride themselves on Musk being a fragrance that Empress Josephine could not go without.
Musk is their most popular fragrance and their original fragrance initially dubbed Musk par Houbigant. The company gained its popularity from Musk's unique idea of a unisex fragrance that inspired those of the hippie movement and the younger generation. The development of the fragrance gave Alyssa Ashley its cult following that continues to this day. Containing over one hundred ingredients, they pride themselves on Musk's all natural ingredients and how its central ingredient was a natural aphrodisiac. With the strong foundation Musk developed for the brand, they created a Musk collection to complement its core product. Eventually, in the 1990s advertisement, Musk gained its tagline "Dangerous but fun.".
Following the production of the original Musk, Alyssa Ashley developed the products Musk Extreme and White Musk. White Musk, in particular, was one that was meant for the modern woman.
Ambergris was a popular product from Alyssa Ashley under the Houbigant Parquet division in 1975 and unfortunately discontinued in the early 1980s much to the dismay of many. Ambergris was birthed from the natural secretion from the whale's stomach also known as Ambergris. As a result, the product suffered some roadblocks due to the substance being banned from use for in the 70s making them shift to synthetic ingredients. It was later revived as a part of Alyssa Ashley's Ambre Gris collection.
Their trendy products include their Purple Elixir brand alongside Ocean Blue, CocoVanilla, Fizzy, and Vanilla. Each of these has their own individual flair that sets them apart from other fragrances. Alongside that, they have their own set of collections such as Essence De patchouli, Ambre Gris, Oud, Hip Hop, and Marijane. Marijane has its own distinguished tagline of "Don't Use It!" in reference to how Marijane is another moniker for Marijuana. Alyssa Ashley later released their BioLab products – their first bath and body line - with a focus on all natural ingredients to create the BioLab's rejuvenating properties. It is the first in their line of products to take an all vegan approach. All the BioLab products are composed of more than 96% natural ingredients. Their three products consist of BioLab | Ginger and Curcuma, BioLab | Aloe Vera and Bamboo and BioLab | Tiare and Almond.
Originating in 1968 in the United States, Alyssa Ashley bloomed with the era of hippies and revolution. Alyssa Ashley's birth was an act of rebellion to create innovative perfumes moving with the changing times and generations. The founder dubbed the brand Alyssa as an ode to his daughter alongside her nickname Ashley that he lovingly called her. For over 40 years, the brand has been consistently pursuing its goal of keeping up with the needs of all generations and the new trends. Alyssa Ashley prides itself on selecting only quality raw materials.
Houbigant and Alyssa Ashley
The House of Houbigant began in 1775 and is the only fragrance house to survive for four centuries. For generations, the House of Houbigant made groundbreaking discoveries for the future of perfumes and revolutionized their formula and development. From the start, Houbigant's fragrances were popular with the nobles and royal courts as many carried them on their persons. Empress Josephine, Napolean's wife, was a fan of Houbigant's products and carried it alongside her wherever she went. She particularly loved Musk which is one she was dedicated too for a long time. Houbigant continued its popularity even to the present day. The popularity of Musk grew with the trendsetters named "Les Muscadins". The historical lineage of Musk dates back to the luxury brand The House of Houbigant. The original formula of Musk is the same as Houbigant's formula from 1968.
In the late 1960s, Alyssa Ashley was introduced to the Houbigant Parquet division of perfumes and thus have many fragrances that have both names on the bottles beyond Musk. The innovative brand is part of the Perris Group which is a global enterprise founded by Michele Perris in 1981 after a meeting with the last descendant in the Houbigant line. In 2005, the Perris Family finally acquired the control of the Houbigant's name after several years of trying. Since then, the Perris Family have put in vigorous efforts to revive the Houbigant name and the prestige it deserves. The Perris Group takes perfumes and cosmetics and focuses on the production and distribution of such along with international developing whilst ensuring innovation and quality with the best raw materials.
The core of this brand is their main fragrance Musk. Its well known for being an androgynous fragrance with a special formula of more than a hundred components from all around the world. The ingredients are able to adapt to the needs of men and women and has been the basis of the success of this brand. With a legacy of encompassing both the desires of man and woman, the fragrance has developed a sensual and immortal scent yet it's innovative and ever powerful as it has a cult following around the world. At the beginning of the Musk line, the central ingredient was from an animal and that combined with the perfume made Musk a natural aphrodisiac. The animal was discovered in the Orients and initially used for medicinal purposes. The original ingredient has since been replaced with synthetics in order to preserve the species.
Since Musk was developed in the hippie era, it sparked inspiration in Houbigant resulting in the androgynous scent. The logo of Musk par Houbigant is the linkage of the male and female signs representing how the scent is universal symbolizing partnership and one love and has since been internationally recognized as the symbol of the hippie era.
Musk's development was a crucial point for Alyssa Ashley and the Musk Oil launched in 1969 as a result of the influence from the cultural shifts and world issues. The launch was a great success and the popularity of Musk Oil grew resulting in a full collection being developed in order to complement the product. It took back the ancient Houbigant formula. The product line ranged from Eau de Toilette to bath and body products. Musk continued to change with the times, particularly the branding of the packaging. In the 1980s, the packaging was updated with a simplistic black and white look with clear glass bottles. The change was made to depict the simplicity of the logo. Finally, in the 1990s the packaging evolved to be more contemporary and Musk gained its tag line "Dangerous but Fun" from a 1990s advertisement.
Their Other Products
Alyssa Ashley is not only known for Musk but other fragrances as well. Most notably, Ambergris by Alyssa Ashley in 1975. Ambergris is a substance originating from the secretion in a whale's stomach which is supposed to protect it from undigestible items. This substance is held on a pedestal by perfumers who like it for the peculiar odor it exudes which incorporates multiple scents such as sweet, earthy, musty, and sea-water. It was so special that Alyssa Ashley made a fragrance of it. It is an ancient ingredient for perfume. Historically, Ancient Egyptians used it for incense. Ambergris was later banned in the 70s due to initial assumptions that it was a byproduct of whaling industries. It was overturned in 2001, however, Alyssa Ashley has replaced it with synthetics as have most other brands in the industry. And, as with other fragrances by Alyssa Ashley in the earlier days, the mists said "Houbigant" on the front with the back of the bottle saying "Alyssa Ashley Inc. Div. Houbigant Inc." This original product was unfortunately discontinued in the early 1980s and revived into the Alyssa Ashley collection, Ambre Gris.
Other fragrances that Alyssa Ashley produces include the classics Musk Extreme and White Musk. White Musk is intended to be for the modern woman. They have their Purple Elixir brand alongside Ocean Blue, CocoVanilla, Fizzy, and Vanilla that they list as their trendy products. Their Purple Elixir is composed of orange blossom and jasmine blended with spicy anise and citrus that gives it its enchanting charm and tempting fragrance. Ocean Blue encompasses the wild nature of the ocean with its ingredients of oranges, caraway seeds, rosemary and cedar leaves combined with patchouli, cedarwood, Tonka Beans, oakmoss and drops of vanilla and Musk to gives its final scent. The CocoVanilla is meant to give the essence of going to the beach and Fizzy is intended to make you want to enjoy life with its uplifting signature ingredients.
Alongside that, they have their collections Essence De patchouli, Ambre Gris, Oud, Hip Hop, and Marijane. Most notably, Essence De Patchouli is meant to embody the hippie movement and the soul of the 60s to revivify the free-spirited nature of that time. Ambre Gris is inspired by legends and leading to them attempting to emulate the ingredient of Ambergris in order to exuberate the fragrance's elegance and aphrodisiac properties. Oud is split in two as Oud Pour Lui and Oud Pour Elle. Oud itself is regarded highly for its religious and curative properties from the Shinto Buddhist Temples of Japan to the Mekong Delta in Vietnam. The main ingredient is Agarwood also know as "Wood of the Gods" which is an extremely rare resin found in the South-east Asian Aquilaria Tree. Oud Pour Elle is a seductive feminine fragrance, and Oud Pour Lui is an oriental and mystic fragrance. The collection Hip Hop contains street style scents split into B-Girl and B-Boy depicting a modern twist on the 80s subculture of music. The final collection is Marijane Do Not Use It! with a scent meant to bring good vibes and thoughts. Marijane's collection has the interesting tagline of "Do Not Use It!" in reference to Marijuana which Marijane is an alternative name for. This alludes to the prolific use of marijuana in the 1960s and '70s which was prominent during the hippie movement.
Another cosmetics line that goes outside of their usual fragrances, is Alyssa Ashley's BioLab. It is their all-natural bath and body line formulated with the best plant-based ingredients with proven results. All the BioLab products are composed of more than 96% natural ingredients. As a result of the development of BioLab, it is the first of Alyssa Ashley's products to take an all vegan approach. It has been dermatology tested to not harm the skin. There are three variations of the BioLab product consisting of body lotion, scented water, and shower gel. BioLab | Ginger and Curcuma utilizes one of their main ingredients of ginger and Curcuma for their strong anti-inflammatory effects and both having the qualities of powerful antioxidants as well. This also contains Vitamin E in order to counteract cellular aging. After that is BioLab | Aloe Vera and Bamboo. The two core ingredients work together to slow down degeneration and increase the production of collagens. Ginger has anti-inflammatory properties and as an antioxidant promotes rejuvenation in the skin. Lastly, there is BioLab | Tiare and Almond which promotes moisturization and restoration of the elasticity of the skin. Almond's nourishing properties allows for the product to help revitalized damaged and irritated skin.
Alyssa Ashley has continued to develop their cosmetics line to not only keep with each new generation but to also remind each generation of the carefree hippie era. With Musk, they embraced the hippie era and developed their own cult following around the brand as something that still has charm to this day. Their new products have continued to preserve their message as a brand, but also continue to grow as time has passed.
Alyssa Ashley. (n.d.). Retrieved February 2, 2019, from https://www.alyssaashley.com/
Cora, A. (2018, July 13). Profumo Musk di Alyssa Ashley: Il Profumo Unisex Senza Tempo. Retrieved February 2, 2019, from https://www.theitalianreve.com/it/profumo-musk-di-alyssa-ashley-il-profumo-unisex-senza-tempo/
Donati, F. (2018, October 30). Alyssa Ashley lancia la linea Bio lab. Retrieved February 2, 2019, from https://womoms.com/alyssa-ashley-bio-lab/
Herman, B. (2009, September 25). Alyssa Ashley for Houbigant - Ambergris (1975). Retrieved February 2, 2019, from https://yesterdaysperfume.typepad.com/yesterdays_perfume/2009/09/houbigant-ambergris-1973.html
Hummel, G. (1970, January 01). Ambergris by Alyssa Ashley c1975. Retrieved February 2, 2019, from https://houbigantperfumes.blogspot.com/2013/05/ambergris-by-alyssa-ashley-c1975.html
Perris Group. (n.d.). Retrieved February 2, 2019, from http://www.perrisgroup.com/ The House of Houbigant. (n.d.). Retrieved February 2, 2019, from https://www.houbigant-parfum.com/us_en/the-house-of-houbigant.html
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Sometimes homeowners will contact you about a particular project that is half way completed. Usually the owner is unhappy with the work their current designer or contractor is doing and will ask you to take over and complete the project. In order to start construction again, most firms will evaluate the existing conditions, request any additional permits, purchase materials if needed, and then begin construction.
Landis Architects and Builders performed "house rescues" a few times and offered some insight on what homeowners might be looking for the second time around.
If the client did not understand the extent of the structural issues of removing walls, they may ask to see "as-built" drawings of the existing home, a similarly scaled project you have completed in the past, and possibly formal licensing as proof you have the experience needed to complete their project.
Sometimes the previous contractor misinforms the client. In one of Landis' cases, the contractor gave permission to remove an existing deck and promised to build a new one, but zoning would not allow a new deck to be built. The client in this case might ask how much experience you have with the local zoning regulations or if you have served on zoning or code committees.
Other general tips Landis suggests is to have a professional office to hold client meetings, have a website presence, catch up on your reviews on Google+, Angie's List, and Houzz, and ensure your past clients are satisfied. The firm also states to keep in touch with the client even if they don't choose you for the cleanup, because in some instances they will come back.


What architecture must a country boast in order to have a 'legitimate' history? The commemorative political model is part of the national historiography of central European states. Historical memory since the 19th century shows that sometimes brute force is required in order to reach a stage at which all citizens identify with a nation, and feel solidarity with it. Complexity is out, more than ever. The most successful algorithm is: state = nation = religion = language = history. The storytellers diligently get down to their handiwork. When it comes down to running politics of memory nothing is too expensive – it should help to found a homogenous, national identity, which is not multi-ethnic or in any way complex. The overwriting of a complex past with a 'better history' also means that a large proportion of the population becomes faceless – foreignera in their own country. They transform from natives to foreigners and become potential refugees, separatists and terrorists. At the same time, strangers make their way to the West in order to live in Europe – and to destroy the ruling view of history.


The Build section of the Pipelines for Applications application manifest contains instructions about how to build your application. A build will clone the repository, build the application, and (on success) create a release.
Typically this section is used to install and/or configure any build requirements.
Note: The Puppet Pipelines based application environment variables are not available during this phase of the manifest.
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This section specifies a custom version number for the build. If a CustomVersionCmd section is not included, Pipelines for Applications will default to assigning incremental build version numbers.
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# Include all files, but no subdirectories from subdirectory "temp"
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