text:
Remeron, Mirataz, Avanza, others
Mepirzapine; 6-azamianserin; ORG-3770[1][2]
AHFS/Drugs.com
US DailyMed: Mirtazapine
US FDA: Mirtazapine
AU: B3[3]
By mouth (tablets), topical
N06AX11 (WHO) QN06AX11 (WHO)
AU: S4 (Prescription only)
CA: ℞-only
UK: POM (Prescription only)
US: ℞-only
50%[4][5][6][7]
Liver (CYP1A2, CYP2D6, CYP3A4)[4][5][6][7][8]
Desmethylmirtazapine (contributes 3–10% of activity)[8]
Elimination half-life
20–40 hours[4][5][6][7]
Urine: 75%[4]
Feces: 15%[4][5][6][7]
(±)-2-Methyl-1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydropyrazino[2,1-a]pyrido[2,3-c][2]benzazepine
85650-52-8 Y
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DB00370 Y
4060 Y
A051Q2099Q
D00563 Y
CHEBI:6950 N
ChEMBL654 Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
DTXSID0023325
ECHA InfoCard
Chemical and physical data
265.360 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
Racemic mixture
114 to 116 °C (237 to 241 °F)
Solubility in water
Soluble in methanol and chloroform mg/mL (20 °C)
n1cccc3c1N4C(c2ccccc2C3)CN(C)CC4
InChI=1S/C17H19N3/c1-19-9-10-20-16(12-19)15-7-3-2-5-13(15)11-14-6-4-8-18-17(14)20/h2-8,16H,9-12H2,1H3 Y
Key:RONZAEMNMFQXRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
N Y (what is this?) (verify)
Mirtazapine, sold under the brand name Remeron among others, is an antidepressant of the atypical antidepressants class primarily used to treat depression.[8][9] Its full effect may take more than four weeks to occur, with some benefit possibly as early as one to two weeks.[9][10] Often it is used in depression complicated by anxiety or trouble sleeping.[8][11] It is taken by mouth.[9]
Common side effects include increased weight, sleepiness, and dizziness.[9] Serious side effects may include mania, low white blood cell count, and increased suicide among children.[9] Withdrawal symptoms may occur with stopping.[12] It is not recommended together with an MAO inhibitor.[9] It is unclear if use during pregnancy is safe.[9] How it works is not clear, but it may involve blocking certain adrenergic and serotonin receptors.[8][9] Chemically, it is a tetracyclic antidepressant (TeCA).[9] It also has strong antihistaminergic effects.[8][9]
Mirtazapine came into medical use in the United States in 1996.[9] The patent expired in 2004, and generic versions are available.[9][13] In 2017, it was the 119th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than six million prescriptions.[14][15]
1 Medical uses
1.1 Depression
2 Side effects
2.1 Discontinuation syndrome
3 Overdose
4 Interactions
5.1 Pharmacodynamics
5.1.1 α2-Adrenergic receptor
5.1.2 5-HT2 receptor
5.1.4 H1 receptor
5.2 Pharmacokinetics
6.1 Synthesis
8 Society and culture
8.1 Generic names
8.2 Brand names
10 Veterinary use
Medical uses
Mirtazapine is primarily used for major depressive disorder and other mood disorders.[16][17] Onset of action appears faster than some selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) and similar to tricyclic antidepressants.[10][18]
In 2010 NICE recommended generic SSRIs as first line choices, as they are "equally effective as other antidepressants and have a favourable risk–benefit ratio."[19] With respect to mirtazapine, it found: "There is no difference between mirtazapine and other antidepressants on any efficacy measure, although in terms of achieving remission mirtazapine appears to have a statistical though not clinical advantage. In addition, mirtazapine has a statistical advantage over selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in terms of reducing symptoms of depression, but the difference is not clinically important. However, there is strong evidence that patients taking mirtazapine are less likely to leave treatment early because of side effects, although this is not the case for patients reporting side effects or leaving treatment early for any reason."[20]
A 2011 Cochrane review that compared mirtazapine to other antidepressants found that, while it appears to have a faster onset in people for whom it works (measured at two weeks), its efficacy is about the same as other antidepressants after six weeks' use.[10]
A 2012 review focused on antidepressants and sleep found that in many people with sleep disorders caused by depression, mirtazapine reduces the time it takes to fall asleep and increases the quality of sleep, but that in some people it can disturb sleep, especially at higher doses, causing restless leg syndrome in 8 to 28% of people and in rare cases causes REM sleep behavior disorder.[21]
A 2018 analysis of 21 antidepressants found them to be fairly similar overall.[22] It found tentative evidence for mirtazapine being in the more effective group and middle in tolerability.[22]
After one week of usage, mirtazapine was found to have an earlier onset of action compared to SSRIs.[18][23]
There is also some evidence supporting its use in treating the following conditions, for which it is sometimes prescribed off-label:
Generalized anxiety disorder[8][24] [25]
Social anxiety disorder[26]
Obsessive–compulsive disorder[26]
Panic disorder[26]
Post-traumatic stress disorder[26]
Low appetite/underweight[27][28][29]
Insomnia[30][31]
Nausea and vomiting[11][32][33]
Itching[34][35]
Headaches and migraine[32][36][37]
A 2011 Cochrane review found that compared with other antidepressants, it is more likely to cause weight gain and sleepiness, but it is less likely to cause tremor than tricyclic antidepressants, and less likely to cause nausea and sexual dysfunction than SSRIs.[10]
Very common (≥10% incidence) adverse effects include constipation, dry mouth, sleepiness, increased appetite (17%) and weight gain (>7% increase in <50% of children).[5][6][7][38][39][40][41][42][43]
Common (1–10% incidence) adverse effects include weakness, confusion, dizziness, fasciculations, peripheral edema, and negative lab results like elevated transaminases, elevated serum triglycerides, and elevated total cholesterol.[7]
Mirtazapine is not considered to have a risk of many of the side effects often associated with other antidepressants like the SSRIs, and may actually improve certain ones when taken in conjunction with them.[8][44] (Those adverse effects include decreased appetite, weight loss, insomnia, nausea and vomiting, diarrhoea, urinary retention, increased body temperature, excessive sweating, pupil dilation and sexual dysfunction.[8][44])
In general, some antidepressants, especially selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), can paradoxically exacerbate some peoples' depression or anxiety or cause suicidal ideation.[45] Despite its sedating action, mirtazapine is also believed to be capable of this, so in the United States and certain other countries, it carries a black box label warning of these potential effects, especially for people under the age of 25.[9]
Mirtazapine may induce arthralgia.[46]
A case report published in 2000 noted an instance in which mirtazapine counteracted the action of clonidine, causing a dangerous rise in blood pressure.[47]
Mirtazapine and other antidepressants may cause a withdrawal syndrome, also called a discontinuation syndrome upon cessation.[8][48] A gradual and slow reduction in dose is recommended to minimize discontinuation symptoms.[49] Effects of sudden cessation of treatment with mirtazapine may include depression, anxiety, tinnitus, panic attacks, vertigo, restlessness, irritability, decreased appetite, insomnia, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, flu-like symptoms such as allergies and pruritus, headaches and sometimes hypomania or mania.[50][51][52]
Mirtazapine is considered to be relatively safe in the event of an overdose,[23] although it is considered slightly more toxic in overdose than most of the SSRIs (except citalopram).[53] Unlike the tricyclic antidepressants, mirtazapine showed no significant cardiovascular adverse effects at 7 to 22 times the maximum recommended dose.[44] Case reports of overdose with as much as 30 to 50 times the standard dose described the drug as relatively nontoxic, compared to tricyclic antidepressants.[54][55]
Twelve reported fatalities have been attributed to mirtazapine overdose.[56][57] The fatal toxicity index (deaths per million prescriptions) for mirtazapine is 3.1 (95% CI: 0.1 to 17.2). This is similar to that observed with SSRIs.[58]
Concurrent use with inhibitors or inducers of the cytochrome (CYP) P450 isoenzymes CYP1A2, CYP2D6, and/or CYP3A4 can result in altered concentrations of mirtazapine, as these are the main enzymes responsible for its metabolism.[4][8] As examples, fluoxetine and paroxetine, inhibitors of these enzymes, are known to modestly increase mirtazapine levels, while carbamazepine, an inducer, considerably decreases them.[4] Liver impairment and moderate chronic kidney disease have been reported to decrease the oral clearance of mirtazapine by about 30%; severe kidney disease decreases it by 50%.[4]
Mirtazapine in combination with an SSRI, SNRI, or TCA as an augmentation strategy is considered to be relatively safe and is often employed therapeutically,[44] with a combination of venlafaxine and mirtazapine, sometimes referred to as "California rocket fuel".[59][60] Several case reports document serotonin syndrome induced by the combination of mirtazapine with other agents (olanzapine,[61] quetiapine,[62] tramadol and venlafaxine[63]).
According to information from the manufacturers, mirtazapine should not be started within two weeks of any monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) usage; likewise, MAOIs should not be administered within two weeks of discontinuing mirtazapine.[9]
The addition of mirtazapine to an monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), while potentially having typical or idiosyncratic (unique to the individual) reactions not herein described, does not appear to cause serotonin syndrome.[64] This is in accordance with the fact that the 5-HT2A receptor is the predominant serotonin receptor thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of serotonin syndrome (with the 5-HT1A receptor seeming to be protective).[64][65] Mirtazapine is a potent 5-HT2A receptor antagonist, and cyproheptadine, a medication that shares this property, mediates recovery from serotonin syndrome and is an antidote against it.[65][66]
There is a possible interaction that results in a hypertensive crisis when Mirtazapine is given to a patient that has already been on steady doses of Clonidine. This involves a subtile consideration, when patients have been on chronic therapy with Clonidine and suddenly stop the dosing, a rapid hypertensive rebound sometimes (20%) occurs from increased sympathetic outflow. Clonidine's blood pressure lowering effects are due to stimulation of CNS alpha-2 autoreceptors which supress sympathetic outflow. Mirtazapine itself blocks these same alpha-2 autoreceptors. So the effect of adding Mirtazapine to a patient stablized on Clonidine is like instant Clonidine withdrawal. reference: https://www.reliasmedia.com/articles/46173-interaction-between-mirtazapine-and-clonidine
See also: Pharmacology of antidepressants and Tetracyclic antidepressant § Pharmacology
Mirtazapine[67]
Ki (nM)
SERT >10,000 Human [68][69]
NET ≥4,600 Human [70][68]
DAT >10,000 Human [68][69]
5-HT1A 3,330–5,010 Human [8][69]
5-HT1B 3,534–12,600 Human [8][69]
5-HT1D 794–5,010 Human [8][69]
5-HT1E 728 Human [69]
5-HT1F 583 Human [69]
5-HT2A 6.3–69 Human [8][69]
5-HT2B 200 Human [8]
5-HT2C 8.9–39 Human [8][69]
5-HT3 8.1 Human [71]
5-HT4L >10,000 Human [69]
5-HT5A 670 Human [69]
5-HT6 ND ND ND[69]
5-HT7 265 Human [69]
α1A 1,815 Human [69]
α2A 20 Human [69]
α2B 88 Human [69]
α2C 18 Human [69]
β >10,000 Human [69]
D1 4,167 Rat
D2 >5,454 Human [69]
D3 5,723 Human [69]
H1 0.14–1.6 Human [72][8][69]
H2 >10,000 Rat [73][72]
H3 83,200 Human [72]
H4 >100,000 Human [72]
mACh 670 Human [8][70]
VGSC 6,905 Rat [69]
VDCC >10,000 Rat [69]
Values are Ki (nM). The smaller the value, the more strongly the drug binds to the site.
Mirtazapine is sometimes described as a noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant (NaSSA),[8] although the actual evidence in support of this label has been regarded as poor.[65] It is a tetracyclic piperazine-azepine.[74]
Mirtazapine has antihistamine, α2-blocker, and antiserotonergic activity.[8][75] It is specifically a potent antagonist or inverse agonist of the α2A-, α2B-, and α2C-adrenergic receptors, the serotonin 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, and the histamine H1 receptor.[8][75] Unlike many other antidepressants, it does not inhibit the reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine, or dopamine,[8][75] nor does it inhibit monoamine oxidase.[76] Similarly, mirtazapine has weak or no activity as an anticholinergic or blocker of sodium or calcium channels, in contrast to most TCAs.[8][69][75] In accordance, it has better tolerability and low toxicity in overdose.[8][77] As an H1 receptor antagonist, mirtazapine is extremely potent, and is in fact the most potent of all the TCAs and TeCAs.[70][78][79] Antagonism of the H1 receptor is by far the strongest activity of mirtazapine, with the drug acting as a selective H1 receptor antagonist at low concentrations.[8][69]
The (S)-(+) enantiomer of mirtazapine is responsible for antagonism of the serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors,[80] while the (R)-(–) enantiomer is responsible for antagonism of the 5-HT3 receptor.[80] Both enantiomers are involved in antagonism of the H1 and α2-adrenergic receptors,[6][80] although the (S)-(+) enantiomer is the stronger antihistamine.[81]
Although not clinically relevant, mirtazapine has been found to act as a partial agonist of the κ-opioid receptor at high concentrations (EC50 = 7.2 μM).[82]
α2-Adrenergic receptor
Antagonism of the α2-adrenergic receptors, which function largely as inhibitory autoreceptors and heteroreceptors, enhances adrenergic and serotonergic neurotransmission, notably central 5-HT1A receptor mediated transmission in the dorsal raphe nucleus and hippocampus; hence, mirtazapine's classification as a NaSSA. Indirect α1 adrenoceptor-mediated enhancement of serotonin cell firing and direct blockade of inhibitory α2 heteroreceptors located on serotonin terminals are held responsible for the increase in extracellular serotonin.[8][16][83][84][85] Because of this, mirtazapine has been said to be a functional "indirect agonist" of the 5-HT1A receptor.[84] Increased activation of the central 5-HT1A receptor is thought to be a major mediator of efficacy of most antidepressant drugs.[86]
5-HT2 receptor
Antagonism of the 5-HT2 subfamily of receptors and inverse agonism of the 5-HT2C receptor appears to be in part responsible for mirtazapine's efficacy in the treatment of depressive states.[87][88] Mirtazapine increases dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex.[89][90] Accordingly, it was shown that by blocking the α2-adrenergic receptors and 5-HT2C receptors mirtazapine disinhibited dopamine and norepinephrine activity in these areas in rats.[91] In addition, mirtazapine's antagonism of 5-HT2A receptors has beneficial effects on anxiety, sleep and appetite, as well as sexual function regarding the latter receptor.[8][44] Mirtazapine has been shown to lower drug seeking behaviour in various human and animal studies.[92][93][94] It is also being investigated in substance abuse disorders to reduce withdrawal effects and improve remission rates.[92][95][96][97]
Mirtazapine significantly improves pre-existing symptoms of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and irritable bowel syndrome in afflicted individuals.[98] Mirtazapine may be used as an inexpensive antiemetic alternative to Ondansetron.[33] In conjunction with substance abuse counseling, mirtazapine has been investigated for the purpose of reducing methamphetamine use in dependent individuals with success.[93][95][96][97] In contrast to mirtazapine, the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI), Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI), and some Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) increase the general activity of the 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, and 5-HT3 receptors leading to a host of negative changes and side effects, the most prominent of which including anorexia, insomnia, sexual dysfunction (loss of libido and anorgasmia), nausea, and diarrhea, among others. As a result, it is often combined with these drugs to reduce their side-effect profile and to produce a stronger antidepressant effect.[44][99]
Mirtazapine does not have serotonergic activity and does not cause serotonergic side effects or serotonin syndrome.[65][64] This is in accordance with the fact that it is not a serotonin reuptake inhibitor or monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), nor a serotonin receptor agonist.[65][64] There are no reports of serotonin syndrome in association with mirtazapine alone, and mirtazapine has not been found to cause serotonin syndrome in overdose.[65][64][100] However, there are a handful of case reports of serotonin syndrome occurring with mirtazapine in combination with serotonergic drugs like SSRIs, although such reports are very rare, and do not necessarily implicate mirtazapine as causative.[65][101][102][103]
It is a potent 5-HT3 blocker. It may relieve chemotherapy-related and advanced cancer-related nausea.[104]
H1 receptor
Mirtazapine is a very strong H1 receptor inverse agonist and, as a result, it can cause powerful sedative and hypnotic effects.[8] A single 15 mg dose of mirtazapine to healthy volunteers has been found to result in over 80% occupancy of the H1 receptor and to induce intense sleepiness.[81] After a short period of chronic treatment, however, the H1 receptor tends to desensitize and the antihistamine effects become more tolerable. Many patients may also dose at night to avoid the effects, and this appears to be an effective strategy for combating them. Blockade of the H1 receptor may improve pre-existing allergies, pruritus, nausea, and insomnia in afflicted individuals. It may also contribute to weight gain, however. In contrast to the H1 receptor, mirtazapine has only low affinity for the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, although anticholinergic side effects like dry mouth, constipation, and mydriasis are still sometimes seen in clinical practice.[105]
The oral bioavailability of mirtazapine is about 50%. It is found mostly bound to plasma proteins, about 85%. It is metabolized primarily in the liver by demethylation and hydroxylation via cytochrome P450 enzymes, CYP1A2, CYP2D6, CYP3A4.[106] One of its major metabolites is desmethylmirtazapine. The overall elimination half-life is 20–40 hours. It is conjugated in the kidney for excretion in the urine, where 75% of the drug is excreted,[107] and about 15% is eliminated in feces.[108]:430
Mirtazapine is a tetracyclic piperazinoazepine; mianserin was developed by the same team of organic chemists and mirtazapine differs from it via addition of a nitrogen atom in one of the rings.[108]:429[109][110] It is a racemic mixture of enantiomers. The (S)-(+)-enantiomer is known as esmirtazapine.
Analogues of mirtazapine include mianserin, setiptiline, and aptazapine.
A chemical synthesis of mirtazapine has been published. The first step of synthesis is a condensation reaction between the molecule 2-chloro 3-cyanopyridine and the molecule 1-methyl-3-phenylpiperazine.[111]
Mirtazapine was first synthesized at Organon and published in 1989, was first approved for use in major depressive disorder in the Netherlands in 1994, and was introduced in the United States in 1996 under the brand name Remeron.[108]:429[112][113]
A 15 mg tablet of generic mirtazapine.
Mirtazapine is the English and French generic name of the drug and its INN, USAN, USP, BAN, DCF, and JAN.[1][2][114] Its generic name in Spanish is mirtazapina and in German is Mirtazapin.[1][2]
Mirtazapine is marketed under many brand names worldwide, including Adco-Mirteron, Afloyan, Amirel, Arintapin Smelt, Avanza, Axit, Azapin, Beron, Bilanz, Calixta, Ciblex, Combar, Comenter, Depreram, Divaril, Esprital, Maz, Menelat, Mepirzapine, Merdaten, Meronin, Mi Er Ning, Milivin, Minelza, Minivane, Mirastad, Mirazep, Miro, Miron, Mirrador, Mirt, Mirta, Mirtabene, Mirtadepi, Mirtagamma, Mirtagen, Mirtalan, Mirtamor, Mirtamylan, Mirtan, Mirtaneo, Mirtapax, Mirtapil, Mirtapine, Mirtaron, Mirtastad, Mirtax, Mirtaz, Mirtazap, Mirtazapin, Mirtazapina, Mirtazapine, Mirtazapinum, Mirtazelon, Mirtazon, Mirtazonal, Mirtel, Mirtimash, Mirtin, Mirtine, Mirzapine, Mirzaten, Mirzest, Mitaprex, Mitaxind, Mitocent, Mitrazin, Mizapin, Motofen, Mytra, Norset, Noxibel, Pharmataz, Promyrtil, Rapizapine, Ramure, Razapina, Redepra, Reflex, Remergil, Remergon, Remeron, Remirta, Rexer, Saxib, Sinmaron, Smilon, Tazepin, Tazimed, Tetrazic, Tifona, U-Mirtaron, U-zepine, Valdren, Vastat, Velorin, Yarocen, Zania, Zapex, Zestat, Zismirt, Zispin, Zuleptan, and Zulin.[2]
The use of mirtazapine has been explored in several additional conditions:
Sleep apnea/hypopnea[115][116]
Secondary symptoms of autistic spectrum conditions and other pervasive developmental disorders[117][118]
Antipsychotic-induced akathisia.[119][120]
Drug withdrawal, dependence and detoxification[121]
Negative, depressive and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia (as an adjunct)[122][123]
A case report has been published in which mirtazapine reduced visual hallucinations in a patient with Parkinson's disease psychosis (PDP).[124] This is in alignment with recent findings that inverse agonists at the 5-HT2A receptors are efficacious in attenuating the symptoms of Parkinson's disease psychosis. As is supported by the common practice of prescribing low-dose quetiapine and clozapine for PDP at doses too low to antagonize the D2 receptor, but sufficiently high doses to inversely agonize the 5-HT2A receptors.[23]
Eight case reports have been reported in five papers on the use of mirtazapine in the treatment of hives as of 2017.[125]
Mirtazapine also has some veterinary use in cats and dogs. Mirtazapine is sometimes prescribed as an appetite stimulant for cats or dogs experiencing anorexia due to medical conditions such as chronic kidney disease. It is especially useful for treating combined poor appetite and nausea in cats and dogs.[126][127][128]
Mirtazapine is indicated for bodyweight gain in cats experiencing poor appetite and weight loss resulting from chronic medical conditions.[129][130]
There are two options for administration: tablets given orally, and an ointment applied topically to the inner surface of the ear.[129][130]
The most common side effects include signs of local irritation or inflammation at the site where the ointment is applied and behavioural changes (increased meowing, hyperactivity, disoriented state or inability to co-ordinate muscle movements, lack of energy/weakness, attention-seeking, and aggression).[129][130]
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Richard Ingrams, a co-founder of Private Eye, is retiring from journalism after more than 50 years following "a series of disagreements" with the publisher of his second magazine, The Oldie.
Ingrams, who has edited The Oldie since founding it 22 years ago, had been summoned for a disciplinary hearing next Monday, but said that at 76 he is "too old" to attend.
"It's a matter of great regret," he told Press Gazette. "But I've been there for 22 years, and that's not a bad run."
Announcing his resignation from The Oldie today, Ingrams (pictured, James Young) said: "I have greatly enjoyed working on The Oldie with an outstanding team and I would have liked to go on doing the job.
"But at 76 I consider myself too old for disciplinary hearings.
Ingrams co-founded the Eye in 1962, and was editor between 1963 and 1986, when he handed the job down to current editor Ian Hislop. Last year, he suggested that his successor has held the position for "too long".
Under Ingrams, The Oldie has risen to become one of the most popular current affairs magazines in the UK.
Its last ABC figures, for the second half of 2013, showed a 1.2 per cent circulation increase to 44,555. This is up nearly 20,000 in ten years.
And he paid tribute to The Oldie's many contributors over the past 22 years, many of whom "have gone to a better place".
"The great thing about The Oldie I think is the way it has attracted unsolicited articles from the readers," he said. "A whole lot of them have been quite brilliant."
Ingrams, who lives in rural Berkshire and had worked at The Oldie's central London offices four days a week, is now working on a book about Ludovic Kennedy.
Oldie publisher James Pembroke has so far not responded to Press Gazette's request for a comment.


text:
Kristin Parker Relishes Leadership Role at Ascendum
Thu June 06, 2019 - Northeast Edition #12
Katie Kohler – CEG CORRESPONDENT
Kristin Parker
Ascendum Machinery general manager Kristin Parker didn't want to wear a suit every day.
The buttoned-up apparel wasn't the only thing she found restricting. Her parents wore suits every day to banking and finance jobs. After graduating summa cum laude from Western Carolina University with her MBA, she interviewed with Bank of America in Charlotte — a sea of suits.
Instead of dressing the part, Parker decided to look for a career that suited her better.
While interviewing with Bank of America, she came across the Carolina Tractor & Equipment Company, which was looking for an IT specialist for its engine division.
"I was ready to shed the suit and really work for a living. Being able to work and not play the part I've seen my parents play really struck me," said Parker. "I have always had an affinity for hard work, working outdoors and finding solutions. This was the business for me."
Parker began her career at Carolina Tractor & Equipment as a TEPS manager in 1994. She spent 16 years in various roles including parts manager, Six Sigma deployment champion and vice president of product support. She rose to the rank of vice president of asset management and rental, in which she was responsible for new, used and rental equipment assets. She also led the successful growth of a young business unit, CATRental Store, with revenues of more than $15 million, by implementing a strategic business plan.
"The thing that kept me intrigued is I didn't know anything about the business," she said. "I was a sponge. Learning intrigued me. Construction gets in you and that's what you do."
She tells people during job interviews that they may have no idea about the construction business, but if they get into it, they'll never get out.
"It grows on you, mostly because you meet so many different people."
In 2011, Parker became vice president of sales and marketing with Ascendum Machinery, a Volvo Construction Equipment dealer with more 15 locations across the southeast and North Dakota.
As vice president of sales and marketing, she was responsible for new and ancillary product lines distributed by Ascendum and 23 sales representatives over five states and coverage plans for all product lines.
She was appointed general manager for North Carolina and upstate South Carolina in September 2018.
Still, no suit is required. Parker lists interacting with customers as one of the most satisfying aspects of the job. Just recently she said she met with a customer in South Carolina who first sat in the cab of his father's dozer when he was five years old.
"He's in his 70s now," Parker said. "He worked his whole life to be in the business."
She also received a call from a customer who had inherited his company from his father, who himself had been in the business for years.
"You work with so many different people and they all have different styles of how they purchase and how they run their businesses," Parker said. "It's always intriguing. They are like snowflakes in that no two are alike.
"Listening to many customers over the years helps me be the best that I can be. If you listen, customers will tell you exactly what they want and it makes our efforts more focused and worthwhile. We always try to get some nugget of feedback from the customer and we always go back to Volvo with it. With Volvo, the quality is the best. They are very customer-centric and we are fortunate to have a strong manufacturer that stands behind any decision we make."
Parker's path to becoming a business development executive consisted of a wide range of roles and the ability provide direction and leadership to employees at various levels in an ever-changing business environment.
"I had a lot of good mentors," she said. "Different people saw something and have given me chances. They saw I put the hard work in and I love it so I didn't get held back a lot. I was presented with opportunities and took them and ran as hard as I could with them."
Parker admitted identifying a mentor in any field isn't easy, and finding someone with integrity was a key factor.
"I've learned as much from people who didn't have a good reputation and didn't handle situations well as I have from my actual mentors," she said. "Keep your eyes open. Finding a mentor is difficult because it's hard to trust someone with your career path."
Work-life balance is also a major challenge. Parker doesn't take regular vacations, and when she does, she doesn't feel that she can "turn it off" until the second day of the trip.
"I think the biggest thing is having a support network at home who realize you are a go-getter," she said. "I get the conversations that you are always on the phone or that they only see the top of my head looking at the computer. It is the biggest struggle."
When Parker speaks to groups, she encourages her listeners to work with a team that loves the business. For her, the biggest wins are contributed to seeing others succeed.
"Have thick skin and work hard," she said. "In the construction industry, there are no handouts for men or women. It is hard work and you have to love what you are doing. Our business is built on relationships, and your reputation and respect for others is paramount. Work with enthusiasm and integrity. Be excited every day to work beside a team of folks that love the business as much as you do."
(Editor's note: Construction Equipment Guide will be publishing occasional articles on women leaders in the construction industry throughout 2019)
ASCENDUMCarolina CATWomen In Construction
ASCENDUM Carolina CAT Women In Construction

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Migrants who can contribute to Singapore's economic development 'still welcome'
Tracy Quek
Jun 4, 2013, 7:12 am SGT
http://str.sg/Zgyg
SINGAPORE has had to slow the flow of foreign talent because of the social issues that arose from their influx.
But as an open economy with a long tradition of immigration, it will continue to welcome migrants who can contribute in the long term to the country's economic development, former deputy prime minister Wong Kan Seng said yesterday.
Mr Wong, now special adviser for economic cooperation to the Prime Minister, made the point in his keynote speech at a forum on global talent at Nanyang Technological University (NTU).
The Third International Roundtable Forum on Global Talent, held outside China for the first time, was organised by the university and China's State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs (SAFEA).
The one-day session yesterday was attended by more than 100 government officials, policymakers, practitioners, researchers and students, the majority from China.
NTU was chosen as the first overseas venue for the forum because of its long history of conducting research and education in China, offering executive training to Chinese officials as well as expertise on migration and human talent development issues, said Professor Alan Chan, dean of NTU's College of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences.
NTU is also the first institute of higher learning in Singapore to be certified by SAFEA, which oversees the certification of foreign experts providing expertise in China and the overseas training of Chinese officials.
The forum discussed a range of topics: from how to keep countries attractive to global talent, to how to balance a country's need to attract the best global talent and citizens' anxieties about increased competition for jobs.
The large presence of foreign talent is a hot-button issue in Singapore.
But Mr Wong said the country has, on the whole, been successful in tailoring manpower management towards its social and economic needs.
But with the increased complexities, uncertainties and risks associated with the new trends of talent mobility, the Singapore Government needs to stay nimble, he added.
"If not managed well, it will be socially and economically costly," warned Mr Wong, who had overseen population matters before he retired from the Cabinet in 2011.
tracyq@sph.com.sg


The Compuload LCFS (load cell forklift system) is a remarkably durable and rugged load cell based forklift weighing system.
It is incredibly accurate. Accuracy of 0.10% is easily achieved. The LCFS can fit any brand of forklift with a standard Class II, III, or IV carriage. When fitted with the Class II carriage the LCFS will weigh in kg increments up to 2500 kg.
The Compuload LCFS can be used in conjunction with the Compuload 1000, Compuload 3000, or Compuload 4000 Load Weighing System indicators, depending on the requirements and information needed.
The Compuload 4060 Printer and Compuload USB Down loader can also be used with the LCFS system.
The Compuload LCFS is suitable for decanting from one container to another , which is not possible with most hydraulic weighing systems.
The Compuload LCFS has undergone extensive testing for shock and impact durability (in accordance with ASTM D642) at an internationally recognized testing facility. Tests have shown that the LCFS weighing modules can withstand a head on impact of more than 10 times maximum weighing capacity.


text:
Automation in the workplace - friend or foe?
Wednesday, 17 August 2016 - 3:29pm
Fifty-six per cent of New Zealanders 'definitely' think their job will be impacted by artificial intelligence (AI) and automation in the next 10 years, according to recruiting experts Hays.
In the online poll of 497 people, a further 24 per cent said that 'maybe' their job will be impacted. The final 20 per cent do not believe their job will be impacted at all.
So is AI and automation your friend or foe? The answer, says Hays, depends on your willingness to adapt your skills.
"Rather than destroy jobs, automation and artificial intelligence can be expected to instead change roles, allowing workers to focus on other key areas of their work," says Jason Walker, Managing Director of Hays in New Zealand.
"Automation and AI will replace or take over the more repetitive and manual aspects of a job, leaving people free to focus on more advanced job responsibilities."
Of course this makes continuous up-skilling key to remaining relevant in the job market of the future. But Jason warns that it's not only technical or hard skills you'll need to focus on.
"When we look at the skills automation is taking over, they are usually hard or technical skills. Soft skills are a lot more difficult to automate or outsource," he says.
"There are also many human skills that robots simply cannot learn. For instance, a robot will never be an innovative and collaborative problem solver that can come up with and share creative ideas. Empathy and human instinct are crucial to a lot of roles too, and again these are not programmable; you cannot automate human emotion."
The poll was conducted on hays.net.nz between June and August 2016.
Hays is the most followed recruitment agency on LinkedIn in the world. Join Hays' growing network by following Hays Worldwide. You can also get expert advice, insights and the latest recruitment news by following Hays on Twitter @HaysNewZealand.


text:
Robin Bannister
CEO Strategy and Business Development, SEEKACURE Ltd
Robin is the discoverer and scientist behind Flarin. Robin Bannister joined the Group in 2008 when his Company, Biocopea was acquired by SEEK – then known as PepTcell. Robin focuses on the discovery of novel biology based upon existing drugs and drug templates and the subsequent identification and exploitation of high–value, low-risk products. Robin is a successful drug-discovery and development entrepreneur. Before founding Biocopea, Robin co-founded Arakis, which successfully discovered, developed and licensed a pipeline of products and was acquired by Sosei Corporation in 2005. Arakis' pipeline was the basis for successfully raising over £50m during a five-year period. Arakis licensed its lead product to Novartis, in the largest European biotech deal in 2005, with a headline value of $325m and was subsequently sold to Sosei Corporation in the same year. Robin served on the Board of Sosei until leaving in 2008. Prior to this, Robin was at Chiros, Chiroscience and Celltech (as Preclinical Development Director). Robin's early career was at Smith Kline and French. Robin is a chemist by background training and studied at Imperial College, London receiving his PhD in 1988.


text:
Cristina Georgiana Neagu (født 26. august 1988 i Bukarest) er en rumænsk håndboldspiller, der spiller for CSM Bucuresti som venstre back. Hun er blevet kåret til verdens bedste håndboldspiller fire gange (2010, 2015, 2016 og 2018).

Neagu har spillet omkring 190 kampe og scoret over 781 mål for Rumæniens kvindehåndboldlandshold. Ved Sommer-OL 2008 blev Neagu og Rumænien nummer 7 i turneringen. I efteråret 2010 blev hun kåret til den mest værdifulde spiller under GF World Cup 2010 i Århus, da Rumænien vandt turneringen. Hun blev delt topscorer med Andrea Penezić i EHF Champions League 2014-15.

Ved VM i håndbold 2015 i Danmark blev hun kåret som slutrundens bedste spiller og blev topscorer med 63 mål.

Biografi
Cristina Neagu blev født i Bukarest den 26. august 1988 i Ghencea-kvarteret. Hun har to ældre søstre.

Meritter
 EHF Champions League:
 Vinder: 2015
 Finalist: 2010, 2014
 EHF Cup Winners' Cup:
 Finalist: 2008
 EM i håndbold:
 Bronze: 2010
 VM i håndbold:
 Bronze: 2015
 Fjerdeplads: 2007

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

Håndboldspillere fra Rumænien
Håndboldspillere fra SCM Râmnicu Vâlcea
Personer fra Bukarest

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Nava Natural has created a professional line of products with natural ingredients from the Dead Sea. The Dead Sea is located in one of the most powerful places on our planet. It is 1373 feet (417 meters) below sea level. It has unique microclimate that contributes to the high salt concentration, and a Unique minerals found in no other sea in the world.
**seaweed from around the world.
NAVA NATURAL products helps clean, repair and renew your skin.
They help relief stress and have a positive effect on your general mental health and well-being.
Indulge in the luxurious touch of Nava's Organic Hot chocolate body cream….
Experience NAVA'S BODY SCRUB the sparkle for healthier, younger-looking and smoother skin. .
Our products are used in Spas and Salons nationwide.


text:
Q: How copy value of Php array variable to another array Friends . Read full details to understand problem.
 av = array("$a1","$a2","$a3"); //  used here loop for that to create auto varibles

 av[i] = $_POST("***"); // something code ...which assign values to array   using loop

 echo " $a1 $a2  " // its display correct value

now my problem is
i want to copy all array variables av values to var array vaiables.
var array consist variables like " $a1 " many times.
             var = array("$a1","$a1","$a1","$a2","$a2","$a3");

var array consist defined  order . i want values in that sequence.
i want output
           echo  "var[0] var[1] var[2] " ;// it display value of $a1

or how create another array which copy values of array vaiables  av . and sequence equal to array var
Update 1 :
update 1 :
AV array consist variables suppose 4. a = array ( "$a1" , "$a2" , "$a3", "$a4"  ) . // actually i used loop for that its near 20 - 30 variables.
Now I  assigned values to $a1 , $a2 , ... using for loop and POST method.
if i write
         echo  " a[0] " ;  // it display $a1

         echo " a1 = $a1"; // it display  actual value that i need eg. a1= 555

       $v = array ( "$a1" , "$a1" ,"$a1" , "$a1");

       now  i want To print array $v with value.

      now $v[0] consist value $a1.
      if i print $v[0] it display $a1. but i need value of $a1 i.e 555

       OR same $v array with actual variables values with same order

A: I didnt rly understand what your actual problem is, but it seems like you want to merge 2 arrays together. Then you should take a look at array_merge()
http://php.net/manual/en/function.array-merge.php
$av = array(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
$var = array("a", "b", "c", "d");
$output =  array_merge($av, $var);
print_r($output);

Output:
Array
(
    [0] => 1
    [1] => 2
    [2] => 3
    [3] => 4
    [4] => 5
    [5] => a
    [6] => b
    [7] => c
    [8] => d
)

A: Did I read this right?
Don't forget your $ and your semicolons at the end.
   $av = array("Cow", "Chicken", "Hen", "Rooster");
    $var = array();
    foreach($av as $k=>$v){
    $var[$k] = $v;
    }
    echo  "$var[0] $var[1] $var[2] ";

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


We are looking for an energetic self-starter and team player to join our team at the Tourist Information Centre, based within Nottingham City Centre. Candidates must be knowledgeable and passionate about Nottingham with great communication and customer care skills. The ideal candidate must also be adaptable and versatile so as to be able to deal with frequently changing requirements. Previous retail experience would also be advantageous.
For further detail on the position please see the Job Description and Person Specification. If you feel that you have got the necessary skills and knowledge to succeed within this role please e-mail your CV and covering letter by clicking the 'apply now' button below.
Closing date for application is Friday 12th October 2018.
Successful shortlisted candidates will be invited to attend an informal interview due to take place w/c Monday 15th October 2018.
Please note that due to the high level of enquiries only successful shortlisted candidates will be contacted.


text:
«Неотмщённый» () — 16-й эпизод 4-го сезона сериала «Секретные материалы», главные герои которого, агенты ФБР Фокс Малдер (Дэвид Духовны) и Дана Скалли (Джиллиан Андерсон), расследуют сложно поддающиеся научному объяснению преступления.

В данном эпизоде Малдер и Скалли расследуют убийства высокопоставленных военных, которые совершает якобы невидимый убийца — ветеран войны во Вьетнаме. Агенты выясняют, что дело провально изначально, и они вовлечены в сокрытие фактов об американских военнопленных, которых военное командование США бросило умирать во Вьетнаме. Эпизод принадлежит к типу «Монстр недели» и не связан с основной «мифологией сериала», заданной в первой серии.

Премьера эпизода состоялась 23 февраля 1997 года на телеканале FOX. В США серия получила рейтинг домохозяйств Нильсена, равный 10,9, который означает, что в день выхода серию посмотрели 16,56 миллиона человек. От критиков эпизод получил смешанные отзывы.

Сюжет
Эпизод начинается in medias res. Генерал-майор армии США Бенджамин Блок (Скотт Хайландс) выступает с речью перед ветеранами Вьетнамской войны в Национальной аллее. В это время агенты ФБР, в том числе Малдер, Скалли и Скиннер, патрулируют толпу в поисках стрелка (Питер Лакруа), намеревающегося убить Блока. Периодически замечая подозреваемого, они все время теряют его из виду. В один момент Малдер видит стрелка, идущего прямо на него, и выхватывает табельное оружие, но стрелок растворяется в воздухе прямо у него на глазах.

Двенадцатью часами ранее в движущемся лимузине выстрелом в лоб убит генерал-лейтенант Питер Макдугал (Уильям Нанн). На месте убийства оставлена игральная карта с черепом и окровавленными саблями на рубашке. Подозреваемым становится водитель лимузина, молодой офицер Беркхолдер (Дон Макуильямс). ФБР выясняет, что Беркхолдер был подписан на email-рассылки праворадикальной военизированной группы «Правая рука», которую начинают подозревать в организации убийства Макдугала. Малдер и Скалли с группой захвата арестовывают лидера «Правой руки», Дэнни Маркэма (Ларри Массер) в штаб-квартире организации. Во время обыска агенты находят фотографию Маркэма с сержантом Натаниэлем Тигером. Маркэм рассказывает, что Тигер воевал во Вьетнаме в составе спецподразделения «Кровавые сабли», которое использовало карты вроде той, что была оставлена в лимузине Макдугала, для обозначения совершенных ими убийств. «Кровавые сабли» выполняли секретные задания правительства США, но потом многие члены подразделения, в том числе Тигер, попали в плен. Командование бросило Тигера в плену на погибель, но «Правая рука» сумела освободить его. Тем временем Тигер, находясь возле Мемориала погибшим во Вьетнамской войне, встречает там вдову (Лесли Юэн) своего сослуживца Дэвенпорта и рассказывает ей, что её муж на самом деле жив и находится в плену. Отдав плачущей женщине солдатские жетоны её мужа, Тигер загадочно исчезает.

Скиннер сообщает Малдеру и Скалли, что Тигер официально считается мертвым, а его останки хранятся в Военной судебно-медицинской лаборатории. Прибыв в лабораторию, Малдер узнает, что там всего лишь несколько зубов Тигера, причем выдернутых щипцами, а причина смерти записана как «недоказательная». Свидетельство о смерти Тигера было подписано генералом Стефаном, и Малдер предполагает, что именно Стефан станет следующей жертвой убийцы. Малдер успевает предупредить Стефана об опасности, но Тигер проходит незамеченным мимо охраны в Пентагоне и убивает Стефана в его кабинете. Скалли обследует миссис Дэвенпорт в больнице, и предполагает, что Тигер обладает возможностью создавать скотому, тем самым исчезая из поля зрения. Это объясняет то, что на камерах службы безопасности в Пентагоне его было видно.

Встретившись с Маритой Коваррубиас, Малдер узнает что Стефан, Макдугал и Блок участвовали в переговорах по освобождению военнопленных. После разговора Малдер приходит к выводу, что генералы намеренно скрыли наличие многих военнопленных, и правительство теперь ликвидирует этих генералов при помощи Тигера, зная, что его все равно не остановить.

Парад военного оркестра и автоколонна Блока направляются к Национальной аллее. Скалли замечает Тигера в толпе зевак, но тот мгновенно исчезает. В Национальной аллее Тигера в толпе замечает его бывший сослуживец Лео Дензингер. Тигер даёт ему список солдат, которые до сих пор содержатся в плену, и опять исчезает. Увидев Тигера совсем близко к сцене, с которой Блок дает речь, агенты ФБР уводят генерала, но Малдер догадывается, что Тигер уже ждёт его в машине. После короткой перестрелки Скиннер получает сквозное ранение, а Тигер — смертельно ранен. Перед смертью Тигер несколько раз повторяет свою фамилию, звание и номер подразделения.

По прошествии определённого времени Малдер и Скиннер встречаются возле Мемориала погибшим во Вьетнаме. Скиннер сообщает Малдеру, что дело об обоих убийствах передано под юрисдикцию Пентагона, и следствие установило, что убийцей был не Тигер, а психически неуравновешенный ветеран по имени Томас Линч, чью личность также подтвердил Дэнни Маркэм. Малдер объявляет это ложью и оставляет Скиннера с мыслью, что на месте Тигера мог быть сам Скиннер, который также является ветераном Вьетнамской войны. С тяжелыми мыслями Скиннер остаётся у мемориала, глядя на стену с именами погибших, на которой есть и имя Натаниэля Тигера.

Производство

После того как продюсер сериала Говард Гордон посмотрел эпизод «60 минут» о секретных американских агентах, брошенных ЦРУ во Вьетнаме во время войны, он решил написать сценарий для эпизода «Секретных метериалов», построенный вокруг этой темы. Гордон изначально должен был написать сценарий только для одного эпизода четвёртого сезона («Синхронность»), но создателю сериала Крису Картеру и сценаристу Фрэнку Спотницу идея понравилась. Изначально материала для развития сюжета не хватало, и Гордон предложил Картеру стать соавтором сценария, если тот поможет ему разработать синопсис. После того как синопсис был готов, Гордон полностью написал сценарий в перерыве между сезонами сериала.

Гордон размышлял над персонажем, который стал невидимкой в политическом и метафорическом смыслах, но увязать это с физическим исчезновением человека у него не получалось. Окончательный образ невидимки был сформирован благодаря брату Гордона, который, будучи офтальмологом, рассказал сценаристу о слепом пятне. Гордон отмечал, что «эти истории являются продуктом научных исследований. И я сказал, а что если кто-то мог бы создавать поле зрения, где ничего нет?». Гордон решил создать сюжет вокруг ветеранов Вьетнамской войны, так как «они стареют, и как выживший в ходе Холокоста персонаж "Каддиша", начинают умирать». Кроме того, сценарий позволял больше раскрыть образ Уолтера Скиннера.

Для съёмок эпизода была завершена копия Мемориала погибшим во Вьетнаме, ранее частично использовавшаяся при съемках эпизода «Больше никогда». Копия памятника была установлена в ванкуверском парке Джерико, так как ухоженный большой парк походил на эспланаду в Национальной аллее, где находится оригинал. Стена с именами павших была воссоздана не полностью: некоторые части были нарисованы при помощи CGI. В силу юридических причин на стене были указаны вымышленные имена, включая имена членов съёмочной группы. Генерал Макдугал также получил имя в честь члена съёмочной группы — монтажера сериала Хэзер Макдугал.

Дневные сцены снимались в парке Джерико, а ночные — на пирсе Баллантайн, тогда как роль Пентагона «сыграло» здание Ванкуверского выставочного центра. Во время съёмок в парке некоторые папарацци выискивали Джиллиан Андерсон. Поскольку полиция не имела права ограничить их доступ в общественное место, члены съёмочной группы сами формировали заслон, чтобы ретивые фотографы не испортили кадр. Массовка для сцены в Национальной аллее в реальности состояла из 500 человек и была увеличена на экране при помощи CGI. Из актёров массовки, 50 человек выиграли возможность принять участие в съёмках сериала, благодаря конкурсу, проводившемуся местной радиостанцией.

Премьера и критика
Премьера «Неотмщённого» состоялась 23 февраля 1997 на канале Fox. В США серия получила рейтинг домохозяйств Нильсена, равный 10,9 с долей в 16 процентов. Это означает, что примерно у 10,9 процента домохозяйств в стране телевизор был включен на момент премьеры, и у 16 процентов из этого числа был включен именно канал Fox, где демонстрировался эпизод. На основании этих данных количество человек, смотревших премьеру «Неотмщённого» оценивается в 16,56 миллионов человек.

Тодд ван дерр Верфф, критик издания The A.V. Club дал эпизоду оценку «B-», написав, что это «не очень хороший эпизод». По мнению критика, у эпизода много прекрасных идей, но они недостаточно раскрываются. Ван Дер Верфф положительно оценил то, что эпизод уделил большое внимание персонажу Уолтера Скиннера, рассказав о его прошлом и дав ему некую миссию. Критик также отметил «свежий взгляд» создателей эпизода на проблему Вьетнамской войны. Независимый критик Сара Стиголл присудила эпизоду две из пяти звезд, охарактеризовав его как «псевдополитический сюжет».

Роберт Ширман и Ларс Пирсон в книге Wanting to Believe: A Critical Guide to The X-Files, Millennium & The Lone Gunmen оценивают эпизод в две звезды из возможных пяти, за отсутствие драматизма и за то, что появление Коваррубиас не приносит какой-то дополнительной информации. Пола Витарис в статье для журнала Cinefantastique присудила «Неотмщённому» одну звезду из четырёх возможных, написав, что эпизод «рушится под весом своего сообщения», и персонажи приглашённых звезд не выглядят «живыми».

Примечания

Литература

Ссылки

Серии «Секретных материалов»
Невидимость в фантастике
Вьетнамская война в культуре и искусстве


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text:
Le loup à crinière  (Chrysocyon brachyurus) est une espèce de carnivores de la famille des canidés, originaire de l'Amérique du Sud. Il est le seul représentant de son genre :  Chrysocyon. Bien que ressemblant à un loup ou à un grand renard, le loup à crinière est génétiquement distinct de tous les autres canidés.

Description

Le loup à crinière doit surtout son nom à la présence d'une longue et abondante toison noire sur son encolure et sur ses épaules. Par ailleurs, son allure et son aspect de loup, bien qu'il puisse d'ailleurs aussi ressembler à un renard à longues pattes, conforte cette appellation. Sa queue est relativement courte, les oreilles sont redressées, et le pelage — de texture plus souple que chez les autres canidés — ne comporte pas de sous-poil.
Les longues pattes fines du loup à crinière sont adaptées à son milieu de vie, essentiellement constitué par de hautes herbes : le cerrado. Malgré son apparence, ce n'est pas un coureur rapide. Mais ses grandes oreilles lui permettent de détecter les petites proies dont il se nourrit.

Famille

 Distribution : il vit en Amérique du Sud (régions sud, sud-est et centre-ouest du Brésil, Paraguay, nord de l'Argentine, Bolivie).
 Habitat : prairies et forêts broussailleuses.
 Dimensions : Longueur du corps de  pour une hauteur au garrot de . Sa queue est d'une longueur de  et son poids varie de . Pas de variation géographique ni de dimorphisme sexuel.
 Pelage : roux chamois, avec des « chaussettes » noires, museau et crinière noirs, dessous du menton blanc, de même que l'intérieur des oreilles et le bout de la queue. Les nouveau-nés sont noirs, avec l'extrémité de la queue blanche.
 Gestation : environ 65 jours.
 Longévité : inconnue dans la nature ( en captivité).
Le loup à crinière est perché sur de grandes pattes. Ses repas sont composés d'environ 50 % de fruits. Il complète cela avec des petits rongeurs, des insectes ou des oiseaux. Il chasse toujours en solitaire.

Ils ne forment pas de meute mais vivent en couple, sur un territoire de .

Alimentation

Le loup à crinière est omnivore et se révèle être un chasseur opportuniste, s'attaquant à des proies allant des petits vertébrés jusqu'au paca. Ses proies les plus habituelles sont les lapins, les petits rongeurs, les oiseaux et les tatous, et plus rarement des reptiles, des insectes voire des poissons. Il consomme également beaucoup de fruits (jusqu'à la moitié de son alimentation), dont le « fruit du loup » (fruit de Solanum lycocarpum, autrement nommé « tomato-like fruit of Lobeira » en anglais). Ce fruit disposerait de propriétés antiparasitaires contre le ver rénal géant, Dioctophyme renale. Le loup à crinière effectue ses quêtes de nourriture, seul et surtout la nuit. Il peut aussi le faire durant la journée, dans des zones à l'écart des humains.

Comportement social

Le loup à crinière se reproduit généralement à partir de l'âge de , bien qu'il puisse atteindre sa maturité sexuelle lors de sa première année. Les femelles ont une portée par an, entre juin et septembre. Les loups à crinière s'installent dans des terriers aménagés sous un couvert suffisant. On ignore le rôle des mâles dans l'éducation des jeunes chez les individus vivant en liberté, mais en captivité, on a remarqué qu'ils les nourrissaient par régurgitation.
Les couples semblent être monogames, vivant dans des territoires d'un ordre de , d'après  menée sur deux couples.

État des populations, pressions, menaces
Une étude publiée en 2012 a montré que de même que pour quelques espèces proches, le loup à crinière bioaccumule des métaux lourds toxiques (plomb notamment, facteur de saturnisme animal), en quantité préoccupante.

Galerie

Notes et références

Références externes

Bibliographie

Canidae
Faune endémique d'Amérique du Sud
Mammifère (nom vernaculaire)


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Not that we cant arrive back again versus a few operates, yet theres a huge variance involving a few and 2 operates.Clevelands contribute instantly disappeared in just the 6th. Lowe singled and took 3rd upon Joey Wendles double. Duffys double down the instantly market line tied the recreation. Phams one particular-out double in the direction of still left-center gave Tampa Bay the direct and done Bieber.Kiermaiers one off Tyler Olson scored Pham, with the function billed in the direction of Bieber. The beginner instantly-hander permitted 4 operates within 5 1/3 innings.Exchange FALLOUTDonaldson came at the ballpark soon in advance of match season when consuming flight problems that delayed him. 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Description / abstract:Climate and numerical weather prediction models, re-analyses, as well as agroecosystem models, require adequate parameter values for soil hydraulic properties (describing e.g. the shape of the soil water retention and hydraulic conductivity curves) at the global scale. Resampling of soil hydraulic properties to a model grid is typically performed by different aggregation approaches such a spatial averaging and the use of dominant textural properties or soil classes. These aggregation approaches introduce imprecision and parameter value discrepancies throughout spatial scales due to nonlinear shape of the hydraulic conductivity and water retention curves. Therefore, we developed a method to scale van Genuchten hydraulic parameters (theta_s, theta_r, alpha, n, Ks) to individual model grids and provide a global data set that overcomes the mentioned problems. The data set is based on the ROSETTA pedotransfer function of Schaap et al. (2001, doi:10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00466-8) applied to the SoilGrids1km data set of Hengl et al. (2014, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105992). The approach is based on Miller-Miller scaling that fits the shape parameters of the water retention curve to all sub-grid water retention curves to provide the best-fit parameter values for the grid cell at model resolution, here 0.25°; at the same it maintains the information of sub-grid variability of the water retention curve by deriving local scaling parameters. Based on the Mualem van Genuchten approach we also derive the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity from the water retention functions, thereby assuming that the local scaling parameters are also valid for this function. In addition, information on global sub-grid scaling variance is given that enables modelers to improve dynamical downscaling of (regional) climate models or to perturb soil hydraulic parameters for model ensemble generation. These improvements should allow for more informed studies of the effects of variability in soil physical properties on land surface-atmosphere exchange.
References: Montzka, C., Herbst, M., Weihermüller, L., Verhoef, A., and Vereecken, H.: A global data set of soil hydraulic properties and sub-grid variability of soil water retention and hydraulic conductivity curves, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 9, 529-543, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-529-2017, 2017.