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05/11/2016 / By Julie Wilson / Comments
A new study published in the journal Cell Adhesion & Migration gives a whole new meaning to motherhood as scientists reveal developing babies pass on important, and potentially lifesaving cells to their mother.
Fetomaternal transfer, the migration of fetal cells to the mother during pregnancy, is thought to occur in all pregnancies, say researchers, adding that in humans, fetal cells may persist for decades, offering important health benefits that affect both the mother and baby.
Microchimeric fetal cells, a small population of genetically distinct cells existing within an individual from whom they were not derived, have been discovered in various parts of the body in pregnant women. Scientists identified these miracle working cells in pregnant mother's blood, bone marrow, and the skin and liver.
Capable of healing injuries, the fetal cells have even been found in the brains of laboratory mice. The transfer of fetal cells to the mother "may have important implications for the immune status of women, influencing autoimmunity and tolerance to transplants," according to researchers.
Fetomaternal transfers occur in all pregnancies
Scientists say that if they can better understand how the fetal cells move from the fetus to the mother, crossing both the placenta and blood-brain barriers and into various tissues in the mother, they can improve strategies for transplanting graft tissue from one person to another.
"Harnessing the capabilities of microchimeric fetal cells may enhance the prospects for minimally invasive intravenous delivery of stem cells," researchers add.
Microchimerism, "the presence of a small population of genetically distinct and separately derived cells within an individual," is generally observed following transfusion or transplantation, but now scientists are learning that this phenomenon occurs between the mother and fetus, too.
"Small numbers of cells traffic across the placenta during pregnancy. This exchange occurs both from the fetus to the mother (fetomaternal) and from the mother to the fetus. Similar exchange may also occur between monochorionic twins in utero."
Fetal cells found in mothers decades after birth
Additional evidence suggests these transfers have lifelong benefits. "There is increasing evidence that fetomaternal microchimerism persists lifelong in many child-bearing women," say researchers.
Animal studies show fetal cells may be persistent in the mother for decades. For example, male cells where observed in the blood of a mother 27 years after she gave birth to her son.
Additionally, male cells were found in bone marrow samples of a woman who gave birth to her son 51 years earlier.
"The absence of Y chromosome markers in samples from women who had never born sons in some studies strongly supports the argument that the male cells observed originate from the fetus."
However, there may be another explanation, because male cells have been found in women who never had sons. Scientists say male cells occur in the blood of about 10 percent of healthy women who never gave birth to a son, or had a known history of abortion.
It could be that "male cells arise from unrecognized spontaneous abortions, vanished male twins, an older brother transferred by maternal circulation, or sexual intercourse."
Are babies bettering their chance of survival by passing critical cells onto the mother?
Scientists don't fully understand the purpose of fetomaternal transfers, leading them to question if it's simply an "epiphenomenon of pregnancy." Or it could be by design, a function critical to a greater plan we may not comprehend yet?
After all, most biological process once thought to be meaningless, turned out to serve a distinct purpose; these are called vestigial organs, i.e. the appendix, tonsils, and wisdom teeth, just to name a few.
The unexplained phenomenon could also be increasing the baby's chance of survival.
Fetomaternal transfer "could be a mechanism by which the fetus ensures maternal fitness in order to enhance its own chances of survival," researchers theorize. "In either case, the occurrence of pregnancy-acquired microchimerism in women may have implications for graft survival and autoimmunity."
Scientists used lab mice to study fetomaternal transfer because "the anatomy of placentation and placental blood flow in mice," as well as the role of analogous genes, resembles that of humans.
NCBI.nlm.nih.gov
io9.Gizmodo.com
autoimmunity, Fetal cells, Fetomaternal transfer, Fetuses, health benefits, Microchimerism, Pregancy, Stem cells
Stacey Abrams, Georgia gubernatorial candidate, goes full psychopath, says abortion is the solution for inflation
By Lance D Johnson
Gnosticism is the ancient heretical ideology behind today's transgenderism and abortion movements
Biden vows to codify Roe v. Wade if Dems take control in 2022 midterms
By Ramon Tomey


From humble beginnings of the US Air Guitar tournament ten years ago, this musical and performance arts event has steadily gained cult status as a grassroots form of achieving world peace via harmonious relationships through common interests. This mutual agreement that taking the stage with an invisible instrument to demonstrate how firearms have no place in rock 'n roll is the binding force that continues to attract and unite Americans unwilling to let dignity stand in the way of global cohesion.
In recent years, few others have consistently represented the colorful and free-spirited city of San Francisco quite like Cold Steel Renegade (aka Matt F.); instantly recognizable by his flowing locks, mutton chops, astroturf armbands and suggestive spandex, this Adonis of airness narrowly missed making history with a fourth consecutive regional title of the Gold Mountain yet was a memorable highlight of elephantine proportions at the 2012 USAG National Championships halftime show in Denver, Colorado.
2009 SF regional sponsored by Boone's Farm.
Equally as impressive as his gift for rhythmic footwork is a compassionate nature most befitting for one who spends much time helping socially disadvantaged people in the Bay Area. CSR's rich experiences of readjusting less-capable citizens meshes well with the air guitar philosophy that patience, dedication and goodwill are key elements to building a better society, so it should come as no surprise that he was formally inducted into the USAG Hall of Fame this year.
Final note: COLD STEEL RENEGADE SAYS, "RECYCLE."


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Nike worries will remain, even if it quashes doubters
Published Mon, Jun 27 2016 2:21 PM EDT Updated Mon, Jun 27 2016 2:51 PM EDT
Krystina Gustafson@KrystinaGustafs
'Exciting times' for retail: NKE vs. UA
Halftime Report
Squabbling Nike analysts will finally know how the company held up against a tougher group of competitors, excess inventories in the athletic wear space, and a slowdown in sales of basketball shoes when it reports fiscal fourth-quarter earnings Tuesday.
Yet following the U.K. vote to exit the European Union, a new set of questions is arising around the company's business — namely, how big a dent the Brexit may have on its revenues and profits.
As one of its largest markets, Nike's U.K. business accounts for roughly 5 percent of its total revenues, according to analysts' estimates. While still relatively small, that exposure makes it one of the most heavily reliant on the region. When widening the lens to include all of Europe, the continent accounts for roughly a quarter of Nike's sales — meaning continued weakness in the pound and euro could put downward pressure on its earnings.
Swings in European currencies have already reduced Nike's earnings by 5 percent over the past year and a half, according to research by Credit Suisse. The pound fell to a 31-year low versus the U.S. dollar on Monday, while the euro also dropped. But currency fluctuations aren't the only risk.
"The biggest risk to earnings is the potential demand shock across broader European markets given likely instability in the region over the next nine months," Credit Suisse analyst Christian Buss said of the overall apparel and footwear space. "This adds incremental risk to a sector already showing clear signs of top-line deceleration in the North American market, while still suffering from unfavorable currency swings."
Luke MacGregor | Bloomberg | Getty Images
Indeed, a stronger U.S. dollar has already taken a bite out of Nike's European business. During the third quarter, revenue in Western Europe rose 12 percent on a constant currency basis; that growth was reduced to just 2 percent when accounting for the role of currencies.
Foreign exchange headwinds played a similar role on the company's future orders, which refer to those placed by wholesale customers that were not delivered during the period. While future orders grew by 16 percent in Western Europe during the quarter, they would have risen 23 percent excluding the impact of currencies.
"At this point, the FX headwind created by a weaker [pound], coupled with shaky consumer sentiment and potential to curtail spending, factor in as our more tangible near-term concerns," Jefferies analyst Edward Plank told investors. However, he said Nike's underlying popularity in Europe — along with that of the broader athletic wear category — mean the Brexit is unlikely to have a material impact on Nike. That is, at least in the short-term.
"A potentially greater issue is what could transpire if the fallout from Brexit has a bigger impact across the rest of the EU, for which we won't begin to speculate," Plank said. "But suffice to say, if things begin to unravel, then the implications to our [covered stocks] could be significantly greater."
As for the recently ended quarter, analysts are split as to whether Nike, a consistent performer and preferred name on Wall Street, was able to overcome a swath of challenges that threatened to slow its momentum. Among those challenges are recent traction at competitors Lululemon and Adidas, as well as continued growth at Under Armour.
U.S. footwear sales at Adidas, a brand that had lost its "cool" factor with American shoppers, increased 26 percent year-over-year during April and May, according to a recent note by Morgan Stanley. The report also said Under Armour's Stephen Curry shoes had taken roughly 8 percent share from Nike as of June 1. That day, both Morgan Stanley and Bank of America Merrill Lynch downgraded Nike's shares from "overweight" to "equal weight."
Along with increased competition in a crowded sports apparel space, analysts have called out oversupply in the industry, bankruptcies by major chains including Sports Authority, and lower average selling prices as additional headwinds. Analysts are likewise forecasting a slowdown in future orders as a result of excess inventories.
Consensus fourth-quarter estimates for Nike are calling for $8.28 billion in revenue, which would represent a 6 percent increase over the prior year, according to Thompson Reuters. Yet they're also calling for earnings of 48 cents a share, which would represent a decline of 2 percent compared with the prior-year period.
Shares of Nike are down 17 percent so far this year, near $52.
Nike Inc

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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2018 Korean Pavilion for Venice Biennale explores hidden narrative between modern Korean architecture and the state
The City of Radical Shift, 2018 © N.E.E.D. Architecture, Sungwoo Kim (N.E.E.D. Architecture).
In response to the 2018 Venice Biennale's "Freespace" theme, the Korean Pavilion exhibition, "Spectres of the State Avant-garde", sheds light on a hidden narrative of Korea's paradoxical pursuit of a utopian society through oppressive government policy.
Choon Choi, Paradise Lost 100 Days of Ennui, Desire, and Privation, 2018 © Choon Choi.
Curated by Seongtae Park, founding director of the Junglim Foundation in Seoul, the exhibition is an imagined archive that focuses on the contradictions embedded in the projects designed by the Korea Engineering Consultants Corp (KECC) — a technical consultancy for architecture and civil engineering that the government created in 1963. The KECC dominated Korea's architecture and construction industry, sometimes imitating architectural experiments from the West but mostly following the state's developmental agenda.
Four KECC projects from the late '60s, which all served as nation-building propaganda, will be highlighted: the Expo Pavilion for the Osaka Expo 1970; the utopian Yeouido master plan; the Sewoon Arcades; and the Guro Industrial Exposition.
Model of the Korean Pavilion at Osaka Expo70, 1969 © KECC.
Master plan for Yeouido, 1968 © KECC.
Sewoon Arcades, 1967. Courtesy of the National Archive of Korea.
"Despite KECC's undisputed influence over Korea's subsequent urban paradigm that continues to this day, their stories remain as a blind spot in the architectural history of Korea. The vacuum of archival evidence has led to various historical assessments, ranging from adulation as the mythical pioneer of contemporary Korean architecture to resentful dismissal of their work as a Faustian bargain," Curator Seongtae Park describes in a statement.
Dream Cells, 2018 © BARE Jinhong Jeon, Yunhee Choi
SGHS, Building States, 2018 SGHS.
"Its apparition still haunts the architectural imagination in Korea, and the 2018 Korean Pavilion is an attempt to dive into this historical void to meet face-to-face the ghost of KECC. By exorcising its contradictory legacies, we may discover, beneath the ashes of the State Avant-garde, clues for building new forms of civic space for the postdevelopmental and post-national society today," Park continues.
"Spectres of the State Avant-garde" will open on May 24.
Kenneth Frampton wins 2018 Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement
The 2018 Venice Biennale Theme Announced Today: 'Freespace' Will Examine Architecture's Essential Humanism...
First glimpse: The seven "Dimensions of Citizenship" installations of the U.S. Pavilion at the 2018 Venice Biennale
The Vatican picks Norman Foster, Eduardo Souto de Moura + others to present chapels at the 2018 Venice Biennale
"Unbuilding Walls" German Pavilion in Architecture Biennale 2018 addresses division
Venice Architecture Biennale for Beginners; Making the most of your trip to Venice
2018 venice biennalevenice biennalekoreahistoryarchives


As a way to understand the explicit power of historical forces and the unconscious pull such forces have on shaping our own lives and relationships, we are asking each student to explore these dynamics by reading and reflecting (through journaling) on the book by Howard Zinn's, A People's History of The United States.
3) How are the dynamics expressed in your agency.
4) In your own practice (where handling direct expressions of bias and your own triggers related to unconscious bias may occur).


Hey, remember when I used to post offers like this Boston Market birthday freebie? Me too. Good times. I still have around 50 drafts left to publish, so I'm going to try and burn through them over the next two months in an effort to wrap up this series.
Signup Freebie: Coupon for $3 off your next purchase of $6 or more.
Birthday Freebie: Free individual dessert with purchase of any create your plate meal.
So this freebie isn't the greatest, but it's not bad if you already eat at Boston Market to start with.
Also, I know we have a bunch of new readers recently, so here's a handy reminder not to print the image above. That's my coupon, not yours. To get yours for Boston Market or any other restaurant, sign up at their website (we have a full list here) and they'll email you a coupon sometime around your birthday.
Do you have to print it or can you show it on your phone?
hey ya'll that said that the coupon is expired. of course it is, because it was goob's coupon from his birthday. if you read his description he says go to the website & sign up for your own coupon. he even says don't print out the above coupon because it's just to show you what will come up when you sign up for your own. please read the entire post before you comment on it. thanks.
THE COUPON EXPIRED 6 MONTHS AGO!!!
"My coupon not yours". Bwahahaha!
It took FOUR MINUTES for somebody to tell me the coupon was expired….


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anything to be further elaborated after being at St. Thomas in Houston, Texas? Do you realize that we don't always call Houston when we have a problem?
What is the square root of the difference between the population explosion and a legitimate propagation of the species?
other questions, begin typing and press "post."
as it is the only game we humans know. We are always treated by folks from other planets as if we are less intelligent than we are.


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Hanover Scotland chief executive appointed as first chair of HouseMark Scotland
Published 16 February 2017
Helen Murdoch
Housing sector data and insight provider HouseMark Scotland has this week appointed its first chairperson.
During its meeting yesterday, HouseMark Scotland's Advisory Board confirmed the appointment of Hanover (Scotland) Housing Association chief executive, Helen Murdoch, to the new role with immediate effect.
Helen Murdoch has been chief executive of Hanover Scotland since 2007 and first joined the housing association in 1995 as director of housing and care services. With more than 36 years' experience in social housing, she became a Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Housing in 1989, completed an MBA in 1993 and is also a member of the Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors and an Associate Member of the Institute of Personnel Development.
The appointment of Helen Murdoch as chair takes place as HouseMark Scotland continues to grow its membership of registered social landlords across local authorities and housing associations and looks forward to a busy programme of events, specialist clubs and new product launches during the coming year.
Commenting on her appointment, Helen Murdoch said: "I'm delighted to be taking on the role of chair at HouseMark Scotland at a time when its influence and reach across the Scottish housing sector is continuing to grow very quickly. As someone who has always taken an active interest in strategic and business management, I know from first-hand experience the excellent service and support HouseMark is able to offer its members.
"Given the myriad of challenges the housing sector currently faces, from increasing housing supply to managing assets effectively, from delivering value for money for tenants to driving improvements in efficiency, the role HouseMark Scotland plays in providing robust data and strategic insight has never been more important."
Head of HouseMark Scotland, Kirsty Wells, added: "It's fantastic to be able to welcome someone with Helen's excellent reputation, breadth and depth of knowledge, and experience as our first chair. As we continue to grow our membership in Scotland, it's important for the Scotland Advisory Board to further reinforce its strategic capabilities with this new appointment.
"Given our shared goal of achieving excellence in social housing through the promotion of proactive business improvement solutions that drive efficiency and value for money, I am sure Helen will make a great contribution to HouseMark Scotland's ongoing success, during 2017 and beyond."
Tags: Hanover Scotland, HouseMark Scotland
Hanover's Kesson Court sweeps the board at Saltire Housing Awards Hanover staff take part in virtual reality training session to better understand dementia Clackmannanshire residents celebrate Hanover's 40th anniversary


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Rock Salt Vs. Table Salt: SPICEography Showdown
Rock salt and table salt are two salt varieties with culinary applications, though rock salt is often known more for its use outside the kitchen. Both varieties come with striking differences and each comes with their own sets of benefits and drawbacks. If you are trying to decide which one to use for a particular application, consider the rock salt vs table salt comparison below in another SPICEography Showdown.
How do rock salt and table salt differ?
Rock salt and table salt are both salts in that they both consist mostly of sodium chloride. Because they are composed of the same chemical, rock salt and table salt provide the same flavor; however, there are quite a few differences beyond that. For starters, there is the matter of grain-size. The most obvious difference between the two is that rock salt consists of larger grains than table salt, which is usually finely ground. The results in some limitations in how it can be used and some benefits as well.
Another issue is the matter of additives. While table salt consists almost entirely of sodium chloride, there are other components. One of those components is iodine. Iodine is an element that is included as a way to prevent iodine deficiency. In addition to iodine, table salt may contain anti-caking agents to keep the crystals from sticking together. Because of these additives, table salt is said by some to have a mildly bitter flavor that is detectable to people with very finely tuned taste buds. Food grade rock salt will contain no additives, which means that its composition and taste are more similar to those of kosher salt.
Can you use one to replace the other?
The main drawback of rock salt is that it consists of large crystals. The size of the crystals means that rock salt cannot be used as a finishing salt since the crystals take too long to dissolve. They are not flaky like sea salt. That said, you can grind rock salt to a finer consistency using a spice grinder or mortar and pestle. You can use ground rock salt just as you would table salt. You can also use rock salt in dishes where the salt will dissolve in liquids. For example, you can use it when boiling or braising. In these dishes, rock salt will dissolve in liquids just like any other salt.
One of the main culinary uses of rock salt is in making ice cream. It is used to lower the freezing point of water, thus allowing it to get the temperature of the cream lower than would be possible with ice alone. While this can be done with table salt, the fine granules make it more difficult as they may not be distributed evenly in the ice. Cost can also make a difference as rock salt is much cheaper than table salt.
When should you use rock salt and when should you use table salt?
As noted above, rock salt crystals are large and chunky. They are best used in dishes where these qualities are either desirable or where they will not make a difference. For example, you can use rock salt in the aforementioned ice cream or for boiling pasta. You can also grind it finely and use it exactly as you would table salt, or grind it coarsely to replace kosher salt.
Table salt is the true all-purpose seasoning. Its fine grains make it perfect for seasoning liquids at the last minute as it will dissolve rapidly.


Indore [Madhya Pradesh]: Five persons, including a BJP leader and his three sons, were arrested for allegedly killing a 22-year-old woman two years ago.
As per the police, the accused had planned and executed the murder drawing inspiration from the 2015 Bollywood film 'Drishyam'.
The BJP leader, identified as Jagdeesh Karotiya, was arrested on Saturday in Indore, along with his sons.
The deceased, identified as Twinkle Dagre, a woman Congress worker, had gone missing two years back and was later found dead. The woman belonged to Banganga area in Mumbai.
Indore Deputy Inspector General (DIG) Harinarayanchari Mishra while briefing the media on the murder said that for the first time, Brain Electrical Oscillation Signature test was used for interrogation in a criminal incident in Indore.
Brain Electrical Oscillation Signature Profiling is a technique by which a suspect's participation in crime is detected by eliciting electrophysiological impulses.
Police further revealed that Karotia had relations with the victim. "His name was tattooed on victim's arm. This led to a dispute at the accused's home and so he planned her murder."
"Accused mentioned that they had watched Hindi movie 'Drishyam' and used it in the crime. We used Brain Electrical Oscillation Signature test for interrogation. Police had received information that they had buried something near crime spot. This information was leaked on purpose. Police found remains of a dog after digging the spot," Mishra said.
"The accused called Municipal Corporation to dig a pit on a plot of land they owned, claiming they need to bury a dog. They burnt victim's body there and threw remains in nearby sewage. Two-three days after the crime, they tried to generate the location of the victim's phone to create confusion," he noted.


Striking shot - the angle, geometry and gunmetal grey sky all add to the drama.
Great PoV - the tilt makes the building stand out. Striking.
Sweet composition! I know how some buildings just catch your eye when they're reflecting the sun like that, but not everyone would think of going with an angle like that. Works very well!


John Deere released a 90-inch severe-duty construction bucket. The buckets come standard with a serrated edge that's reversible to a smooth side.
The serrated side is designed for cutting a graded surface, loosening hard-to-penetrate materials, such as packed gravel, or breaking up frozen ground. The smooth-side cutting edge is intended for fine, finish-grade work and back-dragging materials, John Deere said.
Bucket teeth are also an available option.
The new attachment series is backed by John Deere parts, service and warranty coverage.


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Q: What doe the meaning of font-size:1em/2em? In some templates I see some developers use font-size property look like this:
font-size:1em/2em
What does it mean ?
 I think the 1em is min-font-size and 2em is max-font-size
 Is it true ?

A: It seems this:
Use:
font: 1em/1.5em bold italic serif;

instead of
font-size: 1em;
line-height: 1.5em;
font-weight: bold;
font-style: italic;
font-family: serif;

it's CSS shorthand properties

A: When the units are specified in em or ex, the size is defined relative to the size of the font on the parent element. For example, 0.5em is half the font size of the parent of the current element. Referred https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/font-size

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


ECP sees innovation of extruded cereals & proteins as the core of our business.
We combine our more than 20 years experience with the latest insights in processing and raw materials.
Next to our basic raw materials we use many sub-ingredients to be in line with the latest market trends in the food industry. Product development is done in a transparent way and in close cooperation with the customer.
An ambitious team, craftmanship and flexibility will bring partners forward. Size, taste, nutritional composition, colour, bulk density & bite are the variables which we set.
A question for our development team?


Hey everyone is Jennifer with another weekend post. My new nails!
This past weekend I went to an Oshogatsu Festival in Olympia Washington. I heard about it in an Ibuki Magazine which tells you information about Northwest Japanese festivals, so I was happy to go. My expectation was that it was going to be some big great thing with tons of things to do. But.... it was not like that at all.
They also had an Uwajimaya booth were they were selling food/gifts. One of the main things that was really popular was their coconut drinks. I even tried one because it was only $3! There was this really strong guy cutting all of the coconut.
After you drank all of the liquid, you could get the coconut split in half and eat the meat which was really fresh tasting ❤.
After, they were showing people how mochi is made. It was pretty funny seeing the guys swing the stick to pound the mochi.
After this my bf and I decided to go to Uwajimaya. I don't think I'll go to this festival again because it was so small, but at least it was free.
I am so broke now, but I just really wanted to get stuff. So I did go to another Uwajimaya, but! I have never been to this one, so I wanted to see if it was better or worse than the others.
They didn't have that many products so I only bought one Dolly Wink product.
After Uwajimaya we went to the South Center Mall and then had Sushiland!!
Almost done with the post!
I finally bought a Rilakkuma Plushie ❤❤. Usually I think they're over priced but this one was on sale.
Oh, such pretty nails! And the strawberry bento box was just adorable!


TEHRAN, Dec. 07 (MNA) – Defense minister has told ICRC head requests for ceasefire in Aleppo is a contrivance to improve the odds of terrorists.
Brig. Gen. Hossein Dehghan and Mr. Peter Maurer, head of International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) on Wednesday discussed the latest developments in terms of the fronts in dire situations and needing humanitarian aid, especially in Yemen; Mr. Dehghan believed a disaster had hit the region, in Iraq, Syria, and Yemen, where the civil war and foreign intervention had contributed to devastation of their infrastructures; "all should contribute to restore the stability and to stop the raging fires of the war," Mr. Dehghan urged.
Mr. Maurer for his part believed the ICRC and Iran shared much of the views on the Middle East, with ties even improving after the Imposed War of 1980; "Iran and ICRC had been cooperating in handling the war phenomena such as mines, ruins of military machinery, and exploration of the lost and fallen soldiers in the frontlines; we also work to alleviate the effects of war and suffering on the civilians hit by the disaster," Maurer told Dehghan.


I would like to join the "Quality First" Solar Alliance & earn money for helping others Solar-Fit their homes.
I understand that the people I refer will be under no obligation to purchase any product or services from Solar-Fit.
When they choose to invest in a Solar-Fit solar power (PV) system for their home, I will earn $100 per KW purchased if my referral is received before anybody else submits the same prospect.
Example: I refer Tom and Sue and they purchase one of the following Solar-Fit solar power (PV) systems for their home.
I understand that all referrals are time sensitive and are logged on a first come first serve basis and that only one fee will be paid per referral. My compensation will be paid following the installation and final payment.
Please contact the following individual(s) and let them know that as a Solar-Fit customer and friend, I suggested that you call to help them learn more about the benefits of using the sun's free energy to power their home.


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Su-57 Felon
First unread post • 307 posts • Page 13 of 21 • 1 ... 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 ... 21
milosh wrote:
mixelflick wrote: Not much news since the Christmas Eve crash. They put out a few saving face stories shortly thereafter, but its anyone's guess as to what's going on right now. Still no cause cited from the accident investigation (let's hope they're doing one).
Beautiful piece of engineering, but clearly still a lot of bugs to be worked out..
New VVS commander doesn't help either, he isn't fighter fan, he isn't pilot at all, army man and when you ask army man which fighter is best fighter, he would say bomber
New commander favors drones, pgm and bombers. S-70 can be consider his pet project.
But even he is over-ruled by my boy Vlad, who loves the SU-57 (despite all of its problems)...
Location: Serbia, Belgrade
mixelflick wrote: But even he is over-ruled by my boy Vlad, who loves the SU-57 (despite all of its problems)...
I really don't think Su-57 is something Vlad is proud of. Russia is quite late in 5gen fighter game so even if they start mass production in early 2020s it isn't nothing to hyped about, I would say J-20 took all the glore
But with heavy UCAV they have something to bargain about. We are first, it is AI etc. And to be frank UCAV and PGM is what they need lot more then small number of 5gen fighters.
You raise an interesting question...
Why bother with the SU-57 at all, if an evolved "Hunter" drone can do the job better? It will certainly be more stealthy, getting them into the VLO game. It probably won't be as fast, but it's a BIG bird that'll likely carry a lot of fuel. And let's not forget minimal drag, assuming they carry all fuel and weapons internally. I see it as a matter of timing. If the Hunter matures as a platform in say, 5 years and the SU-57's new engine is faltering, it would make more sense to produce Hunters.
Russian aviation is at a critical juncture: Do they get into the 5th gen game way late, or skip it altogether and focus moreso on AI drones to do the deed? Considering the crash, ongoing engine and other troubles.. the future of the SU-57 is looking bleak. Only a big order from a foreign customer can save the day IMO.
Unfortunately for the Russians, I don't think China's going to want or need it. India does need it, but thus far doesn't want it. Given their options though for stealthy alternatives, they may not have a choice..
News from MilitaryWatch (yes, I know they're a Kremlin mouth piece) stating the SU-57 will now be used as a "quarterback" for the more numerous SU-35(s). This is yet another "role" for the SU-57 the Russians have planned. I swear, they're all over the board..
1.) The SU-57 will be in service in (2013, 2014, 2015, etc) as a 5th generation fighter
2.) The SU-57 is now being developed into a 6th generation fighter
3.) The SU-57 is now being developed to fly unmanned missions
4.) The SU-57 will now fly in tandem/work with the Hunter unmanned drone
5.) The SU-57 will now fly in tandem/work with the SU-35
And on, and on and on. It's air to air, air to ground, air to sea and a hypersonic missile carrier. It's being piped with Artificial Intelligence. It's, it's it's... it's hard to say what's next!?
You'd think this wunderfighter would settle on doing one thing (something) well, and get into service. Apparently, nothing changed after the crash either. Full steam ahead, and damned the accident report.
Glad I'm not flying it!
mixelflick wrote: News from MilitaryWatch (yes, I know they're a Kremlin mouth piece) stating the SU-57 will now be used as a "quarterback" for the more numerous SU-35(s). This is yet another "role" for the SU-57 the Russians have planned. I swear, they're all over the board..
6.) A scam.
I get the feeling you may be right. With fewer than 10 prototypes flying and (presumably) 1 or 2 production examples by now, it may be they're currently.... sitting idle. That's what I'd be doing with the production birds, at least until the accident investigation is completed/root cause identified and fixed.
I suppose the new engine will continue to fly on the prototypes, but the whole program seems like it's based on smoke and mirrors. And they're not particularly good at making it look good, either...
sferrin
They seem to have forgot plasma stealth.
"There I was. . ."
jessmo112
You cant skip steps or generations in this case. Even if you make an AI drone, its still going to die without stealth.
Speaking of stealth and the SU-57...
How in the hell do you NOT use serpentine inlets? I understand the SH and others use radar blockers, but the SH wasn't built from the ground up with stealth in mind. The SU-57 was. It can't be disrupted airflow to the engines - they hold up just find during tailslides, cobra's and like maneuvers. Why no serpentine inlets?
And the shaping on the back of the aircraft? It almost looks as if they started with an all stealth design, then decided 3/4 of the way through "nope, balanced stealth" is enough. I know cost comes into play, but why not finish what you started?
About the best you can say about it is that it's a Super Flanker in looks/performance, just with a better radar signature.
madrat
Early J-20 was not anything as polished as it is today. They may have delayed the program to refinish original goals.
boogieman
mixelflick wrote: How in the hell do you NOT use serpentine inlets? I understand the SH and others use radar blockers, but the SH wasn't built from the ground up with stealth in mind. The SU-57 was. It can't be disrupted airflow to the engines - they hold up just find during tailslides, cobra's and like maneuvers. Why no serpentine inlets?
I have heard it claimed that the Su57 actually does use an inlet design that obscures the view of the fan blades from the forward aspect in a way comparable to the set-up in the YF-23:
Will defer to others on the veracity of this claim.
disconnectedradical
What we see with our eyes isn't the same as what a radar sees because of the different wavelengths, so having a radar blocker instead of S-ducts isn't necessarily inferior, it's a different set of tradeoffs. The inlets really isn't the Su-57's biggest problems when it comes to stealth. Nozzles and exposed metal pitot tubes are much bigger problems.
...not to mention that IRST bulb. Yes I know it is supposed to have had sig reduction treatments but I can't imagine it's an ideal shape vis a vis EOTS.
disconnectedradical wrote: What we see with our eyes isn't the same as what a radar sees because of the different wavelengths, so having a radar blocker instead of S-ducts isn't necessarily inferior, it's a different set of tradeoffs. The inlets really isn't the Su-57's biggest problems when it comes to stealth. Nozzles and exposed metal pitot tubes are much bigger problems.
And riveting, and seams, and large moving surfaces, and edge alignments, and....
madrat wrote:
The rivets, seams, and surfaces aren't really an issue, since early unpainted F-22s without full RAM also got exposed rivets and seams. Edge alignment in the forward section on Su-57 is generally ok especially on later prototypes that's close to production aircraft, but the big problems are the quite exposed nozzles and those pitot tubes sticking out.
The IRST design is also frankly dumb, because they coated the back of it so that when not in use they turn it backwards so that it's stealthy, but this means once you want to use your IRST, you lost some stealth.
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Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
kevin heng
erdal yiğit
jacob haqq-misra
ch. helling
colin goldblatt
A Simple Method for Calculating a Planet's Mean Annual Insolation by Latitude
by Alice Nadeau; Richard McGehee
Common methods for calculating a planet's annual insolation by latitude have relied on computationally heavy or complex computer algorithms. In this paper, we show that mean annual insolation by latitude of a planet with obliquity angle $\beta$ can be found by taking the definite integral of a function of longitude. This leads to faster computations and more accurate results. We discuss differences between our method and selected computational results for insolation found in the literature.
Topics: Astrophysics, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Physics
Source: http://arxiv.org/abs/1510.04542
A new SATIRE-S spectral solar irradiance reconstruction for solar cycles 21--23 and its implications for stratospheric ozone
by William T. Ball; Natalie A. Krivova; Yvonne C. Unruh; Joanna D. Haigh; Sami K. Solanki
We present a revised and extended total and spectral solar irradiance (SSI) reconstruction, which includes a wavelength-dependent uncertainty estimate, spanning the last three solar cycles using the SATIRE-S model. The SSI reconstruction covers wavelengths between 115 and 160,000 nm and all dates between August 1974 and October 2009. This represents the first full-wavelength SATIRE-S reconstruction to cover the last three solar cycles without data gaps and with an uncertainty estimate. SATIRE-S...
Topics: Physics, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, Astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Source: http://arxiv.org/abs/1408.0365
Dynamics of atmospheres with a non-dilute condensible component
by Raymond T. Pierrehumbert; Feng Ding
The diversity of characteristics for the host of recently discovered exoplanets opens up a great deal of fertile new territory for geophysical fluid dynamics, particularly when the fluid flow is coupled to novel thermodynamics, radiative transfer or chemistry. In this paper, we survey one of these new areas-the climate dynamics of atmospheres with a non-dilute condensible component, defined as the situation in which a condensible component of the atmosphere makes up a substantial fraction of...
Topics: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, Physics
HELIOS: An Open-source, GPU-accelerated Radiative Transfer Code For Self-consistent Exoplanetary Atmospheres
by Matej Malik; Luc Grosheintz; João M. Mendonça; Simon L. Grimm; Baptiste Lavie; Daniel Kitzmann; Shang-Min Tsai; Adam Burrows; Laura Kreidberg; Megan Bedell; Jacob L. Bean; Kevin B. Stevenson; Kevin Heng
We present the open-source radiative transfer code named HELIOS, which is constructed for studying exoplanetary atmospheres. In its initial version, the model atmospheres of HELIOS are one-dimensional and plane-parallel, and the equation of radiative transfer is solved in the two-stream approximation with non-isotropic scattering. A small set of the main infrared absorbers is employed, computed with the opacity calculator HELIOS-K and combined using a correlated-$k$ approximation. The molecular...
Obliquity and precession as pacemakers of Pleistocene deglaciations
by Fabo Feng; C. A. L. Bailer-Jones
The Milankovitch theory states that the orbital eccentricity, precession, and obliquity of the Earth influence our climate by modulating the summer insolation at high latitudes in the northern hemisphere. Despite considerable success of this theory in explaining climate change over the Pleistocene epoch (2.6 to 0.01 Myr ago), it is inconclusive with regard to which combination of orbital elements paced the 100 kyr glacial-interglacial cycles over the late Pleistocene. Here we explore the role...
Topics: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, Astrophysics, Physics
THOR: A New and Flexible Global Circulation Model to Explore Planetary Atmospheres
by João M. Mendonça; Simon L. Grimm; Luc Grosheintz; Kevin Heng
We have designed and developed, from scratch, a global circulation model named THOR that solves the three-dimensional non-hydrostatic Euler equations. Our general approach lifts the commonly used assumptions of a shallow atmosphere and hydrostatic equilibrium. We solve the "pole problem" (where converging meridians on a sphere lead to increasingly smaller time steps near the poles) by implementing an icosahedral grid. Irregularities in the grid, which lead to grid imprinting, are...
Atmospheric Refraction
by Michael Nauenberg
Calculations of atmospheric refraction are generally based on a simplified model of atmospheric density in the troposphere which assumes that the temperature decreases at a constant lapse rate from sea level up to a height equal to eleven km, and that afterwards it remains constant. In this model, the temperature divided by the lapse rate determines the length scale in the calculations for altitudes less than this height. But daily balloon measurements across the U.S.A. reveal that in some...
Habitability of waterworlds: runaway greenhouses, atmospheric expansion and multiple climate states of pure water atmospheres
by Colin Goldblatt
There are four different stable climate states for pure water atmospheres, as might exist on so-called "waterworlds". I map these as a function of solar constant for planets ranging in size from Mars size to 10 Earth-mass. The states are: globally ice covered (Ts < 245K), cold and damp (270 < Ts < 290K), hot and moist (350 < Ts < 550K) and very hot and dry (Ts < 900K). No stable climate exists for 290 < Ts < 350K or 550 < Ts < 900K. The union of hot moist...
Topics: Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, Astrophysics, Physics, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Assessing the relationship between spectral solar irradiance and stratospheric ozone using Bayesian inference
by William T. Ball; Daniel J. Mortlock; Jack S. Egerton; Joanna D. Haigh
We investigate the relationship between spectral solar irradiance (SSI) and ozone in the tropical upper stratosphere. We find that solar cycle (SC) changes in ozone can be well approximated by considering the ozone response to SSI changes in a small number individual wavelength bands between 176 and 310 nm, operating independently of each other. Additionally, we find that the ozone varies approximately linearly with changes in the SSI. Using these facts, we present a Bayesian formalism for...
Topics: Physics, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, Astrophysics
Sensitivity and Variability Redux in Hot-Jupiter Flow Simulations
by J. Y-K. Cho; I. Polichtchouk; H. Th. Thrastarson
We revisit the issue of sensitivity to initial flow and intrinsic variability in hot-Jupiter atmospheric flow simulations, originally investigated by Cho et al. (2008) and Thrastarson & Cho (2010). The flow in the lower region (~1 to 20 MPa) `dragged' to immobility and uniform temperature on a very short timescale, as in Liu & Showman (2013), leads to effectively a complete cessation of variability as well as sensitivity in three-dimensional (3D) simulations with traditional primitive...
Could the Earth's surface Ultraviolet irradiance be blamed for the global warming? (II) ----Ozone layer depth reconstruction via HEWV effect
by Jilong Chen; Juan Zhao; Yujun Zheng
It is suggested by Chen {\it et al.} that the Earth's surface Ultraviolet irradiance ($280-400$ nm) could influence the Earth's surface temperature variation by "Highly Excited Water Vapor" (HEWV) effect. In this manuscript, we reconstruct the developing history of the ozone layer depth variation from 1860 to 2011 based on the HEWV effect. It is shown that the reconstructed ozone layer depth variation correlates with the observational variation from 1958 to 2005 very well ($R=0.8422$,...
Optical phase curves as diagnostics for aerosol composition in exoplanetary atmospheres
by Maria Oreshenko; Kevin Heng; Brice-Olivier Demory
Optical phase curves have become one of the common probes of exoplanetary atmospheres, but the information they encode has not been fully elucidated. Building on a diverse body of work, we upgrade the Flexible Modeling System (FMS) to include scattering in the two-stream, dual-band approximation and generate plausible, three-dimensional structures of irradiated atmospheres to study the radiative effects of aerosols or condensates. In the optical, we treat the scattering of starlight using a...
Could the Earth's surface Ultraviolet irradiance be blamed for the global warming? A new effect may exist
by Jilong Chen; Zhaopeng Sun; Juan Zhao; Yujun Zheng
Whether natural factors could interpret the rise of the Earth's surface temperature is still controversial. Though numerous recent researches have reported apparent correlations between solar activity and the Earth's climate, solar activity has encountered a big problem when describing the rapid global warming after 1970s. Our investigation shows the good positive correlations between the Earth's surface Ultraviolet irradiance (280-400 nm) and the Earth's surface temperature both in temporal...
Damping of glacial-interglacial cycles from anthropogenic forcing
by Jacob Haqq-Misra
Climate variability over the past million years shows a strong glacial-interglacial cycle of ~100,000 years as a combined result of Milankovitch orbital forcing and climatic resonance. It has been suggested that anthropogenic contributions to radiative forcing may extend the length of the present interglacial, but the effects of anthropogenic forcing on the periodicity of glacial-interglacial cycles has received little attention. Here I demonstrate that moderate anthropogenic forcing can act to...
Exploring the Venus global super-rotation using a comprehensive General Circulation Model
by João M. Mendonça; Peter L. Read
The atmospheric circulation in Venus is well known to exhibit strong super-rotation. However, the atmospheric mechanisms responsible for the formation of this super-rotation are still not fully understood. In this work, we developed a new Venus general circulation model to study the most likely mechanisms driving the atmosphere to the current observed circulation. Our model includes a new radiative transfer, convection and suitably adapted boundary layer schemes and a dynamical core that takes...
Internal wave coupling processes in Earth's atmosphere
by Erdal Yiğit; Alexander S. Medvedev
This paper presents a contemporary review of vertical coupling in the atmosphere and ionosphere system induced by internal waves of lower atmospheric origin. Atmospheric waves are primarily generated by meteorological processes, possess a broad range of spatial and temporal scales, and can propagate to the upper atmosphere. A brief summary of internal wave theory is given, focusing on gravity waves, solar tides, planetary Rossby and Kelvin waves. Observations of wave signatures in the upper...
Analytical Models of Exoplanetary Atmospheres. II. Radiative Transfer via the Two-stream Approximation
by Kevin Heng; João M. Mendonça; Jae-Min Lee
We present a comprehensive analytical study of radiative transfer using the method of moments and include the effects of non-isotropic scattering in the coherent limit. Within this unified formalism, we derive the governing equations and solutions describing two-stream radiative transfer (which approximates the passage of radiation as a pair of outgoing and incoming fluxes), flux-limited diffusion (which describes radiative transfer in the deep interior) and solutions for the...
The inhabitance paradox: how habitability and inhabitancy are inseparable
The dominant paradigm in assigning "habitability"' to terrestrial planets is to define a circumstellar habitable zone: the locus of orbital radii in which the planet is neither too hot nor too cold for life as we know it. One dimensional climate models have identified theoretically impressive boundaries for this zone: a runaway greenhouse or water loss at the inner edge (Venus), and low-latitude glaciation followed by formation of CO2 clouds at the outer edge. A cottage industry now...
Waveguide gravity disturbances in vertically inhomogeneous dissipative atmosphere
by G. V. Rudenko; I. S. Dmitrienko
Trapped atmosphere waves, such as IGW waveguide modes and Lamb modes, are described using dissipative solution above source (DSAS) (Dmitrienko and Rudenko, 2016). Accordingly this description, the modes are disturbances penetrating without limit in the upper atmosphere and dissipating their energy throughout the atmosphere; leakage from a trapping region to the upper atmosphere is taken in consideration. The DSAS results are compared to those based on both accurate and WKB approximated...
Line Strengths of Rovibrational and Rotational Transitions in the X$^2\Pi$ Ground State of OH
by James S. A. Brooke; Peter F. Bernath; Colin M. Western; Christopher Sneden; Melike Afşar; Gang Li; Iouli E. Gordon
A new line list including positions and absolute intensities (in the form of Einstein $A$ values and oscillator strengths) has been produced for the OH ground X\DP\ state rovibrational (Meinel system) and pure rotational transitions. All possible transitions are included with v$\primed$ and v$\Dprimed$ up to 13, and $J$ up to between 9.5 and 59.5, depending on the band. An updated fit to determine molecular constants has been performed, which includes some new rotational data and a simultaneous...
Topics: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, Astrophysics, Physics
A Cloudiness Index for Transiting Exoplanets Based on the Sodium and Potassium Lines: Tentative Evidence for Hotter Atmospheres Being Less Cloudy at Visible Wavelengths
by Kevin Heng
We present a dimensionless index that quantifies the degree of cloudiness of the atmosphere of a transiting exoplanet. Our cloudiness index is based on measuring the transit radii associated with the line center and wing of the sodium or potassium line. In deriving this index, we revisited the algebraic formulae for inferring the isothermal pressure scale height from transit measurements. We demonstrate that the formulae of Lecavelier et al. and Benneke & Seager are identical: the former is...
A Non-isothermal Theory for Interpreting Sodium Lines in Transmission Spectra of Exoplanets
by Kevin Heng; Aurélien Wyttenbach; Baptiste Lavie; David K. Sing; David Ehrenreich; Christophe Lovis
We present a theory for interpreting the sodium lines detected in transmission spectra of exoplanetary atmospheres. Previous analyses employed the isothermal approximation and dealt only with the transit radius. By recognising the absorption depth and the transit radius as being independent observables, we develop a theory for jointly interpreting both quantities, which allows us to infer the temperatures and number densities associated with the sodium lines. We are able to treat a...
Photophoresis in a Dilute, Optically Thick Medium and Dust Motion in Protoplanetary Disks
by Colin P. McNally; Alexander Hubbard
We derive expressions for the photophoretic force on opaque spherical particles in a dilute gas in the optically thick regime where the radiation field is in local thermal equilibrium. Under those conditions, the radiation field has a simple form, leading to well defined analytical approximations for the photophoretic force that also consider both the internal thermal conduction within the particle, and the effects of heat conduction and radiation to the surrounding gas. We derive these results...
Waves in vertically inhomogeneous dissipative atmosphere
by I. S. Dmitrienko; G. V. Rudenko
A method of construction of solution for acoustic-gravity waves (AGW) above a wave source, taking dissipation throughout the atmosphere into account (Dissipative Solution above Source, DSAS), is proposed. The method is to combine three solutions for three parts of the atmosphere: an analytical solution for the upper isothermal part and numerical solutions for the real non-isothermal dissipative atmosphere in the middle part and for the real non-isothermal small dissipation atmosphere in the...
Convection in Condensible-rich Atmospheres
by Feng Ding; Raymond T. Pierrehumbert
Condensible substances are nearly ubiquitous in planetary atmospheres. For the most familiar case-water vapor in Earth's present climate-the condensible gas is dilute, in the sense that its concentration is everywhere small relative to the noncondensible background gases. A wide variety of important planetary climate problems involve nondilute condensible substances. These include planets near or undergoing a water vapor runaway and planets near the outer edge of the conventional habitable...
Do planetary seasons play a fundamental role in attaining habitable climates?
by Kasper W Olsen; Jakob Bohr
A simple phenomenological account for planetary climate instabilities is presented. The description is based on the standard model where the balance of incoming stellar radiation and outward thermal radiation is described by the effective planet temperature. Often, it is found to have three different points, or temperatures, where the influx of radiation is balanced with the out-flux, even with conserved boundary conditions. Two of these points are relatively long-term stable, namely the point...
Geothermal heating enhances atmospheric asymmetries on synchronously rotating planets
by Jacob Haqq-Misra; Ravi Kumar Kopparapu
Earth-like planets within the liquid water habitable zone of M type stars may evolve into synchronous rotators. On these planets, the sub-stellar hemisphere experiences perpetual daylight while the opposing anti-stellar hemisphere experiences perpetual darkness. Because the night-side hemisphere has no direct source of energy, the air over this side of the planet is prone to freeze out and deposit on the surface, which could result in atmospheric collapse. However, general circulation models...
Eight-year Climatology of Dust Optical Depth on Mars
by L. Montabone; F. Forget; E. Millour; R. J. Wilson; S. R. Lewis; B. A. Cantor; D. Kass; A. Kleinboehl; M. Lemmon; M. D. Smith; M. J. Wolff
We have produced a multiannual climatology of airborne dust from Martian year 24 to 31 using multiple datasets of retrieved or estimated column optical depths. The datasets are based on observations of the Martian atmosphere from April 1999 to July 2013 made by different orbiting instruments: the Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) aboard Mars Global Surveyor, the Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) aboard Mars Odyssey, and the Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) aboard Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter...
Comparison of VLT/X-shooter OH and O2 rotational temperatures with consideration of TIMED/SABER emission and temperature profiles
by S. Noll; W. Kausch; S. Kimeswenger; S. Unterguggenberger; A. M. Jones
Rotational temperatures Trot derived from lines of the same OH band are an important method to study the mesopause region near 87 km. To measure realistic temperatures, the rotational level populations have to be in local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE). However, this might not be fulfilled, especially at high emission altitudes. In order to quantify possible non-LTE contributions to the OH Trot as a function of the upper vibrational level v', we studied a sample of 343 echelle spectra taken...
HELIOS-K: An Ultrafast, Open-source Opacity Calculator for Radiative Transfer
by Simon L. Grimm; Kevin Heng
We present an ultrafast opacity calculator that we name HELIOS-K. It takes a line list as an input, computes the shape of each spectral line and provides an option for grouping an enormous number of lines into a manageable number of bins. We implement a combination of Algorithm 916 and Gauss-Hermite quadrature to compute the Voigt profile, write the code in CUDA and optimise the computation for graphics processing units (GPUs). We restate the theory of the k-distribution method and use it to...
In Situ and Ex Situ Formation Models of Kepler 11 Planets
by Gennaro D'Angelo; Peter Bodenheimer
We present formation simulations of the six Kepler 11 planets. Models assume either in situ or ex situ assembly, the latter with migration, and are evolved to the estimated age of the system, 8 Gyr. Models combine detailed calculations of both the gaseous envelope and the condensed core structures, including accretion of gas and solids, of the disk's viscous and thermal evolution, including photo-evaporation and disk-planet interactions, and of the planets' evaporative mass loss after disk...
Tutorial models of the climate and habitability of Proxima Centauri b: a thin atmosphere is sufficient to distribute heat given low stellar flux
Proxima Centauri b, an Earth-size planet in the habitable zone of our nearest stellar neighbour, has just been discovered. A theoretical framework of synchronously rotating planets, in which the risk of a runaway greenhouse on the sunlight side and atmospheric collapse on the reverse side are mutually ameliorated via heat transport is discussed. This is developed via simple (tutorial) models of the climate. These show that lower incident stellar flux means that less heat transport, so less...
Pressure-dependent water absorption cross sections for exoplanets and other atmospheres
by Emma J. Barton; C. Hill; Sergei N. Yurchenko; Jonathan Tennyson; Anna S. Dudaryonok; Nina N. Lavrentieva
Many atmospheres (cool stars, brown dwarfs, giant planets, extrasolar planets) are predominately composed of molecular hydrogen and helium. H$_2{}^{16}$O is one of the best measured molecules in extrasolar planetary atmospheres to date and a major compound in the atmospheres of brown-dwarfs and oxygen-rich cool stars, yet the scope of experimental and theoretical studies on the pressure broadening of water vapour lines by collision with hydrogen and helium remains limited. Theoretical H$_2$-...
Fanning out of the $f$-mode in presence of nonuniform magnetic fields
by Nishant K. Singh; Axel Brandenburg; Matthias Rheinhardt
We show that in the presence of a harmonically varying magnetic field the fundamental or $f$-mode in a stratified layer is altered in such a way that it fans out in the diagnostic $k\omega$ diagram, but with mode power also within the fan. In our simulations, the surface is defined by a temperature and density jump in a piecewise isothermal layer. Unlike our previous work (Singh et al. 2014) where a uniform magnetic field was considered, we employ here a nonuniform magnetic field together with...
Radiative forcings for 28 potential Archean greenhouse gases
by Brendan Byrne; Colin Goldblatt
Despite reduced insolation in the late Archean, evidence suggests a warm climate which was likely sustained by a stronger greenhouse effect, the so-called Faint Young Sun Problem (FYSP). CO2 and CH4 are generally thought to be the mainstays of this enhanced greenhouse, though many other gases have been proposed. We present high accuracy radiative forcings for CO2, CH4 and 26 other gases, performing the radiative transfer calculations at line-by-line resolution and using HITRAN 2012 line data...
Influence of Atmospheric Electric Fields on the Radio Emission from Extensive Air Showers
by T. N. G. Trinh; O. Scholten; S. Buitink; A. M. van den Berg; A. Corstanje; U. Ebert; J. E. Enriquez; H. Falcke; J. R. Hörandel; C. Köhn; A. Nelles; J. P. Rachen; L. Rossetto; C. Rutjes; P. Schellart; S. Thoudam; S. ter Veen; K. D. de Vries
The atmospheric electric fields in thunderclouds have been shown to significantly modify the intensity and polarization patterns of the radio footprint of cosmic-ray-induced extensive air showers. Simulations indicated a very non-linear dependence of the signal strength in the frequency window of 30-80 MHz on the magnitude of the atmospheric electric field. In this work we present an explanation of this dependence based on Monte-Carlo simulations, supported by arguments based on electron...
Topics: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, Physics
Century-Long Monitoring of Solar Irradiance and Earth's Albedo Using a Stable Scattering Target in Space
by Philip G. Judge; Ricky Egeland
An inert sphere of a few meters diameter, placed in a special stable geosynchronous orbit in perpetuo, can be used for a variety of scientific experiments. Ground-based observations of such a sphere, "GeoSphere", can resolve very difficult problems in measuring the long-term solar irradiance. GeoSphere measurements will also help us understand the evolution of Earth's albedo and climate over at least the next century.
Topics: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics,...
Cosmic rays and changes in atmospheric infra-red transmission
by A. D. Erlykin; T. Sloan; A. W. Wolfendale
Recent work by Aplin and Lockwood [1] was interpreted by them as showing that there is a multiplying ratio of order 10$^{12}$ for the infra-red energy absorbed in the ionization produced by cosmic rays in the atmosphere to the energy content of the cosmic rays themselves. We argue here that the interpretation of the result in terms of infra-red absorption by ionization is incorrect and that the result is therefore most likely due to a technical artefact
Topics: Physics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics
The Generalized Quasilinear Approximation: Application to Zonal Jets
by J. B. Marston; G. P. Chini; S. M. Tobias
Quasilinear theory is often utilized to approximate the dynamics of fluids exhibiting significant interactions between mean flows and eddies. In this paper we present a generalization of quasilinear theory to include dynamic mode interactions on the large scales. This generalized quasilinear (GQL) approximation is achieved by separating the state variables into large and small zonal scales via a spectral filter rather than by a decomposition into a formal mean and fluctuations. Nonlinear...
Topics: Fluid Dynamics, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Physics, Earth and...
Geostrophic wind induced by latitudinal variation in gravitational acceleration on oblate planets
by Jacob Haqq-Misra; Prabal Saxena; Eric T. Wolf; Ravi Kumar Kopparapu
The population of known extrasolar planets includes giant and terrestrial planets that closely orbit their host star. Such planets experience significant tidal distortions that can force the planet into synchronous rotation. The combined effects of tidal deformation and centripetal acceleration induces significant asphericity in the shape of these planets, compared to the mild oblateness of Earth, with maximum gravitational acceleration at the poles. Here we show that this latitudinal variation...
Topics: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics,...
Limit cycles can reduce the width of the habitable zone
by Jacob Haqq-Misra; Ravi Kumar Kopparapu; Natasha E. Batalha; Chester E. Harman; James F. Kasting
The liquid water habitable zone (HZ) describes the orbital distance at which a terrestrial planet can maintain above-freezing conditions through regulation by the carbonate-silicate cycle. Recent calculations have suggested that planets in the outer regions of the habitable zone cannot maintain stable, warm climates, but rather should oscillate between long, globally glaciated states and shorter periods of climatic warmth. Such conditions, similar to 'Snowball Earth' episodes experienced on...
The mineral clouds on HD 209458b and HD189733b
by Ch. Helling; G. Lee; I. Dobbs-Dixon; N. Mayne; D. S. Amundsen; J. Khaimova; A. A. Unger; J. Manners; D. Acreman; C. Smith
3D atmosphere model results are used to comparatively study the kinetic, non-equilibrium cloud formation in the atmospheres of two example planets guided by the giant gas planets HD209458b and HD189733b. Rather independently of hydrodynamic model differences, our cloud modelling suggests that both planets are covered in mineral clouds throughout the entire modelling domain. Both planets harbour chemically complex clouds that are made of mineral particles that have a height-dependent material...
Asynchronous rotation of Earth-mass planets in the habitable zone of lower-mass stars
by Jérémy Leconte; Hanbo Wu; Kristen Menou; Norman Murray
Planets in the habitable zone of lower-mass stars are often assumed to be in a state of tidally synchronized rotation, which would considerably affect their putative habitability. Although thermal tides cause Venus to rotate retrogradely, simple scaling arguments tend to attribute this peculiarity to the massive Venusian atmosphere. Using a global climate model, we show that even a relatively thin atmosphere can drive terrestrial planets' rotation away from synchronicity. We derive a more...
Topics: Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, Physics, Astrophysics, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Solar and...
On the astronomical origin of the Hallstatt oscillation found in radiocarbon and climate records throughout the Holocene
by Nicola Scafetta; Franco Milani; Antonio Bianchini; Sergio Ortolani
An oscillation with a period of about 2100-2500 years, the Hallstatt cycle, is found in cosmogenic radioisotopes (C-14 and Be-10) and in paleoclimate records throughout the Holocene. Herein we demonstrate the astronomical origin of this cycle. Namely, this oscillation is coherent to the major stable resonance involving the four Jovian planets - Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune - whose period is p=2318 yr. The Hallstatt cycle could derive from the rhythmic variation of the circularity of the...
Topics: Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Physics, Earth and Planetary...
Discussion on the spectral coherence between planetary, solar and climate oscillations: a reply to some critiques
by Nicola Scafetta
During the last few years a number of works have proposed that planetary harmonics regulate solar oscillations and the Earth climate. Herein I address some critiques. Detailed analysis of the data do support the planetary theory of solar and climate variation. In particular, I show that: (1) high-resolution cosmogenic 10Be and 14C solar activity proxy records both during the Holocene and during the Marine Interglacial Stage 9.3 (MIS 9.3), 325-336 kyr ago, present four common spectral peaks at...
Topics: Physics, Astrophysics, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics,...
Lightning climatology of exoplanets and brown dwarfs guided by Solar System data
by Gabriella Hodosán; Christiane Helling; Rubén Asensio-Torres; Irena Vorgul; Paul B. Rimmer
Clouds form on extrasolar planets and brown dwarfs where lightning could occur. Lightning is a tracer of atmospheric convection, cloud formation and ionization processes as known from the Solar System, and may be significant for the formation of prebiotic molecules. We study lightning climatology for the different atmospheric environments of Earth, Venus, Jupiter and Saturn. We present lightning distribution maps for Earth, Jupiter and Saturn, and flash densities for these planets and Venus,...
Investigations into the impact of astronomical phenomena on the terrestrial biosphere and climate
by Fabo Feng
This thesis assesses the influence of astronomical phenomena on the Earth's biosphere and climate. I examine in particular the relevance of both the path of the Sun through the Galaxy and the evolution of the Earth's orbital parameters in modulating non-terrestrial mechanisms. I build models to predict the extinction rate of species, the temporal variation of the impact cratering rate and ice sheet deglaciations, and then compare these models with other models within a Bayesian framework. I...
Topics: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, Astrophysics, Physics,...
Room temperature line lists for CO\2 symmetric isotopologues with \textit{ab initio} computed intensities
by Emil J. Zak; Jonathan Tennyson; Oleg L. Polyansky; Lorenzo Lodi; Nikolay F. Zobov; Sergei A. Tashkun; Valery I. Perevalov
Remote sensing experiments require high-accuracy, preferably sub-percent, line intensities and in response to this need we present computed room temperature line lists for six symmetric isotopologues of carbon dioxide: $^{13}$C$^{16}$O$_2$, $^{14}$C$^{16}$O$_2$, $^{12}$C$^{17}$O$_2$, $^{12}$C$^{18}$O$_2$, $^{13}$C$^{17}$O$_2$ and $^{13}$C$^{18}$O$_2$, covering the range 0-8000 \cm. Our calculation scheme is based on variational nuclear motion calculations and on a reliability analysis of the...
Topics: Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, Physics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Earth and...
Global temperatures and sunspot numbers. Are they related? Yes, but non linearly. A reply to Gil-Alana et al. (2014)
Gil-Alana et al. (Physica A: 396, 42-50, 2014) compared the sunspot number record and the temperature record and found that they differ: the sunspot number record is characterized by a dominant 11-year cycle while the temperature record appears to be characterized by a singularity or pole in the spectral density function at the zero frequency. Consequently, they claimed that the two records are characterized by substantially different statistical fractional models and rejected the hypothesis...
A Condensation-Coalescence Cloud Model for Exoplanetary Atmospheres: Formulation and Test Applications to Terrestrial and Jovian Clouds
by Kazumasa Ohno; Satoshi Okuzumi
A number of transiting exoplanets have featureless transmission spectra that might suggest the presence of clouds at high altitudes. A realistic cloud model is necessary to understand the atmospheric conditions under which such high-altitude clouds can form. In this study, we present a new cloud model that takes into account the microphysics of both condensation and coalescence. Our model provides the vertical profiles of the size and density of cloud and rain particles in an updraft for a...


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Tag Archives: D-Day
June 7, 2018 · 12:28 am
Normandy landings on June 6, 1944. D-Day.
Today, June 6th, we commemorate the anniversary of the Normandy landings during World War II in 1944, what is often referred to as D-Day.
A few weeks ago, we visited "Omaha beach", one of the beaches where Americans landed, which you may have seen as, along with many documentaries, it was staged in the film "Saving Private Ryan". The beach is about 6 kilometres long and extends through different villages. And it is not the only beach where Allied forces landed, as there were Americans landing at Utah beach as well, together with British landing at Sword and Gold beaches, more to the East, and Canadians at Juno beach.
The Germans had fortified the hills, built barracks, installed obstacles in the beach and planted thousands of mines.
The landings, part of the Operation Overlord, code named Neptune, started at 6:30am, and they continued for weeks. Just on D-Day Allied forces counted 10,000 casualties with over 4,000 confirmed dead, with similar figures in the German side.
After the first days, a bridge, "Mulberry" was built to offload vehicles from boats coming from the United Kingdom. Some days during the summer up to 24,000 men or 3,000 vehicles crossed that bridge. An aerodrome was built uphill to evacuate the injured. The original bridge was brought down in the following winter by strong sea tides. Today a relic has been built, with some of the original concrete blocks visible in low tide.
Today, there are several monuments along the beach, one of them Les Braves Omaha Beach Memorial. It is a sculpture that symbolizes wings of hope, freedom, fraternity.
In front of it there is a monument to the 1st US Infantry Division. It has the following inscription engraved in it:
No mission too difficult.
No sacrifice too great. Duty first.
Forced Omaha beach at dawn 6 June.
By the monument visitors leave candles, flowers and some written notes. Most of them stand by in silence watching the vastness of the beach, thinking of the sheer numbers of people involved in the operation and what awaited them, praying for their lost ones. Occasionally a bus comes with veterans, relatives of soldiers who fought there, you name it, and trumpet plays Taps.
Nearby, a panel reminds the lyrics of the song "Remember Omaha" by Jean Goujon.
Filed under France, Travelling
Tagged as D-Day, Jean Goujon, Mulberry, Normandy landing, Omaha beach, Operation Overlord, Taps, World War II, WWII
The Age of Aerospace (documentary)
In the past days, the first episodes of the documentary "The Age of Aerospace" were released. The documentary consists of a series of 5 episodes each one lasting about 45 minutes and divided in a few chapters. The series, produced by The Documentary Group, covers much of the history of aerospace with a special focus on The Boeing Company, which celebrates 100 years in this 2016.
The series is progressively released in Science Channel, Discovery Channel and American Heroes Channel. It can also be watched via streaming at the website created for the documentary, here.
So far, I have watched the first four episodes, find some notes and comments below:
1 – What Can't We Do?
The episode covers the initial years of flight: the creation of Boeing, the hiring of Wong Tsu (its first aeronautical engineer, fresh from MIT), the air mail expansion, the creation of United Aircraft and Transport Corporation (including Boeing, Hamilton, Pratt & Whitney, Sikorsky, United Air Lines… among others), its split after the Air Mail scandal and the investigation led by senator Black, the early retirement of William Boeing, the Boeing 247, the Clipper, the B-17 Flying Fortress.
2 – Miracle Planes.
This episode covers how WWII gave new life to Boeing. From having been wiped out in the commercial aviation by Douglas and having lost to Douglas the contest for a new bomber with the B-17, due to a crash of the prototype, to a new emergence due to Roosevelt's call for mass production of defense assets: including the success of the Flying Fortress with over 12,000 units produced in 10 years ("some days you would see 8 to 12 coming out"). Black Thursday with the lost of dozens of B-17s and the finding of the need for fighter coverage; the North American P-51 Mustang (Göring: "When I saw Mustangs over Berlin, I knew the war was lost."). The Big Week in early 1944 and D-Day. The need for a longer range bomber for the pacific, the B-29 Superfortress.
3 – Shrinking the Earth.
This episode covers the jet age, from the operation LUSTY (LUftwaffe Secret TechnologY), the revamp of the swept wing technology originated by Adolf Busemann, the Boeing B-47, the taking over as president of Boeing by Bill Allen, to its inclusion in commercial aviation: the Comet, the prototype Dash-80 (including Tex Johnson's unexpected promotional double barrel roll flight), the Boeing 707 (Pan Am's Juan Trippe: "Tomorrow you will see in the press that I have invented the jet age"), and 747 (Boeing's Joe Sutter to Trippe: "You are sitting on a 747 in this conference room").
4 – In the Vastness of Space.
This episode covers the Space race. From the first warnings of Soviet Union breaking of frontiers to the launch of the Apollo program, the accident of the Apollo 1, its investigation and the need for more supply chain oversight and systems integration, the successes of the Apollo 8 (orbit around the moon), the Apollo 11 (landing in the moon), the Space Shuttle, International Space Station…
5 – The Dreamliner.
(Yet to be released in streaming) [Updated on March 29, 2016]
This episode covers the launch and development of the Boeing 787, the Dreamliner, a "game changer". The launch of new programmes put manufacturers future at a stake, and after Airbus' launched the A380 in 2000, Boeing had to define its next move. It first intended to launch the Sonic cruiser, but the 9/11 attacks changed the landscape and Boeing's bet changed from speed to the economics of flight. Boeing challenged the hub-and-spoke strategy and launched a middle-sized aircraft that could connect middle cities far away from each other more economically. The documentary covers as well other innovations introduced in this programme: extensive use of composite materials, design of large components outsourced to risk sharing partners (check out the images of the giant Mitshubishi's autoclave), the development of the 747 Dreamlifter to transport sections between partners… It covers as well the development issues (sections not fitting, quality, rivets…), the 3-year delay, the first flight at the end of 2009, the first delviery to ANA and the issue with the Lithium-ion batteries which caused the fleet of 787 in-service to be grounded by the FAA in 2013 for four months (a first in Boeing's history). This last chapter conveys quite well the size of the undertake that is the launching of a brand new airplane.
I will conclude this review post recommending the documentary and leaving its 3-minute trailer:
Filed under Aerospace & Defence, Movies
Tagged as 707, 747, Adolf Busemann, American Heroes Channel, Apollo, Apollo 1, Apollo 11, Apollo 8, B-17 Flying Fortress, B-29 Superfortress, Big Week, Black Thursday, Boeing, Boeing 247, Clipper, D-Day, Dash-80, Discovery Channel, Joe Sutter, Juan Trippe, operation LUSTY, P-51 Mustang, Pan Am, Science Channel, Space Shuttle, The Age of Aerospace, The Documentary Group, United Aircraft and Transport Corporation, William Boeing, Wong Tsu


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Nanostructured glass eternally stores high volumes of data in 5-D https://www.certev.ufscar.br/news/nanostructured-glass-eternally-stores-high-volumes-of-data-in-5-d https://www.certev.ufscar.br/@@site-logo/certevlogo20.png
We generate a lot of data. A lot.
But few of us think about how that data is stored. And how it will be preserved in the future—wait, will it be preserved in the future?
To make sure that our data outlives us, some have turned to DNA to be responsible for more than just our genetic makeup and instead bear the burden of our data, too.
But researchers at the University of Southampton (U.K.) have a data solution that relies upon a more stable material—glass. They have developed a glass-based 5-D data storage method with incredibly high capacity and a near-unlimited lifetime.
Using femtosecond laser writing, the Southampton researchers create three layers of nanostructured dots, each 5 μm apart, in quartz. The size, orientation, and 3-D position of each nanodot—that's 5-D—store the data. To retrieve the data, a polarizer and optical microscope read the nanostructures by measuring disruptions to light polarized through the glass.
Ceramic Tech Today previously reported on the researchers' development. But at that time (2011), the storage capabilities of the developing tech were only at about 50 GB. Not any more.
According to a new Southampton press release, "The storage allows unprecedented properties including 360 TB/disc data capacity, thermal stability up to 1,000°C, and virtually unlimited lifetime at room temperature (13.8 billion years at 190°C), opening a new era of eternal data archiving."
And with the promise of eternal archiving, the technique seems poised to make glass the new gold.
Watch the ultrafast laser in action in the short video below
Credit: Optoelectronics Research Centre; YouTube
Because of the possibility of storing so much data in such a compact package, the technology could be used to archive large collections of data, such as in museums and libraries. To demonstrate that value, the Southampton researchers wrote digital copies of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Isaac Newton'sOpticks, Magna Carta, and Kings James Bible into bite-size pieces of glass.
Hitachi is reportedly also well on its way to developing a similar commercial glass storage method.
So the question is—what data would you choose to live on forever?
Link:http://ceramics.org/ceramic-tech-today/nanostructured-glass-eternally-stores-high-volumes-of-data-in-5-d


Only humanoids with magical ability can use travel stones. Neither dogs nor elephants can travel, and this means even in contact with MCs or Cs (Main characters or Characters). What happens if an MC and a dog try? The MC finds his or her self in the vault of addresses with no dog and can immediately return to be frustrated. Note: Dog can then wander away from the stone to pee or whatever.
Earth is pivotal to SW1 (The Stone Walkers first novel). Do not change it (i.e. No Death Stars blowing it up, No alternate histories where Nazis rule the world). Basically leave it as a benchmark of normality so as not to disrupt the SW collection.
Do not use SW1 characters (Anton, Dude, Misha, DhurSa) without express permission from the author.
Empires spanning stones need to be supported with realistic rationales. If none are provided then the story will not be included. Come on! How many worlds can anyone rule?
Write what you want. They're the stories, planets, kingdoms and characters born of your imagination. The Stone Walkers only provides a framework to connect them in a universe which allows great flexibility and possibility.
Stones are integral to stories. They must be there. Stones are etched with the most dominant or prevalent forms of life on the planet.
Though Stones must appear in the story–they needn't be used; however, if not…then it's hardly a SW story.
Magic is what you say it is on your worlds, but if you change worlds then magicians must experience a change in how things magical happen (i.e. summoning requires animal sacrifice, or burning of elements, etc.) and these are conditions that they are not used to. There is ALWAYS a period of "getting used to" the new world IF the character travels to a new one. This is how connections are possible because all writers set rules and when you change the setting…the rules change.
Gods do NOT travel stones. Period. Very powerful characters, yes. Gods or gods, no.
The Reset Protocol is reality. If you break the connection when in the vault–you are adrift with what is next to NO chance of finding your old Stones.
The Custodians of the Stones are not seen, unless by express consent.
While in the Vault of Addresses time is objective and usually enough to have a conversation; however, it will kick characters out after an undetermined interval usually felt to be about 15 minutes.
Characters need a reason to live. They need to eat and therefore need to have an income. Give your characters some means of supporting themselves. Without income of some form, the character will starve. Yes, an evil character with unethical inclinations can conquer all and live off the fat of the leavings…then what? As shown in SW1, when characters are away nature will try to balance the vacuum.


Genesis is a book of origins: of the world, of sin, of God's promise of redemption, and of the people of Israel. It traces God's pledge of a Saviour through Abraham's line down to his great-grandson Judah. It is foundational for the New Testament and its teaching that Jesus is the fulfilment of God's promise to save humankind from sin and death. Andrew Steinmann's thorough exegetical commentary includes a reconstructed timeline of events from Abraham's life through to the death of Joseph.


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Early ankle movement versus immobilization in the postoperative management of ankle fracture in adults : a systematic review and meta-analysis
Keene, David J., Williamson, Esther M., Bruce, J. (Julie), Willett, Keith and Lamb, S. E. (Sallie E.) (2014) Early ankle movement versus immobilization in the postoperative management of ankle fracture in adults : a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, Volume 44 (Number 9). 690-C7. doi:10.2519/jospt.2014.5294
Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2014.5294
Systematic review and meta-analysis.
To compare early ankle movement versus ankle immobilization after surgery for ankle fracture on clinical and patient-reported outcomes.
A significant proportion of patients undergoing surgery for ankle fracture experience postoperative complications and delayed return to function. The risks and benefits of movement of the ankle in the first 6 weeks after surgery are not known, and clinical practice varies widely.
We searched bibliographic databases and reference lists to identify eligible trials. Two independent reviewers conducted data extraction and risk-of-bias assessments.
Fourteen trials (705 participants) were included in the review, 11 of which were included in the meta-analysis. The quality of the trials was universally poor. The pooled effect of early ankle movement on function at 9 to 12 weeks after surgery compared to immobilization was inconclusive (standardized mean difference, 0.46; 95% confidence interval: −0.02, 0.93; P = .06; I2 = 72%), and no differences were observed between groups at 1 year. The odds of venous thromboembolism were significantly lower with early ankle movement compared to immobilization (Peto odds ratio = 0.12; 95% confidence interval: 0.02, 0.71; P = .02; I2 = 0%). Deep surgical site infection (Peto odds ratio = 7.08; 95% confidence interval: 1.39, 35.99; P = .02; I2 = 0%), superficial surgical site infection, fixation failure, and reoperation to remove metalwork were more common after early ankle movement compared to immobilization.
The quality of evidence is poor. The effects of early movement after ankle surgery on short-term functional outcomes are unclear, but there is no observable difference in the longer term. There is a small reduction in risk of postoperative thromboembolism with early ankle movement. Current evidence suggests that deep and superficial surgical site infections, fixation failure, and the need to remove metalwork are more common after early ankle movement.
Faculty of Medicine > Warwick Medical School > Health Sciences > Clinical Trials Unit
Faculty of Medicine > Warwick Medical School
Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy
American Physical Therapy Association * Orthopedic Section
2014 UNSPECIFIED
690-C7
10.2519/jospt.2014.5294