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» Japanese Midget Submarine Warfare in World War II
Japanese Midget Submarine Warfare in World War II
Contributor: David Stubblebine
By definition, a midget submarine is less than 150 tons, has a crew of no more than eight, has no on-board living accommodation, and operates in conjunction with a mother ship to provide the living accommodations and other support. The Japanese Navy built at least 800 midgets in 7 classes, but only a fraction had any noticeable impact on the war. Their intended purpose initially was to be deployed in front of enemy fleets, but their actual use would be in harbor attacks and coastal defense.
The Japanese kept no comprehensive shipbuilding records for their midget submarines. What is known about these crafts was pieced together from a variety of sources, and some authors still do not agree over some details.
Midget subs were not named but were numbered with "Ha" numbers (e.g., Ha-19). These numbers were not displayed on the exterior and operationally the midgets were referred to according to the numbers of their mother ships. Thus, when I-24 launched Ha-19, the midget was known as "I-24tou" (designated "M24" in some texts). The "Ha" numbers were not unique either; some Type D's were numbered Ha-101 through Ha-109 and SS-Type medium submarines used the same numbers.
Midget Submarine Types
Ko-hyoteki Ko Gata Type A
Ko-hyoteki Ko Gata Type A midget submarines were 78.5 feet long, displaced 46 tons, were armed with two muzzle-loaded torpedoes, and had a crew of two. Normally, they were transported to and from their target areas on the decks of larger Type C1 submarines. About 60 Type A's were built and were the first midgets to be deployed.
Ko-hyoteki Otsu Gata Type B
Just one Ko-hyoteki Otsu Gata Type B Midget prototype was built in 1942 to test improvements to the Type A. Some sources suggest that a few Type A's were retrofitted into Type B's, but sources conflict.
Ko-hyoteki Hei Gata Type C
15 Ko-hyoteki Hei Gata Type C Midgets were made and none were used operationally, according to most sources. These were also improved versions of the Type A with a crew of 3, diesel generator, and an increased radius. Some sources say as many as 47 boats were built with 15 being deployed. Given that one Type C wreck was recovered from the waters around Guam, some manner of deployment seems apparent.
Koryu Tei Gata Type D
In mid-1944, with coastal defense requirements becoming urgent, the Japanese Navy developed the Koryu Tei Gata Type D. More than just another improved version of the Type A, this was a new design. They were the largest of Japan's midgets, displacing about 60 tons, 86 feet in length, with a five-man crew, featuring a more powerful diesel engine, and had improved operating endurance. Koryu's had the same armament as the Ko-hyoteki's: two muzzle-loaded 17.7-inch torpedoes. As with the earlier types, individual boats had alpha-numeric names in the "Ha" series beginning with Ha-101. Some 115 units had been completed when Japan capitulated in August 1945. Nearly 500 more were under construction. Some of these submarines intended for training pilots for Kaiten type manned torpedoes, had an enlarged conning tower and two periscopes.
The small Kairyu type midget submarines displaced somewhat over 19 tons. Their length varied, with the largest being about 57 feet long. Hull diameter was 4.5 feet, creating a tight fit for the two-man crew. They were intended to defend the entrance Tokyo Bay and for local defense against the prospective invasion that confronted Japan in 1945. The design, which featured diving planes mounted on the hull amidships, was tested in 1943-44 with production beginning in early 1945. Over 760 of these submarines were planned, but about 200 were delivered by war's end in August 1945. Though originally designed to carry two 17.7-inch torpedoes externally, a torpedo shortage caused most, if not all, to be fitted with a 1300-pound internal warhead for employment on suicide missions. Some units used for training had a second periscope mounted at the rear of their streamlined conning tower. Due to Japan's surrender in August 1945, none of these submarines ever saw action.
The Kaiten were truly human guided torpedoes. Many authors do not include the Kaiten as a midget submarine since it is more of a person going on a torpedo ride; but they were machines whose design included transporting a person under the water and they fit the midget sub definition otherwise, the Kaiten is included here.
Kaitens were the first Japanese "Special Attack" weapons, vehicles whose use involved the certain death of the crew, though their first successful use followed the Kamikaze aircraft by about a month. Proposals for human torpedoes were made in 1943 and were approved in early 1944, initially with provision for the survival of the operator. However, the extreme peril facing Japan after the loss of the Marianas in June 1944 led to acceptance of the pilot's death as an inevitable consequence of Kaiten use.
The initial Kaiten Type 1 was converted from a 24-inch Type 93 torpedo. A new 39-inch forward section containing the warhead, additional fuel, oxygen tanks, and the pilot's compartment was grafted to the torpedo's middle and after sections, producing an overall length of just over 48 feet. Speed could be varied from 12 knots, giving a range of some 85,000 yards, to 30 knots and a range of about 25,000 yards. For guidance, the pilot had a short periscope. The Kaiten's immense 3400-pound explosive warhead, more than three times the size of the Type 93 torpedo's original warhead, was capable of producing catastrophic damage in the target ship. Over 300 Type 1 Kaitens were produced in 1944-45; but only two are known to have been used to successfully sink enemy vessels.
Larger Kaiten Type 2 and Type 4 had hulls about 4.5 feet in diameter and 55 feet long. The warhead was as large or larger than that of the Type 1 and performance was better. The Type 2 was not built in any quantity but some 50 of the less-ambitious Type 4's were reportedly built in 1945. There was also an experimental Type 3 of similar size to the Types 2 & 4 and a Type 10. Only the Type 1 was deployed operationally, however.
Operational Uses
Pearl Harbor - 7-Dec-1941
Author's Comment:
In the 1990s, the possibility was first published suggesting a midget submarine may have fired torpedoes at Pearl Harbor's Battleship Row during the air attack. This suggestion has been repeated in documentary television productions that appeared on NOVA, the History Channel, the Military Channel and others. Many, many things are still unknown about the mini-subs at Pearl Harbor so a huge range of possibilities may be correct. The reader is cautioned that when all the evidence is weighed, the question of whether a submarine fired any torpedoes at Battleship Row remains inconclusive. A full discussion of this possibility would require its own page, if not its own book, and will remain something outside the scope of this summary page. Suffice it to say, this author believes the body of available evidence does not support the proposition that any submarine launched torpedoes at Battleship Row.
Readers are encouraged to consider the evidence for themselves and come to their own conclusions.
During the early morning hours of December 7, 1941 (local time) five Ko-hyoteki Type A submarines armed with Type 97 torpedoes were launched from Type C1 fleet mother-submarines about ten miles off the Pearl Harbor channel opening. Their orders were to attack any ships that attempted to leave the harbor.
The Japanese did not name or even number their midget submarines; they were referred to according to the mother-submarine they launched from. Translating this system into English has resulted in a few different ways to refer to these submarines. The system that appears to be emerging as the preferred convention is to use the suffix "tou" (boat). Thus, the Type A launched from Fleet Submarine I-18 would be denoted "I-18tou." This sub is also called M-18 by some authors ("M" for Mother Sub).
One of the five midget submarines launched against Pearl Harbor, I-18tou, was depth-charged in Keehi Lagoon outside Pearl Harbor between the harbor entrance and Honolulu, now under the extended runways of Honolulu International Airport. US Navy divers recovered the wreck in June 1960 with both torpedoes still aboard. The torpedoes were neutralized and the rest of the wreck was returned to Japan.
I-20tou was spotted as it was entering the harbor and was sunk by gunfire from USS Ward when still outside the harbor. NOAA's Hawaii Undersea Research Laboratory [HURL] located the wreck offshore in August 2002 with both torpedoes still aboard. The wreck has not been recovered.
I-24tou (Ha-19) lost her way due to a malfunctioning gyrocompass. It ran up on reefs twice, drawing fire from patrol vessels. It finally grounded herself on Waimanalo Beach on Oahu's east shore, over 25 sea miles from the Pearl Harbor entrance. The sub was captured with both torpedoes still in its tubes and its commanding officer became the first Japanese POW captured by US forces in the war. [This sub is known as "Ha-19" in most US sources because the Americans found that number on what looked like a number plate inside the sub; these "Ha" numbers were construction numbers that the Japanese Navy did not use or keep records of.]
I-22tou entered Pearl Harbor and fired both torpedoes in the North Channel, on the opposite side of Ford Island from Battleship Row, just after the air attack started. One torpedo was fired toward USS Curtiss and the other toward USS Monaghan but both missed. Monaghan rammed and then depth-charged this sub. The wreck was recovered shortly after the attack and later was used as fill during an expansion of the Pearl Harbor Submarine Base. The hulk was dug up in 1952 but reburied almost immediately. The remains of the two crewmen remain aboard.
I-16tou remains the most mysterious of the Pearl Harbor midgets, and the most intriguing. I-16tou sent a radio report during the night of December 7th with the code words indicating the attacks had been successful but was never picked up by any of the mother-subs. The submarine's actions that day and her subsequent whereabouts remained a complete mystery for many years. Photographic analysis conducted by independent researchers and published by the United States Naval Institute in 1999 suggested a Type A may have successfully fired torpedoes at USS West Virginia and USS Oklahoma during the air attack; but this continues to be controversial. If this is true, this could only have been I-16tou. Pieces of the broken sub were first observed by HURL researchers in 1992 on the ocean floor just south of Oahu, but their significance was not fully understood for ten more years. I-16tou appears to have been recovered during the war in two pieces, the larger of the two pieces was disassembled by the salvors into two more manageably sized pieces, and then all three pieces were dumped at sea. The sub's scuttling charge appears to have been detonated prior to the wartime recovery. This much of the story was deduced after the pieces were found in 2002 but some of it is still uncertain since no record of the sub's recovery has been located. When the sub's bow section was found in 2001, both torpedo tubes were empty. At least one author asserts there is evidence that both torpedoes were fired from their tubes rather than being removed by the salvors, but this remains speculative.
So, five Type A submarines carrying a total of ten Type 97 torpedoes were launched against Pearl Harbor. Six torpedoes are known to have never left their tubes; two were fired in the North Channel but hit no ships; which leaves just the two torpedoes from I-16tou that are not completely accounted for.
Light Cruiser USS St. Louis reported being fired upon by a midget submarine as she broke out of Pearl Harbor at about 0930-1000 but the "two torpedoes" exploded against a submerged reef before reaching the ship. Destroyers pounded the area of the sub with depth charges as St. Louis continued on her sortie. The written reports from St. Louis are very detailed, very clear, and the captain repeated his account several times; claiming with complete certainty that two torpedoes were fired at his ship and that he could see the midget submarine broaching the surface during the attack. The captain later saw the captured I-24tou and confirmed it was the same type of craft that fired at him on Dec 7th. Nevertheless, information learned since the war has punched some holes in the St. Louis account. In the end, it is very doubtful that St. Louis was fired upon by one of the five midgets, despite Captain Rood's certainty.
The photo analysis suggesting a midget might have fired on Battleship Row was first printed in 1999, years before the wrecks of I-20tou or I-16tou were discovered. At the time of publication, four torpedoes had not yet been accounted for; enough for St. Louis to have been fired upon and also Battleship Row. With the discovery of I-20tou in 2002 with both torpedoes still aboard, the question was reduced to which account is more credible: the attack on Battleship Row, the attack on St. Louis, or something else altogether. The proposition that a submarine fired on Battleship Row has been repeated in several forums, but it has, as yet, not gained universal acceptance.
On the side of the Battleship Row theory, perhaps the most exhaustive online examination of I-16tou and her fate appears at the truly excellent I-16tou.com website.
Sydney Harbor - 31-May-1942
At 0300 on 30 May 1942 one of five large Japanese submarines launched a reconnaissance aircraft northeast of Sydney, Australia. After circling the harbor, the plane returned reporting "battleships and cruisers" in the harbor. In reality, the largest ship present was the heavy cruiser USS Chicago. The flotilla's commander decided to attack the harbor with midget submarines the next night. The next day the five submarines approached Sydney Heads and released three Type A midget submarines at about 0430 to begin their approach to Sydney Harbor.
The outer-harbor defenses detected the entry of the first midget submarine at about 2000 hours, but it was not identified until it became entangled in an anti-torpedo net that was suspended between George's Head and Green Point. Before HMAS Yarroma was able to open fire, the submarine's two crew members destroyed their vessel with demolition charges and killed themselves.
The second submarine entered the harbor at about 2148 and headed west towards the Harbor Bridge, causing a general alarm to be issued by the Naval Officer in Charge, Sydney. About 200 yards from Garden Island the submarine was fired on by the cruiser Chicago. The submarine then fired its two torpedoes at the cruiser. One torpedo ran ashore on Garden Island but failed to explode. The other passed under the Dutch submarine K9 and struck the harbor bed beneath the depot ship HMAS Kuttabul where it exploded, killing 21 sailors: 19 Royal Australian Navy and 2 Royal Navy. Its mission complete, the submarine then slipped out of the harbor and disappeared (her wreck was located in November 2006 about 20 miles north of the harbor; it is now protected as a war grave).
The third submarine was sighted by HMAS Yandra at the entrance to the harbor and was depth-charged. Some four hours later, having recovered, it entered the harbor but it was subsequently attacked with depth charges and sunk in Taylor Bay by vessels of the Royal Australian Navy. Both members of the submarine's crew committed suicide.
The two submarines that were recovered from inside the harbor were identical. Their remains were used to reconstruct one complete submarine that toured Australia for a year before being delivered to the Australian War Memorial in Canberra in 1943, where it still remains on display.
Diego Suarez, Madagascar - 30-May-1942
Japanese submarines I-10, I-16 and I-20 arrived off Madagascar 29 May 1942. I-10's scout plane spotted the 31,000 ton battleship HMS Ramillies at anchor in Diego Suarez harbor but the aircraft was spotted and Ramillies changed her berth. On 30-May-1942 I-20 and I-16 launched two Type A midget submarines, one of which managed to enter the harbor and fire two torpedoes while under depth charge attack from two corvettes. One torpedo seriously damaged Ramillies, while the second sank an oil tanker British Loyalty (later refloated). Ramillies was later repaired in Durban, South Africa and Plymouth, England before sailing with distinction in the Normandy Invasion.
One of the submarines was beached at Nosy Antalikely and the crew moved inland towards their pick-up point near Cape Amber. When they bought food at a village, they were informed upon and they were both were killed by Royal Marines a few days later. The second midget submarine was lost at sea and the body of one its crew washed ashore a day later.
Type A and Type D boats also were employed off Guadalcanal and the Solomon Islands in 1942-43, where they achieved modest success against U.S. shipping. They were deployed around Midway, the Aleutians, the Bismarck Islands, the Philippines, the Marianas, and Okinawa as shore-based defensive units, but their overall effectiveness was negligible at best.
On 20 November 1944, five submarine-launched Kaitens penetrated the US anchorage at Ulithi in the Caroline Islands. Only one had any success, however, sinking the fleet oiler USS Mississinewa amidst pillars of thick black smoke that could be seen throughout the fleet. Eight months later on 24 July 1945, east of the Philippines, another Kaiten sunk the Buckley-class destroyer escort USS Underhill. These two incidents are the only confirmed successful Kaiten attacks, although some Japanese sources list higher numbers.
Type A-class
Type B-class
Type C-class
Type D-class
Kairyu-class
CincPac Pearl Harbor Report of 15 Feb 1942
Hewitt Congressional Inquiry
Combined Fleet
Japan-101
Aerospaceweb.org
DANFS (CL-49)
JBarche
HURL
Parks Stephenson's I-16tou.com
Burl Burlingame (Advance Force Pearl Harbor)
Last Major Update: Feb 2009
Japanese Midget Submarine Warfare in World War II Timeline
30 May 1942 Before dawn, the floatplane of Japanese submarine I-10 conducted a reconnaissance mission over Diego-Suárez harbor, Madagascar, spotting British battleship HMS Ramillies, a tanker, a freighter, and an ammunition ship. At 1740 hours, I-16 and I-20 launched midget submarines M-16b and M-20b 10 miles from Diego-Suárez. M-20b fired her torpedo at 2025 hours, damaging HMS Ramillies and putting her out of action for a year. At 2120 hours, corvettes HMS Genista and HMS Thyme counterattacked with depth charges but failed to hit the Japanese midget submarines. Shortly after, M-20b fired her second torpedo, sinking British tanker British Loyalty.
31 May 1942 Japanese submarine I-10 launched her floatplane for a reconnaissance mission over Diego-Suárez harbor, Madagascar to evaluate damage caused by the midget submarine attack that had taken place during the previous night.
31 May 1942 Japanese submarines I-22, I-24, and I-27 launched three midget submarines 7 miles off of Sydney, Australia. At 2235 hours, one was caught in torpedo nets and was scuttled by her own crew of two (both were killed in the process). The two others continued into Sydney Harbor.
See all 63 photographs of Japanese Midget Submarine Warfare in World War II
Japanese Midget Submarine Warfare in World War II Interactive Map
1. The MAN says:
1 Nov 2009 06:55:12 PM
i think they should put a few written letters, or any other written source on this. it will help many people about the feelings people were going through at the time
2. Luke says:
1 Apr 2010 02:23:52 PM
These midget subs have always been particularly interesting to me, my Grandfather was involved with removing them from the harbour and some 40 years later, as an apprentice at cockatoo island I was involved with the restoration- Thanks for the article.
3. SAMANTHA says:
29 Sep 2011 08:09:13 PM
i have a genuine piece of japanese midget sub sunk in australia world war two and signed declaration of the countries that helped. please email me if anyone is interested in this genuine article left to me by my grandfather
4. Shane says:
12 Oct 2011 07:49:17 AM
good vary good live this page and love to read the stuff onit
5. Louise says:
22 Oct 2011 07:12:58 PM
i have a genuine piece of the midget sub sunk in Sydney harbor 1942 it is a genuine and want to have it valued or if there is any collector or museum interested in viewing this pls email
6. John says:
22 Jan 2013 02:13:13 PM
The link you've provided to "objective research" also references the 1999-2001 discovery by the Hawaii Undersea Research Lab (HURL) of what appears to be the fifth Pearl Harbor midget sub (I-16tou). The sub was found divided into three sections with both torpedo tubes empty (see http://i-16tou.com/). A strong case is made for identification of the sub as being I-16tou and for it having fired upon the Arizona (perhaps unsuccessfully) and the Oklahoma. Whether or not these vessels were indeed its targets may never be definitively ascertained; however, the evidence cited for identification of the wreck as being I-16tou seems to be compelling.
3 Aug 2013 09:46:58 PM
Original Comment: 22 Jan 2013; 10:16:14 PM – Edited Comment: John: I had not seen the "i-16tou.com" site before; the page linked in the article has been updated only recently with the addition of the I-16tou information. I thank you for steering me toward this site and I encourage all interested readers to look at it. I agree that those authors make a strong case for having found the fifth sub but I am not sure yet that they made as strong a case for this sub firing torpedoes at Battleship Row. With questions popping up much more quickly than the answers, this topic is sure to be the source of fascinating debate for some time to come. Stay tuned.
one was seen at Sand Lake , Oregon -1942 ?
Japanese Midget Submarine Warfare in World War II Photo Gallery
"I have returned. By the grace of Almighty God, our forces stand again on Philippine soil."
General Douglas MacArthur at Leyte, 17 Oct 1944


Although the Peace Corps used to be only for kids fresh out of college, the agency now sees the value of more mature volunteers. If you have always yearned to live in another country temporarily, while helping to make the world a better place, it might interest you to learn that the Peace Corps wants seniors.
The very career or family responsibilities that stood in the way of your picking up and go to another country for a year, gave you the experience the Peace Corps values in its volunteers. You can even serve with your partner or spouse.
The Corps no longer has an age limit. There are almost 7,000 Peace Corps volunteers in 60 countries. About seven percent of them are over the age of fifty. Quite a few are in their seventies and eighties.
If your career was in business or finance, you can help a community set up a local bank or teach them financial skills and how to start businesses.
You can inspire children and adults in the classroom, whether you worked as a teacher or not. You know far more than you realize, information that would be a blessing to share with people in an economically-challenged country.
People who worked in a technology field, can help a community advance and modernize.
Communities embrace the creation of youth development programs that teach local children sports and hobbies.
Thanks to technology, Peace Corps volunteers do not have to "go off the grid" for the term of their service. Over 90 percent of volunteers have cell phone service, and half can access the Internet where they live.
There is a Peace Corps 50+ group on Facebook, where you can connect with others and get information on things like what clothes and toiletries you will actually use and what to leave at home. Do not expect the same lifestyle in the States during your service. Things will be more basic than in much of America, which is the way most people around the world live their entire lives.
Do not expect your experience to be all rainbows and unicorns. Senior volunteers often find that their expectations varied a great deal from their reality. Realize that you will be entirely out of your element – it is an adventure. Be patient with yourself, as you adjust to the new environment.
You will work hard on both the volunteer activities and on learning the local language. The Peace Corps provides intensive language classes, but do not beat yourself up, if you do not reach the fluency level you would like. You will not be alone at your volunteer site, and there will be people fluent in the local language.
If there is someone in the U.S. whom you trust with your finances, you can execute a power of attorney to give that person the right to pay your bills and handle your financial matters. Make sure that the document complies with your state's rules and is durable (it stays in effect, if you become disabled or legally incompetent).
Serving in the Peace Corps after the age of 50 can be one of the greatest, most fulfilling experiences of your life. Just talk with an elder law attorney near you to prepare all the legal documents to make it a worry-free time. Local laws can vary from the general law discussed in this article.
Just like taxes, we all know that death is inevitable, but that knowledge does not make it easy when one of your elderly parents dies and leaves the other behind. When two people have built a life together, it can be hard for the survivor to imagine being alone. While you are dealing with your own grief, you might need to turn some of your attention to your mom or dad. Here are tips for helping your elderly parent with the death of a spouse.
Official Declaration. If your parent died in a hospital, the facility will take care of notifying the proper authorities. If he died at home, call his doctor to come to make a pronouncement of death. Let the medical personnel know the name of the mortuary to which they should transfer the body.
Informing Loved Ones. Call a few close friends and relatives and ask them to contact others for you. Designate one person for everyone to contact for information about the funeral arrangements. Contact your clergy person and start the discussion about the religious aspect of the funeral and burial.
Funeral Arrangements. Make sure that someone, who will not be tricked or intimidated, accompanies your parent to make the funeral arrangements. Some unethical funeral directors prey upon vulnerable, grieving people to make an unreasonable profit, like selling them a fancy casket for a cremation.
Government and Money. Do not cash or deposit new Social Security checks. Notify the Social Security Administration to stop your deceased parent's retirement check and apply for survivor's benefits. Notify the bank and lawyer of the death. File life insurance claims.
Medical Bills. Notify Medicare and Medicaid of the death. Do not let your surviving parent pay new medical bills, until the insurance has time to sort out who is legally liable for the expenses. This process can take several months.
You must assess whether your parent can comfortably and safely live alone. Many seniors can stay in their homes, rather than going into a nursing home or assisted living by hiring a little help with the housekeeping, yard work, bill paying or errands. Evaluate your parent's needs and help him plan for aging in place. Dealing with losing his spouse is enough of a transition. It is usually best, if he does not also have to relocate right away.
Discover what tasks she must learn, if, for example, one parent typically took care of the bill paying and the other did the cooking. She might be rusty on some skills, if she has not used them much for many years.
Many widows and widowers find their grief has lifted significantly within six months to three years after the loss. Holidays will be hard for your grieving parent, as she deals with the memories of previous years spent with her spouse. Encourage her to talk with a counselor or clergy member, if she would feel comfortable doing so.
On the weekends, help him write a loose schedule for the coming week, including errands, meal plans, going for walks and doing something he enjoys. Taking him out to lunch periodically can help him avoid withdrawing from society.
Although elders are respected and revered in some other cultures, they do not enjoy this favored treatment in America. Many people think it is acceptable to treat people differently because of their age in ways that would spark a backlash of anger, if the discrimination were related to race, gender, religion or sexual identity. There is an attitude that, once a person has worked most of his expected years, he is on the decline and of less value. That sentiment is woven into the fabric of the ugly reality of prejudice against the elderly.
Prejudice against aging Americans can take two forms – abuse or discrimination. Each type has several sub-categories.
Abuse of seniors can be physical, financial, psychological, or sexual. Because the vast majority of aging adults suffer their mistreatment at the hands of family members or trusted close friends, on whom the older person is partially or wholly dependent, the victim is highly unlikely to report the behavior. Much of the attention given to the mistreatment of elders focuses on abuse.
Ageism is a word we seldom hear, unlike other "isms," such as racism or sexism. Just as other forms of discrimination reflect thinking that certain groups of people are inferior, ageism indicates a lack of respect for people because they have had the good fortune to live a long life.
Seniors in America endure commercial abuse regularly. It can be more difficult for a person 55 or older to get a job. The rate of unemployed or underemployed people 55+ is over is 12 percent, which is more than double the overall national rate. One of the common excuses people give for not hiring an older person, is the expectation she will miss work frequently for sick days. The reality, however, is the opposite. Statistics show that people age 55 and older are more reliable than younger people.
Older people across the nation find it hard to get a mortgage, rent an apartment or buy a new car. Lenders hesitate to finance large purchases for older people, assuming they will not live long enough to pay off the loans.
Many seniors suffer unnecessarily with treatable medical conditions, because they do not seek medical care, thinking that "aches and pains" are a normal part of aging. Their medical professionals may also have a casual response to the medical complaints of seniors and do not perform adequate examinations or diagnostic procedures.
Poking fun at a person and using unflattering nicknames based on a person's advanced age is still tolerated in our society. Similar behavior would be reported, if directed at someone based on other protected classes, such as race, religion, disability, or gender. Marginalizing people hurts all of society, not only the victim of discrimination. With any luck, you will be 65 or older one day. Work now to create the reality you will want to experience when you get there.
In cases of abuse, contact law enforcement right away. For age discrimination, talk with a local elder law attorney about remedies available in your state. This article covers the general law, and what happens in your state can be different.
If you do not have your retirement planning written in stone yet, you are not alone. Many people are too busy with their day-to-day lives to set aside much time to think about the issues they will face as they get older. Then one day, you find retirement around the corner, and the decisions you must make can be overwhelming. Aging adults who live alone, have even more issues to confront. You need not worry. Here are things you must know about aging-alone plans for baby boomers.
Before Congress created Social Security, 401Ks, Roth IRAs, and other financial options, the typical retirement plan used to be that your kids would take care of you when you got older. That scenario does not work well now, because baby boomers had children fewer than their parents and many people facing their next chapter have no children. Those who do not currently have a spouse and did not have children, are sometimes called "elder orphans" or aging-alone.
Does it make sense for you to stay in your home as you get older? Many in-home services are now available. You need not move into a retirement home just because you might not feel up to cooking all your meals or pushing the vacuum around the house. Making common-sense renovations to your house, can save you a fortune on long-term care costs. Some changes cost nothing, such as decluttering and removing rugs and other tripping hazards.
Consider your house as an asset. Having someone live-in and exchange room and board for housekeeping chores, can give you better care and more attention than you are likely to receive in a nursing home. If you have the space and your town allows it, you could even put a tiny home on your lot and rent it out for a passive income stream.
You do not want to outlive your money. Meet with a financial planner or elder law attorney to decide how to maximize your income and cash flow in retirement. You will want to discuss the right age for you to retire, when you should collect Social Security retirement benefits, your monthly and annual budget, your investments and savings and how to keep your health care costs down.
Speaking of healthcare, your elder care lawyer can walk you through when and how to apply for Medicare and which Medicare plan is best for you. The wrong plan could spell financial ruin.
Minimize your need for medical treatments and prescription drugs, by staying physically fit and mentally sharp. After decades of answering to alarm clocks, many people relish sleeping in and doing little once they stop working. Getting plenty of sleep is important for your health, but you must stay physically and socially active, if you do not want to spend your hard-earned next chapter suffering from poor health and cognitive decline. In retirement, you can stay active doing things you enjoy, like shopping or going for a walk with friends.
Create your best life for your retirement years with an aging-alone plan. Talk with an elder law attorney near you, if your state has different laws than the general law covered in this article.


text:
require 'optparse'
require 'srs/workspace'

module SRS
	class CLI
		class Init
			def initialize
				@options = {}
				@opts = OptionParser.new do |o|
					o.banner = <<-EOF.gsub /^\s+/, ""
						srs init [options] [dirname]

						Initialises a workspace in directory [dirname].  A `.srs/` folder will be
						created containing the default configuration files.  A skeleton directory
						structure may also be created (this is undecided as yet).

						If no [dirname] is passed, uses the current directory.
						EOF

					o.on('-f', '--force', 'Initialise workspace even if the directory is not empty') do
						@options[:force] = true
					end
				end
			end

			def run!(arguments)
				begin
					@opts.parse!(arguments)
					@options[:dir_name] = arguments.shift
				rescue OptionParser::InvalidOption => e
					@options[:invalid_argument] = e.message
				end

				if @options[:dir_name] == nil then
					@options[:dir_name] = "./"
				end

				begin
					SRS::Workspace.create(@options[:dir_name], @options[:force])
				rescue SRS::Workspace::AlreadyInitialisedError => e
					puts "SRS is already initialised in #{@options[:dir_name]}."
					return 2
				rescue SRS::Workspace::FolderNotEmptyError => e
					puts "The current folder is not empty!"
					puts "Run 'srs init --force' to initialise in this folder anyway."
					return 1
				end

				0
			end

			def help()
				puts @opts
			end
		end
	end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Home › Technology
Madison Fielding Flies Under the Radar With Hi-Fi Planter Speakers
Small family owned and operated manufacturers in the custom install business are a bit of a rarity these days, but Madison Fielding is one exception.
Lindsey M. Adler ⋅ Dec 18, 2013
Art Powers, Sr., and his son Art Powers, Jr., have sustained Madison Fielding through the housing crisis and recession. Small family owned and operated manufacturers in the custom install business are a bit of a rarity these days, but Madison Fielding is one exception. Instead of the "mom and pop" moniker, it's a pop and son management team dedicated to real hi-fi sound in highly custom packages, fully assembled in the same Port Chester, NY, building in which it was founded.
The self-proclaimed "30-year startup" has gone through its share of transitions since its founding in the '80s, when it focused on producing high-end AV receivers, controls, and other luxury stereo equipment, which later expanded to loudspeakers, AV furniture, and the industry's first planter speakers, introduced in 1999 and first demonstrated at CEDIA EXPO 2001 where "they were a big hit," recalled Art Powers, Sr., president, Madison Fielding.
Powers and his son, Art Jr., vividly recall flying back from EXPO that year in high spirits on the evening of September 10, where their plane tipped for a view of the Twin Towers hours before they were brought to the ground the next morning. Their success at EXPO was, of course, overshadowed for the moment, but they chugged along in following years.
When the housing crisis and subsequent recession hit, the company was fortunate to weather the storm, and decided to pair down its product offerings and concentrate on building unique planter speakers.
Although Madison Fielding–the name of which was derived from a separate enterprise of the late audio legend Leonard Feldman who gave Powers his blessing to adopt the name in 1982–has remained under the radar to most custom installers outside of the Northeast, the firm has streamlined its dealer list from its high of more than 300, pre-recession, and has begun adding new dealers with the goal of expanding more nationally.
The current planter speaker line features the flagship Flagstone, offering the biggest sound; Flagstone Mini; Sedona, the first indoor/outdoor model; and Westport, wooden models that can be stained or painted to match décor, the shape of which is ideal for corner spaces where the sound is optimally amplified.
All Madison Fielding planter speakers feature down-firing, 360-degree reflecting rings to direct sound in every direction, regardless of placement. Drivers are weather protected with a seal between the tweeter and woofer, and a built-in drainage system bolsters the weatherization factor.
All Madison Fielding planter speakers feature down-firing, 360-degree reflecting rings to direct sound in every direction, regardless of placement. Drivers are weather protected with a seal between the tweeter and woofer, and a built-in drainage system bolsters the weatherization factor. A new poly mold has added to the ruggedness while allowing new color options. Currently offered in gray, black, limestone, and brown, more colors will be available soon.
The Flagstones encompass three individual speakers, independently dedicated to bass, voice, and instruments.
The resulting sound is nothing short of immersive, full, permeating sound even at low volumes. The layered, highly nuanced sound held up across the varying jazz and rock demos–from Leonard Cohen to Pink Floyd–that I heard upon visiting the company.
Just one planter packs enough punch, but they can easily be added to create full surround systems, including subwoofers available. The full coverage is what Powers said really sets these planters apart from other outdoor speaker systems on the market. The 360-degree sound covers more ground with one speaker while their main competitor goes for coverage with more speakers. "It's not just outdoor background music, but real sound," Art Powers, Jr., said.
The speakers are fully assembled in Port Chester, and the Powers have worked hard to source as many parts as possible in the United States, though this is admittedly challenging. They estimated the end products are 67 percent made in the America.
While Madison Fielding focuses on adding to its dealer base, the Powers are looking at new facilities to accommodate recent growth, as well as planned expansion. They have numerous new prototypes they are experimenting with, in varying sizes and designs to update their current offerings. They are even considering building amplifiers again, as well as the furniture, which they are equipped to bring to market for custom orders.
Lindsey Adler is associate editor of Residential Systems, Systems Contractor News, and Healthcare AV.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
/**
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import * as auth from './reducers/auth';

// Reducers
export const reducers = {
  auth: auth.reducer,
};

// Actions
export const actions = {
  auth: auth.actions,
};

/**
 * Types
 */

// ActionTypes
import type { ActionTypes as AuthActionTypes } from './reducers/auth';
export type ActionTypes = AuthActionTypes;

export type Reducers = typeof reducers;
export type Actions = typeof actions;


Keep your chin up, I'll sure you'll smash the POF next time. Thanks for your posts they're very interesting and refreshingly honest, keep it up, you'll get there in the end!
Cheers Dan, hopefully with 2 months to go I'll pass it.
Long time reader, first time poster. Have been following your blog since the early days and may I wish you strength and patience in the ATPLs. Since this will be your final chance have you considered taking a week or two off work and doing 1 to 1 with a BGS or CATS lecturer?
I know it may cost a fortune, but it may be a better option than retaking all 14 exams should the worst happen?
Hey Dave, glad to hear from you. Yes indeed I have considered that. I have some accelerator days left with BGS so I might go and do the POF one.
I honestly can't fail, it's not an option. I will do whatever it takes to pass this exam, I've invested way too much into this.
The thought of doing all the exams again makes me sick.
I seriously suggest you take some 1 to 1 session with instructor, because to me your situation looks very dangerous.
By the way, your blog has inspired me to follow my childhood dream and become a commercial pilot. And as a matter of fact I will be taking my POF and Aircraft General PPL exams tomorrow.
I think half of the issue is that I sat POF with exams that required more of my attention. Maths takes a lot of work for me and first time it was sat with Mass and Balance and perf. Second time it was sat with Gnav and Flight planning. So while I don't think I neglected it I didn't invest as much as I would have liked to. Now I have the ability to give it my all for 2 straight months so I want to make sure there's no type of question I can't answer.
I will contact cats though as they are just up the road and maybe get some 1 2 1 tuition just before the exam.
Awesome news! I am glad that you find by blog helpful in regards to providing you some motivation. Best of luck with your exams, let me know how they go. I am sure you will pass with flying colours.
I'm sitting Mod 3 in july as well (2-5). I'm now studying POF and to me if it on of the hardest and som many questions form the BGS questions bank.
It's a nightmare mate, make sure you give it a fair amount of attention. It's easy to to let the others take your attention away.


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I appreciated his humor because mine was failing. I'd been terrified of cancer– partly because I was mortified of losing my hair. When I saw a mother of a boy who played basketball with my sons, walk into the gym in a baseball cap, her dark hair gone, I felt like I'd been gut-punched. It's happened to her, I thought. Now I was like her, one of them, going through cancer treatment and feeling the pity of others.
My ninth-grade son, Ross was more tentative about seeing his mother bald. He first observed me from across the room, not able to tolerate a closer look. Later, when I tried on the wig Darlene had helped me choose, he responded, "Couldn't she make it look more like you, Mama?" It had to be hard for him, wondering if I was going to be okay and seeing me bald. At that age, mothers were embarrassing if everything was normal.
My husband, David, carefully examined my shaved head. He palpated the area at the crown. He had made a comment in the past about hoping I never went bald because of that "flat spot" on my head.
"It doesn't look as bad as I thought it would," he said, and we both laughed.
I wore the wig when I was away from home. I'd never been one for hats and felt the wig was closer to my pre-cancer self. But it was hot and itchy, so every day when I came in from work, I took it off. We all got used to me going bald around the house.
One day, we were rushing to get the boys to their high school for marching band practice. They knew if they were late, the band director would make them run laps around the football field in the September heat. When I was turning out of our development onto the highway, I touched the top of my head and was startled to feel my smooth scalp.
"You have to go back, Mama," Ross told me.
I went back, and they would have to run laps—the price they'd pay to save me, and themselves, from embarrassment.
I finished chemo and then thirty-two radiation treatments. By the end of March, the yellow forsythia bloomed in my garden and my fuzzy duck hair was long enough to toss the wig. Some of my radiation tiredness had lessened and I felt the stirring of hope with the emergence of spring.
"It's my Easter hair," I said to myself. New life after going through the darkness.
How blessed I felt by the love of these men in my life through the days of cancer.
Have you had cancer or another illness or situation that has stripped away some of your dignity?
How did you manage through that time?
How did the people in your life help you through your situation?
Connie, Your strength is to be admired. You are a Rock.


Embargoed to 0001 BST Thursday April 21, 2016. Conditions of use: This image may be used free of charge, internationally, for 21 days from release, until 12th May 2016. For use or reproduction in any format on any platform after this date, please refer to Royal Communications for approval.


text:
Sphere of Influence
Author: Brendan O'Shaughnessy '93
Published: Summer 2014
Walk out the front door of Notre Dame's "Global Gateway" in Rome and you can turn one way for the ancient Colosseum or the other for fourth century churches and catacombs — all within a few blocks.
The neighborhood exhibits such a rich blend of Roman and Church history that Notre Dame created a series of nine walking tours, which all start at the Gateway building on Via Ostilia. To research and write the tours, Italian Studies at Notre Dame tapped a former instructor, Chiara Sbordoni, an expert in Roman literature and culture who actually grew up in that neighborhood. That's only one example of the international educational connections the Gateway concept hopes to nourish.
The Global Gateway designation indicates that the University is setting its international sights higher than a simple expansion of its traditional study abroad programs in strategically selected major cities. The concept, which comprises Notre Dame facilities in Dublin, London, Rome, Jerusalem, Beijing and Chicago, is designed to extend the University's international reach and create places for worldwide cultural and intellectual exchange. Increased investment in these facilities and the academic exchange opportunities they provide makes them important global nodes where Notre Dame scholars at all levels may connect and collaborate with their international peers.
Under the direction of Notre Dame International, an initiative of the provost's office dedicated to increasing the University's overseas influence and visibility, the Global Gateways bill themselves as "academic and intellectual centers, where scholars, students and leaders from universities, government, business and the broader community gather to discuss, discover and debate issues of topical and enduring relevance."
"The concept of a Global Gateway is a portal so we can look out on the world and it can look at Notre Dame," says J. Nicholas Entrikin, the University's vice president and associate provost who heads Notre Dame International. "It's an opportunity to have a global footprint and let the world know more about our great research and teaching."
In practice, this means the Global Gateways offer much more than classrooms for Notre Dame students studying overseas. The London Centre hosts more than 100 academic events every year, notes Warren von Eschenbach, assistant provost for Europe and academic director for London. The local staffs can help students find internships, facilitate special summer programs and coordinate research opportunities.
As an example, von Eschenbach points to Professor Scott Appleby '78, until recently the director of the Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, who wants to make London the hub for Contending Modernities. That multiyear, interdisciplinary research and education initiative explores how religious and secular forces interact in the modern world. It's much easier to convene scholars in London than South Bend, von Eschenbach explains.
The Rome facility, which on April 9 became the first to be blessed as a Global Gateway, offers similar opportunities. The Italian Studies program already has hosted a seminar there on Dante's intellectual formation with scholars from all over Italy. In June, the Gateway hosted an interdisciplinary seminar on the historical interaction between the Church as a European institution and American culture, and the Kellogg Institute for International Studies will sponsor a conference on human dignity in the fall. Looking further ahead, the Rome Gateway can coordinate Holy Week pilgrimages for Notre Dame students studying abroad.
Father Bill Lies, CSC, '93M.Div., vice president for mission engagement and Church affairs, says the expanded facility, staff and resources in Rome will enable the University to broaden its service to the Holy See.
"The Vatican deals with intractable problems all over the world," Lies says. "They are often in need of great scholars to help with that. Now we can invite people to our place to really collaborate and think together."
Notre Dame also serves the Church at its Global Gateway in Jerusalem, the Tantur Ecumenical Institute. In 1967, the Vatican bought land to further the ecumenical spirit of Vatican II near the place where three years earlier a Roman Catholic pope had met with a patriarch of Constantinople, the nominal head of the Eastern Orthodox communion, for the first time since the ninth century. Pope Paul VI entrusted the project to Rev. Theodore Hesburgh, CSC.
Notre Dame leased the land from the Holy See and opened Tantur in 1972, hosting over the years more than 5,000 Orthodox, Protestant, Anglican and Roman Catholic participants in its programs. Besides Christian unity, the Tantur institute seeks to develop understanding and relationships with other faiths, especially Jews and Muslims. Gateway opportunities range from ecumenical conferences and research to study programs for scholars that can last from three weeks to three months.
One of the more established Gateway sites is the Keough-Naughton Notre Dame Centre in Dublin. Its home base is O'Connell House, an 18th century Georgian building that was once home to Daniel O'Connell, known as "The Liberator" for his leadership in the battle for Catholic rights in Ireland's long struggle with England.
Kevin Whelan, the program director in Ireland, says the recent growth of internships has helped transform O'Connell House into a true Gateway. Whelan says local interest in Notre Dame peaked after the 2012 football game in Dublin, boosting the number of student work opportunities from a handful to nearly 50 today.
"It's a very broad engagement across every sector of Irish culture, business and politics," Whelan says. "It's a way for us to project Notre Dame in Ireland, and the students are brilliant ambassadors. Once we get a foot in the door, people ask for more of our students."
Samantha Caesar '14 completed an internship with the Irish Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade last summer. The Long Island native assisted with a research project and also helped distribute money from a reconciliation fund to projects in Northern Ireland that bring Catholics and Protestants together, including a YMCA in Belfast where she conducted a site visit.
"It perfectly fused my interests because I'm a political science major with minors in Irish and peace studies," Caesar says. "Working there was a little more structured than studying. They treated me like a professional from the moment I arrived. I loved discussing international politics with my co-workers, who were so informed on the issues."
On the other end of the Global Gateway spectrum, Notre Dame's new program in Beijing is small but has enormous potential for growth. Acting as the hub for study abroad options springing up across Asia, the Beijing Gateway has established exchange programs with four of the top universities in Asia, including three in India. It also helps to bring hundreds of Chinese students to Notre Dame for summer research projects, as well as to identify learning opportunities for Notre Dame students in China — from business and engineering internships and projects to service programs and Chinese language classes.
"Beijing, as the capital of the world's second largest economy, is not just a very important place for international business but for higher education as well," says Professor Jonathan Noble, assistant provost for ND International and director of the Institute for Asia and Asian Studies.
Closer to home, the Notre Dame facility in Chicago's historic Motorola Building is also a Global Gateway because such University institutes as Kroc and Kellogg often use it to connect with international partners who can't make it all the way to South Bend, associate provost Entrikin says. In May, the Kellogg Institute hosted a former president of Chile there in conjunction with a Latin American Studies Association conference.
There have been debates in higher education about how universities should approach international expansion. Some schools build large, independent branch campuses — about 100 of these currently exist overseas, according to one study — while others create smaller, collaborative hubs or global centers.
On one end of that scale, New York University has invested heavily in establishing brick-and-mortar campuses in Abu Dhabi and Shanghai. At the other, Columbia University has created eight global centers with temporary spaces and locally hired staffs that facilitate student and faculty projects and academic exchange. Safwan Masri, Columbia's executive vice president for global centers, told Inside Higher Ed that concerns about economic feasibility, institutional autonomy, the environment for academic freedom in certain countries and faculty interest in teaching abroad led Columbia to establish these centers while limiting long-term investment in each.
Notre Dame's direction appears to be a combination of both — Global Gateways that are owned by the University and locally staffed, large enough to coordinate student programs as well as significant international conferences and events, but not so large as to become new satellite campuses.
Ingrid Rowland, a Rome-based Notre Dame professor of classical architecture and history, says the Rome Gateway now has the space to bring in more students as well as some Italian colleagues. It also provides opportunities for interdisciplinary work and media coverage.
"We can really upgrade the magnitude of everything," says Rowland, who gave some members of Notre Dame's Board of Trustees a special tour of ancient Roman churches in January. "I've always been interdisciplinary, but now I can really be me. The options are amazing — it reflects the interdisciplinary nature of Rome."
Brendan O'Shaughnessy is a communications writer at Notre Dame.
The Gist: Where the Psyche Dwells
Having Coffee With . . . Kristina Bohdanova
By the Numbers: Campus Dining


text:
Little Tykes
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- THE LIBRARY MONTHLY -
June 2019 - Library Monthly
LIL TYKES READING HOUR
With BARB VORTHMANN
Crafting - Singing - Snacks - Puppets - Ages 1-5
Join us for the books "Mouse Paints" and "Dots" on JUNE 21, 2019 from 4:00 - 5:00 PM!
Free to the Public!
SUMMER READING PROGRAM 2019:
"A UNIVERSE OF STORIES"
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FREE ADMISSION - CELEBRATING 50 YEARS OF SPACE EXPLORATION - ALL AGES WELCOME
June 10, 4:00 PM
"3.2.1, ZERO"
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MEMORIES WORKSHOP
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SPACE STORIES
TINA BAKEHOUSE
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BARB VORTHMAN
REGISTRATION DEADLINE: JUNE 3, 2019
The sign-up sheet is located on the circulation desk of the library - "one small step" away!
Library Monthly - May 2019
HISTORICAL LECTURE SERIES
MAY 2, 2019 - 6:30 PM
"Tabor & Northern Railway"
Keynote Speaker: Trevor Henderson. Historical facts and photographs about the T & N Railway that connected Tabor and Malvern from 1890 to 1929. "World's Shortest Standard-Gauge Railroad" - 8.79 mi.
Admission: Adults - $3.00 per lecture. Students & Children Under 12 Years - Free.
Library Monthly - January 2019
On the evening of Saturday, December 1st, the third annual Christmas Carol Celebration at Malvern Public Library drew a large crowd of both listeners and storytellers - nearly 60 people altogether - and those three hours were easily the highlight of my year for all of the warmth and cheer they delivered. There was something so magical about the feeling of anticipation that came from gathering together in close quarters to usher in the spirit of the season in the midst of that unexpected snowstorm. The caroling, the music, laughter and occasional happy tears found in the sharing of memories from Christmases long ago - all of these gave the library such a warm and comforting glow.
As always, Michael Formhals did an excellent job filling his role as Malvern's expert on all things "Charles Dickens". Drawing connections between some of today's most beloved classic Christmas stories like How the Grinch Stole Christmas! and A Christmas Carol on their shared themes of redemption made for some thoughtful pause, and by the time everyone lined up to sample the Formhals' delicious homemade figgy pudding at evening's end, it was clear to me that the contagious Christmas spirit had leapt straight out of the pages of Dickens' world and found its way into the heart of every man, woman and child present within this old library's walls.
MALVERNS WORLDWIDE COMMEMORATIONS
Bruce Osborne and Cora Weaver of Malvern, England are pictured above in a presentation of gifts from Malvern, Iowa to Andrea Morgan, the Chairman of Malvern Hills District Council. You can read the full story about this exchange on the Malvern Gazette website. Also pictured is Library Director, Rebecca Bassich, in the official press release photo used in the Malvern Gazette commemorating the newly instituted Malverns Worldwide corner of the Malvern Public Library.
Calling all volunteers!
Gardeners needed for every season - Weeding, Watering, Beautifying!
Three plots are available for adoption! Weed barrier and mulch to be provided in the spring.
Benefits included: Receive a free book of your choosing for every work day; Recognition in the Press & on Social Media.
Sign up in the library today!
Library Monthly - December 2018
Libraries are just a place to check out books and hop onto the Internet. Right?
This is the one question I have received more than any other in my past three years as Library Director here at our library. It is a question that leaves me wanting to say so much that it is hard for me to even know where to begin.
My intent is not to set out to dismiss the great merit in having the right to go to the library and check out a book or use the Internet. Both of these things are vitally important to what the library is and all that it stands for. Having grown up with my dim understanding of the library's purpose in my life made it quite simply just that: a place for me to check out books and use the Internet. I can remember those four walls and all they encompassed when it was just the old Carnegie building with its many books, audio tapes, small computer station and that old portrait of Andrew Carnegie looking down over everything with that solemn expression that seemed to say, "Yes, I see you". I recall those all too familiar faces of the kindly librarians who felt as much a part of the library as the books were a part of those old wooden shelves. Today, I am able to look back at my youth with a deepened sense of appreciation for what it was the library actually provided to me.
As a child, the library was a place of refuge from the stark contrast of reality. Here was a world I could dream in, a place that teemed with some of my favorite characters, imagined or not. The vast and far-reaching world with all its inherent possibilities suddenly became accessible to me with the mere turn of a page or the click of a mouse. I could complete my after-school homework on the computer or just as easily find a cozy spot with a good book in hand to keep myself entertained for hours. In many ways, the library was a cornerstone of my youth. It became a tool not only for my learning and literary prowess but fostered that innate need for a sense of security in what often felt like an overwhelming and sometimes frightening world. Without the presence of our library and all it had to offer to me in my childhood years, I truly feel that a great void would have been left unfilled.
Each time a young person enters this library that has been entrusted to me as its caretaker, I am reminded of that feeling. Over the years I learned feeling that sense of security, the need for belonging, never quite goes away. If anything, it deepens over time. What I have come to recognize in my role as Library Director is that the library offers all of us a sense of togetherness, no matter what our educational background, gender, age, income level or any other demographic I failed to mention here. Fundamentally, we all crave and need one thing as human beings: community.
From my perspective, community means that everyone is included and made to feel welcome, no strings attached. In a public institution like the library, this is reflected in its legalistic emphasis on provision of services, programming and resources to every person who comes through the door. These elements are crucial to the preservation of the integrity of what the library represents and fundamentally is. On a more interpersonal level, I continually witness how the atmosphere of this library comes to life and takes on the very shape and form of the many people who populate its corridors. Everyone has something to contribute and does so by the very act of showing up.
These library services are provided by and for the taxpayer. The need to learn, to be informed, to be educated, to share and to have the means to connect to those all too necessary external resources in the search for employment, education or whatever else it may be is met in an environment unimpeded by the expectation of having to pay for the services rendered or the increasingly rampant threat of censorship. Whether it is a social worker with one of their clients using the library as a quiet space for their meetings, a teacher tutoring a struggling student after hours, a group of kids and seniors learning a foreign language together with their crazy librarian, someone applying for a job online or a solitary soul who seeks escapism in the form of a book, this library not only embodies the very spirit of our community but provides a necessary space for it in which to share, to inspire, to learn, to connect -- to be.
No bars held -- no strings attached!
So you see, coming to the library to check out a book is far more than just an archaic practice belonging to a supposedly dying institution. Quite the contrary! To utilize any service provided in the library becomes an act of individuation, a show of sovereignty in a free society that has made the library an institutional icon for all people in their pursuit of higher learning and connection, for and by the community. For me, the library represents all that we are as well as the rich possibility of all we can become. While libraries stand as one of the oldest democratic bodies in the history of the civilized world, new life is continually being breathed into them by the people who shape and mold them with their ideas, their creativity and that inherent desire to connect with others. I truly feel that the 21st century will continue to bring about many exciting changes for libraries as a whole, and I am all the more thrilled to be entrusted with this role as curator of the Malvern Public Library. Thank you for allowing me the great privilege of working to provide the services and programs needed by our community, and most of all, thank you for showing up.
Benefits included: Receive a free book of your choosing for every work day; Recognition in the Press & on Social Media; Free Hot Cup of Coffee every Monday through Friday.
A CHRISTMAS CAROL CELEBRATION:
DECEMBER 1st @ 4:30 – 6:30 PM
Caroling - Holiday Memories - Victorian Costume Party
Join us for Caroling and Come Dressed in your Victorian Best (optional)!
Explore Charles Dickens' most iconic work with local historian, Michael Formhals!
All ages admitted - Free Egg Nog & Christmas Pudding for all!
Library Monthly - November 2018
By Rebecca Bassich
Library Director Appointed as International Ambassador for Malvern, Iowa
As Library Director, I had the great pleasure and privilege of welcoming international travelers Cora Weaver and Bruce Osborne from
Malvern, England, to our little town on Thursday, October 18, 2018. An exciting exchange of greetings and gifts took place, including several books about the unique history of Malvern, England, that have been written by our two visitors. These books are soon to become part of a new section in the library devoted to the history of both Malverns - ours and theirs - for readers to enjoy in their love of knowledge and pursuit of learning. One of the many highlights in our conversation was my learning that the library's wall display of fictional character Aslan alongside the famous gas lamp from the Chronicles of Narnia series has a very concrete connection to the real world of Malvern, England. Author C.S. Lewis actually frequented the town of Malvern quite often for meetings with his close friend and fellow writer, J.R.R. Tolkien, at The Unicorn Inn. Standing right outside of this famous inn was the gas lamp that would inspire the first book of his beloved Narnia series, The Lion, The Witch and the Wardrobe. It is an image evoking one of the most iconic moments in children's literature, and it is one that lives on within the very walls of our own Malvern Public Library. Imagine my excitement upon having this revelation! Our two Malverns are more connected than I ever thought possible, and I think it is quite evident in these times that our world is much smaller than we often think it to be...
Together, Bruce and Cora work actively as representatives for the Friends of Malvern Springs and Wells, an organization based out of Malvern, England, devoted solely to the effort of fostering international friendship amongst all Malverns around the world. They are visiting us for the very special occasion of the internationally observed Malvern Appreciation Day held every October 19, which was first established by Mayor Patricia Norris-McDonald of Malverne, New York, in 2017. Their travels continue to take them to every corner of the globe in their pursuit of friendship, including Australia, New Zealand and the numerous Malverns found here in the United States, with ours being the latest stop in their travels. I feel so fortunate to have met Cora and Bruce and to have been honored with the appointment as their organization's international ambassador for Malvern, Iowa. In turn, Bruce and Cora have been made honorary members of the Friends of the Malvern Public Library. Our community is all the more fortunate to have had them visit us this fall, and I look forward to our many years of friendship going forward.
Did you know that Malvern, England, was the first and original Malvern to be founded in the world? During the reign of Edward the Confessor, Saint Werstan established his religious cell in what became known as Malvern. It was this religious order that eventually resulted in the founding of the medieval Great Malvern Priory in England. Saint Werstan was killed by the Celts within three years, who objected to his intrusion, and thus became Malvern's Founding Martyr Saint and Patron Saint of their springs and wells. Malvern Spring Waters flow out from the Malvern Hills in England and trigger abundant life in the surrounding lands, a metaphor for the friendship percolating throughout Malverns worldwide.
If you would like to learn more about the mission and works of Friends of Malvern Springs and Wells, please visit Cora and Bruce online at: www. MalvernsWorldwide.info !
Join us for Caroling and Come Dressed in your Victorian Best (optional)! Explore Charles Dickens' most iconic work with local historian, Michael Formhals! All ages admitted - Free Egg Nog & Christmas Pudding for all!
Library Monthly - October 2018
HALLOWEEN SBOOKTACULAR!
FREE admission and refreshments for ALL AGES!
October 11th & 18th @ 4:00 – 6:00 PM:
Tails of Terror!
Join us for this Japanese creature feature double installment on the big screen with the Japanese horror classic, Gojira (1954) on October 11th and Godzilla vs Mothra, one of the most enduring classics in the kaiju world, on October 18th.
October 25th @ 4:00 – 6:00 PM:
Little Shop of Horrors Puppet Workshop
Have you ever wanted to sing a song and dance number while taking over the world? You, too, can become a man-eating plant from outer space! Join us for this spooktacular puppet-building workshop to unleash your very own carnivorous plant monster on the world! We will be enjoying a special big screen presentation of – you guessed it…
The Little Shop of Horrors!
Haunted Matinee
Spooky coloring, refreshments & MOVIES! On the itinerary are:
Hocus Pocus · Bud Abbott & Lou Costello Meet Frankenstein · The Nightmare Before Christmas
Dance Party · Costume Contest · Spooky Stories · Jack Skellington Photoshoot · Casper Movie · Tricks 'n Treats!
BOOK CLUB READER'S REVIEWS:
The Trail to Crazy Man (Part III) by Louis L'Amour
Review by Ruby Simms
"Dan Shute had taken over the London Ranch after Mr. London had an "accident" that injured his back. Barkow and Shutes were buying up land and forcing ranchers to sell. Rafe wondered why Barkow wanted the Rodney Ranch so badly since a section of it was not good for anything along with the fact that there was better land available elsewhere for miles around. One day, Rafe returned to find that his hired help had repaired a wagon using some gunk he found from three oil leaks he spotted on the Rodney property. That was the reason Barkow and Shute were eager to get the ranches.
Ann began to doubt her fiancée. When she heard that Dan Shutes' men were going to the Rodney Ranch to kill Rafe and his hired hands, she got on a horse and rode as fast as she could to warn Rafe since she knew where to locate him by the cattle. Unfortunately, Bo Marsh was unarmed and Dan Shutes shot him at close range outside of the ranch house. The young 20-year-old was left to die. Shutes has his men set fire to the house. With snowflakes starting to fall, Rafe and has men had little shelter. Ann returned to town. Barkow talked Ann into leaving for the fort and getting on a riverboat that would be heading for St. Louis so they could leave that night. They could take the buckboard and act as if they were going for a ride. Ann did not know about Dan Shutes wanting her for himself. Dan discovered their absence and followed after them.
They arrived at the fort. Penn and Rock were in the fort and asked about Ann Rodney. Surprisingly, they learned that she was the lady at the fort. They told her the story of her father being at sea with them. Bruce overheard, pulled out a gun and shot Penn. He jumped on a horse and hurried out the gate of the fort. Dan catches up with Bruce and kills him before returning to the town of Painted Rock. Ann tried to catch up with Rafe to tell him of his friends at the fort. Dan Shutes kidnapped Ann and took her to Painted Rock. Rafe arrived in town and went to her uncle. Ann tells him that she found out the truth from his friends at the fort. Rafe goes to the National Saloon to find Dan Shute. They know that this is the time…they take out their guns to duke it out to the finish. The brawl was brutal. It ended when Dan fell on a table, broke his neck and died."
September 2018 - Library Monthly
Check out our Friends of the Library Fall Book Sale, happening now at Malvern Public Library! Get your Nora Roberts, James Patterson, Nicholas Sparks, Danielle Steele and much more, all gently used and ready for a second life. We have Kids books, DVD's and more -- we're packed to the brim -- so it's time again to clean house! We also have TONS of free books available for the taking, so we hope you'll come check us out!
The Trail to Crazy Man (Part II) by Louis L'Amour
"Rafe said he was going to head for Wyoming and invited them to come with him. Tex Brisco would follow, but Rock set his mind on the goldfields in Nevada. Penn said that if he and Rock didn't find gold that he may go to Rafe in Wyoming. Rafe's father used the -C for his brand. Tex knew the brand. Rafe hired two Texans: Johnny Gill and Bo Marsh. He had them searching for stray cattle in the areas where cattle drives had once traveled. They found enough so that the herd was growing. They put their brand on the cattle and drove them to a spot on his Uncle John's ranch. He then moved into his uncle's ranch house knowing he had better be watching his back.
Rafe learns that Mrs. Rodney had died. Their daughter, Ann Rodney, was living with her aunt and uncle, the Bakers, who operated the local store. She was engaged to Bruce Barkow, a crooked lawyer. She was told by Bruce that her father died along the trail. She was even shown his clothes. When Rafe told her of her father's death at sea and his wishes for the ranch, Ann was in disbelief.
Stay tuned for Part III of this review in our next edition of the Library Monthly!
The Orphan's Tale by Pam Jenoff
Review by Regina Loehr
Set during WWII, Noa, a sixteen-year-old, becomes pregnant by a German a soldier that was staying with the family. Disgraced, her father disowns her and she is thrown out of her home. She finds work at a railroad station. She looses her baby but rescues a baby that was in a train car filled with Jewish babies headed for a concentration camp.
Astrid, a young Jewish lady finds that her marriage to a Nazi soldier is nullified. She returns to her home only to find her circus family was sent away and her home occupied by a Nazis. She joins another circus as an aerialist hoping to hide her identity and eventually escape out of Germany.
Noa finds refuge with the same circus and works as an apprentice to Astrid. At first Astrid resents Noa but in order for the two to survive they form a powerful friendship. Both keep dark secrets from each other that eventually need to be revealed in order to prevent destruction of everything they both pursued.
Jenoff spins a historically accurate account through these two characters and their life in a circus family as they travel by train to perform in occupied Germany and France. Unlike many books about this dark time in history, this one is tender yet realistic. Love, friendship, forgiveness, survival and courage are interwoven within the story. I would recommend this 342-page book to middle school and high school students as well as adults who are interested in this type of historical fiction.
This title is our official selection for "Book of the Month" and available for check out in our library!
Join us for Book Club every Tuesday night at 5:00 pm at the library. We would love to see you there!
August 2018 - Library Monthly
Dutchman's Flat & The Trail to Crazy Man (Part 1) by Louis L'Amour
Reviews by Ruby Simms
Dutchman's Flat
"Johnny Webb was the fastest gunman in Spring Valley, but in the saloon, he prodded Chat Lock to a gunfight. Chat did not want trouble, nor would he back down. He was faster than Johnny Webb, who soon laid dead. A posse took off after Chat Lock and accused him of murder. They followed him a long distance. He irritated them periodically along the trail by leaving them notes. Chat led them to his ranch where his wife, Mary, was making them breakfast. Chat told her ahead of their arrival that a posse was looking for a killer and would be stopping for breakfast. He did not tell her that he was the man the posse was hunting for.
The posse was surprised for his action by Chat, which was not the actions of a killer. Chat went outside as they were about to leave. He told them the truth and this time, they believed him. They decided to not arrest him. Some of the posse would be returning to visit his wife and him on a friendly basis."
The Trail to Crazy Man (Part 1)
"In the middle of the ocean, the older man in the lower bunk on the ship, the Mary S, lay dying from a severe beating that he, Charles Rodney, had been given by Bully Borger, skipper of the Mary S. This happened due to Rodney's begging to be let off of the ship. Charlie Rodney, Rafe Caradoc, Roy Penn, Rock Mullaney and Tex Brisco had all been referred to the Hong Kong Bohl's Place in San Francisco by Bruce Barkow. There, they were shanghaied and became a close clique of men. Penn was a law student and prospector. Mullaney was an able-bodied seaman, hard-rock miner and cowhand. Tex Brisco was a Texas cowhand.
Rodney trusted Rafe and, as he lay dying, he told Rafe that he wanted Rafe to have half of his ranch in Wyoming and asked him to watch over his wife and daughter. He gave Rafe the deed and a receipt that showed that a loan which Rodney had borrowed from Bruce Barkow had been paid in full.
Rafe was as strong in personality as he was physically. Soon, the ship would be in sight of Cape Mendocino and Rafe would attempt an escape. Josh Briggs knew of Rodney's death and that Rodney gave the deed to his ranch to Rafe. Josh Briggs started to fight Rafe for the deed, but Rafe won the battle. Rafe told the men that he had one more man to see before making their escape, and that man was the skipper, Bully Borger.
Rafe told the captain that he was going to beat him within an inch of his life. Borger lunged for a pair of brass knuckles that were in a drawer. Rafe beat Borger severely. Rafe and friends got into a small boat and escaped to shore. They feared getting caught, as they could be hanged for mutiny.
This Review will continue with Part II in the September edition of the Library Monthly.
JULY 2018 - THE LIBRARY MONTHLY
Trap of Gold and Keep Travelin' Rider by Louis L'Amour
"TRAP OF GOLD: Weatherton left his wife (Laura) and son (Tommy) in Horsehead and set out to search for gold. He had been gone three months before he found gold. He dug a tunnel just big enough for his body to squeeze through. He became more nervous by the day, because each time he went into the mountain, he felt the vibrations. He set a goal of $10,000.00 in gold, and then he would return to his wife and son. The gold vein he saw kept coaxing him to go back inside the tunnel. It was there for the taking. He saw it. However, each time he felt the vibrations, he noted the falling pieces of stone. This time he hurried to get out of the tight fitting tunnel. He got out of the tunnel in the nick of time, just before the rocks collapsed it all. Although the best gold was there for the taking, the love of his family drew him back to Horsehead. He took his sacks of gold and happily left the mountain feeling relieved that his life had been spared."
"KEEP TRAVELIN' RIDER: Tack Gentry rode up to his Uncle John's ranch cabin. He had not been to the ranch in a long time. He was puzzled by its rundown condition since his uncle used to take pride in the appearance of his property. A stranger came out of the house. His name was Sonderman. Later in the story, the readers learn that Sonderman shot and killed Tack's Uncle John and took over the ranch, putting his brand on John's cattle. He told Tack that his uncle had died in a gunfight. Tack grew angry and suspicious because he knew it was a lie. Tack's Uncle John was a Quaker who disliked violence. He never owned a gun, nor did he have the use of his right hand after having it injured at Shiloh.
Soderman told Tack to go into the town of Sunbonnet and tell the people he was sent by Soderman. Tack followed his instructions but was not given a friendly welcome. He was roughed up. Tack began to find out that the town folk were afraid to talk against the law in town due to the corruption. Pete Liscomb used to be the sheriff, but now Dick Olney was, and he answered to Van Harden, Soderman and the judge. They were in cahoots. Too many sudden "accidents" and lies were happening under their watch.
Tack Gentry had spoken to Anson Childs about the corruption. Childes was an honest attorney and wanted to go to Austin to bring back the rangers for an investigation. Word leaked out of his plans, and he was shot. Everyone thought he was dead. Tack Gentry was arrested and put in jail for murder. While in jail, flooding waters from the creek behind the jail eroded the soil from the corner of the jail building. The rains came down heavy. Tack used his belt buckle to help thin the flooring. He jumped on the thinner cement until he broke through the floor. Everyone thought he had drowned, but he went upstairs to Anson Childs' room and hideout. Days later, he heard footsteps coming up the stairs and someone pushed the door open. There stood Childes! He survived and was able to get to the Texas rangers and bring them back to town for an investigation."
Our Book Club meets regularly every Tuesday night at 5:00 pm. We would love to see you there!
LIBRARY BIRTHDAY PARTY & OPEN HOUSE 2018:
Please mark your calendar for Saturday, June 2nd, as that will be the day of the library's annual birthday celebration, sponsored by the Friends of the Malvern Public Library! Join the Friends of the Malvern Public Library on Saturday, June 2nd from 10:00 am - 1:00 pm for our 2nd annual library Birthday Celebration! There will be baked goodies and plenty of exciting activities! ALL are welcome. Admission (and the food) are FREE!
There will be a silent auction for an original piece of artwork commissioned by Fine Arts on Fifth and other unique gift-able items available for purchase: book gift baskets, prints and items featuring the art of Felix Summers, library t-shirts and more. All proceeds go to the Friends of the Malvern Public Library!
GUIDED LIBRARY TOUR
Join our two librarians for a guided tour of the library and learn all about the amazing books, music and movies in our collection! Sign up for the Summer Reading program and learn all about the many free programs offered at our library every day of the week.
SENIOR CENTER MEET AND GREET
Stop in for a cup of coffee and some conversation with our seniors. Learn about all the amazing (and free!) programs provided by our Senior Center every Monday through Friday at the Malvern Public Library.
Drums Along the Mohawk by Walter D. Edmonds
A Review by John Downey
"This is an historical novel set in the Mohawk Valley during the Revolutionary War. Characters are a mix of historical, composite and the purely fictional. Events described range from the Battle of Oriskany (1777), through raids by Destructors (Loyalists and Iroquois) such as the Attack on German Flats (September 1778) and the Cherry Valley Massacre (November 1778), to the rout of William Butler's raiding party in 1781. Adam Helmer's Run is covered in detail, where he outran a half dozen Mohawk runners to escape and warn of the impending attack on German Flats. On the map, the distance is about 30 miles, and due to hills, streams and dense forest, the distance run by Helmer was considerably more.
The novel follows Gil Martin, who is homesteading a farm in Deerfield on the north bank of the Mohawk opposite present day Utica. Gil brings his new bride (Lana) to his newly constructed cabin, participates in the monthly militia day, marches off to the Battle of Oriskany with General Herkimer and becomes a scout under the tutelage of Adam Helmer. In the process, his farm is burned and cow killed by a raiding Seneca party. He and his wife narrowly escape by a timely warning from Blue Back, a friendly Oneida. Gil spends the war years hiring out as farm help, performing scouting duties and doing whatever is necessary to keep his family and himself alive.
In a sub-plot, we follow a Loyalist who elected to stay rather than decamp to Canada. He is somewhat injudicious in his comments on the war and runs afoul of the Committee of Safety so is sentenced to prison in Connecticut. He escapes, makes it to Niagara and joins Butler's Rangers."
Rebecca Bassich
As Library Director here at our Malvern Public Library, you can count on me for all the latest on books, events, programs & more!
Thanks for checking us out!


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Home » Business » The Richest Town in Every State
The Richest Town in Every State
The effects of COVID-19 on American workers — unemployment, reduced incomes, and even a fall into poverty for many — are all too familiar in many parts of the United States. However, while the pandemic has had some impact everywhere, there are some highly affluent parts of the country where people are so wealthy that the pandemic-driven downturn likely did not have a meaningful impact on quality of life.
In nearly every state, even relatively low-income states, there is at least one town where incomes are far higher than the median nationwide. To identify the richest town in every state, 24/7 Wall St. reviewed the median annual household income in cities, towns, villages, and Census designated places with populations of at least 1,000 and less than 25,000.
All of the places on this list have incomes well in excess of the national median household income of $65,712, with some places exceeding the maximum median household income recorded by the Census — $250,000. Generally speaking, the cities on this list with median household incomes exceeding $250,000 are in affluent states such as New York, New Jersey, and California.
One factor that has among the strongest correlations with income in the United States is education. Americans with a bachelor's degree are far more likely to be employed and earn higher incomes than Americans with lower levels of education. Nationwide, 31.5% of adults have a bachelor's degree. In the vast majority of places on this list, more than half of adults do, with some places recording adult bachelor's attainment levels in excess of 80%. Incomes also tend to correlate with other factors, such as home values and poverty. The towns on this list tend to have very high home values and very low poverty rates. This is the poorest town in every state.
Click here to see the richest town in every state
Click here to see our methodology
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Socjalno-Rewolucyjna Partia Proletariat lub Międzynarodowa Socjalno-Rewolucyjna Partia Proletariat – pierwsza polska partia robotnicza opierająca się na założeniach marksizmu, anarchizmu i ideologii rosyjskiej Narodnej Woli (w historiografii PRL zwana również "I Proletariatem" lub "Wielkim Proletariatem") funkcjonująca w Królestwie Polskim od 1882 do 1886. Jej pięciu działaczy zostało straconych przez władze carskie.

Historia
Partia powstała w sierpniu 1882 roku w Warszawie. Jej założycielem był powracający w grudniu 1881 z Genewy Ludwik Waryński oraz działacze lokalnych kółek socjalistycznych Henryk Dulęba i Kazimierz Puchewicz. Waryński rozpoczął dyskusje w środowiskach robotników i studentów m.in. ze Stanisławem Krusińskim. W kwietniu 1882 Waryński i Puchewicz wydali pierwszą niepodpisaną odezwę wspierającą strajk robotników w Warsztatach Naprawczych Kolei Warszawsko-Wiedeńskiej. Waryńskiego wspierał emisariusz petersburskiej grupy młodzieży polskiej Stanisław Kunicki.

Organizacja w lipcu i sierpniu 1882 przygotowała swój pierwszy program jako "Odezwa Komitetu Robotniczego Partii Socjalno-Rewolucyjnej «Proletariat»". Podstawą organizacji były 6-10-osobowe kółka podporządkowane Komitetowi Robotniczemu. W grudniu 1882 organizację opuścił Kazimierz Puchewicz, który powołał w następnym roku Partię Robotniczą Solidarność, która ograniczała swoje działania wyłącznie do spraw ekonomicznych, odrzucając żądania polityczne.

W styczniu 1883 w Wilnie odbył się pierwszy Zjazd partii. W skład tymczasowego kierownictwa powołano wówczas: Ludwika Waryńskiego, Tadeusza Rechniewskiego, Edmunda Płoskiego, Henryka Dulębę, Aleksandrę Jentysówną, Stanisława Kunickiego i Aleksandra Dębskiego. W marcu 1883 odbył się drugi zjazd w Warszawie, gdzie najprawdopodobniej przyjęto nazwę "Międzynarodowa Socjalno Rewolucyjna Partia Proletariat", którą sygnowano pisma partyjne. jednak w odezwach posługiwano się również nazwami "Socjalno-Rewolucyjna Partia Proletariat", lub "Socjalno-Rewolucyjna Partia". Władza w partii należała do Komitetu Robotniczego lub zamiennie Komitetu Centralnego, które były ciałami wieloosobowymi, a decyzje podejmowano demokratycznie. Wobec sytuacji politycznej i częstych aresztowań skład Komitetu Centralnego zmieniał się czterokrotnie.

We wrześniu 1883 aresztowano Ludwika Waryńskiego, jego partnerkę Aleksandrę Jentysównę i Edmunda Płoskiego. W styczniu 1884 zostali aresztowani Tadeusz Rechniewski, jego żona Witolda i Henryk Dulęba. Wobec zaistniałej sytuacji Stanisław Kunicki i Aleksander Dębski przyjęli do współpracy Ludwika Janowicza, Hilarego Gostkiewicza i Zofię Płaskowicką-Dziankowską. Bliskimi współpracownikami byli Bronisław Sławiński i Feliks Kon. 15 września 1883 ukazał się pierwszy numer pisma "Proletaryat". W połowie 1883 do Krakowa musiała zbiec Maria Zofia Onufrowicz-Płoska, która została tam w grudniu aresztowana i przekazana władzom carskim.

W lipcu 1884 aresztowano Stanisława Kunickiego, w późniejszym czasie pozostałych członków Komitetu. Nowe kierownictwo skupiło się wokół Marii Bohuszewiczówny, byli to: Konstanty Strzemiński, Rozalia Felsenhardt, Józef Razumiejczyk a bliską współpracownicą była Julia Razumiejczyk. Grupa ta pracowała do września 1885, kiedy nastąpiły masowe aresztowania. Ostatni skład Komitetu Centralnego tworzyli Marian Stefan Ulrych, Wincenty Buksznis, Michał Żynda, Władysław Wisłocki, Teofil Bronikowski i Bronisława Waligórska. Grupę tę aresztowano w lipcu 1886 po nieudanym zamachu na prowokatora Piotra Pińskiego.

W sierpniu 1885 rozpoczął się w Warszawie proces 29 "proletariatczyków", wybranych spośród 190 aresztowanych. W grudniu ogłoszono wyrok skazujący sześciu z nich na karę śmierci, osiemnastu na 16 lat katorgi, dwóch na 8 lat katorgi, zaś dwóch na osiedlenie na Syberii. Po odwołaniach karę śmierci utrzymano dla Piotra Bardowskiego, Jana Pietrusińskiego, Stanisława Kunickiego i Michała Ossowskiego. wyrok wykonano 28 stycznia 1886, na stokach Cytadeli Warszawskiej. Były to pierwsze po powstaniu styczniowym wyroki śmierci, wydane z przyczyn politycznych w zaborze rosyjskim. Józef Szmaus i Mikołaj Lury zostali skazani na 20 lat katorgi (wskutek odwołania od kary śmierci). Na 16 lat katorgi skazano: Teoflia Błocha, Ludwika Janowicza, Ludwika Waryńskiego i Mieczysława Mańkowskiego.

Partia istniała w kraju do 1886 roku, lecz najbardziej aktywna była przez pierwsze kilkanaście miesięcy, gdyż aresztowania najbardziej znanych działaczy w latach 1883–1884 (Waryńskiego, Aleksandry Jentysówny, Tadeusza Rechniewskiego, Henryka Dulęby) znacznie zahamowały rozwój partii. Partia przetrwała na emigracji, skąd emisariusze rozpoczęli kontynuację jako Polska Socjalno-Rewolucyjna Partia "Proletariat" w 1888 roku.

Jako formy walki przewidywano strajki, manifestacje oraz terror, wymierzony w prowokatorów i carskich agentów, próbując przeniknąć szeregi ugrupowania. Partia opowiadała się za internacjonalizmem i sprzeciwiała dążeniom niepodległościowym. Jej działacze wychodzili bowiem z założenia, że państwo zawsze jest narzędziem klasowej opresji. Spodziewali się nadto, że międzynarodowa rewolucja i powstały w jej efekcie nowy system społeczno-ekonomiczny rozwiąże sam w sobie kwestię ucisku narodowego. Najważniejszym zadaniem była dla partii walka klas: wyzyskiwanych (robotników) z wyzyskującymi (kapitalistami), ale w programie partii była również: likwidacja własności prywatnej, bezpłatna oświata, równość społeczna. Partia wydawała własne czasopisma: w kraju: "Proletaryat", zaś na emigracji w Genewie: "Walka Klas" i "Przedświt" (redaktor Stanisław Mendelson).

Program był próbą zastosowania marksizmu w warunkach polskich: rewolucja w interesie klasy robotniczej, hasło "proletariusze wszystkich krajów łączcie się" (internacjonalizm proletariacki), poprawa sytuacji bytowej, brak kwestii niepodległości, brak kwestii agrarnej. Zawierał jednak szereg intuicji, typowych dla programów anarchistycznych, co wynikało z kontaktów działaczy Proletariatu z rewolucjonistami z Narodnej Woli. Te charakterystyczne elementy, odstające znacznie od marksizmu-leninizmu, to m.in. przekonanie, że klasami rewolucyjnymi są także inteligencja, rzemieślnicy i chłopi, a nie tylko robotnicy fabryczni. Co więcej, działacze Proletariatu stali na stanowisku, że carat jako taki nie jest zjawiskiem klasowym, opiera się bowiem - ich zdaniem - na dobrze zorganizowanej biurokracji, a nie jakiejkolwiek klasie społecznej.

Przypisy

Partie i ugrupowania Królestwa Kongresowego
Polskie organizacje rewolucyjne
Polskie partie socjalistyczne
Internacjonalizm

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