These interviews of Laybourne, conducted by Pamela M. Henson and Marcia Heacker-Skeans in 2001, cover her education, career, and contributions to the field of forensic ornithology. The interviews also include reminiscences of colleagues including John Warren Aldrich and Alexander Wetmore.
Roxie Collie Simpson Laybourne (1910-2003), ornithologist, received her B.A. from Meredith College in 1932, and her M.S. in plant ecology from the George Washington University in 1951. She began her museum career as a volunteer at the North Carolina State Museum in Raleigh, North Carolina, in 1932, where she learned taxidermy and exhibit techniques. In 1944, Laybourne was appointed a museum aide in the Division of Birds at the United States National Museum. In 1946, she transferred to a permanent position on the payroll of the Bird and Mammal Laboratories, Fish and Wildlife Service, United States Department of Interior, while continuing to prepare specimens in the Division of Birds at the National Museum. She retired as a Zoologist from the Fish and Wildlife Service in 1974, but continued her career as a Research Associate of the National Museum of Natural History. In the 1960s, Laybourne created the field of forensic ornithology, studying minute fragments of bird feathers in order to identify which birds were ingested into aircraft engines, often causing crashes. The field expanded to cover endangered species and criminal investigations. Laybourne developed analytical techniques that used the barbules and nodes supporting the wings to identify bird fragments.
The Smithsonian Institution Archives began its Oral History Program in 1973. The purpose of the program is to supplement the written documentation of the Archives' record and manuscript collections with an Oral History Collection, focusing on the history of the Institution, research by its scholars, and contributions of its staff. Program staff conduct interviews with current and retired Smithsonian staff and others who have made significant contributions to the Institution. There are also interviews conducted by researchers or students on topics related to the history of the Smithsonian or the holdings of the Smithsonian Institution Archives.
Laybourne was interviewed for the Oral History Collection to document her career as a Smithsonian scientist, especially her role in creating the field of forensic ornithology and training generations of naturalists.
These interviews of Laybourne, conducted in 2001 by Pamela M. Henson of Smithsonian Institution Archives and Marcia Heacker-Skeans of the National Museum of Natural History, cover her education, career, and contributions to the field of forensic ornithology. The interviews also include reminiscences of colleagues including John Warren Aldrich and Alexander Wetmore. The collection consists of 14.5 hours of audio recordings and 185 pages of transcript, and occupies 1.0 linear meters of shelf space. There are two generations of tape for each session: original tapes and reference tapes. In total, this collection is comprised of 29 original 7" reel-to-reel tapes, 29 perservation digital .wav files, 17 reference copy audiotape cassettes, and 29 reference digital .mp3 files. Box 1 contains transcripts of the interviews and Box 2 contains transcripts of the interviews and cassette copies of the original reel to reel recordings, the originals of which are in security storage.
Restricted. Contact reference staff for details.
Covers her youth and early interest in natural history, 1910-1936.
Transcript, pp. 1-77, of audiotape recording, 2.5 hours.
Discusses her family history and education, field work, and early work at the National Museum of Natural History, 1920s-1950s.
Transcript, pp. 1-70, of audiotape recording, 2.5 hours.
Covers her early years at the National Museum of Natural History, reminiscences of colleagues, and marriage to Edgar G. Laybourne, 1940s-1960.
Transcript, pp. 1-40, of audiotape recording, 2.0 hours.
Discusses her development of the field of forensic ornithology by establishing methods for identification of bird wing fragments, 1950s-1980s.
Transcript, pp. 1-36, of audiotape recording, 2.0 hours.
Transcript, pp. 1-43, of audiotape recording, 2.5 hours.
Transcript, pp. 1-18, of audiotape recording, 1.0 hour.
Transcript, pp. 1-34, of audiotape recording, 1.5 hours.
Transcript, pp. 1-8, of audiotape recording, 0.5 hour.
Reference Copies: 3 cassette audiotapes, 5 digital .mp3 files.


I have practiced in Atlanta for 41 years. I handle Trust and Estate disputes, business litigation, and family law. I have tried several hundred jury trial cases. I have handled over 60 cases in the Georgia Supreme Court and Court of Appeals. I have been involved in some of Atlanta's most interesting cases. I represented Bernice and Martin King in the dispute with their brother Dexter over their mother Coretta Scott King's Estate. I represented Frances "Tut" Woodruff in contesting her father Coca-Cola magnate George W. Woodruff's will, David West in his dispute with his father over West Lumber Company, and Anny Stanley in her divorce from her husband TV Evangelist Rev. Charles Stanley. During my career, I have often represented individuals from Atlanta's wealthiest families, from Rollins, to Candler, Carlos to Bowen, and while the dollars at stake are sometimes large, the issues are usually the same. I have successfully prosecuted numerous actions against banks such as SunTrust, Wachovia and Regions for breach of their fiduciary duties in the handling of client's interests in various estates and trusts. I have represented hundreds of other individuals, many wealthy, many not. However, in almost every situation, someone's future was significantly impacted by what I did. It is indeed a compliment when a client chooses you to represent them in a time of crisis. Because of this, I try to be creative in my approach to every case. I enjoy working with clients and the intellectual challenge of presenting a client's case in the most effective way possible. Over the years, many of my clients have become close personal friends, and that for me is something of which I am very proud.


I got roughly six calls from the Express-Times this week wanting to talk to me about the Nazareth Area Middle School play based on my post, plus a few emails.
I personally felt that I had said what I needed to say in my posts, so I didn't reply because I had nothing further to add (you can read them here, here, and here).
Today, this article appeared (read it here) on the front page and I felt it important to make some clarifications and provide some background to those unfamiliar with NewsOverCoffee.com.
The article portion on me begins by stating, "Parent and community blogger Ross Nunamaker was outraged by the play's content."
I questioned the judgement of several adults and expressed concerns for the kids, but I can't see how one could state I was "outraged" from what was written (first here above).
The next sentence states, "He wrote on his newsovercoffee.com blog that he was stunned when his middle-schooler came home and relayed the content of the play, noting inappropriate slang words were being used to describe girls."
In the beginning of the post I included a quote from the letter, I described what content my daughter stated she heard, her reaction, and what content I could find about the production online. At the end of the post I wrote, "Not only was there incredibly poor judgement by the teacher who selected this production, I'm stunned that there was no administrative oversight regarding the content being presented to students, and most amazing is that after the first presentation it continued until all the students in the building saw it (there were multiple productions today)."
It then states, "He was equally dismayed about one of the songs, "Kendra," Again, I don't know how the reporter could know I was "dismayed" I was simply providing context of the content of the show for the purpose of readers understanding why I felt there was a lack of judgement by some adults.
This pretty much ended the content from my post in the article, but this statement was also made which insinuates the people quoted previously, incoming Board Member Chris Miller was quoted as well, "Other parents said the district handled the situation appropriately."
This was in regard to after the show was presented, the "damage control". I didn't really comment on that aspect, but I did post the letters so readers could see for themselves what the school was doing. If anyone needs to know, I do think their response was appropriate, again my concern was with the fact we needed one in the first place.
For those unfamiliar with newsovercoffee.com, I started it in August of 2005, relaunched in March of 2006 and this will be my 3,209th post about community events and activities. I require that people who feel compelled to comment register with the site and I delete comments if they use foul language or attack a person instead of an action of idea. It is intended to be constructive and I believe it is. I have an open policy in regard to authorship, if you want to write and make posts you are welcome to do so. I've had maybe three takers in over six years. To manage content, I restrict coverage to the "Nazareth Area" which I define as the municipalities comprising the Nazareth Area School District.
In this particular case I was a parent, but the reality is if my daughter hadn't been at the school a reader would have contacted me and I would have written about it anyway. My point was simply that adults failed, I was concerned for the potential consequences on the kids as a result, and I hope it doesn't happen again. The "outrage", "dismay", and being "stunned" were an interpretation and act of opinion that I'm surprised made it into an article in a daily print publication that would seemingly go through an editorial process, a luxury I don't have on my site. For me, I write knowing that my name is attached to it and as a member of the community I'm going to interact with you at some point, so I'm careful with my words and statements, and try to be as accurate and fair as possible. While it's hard to differentiate me as author and me as community member, you'll find I'm more casual in comments, interacting with those who comment or ask further questions. In the end, it's about using technology to build a better community, not tearing one down.
I've bcc'd this to the ET and NASD.
"The "outrage", "dismay", and being "stunned" were an interpretation and act of opinion that I'm surprised made it into an article..."
Ross, I believe this is a common failing in reporting. I've recently experienced it myself. Very frustrating to be quoted accurately but to have their descriptors subtly change your intent.


Within MSSQL Server Analysis Services 2000, we had somewhat limited options (namely, the MDX Sample Application) for easily querying our cube data sources with MDX (at least, that is, options that were available "out of the box" to anyone who had simply installed Analysis Services and its samples). MSSQL Server 2005 offers us numerous means for querying our OLAP data sources. In the interest of working within the current environment, in this and the prospective articles of the series, we will construct and execute our MDX queries, for the most part, from the SQL Server Management Studio, but we will occasionally do so from the SQL Server Business Intelligence Studio, and perhaps from other vantage points, to further enrich the learning experience within the subject matter involved. For more in-depth information on any of these various "points of approach" themselves, see the relevant sections of the Books Online, or specific articles within my various series'.
Virtually all of the MDX we constructed in earlier articles can now be used in the SQL Server Management Studio, SQL Server Business Intelligence Studio, and in various other areas within the Microsoft integrated Business Intelligence solution, and much of what we construct going forward can be executed in the MDX Sample Application (assuming connection to an appropriate Analysis Services 2000 OLAP data source). MDX as a language continues to evolve and expand: we will focus on many new features in articles to come, while still continuing to focus upon business uses of MDX in general. The use of MDX to meet the real-world needs of our business environments will continue to be my primary focus within the MDX Essentials series.
In this article, we will continue our examination, begun in Set Functions: The DRILLDOWNMEMBER() Function, of the MDX surrounding drilling up and down within our Analysis Services cubes. As we have noted, drilling up or down occurs along the lines of drilling paths that are defined within the physical structures of our cubes. "Drilling" comprises an analytical technique by which an information consumer can maneuver between summarized ("drilling up") and detailed ("drilling down") levels of data. While these drilling paths are typically specified by the cube's dimensional hierarchies, they can also be based upon alternative relationships that exist within or between dimensions.
An example might be described as follows, based upon an engagement within which I have recently been involved: An executive within a state Department of Education wishes to examine annual Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) data within a cube constructed primarily to allow comparison and analysis of those results at various levels. The executive can examine national averages, numbers of test takers, and various other measures, and then perform a drilldown operation within a Geography dimension that might then present the data by states. He could then perform subsequent drilldowns to display state regions (or perhaps even congressional districts), counties / school systems, and more. Depending upon the design of the cube, the drilldown process could ultimately take the consumer to the level of the individual schools – perhaps even to the individual students themselves.
Like DrillDownMember(), DrillUpMember() acts upon members within a specified set based upon members within a second specified set – the difference is that the "direction" of the drill is upward in the path versus downward, as is obvious from the associated keywords. In fact, as we shall see in our practice exercise, and as we might find as a common approach to providing drilldown and drillup support within an third party application (including reporting applications like Reporting Services), DrillUpMember() can be used to deliver an uncluttered, neat drillup of a set that is produced by the DrillDownMember() function. I often use the two in conjunction in this manner to provide smooth, logical movement along drill paths.
In a manner similar to that of other functions that we have examined in the MDX Essentials series, DrillUpMember() can be useful in a host of different reporting and analysis applications. DrillUpMember(), along with other "navigational" functions like it (virtually all of which we examine in other articles of this series) allows us to exercise a great deal of presentation sleight of hand, in working with MDX in Analysis Services, as well as within Reporting Services and various other reporting applications that can access an Analysis Services cube.


Eczema (from Greek ?κζεμα) is a form of dermatitis, or inflammation of the upper layers of the skin. The term eczema is broadly applied to a range of persistent skin conditions. These include dryness and recurring skin rashes which are characterized by one or more of these symptoms: redness, skin edema (swelling), itching and dryness, crusting, flaking, blistering, cracking, oozing, or bleeding. Areas of temporary skin discoloration may appear and are sometimes due to healed lesions, although scarring is rare.
The European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) published a position paper in 2001 which simplifies the nomenclature of allergy-related diseases including atopic and allergic contact eczemas. Non-allergic eczemas are not affected by this proposal.
There are also eczemas overlaid by viral infections (e. herpeticum, e. vaccinatum), and eczemas resulting from underlying disease (e.g. lymphoma). Eczemas originating from ingestion of medications, foods, and chemicals, have not yet been clearly systematized. Other rare eczematous disorders exist in addition to those listed here.
Eczema diagnosis is generally based on the appearance of inflamed, itchy skin in eczema sensitive areas such as face, chest and other skin crease areas. For evaluation of the eczema, a scoring system can be used (for example, SCORAD, a scoring system for atopic dermatitis).
To determine whether an eczema flare is the result of an allergen, a doctor may test the blood for the levels of antibodies and the numbers of certain types of cells. In eczema, the blood may show a raised IgE or an eosinophilia.
The blood can also be sent for a specific test called Radioallergosorbent Test (RAST) or a Paper Radioimmunosorbent Test (PRIST). In the test, blood is mixed separately with many different allergens and the antibody levels measured. High levels of antibodies in the blood signify an allergy to that substance. Allergic diseases are a rapidly growing health problem. A precise, reliable in vitro test for IgE antibodies to specific substances is a valuable tool to support the clinician in making diagnoses of or excluding allergy, prescribing and following up treatment, and predicting disease development.
In order to understand an evolving allergic disease it is necessary to gain more detailed information about the ongoing IgE sensitization process in the patient. Such accurate information can only be obtained through quantitative measurements of the levels of IgE antibodies to different allergens in the blood. One such quantitative test is the ImmunoCAP test giving the results in kU A /l rather than in classes, the requirements for accuracy are even higher.
Another test for eczema is skin patch testing. The suspected irritant is applied to the skin and held in place with an adhesive patch. Another patch with nothing is also applied as a control. After 24 to 48 hours, the patch is removed. If the skin under the suspect patch is red and swollen, the patch test result is considered positive and suggests that the person is probably allergic to the suspected irritant.
Occasionally, the diagnosis may also involve a skin biopsy which is a procedure that removes a small piece of the affected skin that is sent for microscopic examination in a pathology laboratory.
Blood tests and biopsies are not always necessary for eczema diagnosis. However, doctors will at times require them if the symptoms are unusual, severe or in order to identify particular triggers.
There is no known cure for eczema, thus treatments aim to control the symptoms: reduce inflammation and relieve itching.
Dermatitis is often treated by glucocorticoid (a corticosteroid steroid) ointments, creams or lotions. They do not cure eczema, but are highly effective in controlling or suppressing symptoms in most cases.
For mild-moderate eczema a weak steroid may be used (e.g. hydrocortisone or desonide), whilst more severe cases require a higher-potency steroid (e.g. clobetasol propionate, fluocinonide). Medium-potency corticosteroids such as clobetasone butyrate (Eumovate), Betamethasone Valerate (Betnovate) or triamcinolone are also available. Generally medical practitioners will prescribe the less potent ones first before trying the more potent ones. In many countries, weak steroids such as hydrocortisone can be purchased 'over the counter' (e.g., hydrocortisone in UK, US, Germany, Czechia), while the more potent ones require a prescription.
Prolonged use of topical corticosteroids is thought to increase the risk of possible side effects, the most common of which is the skin becoming thin and fragile (atrophy). Because of this, if used on the face or other delicate skin, only a low-strength steroid should be used. Additionally, high-strength steroids used over large areas, or under occlusion, may be significantly absorbed into the body, causing hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression (HPA Axis suppression). Finally by their immunosuppressive action they can, if used without antibiotics or antifungal drugs, lead to some skin infections (fungal or bacterial). Care must be taken to avoid the eyes, as topical corticosteroids applied to the eye can cause glaucoma  or cataracts.
Because of the risks associated with this type of drug, a steroid of an appropriate strength should be sparingly applied only to control an episode of eczema. Once the desired response has been achieved, it should be discontinued and replaced with emollients as maintenance therapy. Corticosteroids are generally considered safe to use in the short- to medium-term for controlling eczema, with no significant side effects differing from treatment with non-steroidal ointment.
However, recent research has shown that topically applied corticosteroids did not significantly increase the risk of skin thinning, stretch marks or HPA axis suppression (and where such suppression did occur, it was mild and reversible where the corticosteroids were used for limited periods of time). Further, skin conditions are often under-treated because of fears of side effects. This has led some researchers to suggest that the usual dosage instructions should be changed from "Use sparingly" to "Apply enough to cover affected areas," and that specific dosage directions using "fingertip units" or FTU's be provided, along with photos to illustrate FTU's.
In severe cases, oral cortisosteroids such as prednisolone or injections such as triamcinolone injections may also be prescribed. While these usually bring about rapid improvements, they should not be taken for any length of time and the eczema often returns to its previous level of severity once the medication is stopped. In the case of triamcinolone injections, a waiting period between treatments may be required.
The postulation is that the immune system may help remove some pre-cancerous abnormal cells which is prevented by these drugs. However, any chronic inflammatory condition such as eczema, by the very nature of increased metabolism and cell replication, has a tiny associated risk of cancer (see Bowen's disease).
Current practice by UK dermatologists is not to consider this a significant real concern and they are increasingly recommending the use of these new drugs. The dramatic improvement on the condition can significantly improve the quality of life of sufferers (and families kept awake by the distress of affected children). The major debate, in the UK, has been about the cost of such newer treatments and, given only finite NHS resources, when they are most appropriate to use.
In addition to cancer risk, there are other potential side effects with this class of drugs. Adverse reactions including severe flushing, photosensitive reactivity and possible drug interaction in patients who consume even small amounts of alcohol.
When the normal protective barrier of the skin is disrupted (dry and cracked), it allows easy entry for bacteria. Scratching by the patient both introduces infection and spreads it from one area to another. Any skin infection further irritates the skin and a rapid deterioration in the condition may ensue; the appropriate antibiotic should be given.
When eczema is severe and does not respond to other forms of treatment, immunosuppressant drugs are sometimes prescribed. These dampen the immune system and can result in dramatic improvements to the patient's eczema. However, immunosuppresants can cause side effects on the body. As such, patients must undergo regular blood tests and be closely monitored by a doctor. In the UK, the most commonly used immunosuppressants for eczema are ciclosporin(Cyclosporine), azathioprine and methotrexate. These drugs were generally designed for other medical conditions but have been found to be effective against eczema. Commonly prescribed as a immunosuppressant in the United States for Eczema is the steroid Prednisone.
Anti-itch drugs, often antihistamine, may reduce the itch during a flare up of eczema, and the reduced scratching in turn reduces damage and irritation to the skin (the Itch cycle).
Capsaicin applied to the skin acts as a counter irritant (see Gate control theory of nerve signal transmission). Other agents that act on nerve transmissions, like menthol, also have been found to mitigate the body's itch signals, providing some relief. Recent research suggests Naloxone hydrochloride and dibucaine suppress the itch cycle in atopic-dermatitis model mice as well.
Eczema can be exacerbated by dryness of the skin. Moisturizing is one of the most important self-care treatments for sufferers of eczema. Keeping the affected area moistened can promote skin healing and relief of symptoms.
Soaps and harsh detergents should not be used on affected skin because they can strip natural skin oils and lead to excessive dryness. Instead, the use of moisturizing body wash, or an emollient like aqueous cream, will maintain natural skin oils and may reduce some of the need to moisturize the skin. Another option is to try bathing using colloidal oatmeal bath treatments. In addition to avoiding soap, other products that may dry the skin such as powders or perfume should also be avoided.
Moistening agents are called 'emollients'. In general, it is best to match thicker ointments to the driest, flakiest skin. Light emollients like aqueous cream may not have any effect on severely dry skin. Some common emollients for the relief of eczema include Oilatum, Balneum, Medi Oil, Diprobase, bath oils and aqueous cream. Sebexol, Epaderm ointment and Eucerin lotion or cream may also be helpful with itching. Lotions or creams may be applied directly to the skin after bathing to lock in moisture. Moisturizing gloves (gloves which keep emollients in contact with skin on the hands) can be worn while sleeping. Generally, twice-daily applications of emollients work best. While creams are easy to apply, they are quickly absorbed into the skin, and therefore need frequent reapplication. Ointments, with less water content, stay on the skin for longer and need fewer applications, but they can be greasy and inconvenient.
For unbroken skin, direct application of waterproof tape with or without an emollient or prescription ointment can improve moisture levels and skin integrity which allows the skin to heal. This treatment regimen can also help prevent the skin from cracking, as well as put a stop to the itch cycle. The end result is reduced lichenification (the roughening of skin from repeated scratching). Taping works best on skin away from joints.
Recently, ceramides, which are the major lipid constituent of the stratum corneum, have been used in the treatment of eczema.    They are often one of the ingredients of modern moisturizers. These lipids were also successfully produced synthetically in the laboratory.
The first and primary recommendation is that people suffering from eczema shouldn't use detergents of any kind on their skin unless absolutely necessary. Eczema sufferers can reduce pruritus by using cleansers only when water is not sufficient to remove dirt from skin.
However, detergents are so ubiquitous in modern environments in items like tissues, and so persistent on surfaces, "safe" soaps are necessary to remove them from the skin in order to control eczema. Although most eczema recommendations use the terms "detergents" and "soaps" interchangeably, and tell eczema sufferers to avoid both, detergents and soaps are not the same and are not equally problematic to eczema sufferers. Detergents, often made from petrochemicals, increase the permeability of skin membranes in a way that soaps and water alone do not. Sodium lauryl sulfate, the most common household detergent, has been shown to amplify the allergenicity of other substances ("increase antigen penetration").
Unfortunately there is no one agreed-upon best kind of skin cleanser for eczema sufferers. Different clinical tests, sponsored by different personal product companies, unsurprisingly tout various brands as the most skin-friendly based on specific properties of various products and different underlying assumptions as to what really determines skin friendliness. The terms "hypoallergenic" and "doctor tested" are not regulated, and no research has been done showing that products labeled "hypoallergenic" are in fact less problematic than any others.
Various measures may reduce the amount of mite antigens, in particular swapping carpets for hard surfaces. Effectiveness of vacuum cleaners is dependent upon the characteristics of the carpet pile, but in other studies daily vacuuming did not affect levels of mites. However it is not clear whether such measures actually help patients with eczema. A controlled study suggested that a number of environmental factors such as air exchange rates, relative humidity and room temperature (but not the level of house dust mites) might have an effect on the condition.
Light therapy using ultraviolet light can help control eczema. UVA is mostly used, but UVB and Narrow Band UVB are also used. Ultraviolet light exposure carries its own risks, particularly potential skin cancer from exposure, although there is no conclusive evidence of this.
It has been suggested that eczema can be cured by UV Rays, i.e. sunbathing or using tanning beds. Some people have been able to abate their symptoms through this treatment, but this should be supervised by a dermatologist.
Dietary elements that have been reported to trigger eczema include dairy products and coffee (both caffeinated and decaffeinated), soybean products, eggs, nuts, wheat and maize (sweet corn), though food allergies may vary from person to person.
Non-conventional medical approaches include traditional Chinese medicine and Western herbalism. There is wide variety of treatments, each of which may vary from individual to individual as to efficacy or harm. For example, according to American Academy of Dermatology, while certain blends of Chinese herbal medicines have been proven effective in controlling eczema, they have also have proven toxic with severe consequences.  Patients should inform their doctor/allergist/dermatologist if they are pursuing one of these treatment routes.
Oatmeal is a common remedy to relieve itching, and can be applied topically as a cream or, as a colloid, in the bath. It is also part of many commercially available products intended for eczema treatment.
Sea water: According to the British Association of Dermatologists, there is considerable anecdotal evidence that salt water baths may help some children with atopic eczema. One reason might be that seawater has antiseptic properties. The Dead sea is popular for having to cure skin problems including eczema.
Sulfur has been used for many years as a topical treatment in the alleviation of eczema, although this could be suppressive. It was fashionable in the Victorian and Edwardian eras. Recently sulfur has regained some popularity as a homeopathic alternative to steroids and coal tar. However, there is currently no scientific evidence for the claim that sulfur treatment relieves eczema.
In the 1980s, Swedish dermatologist Dr Peter Noren developed a behavioural approach to the treatment of long term atopic eczema. This approach has been further developed by dermatologist Dr Richard Staughton and psychiatrist Christopher Bridgett at the Chelsea and Westminster Hospital in London.
Patients undergo a 6 week monitored program involving scratch habit reversal and self awareness of scratching levels. For long term eczema sufferers, scratching can become habitual. Sometimes scratching becomes a reflex, resulting in scratching without conscious awareness, rather than from the feeling of itchiness itself. The habit reversal program is done in conjunction with the standard applied emollient/corticosteroid treatments so that the skin can heal. It also reduces future scratching, as well as reduces the likelihood of further flareups. The behavioural approach can give an eczema sufferer some control over the degree of severity of eczema.
Other than direct treatments of the symptoms, no cure is presently known for most types of dermatitis; even cortisone treatments and immunomodulation may often have only minor effects on what may be a complex problem. As the condition is often related to family history of allergies (and thus heredity), it is probable that gene therapy or genetic engineering might help.
In June, 2007, Science magazine reported that an American soldier who had been vaccinated for smallpox, a vaccine that contains live vaccinia virus, had transmitted vaccinia virus to his two-year-old son. The soldier and his son both had a history of eczema. The son rapidly came down with a rare side effect, eczema vaccinatum, which had been seen during the 1960s when children were routinely vaccinated against smallpox. The child developed a severe full-body pustular rash, his abdomen filled with fluid, and his kidneys nearly failed. Intense consultation with experts from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and a donation of an experimental antiviral drug by SIGA Technologies saved the child's life. Those with a family history of eczema are advised not to accept the smallpox vaccination, or anything else that contains live vaccinia virus.
Aethi-m., aln., alum., am-c., am-m., anac., ant-c., arb., arg-n., ars., ars-i., aste-ac., aur., aur-m., bar-m., bell., berb., berb-a., bor., bov., brom., bry., calad., calc., calc-s., canth., caps., carb-ac., carb-s., carb-v., carc., cast-eq., caust., chrysar., cic., clem., com., con., cop., crot-t., cycl., dulc., fl-ac., frag., fuli., graph., hep., hippoz., hydr., hydrc., iris., jug-c., jug-r., kali-ar., kali-bi., kali-c., kali-chl., kali-m., kali-s., kreos., lach., lappa-m., led., lith., lyc., mang., merc., merc-d., merc-p-r., merc-sul., mez., mur-ac., nat-m., nat-p., nat-s., nit-ac., nux-v., olnd., petr., phos., phyt., piloc., plb., podo., prim-v., psor., ran-b., rhus-t., rhus-v., sars., sep., sil., skook., staph., sulph., sul-i., tarent-c., tell., thuj., thyr., tub., ust., vinc., viol-t., x-ray., xero.
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It has been proven on many occasions, that providing windows with roller shutters reduces the thermal inertia of the room. In the winter, the air layer between the glass and the lowered shutter, acts as an insulator and provides measurably better protection against heat loss. It affects significantly causing the reduction of heating costs - savings can reach up to 40%. In the summer, leaving the blinds lowered in the areas of high sun exposure prevents over-heating of the premises. This solves the issue of cooling them to a comfortable termperature level, which also turns into real savings.
In the case of buildings located in high traffic areas such as railway stations, main streets, airports and so on, the protection against noise is becoming increasingly important. A properly installed roller shutter, after being lowered, can reduce the noise in the interior by up to several decibels.
Roller shutters can effectively protect you against the prying eyes of the others. This solution guarantees a clear separation of the privacy zone and cutoff from the outside world.
aluplast manufactures and supplies roller shutters for all types of buildings: for these with already installed windows as well as for the ones newly constructed. We offer the top-mounted roller shutters installed together with windows and the adaptation roller shutters to be mounted on the facade of the building. aluplast offers three types of top-mounted and three types of adaptation roller shutters.
R-Round-Line - in which, as in the standard, the service cover remains visible, and its advantage is aesthetically pleasing rounded shape.
The assumption valid for the profile system program also applies for roller shutters system. They can be mounted on all of the aluplast system window profiles, as well as any other window profile that uses special adapter.
The variety of forms and materials used to manufacture roller shutters means unlimited possibilities of application (single-family houses, apartment buildings, commercial buildings, industrial facilities). Wide color palette of the aluminum roller shutters (RAL color palette) and constantly enriched list of available veneers for PVC roller shutters make them, regardless of utility functions, an important decorative element of modern buildings.


text:
Alexandr Josef, princ Battenberský, ( Alexander Joseph Prinz von Battenberg 5. dubna 1857, Verona – 23. října 1893 Štýrský Hradec) byl pod jménem Alexandr I. v letech 1879 — 1886 prvním knížetem znovuobnoveného autonomního bulharského státu.

Život
Narodil jako druhý syn Alexandra, prince Hesensko-Darmstadtského a jeho morganatické manželky Julie hraběnky Hauke (pozdější princezny z Battenbergu).

Když byl v roce 1878 ustaven autonomní bulharský stát pod formální osmanskou suverenitou, měl být v jeho čele kníže zvolený bulharskou elitou a schválený evropskými mocnostmi. V rámci politického kompromisu mezi silným vlivem Ruska a obavami zbytku Evropy z rusofilního Balkánu, padla nakonec volba na Alexandra, jenž byl synovcem Marie Alexandrovny Ruské, manželky tehdejšího ruského cara Alexandra II.

Ačkoli měl Alexandr z počátku konzervativní postoje, začal po faktickém neúspěchu svého prorusko-absolutistického puče v letech 1881–1883 podporovat liberální politiku. Zasloužil se o spojení bulharského knížectví a Východní Rumélie ve formě personální unie na podzim roku 1885 a měl značný osobní podíl na odražení srbského útoku v témže roce. Tyto skutky mu přinesly velkou popularitu v Bulharsku, zároveň však nespokojenost Ruska nad jeho samostatnými aktivitami. To se neblaze odrazilo i na jeho rodinném životě — Alexandr usiloval o sňatek s pruskou princeznou Viktorií (dcerou pozdějšího německého císaře Fridricha III.), na přímý zásah kancléře Bismarcka však byl odmítnut kvůli obavám z toho, že by sňatek mohl být vnímán jako další nepřátelské gesto namířené proti Rusku.

V srpnu 1886 vypukl vojenský převrat, který Alexandra donutil urychleně opustit zemi. Ačkoli se Stambolovovi podařilo povstalce zpacifikovat a vrátit Alexandra na trůn, jeho pozice přestala být dlouhodobě udržitelná a v září téhož roku byl přinucen abdikovat. S hlubokým rozčarováním podepsal abdikační smlouvu se slovy "Bože, pomáhej Bulharsku." Regentem se stal Stambolov.

Sňatek a děti
Alexandr se po své abdikaci stáhl z evropského veřejného života. 6. února roku 1889 se oženil s operní pěvkyní, bratislavskou rodačkou Johannou Loisingerovou a přijal titul hraběte z Hartenau. Spolu měli dvě děti, syna Asena a dceru Cvetanu.

Konec života
Alexandr zemřel nečekaně, v pouhých třiceti pěti letech věku a po sotva pětiletém manželství, 17. listopadu 1893 ve Štýrském Hradci. Jeho ostatky byly převezeny do Sofie a zde okázale, s poctami bulharského knížete, pochovány.

Vývod z předků

Externí odkazy

Bulharská knížata
Narození v roce 1857
Úmrtí v roce 1893
Battenbergové
Muži
Narození 5. dubna
Úmrtí 23. října
Narození ve Veroně
Úmrtí ve Štýrském Hradci

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Azure Worker Role restarted after receiving "changing" + "changed" event on Node.js I am running a simple Node.js app in Azure Worker Role, with azure-sdk-for-node package.
var azure = require('azure'),
    http = require('http'),
    winston = require('winston'),
    logger = new (winston.Logger)({
        transports: [ new (winston.transports.File)({ filename: 'C:\\log.txt' }) ]
    }),

http.createServer(function (req, res) {
    res.writeHead(200);
    res.end('Hello, World!');
}).listen(process.env.port || 1337);

azure.RoleEnvironment.on('changing', function (changes) {
    winston.info('changing', changes);

    // Got configuration changes here
    // {
    //   "changes": [
    //     {
    //       "type": "ConfigurationSettingChange",
    //       "name": "MyApp.Settings1"
    //     },
    //     {
    //       "type": "ConfigurationSettingChange",
    //       "name": "Microsoft.WindowsAzure.Plugins.RemoteAccess.AccountExpiration"
    //     }
    //   ]
    // }
});

azure.RoleEnvironment.on('changed', function () {
    // Also got this event
    winston.info('changing');
});

azure.RoleEnvironment.on('stopping', function () {
    // Never fired
    winston.info('stopping');
});

The app runs fine on Worker Role without issues, until I modify the configuration thru Management Portal.
I updated the configuration thru Management Portal and clicked Save. Shortly after that, I got both changing and changed events on the app. But 6 minutes after receiving those events, the whole Worker Role was rebooted without any stopping events. I used package winston to log to C:\ and the log persisted thru the reboot.
The log shows something like this:
00:00 setup_worker.cmd
00:01 server.js with PID 1
00:06 "role changing"
00:06 "role changed"
00:12 setup_worker.cmd
00:13 server.js with PID 2

(Note: setup_worker.cmd is the startup script in CSDEF, server.js is my app)
Although there are no stopping events after configuration change, I got the stopping event if I manually reboot the instance thru Management Portal.
So there are few questions:

*

*Why the role is rebooted after configuration change?

*How to prevent the role get rebooted after configuration change?

*Why there are no stopping events when the role get rebooted by configuration change?

Thanks!

A: *

*Azure assumes that you want your servers rebooted after config changed, so that new settings can take effect properly.  It does not know if you keep reading your configuration settings during runtime or only at startup.  It also assumed that you have 2+ servers deployed in your Role and rebooting them one at a time will not harm you website

*So, I'm not familiar with node.js, however, in .NET we can watch for RoleEnvironment.Changing event, trap it and ignore the reboot on it.  Check this article out: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/microsoft.windowsazure.serviceruntime.roleenvironment.changing.aspx  Can you do something similar with your function delegate after you trap the changing event?

*I believe Stopping events only apply when you shut the role down/stop it.  http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/microsoft.windowsazure.serviceruntime.roleenvironment.stopping.aspx

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Middleton Earns Playoff Spot
Thu, 04/26/2018 - 18:20 Bolivar1
Middleton's second year soccer program is going to the playoffs.
"We improved quite a bit," said Coach Steve Pickens. "We are much more experienced."
The club is 2-5 with five matches remaining. But one of the wins, a 4-3 road win over Milan in overtime, got the Tigers into the playoffs.
Middleton's other victory also came on the road, a 6-3 win over Fayette Ware.
Pickens said his team learned a lot last year.
"We played varsity teams, but didn't play a district schedule. But this year the TSSAA added a single A soccer classification."
This season, Middleton added three players from Bolivar.
To view more, please log in or subscribe to the digital edition.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Home » Email Security Software
What is Email Security Software?
Email security software protects email accounts from external threats. At the core of the organization's security infrastructure, it ensures that employees are protected from spam, virus, malware, and phishing threats.
Email security software provides a fundamental security capability of email security gateways. In addition, email security programs use artificial intelligence and machine learning, resulting in better detection and response capabilities.
By providing state-of-the-art technology, you're always protected from evolving threats, especially email phishing. Identifying and mitigating these threats before they reach the employee's inbox is vital for a company.
Email security software's evolution is vital as essential protection is no longer as effective as before. Email security works across an organization's infrastructure and processes, including email systems, content security, user behavior, and gateways.
Additionally, just picking the right tool is not enough. Companies must work towards correct implementation, including choosing correct configurations and operational procedures that work across connected processes and services.
If you're thinking of skipping email security, think again, as according to Check Point Research, email is the number one medium to distribute malicious files. Unfortunately, email security software is not advanced. If you're looking for a more advanced solution for your enterprise environment, you must look at email security gateways.
Top Email Security Software Products
Account Takeover Prevention
Advanced Threat Protection (ATP)
Allow & Block Lists
Attachment Protection
Content & Image Control
Policy Enforcement
Real-Time Detection
Targeted Attack Prevention
Whitelisting/Blacklisting
What does an email protection tool do?
Main Benefits of using Email Security Software
Key Features of Email Security Software
How much does it cost for Email Protection Software?
Other software related to Email Security Software
Email Protection tools ensure that emails are protected from hackers and malware. Their biggest challenge is to stop and mitigate zero-day threats. Email Protection solutions are capable of understanding patterns and mitigating zero-day threats, especially in the form of phishing. It continuously learns about dangers through a detection and response framework.
Attachments and links are the primary methods for Phishing attempts. That's why email protection solution acts as a gateway to scan and monitor all the attachments and links and ensure they are not malicious. The algorithms are at play here, parse for known signatures to know if something is malicious.
Furthermore, the best email protection tool also ensures that no data leak takes place. If it detects any anomaly or suspicious behavior, it notifies the admin.
An email protection tool can segregate emails based on blocklist/allowlist categories. To keep the inbox clean, it also checks its reputation and protects the email server from potential Denial of Service(DoS) attacks.
Lastly, organizations must ensure that all configurations and operational procedures are set alongside their email security tool choice. The employees must also follow best security practices to make the email security setup effective.
Organizations still depend on emails as a primary communication method, even when there're many communication applications and services, such as Slack. However, emails need complete protection, especially when sharing sensitive data. If the data leaks, it can cause unrepairable damage to the business.
Also, you need to protect your emails from various types of threats, including phishing, spam, viruses, and ransomware attacks. All of these means organizations should use email security software. To understand the need for a top email security tool, let's go through the benefits below:
Protect business and secret information
Businesses deploy various techniques and rely on trade secrets to stay competitive. These should remain protected at all costs. The company also deals with customers' databases, competitors' knowledge, and other essential data. As a business, it is vital to ensure that no leaks take place. And that's where email security software comes in, as it protects intellectual and financial data.
Control device access
Using email security tools lets you control which devices can open sensitive attachments. This way, you can protect sensitive information from opening in a vulnerable or unmanaged device, giving you complete control.
Spam and phishing protection
Phishing and spam attacks are at the forefront of email vulnerability. Hackers deploy multiple methods, and hence you'll find evolving phishing attacks. As malicious actors try to bring novelty to their attacks, email security software pushes the envelope by continuously improving the methods to detect and stop phishing and spam attacks. The best way to do so is to match signatures and use a detection and response framework.
In a phishing attack, hackers aim to steal information. It can be business-sensitive or employees' personal information such as bank account details, credit card information, etc. Email security tools can learn phishing attempt patterns and block them before they reach the user's inbox.
Identify suspicious activities or user behavior
In addition, to scanning and monitoring inbound messages, email security software also monitor outbound messages. This way, it can detect any suspicious activity, threats, or user behavior harmful to the organization. For example, by continuously monitoring the outbound messages, email security tools can spot suspicious user behavior or discover compromised accounts. Once it finds anything suspicious, it alters the administrators and other users of potential issues.
Protection against zero-day threats
Zero-day threats are new threats engineered by hackers to overcome unpatched or unprepared systems. However, email security software's detection and response framework can identify zero-day threats. For example, zero-day phishing threats modify their approach with new malicious links or attachment that looks genuine. Other zero-day threats include spam, viruses, malware, whaling attack, etc.
Ensure confidential communication
As email is a way to transfer sensitive and confidential communication, it is essential to protect email messages during the transfer. To achieve this, email providers offer encryption so that hackers cannot intercept confidential email content.
Provides real-time protection. It uses modern technologies such as sandboxing, machine learning, predictive analytics, and detection frameworks to stop real-time threats. Real-time protection is vital against new threats such as ransomware.
Ransomware locks computer systems and demand money in exchange for unblocking it. It threatens the owner to release sensitive data. Also, the owner cannot access the system as it is encrypted in the attack. Hackers deploy infected files and URLs via emails to carry out ransomware attacks. Email security tools deploy advanced techniques to protect against ransomware and other threats.
An email security tool offers many key features. Some of these key features include:
Spam filters keep your inbox clean by separating marketing emails. In most cases, your inbox is filled with these marketing emails. If not separated, you can lose track of important emails. That's where spam filters come in.
Spam filters are also effective at identifying phishing emails disguised as marketing emails. The links or the attachments are modified to infect the receiver's computer in a phishing email. Once infected, the hacker can access sensitive information, including credit card numbers, bank account logins, etc.
Also, spam filters rely heavily on algorithms and pattern matching. It uses keywords and malicious links to identify spam and quarantines them. After some time, the spam emails are deleted forever.
Antirivurs protection
Spam filters take care of segregating spam and malicious emails. However, there're still many instances where users click on spam emails and click on attachments. Moreover, spam emails can bypass the spam filter to land in the user's inbox. In both cases, the user is at risk.
A tool like this offers virus and malware protection to protect users from these scenarios. So, if a user opens an email with malicious content, then the antivirus kicks in. The antivirus scans all the downloadable content, including links, before you can open them.
If it finds something suspicious, it warns the user and quarantines the downloaded files, if needed. Additionally, antivirus protection actively identifies threats and blocks malware-carrying emails before they reach the user's inbox.
Data encryption makes sure that your email content stays safe at all times during its transmission. Hackers know that email data is most exposed when it is during transmission. That's why they employ multiple methods, including eavesdropping. Also, compromised emails due to phishing or malware infection can give hackers a way to learn about email content.
Email security tools use data encryption to protect the data. By encrypting email content, hackers are unable to view email content. In most cases, the data is encrypted with military-grade encryption. Also, many email security software can use advanced cryptography features, protecting the email content and the sender and receiver's email message headers.
Content and image control
Hackers are also capable of transmitting malware through images. However, email security software prevents the image from auto-downloading to ensure the infection doesn't occur through emails. Moreover, it ensures no inappropriate content lands in the user's inbox.
Other features besides the above four key features. These include:
Anti-phishing: Almost every key feature aims to protect the user from phishing. The tool's core uses algorithms to analyze and quarantine phishing emails.
URL click-time protection: Apart from attachments, hackers use URLs to infect computers. Email security tools implement a URL click-time protection that scans the URL to protect users from getting infected when opening attached URLs. If the URL is malicious, it stops it from opening or gives a verbal warning about the associated risks.
Clawback: Clawback enables security software to remove a malicious email after it is delivered.
Content Disarm and Reconstruction(CDR): The CDR identifies the benign document(s) that contain malicious content. Moreover, it also reconstructs the document and sanitizes it before sending it to the user.
Sandboxing: The sandboxing feature enables email security software to put suspicious zero-day and sophisticated malware-contained emails in an isolated environment.
Email security solutions' pricing costs depend on multiple factors, including the desired security features. Also, if you have a big organization, you need to pay more, as almost every security software provider charges based on the number of employees within an organization. Additionally, they can also charge for configuration, consultation, and monitoring.
Suppose you pick an email security software with essential features such as URL defense, attachment protection, content filtering, and imposter email protection. In that case, you need to pay around $3-4 per employee monthly. For advanced email protection, organizations need to pay $6-7 per month per employee on average.
Once you have decided upon the level of security you want, you need to determine the number of endpoints and employees. This is because the cost depends on how many employees or endpoints you have within your organization. So, if you have 300 employees and want basic protection, you must sell for around $1200 per month.
Email security providers also charge for consultation and configuration. Here, they'll charge based on network size and the number of employees. On average, any company with less than 500 employees can expect a charge of $100 to $500. However, if you are an organization with over 500 employees, you may have to pay up to $2000.
Lastly, there are also monthly monitoring costs. The monthly management makes sure that your email security software is working correctly. They also manage dashboard alerts, takes care of false positive/negative, and manage users by adding or removing them. Generally, the monthly management can cost between $99 to $500 for small businesses and $500 to $2000 for large companies.
In conclusion, the cost for email protection software are as follows:
For small business(less than 250 employees)
Cost per employee per month: $3-4
Configuration fees(less than 500 employees): $500
Monthly management cost: $99 – $500.
For large business(more than 250 employees):
Configuration fees(less than 500 employees): up to $2000
Monthly management cost: $500 – $2000
Email security software is at the core of a more prominent email security solution known as Secure Email Gateway(SEG). SEG offers a complete email security solution focused on protecting the enterprise ecosystem. In SEG, you get Data Loss Prevention(DLP), CDR, and other advanced features.
Apart from SEG, other related software includes antivirus solutions, encryption solutions, and artificial intelligence/machine learning solutions.
Email Security Software Insights
#Antivirus Software
Best Cybersecurity tools for Small businesses
Similar Email Security Software Categories