text:
Twain's End (Hardcover)
By Lynn Cullen
Gallery Books, 9781476758961, 352pp.
Digital Audiobook (10/12/2015)
Hardcover, Large Print (1/6/2016)
October 2015 Indie Next List
"Isabel Lyon, who was born to gentility, supported herself as a nanny and a secretary and is best known as secretary/companion to the family of Samuel Clemens. Her late marriage to Clemens' business manager left her life in shambles, as afterwards both were fired and slandered. What led to those dramatic shifts is the premise behind Twain's End. Mark Twain may be beloved beyond all American writers, but Cullen has crafted a well-researched tale supporting the view that a very manipulative, selfish, and distant Samuel Clemens and his family hid behind that facade. It is up to you to decide. A marvelous read!"
— Becky Milner (M), Vintage Books, Vancouver, WA
"Reputation-squaring novel. Cullen splashes a surplus of fuel onto her incendiary raw material." —New York Times
"Ms. Cullen is the Bronte of our day." —Huffington Post
A "People Pick"
"Intelligently drawn." —Library Journal
Starred Review from Publishers Weekly
From the bestselling and highly acclaimed author of the "page-turning tale" (Library Journal, starred review) Mrs. Poe comes a fictionalized imagining of the personal life of America's most iconic writer: Mark Twain.
In March of 1909, Mark Twain cheerfully blessed the wedding of his private secretary, Isabel V. Lyon, and his business manager, Ralph Ashcroft. One month later, he fired both. He proceeded to write a ferocious 429-page rant about the pair, calling Isabel "a liar, a forger, a thief, a hypocrite, a drunkard, a sneak, a humbug, a traitor, a conspirator, a filthy-minded and salacious slut pining for seduction." Twain and his daughter, Clara Clemens, then slandered Isabel in the newspapers, erasing her nearly seven years of devoted service to their family. How did Lyon go from being the beloved secretary who ran Twain's life to a woman he was determined to destroy?
In Twain's End, Lynn Cullen reimagines the tangled relationships between Twain, Lyon, and Ashcroft, as well as the little-known love triangle between Helen Keller, her teacher Anne Sullivan Macy, and Anne's husband, John Macy, which comes to light during their visit to Twain's Connecticut home in 1909. Add to the party a furious Clara Clemens, smarting from her own failed love affair, and carefully kept veneers shatter.
Based on Isabel Lyon's extant diary, Twain's writings and letters, and events in Twain's boyhood that may have altered his ability to love, Twain's End explores this real-life tale of doomed love.
Lynn Cullen grew up in Fort Wayne, Indiana and is the bestselling author of The Sisters of Summit Avenue, Twain's End, and Mrs. Poe, which was named an NPR 2013 Great Read and an Indie Next List selection. She lives in Atlanta.
Praise For Twain's End…
"Reputation-squaring novel. Cullen splashes a surplus of fuel onto her incendiary raw material."
— New York Times Book Review
"The extraordinary relationship between…Mark Twain, and his longtime secretary Isabel Lyon is wonderfully reimagined in this absorbing novel…[a] fascinating interpretation of this early 20th century literary immortal, distinguished by incisive character portrayals and no-holds-barred scrutiny."
"Cullen brings a formidable and fascinating novel of thwarted love. Readers will be enthralled by the story."
— RT Book Reviews, four-star review
"Intelligently drawn…Cullen expertly portrays both Samuel Clemens and Mark Twain… fans of historical fiction and biographies will enjoy."
— Library Journal
"Twain's End remains a book that is a joy to read. Ms. Cullen is the Bronte of our day."
— Huffington Post
"A tender evocation of a vain, complicated man's twilight years and last chance at love."
— People
"Twain's End is a well-researched love story and history…readers will savor this accessible view of the enigmatic Mark Twain."
"[Cullen is] a wonderful writer…Twain's End should be on your reading list."
— Bookreporter.com
"Cullen has a knack for weaving in small details to create rich fictional portraits of real-life figures."
— Atlanta Magazine
"A fascinating book about a complicated writer."
— The Missourian
"We're riveted as Twain comes alive—faults and all—but in the end we're captured and captivated by him. Heartbreaking, passionate, profoundly interesting and readable. Cullen has once again jettisoned herself to another time and place and delivered historical fiction fans with an utterly fascinating read."
— New York Times bestseller M.J. Rose
"Every room radiates with deliciously calibrated tension and hidden desires in Twain's End. It is in its psychological truths that the novel succeeds most brilliantly, revealing the inevitable wounds in a relationship between a famous person and an ordinary one, and what happens when the balance of power changes. A riveting read."
— Nancy Bilyeau, author of THE CHALICE
"The breadth of research and faithfulness to the subjects is evident in Twain's End. With clarity and honesty, Cullen resurrects one of America's most complicated and well-known writers and his intimates in vivid, fascinating, and sometimes shocking ways. Twain's End is more than a study in character; it is a cautionary tale of the spoils of fame and power, and those intoxicated by it. Captivating."
— Erika Robuck, bestselling author of HEMINGWAY'S GIRL
"The utterly fascinating and heartbreaking story of the aging literary lion Mark Twain and his intelligent, beautiful devoted secretary Isabel who loved and understood him… a rich novel which will sweep you into a remarkable world."
— Stephanie Cowell, author of CLAUDE AND CAMILLE
"Mark Twain's last decade roars with intrigue and yearning as Lynn Cullen brings our attention to his complicated relationship with Isabel Lyon, his personal secretary who has been long overlooked. A great read for fans of Z and The Paris Wife. Cullen illuminates the darker, outermost corners of Samuel Clemens's later years, the caged lives of his daughters, his dying wife, and a woman 'Mark Twain' was never meant to love."
— Suzanne Rindell, author of THE OTHER TYPIST
"Twain's End is an unflinching, clear-eyed view into the last years of one of American's most beloved authors. Ms. Cullen delves deep and gives us a glimpse into the pain that shaped the mask worn by Samuel Clemens. Brilliant and insightful. I hated to reach the end."
— Susan Crandall, bestselling author of THE FLYING CIRCUS and WHISTLING PAST THE GRAVEYARD
"Lynn Cullen is both a masterful writer and literary detective. Meticulous research and keen curiosity led her to piece together a fascinating account of the last seven years of Mark Twain's life. Though the story of Isabel and Sam took place over a hundred years ago, its concerns remain with us today: the corrupting nature of power and fame, the corroding legacy of slavery in America, the ways in which childhood wounds continue to cripple us throughout our adult lives, the fact that love is sometimes not enough when it comes to the relationships between women and men. To the public, Twain might have been 'Known to Everyone, Liked by All,' but to those closest to him, he was a troubled and difficult man. Cullen shows Mark Twain 'warts and all,' yet we—and the utterly sympathetic Isabel Lyon—still love his irascible spirit, a spirit that nearly leaps off the page. In short: Twain's End is a fabulous read; I loved this book."
— Susan Rebecca White, author of A PLACE AT THE TABLE
"Twain's End is an exquisitely nuanced portrayal of the American icon and the woman who dared to love him. With superb attention to detail, and deep understanding and care for her protagonists, Lynn Cullen brings this deliciously complex story to life, delivering everything we expect in a modern masterpiece."
— Anne Girard, author of MADAME PICASSO
"With Twain's End, Lynn Cullen has once again proven herself a master of historical fiction. This remarkable book explores the life of Mark Twain as seen through the eyes of the women in his household. As each interacts with the legendary Twain, the reader is allowed glimpses of the man—Samuel Clemens—living behind the well-known persona who rode in on a comet's coattails and made the entire world laugh. Lynn Cullen is an outstanding writer, and Twain's End is an exceptional book."
— Raymond Atkins, author of SWEETWATER BLUES


Government has banned Rs 500 / Rs 1000 notes to tackle the problem of black money, corruption, fake currency.
Many people are now searching for " How to convert black money into white money". It is one of the leading search term on Google.
I do not encourage black money or methods mentioned below to convert black money to white money. Now people may be reaching you to get their black money converted or giving you lucrative offers. The intention of this post is to raise awareness that some of these methods are common in India. Also, income tax department are also aware of such loopholes and will be keeping eye on these.
1a) Declare the black money as this current year's income and pay normal tax as advance tax.
1b) Dealing with God – You will be surprised that some people are not even sparing the religious place for converting their black money. there are reports in media where temple management is accepting banned notes as anonymous donation, keep a commission and given back new notes to owner.
2) Black Money Agents or offering fee other people – There are agents mushrooming or you will be get many offers for converting black money or depositing money into your account for a fees. As the government will not be investigating the deposit upto Rs 2.50 lakhs, many people are giving offers to others. I am sure that there will be many deposits in the Jan Dhan accounts where there was no previous activity.
Some people are paying 10-30% to deposit their money into your account and pay them back after 2-3 months. Though it may sound lucrative, beware of such offers and you should decline it.
3) Advance salaries – Many businesses are opening bank accounts in name of employees and depositing advance salaries in their account. To make sure money is safe, they have taken away the cheque book, debit cards etc.
4) Using farmers / Showing Agricultural Income : As agricultural income is not taxable, any black money can be shown as income from such sources. If you hold agricultural land, then agricultural income can be shown. There are many middlemen mushrooming in the market which are luring farmers to use this method to convert black money for others for some percentage.
5) Buying gold / precious metals – Many people are buying gold in cash using black money. Many jewellers have increased the prices of gold significantly if you are buying in cash. Income tax dept are keeping close eyes on such transactions.
6) Jeweller – Some Jewellers (nor majority of them) will help you to convert your black money into white. You give cash to them and they will in turn give you cheque after deduction a percentage (5-10%). They will give you a purchase bill showing that they have bought items from your (silver items, gold jewellery etc). You do not need to pay capital gains tax.
7) Showing tuition income or other professional fees: Many people show fictious income by showing tuition fees or boutique business or other professional income. Normally for non earning member of the family. The black money can then be shown as income from that source and convert into white.
8) Bogus Loan Entry – This is very common methods used by businessmen. They show their black money as loan received from friend and relative. They also pay some interest to the relative for using their name as loan entry. Such loan are either not paid for a long time.
9) Bogus real estate deal – People use this method for large amount. They do fake real estate deal, exchange some money and then cancel these deals. The token amount is shown as not refunded.
10) Gift from relatives – Your relative give cheque to you and you pay them back in cash.
As there is cash crunch, many people are using Paytm (mobile wallet) to make transactions without need of cash. Read more about Paytm and how you can use it – here.
Disclaimer – I do not encourage such methods. Pay your due taxes, it is good for economy and your peace of mind. Income tax are aware of such methods and they will be keeping eye on these. So beware.
Except the case 1, in other cases, money coming is again black only. Black money need not be only on old rs 1000/rs 500 currency, it can be in notes of other denominations.Black money converted as above can take the form of new currency notes like new rs 2000/rs 500 notes. better pay tax and get relieved.


text:
#toohotforparagraphs
most adorable, expressive, squooshy-cheeked, heart-tugging moppet since Stanley Ka Dabba
+ a female with plenty of agency despite being very young, a foreigner, unspeaking, and an in-context minority
+ "holy fool" type* (un-, even anti-conventional, charitable, simple, humble) gently enacted by Salman Khan
+ "Chicken Song"
+ girls getting to be interested in sports
+ no egregious beating up of people by the hero
+ emotionally (not logically) (duh) pleasing conclusion of the human trafficking element
+ mention, however brief, that dividing humankind by religion and caste is silly
+ illustration of challenges resulting from strictly, literally following a moral code
+ soldiers, officials, and everyday folks who do what is right
+ Nawazuddin Siddiqui doing anything**, especially rapid-fire line delivery
+ spin on the road trip formula
+ fuzzy lammies
+ Delhi food
- like Baahubali, no need for a woman to go on a quest too, even though she is, you know, someone who works with children for a profession
- large number of adults who are really quite bad at keeping track of a child
- border officials who don't radio/call in to HQ to check the story about a lost Pakistani girl, whose had in fact been registered with authorities right away
- last three minutes, which are quite overdone and have shoddy CGI, including the classic mistake of physical objects with no shadow on a sunny day
? meaning of head scarf flying off as she gets stranded in India
? overly simplistic but perhaps in a kind, forgiving way
? echoes of moments of Highway with the happy times on the verdant mountainside
? why didn't they ask their Muslim next-door neighbors, who were already a known source of comfort to Munni, for some help in caring for her/providing her with a bigger competent adult community once they realized her religious identity, even just to get her out of the way of Blowhard Conservative Uncle for a few hours
entertained, satisfied, and slightly teary Beth
Note: I do think this film has the capacity to serve as a powerful piece of PR about Salman's real-life character among anyone who is prone to confusing (whether deliberately or not) actors with their characters. I don't know enough to speculate whether the director meant it as such, but surely the star realized the value. However, will that lesson fall on ears that aren't likely to be convinced already of his good-boy-ness? I doubt it. Uday Bhatia discusses the film's portrayal of its hero well in his review.
* definition by Oxford dictionaries: "A person who appears unintelligent and unsophisticated but who has other redeeming qualities."
** Maybe more than any other performer, if I had to name a favorite performance of his, I would be very hard pressed indeed.
" mention, however brief, that dividing humankind by religion and caste is silly"
Which is why I was disappointed that the very last words of the film were "Jai Sri Ram" shouted by the previously mute Muslim Shahida, at the end of 2.5 hours in which the Hindu hero never once said so much as a single "salaam". I fully understand why it was done that way, but given the message, such capitulation was still disappointing. It didn't ruin the overall experience, just took a bit of the shine off it.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Kiln Red Metallic paintwork, Linen White leather interior with Burgundy leather pipe, Burgundy carpets.
Formerly the Lancaster Colchester display car, the next owners kept the vehicle for 29 years, before reluctantly parting with her. Totally restored with over 500 Process pictures. Recently money has also been spent renewing the hood Perspex. The service history file is present. This low-mileage SC cabriolet was presented in excellent condition, and represents excellent value in our opinion.


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10 Best William Faulkner Books (2021)
William Cuthbert Faulkner was born on the 25th of September, in the year of 1897, in New Albany, Mississippi, United States of America. Faulkner was a famous American author, screenwriter, essayist, playwright, and Nobel Prize laureate, as well.
As noted above, the author was born in New Albany, Mississippi, and he was the first child of four. Another Faulkner child was also a writer, namely John Faulkner. Faulkner's parents were Murry Cuthbert Faulkner and Maud Buller. Just after Faulkner's birth, the family relocated to Ripley, Mississippi, as the dad had a fortuitous job offer and hoped that he could inherit a railroad from his dad.
Best William Faulkner Books
Light in August 9.34/10 507 Pages Check Price On Amazon
Absalom, Absalom! 9.42/10 384 Pages Check Price On Amazon
The Sound and the Fury 9.26/10 326 Pages Check Price On Amazon
A Rose for Emily and Other Stories 9.64/10 248 Pages Check Price On Amazon
As I Lay Dying 9.02/10 156 Pages Check Price On Amazon
Sanctuary 9.02/10 396 Pages Check Price On Amazon
Collected Stories 9.92/10 912 Pages Check Price On Amazon
The Snopes Trilogy 9.52/10 3 Books Check Price On Amazon
The Wild Palms 9.24/10 238 Pages Check Price On Amazon
The Unvanquished 9.06/10 260 Pages Check Price On Amazon
With time, the family moved once more, this time to Oxford, Mississippi, and it is here that the writer lived most of his life, even though it was a continuous residency. When only seventeen, he met Phil Stone, who influenced his writing early on. He attended the University of Mississippi, with Stone being by his side. With that said, let us now divert our attention to our picks for the best William Faulkner books.
Rightfully among the best-selling Faulkner books and the most popular Faulkner books, Light in August is among our favorite works by the writer. Light in August is a marvelous novel that we cannot wait to read once more. It was published in the year of 1932, spanning about 500 pages, in total.
The tale begins in the 1930s, namely in the American South, just as racial segregation had been legalized and Prohibition-era was at its peak. We start with Lena Grove, who is a young white girl with a child, who is from Doane's Mill, Alabama.
Lena Grove is trying to find the dad of her soon to be born child, namely Lucas Burch. Burch had lost his job and relocated to Mississippi, but not before making a promise that he'd send for Lena once he got a job.
Having not heard from Burch for a lengthy period of time and continually harassed by her elder brother for her predicament, Lena does the best thing that she thinks of – she hitchhikes all the way to Jefferson, Mississippi.
Lena was expecting that Lucas would be there, working, and all up for the marriage. Helped by a few strangers, all of whom are suspicious of Lucas' integrity, she finally finds Lucas, but he isn't Lucas anymore, but Joe Brown. The story, to this point, has only just started. With regards to William Faulkner's books ranked in order of best to worst, Light in August can't be missed among the top few.
Absalom, Absalom!
Pure Brilliance
Absalom, Absalom! is, by many fans and readers, considered to be the final masterpiece that Faulkner ever penned, but that isn't to say that the rest aren't brilliant – they are, but this one is special. Absalom, Absalom! was published in the year of 1936, spanning about 300 pages or so. It is one of the best-rated Faulkner books and the one that comes up most often when talking about William Faulkner's best books.
Complex Narrative
As we noted, Absalom, Absalom! is viewed by many of the Faulkner readers, fans, and even scholars, as the best work he ever penned. The writing is rather complex, with a structure that is fragmentary, yet all the more gratifying when the reader does manage to enter this magnificent and terrific novel. We begin with a man called Thomas Sutpen and it is one great beginning.
Family's Foundation
Thomas Sutpen is an impoverished man, who, whether by chance, happenstance, or just a fortuitous chain of events, has just come into a great deal of wealth when he marries a girl who comes from a venerable family. The urge and the aspirations that demand control are what bring about the downfall of a tightly-knit family, with the story being told by several narrators.
The Sound and the Fury
The Sound and the Fury is yet another brilliant work by the author, which we would go so far as to consider it the best Faulkner book on the entire list of novels by Faulkner. The Sound and the Fury was published in the year of 1929 with more than three hundred pages.
The Sound and the Fury begins, as many of Faulkner's books do, with a family. The family, as we can foresee, will be disrupted by force to the point that we will certainly be amazed at how something like this can just happen to a great Southern family.
Many Characters
The family at hand are the Compsons, who, by themselves and by dint of the author's brilliant storytelling, are very recognizable, very well-known literary characters. We have Benjy, who is a man, though obviously immature; then, there's Jason, a cynical brute with little regard for common morals; Dilsey, a black servant; and Caddy, the attractive, yet renegade-like beauty.
With a sizable familial history and a familial legacy, the family has one terrific story to tell us. Among Faulkner's best novels.
A Rose for Emily and Other Stories
Stranger's Funeral
A Rose for Emily and Other Stories is not just any entry on our William Faulkner novels list, but one of the top Faulkner books, even with all William Faulkner's famous books in mind. The book at hand was published in the year of 1930, spanning a tad over 140 pages.
A Rose for Emily, the titular story from this terrific collection, is subdivided into a total of five different, distinct sections. In the very first section, our narrator remembers the time when Emily Grierson died, with the whole town present at her funeral, even though no stranger had entered her house in the last ten years. For more reasons than one, her home was the final one that remained from a certain era.
Following the death of Emily's husbands, she had no tax responsibilities to pay attention to, as the then-mayor had elected to do so. Subsequently, when different mayors come to power, they attempt to make Emily begin paying once more.
She declines noting that they ought to speak to the mayor that liberated her from these duties – the issue is that Colonel Sartoris was dead for more than ten years. This moving and enigmatic tale is one of our favorites from the author.
As I Lay Dying is one of the very popular Faulkner books that people like to read. It also stands as being among the best books of William Faulkner out of all William Faulkner book reviews, here. As I Lay Dying was published in 1930.
Coming for Her
As I Lay Dying is a book in nearly sixty chapters, with more than a dozen different characters carrying the narrative voice throughout. When the tale begins, Addie Bundren is still living, though her health isn't worth boasting about.
She, like those around her, anticipates that she will pass away soon. Cash, the first child Addie ever bore, is the one building her the coffin she'll be buried in. She also pays attention to her spouse Anse, who is just waiting on the porch, while her daughter, Dewey, is trying to fan her mom.
What Is Left Behind
Soon enough, Addie has passed away, with a veritable storm having done its best to hinder any black-clothed posse. The journey by means of wagon begins, with Addie's non-yet-embalmed body in the coffin.
On their way, many issues arise. It is here that we first get to meet who the characters really are, but also who Addie, herself, was. Holds a spot on any of the best William Faulkner books ranked lists.
Going Back Home
Sanctuary is not just one of the best novels by Faulkner; it might be Faulkner's best book, period. Sanctuary is in league with our favorites from this author. Sanctuary was published in the year of 1931, spanning a little into the 300-page range.
Sanctuary is a book that is set in Yoknapatawpha County, Mississippi, which, itself, is a fictional county in Faulkner's works. The novel happens during May and June in the year of 1929. In May, one lawyer named Horace Benbow, after being thoroughly frustrated and exasperated by his family, decides to leave his home. He has decided to hitchhike back to Jefferson, which is his hometown.
Bizarre Journey
While hitchhiking to Jefferson, where his widow sister resides with her son and her dead husband's great-aunt, Jenny, Horace stops for a drink at a homestead, which belongs to a bootlegger named Lee Godwin.
It is here that he meets a man named Popeye, who takes him to a derelict, old mansion where queer characters live. Soon enough, Horace gets a chance to ride the way all to Jefferson, where his tale only starts. Possibly, the best William Faulkner novel.
Collected Stories
Collected Stories is among those books written by William Faulkner that you would be making a grave error by not putting it among the best William Faulkner books in order. Collected Stories was published in the year of 1950, spanning a sizable nine hundred pages, all in all.
Tender and Savage
The Collected Stories here refer to the many short stories that William Faulkner penned during his lofty, illustrious career. As such, the rather large page count is very much justified.
There is a total of forty-two tales here, all written with the marked enthusiasm, passion, and storytelling prowess that the author was known and loved for. Evocative of emotions both fearful and sweet, both brutal and pleasant, we cannot recommend this book enough.
In this entry among the most popular books by Faulkner, one can find a couple of these stories here – Two Soldiers, Victory, The Brooch, Beyond, A Bear Hunt, All the Dead Pilots, My Grandmother Millard, There was a Queen, Divorce in Naples, Pennsylvania Station, A Rose for Emily, Mule in the Yard, Shall not Perish, and many, many more. One of the best books by William Faulkner ever.
The Snopes Trilogy Book Series
Out of all Faulkner series, The Snopes Trilogy is perhaps the best William Faulkner book series ever. The Snopes Trilogy consists of, as the title is suggestive of, a total of three books, so that these Faulkner novels in order go as follows:
Biting and Corrosive
Having covered William Faulkner's books in order, we can take a look at what is actually going on inside of one of the best Faulkner series. The first novel in the series is called The Hamlet. The Hamlet is one of the most inventive, most ironic, and caustic works that the author ever penned, with his targets being classical tragedy and the proclivities that the Southern people have even after the war.
Cunning Man
We follow a family called Snopes in Frenchman's Bend, a rather small town that stands above the ruins of a once quite orderly plantation. It's Elem Snopes, a man who is lively and dynamic, with origins to wonder about, who is beginning to take control of the town. Among the best novels by Faulkner on the whole William Faulkner books list.
The Wild Palms
The Wild Palms is a mesmerizingly and breathtakingly fantastic novel that we really can't put it into words. The Wild Palms was published in the year of 1939, with a page count going into the 300 range, all in all.
The Wild Palms, which was also titled If I Forget Thee, Jerusalem, the writer is at his height. The story at hand has two separate narratives, both of which complement and shine a light on each other, but also equally entrancing and enrapturing as far as literary works go.
We begin in the year of 1937, namely in New Orleans, where a man and a woman begin their journey of lust and passion, as the woman at hand is running away from her spouse.
Risky Endeavor
A single decade prior, in Mississippi, a convicted felon began his journey across a river that had flooded over, very much putting his own liberty in peril to save the life of a woman with a child. While the two tales seem to be at odds with each other, it becomes clear rather soon what the connection is. In the way that only Faulkner could write, the story achieves its magnificent climax.
The Unvanquished
Seven Chapters
The Unvanquished is yet another of Faulkner's novels that, if we were taking a look at Faulkner's novels ranked, would find itself in a rather lofty position. The Unvanquished was published in the year of 1938.
The Unvanquished is one of the novels of Faulkner that we love the most, especially for its structure. The novel is separated into seven different episodes, most of which happen just after the previous, but sometimes with a monthly or yearly gap between them. We start with Bayard Sartoris and his slave companion Ringo, who are playing in the dirt on the Sartoris plantation.
Losing the War
Loosh, another slave, breaks off the children's game, noting that the armies of the Union have managed to get to Mississippi, rather close to Jefferson. While the children aren't privy to the war's particulars, Colonel John Sartoris does and he is disconcerted, to say the least, to hear that Vicksburg has fallen.
Loosh is to be observed carefully during the following few days. Soon enough, a Yankee soldier on horseback is seen approaching them. What could this mean for the South and their livelihood? What for the Sartoris plantation? One of the best Faulkner novels we've picked up.
Michael Englert
Michael is a graduate of cultural studies and history. He enjoys a good bottle of wine and (surprise, surprise) reading. As a small-town librarian, he is currently relishing the silence and peaceful atmosphere that is prevailing.
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text:
Basu AR
History of Indian psychiatry
colonial and post-colonial psychiatry
Historicism and ...
Recent Insights ...
Texts from Colon...
Texts from Postc...
Historicizing Indian psychiatry
Amit Ranjan Basu
Centre for Historical Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
Our historical endeavour to map Indian psychiatry has largely remained linear, positivistic and evolutionary. Whether it starts from the ancient times or modern, it shows our past as a tale of victory for the western science, without questioning the borrowed paradigm. The use of historical methods for serious enquiry of psychiatry has been ignored. Emergence of a new genre of historicism that is critical of both colonialism and psychiatry as a universal science, has raised hopes to critically review the emergence of psychiatric knowledge.
Keywords: History of Indian psychiatry, colonial and post-colonial psychiatry
Basu AR. Historicizing Indian psychiatry. Indian J Psychiatry 2005;47:126-9
Basu AR. Historicizing Indian psychiatry. Indian J Psychiatry [serial online] 2005 [cited 2019 Jul 16];47:126-9. Available from: http://www.indianjpsychiatry.org/text.asp?2005/47/2/126/55963
The history of psychiatry in India has been interpreted in only one way. The development of modern psychiatry has always been seen, especially in colonial and post-colonial times, through the prism of a western science which makes evolutionary and linear progress and where we are perpetually located in a situation of lack. This reductionism and positivistic way of interpreting a past needs to be questioned.
To explore how the past of Indian psychiatry is represented, the interdisciplinary method of social science is required and historical texts selected from colonial and post-colonial times need to be gleaned. In the recent critique of history of science (particularly in the colonies where 'sciences' arrived as a tool for expansion of the empire and to govern the colonized) researchers have raised crucial questions on the omnipotence of the colonial science. [1],[2],[3],[4] Analytical tools adopted in these studies challenge the 'reality' claimed in the historical narratives of the colonial rulers and expose the underlying assumptions.
Historicism and Foucault's Work
It is important to say something on historicism first and the rupture brought in the history of psychiatry by Michel Foucault's work. [5] This would help us to understand better the emergence of current scholarship.
Historicism is a critical movement that insists on the prime importance of historical context to the interpretation of texts of all kinds [emphasis mine]. It has developed as a reaction to the practice of deducing truth from first principles about how people must organize themselves socially and politically. Natural laws governing human behaviour at all times are formulated, and cultures evaluated by the degree to which they are appropriate to this ideal pattern. Historicists oppose this tradition which, primarily associated with the Enlightenment, stretches in different versions, from the seventeenth century natural-law theorists to the sophistications of Kant and Hegel. Historicists maintain that human nature is too variable for such legislation to be universally applicable. Historicists work to evolve a model for apprehending cultural and social diversity that is different from the scientific, law-governed paradigm of the Enlightenment. [6] In the sense, this new historical awareness means acknowledging the autonomy of a past in the present.
From the South Asian perspective, social scientist Dipesh Chakrabarty has dealt with the issue of historicism critically in the context of theory. Here Chakrabarty proposes a different dimension to historicism influenced by Foucault. He wrote:
Scholars contemplating the subjects called 'Indian history' have often relieved, as it were, the old passions of the 'struggles of the Enlightenment with superstition' that Hegel writes about in his Phenomenology. They have assumed that for India to function as a nation based on the institutions of science, democracy, citizenship, and social justice, 'reason' had to prevail over all that was 'irrational' and 'superstitious' among its citizens. Historicism has been a very close ally of such thought... How would history, the rational-secular discipline, understand and represent such practices?... But sympathetic or not, these accounts all foreground a separation-a subject-object distinction-between the academic observer-subject and the 'superstitious' persons serving as the object of the study. [7]
The history of psychiatry never remained the same after Michel Foucault. All the work done before him can be clubbed as various kinds of evolutionary histories that described asylum practices and its institutional growth, which was to become the discipline of psychiatry later. By seriously questioning these kind of histories, Foucault opened up possibilities for a new range of studies on mental hospitals and psychiatry. Foucault was keen to see how discourses* in a specific context produce episteme that govern our thinking in a particular way. Though he generated hostility from mainstream medical historians, Foucault's views were received positively by a section of continental philosophers and social scientists who could see the radicalism with which he related power to a set of discursive practices that depended on the omnipotence of Enlightenment and Reason. It would be useful to look at the context of the emergence of Foucault's major work on madness.
What makes Foucault's work on history of madness so special is his attempt to write the history of both concepts and institutions in a way that blurs the distinction between the two. [9] Foucault focused on what goes on instead of looking at the rationally conceived object of knowledge.
Recent Insights about our Past
The new historiography that has emerged for the past two decades on science and medicine, particularly on psychiatry and psychoanalysis in India, has examined colonialism in all its complexity. Ashis Nandy [10] was the first who analysed the psychology of colonialism in India provocatively without following a historical method. He borrowed the interpretative tools of psychoanalysis and 'focused on the living traditions, emphasizing the dialectic between the classical, the pure and the high-status on the one hand, and the folksy, hybrid and the low-brow on the other'. [10] His work is no less seminal than Frantz Fanon's [11] -the psychiatrist and revolutionary who focused on the concept of negritude and analysed colonial power in Algeria. Nandy [10] looked at that form of colonization, 'which at least six generations of the Third World have learnt to view as a prerequisite for their liberation. This colonialism colonizes minds in addition to bodies and releases forces within colonized societies to alter their cultural priorities once for all' [10] [emphasis mine].
Gyan Prakash [4] has offered a radical analysis of colonialism and modernity, which goes beyond the colonial/national binary and explores the issue of how scientific reason worked out a form of governance evoking a new imagination of modern nation-state that mimicked the European model. He said:
Compelled to use universal reason as a particular means of rule, the British positioned modernity in colonial India as an uncanny double, not a copy, of the European original-it was almost the same but not quite. In the colonial context universal claims of science always had to be represented, imposed, and translated into other terms. This was not because Western culture was difficult to reproduce, but because it was dislocated by its functioning as a form of alien power and thus was forced to adopt other guises and languages. [4]
*This is derived from the word discourse as used by Foucault. He seeks to account for the creation of objects within discourse 'by relating them to the body of rules that enable them to form as objects', and which thus constitute 'the conditions of their historical appearance'. This is significant in that he stresses the constitutive role of discursive practices in forming and determining objects, rather than the converse. [8]
Prakash has innovatively worked out his analysis using Foucauldian tools to bring out how the project of Indian science was, from the very beginning, problematized. He has discussed in detail the issue of translation of science and showed the existence of a critical discourse that was aware of the power differentials in this process. He has argued that in Indian modernity we are negotiating the polarities of secular and religious, community and state, science and culture, whose hybridization have formed the stuff of its historical existence.
In the domain of history of psychiatry in India too, we observe the emergence of this critical historiography. Waltraud Ernst, a psychologist turned social historian, has done major work [12],[13],[14],[15] to analyse the issues of early institutionalization, racism, gender and colonial structures. Christiane Hartnack's work has looked into the context of the emergence of psychoanalysis under colonial dominance and the Indian response. [16] Her critical analysis centred around Girindrasekhar Basu, the first psychoanalyst outside the western world, and other scholars proposing new theories of the Indian psyche.
Girindrasekhar has attracted scholarly attention recently after Nandy's insightful and imaginative analysis. [17],[18] While in 'Savage Freud' his reading of Girindrasekhar's life delved into an internal critique of Indian psychiatry, the other article has used the symbol of Girindrasekhar's oeuvre as a critique of modern historiography. Kakar [19] also has observed how Girindrasekhar has modified the Freudian version of psychoanalysis through his innovative practice. Basu [20] followed up Nandy's analyses on Girindrasekhar and interpreted his Bengali works to bring out his critique of the received science.
Two studies have looked critically into the issue of cannabis use and the colonial power. Mills [21] has meticulously screened the colonial records of asylums for Indian patients in the nineteenth century, specifically focusing on the cannabis use. His analysis questioned the scientific hypothesis of 'hemp insanity' and showed how colonial power influenced this postulation. The other study by Basu [22] has focused on the questionnaire used by the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission and analysed the evidences given by indigenous medical practitioners and showed how the history of 'cannabis psychosis' is constructed.
There is thus a growing corpus of contemporary research on Indian science and medicine that has opened up new possibilities to re-examine the concept of a 'humanitarian', 'universal' science. These possibilities help us to see our specificity and conceptual growth that make our history not a simple tale of progress, but a complex discourse. Studies in the history of psychiatry have raised doubts about the success of the Enlightenment project and explored conceptual critiques from the historical contexts.
Texts from Colonial India
In an editorial in the Indian Medical Gazette[23] the medical progress in the nineteenth century was reviewed with a brief passage on 'Lunatic Asylums', which said:
It is not, however, till within recent years that we find proper arrangements for the due care of the insane and for the teaching and training of the asylum attendants. We have on previous occasions referred to the changes which are about to take place in the management of the asylums of India, and with the new century we have every reason to expect that a new era is dawning for the insane in India. [23]
Lodge Patch reviewed the nineteenth century Indian psychiatry historically. He followed the development of Punjab Mental Hospital from 1840 to 1930. [24] His views are typically colonial, where Indians are transformed through custodial care in asylums from their ignorance and superstition. He is astonished that Indians are not interested in the salvation of the mental health of their country, though he did not mention how Indians view mental salvation according to different traditions. He reduced all this into 'their belief on spirit'! To him it was a humanitarian task to impose the European model for 'development'.
Berkeley-Hill [25] in his autobiography wrote a chapter on 'Ranchi European Mental Hospital'. His narrative described the internal contradictions of colonial administration and posed him as a major protagonist for developing Indian psychiatry on the latest scientific advancements. His history talked of his struggles with the higher colonial authority to bring modern changes. In the epilogue of his book, he wrote:
On the 24th October, 1934, I handed over charge of the Ranchi European Mental Hospital, and like the Cheshire Cat, faded away. I had refused all suggestions of any sort of farewell function. Like H. G. Wells, I feel that leaders should guide as far as they can and then vanish. Looking back on the fifteen years of my leadership I realize only too well that much of my work was slovenly and irritated. But inspite of this, the miserable bear-garden I had taken charge of in October, 1919, had become the finest mental hospital in Asia, and a great deal finer than many mental hospitals in Europe [25] [emphasis mine].
Berkeley-Hill was a founder member of the Indian Psychoanalytical Association and a prolific writer. But his writings strongly supported colonial ideology and he used psychoanalysis as a tool of governance. [26]
Girindrasekhar Bose's article [27] was written more as a scientific review of the past 25 years' work done in psychology than as a historical narrative. It, however, reflects the contours of a nationalistic science. Colonial reports on asylums and articles in medical journals follow a similar pattern of narrative strategies. All present a view of Indian psychiatry that is becoming modern and civilized, emerging out of the status of a 'savage' society.
Texts from Postcolonial India
The Indian Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry (later Indian Journal of Psychiatry) in its fourth year of publication carried a long article on the history of psychiatry in India and Pakistan. [28] Varma was the first Assistant Superintendent of the Indian Mental Hospital at Kanke, Ranchi. He wrote a comprehensive chronological account of the changes brought in the Indian psychiatric institutions in Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Madras, Calicut, Waltair, Mysore, Bombay, Sindh, Assam, Central Provinces, Punjab and Amritsar. Varma neither questioned the paradigms of western science nor did he look critically whether independent India would need more hospitals or any other alternative models.
In his presidential address at the Annual Conference of the Indian Psychiatric Society, Venkoba Rao deliberated on the ancient Indian thoughts on psychiatry. [29] He attempted to relocate our psychiatric past from the pre-Vedic period to the post-Vedic Ayurvedic treatises, to show that it is in continuation with a uniform pattern all over the world. He tried his best to fit many indigenous categories with the western ones. But he never posed the problem to the practitioners of modern Indian psychiatry as to why and how we became alienated from such ancient learning. Two years later Rao [30] would again talk about the sacred Hindu text Gita in relation to mental sciences and rediscover parallels with western psychiatry. He did not doubt that the atma and kaya duality of Gita can be different from a Descartian mind/body split, which is foundational to modern philosophy and cognitive science. He has also ignored Girindrasekhar Bose's significant contributions to Indian philosophy. [31] In both the articles he has not questioned how these ancient sciences struggled with the western concept of mind and its disorders for its existence. What are its current forms? Rather, a seamless ancient past is invoked more as a nostalgic memory, whose remnants we cherish in the contemporary psychiatric discourse.
Somasundaram's article [32] on the Indian Lunacy Act, 1912 is another example of a linear historical narrative that lamented why it took so long to change a colonial law, but failed to notice that Section 377 of Indian Penal Code which criminalizes homosexuality is not deleted. In a brief article, Michel Weiss [33] pointed out the colonial hegemony over indigenous practices in the nineteenth century India. He observed that:
Competition between the Western and more popular indigenous medical practices was intense, and toward the end of the 19th century, the British asylum superintendents tended to look with increasing condescension and outright disdain at indigenous practices… This attitude…sanctioned the predominance of Western values in education and English over Indian languages and culture. [33]
Perhaps it was not before Chakraborty [34] that a conceptual issue to judge our psychiatric knowledge through history and culture was raised. Brief in its scope, the article eruditely dealt with the complexity produced by discourses on colonialism, culture and psychiatry, and posed new theoretical questions.
The ahistorical and acultural understanding has prevented us from exploring the conceptual issues that are specific to Indian psychiatry. We are still struggling to erase the lack in Indian psychiatry in relation to the Euro-American one.
Different perspectives of historicism have helped us to look at the epistemological struggles that took place at various levels of discourses of Indian psychiatry; Girindrasekhar Basu is one example. This critical investigation hints at the forgotten or silenced knowledge of Indian psychiatry that contributes to its conceptual development. If we need to know why the outcome of treatment of schizophrenia is better in our country compared to the developed ones, then we not only have to study the history and culture of schizophrenia in India, but also how schizophrenia is constructed in our society. Perhaps it is not too late to develop theoretical concepts of Indian psychiatry by exploring interdisciplinary historical studies visible at the horizon.
I gratefully acknowledge the support received from the staff of the National Medical Library, New Delhi; National Library, West Bengal State Archives, Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Kolkata. This research is a part of my larger project on colonialism and Indian psychiatry funded by the Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi, History of Science Division, from 1999 to 2002. I also take the opportunity to thank my supervisors Professor Neeladri Bhattacharya and Kunal Chakrabarty of the Centre for Historical Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, who groomed my historical methods and are a constant source of encouragement for braving such interdisciplinary research. Finally, I thank the editor of IJP for publishing this article as a viewpoint.
1. Kumar D. Science and the Raj, 1857-1905. Delhi: Oxford University Press; 1995.
2. Nandy A (ed). Science, hegemony and violence: A requiem for modernity. Delhi: Oxford University Press; 1988.
3. Arnold D. Science, technology and medicine in colonial India, The new Cambridge history of India III.5. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press; 2000.
4. Prakash G. Another reason: Science and the imagination of modern India. Delhi: Oxford University Press; 2000.
5. Foucault M. Madness and civilization: History of insanity in the age of reason. Translated from French by Richard Howard, New York: Pantheon; 1965.
6. Hamilton P. Historicism. (2nd ed.) London and New York: Routledge; 2003.
7. Chakrabarty D. Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial thought and historical difference. Delhi: Oxford University Press; 2001.
8. Howarth D. Discourse. First South Asian Edition. New Delhi: Viva Books; 2002.
9. Erikson M. Michel Foucault's madness and civilization: A selective bibliography with critical notations. In: Still A, Velody I (eds). Rewriting the history of madness. London and New York: Routledge; 1992:185-217.
10. Nandy A. The intimate enemy: Loss and recovery of self under colonialism. Delhi: Oxford University Press; 1983.
11. Fanon F. Black skin, white masks. Translated from French by Charles Lame Markmann, New York: Grove Press; 1967.
12. Ernst W. The establishment of 'native lunatic asylums' in early nineteenth century British India. In: Meulenbeld G. Jan, Wujastyk D (eds). Studies in Indian medical history, Reprint. 2001. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass; 1987.
13. Ernst W. European madness and gender in nineteenth century British India. Social History of Medicine 1996;9:357-82.
14. Ernst W. Asylum provision and the East India Company in the nineteenth century. Medical History 1998;42:476-502.
15. Ernst W. Colonial psychiatry, magic and religion: The case of mesmerism in India. History of Psychiatry 2004;15:57-71.
16. Hartnack C. Psychoanalysis in colonial India. Delhi: Oxford University Press; 2001.
17. Nandy A. The savage Freud and other essays on possible and retrievable selves. Delhi: Oxford University Press; 1995.
18. Nandy A. History's forgotten doubles. History and Theory 1995;34:44-66.
19. Kakar S. Encounters of the psychological kind: Freud, Jung and India. In: Culture and psyche: Selected essays. Delhi: Oxford University Press; 1997:20-32.
20. Basu AR. Girindrasekhar Bose and the coming of psychology in colonial India. Theoretical Perspective 1999;6:29-55.
21. Mills JH. Madness, cannabis and colonialism: The 'native-only' lunatic asylums of British India. London: MacMillan; 2000.
22. Basu AR. Cannabis and madness: Evidence from the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission, Bengal 1894. Studies in History (NS) 2000;16:131-8.
23. Medical progress in India during the past century [editorial]. Indian Medical Gazette 1901;35:21-25.
24. Lodge Patch CJ. A critical review of the Punjab Mental Hospitals from 1840-1930. Lahore: Punjab Govt. Record Office Publications; 1931.
25. Berkeley-Hill O. All too human: An unconventional autobiography. London: Peter Davies; 1939.
26. Berkeley-Hill O. Collected papers. Calcutta: The Book Co. Ltd; 1933.
27. Bose G. Progress of psychology in India in the past twentyfive years. In: Prasad B (ed). The progress of science in India during the past twenty-five years. Calcutta: Indian Science Congress Association; 1938:336-52.
28. Varma LP. History of psychiatry in India and Pakistan. Indian Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry 1953;4:26-53, 138-64.
29. Rao V. Psychiatric thought in ancient India. Indian J Psychiatry 1978;20:107-19.
30. Rao V. Gita and the mental sciences. Indian J Psychiatry 1980;22:19-31.
31. Bose G. The psychological outlook of Hindu philosophy. Indian J Psychol 1930;5:119-46.
32. Somasundaram O. The Indian Lunacy Act, 1912: The historic background. Indian J Psychiatry 1987;29:3-14.
33. Weiss MG. The treatment of insane patients in India in the lunatic asylums of the nineteenth century. Indian J Psychiatry 1983;25:312-16.
34. Chakraborty A. Culture, colonialism and psychiatry. Lancet 1991;337:1204-7.
BE 318, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700064
1 The rhetoric of women and childrenæs rights in Indian psychiatry
Jocelyn Marrow
Anthropology & Medicine. 2013; 20(1): 72


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Q: Incomplete export of data from a Postgres table I'm having a serious data export problem with the PGAdmin widget and pgsql2shp (QGIS too). The problem lies within converting a PostGIS table to shapefile. I put in 3234 feature counts...and I get back 3221.
I get limited information from the error reports (see below...QGIS gives me the most information...but it is minimal). The errors (when available) reference ogr....but not much else. Ironically, the only way I've found to actually export the full record set is by using ogr2ogr.
I'm not sure why round-tripping with the PGAdmin tool is failing so bad. It seems to be able to import the initial 3234 - but cannot export the full set.
Here is the data (2 MB unzipped on a cloud drive).
The process I've been following..
1) Load the shapefile into Postgres using the PGAdmin tool (WORKS!)
works fine...notably it is loaded as a MULTIPOLYGON[2] EVEN THOUGH the Shapefile type is Polygon
3234 record counts

Importing with configuration: as_clean_test_ogr_export_utf8, public, geom, H:\as_clean_test_ogr_export_utf8.shp, mode=c, dump=1, simple=0, geography=0, index=1, shape=1, srid=4326
Shapefile type: Polygon
PostGIS type: MULTIPOLYGON[2]
Shapefile import completed.

2) EXPORT... (FAILS!)
UPON Export (using >pgsql2shp)
H:\>pgsql2shp -f E:/as_clean_test_ogr_export_utf8.shp -h <hostname> -u <username> -p <port> -P <password> <postgrestable> "as_clean_test_ogr_export_utf8"

Initializing...
Done (postgis major version: 2).
Output shape: Polygon
Dumping: XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX [3221 rows].

QGIS (Save As in QGIS 2.6.0)
Export to vector file failed.
Error: Feature write errors:
Feature geometry not imported (OGR error: )
Feature geometry not imported (OGR error: )
Feature geometry not imported (OGR error: )
Feature geometry not imported (OGR error: )
Feature geometry not imported (OGR error: )
Feature geometry not imported (OGR error: )
Feature geometry not imported (OGR error: )
Feature geometry not imported (OGR error: )
Feature geometry not imported (OGR error: )
Feature geometry not imported (OGR error: )
Feature geometry not imported (OGR error: )
Feature geometry not imported (OGR error: )
Feature geometry not imported (OGR error: )
Only 3221 of 3234 features written.

Export Using PostGIS 2.0 Shapefile and DBF Loader Exporter
3221 record counts

Exporting with configuration: as_clean_test_ogr_export_utf8, public, as_clean_test_ogr_export_utf8
Done (postgis major version: 2)
Output shape: Polygon
Table export completed.

3) EXPORT (WORKS! WHY?!)
3234 record counts

    ogr2ogr -f "ESRI Shapefile" test_ogr_export.shp PG:"host=<host> user
    =<usr> dbname=<thatdb> password=<password>" "as_clean_test_ogr_export_utf8"

A: Shapefiles can contain rows with no geometries. In your case, the original shapefile contains 13 "counties" with no geometry. These turn out to all be island territories (see below).
What is happening is that the PostGIS shapeloader is importing all rows, including NULL geometries, but the PostGIS exporter is dropping out NULL geometries. This is a defensible decision. As analysts may import data and then analyze it in the database, you wouldn't want rows left out of the import, even if they are strange in some way. OTH, when exporting, the analyst presumably understands their data and is exporting it for use in another software, and doesn't want to export rows that would be meaningless.
ogr2ogr doesn't have quite the same concept of "import" and "export". It translates between any two OGR formats. Therefore, it has made a different decision, which is to always move all rows, including invalid rows.
Since I couldn't initially be sure whether there was a problem with the import/export process, I investigated this by looking at the original shapefile your provided exclusively. ogrinfo indicated 3234 rows:
$ ogrinfo -so . as_clean_test_ogr_export_utf8

INFO: Open of `.'
      using driver `ESRI Shapefile' successful.

Layer name: as_clean_test_ogr_export_utf8
Metadata:
  DBF_DATE_LAST_UPDATE=2016-12-03
Geometry: Polygon
Feature Count: 3234
Extent: (-179.130300, 17.916600) - (-65.239900, 71.323500)
<remainder omitted...>

However, adding the shapefile directly to QGIS only showed 3221 rows. This was a clue that the geometries for the missing rows were NULL or invalid.
Fortunately, ogrinfo also allows you to run SQL queries against the data using the SQLITE dialect. Although shapefiles do not have a geometry "column" per se (since geometries and attributes are stored in separate files by the format), ogrinfo exposes a GEOMETRY column that can be output or included in an expression. Therefore, I ran the following ogrinfo query. Note the output:
$ ogrinfo \
> -sql "SELECT name FROM as_clean_test_ogr_export_utf8 WHERE GEOMETRY IS NULL" \
> -dialect SQLITE as_clean_test_ogr_export_utf8.shp

INFO: Open of `as_clean_test_ogr_export_utf8.shp'
      using driver `ESRI Shapefile' successful.

Layer name: SELECT
Geometry: None
Feature Count: 13
Layer SRS WKT:
(unknown)
name: String (0.0)
OGRFeature(SELECT):0
  name (String) = Eastern

OGRFeature(SELECT):1
  name (String) = Guam

OGRFeature(SELECT):2
  name (String) = Saipan

OGRFeature(SELECT):3
  name (String) = Northern Islands

OGRFeature(SELECT):4
  name (String) = Swains Island

OGRFeature(SELECT):5
  name (String) = Manu'a

OGRFeature(SELECT):6
  name (String) = Rota

OGRFeature(SELECT):7
  name (String) = Western

OGRFeature(SELECT):8
  name (String) = Tinian

OGRFeature(SELECT):9
  name (String) = Rose Island

OGRFeature(SELECT):10
  name (String) = Saint Croix

OGRFeature(SELECT):11
  name (String) = St. Thomas

OGRFeature(SELECT):12
  name (String) = St. John

The names as far as I can tell (some, like "Eastern", are somewhat vague) are all US island possessions, not part of 50 states, DC, or Puerto Rico, which all have geometries.
This kind of shapefile could have been created if someone had an attribute table that included island possessions and joined it to a spatial layer that did not have them. Obviously, it's up to you as the analyst whether or not you need geometries for the island possessions. If you don't, you might just delete those rows in your PostGIS database:
DELETE FROM as_clean_test_ogr_export_utf8 WHERE geom IS NULL;

Note Regarding Multipolygons
You remark that the shapefile geometry type is "Polygon", while the PostGIS shapeloader imported the geometries as MULTIPOLYGON. Shapefiles don't really care whether their polygons are simple (which ESRI called "singlepart") or multi. If a polygon has a singlepart it is stored as a polygon, and if it has multiple parts it is stored as a multipolygon, in the same shapefile. PostGIS insists that the type be consistent, so polygons have to be wrapped in a multipolygon (with only one part) if the column is of the MULTIPOLYGON type.
Multipolygons are so common that it is pretty standard to always use multipolygons, even if your data are all simple polygons, and the GUI importers will default to this behavior. If you want simple polygons, you have to check the appropriate box in the GUI, or if using shp2pgsql you have to use the -S switch. Unless you have a good reason for wanted simple geometries, I recommend importing them as multis.
(ogr2ogr defaults to preserving geometries unless you use the -nlt PROMOTE_TO_MULTI option. Preserving geometries will lead to import errors if you try to import a shapefile which mixes simple and multi polygons to PostGIS.)

A: The reason for this problem seems to be that 13 of your polygons do not have an area, so therefore they do not have geometry.  I suspected this and confirmed by running $area in QGIS.  Maybe you could get rid of them?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


… through the futures market, affecting futures price, which in turn affected the spot prices (i.e. the real world market price).
Now that we have explained the basics of futures in Introduction to futures and Pricing of futures, we can now explain how those Index Speculators can affect real world market price through the futures market.
What happens, if the Index Speculators push up the price of a commodity futures above its theoretical price? When that happens, there will be an arbitrage opportunity.
Let's say the price of a July futures is $110 when its theoretical price is $105 (i.e. spot price of $100 + carry cost of $5). In that case, you can sell the overpriced July futures at $110 and buy the underlying at $100. When the futures expires in July, you can then sell the underlying at $110. Your arbitrage profit will be $5 ($110 futures price – $100 spot price – $ carry cost).
What if the futures price is below its theoretical price? Let's say, the futures price is now $103 instead. You can short sell the underlying at $100, earn the carry cost $5 (e.g. interests) by holding the proceeds of the sale as cash. When the time comes to close out your short position in the underlying, you can buy the underlying at $103 when the futures expires. Your arbitrage profit will be $2 ($100 short sell proceed + $5 carry cost – $103 close out short sell position).
And one last thing. Critics of Michael Masters' theory that Index Speculators are behind the price inflation of commodity prices will point to the fact that inventory levels had not risen considerably as a result.
This entry was posted on Wednesday, May 28th, 2008 at 10:02 pm	and is filed under Futures, Investor Education. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.


The portrayal of love and human connection/disconnection has been expressed in countless ways within the world of music. Malaysian singer-songwriter Yuna has her own take when it comes to the music video for the song "Mannequin." Yuna has years of experience creating music, including working with Usher and Pharrell, so "Mannequin" comes smoothly and naturally as a form of artistic articulation.
The story of music video tells the tale of two lovers struggling. Their love has become dull but the two still have some sort of common ground and passion for each other that keeps the fire still burning. No matter how far they stray at times they always seem to find their way back to one another. My favorite aspect of the video is that their love is represented by them dancing individually and then after a while realizing they should dance together instead.
"'Mannequin' is a story about two people in a relationship that has lost its spark. I had two of my friends who were dancers to be in the video. Brian Oh, the director, captured the emotions and movements of the dancers so perfectly. The whole idea of it was to tell viewers that there is still hope. When two people had been in a relationship for a long time, there will always be that one common ground that will keep them running back to each other… for this couple, it's music and dancing."
PREVIOUSCruel Youth Reveal Single and Announce Debut EP, "+30mg"


text:
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//  File:       m+mManagerWindow.cpp
//
//  Project:    m+m
//
//  Contains:   The class definition for the primary window of the m+m manager application.
//
//  Written by: Norman Jaffe
//
//  Copyright:  (c) 2014 by H Plus Technologies Ltd. and Simon Fraser University.
//
//              All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
//              without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
//                * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list
//                  of conditions and the following disclaimer.
//                * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this
//                  list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or
//                  other materials provided with the distribution.
//                * Neither the name of the copyright holders nor the names of its contributors may
//                  be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without
//                  specific prior written permission.
//
//              THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY
//              EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
//              OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT
//              SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
//              INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
//              TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR
//              BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
//              CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN
//              ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
//              DAMAGE.
//
//  Created:    2014-07-14
//
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#include "m+mManagerWindow.hpp"
#include "m+mContentPanel.hpp"

//#include <odlEnable.h>
#include <odlInclude.h>

#if defined(__APPLE__)
# pragma clang diagnostic push
# pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wunknown-pragmas"
# pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wdocumentation-unknown-command"
#endif // defined(__APPLE__)
/*! @file

 @brief The class definition for the primary window of the m+m manager application. */
#if defined(__APPLE__)
# pragma clang diagnostic pop
#endif // defined(__APPLE__)

#if defined(__APPLE__)
# pragma mark Namespace references
#endif // defined(__APPLE__)

using namespace MplusM;
using namespace MPlusM_Manager;
using namespace std;

#if defined(__APPLE__)
# pragma mark Private structures, constants and variables
#endif // defined(__APPLE__)

/*! @brief The colour to be used for the window background. */
static const Colour & kWindowBackgroundColour(Colours::lightgrey);

#if SETTINGS_FOR_MANUAL_
/*! @brief The height of the fixed, small window used when doing screen captures for the manual. */
static const int kWindowHeightForManual = 360;
#endif // SETTINGS_FOR_MANUAL_

#if SETTINGS_FOR_MANUAL_
/*! @brief The width of the fixed, small window used when doing screen captures for the manual. */
static const int kWindowWidthForManual = 640;
#endif // SETTINGS_FOR_MANUAL_

/*! @brief The command manager object used to dispatch command events. */
static ScopedPointer<ApplicationCommandManager> lApplicationCommandManager;

#if defined(__APPLE__)
# pragma mark Global constants and variables
#endif // defined(__APPLE__)

#if defined(__APPLE__)
# pragma mark Local functions
#endif // defined(__APPLE__)

#if defined(__APPLE__)
# pragma mark Class methods
#endif // defined(__APPLE__)

#if defined(__APPLE__)
# pragma mark Constructors and Destructors
#endif // defined(__APPLE__)

ManagerWindow::ManagerWindow(const YarpString & title)  :
    inherited1(), inherited2(title.c_str(), kWindowBackgroundColour, inherited2::allButtons),
    _contentPanel(new ContentPanel(this)), _scannerThread(NULL)
{
    ODL_ENTER(); //####
    setUsingNativeTitleBar(true);
    setOpaque(true);
    setResizable(true, true);
    setContentOwned(_contentPanel, true);
#if SETTINGS_FOR_MANUAL_
    centreWithSize(kWindowWidthForManual, kWindowHeightForManual);
#else // ! SETTINGS_FOR_MANUAL_
    centreWithSize(getWidth(), getHeight());
#endif // ! SETTINGS_FOR_MANUAL_
    setVisible(true);
    addKeyListener(getApplicationCommandManager().getKeyMappings());
    triggerAsyncUpdate();
    ODL_EXIT_P(this); //####
} // ManagerWindow::ManagerWindow

ManagerWindow::~ManagerWindow(void)
{
    ODL_OBJENTER(); //####
    lApplicationCommandManager = NULL;
    ODL_OBJEXIT(); //####
} // ManagerWindow::~ManagerWindow

#if defined(__APPLE__)
# pragma mark Actions and Accessors
#endif // defined(__APPLE__)

void
ManagerWindow::closeButtonPressed(void)
{
    ODL_OBJENTER(); //####
    // This is called when the user tries to close this window. Here, we'll just ask the app to quit
    // when this happens, but you can change this to do whatever you need.
    JUCEApplication::getInstance()->systemRequestedQuit();
    ODL_OBJEXIT(); //####
} // ManagerWindow::closeButtonPressed

ApplicationCommandManager &
ManagerWindow::getApplicationCommandManager(void)
{
    ODL_ENTER(); //####
    if (! lApplicationCommandManager)
    {
        lApplicationCommandManager = new ApplicationCommandManager;
    }
    ODL_EXIT_P(lApplicationCommandManager); //####
    return *lApplicationCommandManager;
} // ManagerWindow::getApplicationCommandManager

EntitiesPanel &
ManagerWindow::getEntitiesPanel(void)
const
{
    ODL_OBJENTER(); //####
    EntitiesPanel & thePanel(_contentPanel->getEntitiesPanel());

    ODL_OBJEXIT_P(&thePanel); //####
    return thePanel;
} // ManagerWindow::getEntitiesPanel

void
ManagerWindow::handleAsyncUpdate(void)
{
    ODL_OBJENTER(); //####
    ApplicationCommandManager & commandManager = getApplicationCommandManager();

    commandManager.registerAllCommandsForTarget(_contentPanel);
    commandManager.registerAllCommandsForTarget(JUCEApplication::getInstance());
    ODL_OBJEXIT(); //####
} // ManagerWindow::handleAsyncUpdate

void
ManagerWindow::setScannerThread(ScannerThread * theScanner)
{
    ODL_OBJENTER(); //####
    _scannerThread = theScanner;
    ODL_OBJEXIT(); //####
} // ManagerWindow::setScannerThread

#if defined(__APPLE__)
# pragma mark Global functions
#endif // defined(__APPLE__)


text:
SALTBOX RESTAURANT & BAR
June 29, 2018 Ken Giustino Featured, Montauk Columns, Montauksun Story, Restaurant Reviews, Uncategorized 0
Beckoning Your Palate
by Evelyn J. Mocbeichel
As you enter the restaurant you are instantly brought into a nautical, chic environment, with clean crisp welcoming vibes. Although the name Saltbox brings to mind a traditional New England style colonial designed home, the interior here has sleek wooden walls, white columns and nautical lighting for ambiance and a comfortable bar area. Saltbox conjures a place to relax, meet with friends and enjoy fine food from its tantalizing diverse menu. Centrally located on the plaza in the center of town, diagonally across from the gazebo and in the building next to White's Pharmacy, it is a perfect place for a Saturday or Sunday brunch, lunch, or dinner. Stopping in for a drink and a few appetizers is also a nice option.
Open seven days a week, Saltbox will also be serving food late night when you are looking for something at the end of the day to eat. Chef Alex Webber is at the helm in the kitchen devising intricate and appealing menu selections that are continually changing according to available catch and the freshest ingredients. We had a chance to chat with Chef Alex to learn a bit about his background, experience and how the menu choices are decided. With 25 years experience, 12 of which he had his own catering company in L.A, and then a move to New York City to work, it's easy to see his finger is on the pulse of what makes a menu unique. In the city he worked in fine dining establishments and received most of his training there, before his recent move to Montauk. Chef Alex is British and said he has found ways to take traditional American dishes and "tweak them" into something that is exceptional. As the menu evolves, he plans to include more local fish and farm products into the ever changing menu options. When asked how he would describe what Saltbox is known for, he replied "we offer more healthy, vegan, fresh items and with a twist to make it our own style."
Chef Alex noted that there will always be daily specials added to the menu and seasonal changes to take advantage of the freshest ingredients available locally. There is certainly an excitement when a new season begins and Saltbox seems to have plans to both excite and entice revisits to try the latest menu inclusion!
That evening we went with two friends and it was the perfect opportunity to taste a wide variety of menu items, with each of us four trying something different. With so many unique appetizers and mains to order, we decided on a sharing plan to sample from the choices. Our server for the evening was Bobby, friendly and attentive to explain the next course. On hand to help us navigate the menu, Dan Mundo, the General Manger, detailed some of the preparation methods, distinctive ingredients and future menu inclusions planned. Starting with the Avo Toast, mashed avocado, seven grain bread, arugula, alfalfa sprouts, cherry tomatoes and chili, the pieces were generous enough to cut into four tasting sections. Fan favorites had to be the calamari with delicate graham cracker breading, sriracha aioli, followed closely by the crispy cauliflower with buffalo sauce, chives with blue cheese sauce for dipping. The cauliflower was light and hardly tasted fried and had enough kick to certainly wake up this normally mild tasting vegetable. The quinoa salad had a delectable combination of baby kale, sweet potatoes, red onion, and apple, coated with lemon garlic vinaigrette and was easily large enough for the four of us to have a helping to go with our appetizer sharing. Other appetizers on the menu were equally appealing, such as the Beet & Orange Salad with cashew nuts or the Hummus Platter, but will have to be tried on our next visit.
Naturally, with all this delicious food, one needs an equally impressive beverage to accompany it and the cocktail choices doesn't disappoint. With catchy names like the Duck Dive, Ditch Plains Mojito and Sunshines Revenge, to name a few, deciding wasn't easy. But what caught our eye was a fantastic combo that was an upscale touch for their Classic Bloody Mary. A menu notation said "Make it FAT with Lobster Slider, Bacon, Shrimp". Who could resist this combo, so one in our party ordered it. What arrived was an eye catching presentation, with a tall bloody Mary, atop of it was a lobster salad slider, jutting out from the glass were elongated slices of bacon and a large crispy shrimp. It was almost a meal in itself! Another friend ordered the Drunken Yogi, which was a mango infused Spring 44 Vodka, Crème de Coconut, pineapple. First thinking this drink might be too sweet, she was pleasantly surprised at the smoothness, yet not overly sweet taste this tropical combo presented. Along with the many creative cocktails there is a list of local and classic beers, and a wine list. One would think with the appetizers we shared there wouldn't be room for entrees, but with hearty appetites because of either a skipped lunch or light one, we were ready to order. Once again we shared, so we could try a multitude of plates. It was the best option since the descriptive entrees were all so enticing. Naturally, dining with four people, the preferences are wide ranging, which worked perfectly for ordering the Baja Tacos, Saltbox Fish N chips, the Ultimate Burger and the Local Day Boat Scallops. The scallop dish arrived with perfectly grilled scallops, with arugula, resting on a bed of farro (a whole grain, much like barley or quinoa). It's written that farro gets an "A-plus nutritional rating. It's nearly fat-free and completely cholesterol-free, making it a heart-healthy choice and perfect for vegetarians and vegans. It's a great source of iron and is extremely high in fiber." Each bite was tasty and the scallops quite tender. All four gave thumbs up to the Baja Tacos with grilled shrimp, tucked inside a soft corn tortilla shell, with tomato salsa, sriracha aioli. Plump, tender shrimp is just what you'd expect while dining in Montauk on an evening out. Local catch fish or tofu fillings were also available as tortilla choices, if preferred. Saltbox Fish N chips arrived tempura style skate, with homemade chips, spiced tartar sauce and two of us that picked away on that one, only offering a tad tasting to the others, it was so good. All in all, the entrée sampling was a great idea for us that night as now we know what we'd like on our return visit, and we will be back for the items we missed and to order our winners that night!
Live Entertainment: The Saltbox has an entertainment schedule that adds nicely to the ambiance of dining there. On Thursday and Saturday a DJ hosts the music and on Wednesday and Friday guests can look forward to live music. Visit their website for dates and artists appearances and read the Montauk Sun newspapers "Entertainment Page" for dates and schedules for their summer.
Saltbox is located at 99 Carl Fisher Plaza; Montauk, N.Y. 11954 631 668-5727 visit their website at: montauksaltbox.com
GREY LADY MONTAUK
AT THE MONTAUK OBSERVATORY


" This is our 5th Toyota that we have purchased.We are very happy with the product and price. The salesman was knowledgeable and even answered our questions after we drove the car home. "
" overall program was good, this was purchase for an employee. I was satified "


In Koceni the rink could be repaired, it's bent so that the ball always bounces up.
Sometimes in future we still might skip one tournament for a change.
Anyway - thank you for the great tournament and hope to see you again!


Hey, since I'm trying to write our pack's novel, I decided to make it Scarlet's perspective. Because of that, I can only make things known if you wolf says them.
For RP purposes, you can use italics to think- but if you want your thoughts in the book, your wolf will actually have to say them. Scarlet can't read minds.
If you have anu questions or solutions, please let is know!


This small Vancouver Public Practice firm has created an outstanding culture with an aggressive plan for future growth. Their loyal client base consists of some of Vancouver's most successful companies and the firm provides a wide range of accounting, planning, and financial consulting services. This is a firm that prides themselves on delivering exceptional work through excellent customer service and professional development.
You will work directly with the firm's Tax Partner on planning and complex compliance work for individuals, companies, and non-profit organizations. You will also train and mentor the team's junior staff on tax matters, including reviewing simple compliance work.
This firm is growing aggressively, and you will be growing with it! As the firm grows, you will have more opportunities to take on more planning work and to mentor juniors. They have an excellent track record of promoting and mentoring their staff, so you will have ample opportunity to grow both in title and in skill set. The firm will also support participation in the In-Depth tax course if you have not yet completed this program.
Please visit www.impactrecruitment.ca to apply online. If you would like to speak with us directly regarding this role, please contact Gillian White at gwhite@impactrecruitment.ca for more information, quoting reference number.


The owner of The Art Institute of Portland, Dream Center Education Holdings LLC (DCEH), has decided to close the college n December 31, 2018, due to financial considerations.
We, the faculty and staff at The Art Institute of Portland, would like to buy the college from DCEH and continue to run it, so that we can continue to provide great education in the applied arts to current and future students.
To speed up the fundraising, this fundraising campaign is organized as a 90/10 lottery. If we reach the $2 million goal, 10% of it, or $200,000 will be given back to 200 donors via a lottery. Each of these 200 donors will get $1,000. We will use the remaining $1.8 million to make an offer to DCEH.
The collected funds will go directly to buying the assets and liabilities of The Art Institute of Portland from DCEH. The $2 million goal is a rough estimate of how much the college is worth.
If we reach $1 million in donations by November 1, 2018, an official buyout offer will be made to DCEH. If we don't reach at least $1 millions dollars by November 1, 2018, all donations will be refunded to the donors.
Thank you for supporting our fundraising campaign. Please send the link to all your friends and family. Also, if you know of companies that would like to help us by donating money to the campaign, please reach out to them.


text:
Magecart Hits Parents and Students via Blue Bear AttackPrevious article
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ToTok Returned to Google Play Despite 'Spy Tool' Claims
The communications app faces continued backlash after a New York Times report said it was used as a government spying tool.
Mobile application ToTok has been reinstated to the Google Play app ecosystem, after it was removed last month due to claims that it was being used for government espionage.
ToTok, a social app that was released in 2019 and has been downloaded by millions, gained rapid popularity in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) where other messaging platforms like WhatsApp and Skype are partially restricted. But despite the app's popularity, it was quickly take down from Google Play and the Apple App Store after a report from the New York Times in December claimed that the app is actually being used by the government of the United Arab Emirates as a spy tool used to track users' conversations and location.
However, on Friday, ToTok said in a website update that the app is once again available on Google Play: "The wait is over. We are happy to inform you that #ToTok is now available for download on the Google Play Store. Thank you for your patience."
Google had originally told the New York Times that it removed the app because it "violated unspecified policies." When asked why the app was returned to Google Play, a Google spokesperson told Threatpost that "we take reports of security and privacy violations seriously. If we find behavior that violates our policies, we take action."
The app appears to be updated on Google Play; under a "What's New" tab on the Google Store app page, ToTok says there is now a newly-designed dialog to ask for user authorization for accessing and syncing their contact lists.
The app remains unavailable on the App Store. Apple did not respond to requests for comment from Threatpost.
According to the New York Times report, the developer behind the app, Breej Holding, is likely a "front" for a company affiliated with Abu Dhabi-based hacking company DarkMatter. According to the report, the app is able to track user location through offering a weather forecast tool, as well as access to contacts, device microphones, calendars and cameras.
The report based claims on an investigation into the app and its developers, as well as American officials "familiar with a classified intelligence assessment. A further forensic analysis was conducted by the New York Times in connection with security researcher Patrick Wardle, who was formerly a National Security Agency hacker.
ToTok has repeatedly refuted the claims as "vicious rumors" on its website. Threatpost has reached out for further comment.
"We firmly deny this baseless accusation, and we are profoundly saddened by this complete fabrication that was thrown at us. We feel caught up in some vile conspiracy against the UAE, and even jealousy by some people, who do not wish an app like ours from this region to ever become a global player," ToTok's co-founder Giacomo Ziani said in a recent interview with the Khaleej Times.
In separate reports on Monday, security experts such as Kim Zetter also claimed to be approached by ToTok asking to send out positive, sponsored tweets about ToTok. "Google allowed ToTok back into its Google Play store over the weekend, despite the fact that the intel community insists the chat app is a spy tool for the UAE and ToTok is trying to bribe journalists into saying good things about it," she said in a tweet.
Google allowed ToTok back into its Google Play store over the weekend, despite the fact that the intel community insists the chat app is a spy tool for the UAE and ToTok is trying to bribe journalists into saying good things about it 👇 https://t.co/Fz0iASlHKr
— Kim Zetter (@KimZetter) January 6, 2020
The potential use of messaging platforms, such as WhatsApp and Telegram, for government spying has been a constant concern over the past year. An exploit of a WhatsApp zero day in 2019, for example, raised concerns after it allowed hackers to inject spyware onto victims' phones in targeted campaigns.
'Fleeceware' Apps Downloaded 600M Times from Google Play
New research shows apps that dupe users into being charged excessively with little reward persist on the Android app store.


Following the introduction of 30 hours free childcare offered by the Government we have decided to change our opening hours.
You are able to check your eligibility for 30 hours free childcare by visiting www.childcarechoices.gov.uk/ and obtaining an eligibility code. This code will need to be given to the Pre-School or School Office. We are then required to verify that the code is valid. Unfortunately if we are not able to verify your code before the end of the school term you will not be able to claim the additional funding, however we will be able to invoice you for these additional hours. Parents will need to reconfirm their eligibility every 3 months. Please also see the guidance attached from the Department for Education.