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https://www.park.edu/about-park/university-leadership/
Home > About Park > University Leadership
Concern and Complaint Form
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About Campus Safety
Approved Driver Process
Clery Reports
Drug and Alcohol Use Policy
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Reserve Parking Request
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Traffic and Parking Regulations
GREG GUNDERSON, PH.D.
president@park.edu
@ParkUPres
Greg Gunderson, Ph.D., joined Park University on January 15, 2016, after serving as vice president and chief financial officer at Webster University in St. Louis since 2011.
At Webster, he directed the financial processes of the University's 68 campuses in addition to managing facilities, campus security, purchasing and internal audit. Prior to that, Gunderson spent nine years at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, ultimately serving as assistant vice chancellor for business operations in the Office of Academic Affairs.
His experience in the private sector includes working as a project controller at ConAgra in Omaha, Neb., director of finance at APAC Customer Services in Omaha, and as a tax accountant at both Cray Research and Arthur Anderson in St. Paul, Minn.
Selected "CFO of the Year" by the St. Louis Business Journal in 2014, Gunderson earned his Doctor of Philosophy degree in educational leadership from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. He received a Master of Business Administration degree from the University of St. Thomas and a Bachelor of Science degree in business administration from the University of Nebraska-Omaha.
Gunderson enjoys being active in the community. In St. Louis, he served as a trustee on the Frank Lloyd Wright House Park Board and as a board member of the St. Louis Contractor Loan Fund. He also co-chaired Webster University's United Way campaigns and served on a taxing authority board for the city of Webster Groves, Mo.
A native of Omaha, Gunderson's family includes his wife Laurie, who is interim director of the Rockwood Drug-Free Coalition, and their sons David, 19, a college freshman, and Jack, 17, a high school junior. Gunderson enjoys a variety of hobbies, including woodworking, restoring old cars and curling.
BRIAN BODE
Vice President of Facilities
brian.bode@park.edu
Brian, who joined the University in August 2015 as controller and was promoted to the role of CFO in May 2016, now oversees the University's facilities and administrative operations across Park's 42 campuses nationwide. As part of this, Brian will administer Park's deferred maintenance and master plan, as well as construction of the Robert W. Plaster Free Enterprise Center on the University's Parkville Campus. Groundbreaking for the Plaster Center, home of Park's School of Business and the Park Global Warrior Center, is expected in spring 2020 on the east side of the University's entrance. Brian's expertise in facilities management and planning will be of great value as we embark on these large-scale, high-profile projects.
Prior to joining Park, he spent nine years at Kansas City Kansas Community College, serving as vice president of student and administrative services, dean of financial and administrative services, and associate provost. In addition, he was controller at the University of Saint Mary (Leavenworth, Kan.) for five years. He also served as CFO at Demolition Interior Specialists, a turnkey demolition contractor based in Kansas City, Mo. Bode retired from the U.S. Army in 1998 as lieutenant colonel with more than 21 years of service, including stints as the resource and budget manager at the Fort Leavenworth (Kan.) Simulation Center, assistant dean of resources at the U.S. Military Academy (West Point, N.Y.) and comptroller for the 1st Calvary Division at Fort Hood, Texas.
Bode earned his Master of Business Administration from Troy (Ala.) University and a Bachelor of Science in business administration from the University of Nebraska at Kearney.
LAURE A. CHRISTENSEN
laure.christensen@park.edu
Laure Christensen serves Park University as chief of staff. In this capacity, she works closely with the president in a variety of ways, serving as an advisor and manager of administrative, operational and financial affairs. Christensen oversees reporting needs, organizes communications, coordinates special events with other departments and serves as the main administrative liaison between the Office of the President and multiple areas, including Executive Staff and Park's Board of Trustees. Christensen also guides administrative professionals university-wide through the Park Pirate Professionals.
Christensen began her career with Park in July 2003 and served in a variety of roles in the School for Arts and Humanities, the Office of Academic Affairs and the Office of the President. In 2011, she was honored with the Northland Regional Chamber of Commerce Excellence in Education award.
Prior to coming to Park, she served as office manager and an events specialist at Vic Gutman & Associates, a special events firm which coordinates special events for the city of Omaha and area not-for-profit organizations.
ROGER P. DUSING, ph.d.
Chief Human Resources Officer
roger.dusing@park.edu
Roger P. Dusing serves Park University as associate vice president and chief human resource officer, directing the human resources and payroll operations for the University, as well as serving as Park's Title IX officer. In addition, he represents the University on the board of the Kansas City Professional Development Council, a consortium of area schools providing faculty and staff development programming.
Dusing joined Park in 2011 after 30 years as a human resources executive and consultant for several Kansas City area businesses. He has literally been on the University's Parkville Campus his entire life as a student, adjunct faculty member and son of two of Park's longest tenured employees.
Dusing earned a master's degree in administration from Central Michigan University and a bachelor's degree in industrial engineering from Bradley University. He earned his doctorate in business with a concentration in human resources from Northcentral University. Dusing is the board chair for Benilde Hall, a program in Kansas City, Mo., providing housing and treatment to homeless men with addiction and mental health issues. He was recognized as Human Resources Executive of the Year by American Business Media in 2008, and he is the author of I'm Fired?!? A Business-Fable About the Challenges of Losing One Job and Finding Another, a book on job search techniques.
Rana Lacer
rana.lacer@park.edu
Rana Lacer was appointed Chief Financial Officer of Park University in October 2019. Lacer spent the previous 10 years at the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority, starting as director of finance before ultimately being appointed chief financial officer where she managed an annual budget that exceeded $500 million and financial administration of $940 million in assets, including the 3.2 million square-foot Las Vegas Convention Center, one of the busiest convention sites in the world. Prior to her roles with the LVCVA, Lacer served as director of finance for the City of Lansing, Kan., for seven months following a five-year stint as director of finance for the City of Killeen, Texas.
Lacer, a certified public accountant and chartered global management accountant, earned a Bachelor of Business Administration degree in accounting from Austin Peay State University in Tennessee.
Michelle Myers, Ed.D.
michelle.myers@park.edu
Michelle (Shellie) Myers, Ed.D., was appointed provost of Park University in October 2018. She had served as dean of the University's College of Education and Health Professions since joining Park in July 2010.
Prior to joining Park, Myers served administrative stints as associate dean, assistant dean and acting assistant dean in the Division of Education at Queens College, the City University of New York, as well as interim associate dean of the College of Education and Human Services at the University of Central Missouri. In addition, she served as an assistant professor, then associate professor at UCM, and as assistant professor at Southeast Missouri State University. During her time at QC-CUNY, Myers served as coordinator of the National Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education. Myers earned her Doctor of Education degree in curriculum and pedagogy, and her Master of Education degree in teaching physical education, from the University of Arkansas. She received her bachelor's degree in psychology from Western Kentucky University.
Emily D. Sallee, Ph.D.
Associate Provost and Professor of English
emily.sallee@park.edu
Emily D. Sallee, Ph.D., is associate provost and a professor of English at Park University. Sallee joined the University as a faculty member in 2005 and was appointed associate provost in 2016.
Sallee has held a variety of leadership positions at the University, including Dean of the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Chair of the Department of English and Modern Languages, Program Coordinator for First-Year Writing, and Director of the Center for Excellence in Teaching and Learning.
As associate provost, Sallee leads initiatives aimed at supporting and recognizing faculty accomplishments in teaching, scholarship, and service. These initiatives include faculty orientation and mentoring, professional development for full-time and adjunct faculty, and faculty-related policies and procedures. Sallee also serves as the University's Higher Learning Commission accreditation liaison officer.
Prior to arriving at Park, Sallee worked in the writing across the curriculum program at the University of Kansas, Lawrence, Ks., where she also taught courses in first-year writing and technical communication. She earned a Ph.D. in rhetoric and writing and Master of Arts in language and literature from the University of Kansas. She earned her Bachelor of Arts in English and secondary education from William Jewell College, Liberty, Mo.
SHANE B. SMEED
Vice President and Chief Operating Officer
shane.smeed@park.edu
@ParkPirateCOO
Shane B. Smeed was appointed vice president of enrollment and student services at Park University in September 2015. Smeed has 20 years of experience in higher education, holding a variety of student-centric positions. In his role at Park, Smeed provides strategic and operational leadership to a department that includes the associate vice presidents, deans and directors of marketing, enrollment, student financial services, international student admissions and services, student affairs and services, campus center operations, strategic initiatives and athletics.
Prior to joining Park University, Smeed served as vice president of admissions at Kaplan University, vice president and chief operating officer of Ottawa (Kan.) University, metro president for DeVry University's Kansas City campuses and inventory planner for the Boeing Co. in its materials management division.
Smeed is pursuing a doctorate degree in higher education administration from St. Louis University. He earned a Master of Business Administration degree from Keller Graduate School of Management and holds a bachelor's degree in business operations from DeVry Institute of Technology.
A resident of Parkville, Smeed's family includes his wife Angela, who owns and operates an interior design business, and their children Samantha, 17, Andrew, 15, and Landon, 11. In addition to Smeed's board assignments with the Command and General Staff College (CGSC) Foundation, Inc. and Synergy Services, he also serves diligently within his church and community.
DAVID WHITTAKER
david.whittaker@park.edu
David Whittaker, a Kansas City Northland native, was appointed to serve Park University as its chief information officer in January 2016. In his position as CIO, Whittaker is charged with ensuring that the University's technology applications, networks, telecommunications and data security meet the current and future needs of the University.
Whittaker spent the previous 18 years with Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Kansas City, most recently as chief information security officer and director of the Office of the CIO since 2013. Between 2005 and 2013, Whittaker served as a director in a trio of areas within BCBSKC — director of strategic planning, director of application development, integration and database administration and director of data center operations. He also served the organization as an enterprise architect and as senior programmer analyst/web architect. Whittaker began his professional career as a lead software analyst for Black and Veatch at its Kansas City, Mo., office for six years.
Whittaker, who grew up in Gladstone, Mo., earned a Master of Business Administration degree from Baker University, Baldwin City, Kan. He also received a Bachelor of Science degree in systems and data processing from William Jewell College, Liberty, Mo.


Deadline for sending application .
The European External Action Service (EEAS), which supports the work of the High Representative in defining and implementing an effective and coherent EU foreign policy. The EEAS supports her tasks of conducting the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy and chairing the Foreign Affairs Council. It also supports the High Representative in her capacity as Vice President of the Commission with regard to her responsibilities within the Commission in the external relations field including the coordination of other aspects of the EU's external action. The EEAS works in close cooperation with Member States, the Council and relevant services of the European Commission.
Within the EEAS, the Information and Document Management Sector is responsible for assisting the EU's network of 139 Delegations worldwide to achieve and maintain outstanding document management and archives standards that ensure traceability and retrievability of records and archives.
Two positions of Archivists in the Information Management Sector.
Ensure application of the rules and of the concepts (Internal Rules as applied in the EEAS, life cycle concept, etc.) concerning in particular registration, filing, conservation and transfers of documents (both paper and electronic).
Conduct conceptual reflections and assist with developing archiving procedures, in the framework of the decentralised archiving policy implemented in the EEAS.
Assist colleagues and services in order to implement procedures, norms and methods to process and access internal information and documents.
Ensure mentoring and / or coaching; answer to all e-Domec related questions addressed by HQ or delegations to the relevant functional mailboxes.
Please note that under current General Implementing Provisions (GIPs) contract agents may be recruited via the call of expression of interest- AMI. However, after the entry into force of the new GIPs (March 2018 tbc) all candidates will have to be registered in the EPSO PERMANENT CAST and will have to successfully pass the tests in order to be eligible for recruitment.
a secondary education attested by a diploma giving access to post-secondary education and appropriate professional experience of three years with exposure to archival matters.
Contract agent position (Function group III); renewable contract for a maximum duration of 6 years (with a valid CAST exam).
Interviews will be scheduled in the second part of January 2018 (only short listed candidates will be contacted).
Deadline for sending application . Please send your cv and cover letter to Mr. Gustavo CASTANER MARQUARDT (gustavo.castaner-marquardt@eeas.europa.eu) by 18/01/2018.


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Chirbat Kumbaza (arab. خربة قمبازة) – nieistniejąca już arabska wieś, która była położona w Dystrykcie Hajfy w Mandacie Palestyny. Wieś została wyludniona i zniszczona podczas I wojny izraelsko-arabskiej, po ataku sił żydowskiej organizacji paramilitarnej Hagana w dniu 15 maja 1948.

Położenie
Chirbat Kumbaza leżała w południowo-wschodniej części masywu góry Karmel, w odległości 21,5 kilometrów na południe od miasta Hajfa i 11 kilometrów od wybrzeża Morza Śródziemnego.

Historia
W okresie panowania Brytyjczyków Chirbat Kumbaza była dużą wsią.

Na samym początku I wojny izraelsko-arabskiej siły żydowskiej organizacji paramilitarnej Hagana Chirbat Kumbaza. Wysiedlono wówczas wszystkich jej mieszkańców, a domy wyburzono.

Miejsce obecnie
W miejscu wioski Chirbat Kumbaza powstał poligon Sił Obronnych Izraela.

Palestyński historyk Walid Chalidi, tak opisał pozostałości wioski Chirbat Kumbaza:
"Cały obszar jest zarezerwowany dla szkoleń wojskowych".

Przypisy

Wsie arabskie w Palestynie wyludnione w 1948 roku (I wojna izraelsko-arabska)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Publication of "APQN Research on the COVID Impact on the Quality of Higher Education"
At the end of June, APQN published the book entitled "APQN Research on the COVID Impact on the Quality of Higher Education". You can download it at APQN website at https://www.apqn.org/library/aac-proceedings.
Background of the COVID pandemic
At the end of 2019, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) broke out out of a clear sky. It has brought the whole world into a painful halt. In April in 2020, over 1.5 billion students were forced to stay away from schools in over 190 countries, covering 90% of the world's student population.
The COVID Pandemic attacked all the global human being in a threatening and horrible manner, which has extended an open challenge to all strata of lives on the planet. Thomas Friedman believes, the COVID pandemic will become "There is the world B.C. — Before Corona — and the world A.C. — After Corona." Just like "B.C. (before Christ) and A.C. (after Christ). This is an unprecedented scenario in the world history of education.
COVID caught all of us by surprise and forced us to manage amidst huge uncertainty: uncertainty as to when we can travel again, uncertainty as to when business events will return and uncertainty as to when COVID will be over. The first step in dealing with uncertainty is to accept it – accept the situation we are facing. We have unusually spent over 1000 days during the pandemic, which are once-in-a-century days. In this battle without gunpowder smoke, more than 7 billion people in the world, no one is an "outsider", let alone a "bystander".
People all over the world are trying to cope up with the crisis. APQN work with the fraternity of the academic to get out of the messy situation and try to find appropriate solutions. We are happy to find that APQN utilize COVID lockdown as a springboard to disrupt with more sustainable solutions for the future. We have inclined towards "work from home" culture.
APQN Action of the COVID Impact
In the past 2-and-half years, APQN carried on many actions during the COVID pandemic, including 4 surveys, 7 interviews, 1 online forum,3 international online conferences, 1 online-teaching standard and other researches. The current book entitled "APQN Research on the COVID Impact on the Quality of Higher Education in the Asia-Pacific Region" is the result of most of APQN actions under COVID-19. The book consists of 10 chapters as followings:
I. APQN Survey on the COVID Impact on the HEIs
II. APQN Survey on the Influence of COVID on the QAAs
III. Survey on the Effectiveness of Online Teaching in the HEIs
IV. Review of APQN 2020 Online Forum
V. APQN Board Interviews on HE Quality in COVID Crisis
VI. Qualitative Research on Effectiveness of Online Course during COVID-19
VII. Academic Review of the 12th Higher Education International Conference
VIII. Research on the Meta-Review to the Asia-Pacific Quality Register (APQR)
IX. APQN Standard for Online-Teaching Quality Assurance
X. Overview of 2021 AAC on COVID Response Mechanism
The contents of the 10 chapters include the following 4 parts:
Part I is the research of chapters 1-3, which describes the impacts of COVID outbreak, such as "Survey of the COVID Impact on the HEIs", "Survey of the COVID Impact on QAAs" and "Survey on the Effectiveness of Online Teaching in the HEIs".
Part II is the research of chapters 4-7 which narrates the uncertainty and challenges during the of COVID-19, such as "Review of APQN 2020 Online Forum", "APQN Board Interviews on HE Quality in COVID Crisis", "Qualitative Research on Effectiveness of Online Course during COVID-19" and "Academic Review of the 12th Higher Education International Conference".
Part III is the research of chapters 8-10 which shows the results, such as "Meta-Review to APQR", "APQN Standard for Online-Teaching QA" and "COVID Response Mechanism".
Part IV is annex 1-6 which provides more details to the researches carried on during the pandemic, such as 4 surveys, 7 interviews, and "APQN Standard for Online-Teaching Quality Assurance" issued globally on May 30, 2021.
Last but not the least, deep appreciation to the 14 authors of this book. They are Jianxin Zhang (APQN 5th and 6th President, professor of Yunnan University and Chief Expert of Yunnan Higher Education Evaluation Centre, China), Galina Motova (APQN Vice President, Deputy Director of the National Centre for Public Accreditation, Russia), I-Jung Grace Lu (Assistant Research Fellow of Higher Education Evaluation and Accreditation Council of Taiwan, Chinese Taipei), Yahang Yang (research fellow at Center for China and Globalization, China), Xiaoyin Cao(licensed attorney in Illinois, U.S.A ), Daria Efremova (specialist of the Accreditation Office, National Centre for Public Accreditation, Russia), Anna Ishutkina (methodologist, analyst and translator at the International Relations Office, National Centre for Public Accreditation, Russia), Zhijie Xiang( PhD candidate at Yunnan University, China), Panpan Huang (graduate student at Yunnan University, China), David W. Sansom (Deputy-Director of the MPI-Bell Centre at the Macao Polytechnic Institute), Gan Cunyan (Director of Teaching and Learning Centre of Macao Polytechnic Institute), Shirun Wang (graduate student at Yunnan University, China), Wenjing He (graduate student at Yunnan University, China), and Jagannath Patil (founder Chairperson of Asia Pacific Quality Register, former APQN President and APQN Board Co-opted Director, at National Assessment and Accreditation Council, India). Most of the research are volunteer work,without any funding. The authors carried on the research on a pro bono basis. They have demonstrated APQN spiritual legacy of "the Spirit of Dedication". As the current APQN President and chief-editor of this book, I am greatly appreciate for their dedication that is the passion and love for the cause of education quality bonded by the affection and friendship among our members!
The challenge of the COVID Pandemic is embedded with a huge opportunity. No doubt, higher education in the globe has been transformed by COVID-19, the lockdown, and eventually, the recovery. COVID-19 has pointed out that the world of education requires a paradigm shift. The educational systems should have been hybrid with both face-to-face learning as well as online learning components. Most of the higher education institutions (HEIs) have been in practice of holistic learning accommodating both offline and online systems. The present pandemic has forced all the academic institutions to shift to online mode of learning. APQN has a long way to go to realize its sustainable development under COVID-19.
Dear all, let's work hard to realize APQN mission of "enhancing the quality of higher education in the Asia-Pacific Region "!
(Written by Jianxin Zhang, APQN President as well as the chief-editor)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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The District Attorney investigates and prosecutes criminal violations of state law and county ordinances occurring within the county. Defendants who are charged with a criminal offense and have had a complaint filed against them by the District Attorney's Office are scheduled to appear on calendar Mondays at 1:30 P.M. at the Alpine County Courthouse.
If you have hired an attorney or had one appointed for you, contact them first for assistance.
Remote Appearance
The matters of persons charged with criminal offenses who are out of custody will be heard in-person commencing June 6, 2022, unless otherwise ordered by the Court. The Court has appointed County Public Defenders, Lori London and Kimberly Hunt, to provide initial representation to anyone charged with a criminal offense. If you are charged with a criminal offense and have not retained private counsel, you are instructed to contact Ms. London or Ms. Hunt at (530) 544-2509 prior to the date of your scheduled hearing.
Please see the Online Payments page for various methods of payment and instructions.
If you are the victim or witness of a crime, there are resources available to you.
Alpine County District Attorney's Office
Alpine County Probation Department
Alpine County Sherriff's Office
CA Department of Fish and Wildlife
California Self-Help Center
California Bar Association's Lawyer Referral Service
CA State Legislature
CA Rules of Court
Alpine County Superior Court hears all violations of the Fish and Game Code from infraction to felony under the Criminal calendar.
If you have been charged with an infraction violation of the Fish and Game Code you may elect to pay and forfeit bail in lieu of an appearance.
A courtesy notice is mailed to persons charged with an infraction of the Fish and Game Code to the address shown on the citation issued by the citing officer. The notice will notify you of your appearance date, the bail amount, and payment options.
To contest the charge you must appear in court, however, per the Uniform Bail and Penalty Schedule the court sets an amount of bail that may be posted and forfeited in lieu of your appearance in court. Upon receipt of the bail amount, the court will declare the bail forfeited and order that no further proceedings shall be had. The procedure will result in a record of conviction as if you had appeared and admitted or been found guilty of the charge(s).
If you have been charged with a misdemeanor or felony violation of the Fish and Game Code, your appearance in court is mandatory.
Please keep all court and legal documents you receive in a safe place so that you can find out the day and time you must appear in court. You can find the information on the following documents:
Cash bail receipt
Signed Promise to Appear
Notice to Appear
Bail and Fee Schedules
2023 Uniform Bail and Penalty Schedule
Felony/ Misdemeanor Fee Schedule
Notice of Adoption of 2023 Bail Schedule
General Information and Frequently Asked Questions
In almost all criminal cases, a scheduled court appearance is mandatory. The only exception is if your only criminal charge is an infraction (infractions are not court mandatory).
If you do not appear for a scheduled court appearance, a judge may issue a bench warrant for your arrest.
How do I know when to appear?
If you have any other questions about your appearance you may call the Clerk's Office. Please have your docket number (case number) ready to give to the clerk.
How do I find out if someone is in custody?
There are no jail facilities in Alpine County. Jail services are contracted with El Dorado County and Calaveras County.
Please contact El Dorado County Jail or use their online service to find out the status of an inmate.
El Dorado County Jail
South Lake Tahoe Jail
Address: 1051 Al Tahoe Blvd, South Lake Tahoe, CA 96150
California Inmate Search- El Dorado County
My Notice to Appear mentions a booking appointment. What does this mean?
If you were not booked when you were arrested, you must schedule an appointment to be booked with Alpine County Sherriff's Office before you appear for your arraignment. Booking staff is limited and appointments are necessary. Walk-ins will not be accepted.
Bring all legal documents about your case with you when you arrive at your appointment.
You will be fingerprinted, a criminal history search will be run, and you will be asked questions by booking staff. You will be charged a fee to be booked.
Address: 99 Water Street
Markleeville, CA 96120
How do I clear a warrant issued out of Alpine County?
To clear a warrant issued by Alpine County Superior Court, you must come to the courthouse on any Monday at 1:30pm when the court is holding its Criminal Calendar.
You may call the Clerk's Office to give advance notice of your intent to appear, and to confirm that the Monday you intend to appear is not a Court Holiday or a Jury Trial Week, in which case there will be no Criminal Calendar.
How to clean a criminal record:
For information on how to clean your criminal record (for convictions in California only), please visit the California Courts Self-Help guide.
How to Apply for a Pardon
Petition for Certificate of Rehabilitation and Pardon
Notice of Filing of Petition for Certificate of Rehabilitation and Pardon
What if I need copies of papers from my case?
Go to the Records Requests page to find the form and instructions for requesting copies of court records.


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Tag: group CBT
18th January 2022 18th January 2022 admin	Leave a comment
according to the BABCP's submission BABCP response – NICE consultation draft to the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE ). Implementation of the latter's proposed guidance would mark the end of the Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) service.
Interestingly BABCP recommend that assessment should begin with a reliable diagnostic interview and acknowledges that IAPT's Psychological Wellbeing Practitioners (PWPs) are not equipped to do this. Further BABCP recommend that outcomes should be assessed from the client's perspective but do not specify how. Ironically some of BABCP's own recommendations undermine the functioning of its over-induIged prodigy, IAPT. BABCP are alarmed that the proposed guidance would, in their view, herald the end of stepped-care.
BABCP are aghast that NICE have not included studies by IAPT related personnel in determining the way forward. In defence of IAPT, BABCP cite the Wakefield et al(2021) https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12259 study published in the British Journal of Clinical Psychology but fail to mention my rebuttal paper Scott(2021) https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12264 published in the same issue of the Journal. Quite simply NICE does not consider studies that are based on agencies marking their own homework as having any credence. This is thoroughly reasonable.
The BABCP have rightly pointed out to NICE that in recommending group interventions as the starting point for offering clients help, they have not properly looked at the context of the group studies. As I pointed out in my submission to NICE COMMENTS ON PROPOSED GUIDANCE (and simultaneously submitting via BABCP as a stakeholder), there are considerable hurdles in engaging clients in group therapy, see Scott and Stradling (1990)Group cognitive therapy for depression produces clinically significant reliable change in community-based settings Behavioural Psychotherapy, 18: 1-19 and Simply Effective Group Cognitive Behaviour Therapy Scott (2011) https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiph5Hlvbb1AhWKX8AKHRSJDZ0QFnoECAUQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.co.uk%2FSimply-Effective-Cognitive-Behaviour-Therapy%2Fdp%2F0415573424&usg=AOvVaw0nam02gszlQ0HqCktSCB0s.
In fairness, I think Prof Shirley Reynolds from BABCP has done a great job in reviewing the extensive documentation provided by NICE and collating the individual submissions, all within a very brief period of time. I understand from her that these matters will feature in the next issue of CBT Today and whilst I was happy to have my name noted as having submitted, there are important aspects of the submission on which I wish to dissent.
NICE make its' formal recommendations in May, interesting times
The Proposed NICE (Mis)Guidance on the Treatment of Depression
7th December 2021 7th December 2021 admin	3 Comments
excludes consideration of assessment https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/indevelopment/gid-cgwave0725/consultation/html-content-3, in it's' update of the 2009 Guidance [CG90], despite advocating different pathways for 'less' and 'more severe' depression, advocating a cut-off of 16 on the PHQ-9.! De facto the authors rubber-stamp the widely held practice, reflected in the Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) Service, of routing high scorers on a depression psychometric test (e.g PHQ-9 score 10 or greater) to treatment for this condition. But patients with a wide range of disorders including, panic disorder, PTSD, obsessive compulsive disorders and adjustment disorder have elevated depression scores. Nevertheless NICE signals a diversion along a depression pathway with one fork for 'less severe' and another for the 'more severe'. Clinicians and clients are likely to be equally bemused by the 'road signs'. The upshot is likely to be misguided treatment.
In assessing the outcome studies NICE do not take seriously the concept of minimally important difference (MID) i.e what change would a a patient see as the minimum requirement necessary for them to say treatment has made a real world difference. There is no evidence that they would regard a change of score on a psychometric test as conferring a real world difference. But they would recognise being back to their old self or best functioning and possibly no longer suffering from the disorder, so that loss of diagnostic status would be a reasonable proxy for a MID. However only a minority of studies furnish this data with the use of blind assessors. Inferences can therefore only be properly drawn from this sub-population of studies, which exclude the low intensity studies.
Under the proposed Guidance client's preferences are paramount. If the client is judged as having 'less severe' depression and volunteers no treatment preference, they are to be taken through a menu of options in a set order starting with first group cognitive behavioural therapy, second group behaviour activation, third individual CBT and on to the 11th option short-term psychodynamic therapy. For 'more severe' depression top of the league is individual CBT plus antidepressants, in 2nd place individual CBT, and in 3rd place individual behavioural activation and in last and 10th place is group excercise. The 'more severe' route is more labour intensive and there is likely to be congestion as approximately half those entering IAPT have mean scores of 15 or more on the PHQ-9 [Saunders et al (2020) https://doi.org/10.1017/S1754470X20000173]. Unwittingly the Guidance spells the end of low intensity interventions because none of the top of the league options are low intensity! But 70% of clients entering the IAPT service are given a low intensity intervention first. However there is nothing to prevent a Service Provider declaring that 'unfortunately none of the top of the league options are currently available' and recourse has to be made to options in danger of relegation. So much for NICE Compliance and patient choice.
The NICE guidance assumes that psychometric test results speak for themselves but they are only meaningful when described in context. To my knowledge there is no study of the reliability of the PHQ-9 in UK routine mental health services compared to a 'gold standard' diagnostic interview. Rather data on the PHQ-9 has been extrapolated from from US studies of psychiatric outpatients, in a population with a high prevalence of depression, but not using a 'gold standard' diagnostic interview [The Prime MD was used instead, with insufficient distinction between this interview and the questions on the PHQ-9]. It is the author's experience that in the UK the PHQ-9 gives a large number of false positives compared to a reliable diagnostic interview, such as the SCID.
NICE has a 'blind spot' about context. In its' analysis of outcome studies it lumps together 'depression studies' that were wholly reliant on self-report measures with those that included the results of a diagnostic interview as an outcome measure. Outcome is assessed in terms of statistical differences between either different modes of service delivery e.g stepped v non-stepped or between different treatments e.g CBT v waiting list. There was no attempt to try and discern what proportion of clients in each arm of a study would have regarded themselves as back to their normal selves or best functioning post treatment [ or in lieu of this, lost their diagnostic status] and the duration of those gains. Rather than patients being asked to cite preferences over treatments they largely have no knowledge of, they would be very interested as to the likelihood of treatment making a real world difference to their lives.
NICE's failure to look at context is highlighted in the top league place it gives to group CBT for less severe depression. No mention that in our study [Scott and Stradling (1990)https://doi.org/10.1017/S014134730001795X ] of individual and group CBT for depression in Toxteth, Liverpool the invitation to group CBT went down like a 'lead balloon' and we had to change the protocol to include up to 3 individual sessions in the 'group' arm. Entry was determined by independent diagnostic interview, but mean entry Beck Depression scores were around 27, so the population was likely 'more severe' in NICE terms. NICE also fails to critically appraise the Group Behavioural Activation studies, having previously called for BA studies to include observer rated assessments. They may have also added the need for credible attention control comparisons. NICE is content with statistical sweeps at large data sets rather trying to discern what is happening at the coal face.
NICE puts group interventions as top of the league for less severe depression, but ignores the context of the pandemic, realistically how possible will it be two get 2 therapists together with 8 clients for 90 minutes a week for 8 weeks, all face to face. The logistics and effectiveness of conducting it online is a venture into the unknown. NICE appears to operate without contextualisation of findings.
NICE are open to commentary on the proposals upto January 12th 2022. Will send the above, but I don't think I will receive a return Christmas Card any time soon. Nevertheless a Happy Christmas to everyone.
Group Interventions A Manager's Dream But A Clients….?
20th October 2021 20th October 2021 admin	Leave a comment
As the pandemic recedes and concerns about scarcity of individual therapy continues, there are likely to be increased calls for group interventions, whether psychoeducational or psychotherapeutic. But the vexed question has to be asked, does the particular group intervention envisaged make a real world difference to client's life? Is the group intervention more to do with appearing to have done something?
There are protocols for depression and the anxiety disorders described in my book Simply Effective Group CBT (2011) London: Routledge.
The content for the group sessions I detailed in the book can be downloaded by clicking the link below:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/ys0ogfo3k93qmwb/Ptsd%20Group%20treatments%202018.pdf?dl=0
But I have a number of concerns about the utilisation of group interventions in the IAPT-ification of psychological therapy services. There is a danger of spin with regards to group CBT. This can happen easily by taking the abstracts of studies at face value, when many of the authors have developed the protocols that they are evaluating – allegiance bias. I doubt whether, despite the best efforts of any training institution, there will be a monitoring of fidelity to evidence-based protocols and a meaningful assessment of outcome. In practice clients may be short-changed by Group CBT and may then be put off further therapy. Whilst the group interventions may be intended as part of a stepped care package, clients are least likely to attend the appointment that marks the start of the new dawn [ Davis et al (2020)https://doi.org/10.1136/ebmental-2019-300133]. The following critique of group studies may be useful:
Group psychoeducation interventions have an appeal that belies evidence of their effectiveness. I can find no study in which there has been independent assessment of effectiveness using a standardised diagnostic interview. Thus it is not known what proportion of sufferers with a particular disorder would lose their diagnostic status as a result of treatment, much less how enduring recovery would be. 'No longer suffering from a disorder' is a metric that a member of the public can readily understand, but to be told that you no longer require treatment because you are now below 'caseness' on a psychometric test is likely to produce a puzzlement, that the client is too polite or disadvantaged to challenge.
It may be to the advantage of Managers and Academic institutions to promote psychoeducational groups but to the pay-off for the client is what? The experience of group involvement may not be adverse, they may have even enjoyed the sense of belonging that has come from group attendance, but if at the end of the day it has not made a real world difference to the client's life, was it worthwhile? The issue of group psychoeducation has to be approached from a bottom-up perspective not top-down. Ost (2008) Outcome studies Quality Ost 2008 has published a 22 item measure of the reliability of psychotherapy outcome studies, each item is rated 0-2, so that a score of 44 is possible. Applying this measure to the most popularly delivered psychoeducation group Stress Control, I found yielded a score of 9, but the mean score in CBT outcome studies was 28 and Ost suggested that studies with scores of 19 or below could not be considered empirically supported treatments. Failings of the recent SC studies (the original White et al study fared slightly better because it specified a particular diagnosis, GAD) included amongst others the following domains: reliability of the diagnosis, specificity of outcome measure, blind evaluation, assessor training, design, assessment points, controlling for concomitant treatment, and assessment of clinical significance.
3. In a paper titled "Are individual and group treatments equally effective in the treatment of depression in adults? Cuijpers et al answered with a cautious 'yes'. They drew upon my own study [ Scott and Stradling (1990)https://doi.org/10.1017/S014134730001795X ] comparing individual and group CBT with a waiting list, but did not mention that in order to get the group CBT to be a viable entity, we had to offer up to 3 individual sessions concurrently, though interestingly few took up all three. Selling the group CBT was a challenge, however both modalities were equally effective and I think Cuijpers et al's conclusion is appropriate.
4. In 2018 carpenter et al published https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22728 a study of the efficacy of CBT for anxiety disorders. They considered only studies in which the comparison condition was a psychological placebo e.g supportive counselling i.e one in which there is a credible rationale, this controls for common factors such as the therapeutic alliance. Carpenter et al found only 7 studies comparing individual and group CBT with these provisos, and for only 2 disorders social anxiety disorder and PTSD was their sufficient data to reach conclusions and in both instances individual CBT was superior to group CBT.
But in 2020 Barkowski et al Group CBT for anxety dsorders 2020 published a meta analyses of group psychotherapy and claimed that group psychotherapy for anxiety disorders is more effective than active treatment controls. They cite a Hedges g effect size of 0.29. But these authors fail to point that this effect size is small. A Hedges g of 0.2 would mean that the average person in the largely CBT groups would have done better than 58% of those in the control condition. Whether these differences are clinically significant is a matter of debate. Further only 3 anxiety disorders were considered GAD, panic disorder and social anxiety disorder, the results do not apply to OCD or PTSD (which historically was placed in the anxiety disorders but now no longer is). The authors proclaim that mixed-diagnoses groups are equally effective as diagnostic specific groups. But this is misleading, the most recently published group trans diagnostic study by Roberge et al (2020) Group transdiagnostic cognitive-behavior therapy for anxiety disorders: a pragmatic randomized clini had approx half of clients (52.8%) suffering from generalised anxiety disorder and approx a third (29.4%) suffering from social anxiety disorder, thus over 80% of the clients are suffering primarily from either one or the other of just 2 disorders, more accurately it should be termed limited transdiagnostic therapy. Further clients were recruited via newspaper advertisements, 86% of the clients were women and 42% had a University Diploma, only half of clients were completers i.e attended 8 or more of the treatment sessions, and only half lost their principal diagnosis. Making generalising from these studies problematic.
The danger is that group devotees look simply at the abstracts of the group studies, without realising that the authors were the developers of the protocols and their findings need taking with a great deal of caution. My worry is that IAPT in particular will seize on groups as a way forward in a numbers game and clients will be short changed.
Groups An Attractive Option…. But?
8th January 2020 8th January 2020 admin	3 Comments
Last month I gave a days workshop 'Better Together' at the Maudsley Hospital for an IAPT Service, I did think it was going into the lion's den but the hospitality was superb. The link to my presentation is below:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/4i2tw7l2t4rxnfr/Better%20Together.pptx?dl=0
I presented for the first time the DAGger for groups, a questionnaire containing the dysfuntional attitudes that will often have to be circumnavigated to successfully engage someone in a group. I also spelt out how to engage in a debate about the 'DAG's using the vectors of validity, utility and authority. But such dialogues are not easily possible with IAPT's standard triage, there is a need for reform to make groups properly viable. One of the problems with groups is that those most likely to benefit from groups are those least likely to agree to attend!
Groups are not the same as classes and I was struck at the Workshop by the lack of understanding that there is a strong evidence base for the former for depression and most anxiety disorders but the evidence base for the latter is extremely weak by comparison. There was also near universal acceptance that a stepped care model was intrinsically better and that not having an extended face to face conversation with a client initially was in any way problematic. Near the end I did mention my findings of a 10% recovery rate in IAPT see link below:
but by then attendees were either too tired/polite/fearful to say anything. But I must thank Marion Cuddy the organiser for a great day.
PWP's Floundering – Problem Descriptors Are Unreliable
22nd September 2019 22nd September 2019 admin	4 Comments
whilst they may describe to a greater or lesser extent the psycho-social context in which the client is operating, different therapist would disagree about the relative importance of the psychosocial stressors and have a different collection of them. One may emphasise the clients current relationship another a harsh/ ? abusive childhood another poverty.
At a recent workshop I gave a PWP (Psychological Wellbewing Practitioner)defended reliance on the use of problem descriptors on the basis that they could be complemented by the therapists intuition. But this was precisely the therapeutic task centred approach adopted by social work in the 1970's, it failed to demonstrate effectiveness and by the 1990's social work had become confined to largely a policing role, replete to this day with meaningless checklists. I speak as a former social worker, consumer of social services for over three decades and as a psychologist.
With my psychologist hat on I am very aware of the the work of Daniel Kahneman on the use of rules of thumb (heuristics) in decision making, for example the use of the availability heuristic – the vividness of a description giving a mistaken impression of its' likelihood, so that a therapist hearing the horrific details of a trauma assumes it must be PTSD. Loretta whom I saw recently simply had a specific phobia about driving/travelling as a passenger in a car as a result of very serious rta. Nevertheless the PWP directed her to a 6 week stabilisation group that did nothing at all for her difficulties. But the stepping up procedure offered no protection, she attended 3 individual sessions in which she was asked to talk about and write about the trauma, she dropped out because she found the procedure too toxic. Loretta's difficulties in driving and travelling as a passenger were not addressed at all. I broke the good news that her problems could be simply addressed.
The PWPs were totally unaware that Beck's first paper was on the unreliability of the standard interview. This led to the inclusion of standardised diagnostic interviews in CBT outcome studies. In my view the PWP training however quick and simple is not fit for purpose.
Ps Do listen to Radio 4 on Tuesday Sept 24th at 8.0pm for its' investigation into 'The Therapy Business'
Spinning CBT Is Ubiquitous
26th August 2019 26th August 2019 admin	2 Comments
CBT luminaries are spinning the plates furiously this conference season, a paper in next months Behavior Therapy, 50 (2019) 864–885 by clinicians from the University of Sheffield, has an abstract that advocates Group Behavioral Activation for depression as a front line treatment. The abstract also claims a moderate to large effect on depressive symptoms. Most people are unlikely to read further than the abstract, but closer inspection reveals the conclusions are deeply flawed.
In passing the abstract mentions that the standardized mean difference (SMD) between group BA and waiting list was 0.72. This would cause few people to question the findings, but actually it means the results are of doubtful clinical relevance, as it actually means there is less than one standard deviation in outcome between the treated group and the waiting list. Your eyes may already be glazing over at the thought that some stats are on the way, but bear with me. If a group of depressed patients had a mean Beck Depression Inventory Score of 28 at the start of treatment, [assuming that the spread of the results was 7, the standard deviation – taken from the Scott and Stradling (1990) study Behavioural Psychotherapy, 18, 1-19 ] a mean score of 23 at the end of treatment would produce an SMD of 0.71, i.e about the same as in the University of Sheffield analysis. Thus the average person experiencing this change of score is unlikely to feel that they are back to their normal selves, and are likely to view it as part of the normal cycling of mood, influenced by positive events e.g the company/support of fellow sufferers for a time in a group. In none of the Group BA studies was there an independent assessor determining whether clients were still depressed or the permanence of any change. Unsurprisingly the authors found that the Group BA was no better than any other active treatment (i.e controlling for attention and expectation), and make an implicit plea for the Dodo verdict ' all therapies are equal and must have prizes'.
In the body of the paper the authors acknowledge that the Group BA studies are of low quality, save one and that analyses were on treatment completers as opposed to the more rigorous intention to treat. But there is no indication anywhere as to what proportion of people recover from depression with any permanence. Yet this did not stop the spin in the abstract! Unfortunately it will likely be music to the ears of IAPT and one can expect Group BA to be soon advocated, particularly as it is contended that BA is easier for therapists to learn than CBT.
In 1990 Steve Stradling and I had published [Behavioural Psychotherapy, 18, 1-19] a study of depressed clients comparing, group CBT, individual CBT and a waiting list condition. For Group CBT the initial mean BDI was 29.0 and end of treatment score was 6.2 whilst for individual treatment the comparable scores were 28.21 and 11.53. However those on the waiting list also improved from 25.89 initially to 20.26 at the end of waiting list. Thus, it is far from clear that the results from the University of Sheffield analysis on Group BA are actually better than those of putting people on a waiting list.
In the August 2015 issue of the Psychologist I wrote:
"In the July issue of the Psychologist you referred to a meta-analysis of 70 CBT studies for depression conducted by Johnsen and Friborg (2015) and opined 'CBT doesn't seem to be helping reduce depression symptoms as much today as it used to when it was first developed in the 1970s'. But this conclusion may be premature, inspection of Table One of Johnsen and Friborg's study shows that from 1977 up to and including the millennium 85% of studies were randomised controlled trials (RCT's) but from 2001-2014 the comparable figure was 65%. One of the hallmarks of an RCT is blind assessment, using a standardised diagnostic interview. Thus there can be no certainty that populations treated post the millennium are comparable to those before. Johnsen, T. J., & Friborg, O. (2015, May 11). The Effects of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy as an Anti-Depressive Treatment is Falling: A Meta-Analysis. Psychological Bulletin. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/bul0000015″ Reliance on weak evidence has become a post-millenium phenomenon.
But spin is not confined to recent CBT studies, Jellison et al (2019) have examined spin in leading journals of psychiatry and in the journal Psychological Medicine, of 116 randomised controlled trials spin was identified in 56% of them, with 21% in the abstract results section and 49.1% in the abstract conclusions section. See link below:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/jxwphiv5prbbpy9/Spin%20in%20rcts%202019.pdf?dl=0
Please let me know what work should be given a spin award this conference season.
Group CBT – Forward Leap or Backward Somersault?
16th August 2019 16th August 2019 admin	Leave a comment
day workshop September 20th, Liverpool. Details from BABCP website are below:
GROUP CBT SPECIAL INTEREST GROUP
Led by Dr Mike Scott
Times: 9.30am to 3.30pm (Registration from 9.00am)
Venue: 54 St James Street, Liverpool, L1 0AB
About the workshop:
Groups are a way of addressing the commonalities amongst peoples' difficulties/disorders [Scott (2011)]. They also offer the enticing prospect of a wider dissemination of services. This workshop addresses the question of when is group CBT effective and when is it a pawn in a numbers game?
Jo Clifford will present the NICE recommendations on group CBT. Attendees will take part in a simulated stress management group (SMG), to experience the trials and tribulations of being a leader, co-leader and group member. A framework for understanding and managing interactions will be described. The criteria for judging a group as effective will be considered and participants will be asked to deliver a verdict on an SMG group. This then serves as a methodological template for evaluating other group interventions.
The therapeutic relationship is a key element of both individual and group CBT but takes a slightly different form in the latter [Whitfield and Scott (2019)]. These differences will be explicated in the workshop. Participants are invited to reflect on their own experiences of groupwork: in this connection Nicola Walker will give a presentation on the side effects of group therapy.
Finally, participants will be encouraged to reflect on the scope for implementing group CBT where they are.
Scott, M.J (2011) Simply Effective Group Cognitive Behaviour Therapy London: Routledge
Whitfield, G and Scott, M (2019) CBT Delivered in Groups in 'The Therapeutic Relationship in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Edited by S Moorey and A Lavender London: Sage publications.
Registration and General Information
BABCP Member fee: £50
Non-Member fee: £70
BABCP Member Student: £40
Non-Member Student: £60
Lunch and refreshments will be provided.
A CPD certificate for 6 hours will be issued – 50/50 skills and theory
Closing date for registrations is Friday 13 September 2019
For any event or booking queries please contact BABCP head office on 0330 320 0851 or email workshops@babcp.com
For venue enquiries please see website –
http://www.thewomensorganisation.org.uk/54stjamesstreet
9.00am Registration
9.30am Mike Scott Psychoeducation strengths and limits
9.50am Jo Clifford NICE Recommendations for Group CBT
10.10am Mike Scott Group CBT in practice
10.30am Coffee
10.50am Mike Scott Simulated Group Session of Stress Management.
Reflections of participants, leader and co-leader
11.30am Mike Scott Framework for evaluating group skills and organisational context. But do skills relate to outcome?
12.30pm Lunch
1.15pm Nicola Walker Side effects of Group Therapy
1.45pm Nicola Walker Participants' experiences and views on best practice for group CBT
2.30pm Coffee
2.50pm Putting it together where I am
3.30pm Close
The Gagging of Clients as Storytellers
11th August 2019 11th August 2019 admin	1 Comment
'don't listen to the story treat the symptom' that is the advise to be given to IAPT's PWP's attending a 3 hour workshop on November 28th 2019 on groupwork. It reflects similar advise given to IAPT clients attending a 6 week course on 'Understanding PTSD' in which clients are instructed not to talk about their trauma rather to reflect on what they have found helpful so far. This gagging of IAPT clients is consistant with the Organisation's 30 minute telephone assessment. But it is inconsistant with the need to help client's overcome cognitive avoidance e.g in PTSD avoiding talking about their trauma.
In Simply Effective Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, Routledge (2009)
I suggested that clients need treatment simultanously for all the disorders from which they are suffering. This is to look at the totality of the clients story, not to elevate one part of it (e.g the disorder that is most impairing) and just treat that. Interestingly Barlow et al 2017 see link below compared focussing just on the main disorder from which a person was suffering (from amongst panic disorder, GAD, social anxiety disorder and GAD, even though most people had more than one disorder) with a protocol that could be adapted for any of these disorders ( termed a Unified Protocol) and retention of clients was better with the latter. This suggests that addressing the whole story is best as well as being more respectful.
Care has to be taken however with Barlow's transdiagnostic approach, in that the term denotes just those suffering from an anxiety disorder excluding PTSD. Over half of clients had a degree. All treatments were developed by Barlow and his colleagues, there has been no independent replication. Treatment was individual, no evidence that it works in groups. The treating clinicians were highly qualified/trained and did both treatments, as the UP was the new kid in the block and their 'kid brother' that may explain the slightly better results with UP.
Barlow et al (2017) https://www.dropbox.com/s/22qz932flxroas3/The%20Unified%20Protocol%20for%20Transdiagnostic%20Treatment%20of%20Emotional%20Disorders%20Compared%20With%20Diagnosis-Specific%20Protocols%20for%20Anxiety%20Disorders.html?dl=0
Sham Psychological Therapy Rules
9th July 2019 9th July 2019 admin	2 Comments
Bernard felt 'ten times worse' after his first session of IAPT, Group CBT. He didn't return for further sessions. IAPT advised him to seek individual therapy via his GP, which he did but none was ever forthcoming. When I saw him it was three years after his industrial accident that rendered him unable to work, his depression had continued unabated. The GP records simply recorded that he did not attend 3 sessions and so was discharged, the implication was that he was at fault!
What had actually happened is that following an IAPT telephone assessment he was invited to therapy at a local centre. On arrival he and others were given a questionnaire to complete. He and about 15 others were then ushered into a room, but there were not enough chairs so some stood. The group leader began asking each of them in turn what their problem was. Bernard protested ' I can't tell my problems in front of all these', he said that he could see that the young men in the group were agitated and one 'girl' on the verge of tears. 'it was more like a lecture with flipchart and screen'.
The IAPT treatment bears no relationship at all to the group CBT detailed, in my book 'Simply Effective Group CBT' published a decade ago by London: Routledge or to what I am trying to promote as Co-chair of the BABCP Group CBT Special Interest Group. A year ago the IAPT Manual was published but none of it confers any protection for a client suffering the same fate. The worry is that in the interest of a numbers game more people will suffer Bernard's fate.How long is the cover up going to go on!
Groups and Trauma
8th May 2019 8th May 2019 admin	Leave a comment
Group CBT treatments for PTSD leave 70% of participants still suffering from the condition and it appears less effective than individual PTSD. Further, other active group treatments appear as effective as group CBT for PTSD, but are slightly better able to retain people, probably because they are not trauma focussed, see link below to the Sloan et al (2018) study:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/qoly0wkquhzu44x/Simply%20Effective%20Group%20CBT%20All%20Appendices.pdf?dl=0
Stabilisation Groups
Groups/classes are a great attraction for Organisations pre-occupied with numbers and waiting lists, reflecting the prime concerns of Clinical Commissioning Groups. IAPT has a penchant for running groups/classes without an evidence base for effectiveness. For example, it offers trauma victims a Stabilisation Group, here is how two participants fared:
Mr X had two accidents within weeks of each other and attended a 6 week course. My independent assessment found the course had no effect on his mild PTSD and mild depression and he was then put on a waiting list for individual CBT. The group sessions began with 12-15 participants and went down to 4 people. Topics covered included calming down after nightmares, mindfulness and deep breathing. Nevertheless he described the course as 'helpful' but was given no diagnosis at any point either in the telephone assessment or on the course.
Mr Y attended a 6 week course with initially 8-10 people and 3-4 dropping out before the end he also found the course 'helpful', albeit that he felt that he was not back to his usual self after the course. My independent assessment revealed that he was still suffering from PTSD after the course and he received a letter stating ' have now success fully completed the Stabilisation Symptom Management Course … .. you have opted to complete therapy at this time discharged you from the service' but IAPT made no attempt at reliable diagnostic assessment before or after the course, patronisingly 'success' is now defined as completing an IAPT course!
Background to Stabilisation Groups
The impetus for the IAPT stabilisation groups probably derives from the Institute of Psychiatry 10 week programme teaching coping strategies for dealing with symptoms of PTSD, but in which trauma histories are not discussed . The programme uses cbt, mindfulness and relaxation techniques. But with no published study on effectiveness. IAPT has run a cut down version of this, just 6 sessions. Robertson et al at the Traumatic Stress Clinic offer 5-8 weeks of 2 hour group sessions for up to 10 people for refugees with a focus on managing hyper-arousal, anxiety, re-experiencing and dissociation but again there are no outcome studies. Like in IAPT it is intended as part of a phased treatment model but there is no evidence that it in any way adds to established treatments for PTSD.
Evidence Based Delivery of Group CBT
The Trauma Groups run in the UK bear no resemblance to those described in the Sloan et al (2018) study. The latter involved 14 2hr sessions and an adequate dose of treatment was regarded as attendance at 10 or more sessions. Though only a minority of study participants recovered from their PTSD there were high levels of satisfaction with both the trauma focused CBT intervention and with the non-trauma focused intervention. The trauma focused intervention involved writing about their trauma in 2 sessions and at home for homework. Further the trauma focussed group treatment was based on a group programme developed originally for victims of road traffic accidents. Interestingly both the trauma focused group CBT programme and the comparison Present Centred Therapy had bigger effects on coexisting generalised anxiety disorder and depression than on PTSD, the main target!
There are evidence based group protocols for depression and the anxiety disorders described in my book Simply Effective Group CBT (2011) London: Routledge.
I will be circulating this blog to the BABCP, Group CBT Special Interest Group, anyone interested in joining can contact Nicola at nicoladrurywalker@fastmail.com


text:
Q: CLIQUE to UNARY-CLIQUE reduction NP complete Assume the following Language:
UNARY-CLIQUE= $\{(G=(V,E),1^k) \mid G$ is an undirected graph and there is a clique of size $k$ in $G\}$
I'm trying to determine whether this language belongs to NP complete or not, my first assumption was that it is NP complete as its basically the definition of CLIQUE with the slight change that the integer $K$ is given as a string of 1's.

So, my first attempt was to do a reduction from CLIQUE to UNARY-CLIQUE.
This is the point I encountered an issue, the trivial approach would be defining a function that goes like this:
$F=$"on input $(G,K)$, do:
1. (assuming the input is always of a valid form of a graph and integer) output the pair $(G, 1111....1)$ so that $1$ appears $k$ times."
After further thinking I've came to the conclusion that this function is actually not a valid function as if $k$ is exponential writing $1 k$ times will be an exponential operation which will make the function not polynomial.
First, am I correct in my assumption?
And second, will this solution I thought about fix the problem:
$F="$on input $(G,k)$ do:
1. count the number of vertices in $G$.
2. if $k >$ number of vertices, output $(G,111...1)$ ,$1$ appears $|V|+1$ times.
3. if $k \leq$ number of vertices, output $(G,1111...1)$, $1$ appears $k$ times."
polynomial correctness:
1. is $o(n)$ polynomial to the input
2. is $o(n)$ comparing $2$ numbers represented binary(for example)
3. because we know $k \leq |v|$ writing $1$ $k$ times will be polynomial to the input because input size is bigger than $|v|$."
reduction correctness:
the reduction correctness itself is very trivial as CLIQUE and UNARY-CLIQUE work in the same way regarding the input.(at least its trivial for me so I pass on elaborating on it).
Does this seem right to you? are there any flaws in the way I think ?
*Keep in mind that this is very high level speaking and I dont want to get into the real low level machine implementations, just need to see that my main idea is correct.

A: UNARY-CLIQUE∈NPC
V = "On input ((G, 0^k), c), where G= (V, E) is an undirected graph, 2≤k≤|V| and c is a set of nodes:
1. Test whether c is a set of k nodes in G.
2. Test whether G contains all edges connecting nodes in c.
3. If both pass, accept; otherwise, reject."
We showed a poly-time verifier, therefore UNARY-CLIQUE∈NP.
Reduction from CLIQUE: Given graph G=(V,E) and 2≤k≤|V|, output (G,0^k).
If G (input) has a clique of size k -> G (output) has a clique of size k.
If G (input) doesn't have a clique of size k -> G (output) doesn't have a cliques of size k.
This reduction is polynomial in respect to the input length. The input length is comprised of V=O(|V|), E=[O(|V|),O(|V|2)] and k=O(log|V|) (k is bounded by |V| and is binary-encoded). The output length is V=O(|V|), E=[O(|V|),O(|V|2)] and 0^k=O(|V|).
We showed CLIQUE ≤p UNARY-CLIQUE, therefore UNARY-CLIQUE∈NPC.
QED.

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Meet the kid who made 'wimpy' cool, in a family comedy based on the best-selling illustrated novel Diary of a Wimpy Kid by Jeff Kinney, the first in a series that has thus far sold 24 million copies. DIARY OF A WIMPY KID chronicles the adventures of wise-cracking middle school student Greg Heffley, who must somehow survive the scariest time of anyone's life: middle school.
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Steve ZahnActor
Steve Zahn was born in Marshall, Minnesota, to Zelda, who worked at a YMCA, and Carleton Edward Zahn, a Lutheran pastor at Peace Lutheran Church, Robbinsdale, Minnesota. His career kicked off in his native Minnesota when he crashed the audition of a local stage production of "Biloxi Blues" and won the lead role. He next trained at American Repertory Theatre in Cambridge, MA; then moved to New York City, where he won a role touring for 13 months in national company of Tommy Tune-directed version of "Bye Bye Birdie". Back in New York, he played opposite Ethan Hawke in "Sophistry" at Playwright's Horizon, where Ben Stiller noticed him and cast him and Hawke in Reality Bites (1994).
ROBERT CAPRONActor
Robert began his acting career when he was eight years old by enrolling in an after school drama program sponsored by Trinity Repertory Company. Later that year he landed a role as Turkey Boy in Trinity's production of A Christmas Carol. Since that time Robert has performed a variety of roles on stage. Recently, Robert has turned his efforts to film. Robert's first principal role was in Bride Wars where he played Robert. Shortly thereafter he earned a role as Young Dave's Pal in the movie Sorcerer's Apprentice. Robert's role as Rowley in Fox's three-movie franchise Diary of A Wimpy Kid (2010,2011) is perhaps his most recognized role to date. The third installment, Dog Days, was released in August 2012. Robert landed his first voiceover role as Bob in the Tim Burton directed movie Frankenweenie which was released in October 2012. In April 2012, Robert played Young Curly in the movie The Three Stooges. In 2013, Robert played Kyle in the Faxon/ Nash directed movie The Way, Way Back. Also during 2013, Robert had his first experience in motion-capture 3D CGI as he played Derek in the motion-capture version of Tarzan. In 2015, Robert played Jake alongside Bailey Madison in the Indie feature Annabelle Hooper and The Ghosts of Nantucket. In 2016, Robert landed the role of Jack Black's son Dave in the feature film The Polka King. The film also also stars Jenny Slate, Jackie Weaver and Jason Schwartzman. In addition to theater, and film, Robert currently is a returning guest star on CBS's Elementary, where he plays the role of one of Sherlock's "irregulars" known as Mason. He has s also appeared on television as a guest star on ABC's The Middle, and as the lead on two episodes of The Hub Network's The Haunting Hour. Robert is passionate about reading, acting, history, watching movies, and reading and writing his own screenplays. He also loves swimming, tennis, and playing video games. Robert is a freshman at Brown University majoring in theater, film studies and screenwriting.
ZACHARY GORDONActor
Zachary Gordon was born on February 15, 1998 in Oak Park, California, USA as Zachary Adam Gordon. He is an actor and director, known for Diary of a Wimpy Kid (2010), Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days (2012) and Georgia Rule (2007).
Rachael HarrisActor
Rachael Harris was born in Worthington, Ohio, where she spend most of her early life. In 1986, she graduated from Worthington High School. She then attended Otterbein College, a liberal arts college located in Westerville, Ohio. She graduated in 1989, with a Bachelor of Fine Arts. Harris joined the Groundlings, an improvisational and sketch comedy troupe. The troupe maintains its own school in Los Angeles, where experienced members train young performers. Harris has served as a teacher in the school. In the 1990s, Harris made a number of appearances in American television shows, starting with single-episode roles in the science fiction series "seaQuest DSV" and "Star Trek: Voyager". Her "Star Trek" role had her playing Martis, mother of Kes (a regular character of the series). Harris had a recurring role in the sitcom "Sister, Sister" as Simone. Her character was a senior college student, attending the University of Michigan where the last few seasons of the series were set. Harris continued making guest appearances on television shows throughout the 2000s, and also appeared in a number of documentaries and advertisement campaigns. She appeared as a correspondent of the news satire "The Daily Show" for a single season (2002-2003). Harris was cast as Kevyn Shecket, a member of the supporting cast in the comedy series "Fat Actress" (2005). She appeared in all 7 episodes of the 1st season of the show, but the series was then canceled. Harris has played parts in various theatrical films, though often in minor roles. In the comedy film "The Hangover" (2009), Harris played Melissa, the bossy and cheating girlfriend of Dr. Stuart "Stu" Price. Her boyfriend was played by actor Ed Helms. Harris had a recurring film role in the film series "Diary of a Wimpy Kid" (2010-2012), where she played Susan Heffley (the protagonist's mother). In the 2010s, Harris continues to appear in various film and television roles. She was cast as main cast member in the short-lived sitcom "Surviving Jack" (2014). In the sitcom Harris was cast as Joanne Dunlevy, a married mother to two teenagers, who decides to resume her college studies. The main plot of the sitcom had Joanne's husband adjusting to life as a full-time parent. Harris gained a main cast role in the fantasy series "Lucifer" (2016-). She is playing Dr. Linda Martin, a professional psychotherapist who maintains a sexual relationship with her patient Lucifer Morningstar. Part of the series' plot is that Lucifer is a fallen angel and former ruler of Hell, who is trying to adjust to life among humans and to deal with his emotional issues. Linda initially helps him under the misconception that he is a mortal human being, but eventually learns part of his secrets.
CHLOE GRACE MORETZActor
OWEN BESTActor
Please allow approximately 20 extra minutes for pre-show and trailers before the show starts.1 hr 40 minPG 2011
PG 1986
The Secret Life of Pets 2-Movie Collection
Happy Feet/Happy Feet Two Double Feature


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{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Battle of Nájera (Navarrete)
| width             =
| partof            = the Castilian Civil War
| image             = Battle najera froissart.jpg
| image_size        = 300px
| alt               =
| caption           = The Battle of Nájera from a fifteenth-century manuscript of Froissart's Chronicles. The English and Peter of Castile are on the left.
| date              = 3 April 1367
| place             = Nájera
| coordinates       =
| result            = Victory for Peter I
| combatant1        =
 Castilians supporting Peter
 Kingdom of England
 Duchy of Aquitaine
 Kingdom of Majorca
 Kingdom of Navarre
Other
Elite European mercenaries
| combatant2        =  Castilians supporting Henry

Kingdom of France Crown of Aragon
| commander1        =
 Peter of Castile
 Edward, the Black Prince
 Jean de Grailly
 Gaston de Foix
 John of Gaunt
 John Chandos
 Jean I d'Armagnac
 James IV of Majorca
| commander2        =
 Henry of Trastámara
 Bertrand du Guesclin
 Alfonso of Ribagorza
 Tello of Castile
| strength1         = Total: more than 10,000.6,000 Elite European mercenaries2,000 Aquitaine soldiers1,000 English soldiers800 Castilian soldiers500 English longbowmen300 Navarrese soldiersTroops from MajorcaHenry deserters and other Spanish followers of King Peter.
| strength2         = Total: more than 4,500.2,500 Castilian soldiers1,000 Elite French mercenaries1,000 Aragonese soldiers
| casualties1       = Unknown
| casualties2       = Heavy losses
}}

The Battle of Nájera, also known as the Battle of Navarrete''', was fought on 3 April 1367 to the northeast of Nájera, in the province of La Rioja, Castile. It was an episode of the first Castilian Civil War which confronted King Peter of Castile with his half-brother Count Henry of Trastámara who aspired to the throne; the war involved Castile in the Hundred Years' War. Castilian naval power, far superior to that of France or England, encouraged the two polities to take sides in the civil war, to gain control over the Castilian fleet.

King Peter of Castile was supported by England, Aquitaine, Majorca, Navarra and the best European mercenaries hired by the Black Prince. His rival, Count Henry, was aided by a majority of the nobility and the Christian military organizations in Castile. While neither the Kingdom of France nor the Crown of Aragon gave him official assistance, he had on his side many Aragonese Soldiers and the French free companies loyal to his lieutenant the Breton knight and French commander Bertrand du Guesclin. Although the battle ended with a resounding defeat for Henry, it had disastrous consequences for King Peter, the Prince of Wales and England.

Background
After the Treaty of Brétigny favorable to England was signed in 1360, ending the Hundred Years' War, France tried to avoid open conflict with England and tried to associate with Castile to gain an advantage. France had to find employment for the mercenaries of the great companies dedicated to pillage now that there was no war. In late 1365, Charles V of France, with the help of Pope Urban V, succeeded in diverting temporarily most of the great companies. Under the pretext of carrying on a crusade against the Moorish Kingdom of Granada, the Pope paid for an expedition to Spain. Later on, France and Aragon paid to recruit these troops for Henry's cause, removing the free companies from France and supporting the ascent to power in Castile of their favorite. The strength of the army of Henry rested primarily on these companies, groups of mercenaries that had participated in the Hundred Years' War, composed mainly by Bretons, Gascons, English and French.

The Black Prince (Edward, Prince of Wales and Duke of Aquitaine) was the main beneficiary of the peace treaty of 1362 between England and Castile that allowed Castile to keep safe maritime trade routes and in turn England kept herself safe from the large Castilian war fleet. Edward did not seem interested in prohibiting the participation of his Gascon and English subjects in the Castilian Civil War on the side of the pretender Henry, although it favoured France and was against the interests of England. Aquitaine was going through a difficult stage as the main funding sources for this traditionally poor region were the wine industry, which was depressed and warfare. Aquitaine no longer received subsidies from England and needed other sources of revenue.

England would not allow France to ally with Castile to establish Henry as the new king. When Peter I of Castile, who was losing the war against his stepbrother Henry and his mercenary troops, sought help, King Edward III of England ordered Sir John Chandos the constable of Aquitaine and other commissioners to ensure that the Gascon and English mercenaries stopped assisting Henry. In February 1366, England sent several Gascon great companies to strengthen the position of King Peter but these measures proved insufficient and Peter had to flee Castile.

Army composition
England then decided to recruit a huge army of mercenaries to support the cause of King Peter of Castile, with the incentive of plundering the riches of Castile. The Black Prince brought together a diverse and colossal army of Gascon, Poitevins and English nobles as well as distinguished mercenary troops consisting of the most famous captains of great companies that had struggled in recent years. These came mainly from Gascony but also from Brittany, Navarre, Foix, Germany (Holy Roman Empire), England, Calais, the County of Poitou, Hainault and elsewhere, including mercenaries who had served Henry of Trastámara in his ascension to the throne. With the mercenaries were back in France, they aided the cause of his enemy, King Peter. This army probably numbered around 8,000 to 10,000 men, something similar to the previous Battle of Poitiers. There were also Castilians loyal to Peter, about 400 English archers recruited by John of Gaunt, some Aragonese unhappy with their king and the troops of King James IV of Majorca.

In August 1366, King Peter of Castile, the Prince of Wales, and King Charles II of Navarre met in Bayonne, to agree the terms of an invasion. The King of Navarre would allow the invading army passage from Aquitaine to Castile through Navarre, for which he would be well paid. Peter, who was willing to accept all conditions, was also to reimburse the expenses of the army recruited by the Prince of Wales and offer Castilian territories to be annexed to his duchy of Aquitaine.

Henry had dismissed almost all his troops, because of the tremendous expense that led him to keep his mercenary army in the rise to power. These troops roamed Castile committing outrages or changed sides. Henry came to an agreement with King Charles II of Navarre that Charles would, in exchange for a reward, block the Pyrenean pass from France to Castile, something that could be done easily with a few men. Charles was either betting on two horses or feared facing Castile and Aragon.

In February 1367, the English mercenaries of Hugh Calveley, who remained in the peninsula and worked for Henry, switched sides and overran several towns of Navarre from the south in a chevauchée. This forced the King of Navarre (Charles II) to open the way for the army of the Black Prince and to provide 300 men for their cause, a minimal amount to pretend he was on their side. To avoid to go to the battle in person, the King of Navarre faked his own capture during a hunt in collusion with captain Olivier de Mauny, cousin of Bertrand Du Guesclin, the Lieutenant of Henry's army.

When Henry heard of the entrance of the Black Prince's army to the peninsula he enlisted all the troops he could and sent Bertrand Du Guesclin immediately from Zaragoza back to Castile with his best captains, although most of their forces had to stand to protect Aragon from the Black Prince's army. No more than 1,000 French men-at-arms reinforced Henry's army along with some Aragonese nobles. From the mountains, Biscay, Gipuzkoa and Asturias came footsoldiers but they did not participate in the battle.

Army strength
The commonly accepted version among historians is the version of the chronicles of Pedro Lopez de Ayala in which the army of Peter, supported by the Black Prince, consisted of more than 10,000 men, most of them the best mercenaries that could be found in Europe, and the army of Henry had 4,500 men of which 1,000 were elite mercenaries from France.

Another source is the unreliable chronicle of Jean Froissart, known for his Anglophilia, whose data should not be taken too seriously in this battle, because he was not even in Spain at that time. According to Froissart, the Castilian-French army had 76,000 men. Some British historians have raised the numbers to 86,000 men. According to Froissart the Anglo-Castilian army had 24,000 men.

Previous encounters
During March, despite his huge disadvantages, Henry had great success using guerrilla tactics and skirmishing against the army of the Black Prince. Castilian troops had great offensive power and greater mobility thanks to their lighter armament, something that made them ideal for this type of action, unlike the slow and heavily armored army of Peter, composed mainly of heavy infantry and heavy cavalry. He was an experienced soldier, having fought in France as a great company commander against the English and knew that the best military strategy to take on the huge army of the Black Prince, was the wear it down with the harsh Castilian lands, hunger and the skirmishes. These were also the recommendations of the King of France and of Bertrand du Guesclin. The light cavalry was an old tradition in Castilian military systems and was designed for the frequent skirmishes with the Moors, even though the idea had been abandoned by other European armies of that time.

In the small Battle of Aríñez (Basque, battle of Inglesmendi, Battle of the English Mount) in the third week of March 1367, a vanguard of Henry's army formed by jinetes (Castilian light cavalry) led by Don Tello and Aragonese and French knights led by Arnoul d'Audrehem, Pierre le Bègue de Villaines and Juan Ramirez de Arellano wiped out a detachment of the Black Prince's army. Henry's vanguard easily defeated groups ahead of the bulk of the army of the Black Prince by skirmishes and then headed back to their base. On their way, they met with an exploration detachment of the Black Prince's army, which was led by the Seneschal of Aquitaine Sir Thomas Felton with 200 men-at-arms and archers. After suffering many casualties, the detachment of the Prince of Wales entrenched in the mountain of Inglesmendi, where the English longbowmen resisted the Castilian light cavalry. The French and Aragonese soldiers dismounted and attacked as infantry, defeating them. There died, among others, Sir William Felton, Seneschal of Poitou and captain of great companies; many others were captured, Thomas Felton, the captain of great companies, Richard Taunton, Sir Hugh Hastings, the military Lord John Neville, the captain of great companies Aghorises and the Gascon mercenary captain of great companies Gaillard Vighier (or Beguer), among others.

The army of the Black Prince that had hitherto been considered invincible, had suffered its first defeat and although their losses were not large in comparison with the large army, the troops began to become demoralized. The Black Prince mobilized his troops to approach Burgos —his goal— from Vitoria, but Henry stepped ahead and blocked his path which forced the army of Peter to retreat again.
At the end of March the Black Prince crossed the Ebro at Logroño, where he made a camp. Henry again blocked access to Burgos by controlling the river Najerilla.

The political situation was quite different; more people adhered to the cause of Peter that gained strength, while his alliances weakened, because avoiding confrontation was seen as a sign of weakness by the Castilian nobility. Time was playing against the ambitious Henry, who advanced with his forces, leaving behind the protection of the river Najerilla to confront his half-brother. To prevent disaster, he had to face the most prominent mercenary troops of Europe, outnumbered, in a battle in the open and with the river in his back cutting his retreat, despite the opposition of Bertránd du Guesclin and the rest of his field commanders.

Battle
According to Chandos Herald, p. 38, the Black Prince troops marched from Navarrete to Nájera taking a roundabout way at night and with the first lights of dawn quietly surprised from behind a hill the army of Henry (who were looking towards Navarrete in the east) from the northeast. The vanguard of Henry directed by du Guesclin maneuvered quickly to confront the enemy, but in the confusion and fear other lines were broken and some Castilian horsemen defected to the enemy followed by a larger group of infantry. This urged du Guesclin to abandon the defensive advantage and to charge with the vanguard -composed of the best Castilian troops and the French free companies - to prevent the situation from worsening. The charge forced the English companies of the vanguard of the Black Prince led by the Duke of Lancaster and John Chandos to go back. They were so close that both sides dropped their spears and began using swords, axes, and daggers.

Meanwhile, the elite mercenary Gascon companies who were in the right and left wings started to flank the vanguard led by du Guesclin. The Castilian light cavalry of Don Tello approached the opposite wing of the enemy to prevent the flanking at the forefront of du Guesclin but had to suffer terrible losses because of the rain of arrows of the English archers as they approached because they did not have the adequate protections and were forced to flee. Henry himself tried to succor the vanguard charging against the Gascon mercenaries several times from a side with similar results as the horses were easily killed by the English archers and fighting on foot was not an option because the Castilian cavalry considered it a humiliation.

Once the elite Gascon mercenaries flanked the vanguard of Henry's army commanded by du Guesclin, it was quickly crushed and most of the main body that did not even participate in the battle fled precipitately toward the bridge of Najera as they were being attacked from two fronts, ignoring the harangues of Henry. The Aragonese cavalry of Jaime IV of Majorca chased and killed most of them, as they got trapped in their retreat by the great river and the narrow bridge.

Henry's army had to suffer the vast majority of their losses, which must have been a total of more than half of the army, in the last minutes of the battle. Later on the Black Prince's army would finish off those who were hidden in Najera and pillaged the whole town, killing most of the inhabitants.

Aftermath
After the battle, the Black Prince asked if Henry had been killed or captured. After the negative response, he stated in Gascon dialect: "Non ay res fait" (nothing then is done). Despite capturing or killing most of the rival army and suffering light losses, the consequences of this battle were catastrophic for King Peter, for the Black Prince, for Aquitaine and for England since they missed the real target that was Henry:
Henry proved that he was a strong and courageous leader to the Castilian nobility and his allies by facing the magnificent enemy army in the open field. He also managed to escape across the Pyrenees mountain to France and continued the fight against his brother Peter.
Before long all the nobles and men-at-arms that fought by Henry and were captured by the mercenary armies of the Black Prince would pay their ransom and return to face Peter the Cruel being generously rewarded at the end of the war.
The Black Prince did not receive the reimbursement by Peter I of the huge sum of money used to hire such an army nor the territories that had been agreed in Bayonne either because King Peter was still immersed in the war against his brother or because he never meant to pay (Peter wrote letters to the cities demanding money so he could pay the Prince though). Consequently, relations between King Peter I of Castile and the Prince of Wales came to an end, and Castile and England broke their alliance so that Peter I would no longer count on England's support. This resulted in a political and economic disaster and astronomical losses for the Black Prince after a campaign full of hardships. This is what probably ended his brilliant military career embittering him until his death in 1376.
King Peter would get isolated internationally and was murdered at the hands of his brother two years later in the Battle of Montiel in 1369.
France avoided a direct confrontation against England aware of its weakness and found in Castile an important ally against England that lasted a century after promoting the new and definitive ascent of King Henry II to the Castilian Crown.
The fears of England and Aquitaine to France allied with Castile – a powerful adversary and the largest war fleet of the Atlantic – ended up in the Battle of La Rochelle five years later with the entire English fleet destroyed.

References

Sources

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Further reading

External links

Battle of Nájera.

Conflicts in 1367
1367 in Europe
Battles of the Hundred Years' War
Battles involving Castile
Battles involving England
Battles involving France
Battles in La Rioja (Spain)
14th century in Castile
Edward the Black Prince


Novel. Erica Bloom is loving everything about autumn this year. Everyone in Otter Lake knows about the age old witch who haunts the apple orchard. So when bones, found by some local teens, turn out to belong to a long gone local, stories of the spooky figure roaming the orchard rise up. Now its up to Erica to lay this ghost to rest.


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Stillwater's Scott Salvadore aims to obtain national mullet glory
STILLWATER — Scott Salvadore was bombing around in his truck in a contemplative mood Wednesday.
Voting had just ended for a competition for a hairstyle that he embraced later in life.
The nation's top mullet.
For the past week, Salvadore, 34, had been watching the vote totals roll in for the USA Mullet Championships, the annual contest to determine which participants will claim the title for the most compelling coiffure.
Business-in-the-front, party-in-the-back as they say. While the hairstyle peaked in popularity in the 1980s, it had met an ignoble death shortly afterwards, resigned to comedic fodder (and the occasional iconic hipster display).
Yet the style has seen a resurgence in recent years, with the tresses returning to the mainstream.
Salvadore is among the top 25 men's division finalists seeking the national title. Each named their manes, with Salvadore adopting the sobriquet "The Lord's Drapes."
Salvadore had passed each successive hurdle on the way to grasping the golden ring, which was powered by voters on Facebook. He started the final day of voting with a 400-vote edge. But then a last-minute NPR story vaulted several of his opponents into serious competition, including Buddy Campbell, of Weatherford, Texas, and his cascading locks dubbed the "Whistlin' Kitty Chaser."
There are also foes like Musio B. Chavez ("The Oregon Trail") and Andy Forster, a Badger State native sporting "The Wisconsin Waterfall." They're all of depicted on baseball card-style imagery in contest materials.
"If that didn't happen, I was 95 percent sure I was going to win," Salvadore said. "Now I'm like 69 percent sure I'm going to win."
Winners will be announced on Oct. 20.
Until then, he's in mullet limbo.
Salvadore wears neatly-trimmed golden locks that he said have become central to his identity over the past half-decade.
"You don't choose the mullet," he said. "The mullet chooses you."
Salvadore's road to mulletdom didn't initially start with unbridled ambition. After all, Salvadore remembers when the hairstyle was viewed as akin to the rattail, the much-maligned adolescent hairdo.
"I never expected to have a mullet this glorious, either," he…
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