The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck, over the trachea, or windpipe, just below the larynx. Despite its tiny stature, the thyroid has tremendous responsibilities, as it is the gland that affects virtually all metabolic processes. It does this by releasing certain hormones, which in turn regulate the body's metabolism, temperature, and heart rate. If the thyroid is not functioning at its optimal level, neither are you.
The detection of hypothyroidism is especially important for older individuals. One study found that in a population of elderly people, ages sixty and over, all of whom belonged to a particular senior citizens' center, 5.9 percent suffered from hypothyroidism. Another study, published in 1993 in the Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, found a noticeable decrease of thyroid activity and a very low prevalence of thyroid autoantibodies in healthy centenarians (people who are 100 years old or older).
Despite its prevalence in older individuals, hypothyroidism is one of the most overlooked conditions in those sixty and over. In fact, telltale symptoms are diagnosed in as little as 25 percent of elderly hypothyroid patients. In one instance, laboratory confirmations of hypothyroid patients were compared with these individuals' initial clinical examinations. The results? Only 10 percent of people with the disease were properly diagnosed in their primary clinical examination.
Some studies indicate that as many as 15 percent of people over age sixty have subclinical hypothyroidism. Which is to say, while they are, indeed, victims of hypothyroidism, their symptoms are too vague or too mild to yield a proper diagnosis. Thus, they continue to suffer without appropriate diagnosis or treatment.
Of course, it's possible that these symptoms may be the inevitable outcome of the aging process-but they are far more likely to result from a combination of low thyroid and nutritional deficiencies.
Correcting hypothyroidism can restore your energy, endurance, body heat, sexuality, mental vigor, and emotional resilience. It can boost resistance to colds and other respiratory conditions, protect against heart and arterial disease, and raise your defenses against cancer. Restoring the proper levels of thyroid hormone can even make your hair, skin, and nails smoother, stronger, and healthier.
The failure of physicians to diagnose underactive thyroid (T4 disease) is at epidemic proportions, and grossly compromises the quality of self-perceived health of those patients.
This article was originally published in the International Journal of Pharmaceutical Compounding (July/August 2005; 9 ) .
Medical Director, Center for Natural Medicine, Inc.
Patients taking either levothyroxine (L-thyroxine) USP (e.g., Synthroid, Levoxyl) or dessicated thyroid USP (e.g., Armour Thyroid, Westhroid, Naturethroid), it has become apparent that a significant percentage continue to suffer from thyroid-related symptoms in spite of optimal blood levels of thyroid hormones. This became even more apparent when the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) changed its guidelines for optimal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) values in patients receiving thyroid replacement. The old reference values, while varying somewhat depending on the laboratory test kit used, ranged from 0.5 to 5.0 µIU/mL. The new guidelines for TSH optimization, adopted in 2003, range from 0.3 to 3.0 µIU/mL.
This change required that many patients' doses of thyroid replacement be raised so that their serum levels would fall into the new range. Although this change was intended to optimize treatment outcomes, many hypothyroid patients have continued to suffer from a variety of hypothyroid symptoms, presumably because their dose of thyroid replacement is suboptimal. The most common lingering complaints include fatigue, impaired concentration, and persistent difficulty losing weight in spite of adequate exercise and reasonable caloric restrictions.
In 1996, I began tracking patients who were taking levothyroxine as their thyroid replacement medication, and closely monitoring their symptoms. Although their dosages seemed adequate on the basis of serum testing, it became apparent that more than 75% of the patients continued to suffer from common hypothyroid symptoms. I asked these patients to track their basal body temperature by keeping daily records of either first morning axillary (armpit) temperatures or serial oral temperatures three, six, and nine hours after rising. Both methods revealed temperatures almost always below 98.0°F. Low temperature is commonly reported as a sign of hypometabolism, as described eloquently by Broda Barnes, MD, in the classic text Hypothyroidism: The Unsuspected Illness (see Suggested Reading).
If a patient is taking thyroid replacement and symptoms persist, the condition is not being optimally managed. The medication most commonly prescribed for hypothyroidism is synthetic thyroid hormone, or levothyroxine (T4). But it is the active form of the hormone, triiodothyronine (T3), that we use in our cells and tissues. The conversion of T4 to T3 happens in the liver and in the cells themselves. T4 is converted into both T3 and reverse T3. Reverse T3 is a stereoisomer of T3 and has no biological activity. T4 can be compared to a key that has not yet been cut by a locksmith to fit in the lock (the thyroid receptor site). When it is cut properly (as T3), it fits in the lock and opens the door. The reverse T3 stereoisomer of T3 is a mirror image of the active T3 molecule – a key that is cut differently enough by the locksmith that it fits in the lock (receptor site) yet doesn't open the door. When there is an excess of reverse T3, no thyroid metabolism is stimulated.
Reverse T3 is biologically essential to slow down metabolism as a natural compensation mechanism during times of starvation or famine. In fact, reverse T3 creates more powerful negative feedback on the production of T3 than vice versa. Under varying stressors such as extreme caloric restrictions, pregnancy, and emotional stress, the conversion of T4 to T3 can become unbalanced as the body produces excessive amounts of reverse T3. Reverse T3 exerts its negative feedback on T3 and ties up thyroid receptors. Reverse T3 must be displaced by the proper biologically active T3 if metabolism is to normalize. This is impossible, however, if a patient is being given synthetic T4 only. In these cases, there is no replacement source of the T3 that is needed to displace the excess accumulations of reverse T3 in the circulation and receptors. In the absence of adequate biologically active T3, symptoms of hypothyroidism remain, despite an adequate level of T4 in the serum and a normal TSH level. Since most of the conversion of T4 into T3 happens in the cells, serum levels of free T3 and reverse T3 may be normal even when T3 and reverse T3 levels are not in balance. It is as though the cells are starving for biologically active T3 in the midst of plenty. Unfortunately, the "plenty" is plenty of T4 and reverse T3 rather than the essential biologically active T3. I see many examples of this in my clinical practice. Many patients continue to suffer with hypothyroid symptoms even though they are taking T4100 µg (0.1 mg) per day. Their blood levels of TSH and T4 are normal, yet symptoms persist.
T3 is available as a manufactured drug in the form of liothyronine sodium (Cytomel). This synthetic T3 is released immediately, without delay, and is manufactured only in 5 µg and 25 µg doses. T3 is three to four times more biologically active than T4 and exerts its effects more rapidly and vigorously than T4. The half-life of T3 is 0.75 days, while that of T4 is 6.7 days (Table 1). Patients are much more likely to experience side effects from Cytomel than from compounded, slowly released T3. These side effects include, yet are not limited to, tachycardia, arrhythmia, anxiety, nervousness, agitation, irritability, sweating, headaches, increased bowel motility, and menstrual irregularities. Angina, congestive heart failure, and atrial fibrillation can be aggravated or induced by excessive doses of T3. Other physiological distinctions between T4 and T3 are worth noting. They are best summarized by Williams and Williams in their Textbook of Endocrinology (see Suggested Reading).
USP dessicated thyroid or Armour Thyroid is made with a ratio of four parts of T4 for every one part of T3. This ratio is comparable to those in the human and porcine thyroid glands, which produce 75% T4 and 25% T3. One grain of Armour Thyroid contains 36 µg of T4and 9 µg of T3. The T3 is released all at once, not slowly.
Another manufactured drug, liotrix (Thyrolar), contains T3 in a similar ratio of 75% T4 to 25% T3. Again, the T3 in Thyrolar is not released slowly. Because T3 is generally considered to be four times more potent than T4, a 25-µg dose of T3 is equivalent to a 100-µg dose of T4.
Selenium is an essential cofactor in the conversion of T4 into T3. T4 is converted into T3 by the selenium-dependent enzyme 5′-deiodinase. Selenium depletion of soil is common in many areas of the US, and many individuals do not supplement adequately to counteract this deficiency. Iodine is also essential in the conversion of T4 into T3. While iodine depletion is common in US soils, many Americans use iodized salt to counteract this. Commercial farming methods used in the last century, which fertilized soil only with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, have allowed soils formerly rich in selenium and iodine to become fully depleted. Other nutrients essential to optimizing thyroid metabolism are tyrosine, zinc, copper, and essential fatty acids. In a sense, all the essential nutrients play a role in optimizing the health of the thyroid gland (essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, and trace minerals).
Over the years, I have developed several different replacement strategies as alternatives to the use of the standard therapies (levothyroxine and dessicated thyroid). These replacement strategies have in common some blend of T4 with slow-release T3. The example used in the first case is best suited to the patient who has higher demands for energy during the day and/or suffers from some type of sleep disorder at night. The approach used in Case 1 is also best for patients who have a hard time taking more than one pill daily or those who have financial constraints, since this is the least expensive option.
In each of these cases, we start with a patient who is currently taking T4 100 µg as the starting dose. We will be changing each patient's therapy to a blend of T4 and T3, slowly released.
This patient's starting TSH is 2.5 µIU/mL, and we have a target of 1.0 µIU/mL to optimize quality of life and minimize hypothyroid symptoms. The patient's dose of T4 should be increased to 125 µg or 150 µg to drive the TSH level down from 2.5 to 1.0 µIU/ mL. For discussion purposes, this final T4 dose is 150 µg. This dose of T4 must be converted to an appropriate combination of slow-release T4 and T3 at the correct ratio. As already discussed, the thyroid gland maintains a T4:T3 ratio of 4:1, but most patients who are symptomatic are converting an excessive amount of T4 into reverse T3. They need a ratio of T4:T3 of perhaps 3:1 or 2:1 or, rarely, even more T3 relative to T4. This is especially the case at the beginning of therapy. If we decide on a T4:T3 ratio of 2:1, converting 150 µg of T4 to a blend of slowly released T4 and T3 mathematically calculates to 50 µg of T4 and 25 µg of T3. The 25 µg of T3 multiplied by 4 represents a T4 equivalency of 100 µg. Adding the 50 µg of T4 brings the total T4 dose to 150 µg.
Keep in mind, however, that doses of slow-release combinations need to be increased by approximately 25% because of differences in absorption. Mathematical equivalencies are just that, and often a delivery form can increase or reduce absorption from what is mathematically assumed. If we increase this initial dose of 150 µg of T4 by 25% to accommodate this, the correct dose of T4 is 187.5 µg. The equivalency of this dose in a T4:T3 ratio of 2:1 would be about 60 µg of T4 and 30 µg of T3. The 30 µg of T3 multiplied by 4 equals 120 µg of T4 on an equivalency basis; with the 60 µg of T4, this adds up to a finished equivalency of 180 µg, slightly shy of the 187.5 µg target.
The same mathematics apply to increasing or decreasing the T4:T3 ratio in subsequent prescriptions. From a practical perspective, however, the levels of T4 and T3 in the patient's serum should guide the prescriber to the proper proportional or disproportional dose adjustments needed to reach targeted serum levels of free T4, free T3, and TSH.
If the degree of thyroid resistance and need for active T3 is not as extreme, we might consider a T4:T3 ratio of 3:1. An equivalency of 187.5 µg would convert to 81 µg of T4 and 27 µg of T3. Multiplication of 27 µg T3 by 4 equals 108 µg; this added to the 81 µg T4 equals approximately 190 µg of T4. The easiest way to calculate this is to realize that the amount of T3 will be slightly less than that needed for the 2:1 ratio (i.e., T4 60 µg/T3 30 µg). Multiply the 27 µg T3 by 3 to preserve the 3:1 ratio and calculate the finished equivalency. These ratios are modified as indicated by remaining symptoms, temperature log results, and balance of free T4, free T3, and TSH in the blood.
In this case, the patient (who is initially taking 100 µg of T4) also requires a dose increase to 150 µg to get her TSH level down to a target of 1.0 µIU/mL. The patient could continue to take T4, yet at a lower dose of 50 µg. These medications come in doses of 25, 50, 75, 88, 100, 112, 125, 137, 150, 175, 200, and 300 µg. Because it has no food dyes or coloring added, I like to use the 50-µg tablet and divide the dose. If the target desired dose is 60 µg as in Case 1, the closest we can get is 50 µg. The 30 µg of T3 needed to make up the correct T4:T3 ratio is compounded as a slow-release tablet, either as 30 µg once daily or 15 µg every 12 hours. I prefer the slow-release capsule to be taken first, upon rising; ideally, the patient would then wait one hour before eating breakfast and take the T4 pill three hours after the T3. The patient would then take the second T3 capsule, if appropriate, 12 hours after the first. Some patients need their T3 slowly released over 24 hours, especially as the doses are increased to avoid side effects or to optimize distribution of energy throughout the day to be more even and to avoid fatigue in the late afternoon or evening.
This dosage regime is more complicated for patients. Remember, these are hypothyroid patients who will take medication daily for the rest of their life. Asking someone to take a morning dose, another dose three hours later, and a third 12 hours after the first can be a compliance nightmare. Some patients feel best on this protocol, however, and are not significantly bothered by the routine. It can be simplified by taking the entire day's dose of T3 in the morning and the T4 three hours later, or even further by taking the T4 and T3 together upon rising. (The T4 does not have to be released slowly, since its half-life is seven days.) Most convenient for the patient is compounding the T4 together with the slow-release T3 in one capsule, so that the patient has to take only one capsule in the morning.
Recall that there is a good chance that a hypothyroid patient with lingering chronic hypothyroid symptoms is converting too much T4 into reverse T3, which is biologically inert. By replacing some of the prescribed T4 with slow-release T3, the reverse T3 gets displaced by the active T3, and metabolism returns to normal.
Glandular Thyroid USP (Armour Thyroid) delivers approximately four parts T4 to one part T3. T3 is about four times more potent than T4 but is metabolized three times faster. The T3 in Armour Thyroid is not released slowly and therefore gets delivered unevenly throughout the day. This is not the way the thyroid gland and tissues work. T3, owing to its high biological activity, should be delivered in even amounts. Compounded slow-release T3 does just that. Furthermore, accurately adjusting the dose of Glandular Thyroid USP is difficult. Amounts of T4 and T3 can vary from batch to batch and from manufacturer to manufacturer. USP thyroid comes in limited strengths, including one-quarter grain, one-half grain, 1 grain, 2 grains, and 3 grains. Optimizing the dose in sensitive and difficult cases may be very challenging.
Please note that I do not advocate treating hypothyroidism with slow-release T3 alone, as the only form of thyroid replacement. T3 works best when combined with T4. Too much T3 without T4 can cause other problems, including osteoporosis and heart arrhythmias. T4 also helps blunt the risk of side effects from T3, which can occur even with slow-release T3. Finally, T4 offers a reservoir of thyroid hormone material with which to make more T3 as needed.
Many patients suffering from years of lingering hypothyroid symptoms while being treated with synthetic T4 or Armour Thyroid will feel much better if their treatment is changed. Appropriate changes include either a lowered dose of the current medication combined with slow-release T3 or a customized compounded blend of slow-release T4 and T3.
I urge patients to consult with their endocrinologist before making any change in thyroid medication. They should be aware, though, that very few physicians are knowledgeable about slow-release T3 and its proper use. Although some available drugs deliver T3 (Cytomel, for example) or combine T4 with T3 (Thyrolar), the T3 in these preparations is not released slowly. As a result, patients continue to suffer from the symptoms that result from uneven T3 distribution.
In making the medication, a compounding pharmacist uses properly aliquoted concentrations of T4 and T3. The T4 and/or T3 are combined together with cellulose derivatives that regulate their slow release. This mixture is then either tumbled for at least six hours or blended fully in a V mixer to assure even distribution of the active ingredients. The finished material is then placed into capsules. Once swallowed, the capsule forms a bolus in the stomach and slowly releases T4 and T3. The T4 and T3 used in compounding are synthetic, yet they are biologically identical to the T4 and T3 made by the human thyroid gland (T4= levothyroxine sodium or 3,3′,5,5'tetraiodothyronine sodium, and T3= L-triiodothyronine).
The T4:T3 ratio initially prescribed is arbitrary and will most likely be adjusted up or down. Adjustments are based on ongoing symptoms, body temperatures, and the balance of serum levels of free T4, free T3, and TSH reported after six to eight weeks on a stable dose. In the most severe cases of thyroid resistance, which require the highest doses of T3, the dose will need to be adjusted until the serum TSH level is 0.2-1 µIU/mL, with the free T4 level at the low end of normal or even below normal, while the free T3 level is at the high end of normal or even above normal.
Since T3 is so biologically active, we like to instruct our patients to take no thyroid medication the morning of the blood draw. We have them come in for this blood draw as the first patient scheduled in the morning (8 to 9 AM). This allows us to capture their lowest level of circulating T3 in the 24-hour period. They are instructed to take their medication immediately after the blood draw.
When changing from T4 to a slow-release blend of T4 and T3, the initial dose is an estimate. The guidelines already described are only guidelines; actual dose varies from patient to patient, depending upon that patient's intestinal health and absorption of thyroid hormone. In our initial change of prescription, we authorize patients to return in three weeks for repeat blood work if they are feeling poorly and in two months if they are doing well. Within three weeks after a dose adjustment, the serum levels of T4 and T3 reach their new steady state. If an individual is feeling poorly from either underdosing or overdosing, we can check at this early juncture their circulating blood levels of free T4 and free T3. TSH level will not stabilize for six to eight weeks after a dose change.
Thyroid hormone can potentiate the effects of warfarin, requiring a lowering of blood warfarin level to avoid excessive anticoagulation. Digoxin level can be potentiated by thyroid medication, requiring lowering the dose of digoxin. Antidepressant drugs can be mildly potentiated by thyroid hormone. Patients taking thyroid in excessive doses for weight loss can develop life-threatening symptoms of toxicity and/or arrhythmia, especially when the thyroid is given in association with sympathomimetic amines for their anorexic and weight loss effects. No interactions of thyroid with alcohol or tobacco have been documented. Estrogen replacement and estrogen dominance can increase the need for thyroid replacement. As hypothyroid women approach menopause and accumulate more estrogen dominance, their thyroid replacement dose may need to increase. Similarly, estrogen replacement therapy can increase a woman's need for thyroid replacement. Insulin requirements can increase as thyroid replacement dose increases. Thyroid medication can increase the adrenergic effects of epinephrine.
Calcium supplements can reduce utilization of thyroid hormone, especially when taken in high doses. Thyroid hormone replacement is best taken in the morning, and calcium is best absorbed in the evening. Taking calcium with dinner minimizes any impairment of utilization of thyroid taken in the morning. High levels of soy in the diet can impair thyroid hormone utilization. Soy is best eaten in small amounts in the evening meal. Iodine and selenium potentiate the conversion of T4 into T3, acting as cofactors in the conversion. Brassica vegetables (broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts) can reduce thyroid hormone utilization.
Hypothyroidism is a common condition. A large percentage of patients remain significantly symptomatic in spite of apparently adequate replacement therapy. Symptoms may include intractable chronic fatigue, impaired concentration, and weight gain. These symptoms may have devastating consequences on quality of life. Changing medication to a blend of T4 with slow-release T3 resolves many of these limitations of patients' quality of life. The compounding of exact customized levels of T4 and T3 enables the clinician to achieve optimal targeted serum levels of TSH, free T4, and free T3 with precision. These levels can be carefully customized to optimize symptom resolution while improving metabolic temperature status. Customized compounding allows dose adjustments to achieve whatever balance of T4 and T3 is necessary to achieve optimal health and resolution of symptoms.
Martin Milner, ND, received his ND in 1983 from NCNM. He has remained at his alma mater for the past 20 years as Professor of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Medicine. Dr. Milner is also the CEO and Medical Director of the Center for Holistic Medicine (1983-1991) and Center for Natural Medicine, Inc. (1991-present). He is world renown for his natural treatment protocols for heart disease, menopause and hypothyroidism.
Barnes B, Galton L. Hypothyroidism: The Unsuspected Illness. New York, NY: Thorruss Y. Crowell Co.; 1976.
Bayliss RI, Tunbridge WM. Thyroid Disease: The Facts. Third Edition. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1998.
Bunevicius R, Kazanavicius G, Zalinkevicius R, et al. Effects of thyroxine as compared with thyroxine plus triiodothyronine in patients with hypothyroidism. N Engl J Med. 1999; 340(6): 424-429.
DeGroot LJ, Larsen PR, Refetoff S, et al. The Thyroid and Its Diseases. Fifth Edition. New York, NY: John Wiley; 1984.
De Rosa G, Testa A, Maussier ML, et al. A slightly suppressive dose of L-thyroxine does not affect bone turnover and bone mineral density in pre- and postmenopausal women with nontoxic goiter. Horm Metab Res. 1995; 27(11): 503–507.
Marcocci C, Golia F, Bruno-Bossio G, et al. Carefully monitored levothyroxine suppressive therapy is not associated with bone loss in premenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994; 78(4): 818-823.
Marcocci C, Golia F, Vignali E, et al. Skeletal integrity in men chronically treated with suppressive doses of L-thyroxine. J Bone Miner Res. 1997;12(1): 72-77.
McDougall IR. Thyroid Disease in Clinical Practice. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1992.
Milner M. Natural Medicine and Compounding Symposium. Presented [Audiotape, Videotape] at: A symposium of Professional Compounding Centers of America; February 12-13, 1999; February 12-13, 1999; Houston, TX.
Milner M. Wilson's syndrome and T3 therapy: A clinical guide to safe and effective patient management. IJPC. 1999; 3(5): 344-351.
Muller CG, Bayley TA, Harrison JE, et al. Possible limited bone loss with suppressive thyroxine therapy is unlikely to have clinical relevance. Thyroid. 1995; 5(2): 81-87.
[No author listed.] Actual trends in thyroid physiopathology. Horm Res. 1987; 26(1-4): 1-230.
Nuzzo V, Lupoli G, Esposito Del Puente A, et al. Bone mineral density in pre-menopausal women receiving levothyroxine suppressive therapy. Gynecol Endocrinol. 1998; 12(5): 333-337.
Refetoff S. Resistance to thyroid hormone. In: Braverman LE, Utiger RE, eds. Werner and Ingbar's The Thyroid: A Fundamental and Clinical Text. Seventh Edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven Publishers; 1996: 1032-1048.
Rosenthal MS. The Thyroid Sourcebook. Fourth Edition. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2000.
Schneider DL, Barrett-Connor EL, Morton DJ. Thyroid hormone use and bone mineral density in elderly women. Effects of estrogen. JAMA. 1994; 271(16): 1245-1249.
Schoutens A, Laurent E, Markowicz E, et al. Serum triiodothyronine, bone turnover, and bone mass changes in euthyroid pre- and post-menopausal women. Calcif Tissue Int. 1991; 49(2): 95-100.
Williams AB, Williams RI. Textbook of Endocrinology. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2003: 342.
Wilson ED. Doctor's Manual for Wilson's Syndrome. Third Edition. Lady Lake, FL: Muskeegee Medical Publishing Co.; 1997.
Wilson ED. Wilson's Thyroid Syndrome: A Reversible Thyroid Problem. Orlando, FL: Cornerstone Publishing Co; 1991.


text:
Die Rhein-Freileitungskreuzung Hirzenach-Oberkestert ist eine 1936 errichtete, zwischen Hirzenach und Oberkestert gelegene Freileitungskreuzung. Sie ist Teil der einkreisigen 110-kV-Verbindung zwischen den Umspannwerken Dörth und Nochern. Sie ist die einzige Freileitungsquerung des Rheins zwischen Bingen und Koblenz. Dabei wird die Topographie des Geländes ausgenutzt. Eine Besonderheit der Freileitung, deren Spannweite 734 Meter beträgt, ist, dass an jedem Ende des Spannfeldes für jedes Leiterseil ein eigener Mast verwendet wird. Solche Konstrukte sind in manchen Ländern wie Norwegen durchaus häufig, in Deutschland aber selten.

Aufbau
Die 734 Meter lange Freileitungskreuzung besteht aus vier Leiterseilen, von denen drei den Stromkreis bilden und eines eine Reserve. An beiden Enden befinden sich jeweils vier Freileitungsmasten zur Aufnahme von jeweils einem Leiterseil. Der jeweils letzte Mast vorher ist als Einebenenmast aufgeführt, die restliche Hochspannungsleitung führt über Tannenbaummasten. Jeweils vier von diesen vor der Freileitungskreuzung sowie die Einebenenmasten und die Kreuzungsmasten selber sind mit rot-weißer Warnmarkierung versehen.

Weitere Beispiele
Eine weitere Flusskreuzung einer Freileitung, bei der für jedes Leiterseil ein eigener Mast verwendet wird, befindet sich in Deutschland zwischen Hirschhorn am Neckar und Ersheim bei . Hier werden im Zuge einer für zwei Stromkreise ausgebauten 110-kV-Leitung am westlichen Ende der Neckarquerung insgesamt sechs Masten für je ein Leiterseil verwendet. Derartige Masten befinden sich allerdings nur am westlichen Ende des Spannfeldes, da diese die letzten vor der Einmündung in ein Umspannwerk sind. Außerdem wird diese Leitung nur mit einem Stromkreis betrieben.

Koordinaten
 Südliches Ende in Hirzenach:
 Nördliches Ende in Oberkestert:

Weblinks

Hochspannungsfreileitungskreuzung in Deutschland
Bauwerk in Boppard
Bauwerk am Mittelrhein
Kulturlandschaft Oberes Mittelrheintal
Versorgungsbauwerk in Rheinland-Pfalz
Energiewirtschaft (Rheinland-Pfalz)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
namespace mojo {
namespace system {
namespace {

// NOTE(vtl): There's currently not much to test for in
// |SharedBufferDispatcher::ValidateCreateOptions()|, but the tests should be
// expanded if/when options are added, so I've kept the general form of the
// tests from data_pipe_unittest.cc.

const uint32_t kSizeOfCreateOptions = sizeof(MojoCreateSharedBufferOptions);

// Does a cursory sanity check of |validated_options|. Calls
// |ValidateCreateOptions()| on already-validated options. The validated options
// should be valid, and the revalidated copy should be the same.
void RevalidateCreateOptions(
    const MojoCreateSharedBufferOptions& validated_options) {
  EXPECT_EQ(kSizeOfCreateOptions, validated_options.struct_size);
  // Nothing to check for flags.

  MojoCreateSharedBufferOptions revalidated_options = {};
  EXPECT_EQ(MOJO_RESULT_OK,
            SharedBufferDispatcher::ValidateCreateOptions(
                MakeUserPointer(&validated_options), &revalidated_options));
  EXPECT_EQ(validated_options.struct_size, revalidated_options.struct_size);
  EXPECT_EQ(validated_options.flags, revalidated_options.flags);
}

class SharedBufferDispatcherTest : public testing::Test {
 public:
  SharedBufferDispatcherTest() {}
  virtual ~SharedBufferDispatcherTest() {}

  embedder::PlatformSupport* platform_support() { return &platform_support_; }

 private:
  embedder::SimplePlatformSupport platform_support_;

  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(SharedBufferDispatcherTest);
};

// Tests valid inputs to |ValidateCreateOptions()|.
TEST_F(SharedBufferDispatcherTest, ValidateCreateOptionsValid) {
  // Default options.
  {
    MojoCreateSharedBufferOptions validated_options = {};
    EXPECT_EQ(MOJO_RESULT_OK,
              SharedBufferDispatcher::ValidateCreateOptions(
                  NullUserPointer(), &validated_options));
    RevalidateCreateOptions(validated_options);
  }

  // Different flags.
  MojoCreateSharedBufferOptionsFlags flags_values[] = {
      MOJO_CREATE_SHARED_BUFFER_OPTIONS_FLAG_NONE};
  for (size_t i = 0; i < arraysize(flags_values); i++) {
    const MojoCreateSharedBufferOptionsFlags flags = flags_values[i];

    // Different capacities (size 1).
    for (uint32_t capacity = 1; capacity <= 100 * 1000 * 1000; capacity *= 10) {
      MojoCreateSharedBufferOptions options = {
          kSizeOfCreateOptions,  // |struct_size|.
          flags                  // |flags|.
      };
      MojoCreateSharedBufferOptions validated_options = {};
      EXPECT_EQ(MOJO_RESULT_OK,
                SharedBufferDispatcher::ValidateCreateOptions(
                    MakeUserPointer(&options), &validated_options))
          << capacity;
      RevalidateCreateOptions(validated_options);
      EXPECT_EQ(options.flags, validated_options.flags);
    }
  }
}

TEST_F(SharedBufferDispatcherTest, ValidateCreateOptionsInvalid) {
  // Invalid |struct_size|.
  {
    MojoCreateSharedBufferOptions options = {
        1,                                           // |struct_size|.
        MOJO_CREATE_SHARED_BUFFER_OPTIONS_FLAG_NONE  // |flags|.
    };
    MojoCreateSharedBufferOptions unused;
    EXPECT_EQ(MOJO_RESULT_INVALID_ARGUMENT,
              SharedBufferDispatcher::ValidateCreateOptions(
                  MakeUserPointer(&options), &unused));
  }

  // Unknown |flags|.
  {
    MojoCreateSharedBufferOptions options = {
        kSizeOfCreateOptions,  // |struct_size|.
        ~0u                    // |flags|.
    };
    MojoCreateSharedBufferOptions unused;
    EXPECT_EQ(MOJO_RESULT_UNIMPLEMENTED,
              SharedBufferDispatcher::ValidateCreateOptions(
                  MakeUserPointer(&options), &unused));
  }
}

TEST_F(SharedBufferDispatcherTest, CreateAndMapBuffer) {
  scoped_refptr<SharedBufferDispatcher> dispatcher;
  EXPECT_EQ(MOJO_RESULT_OK,
            SharedBufferDispatcher::Create(
                platform_support(),
                SharedBufferDispatcher::kDefaultCreateOptions,
                100,
                &dispatcher));
  ASSERT_TRUE(dispatcher);
  EXPECT_EQ(Dispatcher::kTypeSharedBuffer, dispatcher->GetType());

  // Make a couple of mappings.
  scoped_ptr<embedder::PlatformSharedBufferMapping> mapping1;
  EXPECT_EQ(
      MOJO_RESULT_OK,
      dispatcher->MapBuffer(0, 100, MOJO_MAP_BUFFER_FLAG_NONE, &mapping1));
  ASSERT_TRUE(mapping1);
  ASSERT_TRUE(mapping1->GetBase());
  EXPECT_EQ(100u, mapping1->GetLength());
  // Write something.
  static_cast<char*>(mapping1->GetBase())[50] = 'x';

  scoped_ptr<embedder::PlatformSharedBufferMapping> mapping2;
  EXPECT_EQ(
      MOJO_RESULT_OK,
      dispatcher->MapBuffer(50, 50, MOJO_MAP_BUFFER_FLAG_NONE, &mapping2));
  ASSERT_TRUE(mapping2);
  ASSERT_TRUE(mapping2->GetBase());
  EXPECT_EQ(50u, mapping2->GetLength());
  EXPECT_EQ('x', static_cast<char*>(mapping2->GetBase())[0]);

  EXPECT_EQ(MOJO_RESULT_OK, dispatcher->Close());

  // Check that we can still read/write to mappings after the dispatcher has
  // gone away.
  static_cast<char*>(mapping2->GetBase())[1] = 'y';
  EXPECT_EQ('y', static_cast<char*>(mapping1->GetBase())[51]);
}

TEST_F(SharedBufferDispatcherTest, DuplicateBufferHandle) {
  scoped_refptr<SharedBufferDispatcher> dispatcher1;
  EXPECT_EQ(MOJO_RESULT_OK,
            SharedBufferDispatcher::Create(
                platform_support(),
                SharedBufferDispatcher::kDefaultCreateOptions,
                100,
                &dispatcher1));

  // Map and write something.
  scoped_ptr<embedder::PlatformSharedBufferMapping> mapping;
  EXPECT_EQ(
      MOJO_RESULT_OK,
      dispatcher1->MapBuffer(0, 100, MOJO_MAP_BUFFER_FLAG_NONE, &mapping));
  static_cast<char*>(mapping->GetBase())[0] = 'x';
  mapping.reset();

  // Duplicate |dispatcher1| and then close it.
  scoped_refptr<Dispatcher> dispatcher2;
  EXPECT_EQ(
      MOJO_RESULT_OK,
      dispatcher1->DuplicateBufferHandle(NullUserPointer(), &dispatcher2));
  ASSERT_TRUE(dispatcher2);
  EXPECT_EQ(Dispatcher::kTypeSharedBuffer, dispatcher2->GetType());

  EXPECT_EQ(MOJO_RESULT_OK, dispatcher1->Close());

  // Map |dispatcher2| and read something.
  EXPECT_EQ(
      MOJO_RESULT_OK,
      dispatcher2->MapBuffer(0, 100, MOJO_MAP_BUFFER_FLAG_NONE, &mapping));
  EXPECT_EQ('x', static_cast<char*>(mapping->GetBase())[0]);

  EXPECT_EQ(MOJO_RESULT_OK, dispatcher2->Close());
}

TEST_F(SharedBufferDispatcherTest, DuplicateBufferHandleOptionsValid) {
  scoped_refptr<SharedBufferDispatcher> dispatcher1;
  EXPECT_EQ(MOJO_RESULT_OK,
            SharedBufferDispatcher::Create(
                platform_support(),
                SharedBufferDispatcher::kDefaultCreateOptions,
                100,
                &dispatcher1));

  MojoDuplicateBufferHandleOptions options[] = {
      {sizeof(MojoDuplicateBufferHandleOptions),
       MOJO_DUPLICATE_BUFFER_HANDLE_OPTIONS_FLAG_NONE},
      {sizeof(MojoDuplicateBufferHandleOptionsFlags), ~0u}};
  for (size_t i = 0; i < arraysize(options); i++) {
    scoped_refptr<Dispatcher> dispatcher2;
    EXPECT_EQ(MOJO_RESULT_OK,
              dispatcher1->DuplicateBufferHandle(MakeUserPointer(&options[i]),
                                                 &dispatcher2));
    ASSERT_TRUE(dispatcher2);
    EXPECT_EQ(Dispatcher::kTypeSharedBuffer, dispatcher2->GetType());
    EXPECT_EQ(MOJO_RESULT_OK, dispatcher2->Close());
  }

  EXPECT_EQ(MOJO_RESULT_OK, dispatcher1->Close());
}

TEST_F(SharedBufferDispatcherTest, DuplicateBufferHandleOptionsInvalid) {
  scoped_refptr<SharedBufferDispatcher> dispatcher1;
  EXPECT_EQ(MOJO_RESULT_OK,
            SharedBufferDispatcher::Create(
                platform_support(),
                SharedBufferDispatcher::kDefaultCreateOptions,
                100,
                &dispatcher1));

  // Invalid |struct_size|.
  {
    MojoDuplicateBufferHandleOptions options = {
        1u, MOJO_DUPLICATE_BUFFER_HANDLE_OPTIONS_FLAG_NONE};
    scoped_refptr<Dispatcher> dispatcher2;
    EXPECT_EQ(MOJO_RESULT_INVALID_ARGUMENT,
              dispatcher1->DuplicateBufferHandle(MakeUserPointer(&options),
                                                 &dispatcher2));
    EXPECT_FALSE(dispatcher2);
  }

  // Unknown |flags|.
  {
    MojoDuplicateBufferHandleOptions options = {
        sizeof(MojoDuplicateBufferHandleOptions), ~0u};
    scoped_refptr<Dispatcher> dispatcher2;
    EXPECT_EQ(MOJO_RESULT_UNIMPLEMENTED,
              dispatcher1->DuplicateBufferHandle(MakeUserPointer(&options),
                                                 &dispatcher2));
    EXPECT_FALSE(dispatcher2);
  }

  EXPECT_EQ(MOJO_RESULT_OK, dispatcher1->Close());
}

TEST_F(SharedBufferDispatcherTest, CreateInvalidNumBytes) {
  // Size too big.
  scoped_refptr<SharedBufferDispatcher> dispatcher;
  EXPECT_EQ(MOJO_RESULT_RESOURCE_EXHAUSTED,
            SharedBufferDispatcher::Create(
                platform_support(),
                SharedBufferDispatcher::kDefaultCreateOptions,
                std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(),
                &dispatcher));
  EXPECT_FALSE(dispatcher);

  // Zero size.
  EXPECT_EQ(MOJO_RESULT_INVALID_ARGUMENT,
            SharedBufferDispatcher::Create(
                platform_support(),
                SharedBufferDispatcher::kDefaultCreateOptions,
                0,
                &dispatcher));
  EXPECT_FALSE(dispatcher);
}

TEST_F(SharedBufferDispatcherTest, MapBufferInvalidArguments) {
  scoped_refptr<SharedBufferDispatcher> dispatcher;
  EXPECT_EQ(MOJO_RESULT_OK,
            SharedBufferDispatcher::Create(
                platform_support(),
                SharedBufferDispatcher::kDefaultCreateOptions,
                100,
                &dispatcher));

  scoped_ptr<embedder::PlatformSharedBufferMapping> mapping;
  EXPECT_EQ(MOJO_RESULT_INVALID_ARGUMENT,
            dispatcher->MapBuffer(0, 101, MOJO_MAP_BUFFER_FLAG_NONE, &mapping));
  EXPECT_FALSE(mapping);

  EXPECT_EQ(MOJO_RESULT_INVALID_ARGUMENT,
            dispatcher->MapBuffer(1, 100, MOJO_MAP_BUFFER_FLAG_NONE, &mapping));
  EXPECT_FALSE(mapping);

  EXPECT_EQ(MOJO_RESULT_INVALID_ARGUMENT,
            dispatcher->MapBuffer(0, 0, MOJO_MAP_BUFFER_FLAG_NONE, &mapping));
  EXPECT_FALSE(mapping);

  EXPECT_EQ(MOJO_RESULT_OK, dispatcher->Close());
}

}  // namespace
}  // namespace system
}  // namespace mojo

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


I'll be honest: when my kids were preschool age, I didn't think they needed school yet. I was full-time with them. So, hrmph. What could a nursery school give them that I couldn't? But I now know that whether or not they needed preschool, the truth is I needed preschool. Or, more specifically, I needed to be a parent at a coop nursery school.
Whether or not you think you might, too, we bring you our series of greater Los Angeles cooperative preschools. We start here with the Westside, but we have similar shout outs to coop preschools in the Valleys and Hollywood/Los Feliz.
Who knew an ice show could be so much fun?
Oh, sure, we can assume that a group of world champion figure skaters with Olympic medals in their carry-ons is going to be impressive, beautiful, even inspiring. And on these points Stars on Ice absolutely delivers. But the real beauty of the Stars on Ice show is watching these champion athletes from around the world cut loose and have - what appears to be - a total blast.
Well, that was over quick. Even with an extra day, February has gone all "been there, done that" on us. Makes you think Spring is just around the corner, despite any predictions a certain groundhog (or the weatherman) might have made. Luckily Mommy Poppins is on the ball with our list of 10 Spring Break Camps that LA Kids Love!
But before you kiss Winter good-bye, you might want to take in one of the many Purim festivals going on around town. Purim is a Jewish festival that celebrates the salvation of the Jewish people, complete with an evil villain, valiant heroes, crazy costumes, and all manner of revelry, and it goes without saying that Mommy Poppins has the lowdown on the best Purim celebrations for your family.
This week's giveaway from CleanBeeBaby is a no-brainer. We all have car seats and strollers. They all face daily assaults from the toddler arsenal. (Cheerios. Goldfish. Raisins. Sand. …Not to mention an array of bodily fluids). They need to be cleaned.
But we're faced with a dilemma. Cleaning the car seat means taking it out of commission for a day or more (you can put the cover in the washer but have to let it air dry). It also means taking it out of the car - uninstalling it - and then having to reinstall it ourselves. (No pressure or anything, but did you know that more than 80% of car seats are installed incorrectly?) We've found a terrific solution, and we get to share it for free in this week's giveaway!
Next we take you off the slopes and into the kitchen, with the latest in our continuing series on summer camps. This week we whip up a list of the finest culinary camps for kids. But you don't have to wait if you're hoping for pancakes; we can tell you where to score some for FREE!
Children's Ski Lessons at Mountain High Rock!
Until this past weekend, one of the casualties of parenthood in our family was skiing. Of course, if I had been a true skiing fanatic I would have moved "Teach Child To Ski" higher up the priority list. Indeed, if I were a serious skier, I may even have felt qualified to teach said child to ski myself. Instead, I have vaguely contemplated the family ski resort options near LA each winter, and then realized that I have not made it to one each spring. After six seasons without skiing, I decided it was time to take the child by the horns and get someone to teach him to ski.
Love is in the air! Valentine's Day is next Tuesday, and all around Southern California kids can craft and hear stories and sip tea in honor of that most romantic of days. If you're still looking for a special way to celebrate Valentine's with your little ones, we've got plenty of heartfelt suggestions.
Nothing sets my heart aflutter like the simple beauty of children at play (what can I say, I'm a Mom!). As a gift to you, we've come up with a list of public school playgrounds that open up to the community when school isn't in session.
And for those who have a more heart-pounding definition of romantic, we have a giveaway to announce that's simply smashing!
Superbowl Sunday means different things to different people. For some, it means hours glued in front of the TV, hanging with friends and chowing on hot wings and pizza. For others (the rest of us), it means smooth sailing on the 405 and smaller crowds at our favorite hotspots. What better time to start checking off items on our "100 Things to Do with LA Kids" list?
Read on for our favorite picks for this weekend.
One of LA's hidden gems for little ones is an outdoor show known as A Faery Hunt, a gnomadic experience which is part hike, part play and all fun, taking place at several parks around town. Recently, the sprightly crew added an indoor show to the repertoire, Auntie Angelica Root's Fairy Garden, and it's a real crowd-pleaser among the under-eight set. Performances currently take place at Sherman Oaks' Whitefire Theater.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


39 And Counting....: Butterflies In My Inbox!
"Blogs who receive this award are "exceedingly charming," says it's authors. This award is a fine one because it focuses not on the glory and fanfare of blogging, but in the PROXIMITY to one another through this online-world. "This blog invests and believes in the PROXIMITY--nearness in space, time and relationships. These blogs are exceedingly charming. These kind bloggers aim to find and be friends. They are not interested in prizes or self-aggrandizement! Our hope is that when the ribbons of these prizes are cut even more friendships are propagated. Please give more attention to these writers! Deliver this award to eight bloggers who must choose eight more and include this clever-written text into into the body of their award."
Whilst spending yesterday evening drinking wine with Other Half, (a practice which has been relegated to only Thursdays, Fridays and Saturday nights now - seriously - this is me cutting down!), this award fluttered into my inbox courtesy of the lovely Confused Take That Fan!
Having read the words that accompanied it, I was more than happy to accept this pretty thing, complete with butterflies, and will give it all the love and attention that pretty things deserve! This includes following my instructions to pass it onto eight other bloggers, some of whom I know have already been nominated but I would still like to echo the sentiment from me! Besides, I think I may actually be secretly related to a couple of them!
Long Lost Twin, Tara at Sticky Fingers. I love the way she writes and it is scary how much we have in common! There will come a point when I'm just going to have to sit MM down and come out and ask her if there's a twin sister she neglected to tell me about!
Not Enough Mud also has to step up for this one! I have been hooked on her blog lately and she makes me laugh loads! This is the new Squidgy-Gate - don't miss an episode!
For her contribution to my favourite cause, poo humour, I would like to bestow this on Home Office Mum. She is so funny and you have to read this post, unless of course you don't do poo humour.... or are eating. Which I was at the time but I still laughed until my lunch came out of my nose!
I have given an award to Lucy And I before but you can never have too many! Whenever I feel like a stressed out mother, which is pretty often, I just flit on over to Lucy's and get my serenity back. Lucy's mum is the epitome of calm, her writing is lovely, Lucy is gorgeous and the photographs are always fantastic. Small Child now plonks herself onto my lap and asks to "go see what Lucy's doing"! The award is sent with a whole bundle of luck for the imminent arrival of Lucy's little sister!
I can't remember how I found Stiletto Mom but I'm glad I did. She is so sharp and made me both laugh and cry in her 100th post. One of my new must reads.
The Button is Back! I cottoned on to Flower Fairies and Fairy Cakes, just as Elsie was leaving, that's me...always the last to catch onto to a good thing! But Yay! She's back and with a Baby Button on the way too. So glad you're back, please don't go again!
And I know that Confused Take That Fan gave this to me but I would like to give the award in return because she is fab! Apart from the obvious Take That and McDreamy obsession we are so on the same wavelength and hopefully she will bail me out if I ever get arrested for stalking Howard!
And if you're all free on May 14th, can get babysitters where appropriate, happen to be down this way or indeed in the UK and are looking for an excuse to get your posh frocks out; please come to my party to help me celebrate being 39 and counting no longer!
Thank you for my award. How to I apply it to my blog? I am clueless when it comes to these things. I wouldn't win an award for doing technical things at all.
Awww thanks TG! You know I am still going to post my tag that you gave me back in December. But I might have to regig it a little to be current...I do love a good questionnaire, that's the geek in me I guess!
Home Office Mum - You are very welcome! I have limited brain power when it comes to techy stuff but I just right clicked it, saved it as an image and then went on to upload the picture in the normal way. Its taken me a good few months to be able to achieve this level of technical-ness!
oh you just turned me on to so many great blogs...I may never get work done ever again!!
Aww, you are so very very generous.
I never ever ever tire of bling - big big hugs my friend.
Boston Bride - Nice to see you here... and nice to see you getting to know some of Bloglands finest. You can indeed kiss goodbye to productivity - enjoy!
Elsie -You are very more than welcome! Am enjoying reading your blog again and many congratulations on the impending arrival of button number two!
Mom/Mum - Thanks! And great to see you back! I loved the alphabet post! Had to resist skimming straight to N!


The Cavaliers signed guard Nik Stauskas, who was traded three times and released last week, for the rest of the season.
The former Michigan standout was briefly with the Cavs, who acquired him from Portland in the deal for forward Rodney Hood. He never appeared in a game before Cleveland sent him two days later to Houston, which promptly traded Stauskas at the deadline to Indiana. The Pacers then waived the 25-year-old, allowing the rebuilding Cavs scooped him up.


text:
Science & Mathematics Earth Sciences & Geology
Is it legal to mine down to the earth's core?
Asking for a friend.
It's impossible to mine down to the earth's core.
aladdinwa · 2 years ago
No law against it.
Athena · 2 years ago
sure its only 1800 miles beneath earths surface.. are you needing some iron and nickel?
ScreamQueen43 · 2 years ago
It could be because all the great stuff is on the government's ban list. But if you're working for the government and find a good solution on how to do it more efficiently and with less hassle and money then you'll probably get an award and some reward from them, if you're lucky.
Anonymous · 2 years ago
If you can figure out a cost effective way to get extremely deep, the government might even pay you.
ILikeChicken · 2 years ago
All the good ****'s in the crust.
It's impractical but you can dig as far as you and on your property.
18 gibbs 20 · 2 years ago
Ask Satan
That's her domain
Yes. But it's very hot.
If I buy property, do I also have ownership from ground below to the earth's core?
Is the legal right of the person, who owns a piece of land, upto the core of the earth?
Renewable Energy...such as Solar, wind, earth core etc?
How can I say 'no' without hurting his feelings?
Is it legal to build a spaceship and travel to space I'm almost done my spaceship and need rocket fuel?
What do mining companies mine? And what is it used for?
My brother wants to know what kind of rock or crystal this is. Is it possible to tell?
What would happen to the US economy if the Cascadia and the San Andreas Fault erupted simultaneously?
What are these crystals?
If u live in the mountains 100 years ago and people defacate into the river upstream,how can you survive there with that dirty water?
How much of the US would be destroyed when the Yellowstone super volcano erupts?
Why is Greenland called green when it is covered in ice?
Are heat-trapping gases and greenhouse gases the same thing? If not, what are the differences?
Do you agree that it's impossible that LA gets hit by a 9.0 magnitude earthquake. What people are worrying about?


Angela has over 25 years in the recruitment industry and an in depth knowledge of the senior-level Interim Management sector.
Angela Hickmore has been the Managing Director of Norman Broadbent Interim Management since joining in 2016 and from January 2019, has taken over responsibility for Norman Broadbent Solutions. She has over 25 years' experience in the recruitment industry within both Interim and permanent c-suite level roles. Her career includes 10 years at a Fortune 500 organisation, where she managed and led various business units including the launch of their new UK Interim Management business. At the time, this was recognised as their most successful launch worldwide and latterly, the most successful country Interim Management business against performance and profitability. In 2000, she joined Albemarle Interim Management, one of the oldest UK interim firms, with a view to transforming business and preparing it for growth.
Within a year, she was promoted to the Board as Operations Director and in 2006, to Managing Director. She also launched a successful Executive Search business to optimise opportunities within the interim client base and was part of the senior management team involved in two acquisitions. In 2010, she joined Interim Partners as a Board Director and latterly took responsibility for their specialist Financial Services business, which included permanent appointments.
Apart from her business skills, she has specialist market knowledge in Financial and Professional Services and the PE market and placing C-suite candidates into organisations experiencing significant change and transformation.
Prior to joining Norman Broadbent, Angela joined Interim Partners as a Board Director with responsibility for strategic growth.


text:
@implementation XZCollectionDecorationView

- (instancetype)initWithFrame:(CGRect)frame {
    if (self = [super initWithFrame:frame]) {
        [self setup];
    }
    return self;
}

- (void)setup {
    [self setupView];
    [self setupFrame];
}

- (void)setupView {
    self.backgroundColor = [UIColor colorWithWhite:0.5 alpha:0.25];

}

- (void)setupFrame {

}

@end


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text:
Social media unlocks Tennessee flood coverage for new readers
Satisfying Audiences Blog | 26 May 2010
FFacebook, Twitter and other social media have become ubiquitous in journalists' toolboxes. These tools unlock the value of content by engaging new readers in unique new ways.
The power of social media was showcased recently in Tennessee.
Record rainfall sent a river over its banks and flooded Nashville in early May. Journalists at The Tennessean and Tennessean.com produced exceptional print and digital content. Covering a huge story is in their DNA. They do it very well.
Woven throughout their coverage was sweeping use of new techniques and tools. These are no longer add-ons to traditional journalism. They are essential tools for delivering content.
Knight Stivender is senior editor, digital development & niche content at The Tennessean and Tennessean.com. Knight shared information that shows both the reach of social media and the widespread adoption across the staff.
Use of Facebook and Twitter soared during the flood. The Tennessean's main page on Facebook now has almost 5,600 fans and its main Twitter account has more than 4,000 followers.
In response to this viral blog post written by one of their OnNashville.com bloggers, Tennessean Social Media Director Eric Shuff started a Facebook fan page. It has nearly 20,000 fans.
Lifestyles Editor Arienne Holland curated this collection of Nashville bloggers' reactions to the flood, which ran in print and as a featured post at OnNashville.com. It included the hugely popular "We Are Nashville" post.interactive version of it.
Assistant Lifestyles Editor Kristin Whittlesey had the idea to create, print and distribute a free resource guide for those affected by the flooding. Eric then created an
The Tennessean staff worked with SeeClickFix.com to implement a flood-specific widget so users could quickly report problems to government officials.
Tennessean sales executive Wendy Dyes began a Facebook group called "Pay It Forward Nashville" for people who needed flood relief to help connect with those who could help. It has more than 6,000 fans and has attracted the attention of the television show, Extreme Home Makeover.
Tennessean designer Chris Rapking created an interactive "Flood Wall" for people to share their stories and thoughts. It has dozens of quick bits of emotion, sympathy and thanks, presented in a real-time and interactive way.
We understood the outpouring of sympathy toward Nashville from both inside and outside the city, and negotiated with the administrator of the "Nashville" fan page on Facebook (a Kentucky resident who went to college in Nashville) to take over management of the page so they could better distribute information and connect with folks who wanted to express flood emotions. It has 40,000 fans.
Tennessean videographer Steve Harman's videos on our YouTube channel and in Brightcove have received hundreds of thousands of streams.
One of the biggest changes in journalism in the digital age is that readers expect to be active participants.
By welcoming them into what we do, our content is made richer and deeper.
PREV 7 traps newspapers should avoid in the recovery NEXT Enriched databases, analytics keys to repositioning newspapers with advertisers