The term "Antibiotic Resistance" is not just a medical terminology. This is a very important health concern worldwide. Before knowing about antibiotic resistance, it is imperative to know about Antibiotics or Antimicrobials.
Antibiotics or Antimicrobials – They are the substances produced synthetically which has the property to inhibit or kill disease causing organisms.
Antibiotics are the greatest contribution of the 20th century to medicine. As a group of drugs they are the most commonly used as well as most frequently Misused.
Since the definition of Antibiotics excludes the natural substances which have the potential of killing microbes. There are certain other substances too like lactic acid, hydrogen peroxide or ethyl alcohols. These are produced by higher forms of micro organisms and potentially kill other microbes.
The literary meaning of the word 'Resistance' is to oppose, or unwillingness to accept or simply refusal to accept.
In case of Antibiotics, the meaning of resistance can be explained as the ability no to be affected by something especially when it is an adverse effect.
Antibiotics have been used frequently since the 20th century, but history behind development of antibiotic is vast.
The term Antimicrobial Agent has become more meaningful as it includes both synthetically synthesized and naturally procured substances. Earlier the term Chemotherapeutic Agents, was employed but it was applicable only for synthetically manufactured agents.
Chinese used Mouldy Curd for treating boils of skin.
For treating Leprosy, Hindus used Chaulmoogra Oil.
Intestinal Worms were treated by Aztecs using Chenopodium Oil.
Paracelsus treated Syphilis using Mercury in the 16th century.
Cinchona Bark has been used for treating fevers since the 17th century.
Paul R. Ehrlich, a known name in the fields of hematology, immunology and antimicrobial chemotherapy. By the end of the 19th century it was clear that many diseases were caused by microbes.
So Ehrlich who is also had demonstrated the staining of Tubercular Bacteria, came up with the idea that is certain dyes can stain the bacteria they can also be toxic for those.
With this fact in mind, he developed a group of dyes called the Arsenicals. A dye named Atoxyl for treating sleeping sickness. Later he developed Arsphenamine (Salvarasan)and Neoarsphenamine in the years 1906 and 1909 for treating syphilis.
He coined the term 'Chemotherapy' for the form of treatment he had been giving to these patients. His idea of selective treatment was termed the "Magic Bullet".
This era began in the year 1935 when Dogmagk, showed the therapeutic effect of a potent, Sulphonamide dye (Prontosil) for treating pus producing infections (Pyogenic Infections).
In a span of past 60 years, various antibiotic producing organisms have been identified.
These major developments in the field of antimicrobial agents, have led to carefree use of this group of medications, which has led towards Antibiotic Resistance.
Infections of the body can be caused by a wide range of micro organisms which includes Bacteria, Virus, Fungi or Parasites. To treat these infections, a broad spectrum of medications is available that has been termed as Antimicrobials.
Therefore, it becomes essential to have two different terms for resistance i.e, Antibiotic Resistance and Antimicrobial Resistance.
According to the World Health Organization, Antibiotic Resistance is the mechanism adopted by Bacteria which makes it unresponsive towards Antibacterial drugs.
On the other hand, Antimicrobial Resistance is a broader term which also includes Antibiotic resistance. This term means when any microbe develops the ability to resist the effects of medications which has been previously used to treat the infection.
There are multiple methods by which a bacteria can develop resistance to antibiotics. Development of antibiotic resistance s also depends on the mechanism of action of the Antibiotic.
Bacteriostatic- Means this group inhibits the growth of bacteria.
Bactericidal – Group of antibiotics which kills the bacteria.
Also the different antibiotics have different sites of action on a bacterial cell.
Can Human Body Develop Antibiotic Resistance?
Answer to this question is No.
Bacteria produces enzymes that either modify or destroy the antibiotic before it reaches the target. The enzyme produced by the bacteria is Beta Lactamase. This enzyme works by breaking the amide bond of Beta Lactic acid of the drug thereby making it ineffective.
This kind of property is seen in Gram Negative bacteria (On the basis of staining property by Gram stain bacteria have been divided in two forms i.e., gram negative and gram positive).
So in this type of mechanism, the cell membrane of the bacterium alters which does not allow the drug to enter the cell and show effect at the target.
The site where the drug is supposed to act, gets altered , therefore, drug is unable to bind to required site and hence the bacterium become resistant to the drug.
The most common example of this type of drug resistance is of Enterococci (common bacteria causing urine infections) which has become resistant to the drug Vancomycin. The resistant bacteria has been termed as Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci (VRE).
How Do Bacteria Develop Acquired Antibiotic Resistance?
All the above mentioned mechanisms are controlled at the genetic levels and are very sensitive. Genes in a cell are the basic physical unit which control heredity. At the genetic level, the mechanisms which controls antibiotic resistance, are the Molecular Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance.
The building blocks of DNA that is nucleotide base (A,T,G,C) is either added deleted or replaced at a single point.
What are Plasmids and their role in Antibiotic Resistance?
Few bacteria have an additional set of DNA which is arranged in circular form termed as Plasmid. These do not contain any set of DNA required for regular metabolic activities of the cell.
Moreover, Plasmids are present in the lower group of organisms, precisely the unicellular organisms.
The role of plasmid in Antibiotic Resistance was first time studied in Japan, during a an outbreak of Dysentery (Infection of the stomach and infection which results in diarrhea with blood) epidemic.
Later it was found that this epidemic was because of Multidrug Resistant(Bacterial Strain resistant to multiple drugs) bacterium. It was also found that Plasmid not only contains Antibiotic Resistance genes but also genes for controlling the Infection causing capacity (Virulence), in a bacteria.
In this mode, two bacterial cells are present in close proximity to each other and a structure called Pilus is formed between the two to transfer the plasmid from bacterial cell to another.
A gram positive bacteria after completion of its life cycle undergoes cell lysis. During this cell a fragment of DNA is taken up by Gram Negative bacteria. This taking up of the DNA fragment "Transforms" one type of cell to another.
In this mode, a Bacteriophage is a virus infected by bacteria and transmits genetic material from bacteria to another. This method of transferring genetic material from bacterium to another with help of Bacteriophage is called as Transduction.
Indiscriminate use of Antibiotics in routine practice.
Unnecessary consumption of Antibiotics during the course of Viral infections.
Persistent prescription of Broad-Spectrum antibiotics rather than a bacterium specific drug.
Antibiotic Resistance is an aspect which is least explored because the bacteria keeps on changing according to the misused antibiotic. Therefore, there is a need for such antibacterial agents which can at against such highly evolved bacteria.
Even though in some era the Antibiotics were considered to be "Magic Bullets" but it is aptly said every magic has its after effects. Similar is the situation with Antibiotics.
Antibiotics do kill or inhibit microorganisms but they affect host immunity as well. It has become a common practice to take antibiotics even for slightest of Infection.
All the bacterial infections have a tendency to go through phases and human body acts accordingly to cure the infection on its own called host immune response.
Antibiotics work after lowering the host immunity. Unnecessary antibiotic consumption not only bring resistance in bacteria to the drug. But it also reduces the host immune response on second encounter with same infection.
In a span of past 50-60 years, with evolution of medicine, communicable diseases were thought to be one of the most threatening medical emergency. But with the invent of Antibiotics or to be precisely stated Antimicrobial agents, infectious diseases came under control.
Past two decades have seen a resurrection of similar infectious diseases, but with an aggressive mode. For example, Tuberculosis(TB), which was completely curable disease has taken up lethal forms like MDR-TB(Multi-drug resistant TB) and XDR-TB(Extensive Drug resistant TB).
How does this Antibiotic Resistance spread?
Ease in travelling from one continent to another, due to affordable travel expenses.
Increase in globalization has lead to a higher number of population migrating to other countries.
A rising trend in inappropriate consumption of antibiotics.
Easy access to various internet search engines, where an individual gets to know about symptoms of a disease and the so called required treatment. In such a scenario, many times the patient prefers to buy antibiotics on their own without a prescription.
Consumption of antibiotics in minor infections which the human can take care on its own. For example, consumption of antibiotics in cases of common cold, which is a viral infection and an antibiotic will not work on it anyways.
Every time an individual takes an antibiotic pill it puts pressure on the bacteria to evolve in resistance. The next time the similar bacteria will not be affected from the drug.
Multiple drug manufacturing companies, are in a sack race to develop antibiotics effective for resistant strains of bacteria. But this is going to add to the list of resistant strains of bacteria.
How Does the Bacteria Evolve During the Course of Antibiotic Resistance?
A bacteria undergoes mutation via Natural Selection ( it is a process where an organism naturally adapts to its surrounding environment).
After this, process of mutation, the mutated gene must get transferred to the next generation. This happens by transferring of the Plasmid during bacterial cell division.
Paitent does not respond to existing treatment given even when given antibiotic targeting the bacteria.
Due to resistance may produce hospital acquired infections such as pneumonia, blood infections and infections of the new borne as well as patients admitted in the intensive care unit.
This bacteria has developed resistance to the key antibiotic used for managing the infection i.e. Carbapenam.
Therefore the symptoms which arise are more severe and untreatable.
According to World Health Organization, by the year 2014 there were 480,000 new cases of MDR-TB were reported. Treatment protocol for MDR-TB is long term more extensive and also becomes expensive.
Till year 2014 only half of patients suffering from MDR-TB have been treated successfully.
Another form of resistant Tuberculosis is XDR-TB. This form of TB is resistant towards four antibiotics. XDR-TB is a form of MDR-TB and it has been estimated by WHO, around 9.7% MDR-TB patients develop XDR-TB.
Malaria is caused by four known strains of Plasmodium. These are Plasmodium Falciparum, P.Malairae, P.Ovale and P.Vivax. Out of these, P.Falciparum has shown resistance to anti malarial drugs. This makes the treatment more difficult.
Malaria resistance has been found to be prevalent in the Thailand-Cambodia border. It is estimated that Malaria resistance can arise as worldwide threat. This resistance can also pose major public health problem making it epidemic situation.
According to WHO, 7% of HIV positive patient who were receiving Anti-retroviral therapy, had developed antiretroviral drug resistance. This percentage of patients was found in the year 2010. The percentage was higher in developed countries, which was >15%.
The anti-retroviral resistant patients are treated with higher dosage of drugs with increased time period. This increases the cost of treatment and lowers the chances of remission.
Moreover, resistant patients also suffer from multiple debilitating morbidities. These patients require constant monitoring in order to effectively reduce the further spread of Anti-retroviral Resistance.
To combat the effects of this resistance WHO has come up with "Global Action Plan for HIV DrugResistance"(2017-2021).
Influenza or common cold is caused by the Influenza A virus and this virus has a capability to mutate very fast. It can change between one season to another or sometimes even during the season. This type of resistance is termed as Antiviral Resistance which means a virus will stop responding to treatment given by antiviral drugs.
Every season the Centre for Disease Control(CDC) performs laboratory tests to check for any specific resistance in the Influenza virus. Based on the findings, antiviral drugs are prescribed of rthe season.
For example for the year 2015-2016 flu season, the antiviral drugs Oseltamivir, Zanamivir and Peramivir were stated in the guidelines of CDC in the United States.
These tests are used to measure the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) this is the least or minimum concentration of the antibiotic agent which is required to inhibit the bacteria.
This MIC can be measured in either a solid or liquid phase.
These two methods are based on dilution of different concentrations of antibiotic in the agar or broth medium.
This type of test uses solid media and diffusion technique. The antibiotic is used in a disc form and the drug diffuses in the surrounding media having inoculums of particular bacteria.
This is a rapid test of choice to measure the antibiotic sensitivity as for the patients in need for urgent treatment the other methods are time consuming and this leads to prescription of broad spectrum antibiotics.
What is Center for Disease Control ?
It is a Federal Agency which is involved in conduction and support of health care promotion, prevention of diseases and activities related to work towards preparing for disease outbreak.
This agency is based in Atlanta and was established in the year 1946.
What is the Role of CDC?
It implements disease outbreak control strategies.
CDC keeps a record of national health statistics.
CDC published a report in the year 2013, containing around 18 drug resistant threats to the United States. Microorganisms keep on mutating to evolve resistance and it practically impossible to stop this evolution, it can of course be prevented.
CDC records the cases of antibiotic resistant infections and maintains the statistics of particular infection. This record helps in developing strategies to control such antibiotic infections.
This helps in preventing the spread of resistant bacteria too.
Antibiotics prescribed unnecessarily to humans as well as animals has spread and increased the rate of antibiotic resistance. One of the ways to control this Antibiotic Resistance is to use antibiotics safely and use only when required.
Reversal of Antibiotic Resistance is possible but it is a long term and gradual process. In situations of strict need for treating cases of infection from resistant microorganisms it becomes a priority to treat the infection first with new range of effective antibiotics.
Moreover, in order to treat it is imperative to get an adequate diagnosis. Therefore, it is important to develop sensitive and quick diagnostic tests.
Antibiotic Resistance can be reversed or not is a debatable topic. In this field multiple research projects are being carried on to come to a conclusion.
Using a multidrug approach in cases where the resistant bacteria has been isolated.
Treating the patient using antibiotic drug combined with a "helper agent". Such kind of agents are under investigations and they are thought to enhance the activity of antibiotics.
One such agent is Azelastine which has been tried to combine with eight known groups of antibiotics. Such combination gave positive results.
Natural substances have also been tried to reverse the antibiotic resistance. One such agent is the plant extract of Piper Longum Fruit (Indian Long Pepper). This extract gave positive results in treatment of multidrug resistant infections caused by bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi etc.
Along with multidrug approach, a time bound antibiotic intervention is also being tried. Antibiotics have also been prescribed in an ON/OFF manner. This kind of investigation has not yet been tried on humans but still in the initial phases in laboratory.
Staphylococci or Staphylococcus are the most common microorganisms which cause pus producing infections. This bacterium was first discovered by Sir Alexander Ogston in the year 1880.
He was a Scottish Surgeon who isolated this bacteria in Abscess(collection of pus) and other infections producing pus. The term Staphylococcus is made up of two words "Staph" which is a latin word meaning Bunch of Grapes. Another word is Coccus which means round.
So this bacteria is round in shape and arranged in the form of bunch of grapes when observed under a microscope.
Staphylococcus aureus forms golden or yellow colored colonies.
citrus forms yellow colored colonies.
The antibiotics of choice for treatment of Staphylococcus infection are the Penicillin group of drugs like oxacillin or flucloxacillin. Sometimes during severe infection course, these penicillins are combined with Aminoglycoside group of drugs.
But with the due course of time, and evolution of antibiotic resistance, this bacteria has developed Penicillin resistance. Penicillin resistance develops with development of the enzyme Penicillinase which destroys the antibiotic.
To conquer this resistant strain, different antibiotic drugs have been developed, those are Methacillin, Dicloxacillin & Naficillin etc.
But with the further spread and transfer of mutated genetic material, the bacteria became resistant to Methicillin. This strain of bacterium has been termed as Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus.
It is the commonest microorganism which causes hospital acquired infections worldwide. In hospitals the high risk areas are the Intensive Care Units (ICU). So these areas are provided with high surveillance strategies.
Transmission takes place by the hand carriage of bacteria on health care workers and also from direct patient to patient contact.
Patients inserted with tubes and intra venous sets for long time.
As per a research study conducted on various hospitals India has a high level of MRSA. This study also showed that majority of MRSA was isolated from Blood samples.
A thorough hand washes before eating, providing any medical care and after using the bathroom.
For hand wash antimicrobial soap can be used.
If soap is not available, then use antiseptic which is waterless and alcohol-based.
Patients with positive MRSA infection, should be kept in isolated rooms.
For home care patients, proper maintenance of cleanliness should be kept under check.
MRSA is capable of causing an array of infections. The symptoms depend on the site involved. Infections include Skin and soft tissue infections, respiratory infections, heart valve infections, bone infections and blood stream infections.
It is one of the most contagious infections and also threatened to arise as a global epidemic.
Skin infections are the commonest MRSA infections and they can either be community associated(CA-MRSA) or can spread by the contact of a health care facility (HA-MRSA).
HA-MRSA is more dangerous as the bacteria tends to infect the surgery wounds and through the tube sets inserted in the patient. Later on this can spread through body causing Blood infection or Sepsis. This sepsis is life threatening.
MRSA infection begins as small pimple or boil on the skin. Sometimes may appear as an abscess of the skin which eventually bursts open, oozing out pus. The raw eroded skin area becomes further prone to colonization of bacteria if not given proper antibiotic coverage.
In case the treatment is not given on time it may take up a severe mode and may produce sepsis. Sometimes skin infections may go deep producing infections in some vital organs(heart valves, lungs or bones) of the body.
Symptoms of MRSA infections vary from skin infections to deep pus containing abscesses. When this infection becomes severe may affect lungs and even the heart valves.
In case the source of infection is the iv tube or any other medical device it should be immediately removed.
A microbiological culture should be performed to detect the causative organism.
Appropriate antibiotic therapy should be give to the patient. In case of MRSA, the antibiotic of choice is Vancomycin.
But this antibiotic therapy should also be accurately monitored.
Sometimes the bacteria may not be susceptible to Vancomycin or the causative bacteria is not being isolated. In such cases the antibiotic treatment of choice is Vancomycin with another group of antibiotics which are the Aminoglycosides.
Pregnant females like other healthy individuals are not really affected by MRSA. Moreover, fortunately there has been no evidence of any pregnancy complications because of MRSA.
A pregnant female will be screened for MRSA in case when she has been scheduled for a C-section surgery. In case a pregnant female is found to be infected with MRSA, she can be easily treated with antibiotics.
In a situation a newborn being admitted to intensive care, should be regularly tested for MRSA infestation. Another scenario to consider MRSA in pregnant females is when the female has a previous history of MRSA infection.
In case a newborn baby contracts MRSA infection, it can be treat easily with antibiotics and is not known to take up a severe form.
As the name sounds very interesting, but what are these and what is so special about them to give such a term. Do they have any medical relevance, posing any healthcare issue.
Superbugs: It is the term given to the bacterium which undergoes resistance after being exposed to a particular drug. That means when the bacteria will be exposed to the similar drug again it will not be killed by the drug.In simple term, the bacteria is shielded or is covered with a bullet proof jacket against the "magic bullet".
Medical Relevance – The superbug may spread and further evolve producing multidrug resistance.
Every year in the United States, around 2 million people acquire infections from resistant bacteria. About 23,000 people die from such infections.
Antibiotic resistance is a medical emergency since the year 1945, but has not been taken seriously. Now it is the time it should be taken into some serious consideration.
Antibiotic resistance is increasing per year and by the year 1997, it was established that about 44% of bacteria were resistant.
A large portion of antibiotics are being misused in animals too which adds to the antibiotic resistance.
It is feared that a pandemic situation (a global epidemic situation) can arise due to an antibiotic resistant superbug.
The Food and Drug Administration has reduced approving newer antibiotic drugs.
These high rates of antibiotic resistance can be attributed to easy availability of over the counter antibiotics.
Self prescription of antibiotics in phenomena of self healing infection.
In a six monthly study conducted in a renowned medical institute in India it was found that 143 patients out of 1,230 patients were suffering from 152 infections caused by health-care associated bacteria.
This shows that the lack of hygiene in government aided healthcare bodies.
According to a report issued by the Department of Biotechnology(DBT), the last resort antibiotic to treat serious infections which is Carbapenam, a very high number of Carbapenam resistant bacteria were found.
According to a government commissioned research, it was found that during the months of pilgrimages i.e. May and June, there was higher spread of Superbugs which also included bacteria causing Tuberculosis.
Another major cause of high antibiotic resistance in India is the inadvertent selling of drugs which are either banned or not approved according to FDC drug formulations.
National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance (2017-2021): NAP-AMR –This plan has strategies to curb antibiotic resistant by improving awareness and understanding of antibiotic resistance. Optimizing the use of antibiotics in health care, veterinary care services.
Role of National Center for Disease Control : This government aided body controls the misuse of antibiotics by keeping close surveillance on manufacture and sell of antibiotics. This body also keeps record of the cases of infections due to resistant bacteria. Also a check on strengthening the diagnostic methods for antibiotics sensitivity.
Drug strips with red line on the back should not be sold without prescription.
Antibiotics have been the sole source of treating infections past 5-6 decades. Once considered to be magic bullets the magic of antibiotics has shown its after effects. This has a raised a whole new army of "Superbugs".
Further mutation in these has worsen the situation. This has made Antibiotic Resistance a silent medical emergency which requires immediate attention.
Antibiotic Resistance is now considered to become a major cause of deaths in coming future. It is also worried that in developing countries like India, where there are high rates of Antibiotic resistant bacterial infections, it is imperative to stop the sell and manufacture of under formulation drugs.
Moreover, antibiotics should be prescribed in a calculated manner and should be avoided in minor infections which the body can take care on its own.
The human body is blessed with immense power of healing and rectifying the infections on its own. This is managed by the immune system of the body and for this system to work in harmony it is mandatory to not disturb it with outsource of the so called "Magic Bullets".
Masters in Dental Surgery in the branch of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology and my area of interest is oral cancer.


Anson Elementary School students display to the board how they incorporate music, dancing and exercising to stay active during the February 19 school board meeting.
Anson Principal Ronnie Manis introduced a varied showcase from Anson. He said the theme for this year at the school is "All in for all Kids," which is displayed on a poster near the Anson entrance with the names of all staff.
Teachers Andrea Quiesner and Sarah Lauer helped introduce a Kahoot quiz along with students Ruben Fuentes, above right and Jain Carlo Lopez, left, for the board and audience featuring historical facts on Rosa Parks.
The new preschool yoga in the classroom program was displayed by students and teacher Jordan Wentzien.
Extended Learning Program teacher Nicole Holman and student Jorja Janssen presented a project on coding using an electric guitar.
Music teacher Heather Dean and PE teacher Alex Black then introduced a group of students who displayed how they use music and dancing to get them up and moving. Anson attendance center plan.
For personnel items approved by the board, click here.
Lenihan ELL teacher Joan Fujanic is getting her master's and for her thesis she is collecting information on Lexia Reading Core 5 results at Lenihan. She was instructed by Board President Bea Niblock to get approval from families as she is using individual scores, but not their names.
Director of Instruction Dr. Lisa Stevenson presented this report on the first semester.
Dr. Stevenson presented information on attendance , behavior referral totals, K-6 FAST reading scores, 5-6th math, preschool IGDIs, progress on other school improvement goals and more.
Stevenson said she is encouraged overall by the district's reading scores, as were board members.
Dr. Stevenson, and Curriculum and Professional Development Leaders Pam Brewer-Michael and Erica Finders presented this report on the Lexia online reading program.
At Lenihan, 201 students in 5th grade have worked their way through 5th grade skills on Lexia Core5.
Lexia PowerUp Literacy at Miller Middle School started on Monday, according to Brewer-Michael. Brewer-Michael said they feel PowerUp Literacy will meet the needs of all Miller learners.
Director of Building and Grounds Chuck Springer and FEH Architect Kevin Eipperle updated the board on the progress. Excavation for the basement was completed on February 12.
"We will start seeing concrete toward the end of next week," Eipperle said.
Substantial completion of the project is still expected by November 19.
"Right now they are telling us they can meet the schedule," Eipperle said of Ball Team, the project's general contractor.
There was also discussion on the costs of the project.
The board continued its discussion on "Teaching with Poverty in Mind" by Eric Jensen, this time focusing on Chapter 2 – How Poverty Affects Behavior and Academic Performance.
502.9- Interview of Students by Law Enforcement and Outside Agencies Combination of a couple of policies, and added IASB language- Approved as amended waived second reading.
505.2- becomes 704.5 – Student Activity Fund- taken out of student section – to finance section of board policies. Marked as reviewed.
The next regular board meeting will be at 5 p.m. on March 5 in district offices.
"The board received reports on a number of academic topics. Data on the goals of the strategic plan and Lexia provided the board with a glimpse of how things have proceeded this first semester.
The historical data for the strategic plan is encouraging as significant growth is seen. And fall and winter scores show that we are on the right path, albeit not exactly where we would like to be at this point.
Lexia Core5 data shows us accelerated growth for a majority of students who actually receive the suggested amount of curricular instruction. And Power Up looks to be a major improvement for middle school students.


text:
Q: Array of List? What syntax is needed to add multiple List of Sobjects to an array?  I have this code currently in a batch class:
public List<Contact> start(Database.BatchableContext bc) {
  List<Contact> contactList1 = ExternalAPI.getDataset(APIKey1__c);
  List<Contact> contactList2 = ExternalAPI.getDataset(APIKey2__c);
  List<Contact> contactList3 = ExternalAPI.getDataset(APIKey3__c);
  return contactList1;
}

What I am trying to do is return an array that contains all 3 list.  I know my return type on the method will need to change and the return statement itself, but I am not sure what syntax to use to return I guess what would be an array of Sobjects?
I think I need something more like the below (psuedo-code), but I do not believe this will work as expected:
public List<Contact> start(Database.BatchableContext bc) {
  contactArray = [];
  List<Contact> contactList1 = ExternalAPI.getDataset(APIKey1__c);
  List<Contact> contactList2 = ExternalAPI.getDataset(APIKey2__c);
  List<Contact> contactList3 = ExternalAPI.getDataset(APIKey3__c);
  contactArray.add(contactList1);
  contactArray.add(contactList2);
  contactArray.add(contactList3);
  return contactArray;
}

A: You use the addAll method instead:
  contactArray = new List<Contact>();
  List<Contact> contactList1 = ExternalAPI.getDataset(APIKey1__c);
  List<Contact> contactList2 = ExternalAPI.getDataset(APIKey2__c);
  List<Contact> contactList3 = ExternalAPI.getDataset(APIKey3__c);
  contactArray.addAll(contactList1);
  contactArray.addAll(contactList2);
  contactArray.addAll(contactList3);
  return contactArray;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


I wrote this song as part of February Album Writing Month in 2012, and it was partially inspired by the human rights situation in Syria which, as i write this, has sadly only got worse since i wrote the song.
Recorded and mixed by Daniel Davis at Windmill Sound.
Front cover by Nicole Strachan.


Session 1: Registration will be open from 6 p.m. on Tuesday, May 22 through 6 p.m. Tuesday, May 29.
Session 2: Registration will be open from 6 p.m. on Tuesday, June 26 through 6 p.m. Tuesday, July 3.
Register online at register.siouxfallsparks.org. If you do not already have an online account with Sioux Falls Parks and Recreation, you will need to create a new household account prior to registering for swimming lessons. Once your online account has been approved, you will receive an email with further instructions to complete your account setup. Please note: Accounts will be approved Monday through Friday during normal business hours.
Swimming lessons will be available for all ages and abilities. A full listing of swimming lesson levels is available at www.midcoaquaticcenter.org/swimming-lessons. Fees, times, locations, and registration information are available at register.siouxfallsparks.org. Click on aquatics, then click on the green box for indoor swimming lessons.
In-person registration is available at the Midco® Aquatic Center, located at 1601 South Western Avenue, for those individuals who need to pay with cash, check, or do not have access to a computer.
To receive updates on Parks and Recreation activities, visit www.facebook.com/siouxfallsparks or www.twitter.com/siouxfallsparks. More information, can be found at www.siouxfalls.org/parks or call 605‑367‑8222.


Telenor Pakistan's CEO Irfan Wahab Khan has called for the country's government to offer subsidised smartphones to expand high-speed connectivity among Pakistani consumers.
Kerlink is expanding into India by setting up a subsidiary to coordinate the company's partnership with Tata Communications to deploy the world's largest LoRaWAN network.
The Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (BTRC) has confirmed that it will hold the country's highly anticipated 4G spectrum auction by December.
Google is the latest company looking to enter India's attractive mobile payments sector.
Ericsson has initiated legal proceedings against Indian operator Reliance Communications (RCom), claiming that it is owed more than INR11.56 billion ($180 million) by the group and its subsidiaries.
Indian operator Aircel has partnered with digital security specialist Avast to provide its 85 million subscribers with greater online protection.
Pakistani satellite network service provider Supernet has partnered with LeoSat Enterprises, which is launching a constellation of up to 108 low-earth orbit communications satellites.
Indian regulator TRAI (Telecom Regulatory Authority of India) has criticised Apple's failure to grant approval for an anti-spam app to be sold via the App Store.
Indian state-owned operator BSNL has formed a partnership with Coriant to chart a path towards 5G and IoT deployments in India.
Axiata's tower business Edotco is partnering with investment firm Dawood Hercules to obtain Pakistan Mobile Communications' tower assets for $940 million.
India's tax authorities have issued a tax bill totalling INR79 billion ($1.23 billion) to CK Hutchison's international telecoms unit.
Zong, Pakistan's largest 4G operator, is planning further network expansion in Q4 2017 as it reinvests its revenues.
The number of fixed telephone lines in Bhutan is gradually declining from a very small base as the mobile segment continues to expand, according to Research & Markets.
The Central Asian nations of Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan struggled to grow their telecom sectors over the past few years, but steadily improving internet penetration should help to turn this around, according to Research & Markets.
Research & Markets has released its latest insight into the Indian telecoms market, examining the mobile, infrastructure and broadband sectors.
Indian market leader Bharti Airtel has sold another stake in its tower unit Infratel to a consortium of investors.
The COAI (Cellular Operators Association of India) has asked India's Department of Telecoms to make fair competition a top priority in drafting its new telecom policy.
The merger between Idea Cellular and Vodafone India has received conditional approval from the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), moving it another step towards final clearance.
Bangladesh's regulator has proposed cutting 4G licence fees by a third ahead of September's spectrum auctions.
Apple has asked the Indian government to provide its suppliers with tax breaks.
Indian mobile payments firm Paytm may launch chat services in an effort to shore up its position against WhatsApp and Hike – both of which are looking into offering mobile payments.
India's state-owned operator BSNL is expecting its request for 4G-ready 700MHz spectrum to be granted imminently, according to its chairman Anupam Shrivastava.
India's Snapdeal has abandoned merger negotiations with larger e-commerce rival Flipkart, resolving to remain independent and bringing months of talks to an end.
Customers of Indian newcomer Reliance Jio are experiencing slower connections due to the 4G operator's network being "overloaded", according to wireless mapping firm OpenSignal.
Zong 4G has collaborated with LePhone to launch affordable 4G handsets in Pakistan.
Indian online retailer Snapdeal has reportedly given the green light to a buyout bid of as much as $950 million by larger competitor Flipkart.
Visa CEO Alfred Kelly has affirmed the company's goal to claim a "fair share" of India's incipient cashless payment market by offering low cost, low hassle solutions to merchants.
Vodafone India and Idea Cellular have received the approval of the Competition Commission of India to merge, with the deal set to close before the end of 2018.
Indian regulator TRAI will meet with the country's mobile providers on 21st July to discuss the possibility of establishing a minimum tariff for voice and data services.
India's Department of Telecom (DoT) has approved plans which will require all mobile handsets to feature GPS from 1st January 2018.
Ooredoo Maldives is leveraging Syniverse's global, reliable and secure platform to protect against mobile roaming fraud and more accurately collect revenue for services across its operations.
Indian 4G newcomer Reliance Jio is looking into allegations that up to 100 million of its customers have been the victims of a leak of personal data.
Nokia is bringing its 1830 PSS (Photonic Service Switch) DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) technology to Nepal in partnership with WorldLink.
Indian e-commerce firm Snapdeal has shot down an initial takeover offer from rival Flipkart.
India's three largest operators have held their ground against the aggressive tactics of newcomer 4G operator Reliance Jio.
Nepal's Ncell Axiata is increasing its collaboration efforts with Chinese vendor ZTE in the field of network virtualisation.
By the end of 2020, the Asia-Pacific region will be the source of around two-thirds of the global growth in mobile subscribers, according to GSMA Intelligence.
SenRa Tech has partnered with low-power wide-area networks (LPWAN) provider Senet to deploy LoRaWAN connectivity throughout India.
Tata Communications has launched three new nodes for its IZO Private Cloud service to support enterprises' hybrid cloud adoption while ensuring regulatory compliance.
Wirecard and VEON have signed a global payments and processing agreement that will benefit hundreds of millions of mobile users across the world.
The fiercely competitive price war underway in India has prompted the country's Department of Telecommunications (DoT) to request that the finance ministry dramatically reduces its non-tax revenue collections from operators for the current fiscal year.
Contactless mobile money payments provider Youtap has partnered with MatchMove to provide its customers in Africa and Asia with an off-the-shelf open-loop payment acceptance solution for closed-loop wallets.
Bharti Airtel has approached Google to discuss the possibility of installing Wi-Fi hotspots across India to bolster its broadband coverage.
Samsung is aiming to double the amount of handsets it manufactures in India to ten million units a month with a KRW700 billion ($623 million) investment.
The Nepal Telecommunications Authority (NTA) hasrescinded operator Ncell's permission to deploy 4G services after a parliamentary committee ordered it to block the launch.
Canadian group Brookfield Asset Management is reportedly considering an acquisition of the Indian tower assets of both Idea Cellular and Vodafone India for a total of INR64.5 billion ($1 billion).


I like the creativity in this work... Very good coops.
Very nice Katie, you have such imagination.
If you need more inspiration, my car needs washing. Just offering.
Mr. Ploos. . . back me up here. She's onto something. Rather like a fantasy on a soap bubble. . . or one of those touristy globes often having snow when you shake them. . . in this case it's a Tinker Bell kind of fantasy.
I can't think of what the old story was but it may have been a Walter Mitty story in which the fantasy life supersedes the reality. He has a very mundane low level clerical job (as I recall) and he goes into flights of fancy in which he is heroic. And to be sitting on a beach watching flying women. . . This sure beats scrubbing a car. I think Mr Ploos and I can agree on that.
Very fun image Ms Coops.
Would You ever be able to produce anything that's not beautiful and delightful, dear Katie?
When You are young, especially in a sea town, sitting on a beach is really inspiring and You certainly make Your imagination fly.
Among Your dreams, when You're a teen ager, Your mind start being directed towards love, girls (or boys, as is the appropriate case) ... and other connected teasing fantasies too.


So school is either out or winding down, and you are searching for some options to get away that are both close and affordable.
May I recommend considering a visit to Hendricks County?
We are a perfect getaway for family fun that is easy on the wallet and has enough to do for a long weekend, or extend your experience even longer by mixing and matching some of these suggestions for a Central Indiana excursion that will provide lasting memories.
Before I get to our recommendations, it is always important to my family when planning a summer vacation to find lodging with a pool. With that in mind, check out this link to our hotel grid for a full list of properties with indoor or outdoor pools.
Bring the sunscreen and shades and make sure the kids are ready as we have water parks, a trampoline park and more.
We would suggest spending a day at Splash Island Family Waterpark in Plainfield, which boasts more than 4 acres of water fun including waterslides, a lazy river, an interactive children's play area and so much more.
Then, hop on in for some more can't-miss family entertainment at Sky Zone Indoor Trampoline Park. Dunk basketballs, flip into foam pits or take in a game of dodgeball like never before in this 3D play experience.
Finally for a unique family dining experience, we recommend the Mayberry Cafe on the Historic Courthouse Square in Danville. Get family pictures with the police cruiser out front, then enjoy endless reruns of the show on multiple televisions inside while enjoying food you swear Aunt Bee made.
This is merely a sampling of all the family activities. Click here for other Hendricks County Family Fun attractions.
Just Outside Hendricks County: Because Hendricks County is just minutes from Indianapolis, we recommend extending your visit by spending a day at the Children's Museum of Indianapolis.
Tip: If you visit on the weekend, make sure to check out what children's activities the Hendricks County Parks and Recreation has planned. They offer interactive experiences virtually every Saturday, and the best part is their programs are always free!
For the more venturesome family, Hendricks County also has you covered with horseback riding adventures, scenic hiking and biking trails and more.
Natural Valley Ranch in Brownsburg includes 50 acres of picturesque riding trails for every member of the family. They even have a couple of options if you want to stay overnight on the ranch including their Cottage or Cabin.
After spending so much time on a ranch riding horseback, you may want to head to nearby Avon and practice your cowboy or cowgirl shooting skills at Xtreme Laser Tag, which includes 4,000 square feet of multi-level fun.
Finally grab your fishing pole, hiking boots, bicycle or all of the above and head off the beaten path to McCloud Nature Park up in rural North Salem. The park boasts 232 acres of mostly untouched nature. The views are breathtaking; the sounds are soothing and the experience is priceless.
While you're in North Salem, you must make a pit stop at Perillo's Pizzeria, a true hidden gem with amazing outdoor seating.
Click here for a list of more recreational activities in Hendricks County.
Just Outside Hendricks County: Extend your visit by experiencing the new Go Ape Zipline & Treetop Adventure at nearby Eagle Creek Park.
If your family is into the arts and culture scene, then you may have stumbled upon some of the best under-the-radar talent anywhere as Hendricks County has become a burgeoning arts district.
Whether it's clay, paint, glass, confectionery or virtually any other medium, we likely have an artist that excels in it. If you are more into Indiana's culture and history, we have that covered, too.
The easiest way to find many of these attractions neatly bundled together is by visiting the Rural Routes to Main Street Cultural Trail, a self-directed, self-guided driving tour that includes more than 30 stops in Hendricks and neighboring Morgan counties. Galleries, shops, restaurants and any other business that features local Indiana artisan products are featured along this trail.
Locations include Gallery on the Square, Chateau Thomas Winery, Art Sanctuary, Bread Basket Cafe and Bakery and many more. Divide the trips by county, and a two-day adventure awaits.
Click here for more arts and culture information.
Just Outside Hendricks County: In addition to the Morgan County locations, you can extend your stay by visiting the Indianapolis Museum of Art.
Tip: All the sites on the cultural trail are at least open 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Thursdays-Saturdays. However, we would suggest visiting on the second Saturday of the month when eight additional locations join the trail and open their doors to the public including the Hendricks County Historical Museum, Hot Blown Glass and the Academy of Hoosier Heritage.


text:
'What kind of poem would you make out of that?'
A review of 'Coal Mountain Elementary'
Dan Featherston
by Mark Nowak
Coffee House Press 2009, 170 pages, $20 ISBN 978-1-56689-228-5
"What do you think are some of the costs associated with mining coal?" This quote from the American Coal Foundation appears in Mark Nowak's Coal Mountain Elementary, which I happened to read in the days following the Deepwater Horizon explosion in 2010. Reading the book during the worst environmental disaster in US history, I couldn't help but also ask: What are some of the costs associated with offshore oil drilling? For that matter, what are the costs associated with any industry? And by "costs," I'm not just talking about what we hand the cashier for a tank of gas.
If you ask the person in the street what they know about the costs of energy—economic, environmental, human—chances are they can tell you very little. Whatever interest there is in discovering the actual costs of energy production seems to surge after news of some crisis— a mine collapses, an oil rig explodes—only to ebb after rituals of public apologies, committee hearings, promises to review industry regulations, and so on.
And then it's back to business as usual.
One way to increase and sustain consumer consciousness is to provide media that explore the costs associated with business as usual, and to this end we've seen a trend in recent years toward critical investigative reporting on industries such as coal and oil in nonfiction books, documentary films, newspaper and magazine exposés, and blogs.
And what about poetry?
In his essay "Investigative Poetry" (1976), Ed Sanders emphatically states that poets should "NEVER HESITATE TO OPEN UP A CASE FILE EVEN ON THE BLOODIEST OF BEASTS OR PLOTS."[1] Coal Mountain Elementary makes an excellent case-file contribution to the tradition of investigative poetry, taking as its point of departure the coal mine explosion on January 2, 2006, in Sago, West Virginia, which killed twelve miners. Readers may recall not only the deaths of these miners, but also the miscommunication to family and media that these miners had been rescued. But the Sago mining disaster is only one of the stories in Nowak's book. Unlike more traditional investigations that focus on a particular case or event, Coal Mountain Elementary is a collage of first-person testimony from the Sago Mine Accident Report and Transcripts (SMART), news reports of mining disasters in China, "lesson plan" materials from the American Coal Foundation (ACF), photos of Chinese mine workers from Ian Teh, and the author's own photographs of American mining towns. I would add to this list Nowak's blog at coalmountain.wordpress.com, an ongoing chronicle of mining disasters that reminds the reader that the story of coal mining's devastating impact on human lives and communities isn't finished. Among other things, the book's multimedia approach encourages the reader to critically reflect on the coal mining industry beyond national, cultural, and historical boundaries.
Before even opening the book, the chthonic, coal-colored cover tells us that we are going down into a dark place to learn something elementary, elemental, and primary. A miner stands in this darkness, an arc of light gilding the tunnel wall behind him, and stares directly at the reader. The book's title, in jagged script as if pick-axed out of rock and laid out on what appears to be lined school paper, announces a curriculum of coal. The educational motif extends to the book itself, which is divided into four sections: three "lessons" and a coda. Each of the first three sections is organized around text from one of three ACF "lesson plans": "Coal Flowers: A Historic Craft," "Cookie Mining," and "Coal Camps and Mining Towns." As noted in the "Works Cited," these lessons were created "to develop, produce and disseminate, via the web, coal-related educational materials and programs designed for teachers and students" (179). A visit to the ACF website reveals that the foundation is supported in part by "coal producers and manufacturers of mining equipment and supplies" and that the lesson plans were created for K–12 students. Aside from the corporate sponsorship of education, there is nothing particularly suspect about these lesson plans for children. Within the classroom of Coal Mountain Elementary, however, the curriculum takes on an ironic and somewhat surreal tone. In "Second Lesson: Cookie Mining," for example, "Students participate in a simulation of the mining process using chocolate chip cookies and toothpicks. The simulation helps to illustrate the costs associated with the mining of coal" (65). From the "PROCEDURE" section of the lesson:
1. Review the costs
associated with coal mining:
land acquisition, labor,
equipment, and reclamation.
Coal companies
are required by federal law
to return the land they mine
to its original, or an improved, condition.
This process, known as reclamation,
is a significant expense for the industry. (94)
On the opposite page, we read the following news report:
An explosion tore through a coal mine in northern China on Wednesday, leaving at least 62 workers dead and another 13 missing, the government said, the third disaster in recent weeks involving scores of miners. The latest accident highlights the Chinese government's continuing battle with mine safety despite repeated crackdowns and pledges by the leadership to improve conditions. Wednesday's explosion occurred at the run Liuguantun Colliery in Tangshan, a city in Hebei province, when 186 miners were underground, said an official with the Tangshan Coal Mine and Safety Bureau who would only give his surname Zhang. Zhang said 82 minders escaped on their own and 32 were rescued, but three of those later died. The bodies of 59 other miners had been recovered by early today and rescuers were searching for 13 people still trapped in the mine. (95)
As the news report makes clear, there are more "costs / associated with coal mining" than the lesson plan reveals. Coal is not chocolate; there is no reclamation for the dead. But more is going on here than factoring the total costs of mining coal. In addition to its critique of the coal mining industry, Coal Mountain Elementary may also be read as a critique of pedagogy, including US standards of education and corporate involvement with curricular development. I also see an implicit critique of metaphor as an educational and literary tool. In the first lesson, students transform coal into "flowers," and in the second lesson, cookies substitute for mountains, chocolate for coal, and toothpicks for mining tools. Of course, metaphors have the potential to expand consciousness and make deeper ethical connections between ostensibly disconnected subjects, objects, experiences, and ideas. Within the context of news reports and testimonies of mining disasters, however, the metaphorical comparisons and substitutions of these lesson plans tend to conceal more than they reveal, ornamenting and sweetening the prosaic and bitter story of coal. Coal Mountain Elementary relies not on metaphorical comparisons but on metonymy's spatial contiguities among juxtaposed texts. It is a readerly text: the reader must make connections between decontextualized documents, instead of relying on the writer to make them. For instance, the above news report of a coal mine disaster neither transforms nor substitutes for the previous lesson plan. Instead, the report provides a new context or container for reading the lesson plan, which forces the reader to revisit the question: what are the costs associated with coal mining?
Reading news reports and testimonies of government subterfuge, out-of-touch mine owners, and bureaucratic bungling, it is tempting to simply deride the naïveté of these lesson plans in order to process feelings of sadness and rage over the destroyed lives that we encounter in the book. But to scapegoat the ACF curriculum does nothing to engage the deeper social, political, historical, environmental, and economic realities of the coal mining industry. Any possibilities for irony's distancing and derision begin to recede in "Coal Camps and Mining Towns," which draws on a lesson plan that is less metaphorical and more attentive to material realities: "Students look at the history of the coal mining industry by researching coal mining towns" and "write short stories that highlight the people who lived in coal communities" (135). What also makes this section more effective is how the lesson plan aligns more closely with what Nowak is doing with the materials at his disposal: investigating language, history, origin myths, communities, and individual lives.[2] Here is a section from the "Coal Camps and Mining Towns" lesson plan:
NATIONAL STANDARDS:
National Council for
the Social Studies
Standards: Culture;
Time, Continuity,
and Change;
Places, and
of Teachers
of English
a wide range of strategies
as they use different
writing elements
with diverse audiences
for a variety of purposes. (144)
Mark Nowak reading from Coal Mountain Elementary at the Rose O'Neill Literary House, all images ⓒ Karly Kolaja
Compare the adjacent passage taken from the Sago Mine Accident Report and Transcripts:
I'm going to tell you, the only thing—carrying Mr. McCloy out, I was on the right-hand side in the back, close to his head. And what I was doing, and we all were doing it, we were talking to him all the way out. Hang in there, we're going to get you out. And I put myself, my eyes on his hand, and I noticed he had a wedding band on, and I'm thinking about this young man. And I watch his hand all the way out to see if he moved any, and that's what I did. I was watching to see if I could see any movements. But I did notice his wedding band on his hand. He never did move his hand that I could see. (145)
An abrupt tonal shift moves us from the generalized language of the lesson plan ("Time," "Continuity," "Change") to first-person testimony in which the particular detail of a wedding ring becomes a focal point in this miner's life and the life of the narrative itself. Within the original context of the Sago hearings, these recollections were most likely passed over as immaterial, but for those who knew Mr. McCloy, these memories of material details undoubtedly communicate what Nowak calls "a variety of purposes."
Johannesburg Mines
In the Johannesburg mines
There are 240,000
Native Africans working.
What kind of poem
Would you
Make out of that?
240,000 natives
Working in the
Johannesburg mines.
—Langston Hughes[3]
In a blog post titled "Poetics (Mine)," Mark Nowak points to Langston Hughes's "Johannesburg Mines" as an example of a poem that "works in divergent fields that make parallel (and antithetical) critiques, analyses, and representations." During a Q&A following his May 2010 reading at the Wooden Shoe Bookshop in Philadelphia, Nowak also mentioned the Hughes poem as an inspiration for Coal Mountain Elementary. I want to make a brief detour into this poem not for the obvious connection to mining, but to point up tactical affinities between the poem and Coal Mountain Elementary. The first three lines of the Hughes poem assert a prosaic fact that may have come from a newspaper, followed by a question: "What kind of poem / Would you / Make out of that?" The question is then answered, more or less, by the very fact that prompted the question: "240,000 natives / Working in the / Johannesburg mines." Of course, much can be made of syntactical shifts and changes in diction (for example, "Native Africans" to "natives"), not to mention issues of race, class, colonization, Apartheid, labor history, and so on. But what I want to note here is that the process of receiving information, formulating a question, and then restating the information becomes the answer itself: a poem called "Johannesburg Mines." Does this "answer" the poem's question? What does it mean to answer the question of how to "make" poetry out of facts by restating those facts? Is the question addressed to the reader, or to the speaker himself? Does the poem imply limitations on what poetry can "make"? Does it imply some transcendence of poetry's limitations? Is the poem a commentary on the ethical limitations of aesthetics? Is it a commentary on the ethical possibilities of aesthetics?
In Coal Mountain Elementary, facts are restated in response to an implied question which might go something like this: What kind of poem would you make out of the lives and deaths of coal miners throughout the world? As a composite of verbatim news reports, testimonies, and curricula, Coal Mountain Elementary is a matter of record: Mark Nowak did not "write" this book any more than Langston Hughes "wrote" a poem on the Johannesburg mines. But who "wrote" Coal Mountain Elementary is less interesting to me than what Nowak reveals about how we define authorship, and what we call Coal Mountain Elementary (poetry; not poetry; found poetry; documentary poetry; investigative poetry; working class poetry; labor poetry) is less interesting to me than what the book reveals about our expectations for poetry. Authorship implies a number of things, including authority, authenticity, ownership, originality, and the transformation of experience into cultural artifact, and perhaps more than any other literary genre, we expect poetry to somehow transform experience into something else. We also seem to think of poetry as a more suitable genre than, say, fiction or nonfiction prose for reflecting the private and interior experiences of the writing subject.[4]
In an era of political poetry marked by what may be called a negative rhetoric of blame, on the one hand, and an internalized rhetoric of lament, on the other, I hear in Nowak's book both implicit praise for miners and an externalized rhetoric of the document. The very fact of including the voices of miners and rescue workers in the book is itself an act of praise as well as a desire to let those closest to the experiences speak for and as themselves. In turn, you can hear in the words of the Sago testimony transcripts the emotions that testifying calls forth, as well as the unfolding of memory in the syntax and rhythms of spoken language. What I most appreciate about Coal Mountain Elementary is its foregrounding of the document in a time when so many investigative media seem to position the author at the center of the text. In this way, Nowak's work harkens back to earlier approaches to the document in the poetry of Charles Reznikoff (Testimony, Holocaust) and Muriel Rukeyser (The Book of the Dead), as well as the documentary style of Frederick Wiseman in his critiques of schools, hospitals, mental wards, and other institutional spaces.
Although Nowak documents the costs of the coal industry in human life and livelihood, he does not address the costs to the environment. This raises the question: What would a documentary poem on the coal mining industry's destruction of the environment look like? One difficulty in addressing the environment through documents may have to do with the fact that we define the document as a human and cultural artifact. This definition excludes natural objects (bodies of water, flora) and subjects (nonhuman animals) that have no "voice," let alone "personhood," that would qualify as document in any of the traditional (i.e., anthropocentric) ways that the word is currently defined. This also raises important questions about rights, insofar as documents and the ability to document are often invested with legal significance. Although questions concerning environmental rights are absent from most cultural conversations, they are currently being discussed among legal scholars, political scientists, bioethicists, and environmental activists.[5]
Of course, each occasion demands its own form, and no single method of documentation is inherently superior to all others. Indeed, the popularity of documentary films by Michael Moore and Morgan Spurlock, as well as investigative nonfiction prose by Michael Pollan and Jonathan Safran Foer, attests to the effectiveness of using first-person narratives as vehicles for delivering compelling critiques of various industries and institutions. In Coal Mountain Elementary, however, critical and creative accountability shifts squarely to the reader, who must make her way through the materials without any overt master plot or central narrative voice for guide. Along the way, each reader is called upon to answer the question: at what cost?
1. Ed Sanders, Investigative Poetry (San Francisco: City Lights Books, 1976) 23.
2. My focus here is on the more paratactic and nonlinear elements of Coal Mountain Elementary, but another way to read the book is to explore syntactical and linear elements that help to organize the book. Some of these elements include the narrative coherence within the news reports and testimonies, the chronological unfolding of both the Sago mine disaster and mining disasters in China, and the sequencing of the lesson plans that begin with activities for elementary school students ("Coal Flowers: A Historic Craft" and "Cookie Mining") and graduate to an activity for middle- and high-school students ("Coal Camps and Mining Towns").
3. Langston Hughes, "Johannesburg Mines," The Collected Poems of Langston Hughes, ed. Arnold Rampersad and David Roessel (New York: Random House, 1994) 43.
4. For a more detailed discussion of authorship and authority as they relate to a poetry of witness, see my essay "Poetic Representation: Reznikoff's Holocaust, Rothenberg's 'Khurbn,'" in Response: A Contemporary Jewish Review 68 (1997): 129–140.
5. For an early exploration into the idea of environmental rights, see Christopher D. Stone's "Should Trees Have Standing?—Toward Legal Rights for Natural Objects" (1972), reprinted in Should Trees Have Standing? Law, Morality, and the Environment (Oxford University Press, 2010). See also the recent movement for a United Nations Universal Declaration of Planetary Rights.
The posthumous now
On Hillary Gravendyk's 'The Soluble Hour'
Rodney Koeneke
Photo of Gravendyk (right) courtesy of Benjamin Burrill.
How do we read the work of poets who die young? Recent books by Joan Murray and Max Ritvo have me thinking about the question with a special intensity. Ritvo died of Ewing's sarcoma in 2016 at just twenty-five, with two posthumous volumes — The Final Voicemails: Poems and Letters from Max — published last year. Murray, who won the Yale Younger Poets award, died at nearly the same age, in 1942; Drafts, Fragments, and Poems: The Complete Poetry has just been painstakingly edited by Farnoosh Fathi and published by NYRB Poets.
How do we read the work of poets who die young? Recent books by Joan Murray and Max Ritvo have me thinking about the question with a special intensity.
Black/women are alive after tomorrow
A review of 'Letters to the Future: Black Women/Radical Writing'
Tyrone Williams
Above: detail from cover art of 'Letters to the Future.'
The most provocative mark in this anthology may be the virgule or forward slash that separates the last quarter of the title — Radical Writing — from the opening three quarters of the title — Letters to the Future: Black Women. I've analyzed elsewhere the function of the colon, a staple in academic article and book titles, so I won't discuss that here.
Geoffrey G. O'Brien's subjunctive 'dividuals
'Experience in Groups'
Simona Schneider
The scholar's blush
Shame as method in 'Lyric Shame'
Jess Shollenberger
A review of 'Spellbound: The Art of Teaching Poetry'
Celia Bland
Spelling for humanity
A review of 'Spells,' edited by Sarah Shin and Rebecca Tamás
Robert Eric Shoemaker
Thus I am inwardly my police
A review of Daniel Poppick's 'The Police'
Emily Barton Altman
Politics and time
The continued relevance of Edward Dorn's 'Gunslinger'
Joe Safdie
Messing with your head
A review of 'Insolvency, Insolvency!' by Jeremy Hoevenaar
Elysian weather
A review of Joyelle McSweeney's 'The Necropastoral: Poetry, Media, Occults'
Toby Altman
Against the modular mind
Jena Osman's 'Motion Studies'
Philip Clark
Michael Gottlieb
'mend the world'
A review of Joseph Lease's 'The Body Ghost'
Andrew S. Nicholson
Razor feminine
A review of 'Small Siren'
Shamala Gallagher
'The woman is here to stay'
A review of 'A Doll for Throwing' by Mary Jo Bang
Lynley Edmeades
Snap! Blow! The consensus of thinking
yasser elhariry
Of what use these memorials
A review of Henry Wei Leung's 'Goddess of Democracy: An Occupy Lyric'
Ryo Yamaguchi
Laynie Browne's 'You Envelop Me'
Aakash Suchak
Under the beach, the office
On 'The Work of Art in the Age of Deindustrialization'
Nate Preus
The poetry of a New York hour
A thousand singers on a mile-long stage
Stan Tymorek
Glimpsing the new normal
On Kristen Gallagher's '85% True/Minor Ecologies'
Andy Martrich
New South new North
A review of 'América Invertida: An Anthology of Emerging Uruguayan Poets'
Riccardo Boglione

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Other than baby bunnies! His backyard time is severely restricted because of bunny eating. I can't really get mad at him for doing what's in his DNA, though.
So, dog food. Some of it … not appetizing. Okay, to me pretty much all of it is unappetizing. But when I first got Conrad, he let me know pretty quickly that dry food was not for him. I switched him to canned, and soon my dog walker recommended a particular brand of canned, and we tried different flavors before finally settling on the one flavor Conrad consistently eats.
Blue Buffalo Small Breed Lamb Flavor in a can is just about all that Conrad will eat. I can't even feed him a different flavor of the same stuff without him turning up his nose at it. I like to be able to understand what all is in the food, and where the food comes from.
Same with treats–the fewer ingredients, the better, and if they aren't from the US or Canada I pretty much won't feed them to Conrad. I read labels especially now, when there have been deaths in connection to dog treats made in China and the suspicious ingredients therein.
Conrad's favorite, which we discovered when some family got him some to try, are the Origen treats. The Alberta Wild Boar treats have two ingredients, both boar. They are freeze dried, and smell VERY flavorful, like what boar liver must smell like. Conrad goes bonkers over these.
He also gets cooked chicken, ground turkey, or ground beef, without seasoning, just a little bit to top his meals. Or maybe it's the holidays and he gets leftover tenderloin bits topping his dinner. He likes Havarti cheese, too, but only gets tiny pieces. And, of course, bacon.
I am picky about what I eat, what my horse eats, and what my dog eats! It means spending a little more money at the outset, but long term that could keep the vet and doctor bills lower.
Posted on January 21, 2015 September 30, 2015 by Karen MPosted in dogs, Weenie WednesdayTagged blue buffalo, Conrad, dachshunds, dog food, origen dog treats, weenie dog.
Next Next post: Welcome to Second Chance Grey!
I was so excited when I finally found something he would eat and that didn't upset his stomach.
My dog was sooo picky but the wet food made his little squished in face so dirty and smelly (he is a shih tzu) so I started out soaking the dry food less and less and now he will eat it dry yay!
Our youngest is somehow allergic to limited ingredient blue buffalo which seems like it should be impossible! I wish I could feed it, such great ingredients but she says no.
Oh no! Food allergies can be so tough. But there are other limited ingredients options, at least.
Have you ever tried frozen fruit as a treat? Bosco thinks frozen blueberries and frozen strawberries are amazing, but he is, admittedly, at least half goat and will eat anything that isn't nailed down too tight.
I haven't–what a great idea! Conrad is a little weird about eating cold stuff, but if he realizes it's sweet he might go for it.
Fortunately he's small. If I had larger dogs, they might not eat quite so well! Canned food ain't cheap.
Yes, if he could just eat bunnies he would be thrilled!
We just switched ours from science diet to the simply nourish also lamb flavor I believe they love it!! The cat too. Do you get those wild boar treats at pets mart?
Petsmart doesn't carry Orijen, I wish they did! I just go to the small local specialty pet stores to get them, or order them online.


When did our trip start? We both believe that everything began during that night of November 2005, in a tango lesson, when we saw each others for the first time. It was in the city of Mar del Plata (Argentina), the born place of Iris and the town where Franck (just arrived from France) was making an investigation for the university.
This meeting definitely changed our lives: after this night, we never separated each others. We spent the four following years between Argentine and France, achieving our studies, working and saving money for the craziest of our dreams: to travel around the Americas driving an old VW bus.
The honey moon appeared to be the perfect pretext. On February, the fourteenth, we get married and one month later, in our VW Kombi of 1982 "Made in Argentine", we drove the first kilometers on the very long road to New York! We will never forgive the amazing feeling of freedom we felt this day. We had the sensation that nothing but infinite was waiting for us.
Nevertheless, the first difficulties came with the first kilometers. During the very first day of the trip, the changes system fell down and two weeks later, in a fuel station close to the Brazilian border, our loved bus, the third member of our little family, took fire!
On that moment, we really believed that the adventure was over. We saw two meters flames' getting out from the motor, and it was like looking the lost of our most beautiful dream. Nevertheless, the destiny made us meet Fabio and all the employees of his garage. We met very nice people and during one week, we lived in the garage, repairing, sanding and painting the van. The mayor tragedy of the trip also gave us the main learning: everything has a solution and there is always someone that can help us!
Then our trip really started. We crossed all the Brazilian Nation, discovering a giant and amazing country, with very different places. Rio do Janeiro, Curitiba, Ilha Grande, Salvador do Bahía… We will never forgive these names. They´re all synonymous of beauty, colors, sun and smiles. When we arrived in Belem, we saw the Amazonas, the biggest river of the world, so large that sometimes it´s impossible to see the other side. We had to put the van on a boat and during one week, we navigated between the trees of the Amazonian forest, the Indian people and the animals of this virgin place, going toward the other capital of the Amazon: Manaus.
After ten thousand kilometers (6213 miles) of pure road, we crossed the Venezuelan border, discovering a beautiful country and meeting wonderful people. On the north coast, on a beach called Querepare, we waited a whole night under the stars and when the sun was to wake up, a giant turtle coming from Canada appeared on the beach. She swam thousands and thousands miles to put her eggs on the beach where she was born and being here in this moment was like living a dream.
Then, in Caracas and Merida, we lived unforgivable moments with people from the VW clubs. In Merida, we spent one entire week in Reinaldo´s garage, taking care of the bus. In this region of mountains, we discovered another aspect of Venezuela, with a very rural way of life, very small villages and wild nature.
The following country was Colombia. We had heard many scaring things about this Nation and we had the surprise to discover one of our favorite countries is South America. Very friendly people, beautiful and heterogenic landscapes: Colombia was the better surprise of the trip. Beyond the beauty of the landscapes, we were very impressed by the historical density of the country. Cartagena is one of the best preserved historic towns we never saw and History is omnipresent.
Nevertheless, entering Colombia also means to find a solution to cross the border with Panamá. There is no road and the border zone is an impenetrable forest controlled by the guerrilla! During one month, we searched for an economic solution but we finally had to pay the full price for the transport of the van. We put it on a cargo and with four other travelers; we get on board of the Sea Sprite, a forty feet sailing boat on which we lived one of the prettiest part of the trip. We sailed from Desert Island to Desert Island, swimming in a blue-transparent sea and diving upon giant coral barriers. Exactly like in the movies, we saw full-colored fishes, giant stars, little sharks, exotic plants… One more time in this story, one of the biggest difficulties was transformed into an unforgivable moment!
So we entered Central America. First in Panamá, then in Costa Rica and Nicaragua. Volcanoes, beautiful beaches, rain forest… The sensation of freedom is stronger than never: there isn´t any important obstacle on the road to New York. In Panamá City, we had to change the major the block of the motor but we met Samuel, a specialist in VW who did the work for free, just to be part of the dream! Exactly like in South America, we´re helped by people who say us things like "you´re living our dream" and persons we don´t know open us their doors and made us feel like at home!
When the night comes, when we speak between us in the bed before we sleep, we always say that we want this trip to help us being better persons. It´s not so easy but the world shows us the way: it´s not so bad that we used to think. Even if our newspapers always speak of the dramatic events that take place all around the world (do your ever see a breaking new for a good new?), we see with our own eyes and live with our own hearts that there is many, many beauty, solidarity and friendship in this world. This trip makes us feel that we´re transforming our lives in ONE destiny and it´s probably one of the prettiest things we never did.
estaba en el car show de Madera en Merced, California. Los conoci con mi papa y mi hermana.Tenemos un club que es Foreign Fantasy y un pagina en el internet que es www.ff1982.com Me gusto lo que estan haciendo de ir entre los dos paises y las fotos que toman estan preciosas. Buena Suerte en su viaje para San Francisco.


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text:
Contributors- Economic and Financial, Must Read, William Black
Assad Reveals He's a Bank CEO: Obama Ends Threats, Bails Out Syria & Grants Immunity – William K. Black
by William K. Black • September 1, 2013 • 0 Comments
This is a syndicated repost courtesy of New Economic Perspectives. To view original, click here. Reposted with permission.
I do not think the twin epidemics of mortgage loan origination fraud (appraisal and "liar's" loans) and the various epidemics of post-origination fraud by financial institutions are comparable crimes to the use of chemical weapons. The President's job, however, is to deter a wide range of criminal conduct. The elite fraud epidemics cost over $11 trillion in losses to households alone and 10 million American jobs. The cost of these fraud epidemics is so vast that deterring future epidemics should be a high priority of every administration. The refusal of the Obama and Bush administrations to prosecute any elite banker whose actions contributed to the crisis has done the opposite of deterring future fraud epidemics – it has encouraged them.
The Obama administration has refused to prosecute elite bank fraudsters even when their crimes threaten our national security. The administration announced the infamous "too big to prosecute" doctrine in refusing to indict HSBC, its officers, or even its former officers for massive felonies that continued for over a decade. If one believes the administration's findings, HSBC posed a far graver threat to U.S. national security than did the claimed chemical weapon attack in Syria. HSBC helped terrorists evade U.S. financial sanctions, helped Iran evade financial sanctions, and aided one of the most violent drug gangs in the world. The drug gang has killed more people than the presumed chemical attack in Syria.
If Obama believes Obama, then the purpose of HSBC and Standard Chartered aiding Iran to avoid sanctions was to aid one of the most dangerous governments in the world develop nuclear weapons. If Obama believes Obama, the nuclear weapons are to be used against the "Great Satan" (the U.S.) and Israel. HSBC's officers did all of this for the basest of purposes – to make themselves wealthy.
HSBC is also a systemically dangerous institution (SDI) that threatens to cause a global financial crisis (if Obama believes Obama). It is a serial felon. In addition to evading financial sanctions on funding terrorists and foreign nations (Iran and North Korea) that pose a direct threat to U.S. national security (if Obama believes Obama), HSBC was a member of the largest cartel in the world (fixing Libor), routinely engaged in selling elderly customers completely inappropriate financial products to rip off their retirement savings, and helped some of the world's richest people evade taxes.
The same economists that prate endlessly about capitalism's greatest virtue being "creative destruction" and ridicule anyone who complains about American businesses moving overseas suddenly claim that it is a national emergency if a large U.S. bank relocates to the City of London and claim that it is vital that we not prosecute the SDIs lest they be destroyed. HSBC's frauds had a common characteristic – they increased bank profits by violating the law. The "markets" will not put such a cesspool out of business – they will reward the officers that lead the frauds with enormous wealth. Even if one feared "destroying" HSBC (which would really mean breaking it up into smaller banks), there is never any valid excuse to refuse to prosecute the officers that lead the frauds and profit from the frauds. There are few acts of destruction more creative than busting up a control fraud. When cheaters prosper they create a "Gresham's" dynamic that turns market forces perverse and causes bad ethics to drive good ethics from the marketplace. That is precisely what has happened at the SDIs. The SDIs pose a grave threat to our economies, our democracies, and (if Obama believes Obama) our national security. Syria does not, though it might were we to attack it.
I write to explain that the logic that President Obama urged on us in his August 31 address to the Nation to explain why he believes we must launch a military attack on Syria is far more compelling in the context of requiring that Obama abandon his continuation of Bush's policy of refusing to prosecute the elite white-collar criminals who led the accounting control frauds that drove the financial crises. There are no good answers available to the United States even if we are able to establish that the Syrian government deliberately launched a chemical weapon attack on its own civilians. Any military action we take has an excellent chance of making the world a worse place and harming our national interests. Many of the opposition forces to the Syrian government, should they come to power, are capable of being more vicious than the Assad government in attacking Syrian civilians and potentially the United States. Instead of deterring terror, a U.S. attack on Syria could greatly increase terror.
The situation is the opposite when it comes to prosecuting the elite frauds that drove our financial crisis. Such prosecutions would be unambiguously desirable. They would be economically helpful, increase deterrence, and restore lost integrity.
President Obama instructs us that if we fail to hold criminals accountable "then we must acknowledge the costs of doing nothing." He refuses to acknowledge that cost when it comes to the elite bank fraudsters who drove the crisis.
The President asks us to consider: "What message will we send if a dictator can gas hundreds of children to death in plain sight and pay no price?" What message has it sent – for your entire term – for the elite bank frauds that destroyed $11 trillion in household wealth and 10 million American jobs to "pay no price?" Indeed, they did not simply "pay no price" – they grew obscenely wealthy by defrauding our Nation.
"Make no mistake — this has implications beyond chemical warfare. If we won't enforce accountability in the face of this heinous act, what does it say about our resolve to stand up to others who flout fundamental international rules?
We cannot raise our children in a world where we will not follow through on the things we say, the accords we sign, the values that define us."
The President is charged with enforcing federal laws. He has refused to do so against the SDIs and their senior officers whose frauds drove the Great Recession. He has refused to do so even against SDIs and their officers who (if Obama believes Obama) directly endangered the national security of the U.S. and our allies. If Obama is too cowardly to "stand up" to a bank, why would he think that Assad would quake in his boots about Obama? The "values that define us" include the rule of law and the rule of law has died for SDIs and their senior officers under Bush and Obama. Obama has failed to "follow through" on the things he said to get elected about how he would respond to the elite frauds that drove the crisis.
"I'm ready to act in the face of this outrage." Good, start by firing Attorney General Holder and appointing Sol Wisenberg as the acting Attorney General. To prosecute the banks effectively you need vigorous regulators who make assisting elite prosecutions a top priority. Ask for the resignation of the Director of the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency and make Mike Patriarca your Acting Director. Order the banking regulatory agencies to restore the criminal referral process and detail examiners to aid the prosecutions of elite banksters. Charge the SDIs with violating the settlement agreement on their massive foreclosure frauds and bring criminal charges for those frauds and subsequent violations.
Call personally on Americans with knowledge of the frauds to come forward with information and direct the FBI Director to create a system to coordinate the intelligence gathered from honest loan brokers, loan officers, and due diligence personnel. Have the FBI Director barnstorm the Nation urging whistleblowers to come forward. End your war on whistleblowers.
Support Representative Kaptur's bill and direct the FBI to hire new agents to replace those transferred to anti-terrorism. Increase the number of FBI agents working fraud cases related to the crisis to 1,000 (the number we used against the S&L debacle fraud epidemic – which was 1/70 the size of this crisis). Break up the SDIs. Rescind HSBC's and Standard Chartered's license to operate in the U.S. Reintroduce the Glass-Steagall Act. Repeal the Commodities Futures Modernization Act of 2000.
Recall the days when you were a Senator and sponsored legislation to increase law enforcement staffing? What happened to that guy? What happened to your "outrage" at elite crimes by the banksters?
Note to Oslo: You proved that Norwegians have a brilliant sense of irony when you gave Obama your Peace Prize in 2009. It's now time to "take back the prize." Join: @TakeBackThePrize
Tags:Assad banksters Obama systemically dangerous institution too big to prosecute William K. Black
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Connie Ferguson (née Masilo) is a Motswana actress, producer, businesswoman and model that was born in Lobatse, Botswana. She is popular for her role in South Africa's most popular Soap Opera, Generations in 1994.
She was born on the 10th of June 1970 in Kimberley, Northern Cape in South Africa. As of 2018, she is 48 years old.
She is the daughter of Fish Masilo and Margaret Masilo. Her mother Margaret died in the year 2013.
She is happily married to Aaron 'Shona' Ferguson and together they have two daughters, Lesedi and Alicia. The couple got married in November 2001 and renewed their wedding vows at a beautiful ceremony in 2011.
The actress has two daughters who are Lesedi Ferguson and Alicia Angel Ferguson. She is also a grandmother to her eldest daughter's (Lesedi) son. The boy is known by the name Ronewa.
She starred in the M Net soap opera 'The Wild', as Marang Lebone, a helicopter-mom and the matriarch of the Lebone family that aired from 2011-2013. Connie has also played lead roles in 'What If', 'Crime Reporter', 'Maitemogelo' and 'Soul City' 1, 2, 3 and 4. She also had a lead role in the production 'Cape of Good Hope' and made a guest appearance on 'Okavango'.
Also in 2013, she was one of the celebrities who competed in the sixth season of a reality competition 'Strictly Come Dancing' that was aired on SABC 3.
The popular actress has an estimated net worth of over $2 million.
She earns an estimated salary of R75000 per month.
In 1993, Connie was voted one of South Africa's Ten Most Beautiful Women by Cosmopolitan Magazine and in 1997 she was featured in David Dodd's Portraits of South Africa's Most Beautiful Women.


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I told you to keep your eyes on Europe. On Tuesday, widespread panic shot through European financial markets and this deeply affected U.S. markets as well. The Dow Jones industrial average fell 391 points, and at this point the Dow and the S&P 500 have been down for three trading sessions in a row. But the big news is what is happening over in Europe. Tuesday's crash represented the largest one day move for 2 year Italian bonds ever, and Italian bank stocks are now down a whopping 24 percent from their April highs.
The role of social media in business marketing has been steadily growing. These days, you will have a hard time finding a business without a Twitter, Facebook, or Instagram account, with good reason. Social media is a quick, easy, and relevant way for companies to get their names and content out there. But, using social media to market a business can get time-consuming. A lot of the time, many small companies cannot dedicate the time and staff to maintaining an effective social media marketing plan. Social media marketing involves regular posts and updates as well as regular monitoring of customer participation.
Strange but true: You can learn a lot about Earth's climate by watching a lunar eclipse. This week at the 46th Global Monitoring Annual Conference (GMAC) in Boulder, CO, climate scientist Richard Keen of the University of Colorado announced new results from decades of lunar eclipse monitoring.
But for clarity's sake, we'll use the definition of the Austrian School (Mises.org) as an increase in the money supply. This is really the correct one, regardless of any bias of dogma, "schooling" or the mainstream media. Although most everyone defines inflation as an increase in the price of goods and services, this is actually a result.
Polls suggest Mexico's populist coalition, led by the National Regeneration Movement, could win the presidency in the July 1 federal elections, along with a majority in the lower house and a near majority in the Senate.
If the coalition gains only a lower house majority, it will face heavier pressure from established parties, including the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) and the National Action Party (PAN), to moderate its populist stance.
But the PRI and PAN will be weaker in the wake of the vote, assuming the polls bear out, and will have to rely on federal courts to halt potentially controversial legislative measures, such as energy or education reforms.


text:
Q: Как организовать стандартный ввод и стандартный вывод данных при решении простой арифметической задачи в NODE Пытаюсь решать задачи в ЯндексКонтест. По условию задачи ввод и вывод данных нужно организовать через стандартный ввод и стандартный вывод на NODE.js. Из условия задачи: "Даны два числа A и B. Вам нужно вычислить их сумму A+B. В этой задаче вам нужно читать из стандартного ввода и выводить ответ в стандартный вывод".
Вот мой код.
const readline = require('readline');
const rl = readline.createInterface({ input: process.stdin});
let lines = [];
rl.on('line', (line) => {
  lines.push(line);
}).on('close', () => {
  const [a, b] = lines;
  const c = Number(a) + Number(b);
  process.stdout.write(String(c));
});

Проверку системой яндекса он не проходит. Система сообщает: "wrong output format Expected integer, but "NaN" found".
Есть похожая задача. По условию которой нужно сопоставить 2 строки. На вход приходит 2 строки, на выход нужно вывести количество совпадений. Код который проверку системой Яндекса проходит:
const readline = require('readline');
const rl = readline.createInterface({
    input: process.stdin
});
let lines = [];
rl.on('line', (line) => {
    lines.push(line);
}).on('close', () => {
    const [jewels, stones] = lines
    let result = 0;
    for (let i = 0; i < stones.length; i++) {
        if (jewels.includes(stones.charAt(i))) {
            ++result;
        }
    }
    process.stdout.write(result.toString());
});

Ввод и вывод своей задачи про сложение чисел делал по аналогии. Не пойму почему не работает.
Из текста ошибки которая выдала система проверки можно предположить что ей не нравится то что я возвращаю строку в кодеprocess.stdout.write(String(c));. Но если вернуть число то интерпритатор ругается примерно так: " The "chunk" argument must be of type string or an instance of Buffer or Uint8Array.". Пробовал так:
let buffer = new ArrayBuffer(16);
let view = new Uint8Array(buffer);
view[0] = c;
process.stdout.write(c);

Тоже не проходит.
Хочу понять почему не работает мой код.
Заранее благодарю за ответы и советы

A: Как справедливо подсказал Yaant мой код был рассчитан на то, что на вход придут 2 строки по одному числу в каждой. Хотя в задании четко прописано что придет одна строка с числами разделенными пробелом. Поэтому рабочий код будет таким:
const readline = require('readline');

const rl = readline.createInterface({
    input: process.stdin
});

let lines;
rl.on('line', (line) => {
    lines = line.split(' ');
}).on('close', () => {
    const [a, b] = lines;
    const c = Number(a) + Number(b);
    process.stdout.write(c.toString());
});

Сложить можно было и с применением Reduse.
В общем надеюсь что мой код будет полезен кому нибудь. И спасибо Yaant за подсказку.


text:
Q: Shuffling all lists of a common second elements I have this list of lists:
[[1, 0.007], [2, 0.007], [3, 0.007], [4, 0.007], [5, 0.01], [6, 0.01], [7, 0.01], [8, 0.01], [9, 0.02], [10, 0.02], [11, 0.02], [12, 0.02], [13, 0.13], [14, 0.13], [15, 0.13], [16, 0.13], [17, 0.28], [18, 0.28], [19, 0.28], [20, 0.28], [21, 4.0], [22, 4.0], [23, 4.0], [24, 4.0]]

Which I'd like to rearange so that all lists of a common second elements (0.007, 0.01, 0.02, 0.13, .28, 4) are randomly shuffled.
Like this, for instance:
[[3, 0.007], [1, 0.007], [4, 0.007], [2, 0.007], [7, 0.01], [6, 0.01], [5, 0.01], etc.

The first four lists (1,2,3,4), which all belong to a "0.007" series, are randomly shuffled together; the four next, all belonging to a "0.01" series are randomly shuffled, etc.

A: You may use itertools.groupby and random.shuffle to reconstruct a randomized list of lists, like this:
In [23]: mix = [[1, 0.007], [2, 0.007], [3, 0.007], [4, 0.007], [5, 0.01], [6, 0.01], [7, 0.01], [8, 0.01], [9, 0.02], [10, 0.02], [11, 0.02], [12, 0.02], [13, 0.13], [14, 0.13], [15, 0.13], [16, 0.13], [17, 0.28], [18, 0.28], [19, 0.28], [20, 0.28], [21, 4.0], [22, 4.0], [23, 4.0], [24, 4.0]]

In [24]: from itertools import groupby

In [25]: import random

In [26]: groups = []

# grouping each list by 2nd item
In [27]: for _, g in groupby(mix, lambda x: x[1]):
   ....:     group = list(g)
   ....:     random.shuffle(group)  # then shuffle each list in place
   ....:     groups.extends(group)

In [28]: groups
Out[28]:
[[2, 0.007], [4, 0.007], [3, 0.007], [1, 0.007],
 [8, 0.01], [5, 0.01], [7, 0.01], [6, 0.01],
 [11, 0.02], [9, 0.02], [10, 0.02], [12, 0.02],
 [15, 0.13], [13, 0.13], [14, 0.13], [16, 0.13],
 [20, 0.28], [19, 0.28], [17, 0.28], [18, 0.28],
 [21, 4.0], [22, 4.0], [24, 4.0], [23, 4.0]]

A: from random import shuffle
a = [ key[0] for key in lists]
shuffle(a)

From here you can re-create the list with your static value[1] numbers.

A: Just by simply  sorting on the 2nd element
def getkey(item):
    return item[1]

sorted(l,key=getkey)


Supernatural's New Season 10 Trailer Rings In the Year of ... Dean than you might expect," and that fact is all but confirmed in the newest trailer for Season 10.
'Supernatural' Season 10 Trailer: The Year of the "Deanmon"
'Supernatural''s demon Dean Winchester throws punches and explores his wild side in the first full trailer for season 10 on The CW.
Trailers are hand picked and this is the best one we could find for Supernatural. If you happen to find a better trailer or with a higher quality - let us know!
The 'Supernatural' Season 10 trailer shows what happens when 'The Deanmon' is unleashed. Can Sam get tough enough to save his brother?
Sep 12, 2014 · Video embedded · Check out the new trailer for Supernatural's tenth season, showcasing the dark side of Dean Winchester.
Video embedded · Amazon.com: Supernatural: Season 10, Episode 0 "Supernatural Season 10: Trailer": Amazon Digital Services , Inc.
Supernatural Season 10 is nearly here! Check out the first trailer for new episodes now.
Sep 11, 2014 · Video embedded · The first promo for Supernatural Season 10 finds the elder Winchester taking out his aggression on everyone, including his own brother, Sam.
Dean has gone darkside and it looks awfully good on him. The new Supernatural season 10 trailer shows us a side of Dean we've never seen before: the demonic side.
Jensen Ackles singing Crazy Love.
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Desserty – A light, decadent raspberry macaron with a cocoa buttercream filling.
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