text:
package joshie.enchiridion.network.core;

import net.minecraft.entity.player.ServerPlayerEntity;
import net.minecraft.network.PacketBuffer;
import net.minecraftforge.common.util.FakePlayer;
import net.minecraftforge.fml.network.NetworkEvent;

import java.util.function.Supplier;

import static joshie.enchiridion.network.core.PacketPart.*;

public class PacketSyncStringArray implements IPacketArray {
    protected PacketPart part;
    protected String text = "";
    protected int integer = -1;

    public PacketSyncStringArray() {
    }

    public PacketSyncStringArray(PacketPart part) {
        this.part = part;
    }

    public PacketSyncStringArray(PacketPart part, String text, int index) {
        this.part = part;
        this.text = text;
        this.integer = index;
    }

    public static void toBytes(PacketSyncStringArray packet, PacketBuffer buf) {
        buf.writeByte(packet.part.ordinal());
        if (packet.part.sends()) {
            buf.writeInt(packet.integer);
            buf.writeString(packet.text);
        }
    }

    public static void fromBytes(PacketSyncStringArray packet, PacketBuffer buf) {
        packet.part = PacketPart.values()[buf.readByte()];
        if (packet.part.sends()) {
            packet.integer = buf.readInt();
            packet.text = buf.readString(32767);
        }
    }

    public static class Handler {
        public static void handle(PacketSyncStringArray message, Supplier<NetworkEvent.Context> ctx) {
            ServerPlayerEntity playerMP = ctx.get().getSender();
            if (playerMP != null && !(playerMP instanceof FakePlayer)) {
                if (message.part == SEND_HASH) message.receivedHashcode(playerMP);
                else if (message.part == REQUEST_SIZE) message.receivedLengthRequest(playerMP);
                else if (message.part == SEND_SIZE) message.receivedStringLength(playerMP);
                else if (message.part == REQUEST_DATA) message.receivedDataRequest(playerMP);
                else if (message.part == SEND_DATA) message.receivedData(playerMP);
            }
            ctx.get().setPacketHandled(true);
        }
    }
}


text:
Chitrakoot encounter: Adityanath announces Rs. 25 lakh compensation for martyred sub-inspector's kin
Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath has announced a compensation of Rs. 25 lakh for the next of kin of sub-inspector Jai Prakash Singh, who was killed in the encounter with a dacoit gang in Chitrakoot.
Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath
Lucknow: Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath has announced a compensation of Rs. 25 lakh for the next of kin of sub-inspector Jai Prakash Singh, who was killed in the encounter with a dacoit gang in Chitrakoot.
A fierce encounter broke out between the police and a gang led by dacoit Babli Kol in the Chitrakoot district of Uttar Pradesh early on Thursday morning.
Two more officers were injured, while the police have managed to nab three people from the gang.
A company of 39th battalion of Prad Armed Constabulary (PAC) had left for Chitrakoot from Lucknow to reinforce operations. The combing operation was, however, slowed down by the rain.
Meanwhile, the Special Task Force ( STF) was on high alert.
The battalion was deployed previously in an operation against the same dacoit menace in Chitrakoot. (ANI)
#Yogi Adityanath
#chief minister
#uttar pradesh
#Chitrakoot
#compensation
#sub inspector
Barabanki deaths: Yogi announces compensation to victims' families
UP CM Yogi Adityanath moves into his official residence
Bulandshahr case: Yogi to meet deceased civilian's father
Adityanath orders probe into sale of 21 UP sugar mills
Security beefed up at UP Assembly in Lucknow
Adityanath: Congress's minimum income scheme a poll gimmick
Venkaiah Naidu to review progress of urban schemes in UP on Friday
Adityanath highlights development work in UP

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
package com.haulmont.cuba.gui.xml.layout.loaders;

import com.haulmont.cuba.gui.GuiDevelopmentException;
import com.haulmont.cuba.gui.components.DatasourceComponent;
import com.haulmont.cuba.gui.data.Datasource;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
import org.dom4j.Element;

public abstract class AbstractDatasourceComponentLoader<T extends DatasourceComponent> extends AbstractComponentLoader<T> {

    protected void loadDatasource(DatasourceComponent component, Element element) {
        final String datasource = element.attributeValue("datasource");
        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(datasource)) {
            if (context.getDsContext() == null) {
                throw new IllegalStateException("'datasource' attribute can be used only in screens with 'dsContext' element. " +
                        "In a screen with 'data' element use 'dataContainer' attribute.");
            }
            Datasource ds = context.getDsContext().get(datasource);
            if (ds == null) {
                throw new GuiDevelopmentException(String.format("Datasource '%s' is not defined", datasource),
                        getContext().getFullFrameId(), "Component ID", component.getId());
            }
            String property = element.attributeValue("property");
            if (StringUtils.isEmpty(property)) {
                throw new GuiDevelopmentException(
                        String.format("Can't set datasource '%s' for component '%s' because 'property' " +
                                "attribute is not defined", datasource, component.getId()),
                        context.getFullFrameId());
            }

            component.setDatasource(ds, property);
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Home » Topics » Endocrinology Information Center
Publish Date January 18, 2018
Gastric bypass vs sleeve gastrectomy in morbidly obese patients
Madeline Morr
Sleeve gastrectomy and bypass are overall very similar in terms of their effects on weight and comorbid conditions through 5 years.
No statistically significant difference in weight loss at 5 years was observed in comparing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy vs laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in morbidly obese patients though both resulted in sustained weight loss, according to two studies published in JAMA.
Ralph Peterli, MD, from St. Claraspital in Basel, Switzerland, and colleagues conducted a randomized trial involving morbidly obese patients at four bariatric centers to determine whether there are differences between sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in terms of weight loss, changes in comorbidities, increase in quality of life, and adverse events. Participants were randomized to undergo laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (107 patients) or laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (110 patients).
Among the 217 patients (mean age, 45.5 years; 72% women; mean BMI, 43.9) 205 (94.5%) completed the trial. Excess BMI loss was not significantly different at 5 years: sleeve gastrectomy, 61.1%, vs Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, 68.3%. Gastric reflux remission was observed more frequently after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (60.4%) than after sleeve gastrectomy (25.0%). Gastric reflux worsened more often after sleeve gastrectomy (31.8%) than after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (6.3%). The number of patients with reoperations or interventions was 16/101 (15.8%) after sleeve gastrectomy and 23/104 (22.1%) after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.
In the second study, Paulina Salminen, MD, PhD, from Turku University Hospital in Finland, and colleagues enrolled 240 morbidly obese patients to examine the clinical equivalence of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (121 patients) with laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (119 patients). The Sleeve vs Bypass (SLEEVEPASS) multicenter, multisurgeon, open-label, randomized clinical equivalence trial was conducted from March 2008 until June 2010. The primary end point was weight loss evaluated by percentage excess weight loss. Secondary end points included resolution of comorbidities, improvement of quality of life, all adverse events (overall morbidity), and mortality.
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Among 240 patients randomized (mean age, 48 years; mean baseline BMI, 45.9; 69.6% women), 80.4% completed the 5-year follow-up. The estimated mean percentage excess weight loss at 5 years was 49% after sleeve gastrectomy and 57% after gastric bypass (difference, 8.2 percentage units, higher in the gastric bypass group) and did not meet criteria for equivalence. No statistically significant difference in quality of life between groups and no treatment-related mortality were observed. At 5 years, the overall morbidity rate was 19% (n = 23) for sleeve gastrectomy and 26% (n = 31) for gastric bypass.
In an accompanying editorial, authors David Arterburn, MD, MPH, and Anirban Gupta, MD, wrote, "These and other studies suggest that sleeve gastrectomy and bypass are overall quite similar in terms of their effects on weight and comorbid conditions through 5 years. Furthermore, the Israeli study supports and extends prior work in US and Swedish cohorts, indicating that these procedures may be associated with improved long-term survival compared with usual medical care. Overall, it seems that both procedures are excellent options for surgeons and patients to consider in the treatment of obesity."
Peterli R, Wölnerhanssen BK, Peters T, et al. Effect of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy vs laparoscopic roux-en-y gastric bypass on weight loss in patients with morbid obesity: the SM-BOSS randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2018;319(3). doi:10.1001/jama.2017.20897
Salminen P, Helmiö M, Ovaska J, et al. Effect of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy vs laparoscopic roux-en-y gastric bypass on weight loss at 5 years among patients with morbid obesity: the SLEEVEPASS randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2018;319(3). doi:10.1001/jama.2017.20313
Arterburn D, Gupta A. Comparing the outcomes of sleeve gastrectomy and roux-en-y gastric bypass for severe obesity. JAMA. 2018 Jan 16;319(3). doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.20449
From the March 01, 2018 Issue of Clinical Advisor
CA YIR Gastro 2018 Endocrinology Obesity Weight Management
Next post in Endocrinology Information Center
Maternal SCH May Increase Risk for Prematurity, Neonatal Respiratory Distress
Close more info about Gastric bypass vs sleeve gastrectomy in morbidly obese patients


This photograph of a White-tailed Deer juvenile buck was taken in Shenandoah National Park (11/06). This photograph is protected by the U.S. Copyright Laws and shall not to be downloaded or reproduced by any means without the formal written permission of Ken Conger Photography.


Maybe I'm just old, but twenty some years ago it seemed rather easy to tell what was metal and most people were in agreement as to what was and wasn't. Today, however, some people think the field of metal has expanded. You get a wide variety of acts who some may declare as being metal yet they actually are not.
The debut from Atlanta's Echovalve had me thinking along those lines because, despite the volume and the drums, it's not quite metal in the traditional sense. It's sort of heavy melodic alternative music, although I can certainly see some metal fans liking it.
This CD is decent enough because Echovalve keep things moving, but they don't have the kind of drive or punctuated hooks that are really going to grab you and pull you in. I think they lack some variety in their music and several songs are just content to float along with similar approaches. The band seems to be relying heavily on the vocals and the vocals are good, but the lack of hooks in the music gives the band somewhat of a one dimensional approach.
There's talent here no doubt, but Echovalve to open a little and push the boundaries a little more. Whether they push in a metal direction or an alternative one isn't as important as the fact that they need take a few more chances and perhaps work on making the music more distinct. The melodies are strong here, but I think the band could get even further with a bit more fine tuning.
For more information, check out http://www.myspace.com/echovalve.


Lee Daniels' The Butler got snubbed by Golden Globe voters. Photo by © Anne Marie Fox/The Weinstein Co.
The Golden Globe nominations were announced early Thursday, and you know what that means, right?
No, not that snobbish film critics will start making jokes about the taste and intelligence of Hollywood Foreign Press Association members. (Truth to tell, we snooty cineastes never stop making jokes about that less-than-illustrious group — even though, I suspect, precious few of us would ever turn down an offer of membership.) Rather, it's time for the preseason prognostications to end as the dead-serious Academy Award handicapping begins.
Let's face it, when it comes to selecting the best and brightest of cinematic achievements in any given year, it's always all about Oscar.
But for film critics, nonaffiliated showbiz journalists and other Oscar handicappers on the outside looking in, the Globes serve primarily as portents to be analyzed during the protracted trudge toward the Academy Awards (which won't be given out until — gasp! — March 2).
What follows are a few purely random and utterly subjective observations regarding this year's Golden Globe nominations, all informed (if that's the right word) by my years of experience as a semirespectable film critic and my decades as an unrepentant Golden Globes show viewer. (Yes: I am old enough to remember when Pia Zadora won an award and the Globes lost some of their luster.) And speaking of viewing: In addition to honoring cinematic excellence, the HFPA voters also honor achievements in television. But since the Golden Globes have demonstrated little or no influence on Emmy Awards, really, who cares?
LEADERS OF THE PACK: 12 Years a Slave dominated the Drama categories with seven nominations, while American Hustle grabbed an equal number of nods in the Comedy or Musical division. I think it's reasonably safe to say that we now know at least two of the titles that will figure into the Best Picture mix when Academy Award nominations are announced Jan. 16.
BEING NOMINATED IS AN HONOR IN ITSELF: Since the major Golden Globes are divided into separate categories for Drama and Musical or Comedy, requiring at least five nominees in each category — well, let's just say that, sometimes, it's easy to spot the filler. For example: In the Drama division, Rush has been nominated for Best Picture, and co-star Daniel Bruhl received honorable mention as Best Supporting Actor. No, really.
PRIVILEGED VIEW: It's an open secret in the movie industry that some film critics' organizations insist on announcing their year-end awards as early as possible, so they can claim bragging rights for influencing the Oscar race — by anointing early front-runners and/or turning dark horses into true contenders — and even "predicting" eventual Oscar winners. This season, however, there has been great weeping, wailing and gnashing of teeth on the part of those reviewers who have had to cast their ballots without seeing The Wolf of Wall Street, which Martin Scorsese reportedly completed too late for Paramount to provide screenings (or DVD screeners) for critics in most major cities.
That The Butler was snubbed in all categories might suggest that members of the Hollywood Foreign Press aren't terribly interested or sympathetic when it comes to embracing and/or rewarding a tale about the civil rights movement in America.
It's obvious, however, that members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association got a sneak peek: Both Wolf and lead player Leonard Di Caprio scored Globe nominations in the Comedy or Musical category. Perhaps this might encourage some of those critics' organizations to consider waiting just a tad longer next year?
THE BUTLER DIDN'T DO IT: Can't say I was an enormous fan of Lee Daniels' sincere yet facile historical pageant. But given the critical accolades it received in other quarters — and, yes, given Harvey Weinstein's reputation for full-court-press awards-season politicking — I expected at least a few acting nominations. That The Butler was snubbed in all categories might suggest that members of the Hollywood Foreign Press aren't terribly interested or sympathetic when it comes to embracing and/or rewarding a tale about the civil rights movement in America. On the other hand, it's equally plausible that they just didn't like the movie very much.
CONSPICUOUS BY THEIR ABSENCES: The HFPA voters also overlooked such other Oscar-buzzing options as August: Osage County (a no-show as Best Picture, despite acting nods for Meryl Streep and Julia Roberts), Martin Scorsese (absent from the Best Director finalists, even though his late-screening Wolf of Wall Street nabbed a Best Picture, Comedy or Musical nomination), Michael B. Jordan and Octavia Spencer of Fruitvale Station — and Best Actor nominee (for Captain Phillips) Tom Hanks, who couldn't double-dip by also landing a Supporting Actor nomination for playing Walt Disney in Saving Mr. Banks.
ON THE OTHER HAND: Robert Redford's Oscar prospects for All Is Lost, viewed by some as dimming after the Screen Actors Guild shutout earlier this week, appear to have been revived by his Golden Globe nod. Likewise, Bruce Dern's own Oscar campaign can only be helped by his Golden Globe nomination for Nebraska. Not so long ago, some "experts" were none-too-subtly suggesting that Dern should narrow his sights and aim for consideration as a supporting actor hopeful. Dern rejected those suggestions. Events of recent days — he got a SAG nomination and an L.A. Film Critics Award as well as the Globe honor — indicate Dern took the right path.
COMEDY GOLD: Tina Fey will be back co-hosting the Golden Globes (along with Amy Poehler) next month. But she was not nominated for her work in the final season of 30 Rock. (A mere TV show, to be sure, but quite a popular one, I understand.) How many jokes about that do you think we'll hear during the January 12 awards telecast?


text:
Fitzgerald Stadium capacity reduced
A view of Fitzgerald Stadium, Killarney before the Allianz FL Division 1 round 1 clash between Kerry and Tyrone. ©INPHO/Ryan Byrne.
The capacity of Fitzgerald Stadium has been cut over 6,000 for the meeting of Kerry and Mayo in the All-Ireland SFC Super 8's clash on Sunday afternoon.
Usually the stadium would host 38,000 for a fixture of this magnitude, but on this occasion, there will be a capacity of 31,900.
The problem arises from the fact that between the two counties there are 7,000 season ticket holders, but the main stand seats 7,500, meaning there is no guarantee that every season ticket holder will get a seat.
There are a large number of seats reserved for members of the Ard Comhairle as well as the counties' backroom teams and substitutes.
All tickets are now general admission instead of being for the seated area in the stand, meaning that the stand will be filled on a first come first served basis.
The remaining patrons will have to occupy the terrace and both ends of the grounds, but Croke Park have ordered the capacity be reduced by 6,100 to comply with health and safety regulations.


The 65 inch uhd 4k smart led tv TV is manufactured by LG and was added around June 2018.
The best price for the LG 65 Inch UHD 4K in Kuwait is KWD 380 sold at Best and available with free shipping and delivery within 3-5 days.
By comparing prices and buying from the cheapest store you can save up to 5% or KWD 20.


text:
\section{#1}\lb{#2}}
\def\sscn#1#2{\subsection{#1}\lb{#2}}
\def\begin{flushleft}{\begin{flushleft}}
\def\end{flushleft}{\end{flushleft}}
\def\begin{flushright}{\begin{flushright}}
\def\end{flushright}{\end{flushright}}
\def\begin{center}{\begin{center}}
\def\end{center}{\end{center}}
\def\begin{equation}{\begin{equation}}
\def\end{equation}{\end{equation}}
\def\begin{subequations}{\begin{subequations}}
\def\end{subequations}{\end{subequations}}
\def\begin{eqnarray}{\begin{eqnarray}}
\def\end{eqnarray}{\end{eqnarray}}
\def\baa#1{\begin{array}{#1}}
\def\end{array}{\end{array}}
\def\begin{widetext}{\begin{widetext}}
\def\end{widetext}{\end{widetext}}
\def\nonumber {\nonumber }
\def\lb#1{\label{#1}}
\def\begin{itemize}{\begin{itemize}}
\def\end{itemize}{\end{itemize}}
\def\begin{comment}} \def\eco{\end{comment}{\begin{comment}} \def\eco{\end{comment}}
\def\begin{cases}{\begin{cases}}
\def\end{cases}{\end{cases}}

\def\twomat#1#2#3#4{\begin{pmatrix} #1 & #2 \\ #3 & #4 \end{pmatrix}}
\def\twomatsm#1#2#3#4{\left(\begin{smallmatrix} #1 & #2 \\ #3 & #4 \end{smallmatrix}\right)}
\def\twocol#1#2{\begin{pmatrix} #1 \\ #2\end{pmatrix}}
\def\threecol#1#2#3{\begin{pmatrix} #1\\#2\\#3 \end{pmatrix}}
\def\threemat#1#2#3#4#5#6#7#8#9{\begin{pmatrix} #1 & #2 & #3 \\ #4 & #5 & #6 \\ #7 & #8 & #9 \end{pmatrix}}
\def\fourcol#1#2#3#4{\begin{pmatrix}#1\\#2\\#3\\#4\end{pmatrix}}

\defd{d}
\def\Longleftrightarrow{\Longleftrightarrow}
\defSchr\"odinger{Schr\"odinger}
\defReissner-N\"ordstrom  {Reissner-N\"ordstrom  }
\defSchwarzschild  {Schwarzschild  }
\def\varphi{\varphi}
\def\phik#1#2{\varphi_{#1}^{(s)\,#2}}
\def{\cal M}{{\cal M}}
\def{\cal L}{{\cal L}}
\def\tilde {\cal L}{\tilde {\cal L}}
\defn_T{n_T}
\def~^{>}_{\sim}{~^{>}_{\sim}}

\def\Sign#1{\, \text{sign}\left(#1\right) }
\def\diag#1{\, \text{diag}\left(#1\right) }
\def\Der#1#2{\frac{d #1}{d #2}}
\def\pDer#1{\frac{\partial}{\partial #1}}
\def\fDer#1#2{\,\frac{\delta #1}{\delta #2}}
\def\Lim#1#2{\, \lim\limits_{#1 \to #2}}
\def\Int#1#2{\, \int\limits_{#1}^{#2}}
\def\,\verb|!|{\,\verb|!|}
\def\JacobiSn#1#2{\, \text{sn}\left(#1,\,#2 \right) }
\def\JacobiCn#1#2{\, \text{cn}\left(#1,\,#2 \right) }
\def\Sech#1#2{\, \text{sech}^{#1}\left(#2 \right) }
\def\Exp#1#2{\, \text{exp}^{#1}\left[#2 \right] }
\def\Cosech#1#2{\, \text{cosech}^{#1}\left(#2 \right) }
\def\Cosh#1#2{\, \text{cosh}^{#1}\left(#2 \right) }
\def\Coth#1#2{\, \text{coth}^{#1}\left(#2 \right) }
\def\Cos#1#2{\, \text{cos}^{#1}\!\left(#2 \right) }
\def\Sinh#1#2{\, \text{sinh}^{#1}\left(#2 \right) }
\def\Sin#1#2{\, \text{sin}^{#1}\!\left(#2 \right) }
\def\Arccosh#1{\, \text{arccosh}\, #1}

\def{\cal C}_{\sigma_x \sigma_x}{{\cal C}_{\sigma_x \sigma_x}}
\def{\cal C}_{\sigma_z \sigma_z}{{\cal C}_{\sigma_z \sigma_z}}
\def\hat{\rho}^\prime{\hat{\rho}^\prime}
\def\omega{\omega}
\def\Omega{\Omega}
\def\text{ ps}{\text{ ps}}
\def\ps^{-1}{\text{ ps}^{-1}}
\def\rm SE{\rm SE}
\def\rm nSE{\rm nSE}
\def\ \ (\seo){\ \ (\rm SE)}
\def\ \ (\nseo){\ \ (\rm nSE)}
\def\overline{E}{\overline{E}}
\defP_d{P_d}

\def\hat{M}{\hat{M}}
\def\hat{\Delta}{\hat{\Delta}}
\def\delta\hat{\rho}{\delta\hat{\rho}}
\def{\boldmath \delta\rho}{\overrightarrow{\delta\rho}}
\def\Delta\mixmat{\Delta\hat{M}}
\def\langle \Delta\Gamma \rangle{\langle \Gamma \rangle_\Delta}
\def\delta {\cal P}{\delta {\cal P}}
\def\boldsymbol{\Lambda}{\boldsymbol{\Lambda}}
\def\mathbf{X}{\mathbf{X}}
\def\mathbf{P}{\mathbf{P}}

\deft{t}
\def\hbar_\text{w}{\hbar_\text{w}}
\def\hat{H}{\hat{H}}
\def\htf#1#2#3#4{F\left(#1,#2,#3,#4;\,t \right)}

\def\av#1{\langle #1 \rangle}
\def\avo#1{\av{#1}'}
\def\bra#1{\langle #1 |}
\def\ket#1{| #1 \rangle}

\def\trans#1{#1''}

\setcopyrightyear{2017}%
\DOIprefix{10.1002}%
\DOIsuffix{andp.201600185}%
\Volume{529}%
\Year{2017}

\date{224}

\category{
Rapid Research Letter
}

\keywords{Excitation Energy Transport in Disordered Systems, Quantum Transport and Quantum Correlations, Non-Equlibrium Physics and Driven Systems, Quantum Biology}

\title{
Sustainability of
environment-assisted energy transfer in
quantum photobiological
complexes
}

\subtitle{{
\small \rm Ann. Phys. (Berlin) \textbf{529}, 1600185 (2017)
\qquad\quad DOI: 10.1002/andp.201600185
}}

\author[Konstantin G. Zloshchastiev]{Konstantin G. Zloshchastiev
}
\address{K. G. Zloshchastiev\\
Institute of Systems Science\\
Durban University of Technology\\
P.O. Box 1334,
Durban, 4000 South Africa\\
E-address:~http://bit.do/kgz
}

\shortauthors{K. G. Zloshchastiev}

\Receiveddate{: ~ 22 June 2016 [APS], 7 July 2016 [AdP], 13 April 2018 [arXiv]}

\shortabstract

\begin{abstract}
It is shown that quantum sustainability is a universal phenomenon
which emerges during environment-assisted electronic excitation energy transfer (EET)
in photobiological complexes (PBCs), such as photosynthetic reaction centers and centers of melanogenesis.
We demonstrate that quantum photobiological systems must be sustainable for them to simultaneously endure continuous energy transfer and keep their internal structure from destruction or critical instability.
These quantum effects occur due to the interaction of PBCs with their environment which
can be described by means of the reduced density operator and
effective non-Hermitian Hamiltonian (NH).
Sustainable NH models of EET predict the coherence beats, followed by the decrease of coherence down to a small,
yet non-zero value.
This indicates that in sustainable PBCs, quantum effects survive on a much larger time scale than the energy relaxation of an exciton. We show that sustainable evolution significantly lowers the entropy of PBCs and improves the speed and capacity of EET.
\end{abstract}

\begin{document}
\maketitle

Typically the effect of solar radiation on living organisms and organelles begins with the absorption of a sunlight photon by pigments, followed by transfer of its energy to the reaction center, where primary electron transfer reactions transform solar energy into electrochemical gradient. One example of this process would be the natural photosynthetic stages, such as the Fenna-Matthews-Oslov
complexes, which exist in green sulfur bacteria and marine algae. These complexes are parts of
complex biochemical structures that capture quanta of visible light into their peripheral light-harvesting complexes
and funnel the excited energy to the photochemical reaction centers, where it is used to initiate chemical reactions \cite{bm75,lzb97,wgr02,xsg04,bsv05}, see also monograph \cite{blbook}
and references therein.
The efficiency of this transfer is very high, the reason for which has not yet been fully understood. Another example, closely related to human physiology, is the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers
caused by photons of the ultraviolet part of the sunlight spectrum \cite{fhg89,wpc01}.
This results in direct DNA damage, and triggers the process of melanogenesis: a synthesis of the melanin pigment contained in a special organelle called a melanosome \cite{ay05}.
The duration of the chemiexcitation of melanin derivatives after ultraviolet exposure is reported to be unexpectedly long \cite{pwm15},
the reason for which has also not yet been completely revealed. In this Letter, we propose a universal mechanism that explains the long-life and high-efficiency phenomena happening in photobiological complexes, and we also suggest analytical tools for their quantitative description.

In spite of having different chemical structures and spectra of absorbed light, all photobiological systems share certain universal features. For instance, they all operate in a thermal environment at physiological temperatures, and in the presence of external sources of noise and dissipation. Therefore one would expect quantum effects to be negligible.
However, experiments based on two-dimensional laser-pulse femtosecond photon echo spectroscopy
reveal the long-lived exciton-electron quantum coherence in photosynthetic reaction centers of different organisms \cite{sbs97,ecr07,lcf07,ran14}.
Taking this into account, EET in PBCs can be described by applying existing quantum-mechanical
methods \cite{cs84,fbook}.
Numerous studies have demonstrated that environment
plays significant role in energy transfer in light-absorbing complexes  \cite{le96,pp01,mrl08,oc08,ph08,if09,rmk09,cdc10,nbb12,nmm15,mmn15}.

Moreover, it is believed that it is the very presence of such a dissipative environment that increases the efficiency of EET to such a high degree. While this seems somewhat counter-intuitive from a classical point of view, it can be explained on quantum-mechanical grounds. In the absence of a thermal environment, the excitonic-type EET dynamics in photochemical reaction centers is dominated by coherent hopping, therefore the system is largely disordered and exhibits Anderson localization \cite{an58}.
Under such conditions, localization functions as the energy conservation mechanism of excitonic states: an exciton originally localized at an initial site is a superposition of energy eigenstates, which has only a slight overlap with an excitonic state which is localized at a final state.  Therefore, strong coherence would lead to a low efficiency of EET from one site to another.
Once thermal effects come into play, the coherence starts to be destroyed. If the magnitude of dephasing effects is only just sufficient to destroy coherence-caused localization, the excitations are set ``free'', and consequently the efficiency of EET will rise drastically. For large values of dephasing, the transport gets suppressed again, due to the quantum Zeno effect \cite{rmk09}.

One of the more popular approaches to introducing dissipative effects into PBC models is the addition of anti-Hermitian terms to an otherwise Hermitian Hamiltonian \cite{le96,pp01,mrl08,rmk09,nbb12}.
Such terms can appear, \textit{e.g.}, in a way similar to the Feshbach projection mechanism
in nuclear physics \cite{fe58}, applications to open quantum systems can be found in Refs. \cite{fbook,ro09,nbb12}.
Alternatively, they can be introduced on phenomenological grounds \cite{le96,pp01,mrl08,rmk09}.
We begin with the exciton model where various protein
pigments are represented by sites labeled by indexes $n,\, m,$ \textit{etc}.
These pigments are coupled to one other by interactions $V_{n m}$, so
the total Hamiltonian can be formally assumed to be of a tight-binding type,
$
\hat{\cal H}
=
\sum\limits_{n}
E_n \ket n \bra n
+
\frac{1}{2}
\sum\limits_{n \not= m}
V_{n m} (\ket n \bra m + \ket m \bra n)
,
$
where the index $1$ labels the donor state,
index $2$ does the acceptor state;
$E_n$ is the energy of a $n$th state.
The total Hilbert space of this system can be divided into two orthogonal subspaces generated by two projection operators, where one subspace is associated with donor-acceptor levels
and the other is related to the environment.
The basic phenomenological model of EET processes includes two protein co-factors, donor and acceptor, with discrete energy levels, and a third protein pigment which functions as a reservoir.
Using the Feshbach projection method,
one obtains an effective non-Hermitian Hamiltonian that describes the donor-acceptor subsystem
(we use the units $\hbar =1$):
\begin{equation}\lb{e:ham}
\hat H
=
\frac{V}{2} \hat\sigma_1
+
\frac{1}{2} (\varepsilon + i \Gamma) \hat\sigma_3
-
\frac{i}{2}  \Gamma \hat I
=
\frac{1}{2}
\twomat{\varepsilon}{V}{V}{-\varepsilon - 2 i \Gamma}
,
\end{equation}
where $\hat\sigma$'s are Pauli matrices, $\hat I$ is the  $2\times 2$ unit matrix,
and
$\varepsilon$ is the difference between renormalized energy levels \cite{nbb12}.
Here
$\Gamma$ is a constant parameter, which effectively describes the cumulative averaged
effect
of the environment's degrees of freedom \cite{sz13,zs14,sz14cor,sz15,zlo15}.
In general, $\Gamma$ is a phenomenological parameter,
and in some special cases, when it is positive,
it can play the role of the decay rate constant.
Under conditions of a weakly-coupled environment one can assume that
\begin{equation}\lb{e:paramapx}
|\Gamma | \ll |V| < \varepsilon
.
\end{equation}
For instance, for the quinon-type photosystems
$\varepsilon \sim 60 \ps^{-1}$,
$|V| \sim 20 \ps^{-1}$
and
$|\Gamma | \sim 1 \ps^{-1} $ \cite{vm99,la02}.

The time evolution of such a (sub)system is described in general by
a reduced density operator that allows us to consider not only pure states but also mixed ones,
which is important when dealing with open quantum systems \cite{zlo15}.
However, in a theory with a non-Hermitian Hamiltonian, the definition of the statistical
density operator
depends on additional physical considerations.

If one assumes that the Hamiltonian (\ref{e:ham})
describes an excitonic (sub)system which is not protected against decay,
then
the reduced density matrix is defined as a solution
of the following evolution equation:
\begin{equation}\label{e:eomom}
\frac{d}{dt}
\hat{\rho}^\prime
=-\frac{i}{\hbar}\left[\hat{H}_+,\hat{\rho}^\prime\right]
-\frac{1}{\hbar}\left\{\hat{\Gamma},\hat{\rho}^\prime\right\}
,
\end{equation}
where the square and curly brackets
denote, respectively, commutator and anti-commutator \cite{fbook}.
Here we have introduced the following Hermitian operators:
$
\hat{H}_+
=
\frac{1}{2}
(
\hat{H} + \hat{H}^\dagger
)
=
\frac{1}{2}
\twomatsm{\varepsilon}{V}{V}{-\varepsilon}
$
and the decay operator
$
\hat\Gamma
=
\frac{i}{2}
(
\hat{H} - \hat{H}^\dagger
)
=
\twomatsm{0}{0}{0}{\Gamma}
,
$
which correspond to the Hermitian and anti-Her-mitian parts of the Hamiltonian (\ref{e:ham}),
which thus can be written as
$\hat{H} = \hat{H}_+ - i \hat\Gamma$.
The eigenvalues of the operator $\hat{H}_+$ yield energy levels of the excitonic subsystem
in absence of an environment: $(\hat{H}_+)_j = (-1)^{j+1} \Omega_0/2 $, where
$\Omega_0 = \sqrt{\varepsilon^2 + V^2}$ is the generalized Rabi frequency
and indices $j=1$ and $2$ label the donor and acceptor levels, respectively.

One can easily verify that the trace of the density operator $\hat{\rho}^\prime$ is not conserved
during evolution \cite{sz13}.
In our case it indicates that both donor and acceptor levels will eventually be
completely depleted, usually at an exponential rate, so that the subsystem
disappears very fast, within a few picoseconds.
However, this is not what usually happens in reality:
donor-acceptor systems can hardly become completely ``drained'',
since a level's vacancy would be promptly
occupied by an external particle or quasi-particle.
Moreover, quantum photobiological complexes are able to sustain the transfer of
very large amount of excitons, therefore, their exponentially-fast
disappearance does not seem to be a feature which is pertinent to all possible cases and configurations.

It turns out that one can account for this phenomenon of sustainability without any modifications of a Hamiltonian:
one merely has to regard
the operator,
\begin{equation}\lb{e:norm}
\hat\rho = \hat{\rho}^\prime / {\rm tr}\, \hat{\rho}^\prime
,
\end{equation}
as the statistical density operator, instead of $\hat{\rho}^\prime$
\cite{zs14,zlo15}.
If, for a given Hamiltonian and initial conditions,
such an operator does exist and does not exhibit any unphysical properties, then we call
the evolution of such a (sub)system quantum sustainable,
borrowing the terminology of ref. \cite{z16prb}.
Otherwise, the role of the statistical density operator is played by $\hat{\rho}^\prime$,
and the corresponding evolution would be a non-sustainable process.
Here, sustainability is understood as an ability of a system
to conserve its
entire probability sample space measure, which is directly related to maintaining the system's
integrity and separability from its environment
(the term system can refer not only
to a physical object but also to a process, such as the excitonic energy transfer).
It should be noted that the existence of two types of evolution for the same Hamiltonian, depending on different initial
and boundary conditions defined by physical configuration, is a distinctive feature of the non-Hermitian Hamiltonian approach.
Besides, unlike the also popular (Gorini-Kossakowski-Sudarshan-)Lindblad approach, one does not have to assume
that
environment-induced corrections must obey
quantum dynamical semigroup symmetry (the latter enforces
the conservation of a density operator's trace and thus cannot account for the above-mentioned effects).
However, both approaches can be used together, which results
in
an ability to describe a wider range of
environmental effects \cite{zs14}.

In principle, in the equation (\ref{e:eomom})
one can change from $\hat{\rho}^\prime$ to $\hat\rho$
and obtain the equation for
the normalized density operator itself
$
\frac{d}{dt}
\hat\rho
=
-\frac{i}{\hbar}
\left[\hat{H}_+,\hat\rho
\right]
-
\frac{1}{\hbar}
\left\{\hat{\Gamma},\hat\rho
\right\}
+\frac{2}{\hbar}
\langle \Gamma \rangle
\hat\rho
,
$
where we use the standard notation for quantum-statistical averages $\langle A \rangle =
{\rm tr} (\hat\rho \, \hat A) = {\rm tr} (\hat{\rho}^\prime \, \hat A)/ {\rm tr} \hat{\rho}^\prime
=
\langle A \rangle'/ {\rm tr}\,\hat{\rho}^\prime$.
Although this equation is difficult to use for the practical purpose of finding solutions, it indicates that the dynamics of the normalized density operator itself is both nonlinear and nonlocal.
Therefore, the procedure (\ref{e:norm})
despite looking simple by itself, introduces new non-trivial physics.
As a result, the above-mentioned type of sustainability could lead to quantum-statistical effects which,
while not built-in to the Hamiltonian itself, emerge during the Liouvillian-type evolution of the density operator, as it will be shown in what follows.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\subfloat
{
  \includegraphics[width=\sc\columnwidth]{f-popdo-ns.eps}
}
\hspace{0mm}
\subfloat
{
  \includegraphics[width=\sc\columnwidth]{f-popdo-ss.eps}
}
\caption{Comparison of donor level populations $P_d$
for non-sustainable (upper panel) and sustainable (lower panel) types of evolution,
at various initial conditions.
The excitonic parameters are $\varepsilon = 60 \ps^{-1}$ and $V = 20 \ps^{-1}$,
the value of NH parameter $\Gamma$ is $1$ for upper panel and $-1$ for lower panel,
the values of $p$ are:
$1$ (solid curves),
$3/4$ (dashed curves),
$1/2$ (dotted curves),
$1/4$ (dash-dotted curves),
and
$0$ (dash-double-dotted curves).
}
\label{f:popdo}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\subfloat
{
  \includegraphics[width=\sc\columnwidth]{f-en-gamm-ns.eps}
}
\hspace{0mm}
\subfloat
{
  \includegraphics[width=\sc\columnwidth]{f-en-gamm-ss.eps}
}
\caption{
Comparison of average energy $\overline{E}$ (in $\ps^{-1}$)
for non-sustainable (upper panel) and sustainable (lower panel) types of evolution,
at different values of the NH parameter.
The excitonic parameters are $\varepsilon = 60 \ps^{-1}$ and $V = 20 \ps^{-1}$,
the initial condition's parameter is $p = 1$.
The deepest red and violet colors correspond to, respectively, donor and acceptor energy
levels in absence of environment.
}
\label{f:encol}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\subfloat
{
  \includegraphics[width=\sc\columnwidth]{f-qcoh-ns.eps}
}
\hspace{0mm}
\subfloat
{
  \includegraphics[width=\sc\columnwidth]{f-qcoh-ss.eps}
}
\caption{Comparison of quantum coherence $C$
for non-sustainable (upper panel) and sustainable (lower panel) types of evolution,
at various initial conditions.
The excitonic parameters are $\varepsilon = 60 \ps^{-1}$ and $V = 20 \ps^{-1}$,
the value of NH parameter is $1$ for upper panel and $-1$ for lower panel,
the values of $p$ are:
$1$ (solid curves),
$3/4$ (dashed curves),
$1/2$ (dotted curves),
$1/4$ (dash-dotted curves),
and
$0$ (dash-double-dotted curves).
}
\label{f:qcoh}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\subfloat
{
  \includegraphics[width=\sc\columnwidth]{f-entr-gamm-ns.eps}
}
\hspace{0mm}
\subfloat
{
  \includegraphics[width=\sc\columnwidth]{f-entr-gamm-ss.eps}
}
\caption{
Comparison of quantum entropy $S$ (in units of $k_B$) for non-sustainable (upper panel) and sustainable (lower panel) types of evolution,
at different values of the NH parameter.
The excitonic parameters $\varepsilon = 60 \ps^{-1}$ and $V = 20 \ps^{-1}$,
the initial condition parameter $p=0.99 \lessapprox 1$ is chosen for plotting here because
at $p=1$ (when an initial state is a donor state exactly) the entropy of the
sustainable case would be identically zero, at any values of other parameters.
}
\label{f:entrcol}
\end{figure}

Assuming initial condition $\hat{\rho}^\prime (0) = \hat\rho (0) =\twomatsm{p}{0}{0}{1-p}$,
$0 \leqslant p \leqslant 1$,
the exact solution of Eq. (\ref{e:eomom}) can be found in the form
$
\hat{\rho}^\prime
=
\frac{1}{2}
\hat I
{\rm tr} \hat{\rho}^\prime
+
\frac{1}{2}
\sum\limits_{a = 1}^3 \avo{\sigma_a} \hat\sigma_a
$,
where the averages are given by a set
of differential
equations
\begin{equation}\lb{e:avoeqs}
\frac{d}{d t}
\fourcol{
\avo{\sigma_1}}{
\avo{\sigma_2}}{
\avo{\sigma_3}}{
\text{tr} \hat{\rho}^\prime
}
=
\begin{pmatrix}
- \Gamma & -\varepsilon & 0 & 0 \\[-0.1ex]
\varepsilon & - \Gamma & -V & 0 \\[-0.1ex]
0 &  V & - \Gamma & \Gamma \\[-0.1ex]
0 &  0 & \Gamma & - \Gamma
\end{pmatrix}
\!
\fourcol{
\avo{\sigma_1}}{
\avo{\sigma_2}}{
\avo{\sigma_3}}{
\text{tr}\hat{\rho}^\prime
}
.
\end{equation}
Its solution can be written in a matrix form
as
\begin{equation}\lb{e:avomsol}
\fourcol{
\avo{\sigma_1}}{
\avo{\sigma_2}}{
\avo{\sigma_3}}{
\text{tr}\hat{\rho}^\prime
}
=
\text{e}^{-\Gamma t}
\textbf{K}
\,
\fourcol{
\cosh{(\Omega_+ t)}}{
\sinh{(\Omega_+ t)}}{
\cos{(\Omega_- t)}}{
\sin{(\Omega_- t)}
}
,
\end{equation}
where
$\kappa = \sqrt{V^4 - 2 V^2 (\Gamma^2 - \varepsilon^2) + (\Gamma^2 +\varepsilon^2)^2}$,
$\Omega_\pm = $\\ $\sqrt{\kappa \pm (\Gamma^2 - \varepsilon^2 - V^2)}/\sqrt{2}$,
and the coefficient matrix is
\[
\textbf{K}
=
\begin{pmatrix}
\frac{\tilde p  \varepsilon V}{\kappa} & \frac{\varepsilon V \Gamma}{\kappa \Omega_+}& - \frac{\tilde p  \varepsilon V }{\kappa}& -\frac{\varepsilon V \Gamma}{\kappa \Omega_-} \\%[0.1ex]
- \frac{V \Gamma}{\kappa} & - \frac{\tilde p \Omega_+ V}{\kappa} & \frac{V \Gamma}{\kappa}  & \frac{\tilde p  V (\Omega_+^2 - \kappa)}{\kappa \Omega_-} \\%[0.1ex]
\frac{\tilde p (\Omega_+^2 + \varepsilon^2) }{\kappa}&  \frac{\Gamma (\Omega_+^2 + \varepsilon^2)}{\kappa \Omega_+} &
\frac{\tilde p  (\kappa - \Omega_+^2 - \varepsilon^2)}{\kappa} & \frac{\Gamma  (\kappa - \Omega_+^2 - \varepsilon^2)}{\kappa \Omega_-}  \\%[-0.1ex]
\frac{\kappa - \Omega_+^2 + \Gamma^2 }{\kappa} &  \frac{\tilde p \Gamma(\Omega_+^2 + \varepsilon^2)}{\kappa \Omega_+} &
\frac{\Omega_+^2 - \Gamma^2}{\kappa} & \frac{\tilde p \Gamma  (\kappa - \Omega_+^2 - \varepsilon^2)}{\kappa \Omega_-}
\end{pmatrix}
,
\]
where $\tilde p = 2 p -1$ (if an initial density matrix corresponds to the donor state then $p=\tilde p = 1$).
In the approximation of a weakly-coupled environment (\ref{e:paramapx})
the main parameters simplify to
$
\Omega_+
\approx
\frac{\varepsilon |\Gamma |}{\Omega_0}$,
$
\Omega_-
\approx
\Omega_0
-\frac{V^2 \Gamma^2}{2 \Omega_0^3}
$
,
$
\kappa
\approx
\Omega_0^2
+
\frac{\Gamma^2 (\varepsilon^2-V^2)}{\Omega_0^2}
.$
As for the normalized density operator, it is algebraically given by Eq. (\ref{e:norm}),
which yields:
$
\hat\rho
=
\frac{1}{2}
\hat I
+
\frac{1}{2}
\sum\limits_{a = 1}^3 \av{\sigma_a} \hat\sigma_a
,
$
where $\av{\sigma_a} = \avo{\sigma_a} / {\rm tr} \hat{\rho}^\prime $.

With solution (\ref{e:avomsol}) in hands, one can easily compute the following observables:
population of the donor level
$$
P_d
=
\left\{
\baa{l}
(\hat{\rho}^\prime)_{11} = \frac{1}{2} ({\rm tr} \hat{\rho}^\prime + \avo{\sigma_3})
\\[0.5ex]
(\hat\rho)_{11} = \frac{1}{2} (1+\av{\sigma_3})
\end{array}
\right.
,
$$
average energy
$$
\overline{E}
=
\left\{
\baa{l}
\text{tr}(\hat{\rho}^\prime \hat{H}_+)
\\[0.5ex]
\text{tr}(\hat\rho \hat{H}_+)
\end{array}
\right.
,$$
measure of coherence
$$
C
=
\left\{
\baa{l}
|(\hat{\rho}^\prime)_{12}|^2
=
\frac{1}{4} (\avo{\sigma_1}^2 + \avo{\sigma_2}^2)
\\[0.5ex]
|(\hat\rho)_{12}|^2
=
\frac{1}{4} (\av{\sigma_1}^2 + \av{\sigma_2}^2)
\end{array}
\right.
,
$$
and
Gibbs-von-Neumann
entropy
$$
S
=
\left\{
\baa{l}
-k_B \text{tr}(\hat{\rho}^\prime \ln{\hat{\rho}^\prime})
\\[0.5ex]
-k_B \text{tr}(\hat\rho \ln{\hat\rho})
\end{array}
\right.
,
$$
where
upper and lower cases refer, respectively, to non-sustainable and sustainable types of evolution, \textit{i.e.}, to those described by non-normalized and normalized density operators.

In the approximation of weakly-coupled environment (\ref{e:paramapx}),
the observables have
the following large-time asymptotic behavior:
\begin{eqnarray}&&
P_d \to
\left\{
\baa{l}
(2 p k_+ \Omega_0^2 - \tilde p V^2)
(2\Omega_0)^{-2}
\text{exp}(k_- \Gamma t)
,
\\[0.5ex]
k_+ /2
,
\end{array}
\right.
\nonumber \\
&&
\overline{E}
\to
\left\{
\baa{l}
\left[
(2 p + k_-) \Omega_0^2
- \tilde p V^2
\right]
(4 \varepsilon)^{-1}
\,
\text{exp}(k_- \Gamma t)
,
\\[0.5ex]
(k_- + 1) \Omega_0^2 / (2 \varepsilon )
,
\end{array}
\right.
\lb{e:asym}
\\&&
C \to
\left\{
\baa{l}
(V / 4 \Omega_0)^2
(2 p + \tilde p k_-)^2
\,
\text{exp}(2 k_- \Gamma t)
,
\\[0.5ex]
(V / 2 \Omega_0)^2
,
\end{array}
\right.
\nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
where
$k_\pm = \varepsilon\, \Sign{\Gamma} \Omega_0^{-1} \pm 1$.

From the evolution of the observables, provided in Figs. \ref{f:popdo}-\ref{f:entrcol},
and their large-time asymptotics (\ref{e:asym}),
a few important conclusions can be drawn.
First of all, Figs. \ref{f:popdo}-\ref{f:entrcol} reveal that the
environment represented by the NH parameter $\Gamma$ plays a crucial role in the EET process, even if it is weakly coupled to the excitonic system, as defined in Eq. (\ref{e:paramapx}).
In fact, when $\Gamma$ is exactly zero the excitonic system undergoes plain Rabi-type oscillations, and therefore energy transfer is not facilitated.
Once $\Gamma$ acquires a value, however small, the oscillations become damped, and energy passes through the system more easily.
Additionally, the possibility of sustainable evolution expands the admissible parameter space of the NH models containing the parameter $\Gamma$ --
the latter
now can be both positive and negative.
Secondly, Figs. \ref{f:popdo}-\ref{f:encol} demonstrate that, at the same absolute value of the NH parameter, the discharge of the donor level (and therefore the transfer of energy through the system) occurs much faster for sustainable evolution than for non-sustainable, at least by an order of magnitude.
Despite sustainable evolution preserving a small residual population of donor level at large times (to prevent the excitonic subsystem from complete disappearance) the majority of energy is transferred through the system. The physical interpretation of this residual population will be further discussed below.
Thirdly, Fig.
\ref{f:encol} shows that the average energy for sustainable evolution tends to the acceptor level $(\hat{H}_+)_2$ at large times,
whereas for non-sustainable evolution energy discharge stops halfway to the acceptor level. Therefore, regardless of the NH parameter's value (as long as it is not zero), the discharge of the donor level is more complete for sustainable evolution than for non-sustainable. As a result, sustainable open excitonic systems are capable of transferring larger portions of energy per system than non-sustainable ones.
Furthermore,
from Fig. \ref{f:qcoh} and analytical formulae for large-time behavior of $C$, one can deduce that for non-sustainable evolution, quantum coherence vanishes exponentially at large times, whereas for sustainable evolution it tends to a small constant, approximately $(V / 2 \Omega_0)^2$.
This indicates that quantum coherence, after having an initial beat followed by a rapid decrease to a small residual value, would remain non-zero in sustainable photobiological systems for considerably longer. This residual coherence, together with the above-mentioned residual donor level population, points to the appearance of a metastable state which significantly slows down the dephasing processes in PBCs.
Besides, in an ensemble consisting of many excitonic systems, such behavior leads to quantum beating between different exciton level groups.
Finally,
Fig. \ref{f:entrcol} shows that for sustainable systems, at the same absolute value of the NH parameter, quantum entropy has smaller peak values and vanishes considerably faster than for non-sustainable ones. Therefore, the emergence of sustainable evolution in the models described by NH Hamiltonians explains why photobiological systems are durable and resistant to external dissipative effects.

\noindent
\textbf{Acknowledgments}.
This work is based on the research supported by the National Research Foundation of South Africa.
Proofreading of the manuscript by P. Stannard is greatly appreciated.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Q: Почему ни один из моих проектов не видит" [/WEB-INF/applicationContext.xml]" Доброго всем дня. Ситуация следующая, сделал минипроект по примеру, стал запускать, вывалилась ошибка Could not open ServletContext resource [/WEB-INF/applicationContext.xml], думал может где что не правильно написал, и загрузил исходник автора курса, та же проблема. Потом уже просто стал с нуля создавать проект (в IDEA) там есть возможность поставить в проекте, add framework support, она сама создает все папки,и файл index.jsp я лишь указываю сервер, а именно glassfish-4.1.1 потом запускаю и опять та же проблема.
Содержание файла web.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<web-app xmlns="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_3_1.xsd"
         version="3.1">
    <context-param>
        <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
        <param-value>/WEB-INF/applicationContext.xml</param-value>
    </context-param>
    <listener>
        <listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</listener-class>
    </listener>
    <servlet>
        <servlet-name>dispatcher</servlet-name>
        <servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class>
        <load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
    </servlet>
    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>dispatcher</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>*.form</url-pattern>
    </servlet-mapping>
</web-app>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
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Third-party applications and software deployment systems may be in use in the network environment for administration purposes (e.g., SCCM, VNC, HBSS, Altiris, etc.). If an adversary gains access to these systems, then they may be able to execute code.
Adversaries may gain access to and use third-party application deployment systems installed within an enterprise network. Access to a network-wide or enterprise-wide software deployment system enables an adversary to have remote code execution on all systems that are connected to such a system. The access may be used to laterally move to systems, gather information, or cause a specific effect, such as wiping the hard drives on all endpoints.
The permissions required for this action vary by system configuration; local credentials may be sufficient with direct access to the deployment server, or specific domain credentials may be required. However, the system may require an administrative account to log in or to perform software deployment.
Threat Group-1314 actors used a victim's endpoint management platform, Altiris, for lateral movement.
It is believed that a patch management system for an anti-virus product commonly installed among targeted companies was used to distribute the Wiper malware.
Evaluate the security of third-party software that could be used to deploy or execute programs. Ensure that access to management systems for deployment systems is limited, monitored, and secure. Have a strict approval policy for use of deployment systems.
Grant access to application deployment systems only to a limited number of authorized administrators. Ensure proper system and access isolation for critical network systems through use of firewalls, account privilege separation, group policy, and multifactor authentication. Verify that account credentials that may be used to access deployment systems are unique and not used throughout the enterprise network. Patch deployment systems regularly to prevent potential remote access through Exploitation of Vulnerability.
If the application deployment system can be configured to deploy only signed binaries, then ensure that the trusted signing certificates are not co-located with the application deployment system and are instead located on a system that cannot be accessed remotely or to which remote access is tightly controlled.
Detection methods will vary depending on the type of third-party software or system and how it is typically used.
The same investigation process can be applied here as with other potentially malicious activities where the distribution vector is initially unknown but the resulting activity follows a discernible pattern. Analyze the process execution trees, historical activities from the third-party application (such as what types of files are usually pushed), and the resulting activities or events from the file/binary/script pushed to systems.
Often these third-party applications will have logs of their own that can be collected and correlated with other data from the environment. Audit software deployment logs and look for suspicious or unauthorized activity. A system not typically used to push software to clients that suddenly is used for such a task outside of a known admin function may be suspicious.
Perform application deployment at regular times so that irregular deployment activity stands out. Monitor process activity that does not correlate to known good software. Monitor account login activity on the deployment system.
Dell SecureWorks. (2013, March 21). Wiper Malware Analysis Attacking Korean Financial Sector. Retrieved May 13, 2015.


At the early stage of my life, I embraced coaching, guiding people around me, as I feel joy seeing them successful in their own projects.
Involved in many students organizations, building teams, organizing events and socializing was part of my daily life. I've obtained my Master in Computer Science and Electrical Engineering in 1998 in France, while having a strong interest in human relations.
I've landed my first job in Switzerland at CSEM as an embedded SW engineer; There I developed passion for embedded systems, robotics, and mostly cross functional team work. Having worked on space telescopes, complex mechanics, broadcast systems, I've found a great company at Logitech a bit more than 10 years ago.
This is why I love to pass it on as well, and see you successful.
Changing a company's mindset from Waterfall to Agile model comes with a set of challenges. Especially in the consumer electronics where hardware development has to meet specific deadlines.
This presentation is about making the case for Agile development, explaining its basic fundamentals, and how it has been implemented within Logitech on a real case study. The talk would be focused on how product is made cross functionally and why agile development method could also apply for hardware startups.
© 2018 WeTogether.co All Rights Reserved.


This article is about the characteristic in some gems. For other uses, see Asterism (disambiguation). For the Star Ruby grapefruit variety, see Grapefruit § Star Ruby.
Asterism (from Ancient Greek: ἀστήρ star), the property of a star stone (asteria), is the phenomenon of gemstones exhibiting a star-like concentration of reflected or refracted light when cut en cabochon (shaped and polished rather than faceted).
The archetypal asteria is the star sapphire, generally corundum with near uniform impurities which is bluish-grey and milky or opalescent, which when lit has a star of six rays. In the red instance stellate reflection is rarer; the star-ruby occasionally found with the star-sapphire in Sri Lanka is among the most valued of "fancy stones". Other examples are star-topaz and certain prized chatoyant [ʃatwɑjɑ̃] (lit. cat's eye) chrysoberyl stones, particularly of the cymophane (yellow) variety.
Reflection of light from twin-lamellae or from extremely fine needle-shaped acicular inclusions oriented to the stone's crystal structure causes asterism. Oriented sub-microscopic rutile crystals are a common inclusion in asterism gemstones. Pliny the Elder's example is consistent with a moonstone; he described it as a colourless stone from India within which was the appearance of a star shining with the light of the moon. Star-stones were formerly regarded with much superstition.
An asterism is an optical phenomenon displayed by some rubies, sapphires, and other gems (e.g. garnet, diopside, spinel) of an enhanced reflective area in the shape of a "star" on the surface of a cabochon cut from the stone. Star sapphires and rubies display the property from titanium dioxide impurities (rutile) present in them. The star-effect or "asterism" is caused by the dense inclusions of tiny fibers of rutile (also known as "silk"). The stars are caused by the light reflecting from needle-like inclusions of rutile aligned perpendicular to the rays of the star. The star-effect may be also caused by the inclusions of hematite. In black star sapphire hematite needles formed parallel to the faces of the second order prism produce asterism. Some Thai star sapphires may contain both hematite and rutile needles forming a 12-ray star. However, since rutile is always present in star gemstones, they are almost never completely transparent.
Diasterism, such as that seen in rose quartz, is the result of light transmitted through the stone. In order to see this effect, the stone must be illuminated from behind (from the viewer's perspective) the rock. Rose quartz also exhibits epiasterism.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Asterism (gemmology).
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Asteria" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 792.
^ Emsley, John (2001). Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 451–53. ISBN 0-19-850341-5.


Pump up the volume with this pair of outdoor speakers. The small, unobtrusive design makes them perfect for summer gatherings, and they'll be safe even in inclement weather. With two full-range 100W drivers, you'll get impressive sound quality from your audio system to keep the party going all night long. From TIC.
Speakers each measure approximately 8-1/4" x 8-1/4" x 9-1/2"


When the product reaches the customer, Rubfila's team of sales and technical service staff are there to provide advice on the care of our threads to make the most of their durable qualities.
Fine count threads (55 and above) and few threads per ribbon (8 ends) must be handled with extreme care to avoid unnecessary entanglements within the carton. Rejects and low quality products can be minimized if these threads are handled with care.
It is advised that the threads be stored at room temperature (16 - 30 Deg C). By not doing so, variation in physical properties like discoloration, anti-oxidant removal is likely to occur. The area must be provided with adequate ventilation and kept clean, dry and free of heat and ozone generating equipment.
Lighting to storage area may be provided with the use of low energy consuming fluorescent lamps (low head dissipation) instead of incandescent lamps (high head dissipation). Thus, heat dissipation due to lighting could be considerably reduced.
Exposure to direct sunlight must be avoided to prevent U-V light attack. U-V light causes extensive damage to the physical properties. Moreover with the accelerated depletion of ozone layer in the atmosphere recently, more than normal penetration of U-V light is observed. Hence the cartons should only be opened when required and kept closed at all other times.
Rubber threads wound on cones/ spools are susceptible to attack due to light and ozone. Nevertheless, this problem could be overcome by providing a black cover.
It is often desired that rubber threads of prolonged storage (old batch) do not mix with the new arrival (new batch). This will help immensely in processing and avoid untenable process complications. Added to that, uniformity in physical properties of the finished products (elongation / modulus etc.) can be achieved.
Avoid usage of starch / oil substances as lubricants.
Avoid excessive use of bleaches.
Avoid unnecessary exposure to dry heat.
Remove organic impurities present in natural fibers.
Avoid cationic type textile softeners to prevent the removal of anti oxidant and content into the textile.


Language elements that are not supported: COBOL TRANSFORM statement. OS/VS COBOL supported the COBOL TRANSFORM statement. Enterprise COBOL does not support the COBOL TRANSFORM statement, but it does support the INSPECT statement. Therefore, any COBOL TRANSFORM statements in your OS/VS COBOL program must be replaced by INSPECT CONVERTING statements.
The COBOL TRANSFORM statement is used to alter characters according to a transformation rule. The TRANSFORM statement in COBOL scans identifier-3 for occurrences of individual characters from identifier-1 or nonnumeric-literal-1.


Today's IT teams must be able to respond quickly and flexibly to evolving business requirements. Forms of working and business processes are changing, fuelled by advancing digitisation and technological innovations. And this, in turn, affects business-network requirements.
All of these reasons make it necessary for modern networks to be able to adapt highly to changing requirements. Security and Quality-of-Service rules must be easily and quickly configured and deployed enterprise-wide. Last but not least, automating administrative tasks lowers operating costs and boosts efficiency.
Employees expect to work with modern communication and collaboration tools. They also want the flexibility to access business services and data anytime, anywhere.A well-managed network infrastructure is essential for providing employees, visitors and customers with secure access, or for accommodating the use of smartphones, tablets and other mobile devices. In today's digital era, smart networks also enable new business models. Analysis of website usage patterns, mobile engagement and marketing, digital production environments and smart cities are just some of the new strategies being tapped into.


text:
Daya »
Hide Away - Daya - Top 40 Singles
Hide Away debuted in the Official New Zealand Top 40 Singles on 15 February 2016. It has been in the Top 40 Singles for 14 weeks with a highest position of #15. There is one song by Daya in the Top 40 Singles.
Chart placings for Hide Away:
Chart Date
15 Feb 2016 Top 40 Singles 38
07 Mar 2016 Top 40 Singles 15
04 Apr 2016 Top 40 Singles 19
02 May 2016 Top 40 Singles 32
Chart placings by Daya:
Hide Away Top 40 Singles 15 Feb 2016 14 15
The Chainsmokers feat. Daya
Zac Efron And Zendaya


Rafael Nadal announced Friday that he would skip Wimbledon this year, citing tendinitis in his knees.
"I played underneath myself for the last few months," he said at a news conference at the All England Club, only three days before the 2009 championships begin. Nadal was the top-seeded player.
Rafael Nadal, who played an exhibition against Stanislas Wawrinka on Friday, announced that he would not play at Wimbledon.
Nadal's departure commences a symphony of musical chairs within the men's draw.
But under rules observed at the four major international championships, Juan Martin del Potro of Argentina, seeded fifth, moves into Nadal's slot at the top of the draw. James Blake of the United States, seeded 17th, moves into Del Potro's position. Nicolas Kiefer of Germany, seeded 33rd, moves into Blake's position.
The unseeded Thiago Alves of Brazil, who lost in the final qualifying round, takes Kiefer's slot, gaining entry into the main draw, making him what is customarily called a Lucky Loser.
Nadal announced his decision after playing an exhibition against Stanislas Wawrinka. Although he won the first set, 6-4, he lost the second, 7-6, and then lost a tie breaker. On Thursday, it was clear that his knees were bothering him. He played Lleyton Hewitt in an exhibition and lost, 6-4, 6-3, at the Hurlingham Club in London.
According to records of the All England Club, Nadal is the second player in the past 35 years not to defend his championship. Goran Ivanesevic of Croatia won the title in 2001 and did not compete in 2002.
Some tennis observers have openly questioned the extent of Nadal's knee injury after his fourth-round loss to Robin Soderling at the French Open, calling it gamesmanship or a public relations smokescreen.
But it is precisely Nadal's never-say-die playing style, one that involves covering every inch of the court, and often several feet beyond the baseline and doubles alleys, that has both battered opponents into submission in his rise to the top and battered his knees through cumulative wear and tear. The effect of this tenacious physicality is compounded by the number of matches he plays — he enters nearly every tournament, and usually reaches the finals.
Nadal is muscled-up and explosive and relentless, so that his best tennis looks not like a gift from heaven but instead like the product of ferocious will. His victories and his taped-up knees and his years as a very good No. 2 in the world all resonate together, as though the rewards and the wages of individual effort had been animated in a single human being: if you hurl yourself at a particular goal furiously enough and long enough you may tear your body up in the process, but maybe you can get there after all.
1) Nadal's early exit at Roland Garros not only paved the way for Roger Federer to win the French Open and complete a career Slam, but now his absence at Wimbledon also opens the door for the Swiss great to regain the No. 1 ranking he so desperately craves and continue to dominate tennis for years to come.
2) Andy Murray, fresh off his Queen's Club victory, pulls off an upset of Federer at Wimbledon and at least temporarily takes Nadal's place in the rivalry that has held a thrilling stranglehold on the sport for over four years.
3) Over the next year or two, the game moves beyond the Federer-Nadal era entirely, leaving Murray and Djokovic to fend off del Potro, Tsonga, Cilic, Monfils and other talented up-and-comers. There could be a different winner at each of the Slams. Imagine that!
4) Nadal takes time to recuperate and comes back at top form. But does he play a different style of tennis? Does he play fewer events?


text:
Ruth Stiles Gannett Kahn (born August 12, 1923) is an American children's writer best known for My Father's Dragon and its two sequels—collectively sometimes called the My Father's Dragon or the Elmer and the Dragons series or trilogy.

Education
Gannett graduated from City and Country School in Greenwich Village, New York City, in the class of 1937. There, she recalled in 2012, "she benefited from being 'allowed and encouraged to write for fun' at certain times of the day". She then attended the George School and Vassar College, graduating with a B.A. in chemistry in 1944.

Early career
After graduating from Vassar, Gannett moved to Boston where she worked at Boston General Hospital and then at the Massachusetts Radiation Laboratory. She then worked at a ski lodge, and afterward returned to live with her parents which is where she completed work on her most defining work. In 1947 the year her seminal work was published she married Peter Kahn.

Writing career
Gannett's first novel, My Father's Dragon, was published by Random House in 1948 and was a runner-up for the annual Newbery Medal recognizing the year's "most distinguished contribution" to American children's literature. She wrote two more novels in that series, Elmer and the Dragon and The Dragons of Blueland. The books were illustrated by Ruth Chrisman Gannett, her stepmother, and the typography was designed by her husband, H. Peter Kahn. They have been translated into fourteen languages.

Gannett wrote two other short children's novels, The Wonderful House-Boat-Train (1949) and Katie and the Sad Noise (1961), illustrated by Fritz Eichenberg and Ellie Simmons.

Kirkus Reviews covered two of the books briefly, showing disappointment in both Gannett's and Eichenberg's work on the house-boat-train and unusual enthusiasm for Gannett's story in a starred review of The Dragons of Blueland.

Personal life
Ruth Gannett married artist, art history professor, and calligrapher H. Peter Kahn, (1921–1997). The couple had seven daughters and eight grandchildren at the time of Kahn's death. She lives near Trumansburg, New York, near Cornell University, where Peter Kahn was employed for forty years. She is the great-granddaughter of Ezra Stiles Gannett.

Works

My Father's Dragon series
Sometimes called the "Elmer and the Dragons series", the three short novels were written by Ruth Stiles Gannett and illustrated by her stepmother Ruth Chrisman Gannett.
 My Father's Dragon (Random House, 1948)
 Elmer and the Dragon (Random House, 1950)
 The Dragons of Blueland (Random House, 1951)
50th Anniversary omnibus edition: Three Tales of My Father's Dragon (Random House, 1998), .

Other
 The Wonderful House-boat-train, illustrated by Fritz Eichenberg (Random, 1949), 63 pp.
 Katie and the Sad Noise, illus. Ellie Simmons (Random, 1961), 61 pp.

Gannett introduced the 1991 Yearling edition of Edith Nesbit's collection The Book of Dragons (), later issued in the Looking Glass Library (2013, ).

Notes

References

External links
 Author biography from Random House
 Information on Ruth Stiles Gannett

 Ruth Chrisman Gannett at LC Authorities, with 16 records (mainly under 'Gannett, Ruth Chrisman' without '1896–1979', previous page of browse report)

1923 births
Living people
American children's writers
Newbery Honor winners
People from Trumansburg, New York
Vassar College alumni
Writers from New York City

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Copyright on Campus
Copyright on Campus: Home
Information concerning copyright law and the campus community
This LibGuide is in no way meant to substitute for professional legal advice. This is simply a site giving you access to various types of information concerning copyright law. If you need actual legal advice, please consult an attorney.
Checking Copyright
Library of Congress's Copyright Catalog
Covers copyrighted material from 1978 to present.
Some copyright holders have used this as a way to allow certain types of permissions. It has a search for items that allow use without obtaining a concrete permission.
If you need to get permission, this is the place to start.
Duration of Copyright
Rule of Thumb:
Author's Death +70 years
Corporation as Author = Creation +120 years OR 1st Publication +95 years whichever is shorter
17 USC Chapter 3
Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act - Public Law 105-298
Good Informational Handouts
Know Your Copy Rights
Copyright Basics
Works Made For Hire
Extension of Copyright Terms
Reproduction of Copyrighted Works for Educators and Librarians
How to Investigate the Copyright Status of a Work
The TEACH Act
The Law of the Land
Laws specific to Copyright issues. Has great handout-style information that is easier to understand than the pure text of the laws.
Contains the official Bills and Public Laws as they currently stand. Easiest to search using the Bill or Public Law number though common name will work.
NOLO Copyright Books in the Library
The Copyright Handbook by Stephen Fishman
Call Number: Main: 2nd Floor Circulation - KF2995 .F53 2011
Register and protect your work. The Copyright Handbooknbsp;solves the most common problem for writers: how to obtain maximum copyright protection for original work. You'll learn everything you need to know from how to register your copyright to dealing with infringers to understanding the "fair use" rule and even how to transfer your copyright. The 11th edition is completely updated to provide the latest case law and copyright regulations, including works created for the Internet, such as blogs and new U.S. Copyright Office electronic filing procedures. .
Patent, Copyright and Trademark by Richard Stim
Call Number: Main: 2nd Floor Circulation - KF2980 .E44 2010
Whether you're investigating patent, copyright or trademark law, get the most concise and comprehensive explanations of intellectual property in one volume!Whether you're an Edison, Faulkner or Jobs, you need Patent, Copyright & Trademark.Intellectual property law has rapidly produced its own language. But don't count on understanding it right off the bat -- the terms baffle lawyers and lay folk alike. Whether you're an inventor, designer, writer or programmer, you need to understand the language of intellectual property law to intelligently deal with such issues as: who owns creative works or valuable information; how these owners can protect and enforce their ownership rights; how disputes between intellectual property owners can be resolved, and; how ownership rights can best be transferred to others. With this essential guide, you will: get clear overviews of relevant laws; understand the different kinds of protection offered by patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade secrets -- and which apply to your work; get a plain-English definition of every term you're likely to come across, and; find the information you need, quickly and easily -- all entries are organized by topic and extensively cross-referenced. This edition includes an expanded dictionary of borderline IP terms and reflects the many changes resulting from legislation and case law. It also includes a new Q&A section excerpted from the author's regularly updated "Dear Rich" blog.
Getting Permission by Richard Stim
Call Number: Main: 2nd Floor Circulation - KF3002 .S75 2010
Using copyrighted materials? Get permission and stay legal If you plan to use any copyrighted material for your own purposes, you need to get permission first from the owners of that work. If you don't, you could find yourself slapped with an expensive and time-consuming lawsuit. Getting Permission tackles the permissions process head-on -- without the legalese. It shines the light on whom to ask for permission, as well as when -- and how much to expect -- to pay for permission. Comprehensive and easy-to-read, the book covers: the permissions process the public domain copyright research fair use academic permissions the elements of a license and merchandise agreement the use of a trademark or fictional character and much more Getting Permission includes agreements for acquiring authorization to use text, photographs, artwork, and music, whether it's found online or off. The 4th edition of this essential guide is completely updated to reflect the latest laws and court decisions. Plus, read an all-new collection of practical, real-life FAQs, based on author Richard Stim's popular intellectual property blog, Dear Rich: Nolo's Patent, Copyright & Trademark Blog.
17 USC § 102
17 USC § 102 - Subject Matter of Copyright: In General
(a) Copyright protection subsists, in accordance with this title, in original works of authorship fixed in any tangible medium of expression, now known or later developed, from which they can be perceived, reproduced, or otherwise communicated, either directly or with the aid of a machine or device. Works of authorship include the following categories:
1) literary works;
2) musical works, including any accompanying words;
3) dramatic works, including any accompanying music;
4) pantomimes and choreographic works;
5) pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works;
6) motion pictures and other audiovisual works;
7) sound recordings; and
8) architectural works.
(b) In no case does copyright protection for an original work of authorship extend to any idea, procedure, process, system, method of operation, concept, principle, or discovery, regardless of the form in which it is described, explained, illustrated, or embodied in such work.
17 USC § 106 - Exclusive rights in copyrighted works
Subject to sections 107 through 122, the owner of copyright under this title has the exclusive rights to do and to authorize any of the following:
(1) to reproduce the copyrighted work in copies or phonorecords;
(2) to prepare derivative works based upon the copyrighted work;
(3) to distribute copies or phonorecords of the copyrighted work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending;
(4) in the case of literary, musical, dramatic, and choreographic works, pantomimes, and motion pictures and other audiovisual works, to perform the copyrighted work publicly;
(5) in the case of literary, musical, dramatic, and choreographic works, pantomimes, and pictorial, graphic, or sculptural works, including the individual images of a motion picture or other audiovisual work, to display the copyrighted work publicly; and
(6) in the case of sound recordings, to perform the copyrighted work publicly by means of a digital audio transmission.
17 USC § 107 - Fair Use
17 USC § 107 - Limitations on Exclusive Rights: Fair Use
Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 106 and 106A, the fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specified by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright. In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include—
(1) the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes;
(2) the nature of the copyrighted work;
(3) the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and
(4) the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.
The fact that a work is unpublished shall not itself bar a finding of fair use if such finding is made upon consideration of all the above factors.
TEACH Act
Public Law 107-273, Title III, Subtitle C - Educational Use Copyright Exemption - Sec. 13301
(a) SHORT TITLE.—This subtitle may be cited as the ''Technology, Education, and Copyright Harmonization Act of 2002''. (b) EXEMPTION OF CERTAIN PERFORMANCES AND DISPLAYS FOR EDUCATIONAL USES.—Section 110 of title 17, United States Code, is amended— (1) by striking paragraph (2) and inserting the following: ''(2) except with respect to a work produced or marketed primarily for performance or display as part of mediated instructional activities transmitted via digital networks, or a performance or display that is given by means of a copy or phonorecord that is not lawfully made and acquired under this title, and the transmitting government body or accredited nonprofit educational institution knew or had reason to believe was not lawfully made and acquired, the performance of a nondramatic literary or musical work or reasonable and limited portions of any other work, or display of a work in an amount comparable to that which is typically displayed in the course of a live classroom session, by or in the course of a transmission, if— H. R. 2215—154 ''(A) the performance or display is made by, at the direction of, or under the actual supervision of an instructor as an integral part of a class session offered as a regular part of the systematic mediated instructional activities of a governmental body or an accredited nonprofit educational institution; ''(B) the performance or display is directly related and of material assistance to the teaching content of the transmission; ''(C) the transmission is made solely for, and, to the extent technologically feasible, the reception of such transmission is limited to— ''(i) students officially enrolled in the course for which the transmission is made; or ''(ii) officers or employees of governmental bodies as a part of their official duties or employment; and ''(D) the transmitting body or institution— ''(i) institutes policies regarding copyright, provides informational materials to faculty, students, and relevant staff members that accurately describe, and promote compliance with, the laws of the United States relating to copyright, and provides notice to students that materials used in connection with the course may be subject to copyright protection; and ''(ii) in the case of digital transmissions— ''(I) applies technological measures that reasonably prevent— ''(aa) retention of the work in accessible form by recipients of the transmission from the transmitting body or institution for longer than the class session; and ''(bb) unauthorized further dissemination of the work in accessible form by such recipients to others; and ''(II) does not engage in conduct that could reasonably be expected to interfere with technological measures used by copyright owners to prevent such retention or unauthorized further dissemination;''; and (2) by adding at the end the following: ''In paragraph (2), the term 'mediated instructional activities' with respect to the performance or display of a work by digital transmission under this section refers to activities that use such work as an integral part of the class experience, controlled by or under the actual supervision of the instructor and analogous to the type of performance or display that would take place in a live classroom setting. The term does not refer to activities that use, in 1 or more class sessions of a single course, such works as textbooks, course packs, or other material in any media, copies or phonorecords of which are typically purchased or acquired by the students in higher education for their independent use and retention or are typically purchased or acquired for elementary and secondary students for their possession and independent use. ''For purposes of paragraph (2), accreditation— ''(A) with respect to an institution providing post-secondary education, shall be as determined by a regional H. R. 2215—155 or national accrediting agency recognized by the Council on Higher Education Accreditation or the United States Department of Education; and ''(B) with respect to an institution providing elementary or secondary education, shall be as recognized by the applicable state certification or licensing procedures. ''For purposes of paragraph (2), no governmental body or accredited nonprofit educational institution shall be liable for infringement by reason of the transient or temporary storage of material carried out through the automatic technical process of a digital transmission of the performance or display of that material as authorized under paragraph (2). No such material stored on the system or network controlled or operated by the transmitting body or institution under this paragraph shall be maintained on such system or network in a manner ordinarily accessible to anyone other than anticipated recipients. No such copy shall be maintained on the system or network in a manner ordinarily accessible to such anticipated recipients for a longer period than is reasonably necessary to facilitate the transmissions for which it was made.''. (c) EPHEMERAL RECORDINGS.— (1) IN GENERAL.—Section 112 of title 17, United States Code, is amended— (A) by redesignating subsection (f) as subsection (g); and (B) by inserting after subsection (e) the following: ''(f)(1) Notwithstanding the provisions of section 106, and without limiting the application of subsection (b), it is not an infringement of copyright for a governmental body or other nonprofit educational institution entitled under section 110(2) to transmit a performance or display to make copies or phonorecords of a work that is in digital form and, solely to the extent permitted in paragraph (2), of a work that is in analog form, embodying the performance or display to be used for making transmissions authorized under section 110(2), if— ''(A) such copies or phonorecords are retained and used solely by the body or institution that made them, and no further copies or phonorecords are reproduced from them, except as authorized under section 110(2); and ''(B) such copies or phonorecords are used solely for transmissions authorized under section 110(2). ''(2) This subsection does not authorize the conversion of print or other analog versions of works into digital formats, except that such conversion is permitted hereunder, only with respect to the amount of such works authorized to be performed or displayed under section 110(2), if— ''(A) no digital version of the work is available to the institution; or ''(B) the digital version of the work that is available to the institution is subject to technological protection measures that prevent its use for section 110(2).''. (2) TECHNICAL AND CONFORMING AMENDMENT.—Section 802(c) of title 17, United States Code, is amended in the third sentence by striking ''section 112(f)'' and inserting ''section 112(g)''. (d) PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE REPORT.— (1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act and after a period for public comment, H. R. 2215—156 the Undersecretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property, after consultation with the Register of Copyrights, shall submit to the Committees on the Judiciary of the Senate and the House of Representatives a report describing technological protection systems that have been implemented, are available for implementation, or are proposed to be developed to protect digitized copyrighted works and prevent infringement, including upgradeable and self-repairing systems, and systems that have been developed, are being developed, or are proposed to be developed in private voluntary industry-led entities through an open broad based consensus process. The report submitted to the Committees shall not include any recommendations, comparisons, or comparative assessments of any commercially available products that may be mentioned in the report. (2) LIMITATIONS.—The report under this subsection— (A) is intended solely to provide information to Congress; and (B) shall not be construed to affect in any way, either directly or by implication, any provision of title 17, United States Code, including the requirements of clause (ii) of section 110(2)(D) of that title (as added by this subtitle), or the interpretation or application of such provisions, including evaluation of the compliance with that clause by any governmental body or nonprofit educational institution.
Infringement Remedies
What happens if I get caught??
Find books, ebooks, videos, or articles available from the Library.
Copyright Books in the Libraries
Copyright Questions and Answers for Information Professionals by Laura N. Gasaway (Editor)
Call Number: Main: 1st Floor Professional Shelves - KF3030.1 .G375 2013
Copyright law is a critical issue for authors, librarians, publishers, and information vendors. It is also a complex area, with many shades of gray. Librarians continually need to seek answers to questions ranging from the reproduction of copyrighted works for library users, through the performance of audiovisual works, to the digitization and display of protected works on library websites. This book presents updated versions of the author's copyright columns published in Against the Grain, the leading journal in acquisitions librarianship since the late 1990s. It is the first volume in the series Charleston Insights in Library, Archival, and Information Sciences. The aim of the Charleston Insights series is to focus on important topics in library and information science, presenting the issues in a relatively jargon-free way that is accessible to all types of information professionals, including librarians, publishers, and vendors, and this goal shapes the pragmatic and accessible tone of the book. The volume is presented in question-and-answer format. The questions are real, submitted by librarians, educators, and other information professionals who have attended the author's copyright law workshops and presentations or submitted them to her by e-mail or telephone. The author has selected the questions and answers that have general applicability. She has then arranged them into logical chapters, each prefaced by a short introduction to the topic. Because it is written in an accessible and clear style, readers may want to review the entire work or they can just access particular chapters or even specific questions as they need them. The volume includes an index to facilitate reference use.
Complete Copyright for K-12 Librarians and Educators by Carrie Russell
Call Number: Main: 1st Floor Professional Shelves - KF2995 .R874 2012
Copyright Infringement by Roman Espejo
Call Number: Ottenheimer-South: Circulation Shelves - K1485 .C674 2009
Intellectual Property in a Nutshell by Arthur R. Miller; Michael H. Davis
Call Number: Main: Law Shelves - KF2980 .M52 2007
Authors Michael Davis and famed Harvard professor Arthur Miller provide authoritative coverage on the foundations of patent protection, patentability, and the patenting process. Presents the fundamentals of trademarks and copyright laws. Text further addresses torts and property, antitrust and government regulation, concepts of federalism and state, and federal conflicts.
URL: https://libguides.uaptc.edu/copyright


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Grand Funk Railroad music videos on youtube and vevo, these are the most relevant videos found on the music category on youtube for Grand Funk Railroad, hear youtube music songs related to "Grand Funk Railroad".
Comments for "Grand Funk Railroad"
YouTube music videos by "Grand Funk Railroad"
GRAND FUNK RAILROAD - I'M YOUR CAPTAIN/CLOSER TO HOME Grand funk railroad's song i'm your captain/closer to home. enjoy!
GRAND FUNK RAILROAD - SOME KIND OF WONDERFUL Grand funk railroad's track from their album greatest hits.
GRAND FUNK RAILROAD - INSIDE LOOKING OUT Grand funk railroad - inside looking out (grand funk, 1969) mark farner - guitar, vocals don brewer - drums, vocals mel schacher - bass.
GRAND FUNK RAILROAD - WE'RE AN AMERICAN BAND Grand funk railroad's track from their album greatest hits.
GRAND FUNK "IN CONCERT" 1972 (FULL) BY: ROGéRIO KISS Grand funk "in concert" 1972 including freddie king. quer mais? é só me seguir no facebook: https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100006364178120.
GRAND FUNK RAILROAD - FOOTSTOMPIN' MUSIC Live.
GRAND FUNK RAILROAD 01 JUNE 1974 LIVE IN LOS ANGELES Dvd grand funk railroad 01 june 1974 live in los angeles.
GRAND FUNK RAILROAD - HEARTBREAKER Live in 1974 idols!
GRAND FUNK RAILROAD - THE LOCO-MOTION Grand funk railroad's track from their album greatest hits.
GRAND FUNK RAILROAD - MEAN MISTREATER (2002 DIGITAL REMASTER) The 2002 digital remastered edition of "mean mistreater" by grand funk railroad.
GRAND FUNK RAILROAD - I CAN FEEL HIM IN THE MORNING "i can feel him in the morning" words and music don brewer/mark farner "i can feel him in the morning" is from 'survival', grand funk's fourth studio album.
PARANOID - GRAND FUNK RAILROAD Paranoid from grand funk railroads 3rd lp.
GRAND FUNK RAILROAD - WE'RE AN AMERICAN BAND LIVE - 1974 Another grest video live for this song! have you comments?
GRAND FUNK RAILROAD - WALK LIKE A MAN Grand funk railroad's track from their album greatest hits.
GRAND FUNK RAILROAD - BAD TIME Grand funk railroad's track from their album greatest hits.
GRAND FUNK RAILROAD - FOOTSTOMPIN' MUSIC Grand funk railroad's track from their album greatest hits.
GRAND FUNK LIVE - T.N.U.C.(WITH DRUM SOLO) Live.
GRAND FUNK RAILROAD - ARE YOU READY - NEIGHBORHOOD PICNIC BAND 2016 This is our version of this song….. mark baker – vocals, guitar matty baker – vocals dan van schindel – drums john ryan – guitar ray mccurdy – bass.
GRAND FUNK RAILROAD - PEOPLE, LET'S STOP THE WAR - ALBUM E PLURIBUS FUN .. Follow the playlist e pluribus funk https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=plb8qabmhek-uxsmsp8p1fyeu7mf7yg3lc.
GRAND FUNK RAILROAD : FOOTSTOMPIN' MUSIC Mel schacher -- bass don brewer -- drums,vocals mark farner -- organ,guitar,vocals.
GRAND FUNK RAILROAD - FOOTSTOMPIN' MUSIC - [ORIGINAL STEREO] Still not in the rock 'n' roll hall of fame?? what! are those suits crazy?....yes. what a total unwarranted snub. it's pathetic frankly that abba is in..
GRAND FUNK RAILROAD-HEARTBREAKER This is one of the songs from the first album of grand funk railroad.
GRAND FUNK RAILROAD - SOMEONE Grand funk railroad phoenix - 1972 someone.


text:
Revling (Empetrum nigrum), kragebær eller sortebær er en 10-30 cm høj dværgbusk, der i Danmark vokser på heder og i klitter og tørvemoser. De nåleformede blade har en tilbagerullet rand og en hvidlig fure på undersiden. Bærrene er kødfulde, sortrøde stenfrugter. Deres konsistens er melet og smagen er let bitter.

Beskrivelse
Revling er en lav, krybende dværgbusk med opstigende grene. Barken er lysebrun og glat. Bladene er nåleagtige og faste. Blomsterne er små og lyserøde, og sidder særbo, sådan at der findes rent hanlige og rent hunlige planter. Bærrene er små og faste med 5-10 hårde sten.

Rodnettet er fint og trådagtigt, men planten lever i symbiose med mycorrhizasvampe, så den klarer sig på selv mager, udpint jord.

Højde x bredde og årlig tilvækst: 0,30 × 2,50 m (30 × 4 cm/år).

Udbredelse

Planten hører hjemme på den nordlige halvkugle. I Danmark er revling meget almindelig i Nord- og Vestjylland, Nordsjælland og på Bornholm. I øvrigt findes den hist og her.

Habitat
Den optræder på heder og i klitter og moser. På området Grønnestrand ved Jammerbugten vokser arten på ugræssede heder neden for den gamle kystklint sammen med bl.a. tranebær, blåtop, bølget bunke, hedelyng, klokkelyng og mosepors

Underarten fjeldrevling (Empetrum nigrum ssp. hermaphroditum) er en vigtig del af vegetationen på Grønland.

Anvendelse
Revling kan bruges som saft eller suppe. Og så er de fortrinlige til hjemmelavet bjæsk eller bitter. Planten er egnet som bunddække i surbundsbede.

Se også
 Bær

Note

Kilder
 Signe Frederiksen et al., Dansk flora, 2. udgave, Gyldendal 2012. .

Eksterne henvisninger
 Arne og Anna-Lena Anderberg: Den virtuella floran, Naturhistoriska riksmuseet

Nytteplanter
Symbioser
Mad fra Grønland
Grønlands flora
Bunddækkende planter
Lyng-familien