Among the many lessons we have learned at ALYN is that there are different types of freedom.
As we approach Pesach, the celebration of freedom from slavery in Egypt, I'd like to share with you the work of the hospital's Feeding Rehabilitation Center that has helped bring freedom to hundreds of patients – mostly babies and young children – in its 13 years of operation.
This is one of more than 20 clinics and departments at ALYN that share the goal of helping children turn disabilities into abilities.
The Center's main goal is to wean children off feeding tubes. Children who have been fed through feeding tubes , some almost from birth, have to be motivated to learn to eat.
That's where ALYN enters the picture. We put a team of specialists to work teaching children with no experience what it means to eat. This staff includes speech therapists, doctors, dieticians and psychologists.
The feeding rehabilitation starts with months of preparation and culminates in an intensive three weeks. Motor and sensory rehabilitation is turned into an age-appropriate activity that involves both the child and the family.
In two recent cases, Menachem Mendel Sudry came to ALYN from Argentina and Yehoshua Liknaitzky came from South Africa.
Judy Blinder, the Center's director, explains that in both of these cases the preparation and follow up were done on Skype and What's App. But the intensive work was done at ALYN.
These children – some of whom are infants – have to learn how to swallow in order to eat. This involves motor and sensory rehabilitation.
How did these children get to ALYN?
Menachem Mendel Sudry's parents in Argentina were looking for weaning possibilities on the Internet.
They heard about ALYN from family members and contacted the hospital through ask@alyn.org on the hospital's website.
Pinjas Sudry, Mendel's father, was in Israel at the end of 2017 when the Center's staff received their e-mail and contacted him. They scheduled an appointment to explain the program.
The staff was then in touch with the doctors in Argentina and in February Mendel came to ALYN for three weeks of intensive activity.
He went home at the end of February and the Center's staff speaks to the doctors in Argentina at least twice a month. This will probably continue for another two months.
For Yehoshua Liknaitzky, the process of freedom from his feeding tube began when his grandfather, who made aliyah five years ago, contacted the hospital through the website.
In his initial contact with ask@alyn.org, his grandfather explained that there were complications when he was born and Yehoshua's delivery resulted in brain injury due to insufficient oxygen delivery. He was unable to swallow and choked on his milk. At the age of four months his only nourishment has come from tubes. First through his nose and then directly into his stomach.
Unfortunately his situation had not improved.
The family asked if ALYN could help.
Yehoshua and his parents came for an extended visit with his grandparents. Once they returned to South Africa, Yehoshua's mother, Shira, wrote to thank the hospital for the "love, care and devotion" both the infant and the parents received at ALYN.
ALYN ". . . with the help of Hashem has made our dreams, hopes and prayers come true. How can one possibly have the words to thank someone who has worked absolute wonders," she says.
At Pesach we recall and celebrate the miracles that helped the children of Israel gain their freedom from slavery in Egypt. At ALYN we help very special children gain their own medical freedom. Moreover, it is the freedom to sit with their families at the Seder table, take part in our ancient tradition and be free to truly know, this year, Ma Nishtana.


Guliyev, K.; Aliyeva, A.; Ponomareva, G.; Sadygova, A.; Mamedli, S.; Guliyev, A.
Abstract—Copolymers of (p-vinylphenyl)cyclopropylmethyl chlorocinnamate with methyl methacrylate were prepared by radical copolymerization. The copolymerization constants were determined, and the Alfrey–Price Q–e parameters were calculated. The possibility of photochemical cross-linking of the copolymer via double bond conjugated with the carbonyl group in the chlorocinnamate moiety and via the cyclopropane ring was demonstrated. The copolymer obtained exhibits sufficiently high photosensitivity (54.5 cm2 J–1) and high refractive index (n D 20 1.5890), which opens prospects for using it as a photosensitive base of negative photoresists and in optics.
Tsvetkov, V.N.; Eskin, V.E.; Frenkel', S.Ya.
Guliyev, K., Aliyeva, A., Ponomareva, G., Sadygova, A., Mamedli, S., & Guliyev, A. (2017). Copolymers based on (p-vinylphenyl)cyclopropylmethyl chlorocinnamate and methyl methacrylate. Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry, 90(2), 262-266.
Guliyev, K., A. Aliyeva, G. Ponomareva, A. Sadygova, S. Mamedli, and A. Guliyev. "Copolymers based on (p-vinylphenyl)cyclopropylmethyl chlorocinnamate and methyl methacrylate." Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry 90.2 (2017): 262-266.


This was made for the SCS Sketch Challenge in which you're provided with a number of elements that are to be incorporated into your card.
Laurence buys me a copy of the Creative Stamping magazine every month and it occurred to me that I had yet to make any cards with last month's issue which was full of knitting / crochet stamps.
I wanted to make a crochet themed card and this is what I came up with. I especially like the fact that I have used yarn. I also like the fact that I have used scraps and recycled folders to make the entire thing.
I used Sirdar yarn to wrap around the card and placed the basked on top, securing it with tiny foam squares around the edges.
I am going to use this card the next time I make a crochet project for someone; in fact, I think I might make some tags based on this sketch!
My husband receives a lot of folders from clients who send in their paperwork in these gorgeously manufactured.
Obviously there's branding on it but I can always manage to get at least one, if not 2 A6 cards out of it from the blank areas. If you're careful about how you cut, you can also get tags and note cards from them.


text:
Q: bug in the function I Do function, going over lines Cursor these lines and trying to add to the array, get a custom error for statement  arr_date[i]=String.valueOf(str);
private String[] logCursor(Cursor c) {
    // TODO Auto-generated method stub
    final String Tag="States";
    String[] arr_date  = new String[] {};

    if (c!=null) {
        if (c.moveToFirst()) {

            String str;
            int i=-1;
            do {

                str="";
                i=i+1;
                for (String cn: c.getColumnNames()) {
                    str = str.concat(c.getString(c.getColumnIndex(cn)));
                }
                Log.d(Tag, str);
                arr_date[i]=String.valueOf(str);
            } while (c.moveToNext());

        }
    }

    return arr_date;

}

A: String[] arr_date  = new String[] {};

You are allocating an empty array. Then using
arr_date[i]=String.valueOf(str);

to write data to it, which causes exception. An ArrayList would better match your situation.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy study of corrosion of painted cold-rolled and electrogalvanized sheet steel for automotive use
Dattilo, M. (Marion)	; Prater, R. B. (Raymond B.)	; Miller, V. R. (Vernon R.), 1941-	;
Dattilo, M. (Marion)	; Prater, R. B. (Raymond B.)	; Miller, V. R. (Vernon R.), 1941-	Less ▲
Sheet-steel -- Corrosion.
Steel, Automobile -- Corrosion.
Steel, Galvanized -- Corrosion.
"The U.S. Bureau of Mines has been conducting research on the use of waste-derived zinc as a partial replacement for pure zinc in the electrogalvanizing process. The end product of this process is automotive sheet, which has enhanced cosmetic protection over previously used cold-rolled (cr) steel. In this study, primer- coated specimens of cr and electrogalvanized (eg) steel were subjected to the on-vehicle environment and monitored periodically by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (eis) during immersion in 1m nacl solution. The results of these tests were compared with immersion-only conditions. Scanning electron microscope (sem) and energy-dispersive x-ray (edx) techniques were also used to evaluate the corrosion processes and compare them with atmospheric exposure specimens. Eis was found to measure the corrosion associated with on-vehicle exposure, thus providing an excellent screening technique for evaluation of the performance of eg automotive sheet steel." - NIOSHTIC-2
NIOSHTIC no. 10008686
urn:sha256:b8d3f86a505c034de824c90d9e49f501ff69ead092a734ca84759b3e886d6b7d
Nonferrous waste as a source of zinc for electrogalvanizing
Cole, E. R. (Ernest R.); Dattilo, M. (Marion); O'Keefe, T. J. (Thomas J.);
"One objective of Bureau of Mines recycling research is to devise technology that enables recovery of metals and minerals from wastes. From October 1982 through September 1985, researchers at the Bureau and at the University of Missouri--Rolla (contr...
Annealing study of stainless steel to conserve critical metals
Visnapuu, A.; Volosin, John S.; Schluter, R. B. (Robert B.);
"The U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) investigated the oxidation of 304 stainless steel (SS) during annealing in simulated combustion products from several air-methane fuel ratios. Atmospheres representing air-CH4 ratios of 14:1 and 18:1 contained free O2...
Partial replacement of chromium in austenitic stainless steels by molybdenum, copper, and vanadium
Rhoads, S. C.; Bullard, S. J. (Sophie J.); Glenn, M. L. (Max L.);
"The Bureau of Mines is investigating low-chromium alloy substitutes for type 304 stainless steel (type 304 ss). The purpose of the research is to reduce the chromium content in austenitic stainless steels used for corrosion-resistant applications. N...
Corrosion rates of grinding media in mill water
Tolley, W. K. (William K.); Nichols, I. L. (Ivan L.); Huiatt, J. L.;
"This report presents data collected during research by the Bureau of Mines on corrosion of grinding media. Corrosion rates of eight alloys commonly used in grinding media were tested in synthetic mill water using an ultrasonic grinding device especi...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This State agency provides specialty medical care for children ages 0-18 years. It is for children with chronic medical conditions that may hinder normal growth and development. Appointments are made by phone. Income limits are based on the age of the child. Please call for an income review.
The RAHMA Mercy Clinic helps those who cannot afford insurance and are not eligible for public assistance. The main focus is primary and preventative health care. Other services may be available. Please call or visit our website for more info.
St. Luke's Catholic Church has many ministries that help out the community. We offer many services. Please call or visit our website for more info.


Sterling silver contemporary Gents Claddagh ring. This new Claddagh ring incorporates all the important symbols of the traditional Claddagh but in a more contemporary design. The Claddagh is made up of two hands symbolizing friendship, a heart for love and a crown representing loyalty.


text:
DRIVE-E POWERTRAINS
ENJOY MORE, USING LESS
The new Volvo XC60 has compact, lightweight powertrains that give you more driving enjoyment and lower emissions. This is Drive-E technology and the T8 Twin Engine in action, explains Michael Fleiss, Vice President of Powertrain Engineering
Words: Leo Wilkinson
"A great car starts with a great powertrain," says Michael Fleiss, Vice President of Powertrain Engineering at Volvo Cars. "It's such a big part of how it makes you feel when you are driving."
Michael and his team have developed a range of Drive-E powertrains for the new Volvo XC60 that will make every drive something to enjoy. At the heart of each is a compact, turbocharged four-cylinder engine. When combined with innovations such as electrification, supercharging and low-friction technology the result is maximum performance and minimum fuel consumption and emissions.
This new generation of powertrains is an example of innovative downsizing technology, which Michael helped pioneer in the automotive industry. "I've been working on this kind of tech for a while and it's still exciting," Michael says. "We're at the forefront of things and it's satisfying to see the positive reaction to what we're doing."
The Volvo XC60 is the next step forward, and builds on Michael's work with the new XC90. "We showed with the XC90 that we can match V6 performance with four-cylinder engines, while achieving lower emissions," Michael says. "Compact engines also allow space for sophisticated suspension that provides better comfort and more fun. And reducing weight over the front wheels makes the car more agile."
"The Volvo XC60 T8 Twin Engine epitomises what Drive-E is all about. This plug-in hybrid model is the most powerful in the range, yet it has the lowest emissions. "I think it's fantastic that our top-of-the-range car is a plug-in hybrid," Michael says.
The T8 Twin Engine combines a turbocharged and supercharged petrol engine with an electric motor to create a true performance car with a mode to suit every journey. Select Pure mode for an electric-only, zero-emissions range of up to 40km – enough for most commutes. Choose Power mode for maximum performance. Or leave it in default Hybrid mode and let the car choose between power sources – or combine them – to keep you moving as smoothly and efficiently as possible. There's also the reassurance of all-wheel drive when you need it.
With the same luggage space as any other Volvo XC60 and a beautiful Orrefors crystal gearshifter as standard, the T8 Twin Engine offers the best of everything. As Michael says: "Drive-E is about power without compromise.""
Michael Fleiss - Vice President of Powertrain Engineering, Volvo Cars
It's about that feeling of responsive power, not what's under the bonnet
Explore Volvo XC60
XC60-old


text:
Shrinking the Malaria Map
UCSF Global Health Group's Malaria Elimination Initiative (MEI)
Eliminating countries Algeria Azerbaijan Belize Bhutan Botswana Cape Verde China Costa Rica Democratic People's Republic of Korea Dominican Republic El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Iran Malaysia Mayotte Mexico Namibia Nepal Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Philippines Republic of Korea São Tomé and Príncipe Saudi Arabia Solomon Islands South Africa Sri Lanka Swaziland Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Vanuatu Vietnam
Malaria Elimination Initiative
MEI Team
Malaria Elimination Group
Economics & Financing
Financing Elimination in the Asia Pacific
Elimination & Eradication
Malaria Elimination Today
The Path Towards Eradication
Lancet Commission on Malaria Eradication
Eastern Mediterranean and Europe
Inside Look: Q&A with MEI's Rima Shretta and IHME's Joe Dieleman to explore their new research on tracking malaria financing
By Anne Bulchis
According to a study published July 27 in Malaria Journal, global financing for malaria elimination is declining at a time when it remains crucial to eradicating the disease. Researchers at the UCSF Global Health Group's Malaria Elimination Initiative (MEI) and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) suggest that while government funding for malaria elimination has been increasing in many malaria-eliminating countries since 2000, this increase in domestic financing does not fully bridge the gap from the decline in donor funding that emerged after 2010.
For this study, the MEI teamed up with IHME to better understand past and future trends in donor and domestic financing for malaria elimination. IHME researchers built on their Financing Global Health (FGH) database by collecting data from organizations that channel development assistance for health (DAH) to 35 countries actively pursuing malaria elimination. (DAH is defined as the financial and in-kind contributions for maintaining and improving health in low-and middle-income countries.) In addition to assessing overall levels of financing for malaria in the 35 eliminating countries, the MEI and IHME categorized the activities and interventions on which DAH was spent. They also estimated Government Health Expenditure (GHE) on malaria.
Financing experts Rima Shretta and Joe Dieleman sat down with us to discuss the findings and the potential implications for achieving a malaria-free world.
1. Rima, what prompted you and the MEI's economics and financing team to look into donor and government financing trends for malaria elimination?
Global malaria incidence and deaths have dramatically declined since the year 2000—by 41% and 62%, respectively, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). During this same timeframe, 17 countries eliminated malaria—six of which have been certified malaria-free by the WHO. This period of progress corresponds with unprecedented levels of political and financial commitment for malaria from donors. However, more recently, donor financing for malaria declined between 2010 and 2013. These reductions in external financing are even greater for the subset of countries eliminating malaria because they have lower disease burdens and are often lower-middle or middle-income countries and are therefore a lesser priority for donors. While domestic spending on malaria appears to be growing, it varies substantially in speed and magnitude across countries. As the disease becomes less "visible," government funds for malaria are often diverted to other health priorities that are perceived to be greater health threats, despite the risk of resurgence. Changes in financing trends come at a critical time when commitment to elimination will be crucial to paving the way for global malaria eradication.
2. What is new about this study?
Rima: This is the first study that tracks DAH and GHE for malaria-eliminating countries in a systematic way from 1990 to 2014 with DAH projections to 2017. Publications have looked at tracking DAH generally or for specific areas, such as HIV and maternal, child, and newborn health. This study uses a more comprehensive set of data sources and enhanced methods to track DAH and GHE. Our research helps uncover critical financing gaps and opportunities to invest in malaria elimination.
3. Joe, you lead the Financial Resources for Health research team at IHME, which focuses on tracking development assistance for health, health expenditure by disease, and government health expenditure. What went into obtaining and working with the data you needed for this study?
We had four main aims in our analysis of these 35 malaria-eliminating countries:
Track DAH for the prevention and treatment of malaria from channel to recipient country or region, from 1990-2013;
Generate DAH estimates for the prevention and treatment of malaria by activity or program area for the same time period;
Estimate GHE for malaria from 2000-2014; and
Estimate DAH projected financing from 2014-2017.
We built upon our FGH 2015 database to come up with DAH estimates for malaria elimination. Estimates to more precisely describe how resources were allocated, through 13 malaria activities or program areas, were based on keyword searches and the collection of additional data. However, we were unable to allocate all expenditure to specific program areas. These data were forecasted through 2017 in order to provide "real-time" monitoring of expenditures.
We obtained data on GHE from the annual WHO World Malaria Report (WMR), which includes government expenditure (or budget information when expenditures are unavailable) gathered from country-level malaria programs. These were triangulated with data from Pigott et al., which collated co-financing data from Global Fund grant proposals.
4. What are the main study findings and is there anything surprising about the results?
Rima: In the 35 malaria-eliminating countries included in this review, total financing for malaria grew from $179.5 million to $301.7 million between 2000 and 2013, of which DAH accounted for 19% in 2013. DAH declined by 65% between 2011 and 2014 in the 35 countries overall and is projected to further decline through 2017. At the same time, GHE almost doubled between 2000 and 2010—with the upward GHE trend having maintained or increased between 2008 and 2014.
Among the countries included in the study, DAH increased along all program areas starting in 2003 and peaked in 2010 at over $176 million. Treatment, diagnosis, and vector control (indoor residual spraying and bed nets), and, to a lesser extent, health system strengthening and surveillance grew at faster rates than other service delivery areas—consistent with recommendations for malaria elimination. In most countries, the ratio of DAH expenditure on diagnosis versus treatment increased after 2008. A notable exception is Thailand, with 25% of expenditure on treatment but very little on diagnosis. Expenditure on vector control peaked in 2010 and comprised 80% of total malaria DAH expenditure in some countries, such as Bhutan. A large proportion of the funds could not be allocated over any of the program areas, particularly from 2008 and 2011 (14%).
One surprising finding was that expenditure on surveillance—a key malaria elimination intervention—actually decreased overall between 2010 and 2013. Less than 10% of malaria DAH in these countries was spent on surveillance, despite being a core pillar of WHO's Global Technical Strategy. We were also surprised at the large degree of variation in GHE on malaria and that domestic spending is not correlated with GDP, indicating that greater economic growth does not always lead to increased domestic spending on malaria. This finding clearly challenges the assumption that many donors are using to prioritize recipient countries—that countries will spend more on health as they develop economically. We also were surprised to see that malaria expenditure is not directly associated with disease risk, as measured by annual parasite incidence (API).
5. This research identified an increase in DAH for malaria in these 35 malaria-eliminating countries between 2000 and 2010, followed by a decline between 2010 and 2013. Could you tell us more about these findings and whether any countries stand out?
Joe: Our findings demonstrate three distinct periods for malaria DAH in the eliminating countries: first, a period of moderate growth in the 1990s; second, a 33-fold increase over the course of the next 10 years; and third, a decline of 65% from the peak in 2010 to 2013. More specifically, DAH began to decline in 2011. We project that DAH in these 35 countries will further decline through 2017.
The largest declines in DAH were seen in China, which was 90% externally financed in 2010 but saw a major reduction to only 10% in 2013. The Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Solomon Islands also had declines in DAH of over 25%. Nonetheless, despite this downward trend, external funding was 11.5-fold higher in 2013 than in 2000. Although the majority of funding in the 35 countries comes from domestic sources, DAH still plays an important role in the delivery of health interventions.
6. How does DAH for malaria compare to DAH for other health focus areas?
Joe: Our most recent Financing Global Health report showed that total DAH has remained relatively constant since 2010. We estimated that in 2016, DAH (for all health focus areas) reached $37.6 billion dollars. This is only 10% greater than in 2010. During this period, DAH for malaria to all countries—including the 35 eliminating countries in this study—increased by $90 million, but comprised only 6.6% of total DAH in 2016. Of this $2.5 billion, 21% was for treatment and 16% was for malaria-related health system strengthening.
7. Why is this study important? What are the implications?
Rima: The findings demonstrate a growing uncertainty about the future availability of DAH for malaria in eliminating countries. At the same time, while GHE has steadily increased, it has not kept pace with declining DAH—particularly in middle-income countries—increasing the risk of deadly and costly malaria resurgences arising from funding gaps. The study highlights the need for sustainable financing solutions, including the need for responsible transitions from external financing until the economies of these countries have sufficiently grown to fill the gap. In addition, there is a need to revise the model of donor funding for malaria away from financing inputs that mostly focuses on the procurement and distribution of commodities towards investing in support for operational improvements, capacity building in program management, improved disease and intervention surveillance, as well as knowledge generation and sharing to strengthen the impact of elimination interventions.
8. What can countries do to fill the gap between available resources and programmatic need until government allocations catch up with the financing transition?
Rima: There are several complementary ways for countries to fill the gap. The Addis Ababa Action Agenda calls on a number of resource mobilization efforts encompassing aid, domestic public resources, and support from the private sector. Many national governments are considering raising health budgets by improving the capacity to raise tax revenue, including the implementation of Pigovian or sin taxes. In the Philippines, a 2012 Sin Tax Reform Bill that increased taxes on tobacco and alcohol generated USD $2.3 billion within two years, increasing the Department of Health budget by 63% in 2015. This revenue has freed up resources which can be used for aggressive elimination of malaria and other diseases.
Countries and the development community are getting more creative about how to finance health. More and more financing institutions, including multilateral development banks, have shown a willingness to engage in blended financing mechanisms that incorporate concessional loans and buy downs from traditional donors. These performance-based mechanisms have great promise in the interim until GHE catches up with GDP increases.
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text:
5½-digit benchtop DMM runs on batteries
Martin Rowe
The bench-form-factor Model 1908 includes rechargeable batteries that, according to Aim-TTi, can keep the meter powered for 35 hours.
Battery-powered DMMs (digital multi-meters) have been around for years, but they're usually in handheld cases. Sometimes, though, you need the power of a bench DMM to use in places where AC mains power isn't available. That's where the Model 1908 from Aim-TTi (Aim-Thurlby Thandar Instruments) comes in.
*__Figure 1:__ The battery-powered Model 1908 can store up to 500 readings sampled at 1 reading/sec to 1 reading every 3 hours.*
The bench-form-factor Model 1908 includes rechargeable batteries that, according to the company, can keep the meter powered for 35 hours. Whether running on battery or AC mains power, the Model 1908 has a dual display so you can see both voltage and current (or other measurements) at the same time. Besides measuring AC (true rms) and DC voltage and current, the instrument measures resistance (two or four wire), frequency, capacitance, and temperature (Pt100 or Pt1000 RTD). Math functions include min/max, power in Watts or VA, Ax+B, limits, per cent deviation, and readings in dB.
Because the Model 1908 is battery powered, you expect it to have datalogging capability. It can store up to 500 readings sampled at 1 reading/sec to 1 reading every 3 hours. You can manually recall the readings or store them in CSV format for transfer to a PC. Software support includes IVI drivers, LabVIEW and LabWindows/CVI, and USB. A Windows-based software app lets you store and plot data. For automated-test applications, the Model 1908 has an external trigger input and an isolated open-collector output for driving an indicator or relay.
The 1908 model with USB interface is priced at about $667, while Model 1908P (USB, LAN, GPIB and RS-232 interface) come for about $756.
This article was first published by EDN.


Peacock Valley is a 55+ adult (retirement) community in Banning, California. Peacock Valley is a small community, but has very low HOA dues compared to other Banning communities and can be as low as $100 a year! Most consider the homes in Peacock Valley as condos because many units are attached to other units by their garage spaces, but many are actually recorded as SFR, or single family residences, on assessor data.
The community does have a 55+ age requirement, although exceptions are made for spouses of any age, or other household occupants of at least 45+ years of age. There are roughly 200 homes in Peacock Valley, mostly 2 bedroom homes, but a few 3 bedroom homes do exist.
Peacock Valley is located just north of the 10 Freeway, between W. Ramsey Street and W. Wilson Street. Its located close to shopping and other local amenities like Best Buy, Wal Mart, Hobby Lobby, Home Depot, restaurants and grocery shopping.
What's your Peacock Valley home worth?


In this DVD, Fisk plays and analyzes some of Andres Segovia's most memorable pieces, providing musical ideas, technical pointers and detailed interpretation. Aspiring players will soon be practicing Segovia's transcriptions of the Bach "Prelude in D Minor" plus 3 compositions from his "Canciones Populares" including "Eslovania, Bretona, and Escocesa". Eliot also teaches "Estudio Sin Luz", "Minuet in G" by Joseph Haydn, "Prelude in E" by Manuel Ponce and "Segovia" by Albert Roussel.


text:
Q: Making a Hash Pyramid Currently doing the CS-50 course and was wondering if anyone could help me with this. I'm supposed to create a program which will ask a user for a height between 1-23 (and continuously prompt the user until a valid answer is given) --- I was able to code that part.
#include <cs50.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
    int height;
    do
    {
        printf("please give me a height between 1-23: ");
        height = GetInt();
    }
    while (height < 1 || height > 23);
}

The do while loop seems to do what its intended. Now, the program, given the variable "height" now needs to create a pyramid of that height. The bottom of the pyramid is to be aligned with the bottom left hand of the terminal and its last "row" is to finish with 2 hashes as such:
Sample pyramid of height 4:
    ##
   ###
  ####
 #####

But the code needs to be generic for any height of pyramid 1-23.
This is where I'm having a hard time (in actually making a code to draw this).
Ive noticed that for each row, the number of hashes needed (if we call the top row "row 1" and the subsequent "row 2" and so on... is
row number+1. As for the amount of spaces that are needed, can be represented by height-row number.
If someone would be able to explain to me how I could write this program using C, it would be much appreciated! :)

A: Here is a way you can implement this. Basically, you need to build the pyramid from the bottom up. The task is easy once you see the loop structure, its just tricky to get the math down for printing the correct number of spaces and hash symbols:
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
    int height, i, j;
    do
    {
        printf("please give me a height between 1-23: ");
        height = GetInt();
    }
    while (height < 1 || height > 23);

    printf("\n");
    for (i = 0; i < height; i++) {

        for (j = 0; j < height - i - 1; j++)
            printf(" ");
        for (j = 0; j < i + 2; j++)
            printf("#");

        printf("\n");
    }
}

For more clarification on whats going on, and why each loop is necessary:

*

*Outer for loop: the variable i corresponds to a row in the pyramid. the value of i will remain constant for each of the second two loops

*First inner for loop: for any row, there needs to be height - i - 2 spaces. You can figure this out because the total row width will be height, and any row has i + 2 hash symbols, so there needs to be height - (i + 2) = height - i - 1 spaces. So basically, this loop just prints the required spaces. You can track this with the variable j

*Second inner for loop: This loop is similar to the first inner loop, but you need to now print the hash marks. At the beginning of the loop you reset j and count up to the required number of hash marks

A: Here is a version that may offer some insight:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <cs50.h>

int main(void) {
    //initialize variables
    int height, n, j, k, i;

    printf("Height: \n");
    // Get user input
    height = GetInt();
    n = height;
    for(i = 0; i < height; i++) {
        // create n spaces based off height
        for(k = n; k > i; k--)
            printf("%c", ' ');

        // create hash tags
        for(j = 0; j < i+2; j++)
            printf("#");

        printf("\n");
    }
    return 0;
}

Result if user entered a height of 5:
Height:
     ##
    ###
   ####
  #####
 ######

*

*The 1st for loop essentially prints the number of rows matching the height entered

*The 2nd for loop involves printing the number of spaces based on the height entered

*The 3rd for loop involves printing the number of hashes (with respect to the height value) after the amount of spaces on the same line
Cheers


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Just like any client who shows up in my office, you bring your human need for emotional, relational, and psychological health. As someone from the LGBTQIA+ community, you may also bring another level of complexity to your therapy. Coming out, family acceptance, understanding and developing your sexual identity, forming healthy relationships, and managing social stigma are just some of the specialized concerns you may be facing. I work with individuals, couples, and families dealing with issues related to sexual/gender identity, gender dysphoria, and sexual orientation. If your sexual identity and orientation are unrelated to your specific needs in therapy, I provide safety and acceptance for you to explore any aspect of your personal experience.


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Todd and Julie Chrisley Have Lost a Combined 48 Lbs. Together: 'Back in Fighting Shape!'
Julie Mazziotta
January 26, 2022, 10:02 AM ·2 min read
Todd and Julie Chrisley now know the Best way for them to lose weight — together!
The husband-and-wife stars of Chrisley Knows Best have lost a combined 48 lbs. after deciding to tackle Nutrisystem's Partner Plan as ambassadors for the program.
Todd, 52, said that his desire to lose weight all started after getting COVID-19 at the start of the pandemic.
"I am proud to say I've always maintained the same weight I was in high school. But after having COVID back in March 2020, it was like my metabolism just came to a screeching halt," he tells PEOPLE.
Meanwhile, Julie, 49, had started using Nutrisystem years ago after going through cancer treatments.
"I'm a breast cancer survivor and because of that I also went through menopause early," she explains. "I felt like the chips were stacked against me and I was gaining weight."
RELATED: Julie Chrisley Opens Up About Losing 20 Lbs.: 'I Feel Better About Myself'
Julie lost 20 lbs. with Nutrisystem, but joining up with Todd made the process easier, she says, and she's now lost an additional 10 lbs.
"30 lbs. down and I feel amazing!" she says.
Todd Chrisley
Courtesy Nutrisystem Todd and Julie Chrisley
And Todd has dropped "every bit" of the 18 lbs. he gained after getting COVID-19.
"Back in fighting shape!" he says. "I'm even 2 lbs. lighter than my senior year in high school."
RELATED VIDEO: Todd & Julie Chrisley Are Searching for New Home in Nashville Where They Can Have More Privacy
In Todd's case, he had to learn to eat consistently to lose weight.
"In the past, I've been so busy that I just wouldn't eat, or would forget to eat," he says. What Nutrisystem has taught me is that in order to get my metabolism moving, I have to fuel my body."
For Julie, the issue was the content and size of her meals.
"I wasn't always great about my portion sizes," she admits. "I also wasn't focusing on getting in enough protein and fiber to keep me full longer. Nutrisystem has taught me HOW to eat — the right portions and the right nutritional balance for me as an individual."
Julie says she now feels better and is more confident in her body.
"I'm telling you, just this morning I put on one of my favorite shirts and it was too big! That's a great problem to have and it just feels really good to be able to wear the clothes I want," she says. "Not to mention I have much more energy."
Todd, meanwhile, is happy with the 18-lb. change, but his confidence never wavered.
"I've always looked fabulous!" he says.
U.S.Fox Business


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LONG LIVE LODGING
The earliest inns were established several centuries ago and were places of rest and rejuvenation as some of the world's greatest leaders, poets, warriors, philosophers, scholars, and thinkers ventured on personal, often dangerous quests that shaped much of our world today.
Hospitality's cause was humble and human — to provide a meager bed and peace of mind as one continued the journey. Often, a fear of being cursed by the gods drove the need to be hospitable to strangers.
The world has evolved. Today's leaders, poets, warriors, philosophers, scholars, and inventors still need a place to stay. A place to take a break from the change; to find inspiration; to ask questions; to solve a growing list of global challenges.
To aid them along, lodging must remain awake.
Lodging never sleeps. Lodging will endure. Long Live Lodging.
Long Live Lodging is a multimedia platform that delivers meaningful content by breaking away from the everyday stream of self-promoting news and finding the stories of people doing business amidst real life.
We leverage modern media while adhering to strict editorial standards to cover a wide range of trends and issues that impact those doing business in the hospitality industry and beyond.
Each week, we invite listeners on a journey with Lodging Leaders, a weekly podcast that covers a topic in a storytelling format with narration by Jonathan Albano and Judy Maxwell.
Our weekly feature combines rich audio, video, and photography with insights gleaned through interviews with industry experts and news makers.
Humans of Lodging consists of short features about top and bottom line roles of everyday people with extraordinary vision, struggle, passion, among other superpowers.
A combined 50+ years in storytelling and design.
Judy A. Maxwell
Principal + Editorial
Jonathan Albano
Principal + Producer
Anand Patel
Neha Patel


Situated in the most southerly village in mainland England, we offer something a little different. A private Bed & Breakfast Suite with the added luxury of its own lounge/breakfast room leading to a sunny south facing sun deck with panoramic sea views. The perfect place to get away from everything and let us take care of you in beautiful relaxing surroundings.
Enoch Vean is an exclusive B & B Suite for two people with stunning sea views.
We pride ourselves on providing a tasty freshly prepared breakfast. Everything you could wish for in a full English, sausages bacon and hogs pudding from the local butcher, eggs from the hens next door and homemade potato cakes.
Set in a Designated Area of Natural Beauty, Enoch Vean is just a short stroll down a quiet lane to the coast and only moments ..
Raises the concept of B & B to a whole new level, breakfasts were amazing.
Amazing place to stay, couldn't have been better in anyway.
The best B & B on the coastal path after 300 miles. It also wins the prize as the best breakfast in 300 miles.


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One Killed, Two Injured in Thessaloniki Hooligan Attack
By Athens News Agency
A 19-year-old young man was stabbed and killed in an attack on five individuals early on Tuesday 1 February 2022 at Harilaou, Thessaloniki. (EUROKINISSI/RAPHAEL GEORGIADIS)
THESSALONIKI – A 19-year-old young man was stabbed and killed and two others, aged 19 and 20, were injured in an attack on five individuals early on Tuesday at Harilaou, Thessaloniki. The two injured young men were admitted to Papanikolaou hospital but are not considered in danger. The death was apparently caused by uncontrollable bleeding.
According to the latest information from the police, the other two managed to escape the attack unharmed.
Police also said the incident was preceded by a brief exchange of words and appeared to be a clash between rival football club supporters. The perpetrators, who were in two cars, approached the victims and demanded to know which club they supported.
Local residents witnessed the attacks and called the police, who are now collecting witness accounts and footage from surrounding security cameras to identify those responsible. Of the 15 people brought in for questioning regarding the attacks, 14 have been released while one has been arrested but has not been linked to the stabbings.
Greece Has Turned a Page, FinMin Says at Economist Event
ATHENS - "Greece has made it.
Employment Balance Positive in 2022
Crete Plays a Key Role in Greece's New, Active Foreign Policy, Hardalias Says


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How to Grow Your Business Like Amazon
How to Grow Your Business Like Amazon - The Evolution of the 14 Growth Principles
In the latest installment of How to Grow Your Business Like Amazon, Steve Anderson takes a step back and provides an overview on how Amazon's 14 growth principles have evolved over the years and how they are going to continue carrying the company forward into the future.
Amazon continues to experiment and innovate, testing new service models to change the way consumers shop every day. Additionally, Steve will share some new technological advances Amazon is making, like the development of their Astro Home Robot.
So sit back, relax, and enjoy another enlightening conversation that will shed some light on the very bright future Amazon has in store.
0:32 - Overview on where Amazon is today
1:30 - Amazon's new Astro Home Robot
5:00 - New innovative products are showcasing particular growth principles
8:55 - The Amazon One Palm Scanner
13:06 - Amazon is considering opening department stores with their "just walk out" technology
15:45 - Amazon's hiring spree leading them to 1.3 million employees worldwide
18:20 - Project Kuiper and how it could be Amazon's next big idea
21:40 - Amazon's cargo airline concept
24:42 - Believing it's always day one
27:00 - The cultural DNA of Amazon
30:00 - All these principles can apply directly to your own business
31:15 - Closing remarks
Connect with Steve Anderson:
The Success Network
More episodes from How to Grow Your Business Like Amazon
How to Grow Your Business Like Amazon - Create More Than You Consume
In his 2020 letter to Amazon's share owners, Jeff Bezos introduced the concept, "create more than you consume," to further inspire the company's key stakeholders and pave the way for an even brighter future. In the latest installment of How to Grow Your Business Like Amazon, Steve Anderson takes a deep dive into this phrase and unpacks the various facets within. This concept is certainly one that can be applied to all businesses today and reinforce the importance of the impact your entity leaves on society. Sit back, relax, and enjoy another thought-provoking episode! Timecodes: 0:15 - Unlocking the internet's power 3:00 - Amazon's decision of allowing competitors onto their site to sell products 6:10 - "Create More Than You Consume" 9:35 - Bezos quantifying the value Amazon has created for various benefactors 14:00 - The buying experience at Amazon 17:08 - Create value for everyone you interact with 21:20 - "Be kind, be original, and create more than you consume" Connect with Steve Anderson: The Success Network Facebook LinkedIn Website
How to Grow Your Business Like Amazon - Meaningful Differentiation
In the latest installment of How to Grow Your Business Like Amazon, Steve begins laying the groundwork for a 15th principle to be added to his book. While it's still a work-in-progress, this principle is centered around the idea of "meaningful differentiation" and why it's so vital to your business' success. Only by differentiating themselves, Amazon was able to grow to one of the largest companies of all-time and develop new product/service avenues within the company. Listen as Steve walks us through these differentiating ideas Amazon incorporated over the years, as well as the thought processes in place to execute on these ideas. So sit back, relax, and enjoy yet another great conversation! Timecodes: 0:05 - Laying the groundwork for a 15th principle 2:00 - The 2006 shareholder letter and its importance 5:16 - Amazon introducing the idea of differentiation 8:00 - Examining new markets/products to reach into 9:20 - Amazon Web Services (AWS) is a perfect example of meaningful differentiation 12:08 - Looking at physical stores that provide a different experience 14:35 - Amazon's willingness to experiment 19:00 - What are you doing right now to meaningfully differentiate your business? 20:45 - Bezos' last letter to shareholders in 2020 23:40 - Customers want to know what you do differently 26:00 - Closing remarks Connect with Steve Anderson: The Success Network Facebook LinkedIn Website
How to Grow Your Business Like Amazon - Amazon's New Employee Focus
Welcome to another installment of How to Grow Your Business Like Amazon! In today's episode, Steve breaks down the new approach Amazon is taking towards its employees to further enhance their work environments, quality of life, and overall satisfaction within their role. With an increased focus on employee acquisition, skills development, and overall retention, Amazon is striving to become earth's best employer. Listen as Steve takes a deep dive into the various initiatives Andy Jassy and the team at Amazon are implementing and how these same principles could be incorporated within your own business. So sit back, relax, and enjoy yet another great conversation! Timecodes: 0:08 - Overview on Amazon's approach to their employees 4:30 - What's happening at Amazon to fulfill this vision for employees 5:20 - Fulfillment workers seeking upward mobility and professional development 8:11 - Increasing Amazon's minimum wage to $15/hr in 2018 10:30 - 76% of employees are interested in professional development opportunities 12:00 - College tuition reimbursement initiative 13:40 - The Amazon Restart Program 16:50 - David Clark's letter to employees regarding productivity 18:30 - Algorithms that help employees from getting "stuck" in a single role 22:50 - Amazon looking to raise wages for current employees 26:25 - The Amazon Effect on communities nationwide 28:20 - Closing remarks Connect with Steve Anderson: The Success Network Facebook LinkedIn Website


The current board of Guyana Goldfields Inc. had scheduled May 22 as the date for addressing issues of reckless decision making which were raised a few weeks ago by shareholders who own 5.4 percent of the company.
But the concerned shareholders are now learning that this was merely a delay tactic so that the company can handpick its own directors. The concerned shareholders, in a letter to the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) yesterday, said that they are appalled at this move which seeks to circumvent their say in selecting new directors.
The concerned shareholders believe that allowing the current directors to handpick and install their own successors will undermine the real change the company needs. They said that what is even more concerning is the fact that this selection process is "taking before the May 22 meeting which clearly means that the date was nothing but a delay tactic." The group also complained to the Toronto Stock Exchange that the incumbent directors are simply making a last-ditch attempt to save their seats by "appearing" to make changes.
The shareholders are now appealing for the TSX to step in and ensure that their nominees are considered. They said that each of their nominees has held senior leadership positions at leading Canadian and international companies including Alio Gold Inc., Falco Resources Ltd., Ivanhoe Mines Ltd., Minnova Gold Corp., Atacama Pacific Gold Corporation and Osisko Metals Incorporated and have significant mining, operational, public company, financial and legal experience.


Earning money online is the new trend going on right now.
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The 2019 Orange Bowl was a college football bowl game played on December 30, 2019, with kickoff at 8:10 p.m. EST on ESPN. It was the 86th edition of the Orange Bowl, and one of the 2019–20 bowl games concluding the 2019 FBS football season. Sponsored by the Capital One Financial Corporation, the game was officially known as the Capital One Orange Bowl.

Teams
The game matched the Florida Gators of the Southeastern Conference (SEC) and the Virginia Cavaliers of the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC). This was the second meeting of these programs, with the Gators having won the first meeting, 55–10, in 1959.

Florida Gators

Florida entered the Orange Bowl with an overall 10–2 record (6–2 in conference). They finished their regular season second in the East Division of the SEC, behind Georgia. Entering the game, the Gators were 1–2 against ranked FBS opponents, defeating Auburn while losing to LSU and Georgia.

Virginia Cavaliers

Virginia entered the Orange bowl with an overall 9–4 record (6–2 in conference), having lost the ACC Championship Game to Clemson after finishing atop the ACC's Coastal Division. The Cavaliers were also 1–2 against ranked FBS opponents, defeating Virginia Tech while losing to Notre Dame and Clemson. Unranked in the AP Poll at the time they received their bowl invitation, they become the first AP-unranked participant in the Orange Bowl since Florida in the 1967 edition.

Game summary

Statistics

References

External links

Game statistics at statbroadcast.com

Orange Bowl
Orange Bowl
Orange Bowl
Orange Bowl
Florida Gators football bowl games
Virginia Cavaliers football bowl games

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


We want to give you the opportunity to experience and share a new way to explore the magic of Aura-Soma. Why? Because we believe that it has the ability to transform lives. Aura-Soma® Essentials is a full-blown energetic experience, which provides a chance for you to get involved and decide if you want more. No commitment. No pressure. Just an opportunity for a little self exploration. Sounds pretty good, right? Throughout the process, you'll have full support on your journey of awakening, with music to guide you into something a little deeper - but only if you choose it, of course. We'll be here to hand you the tools that you need to reach a deeper understanding of yourself and the wider world.
Aura-Soma Essentials course is a tool to support you in your journey towards yourself. It is a three-day course that will give you the opportunity to experience the energy of the Aura-Soma® system inspired through Vicky Wall, who described it as a gift from spirit. It offers an opportunity to support ourselves at all levels of being, to open to the support of the three kingdoms, plant, mineral and human. Through the energy of colour, crystals and herbs we connect with the feeling energy behind colour in order to reveal the consciousness hidden in it. To open ourselves up to receive what the system can give to us on so many levels through the integration of the equilibrium system, quintessence, pomanders, meditation music, ArchAngeloi and colour essences.
The Aura-Soma System is a gift which transforms, cleanses and awakens the soul at a profound level. The Essentials course will be a powerful experience for anyone who wants to experience their life from a new perspective, to trust in the power of the universal system that is ever supporting our needs and guiding us back home. We have forgotten who we are, we are lost and need to be found. The Aura-Soma® System will help you find your way back to the truth of who you are, your gift and talents in a loving, supporting way so that you may start walking along your own personal destiny.
RECOMMENDED RELATED COURSES: Aura-Soma Level 1: "Foundation", Aura-Soma® Level 2: "Intermediate", Aura-Soma® Level 3: "Advanced". The attendance of these courses is recommended in order to obtain a more complete understanding of the subject.


A great mathematician and teacher bridges the gap between science and the humanities in this exposition of the philosophy of science. Philipp Frank, a distinguished physicist and philosopher in his own right, traces the history of science from Aristotle to Einstein to illustrate philosophy's ongoing role in the scientific process. Suitable for undergraduate students and other readers, this volume explains modern technology's role in the gradual erosion of the rapport between physical theories and philosophical systems, and offers suggestions for restoring the link between these related areas. Dr. Frank examines the ancient Greek concept of natural science to illustrate the development of modern science; then, using geometry as an example, he charts its progress from Euclidean principles through the interpretations of Descartes, Mill, Kant, and the rise of four-dimensional and non-Euclidean geometry. Additional topics include the laws of motion, before and after innovations of Galileo and Newton; perceptions of motion, light, and relativity through the ages; metaphysical interpretations of relativistic physics; the motion of atomic objects and the phenomena and formulations of atomic physics; and the principle of causality and the validation of theories.
And driven Hamadryad from her wood?
The modern scientist will hardly agree that his science consists of "dull realities." The more we study science, the more we shall notice that science is neither "dull," nor that it speaks of "realities." The "car of Diana" is much nearer to the "dull realities" of our everyday life than the symbols by which modern science describes the orbits of the celestial bodies. "Goddesses" and "nymphs" look much more like people we meet in our everyday life than the electromagnetic field, the energy or the entropy that populates the "unseen universe," which, according to modern science, accounts for the "dull realities" of our direct sense observation.
Only what nobody denies is so.
Statements of this type are: "In this room stands a round table. Now this table is removed from this room into the adjacent room." Or: "On this scale the pointer coincides with a mark between two and three; now the position of the pointer changes and it covers a mark between three and four." A general agreement is certainly possible about statements of this type. We do not claim that such statements describe a "higher reality" than other statements; nor do we pretend that the world described is the "real" world. We make such statements the basis of all science only because there can be achieved a general agreement among men of average education whether, in a specific case, such statements are "true" or not. We may refer to discourse consisting of such statements as common- sense discourse, or everyday discourse. It "is so," to Walt Whitman, because it "proves itself to every man and woman."
But the situation is completely different if we consider general statements formulated in abstract terms like the "Law of Inertia," or the "Conservation of Energy." Whether we call them principles or premises or hypotheses or generalizations, one thing is certain: We cannot achieve about them a general understanding of the kind we can achieve about common-sense statements. Therefore, naturally, the question arises: Why do we accept some general scientific statements and not others? What are the causes of our acceptance of these general statements? This is partly a psychological and sociological problem. The general statements of physical science are not simply empirical facts. The fact is that people advance and accept these general principles: This fact, however, belongs not to physics but to, say, psychology or anthropology. Thus we see that even the philosophy of physical science is not exhausted by physics itself. In physics, we learn some of the reasons why these general principles are accepted, but by no means all of them. The philosophy of science is part of the science of man, and indeed, we shall not understand it unless we know something of the other sciences of man, such as psychology, sociology, etc. All the reasons for the acceptance of the general principles of science belong to the philosophy of science. What is actually the relationship between common-sense experience and these general principles? Is mere common-sense experience sufficient? Are the general statements of science uniquely determined, or can the same set of common-sense experiences give rise to different general statements? If the latter, how can we choose one of these general statements rather than another? How do we get from the one—common-sense experience—to the other—the general statements of science? This is the central problem of the philosophy of science.
We might describe here, in a preliminary and perfunctory way, what the relationship between science and philosophy is. If we speak in the ordinary way of a chain that connects common-sense experience with the general statements of science, at the end of this chain, as the statements become more and more general, we may place philosophy. We shall see that the more one goes into generalities, the less uniquely are the latter determined by direct observations, and the less certain they are. For the moment we shall not go further into the distinction between science and philosophy. We shall discuss this later.
If hypotheses are to be tried haphazard, or simply because they will suit certain phenomena, it will occupy the mathematical physicists of the world say half a century on the average to bring each theory to the test, and since the number of possible theories may go up into the trillion, only one of which can be true, we have little prospect of making further solid additions to the subject in our time.
If, on the one hand, every positive theory must necessarily be based on observations, it is equally sensible, on the other hand, that in order to carry out observations our minds need some theory. If, in contemplating the phenomena, we did not attach them to some principles, it would not be possible to combine these isolated observations and to draw from them any conclusions. Moreover, we would not even be able to fix them in our minds. Ordinarily these facts would remain unnoticed beneath our eyes.
Hence, the human mind is, from its origin, squeezed between the necessity to form real theories and the equally urgent necessity to create some theory in order to carry out sensible observations. Our minds would find themselves locked within a vicious circle, if there were not, fortunately, a natural way out through the spontaneous development of theological concepts.
The theological concepts are very near to common-sense experience. They interpret the creation of the world by the gods as analogous to the making of a watch by a watchmaker. We shall see later that this kind of analogy has been the basis of all metaphysical interpretations of science. At this point, we must be distinctly aware of the fact that a mere recording of observations provides us with nothing but "dancing spots," and that "science" does not begin unless we proceed from these common-sense experiences to simple patterns of description, which we call theories. The relationship between direct observations and the concepts that we use in "scientific description" are the main topics with which any philosophy of science is concerned.
Let us take a relatively simple example, where this relationship is rather direct. Let us imagine that we launch a body into the air—say, a remnant of cigarette paper—what does it do? If we do this many times—a hundred, a thousand, hundreds of thousands of times—we shall find simply that the motion is different every time. The accumulation of all these observations is obviously no science. And this is not the way that the physicist works, unless it is in a field that is very little advanced, about which he knows almost nothing. If we study physics, we learn some rules—for uniform motion, for accelerated motion, for combinations of uniform and accelerated motions. These are schemes of description. We must invent them before we can check them, but how are we to invent these schemes? The human imagination enters here. We try to imagine some simple scheme. But what is simple? We must try out all such different imagined schemes to see if the actual motion of our falling paper is approximately described by any one of them. In textbooks of physics one finds the statement that these schemes are "idealized motion." This is a very misleading expression; it refers to a metaphysical doctrine which maintains that for every empirical object there is a corresponding idea of it. The result of "idealization" is entirely arbitrary. By the word "idealizing" you say nothing except that you compare some empirical object with some "idea" that you have invented. There is the question of the purpose of your making this invention or "idealization": for example, for some problems it would be more useful to idealize the ordinary atmosphere as a very thick medium, for others as empty space.
Now let us return to the question of the falling cigarette paper. In the mechanics of today, we compare every motion with a scheme that is the motion of a mass point in empty space. We consider two types of motion as the components of the motion of a launched body, a uniformly accelerated motion downward and a uniform motion horizontally. The first of these we call gravitational motion and the second inertial motion. From this scheme we can derive many useful things, but not everything. This analysis is approximately correct for thin air but not so much for a medium of high viscosity. We need the invention of another scheme if we want to compute the effect of a dense or viscous medium.
The pattern by which we describe motion in thin air is a motion of constant "acceleration." The concept of acceleration is very remote from the dancing spots of our direct observations. If the position of the moving body is described mathematically by an arbitrary function of time, the acceleration is described by the computation of "second derivatives with respect to time" in the sense of differential calculus. To observe the equivalent of a "second derivative" in the domain of common-sense experience would mean to carry out a very great number of extremely delicate pointer readings; we must not forget that the "second derivative" is defined as the limit of an infinite set of values.
The men in the laboratory ... cannot be said to observe the actual objects of their curiosity at all.... The sense data on which the propositions of modern science rest are, for the most part, little photographic spots and blurs, or inky curved lines on paper.... What is directly observable is only a sign of the "physical fact"; it requires interpretation to yield scientific propositions.
We shall, for the time being, consider motion only in very thin air. Is the human mind then satisfied if it knows this scheme of constant acceleration? No, it asks why does it accelerate downward and go with uniform motion horizontally? If you want to explain this to a schoolboy (and in a sense we are all schoolboys of the world), you say that it accelerates downward under the influence of the attraction of the earth. But if you think a little, you realize that this is no explanation at all. What is attraction? In medieval times, explanations were always anthropomorphic, and consisted of a comparison with human actions. It was believed that heavy objects wanted to get as close as possible to the center of the earth. The closer they approached, the more jubilant they became and the faster they went. Although more sophisticated today, we still use the concept of attraction. If we record the positions of the falling cigarette paper, we act on the level of everyday experience. But we try to "understand" the general law of its motion by comparing it directly with attraction, which is a psychological phenomenon of our everyday life. We are not satisfied to introduce everyday experience solely by direct observations of the falling body.
It is harder to explain the uniform motion of the body. We say that it is caused by inertia; we all know what this means because we know from everyday experience that we are inert. Inertia means sluggishness, the lack of a desire to move. For example, there must be some external inducement to get up in the morning—some class that must be attended, or the expectation of a good breakfast. The law of inertia seems very plausible to us on the basis of this comparison. We only wonder why it took so many thousands of years for man to discover it. However, this method of explanation by introducing the experience of our own sluggishness is quite arbitrary. Things are not so simple as they seem.
If we are in bed in a train, we cannot determine simply from our own sluggishness whether without effort we will stay in bed or be thrown out. If the train stops or changes its speed, our "sluggishness" does not help us to stay at rest in bed. What really happens is that "without effort" we keep our velocity with respect to some physical masses. In the example of the train this mass is our earth. But from the example of the Foucault pendulum or the deviation of launched projectiles by the rotation of the earth, we can see that the earth is only a substitute for some larger mass with respect to which we keep our velocity; for instance, the mass of our galaxy. And we shall see later that even this is not completely correct. In any case, the analogy of the everyday experience of sluggishness predicts the observable effects of motion only in a very vague way, which is useful only under very special circumstances. What really matters in physical science is the abstract scheme: Every velocity will remain constant with respect to some specific mass which constitutes what we call an inertial system. Comparison with the phenomena of everyday life will not show any inconsistency with this scheme. Sluggishness has only as vague an analogy to inertia as attraction has to gravitation.
If we find a simple scheme for a group of phenomena—e. g., constant acceleration for a body falling in thin air—we are apt to think as follows: "The motion with precisely constant acceleration is an idealization of the actual fall of a body in thin air." The word "idealization" hints that we omit the accidental deviations of the actual motion, and retain only the "essential part of the motion," the uniformly accelerated motion. To the scientist, the term "essential" means "pertinent to reaching the intended goal." As far as our example is concerned, it means "pertinent to the simplest and most practical description of a fall in thin air."
Excerpted from PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE by Philipp Frank. Copyright © 2004 Dover Publications, Inc.. Excerpted by permission of Dover Publications, Inc..


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Tags: catholic | children | gay | marriage
Catholic Agencies Ordered Child Transfer After Gay Law
Sunday, 23 October 2011 11:12 AM
Illinois's state child welfare agency – already embroiled in a scandal for administering psychotropic drugs to children – is moving to transfer children from Catholic orphanages and dioceses because of a new gay civil unions bill.
Lawyers for Catholic Charities are protesting the move by the Illinois Department of Children and Family Services (DCFS), particularly raising the question of why an agency mired in scandal should take in more children who already are being cared for in safe surroundings, according to LifeSiteNews.com.
"Why is the DCFS, particularly in light of the scandal that it is handling now, dealing with [Catholic Charities'] workload in a hasty manner," asked attorney Peter Breen of the Thomas More Society, who is representing Catholic Charities, in an interview with LifeSiteNews.
Breen pointed out that the state agency has only imposed the accelerated time frame on the three affiliates that are appealing the court decision that effectively pushed Catholic Charities out of adoptions because it won't comply with the state's new homosexual civil unions law.
Catholic Charities of the Peoria Diocese, which is not included in the appeal, has been allowed to operate "business as usual" until January 31, 2012. The other agencies, however, have only been given until November 30th to transfer the children in their care to secular agencies, or religious agencies that do not share the church-run agencies' beliefs about gay unions.
That means that all children will already be transferred from the three Catholic Charities agencies before a court ever has a chance to hear their appeal.
"The DCFS has never in its history had to transfer this many children from this many counties from this many agencies," said Breen. "This is a unique event in the history of the DCFS, and the DCFS staff are expediting the process for no reason that it has given to the public."
Illinois s state child welfare agency already embroiled in a scandal for administering psychotropic drugs to children is moving to transfer children from Catholic orphanages and dioceses because of a new gay civil unions bill. Lawyers for Catholic Charities are...
catholic,children,gay,marriage
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Sometimes you just need a pick-me-up to get you through the day — especially during an extra cold and gloomy day with the impending arrival of the polar vortex.
Fortunately, we've got this: an epic Larry Bird mixtape.
The NBA produced the highlight reel for Larry Legend's 60th birthday last week, and it's easily the best thing we've watched this morning. Enjoy.


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This isn't a writing or grammar tip, but an observation. Have you ever noticed how we treat books so delicately, almost as though they were ancient artifacts? Eager to begin reading, we buy a new book, its pages crisp and fresh and enticingly unexamined by any other human eyes. An exciting new adventure is about to begin within.
Yet somehow, we cringe with reluctance when we break the spine. Finally, the deed is done and the reading begins, but still it's as though we're holding a treasure in our hands. Heaven forbid we should spill a few drops of coffee on the cover, or accidentally drop a blob of food between its revered pages. The blob is quickly wiped away, but an oily stain remains. Ouch!
Why do we venerate books so? Especially in this computer age, when, only a few years ago with the advent of e-books, some folks in the publishing business proclaimed that physical books would quickly be going the proverbial way of the dodo. Well, most of us now know they were wrong. There's just something about holding a physical book in our hands while lying on the couch with a cup of tea and a snack that simply cannot compare with staring at a computer screen, no matter how convenient that may be.
This idea that books are overly esteemed occurred to me recently after I read a letter to the editor from an irate library user. The fellow was complaining about people who borrow library books and then proceed to mark them up—you know, pencil notes in the margins, highlighters, red-penned corrections, clever (or not) comments about the contents, and the like.
I beg to disagree. I love seeing marked-up books. It fascinates me to see what others have thought of the book; their opinions, their insights, perhaps their new ideas. To me, the more marked-up a book is, the more people have read it, and therefore the more popular it has been. It serves only to make me want to read it more.
Now, I must emphasize here that I don't condone the marking up of library books or other people's books that are not your property. (If you do this, be sure to erase your markup!) But by all means, mark up your own books. It's just paper, after all. Mark them up and pass them along. It's democratic. Share your opinions with future readers. There are lots of us out there who'll appreciate your comments. Just don't let your kids read this post. And my apologies to any offended librarians out there.
2013 update: Times change. I love my Kindle and rarely buy print books anymore, except for my reference books. Kindle readers can be annotated, but I haven't yet taken the time to learn how to do it.