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Predictors of well child care adherence over time in a cohort of urban Medicaid-eligible infants
Anje C Van Berckelaer1,2,
Nandita Mitra3 &
Susmita Pati2,3,4
Changes in well child care (WCC) adherence over time have not previously been examined. Our objective is to describe adherence rates to WCC over time in a low-income urban population of infants 0-24 months of age, and to identify predictors of WCC adherence in this population.
This is a secondary analysis of a cohort of Medicaid-eligible children followed from birth to 2 years between 2005 and 2008 with structured telephone surveys to assess maternal well-being, social support, and household and demographic information. For the 260 children attending 4 urban pediatric practices, WCC adherence was assessed based on visit data abstracted from electronic medical records. A random-intercept mixed effects logit model clustered on subject was used.
92% of the mothers were African-American, 27% had not finished high school, 87% were single, and 43% earned < $500/month; mean age was 23. WCC adherence decreased from 88% at 6 months to 47% (12 mo), 44% (18 mo), and 67% (24 mo). The difference across time periods was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Married (OR 1.71, p = 0.02) and primiparous (OR 1.89, p < 0.001) mothers had significantly greater odds of adherence, along with women who reported having been adherent to prenatal care visits (OR 1.49, p = 0.03) and those with the lowest household income (OR 1.40, p = 0.03).
Maternal education efforts should emphasize the importance of establishing WCC, especially for mothers of more than one child. Further studies using larger, more broadly defined populations are needed to confirm our findings that efforts to increase WCC adherence should be intensified after 6 months of age, particularly for children at higher risk.
Almost 30 million children were covered by Medicaid in 2008 [1]. Though 20% of these children are at significant risk for developmental, behavioral, or social delays [2], only 20-60% receive recommended well child care (WCC), depending on the measure used [2–5]. In high-risk or chronically ill children, adherence to WCC is associated with a lower likelihood of preventable hospitalization [6, 7]. Although there is ongoing debate about how WCC should be structured and limited evidence of its efficacy, for children under two years old, the majority of visits coincide with recommended immunizations, for which the evidence is robust [8]. Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment (EPSDT) standards, which have formed part of the required Medicaid benefit since 1966, are a cornerstone of pediatric care, mandating the provision of screening and preventive services for children. WCC adherence according to these standards is associated with socioeconomic factors, insurance, and family structure [9], with prenatal care adherence[10, 11], with source of care [12] and with maternal risk behavior[4] in some populations. Nonetheless, gaps remain in our understanding of factors within low-income or minority groups that might place children at higher risk of non-adherence. In addition, patterns of adherence over time in this population have not been described.
Much thought has been devoted to the redesign of WCC to better meet family needs and improve outcomes [13–17]. While some interventions have proven successful, their cost precludes a blanket application of these interventions. In order to effectively address the needs of vulnerable children, costly interventions must be effectively targeted to the right children at the right time.
Our objective is to describe adherence rates to WCC over time in a low-income urban population of infants 0-24 months of age, and to identify predictors of WCC adherence in this population. This analysis is part of a larger study examining the influence of child, maternal, and policy-related predictors on continuity of Medicaid coverage among urban medically underserved children.
Study Design and Data Sources
This is a secondary analysis of The Health Insurance Improvement Project, a longitudinal prospective cohort of Medicaid-eligible mothers and their healthy infants designed to determine maternal and child patterns of Medicaid enrollment [18, 19]. Between June 15, 2005 and August 6, 2006, 744 study subjects were recruited from the well baby nursery at a large urban hospital shortly after the infant's birth. Inclusion criteria were maternal Medicaid eligibility and maternal English proficiency. Infants who had a gestational age less than 36 weeks, birth weight less than 2500 grams, or who were not in the well baby nursery after delivery were excluded, as were those entering foster care or adoption services. Among eligible dyads, 637 (46%) mothers refused participation and 14 (1%) were missed by the recruiting team, resulting in 744 (53% of eligible infants) enrolled in the study (Additional file 1).
Of this cohort, only those infants for whom ambulatory electronic medical records were available were included (n = 260). Electronic medical records were available from the four urban pediatric practices affiliated with The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) using a single, integrated electronic medical record.
Upon enrollment, mothers completed a baseline survey, which included socio-demographic information, public benefits received and type of health insurance. In addition, each mother was given the short form Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (S-TOFHLA). The S-TOFHLA is a well-validated measure of functional health literacy that uses specific health related examples to assess reading comprehension [20]. The short form contains 2 reading passages with scores ranging from 0 to 36 categorized as follows: ≤ 16 limited; 17-22 marginal; ≥ 23 adequate [20].
Subjects were followed for two years from birth with telephone interviews every 6 months assessing child and maternal health and insurance status, household composition, and social support. The Maternal Social Support Index (MSSI) is a validated 21-item questionnaire designed to assess qualitative and quantitative aspects of a mother's social support [21], and was administered at the 12, 18, and 24-month interviews (Table 1).
Table 1 Data elements, measurement, and source
The primary outcome of interest was complete adherence to the Early Periodic Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment periodicity schedule for well child care. These visits include one visit by 1 month of age, and visits at 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 24 months. By 6 months of age, complete adherence was defined as having had at least 3 well child visits; 2 visits between 6 and 12 months; 2 visits between 12 and 18 months; and one visit between 18 and 24 months (Table 2). For example, for the first six months, a child was coded as adherent if he/she had 3 or more WCC visits in that period, and non-adherent if he/she had fewer. This outcome was abstracted from the electronic medical record: all visits coded as well child visits were counted toward the total in each time period. To validate the content of visits coded as well child care, twenty charts were reviewed (AVB) for inclusion of growth and developmental surveillance as well as review of immunization status and found to be appropriately coded.
Table 2 Well child visits included in each time period
In order to exclude children attending primary care practices outside the network (for whom WCC visits could not be known) from the analysis, for each individual, a 6-month interval with incomplete records was coded as missing. Specifically, incomplete intervals were defined as those with no visits during and no visits after that interval, or visits beginning partway through the interval with no preceding visits. Consequently, some subjects have EMR adherence data for only some of the study intervals. Some children transferred care away from and then back into the network; hence, some had data for non-contiguous time periods, such as 0-6 months, and then not again until 18-24 months. In total, 260 of the 744 children were followed for at least one 6-month period in an affiliated practice.
Based on review of the literature about known predictors of health care utilization and adherence[3, 9, 12, 22] as well as clinical relevance, potential predictors included maternal race/ethnicity, maternal health literacy and social support, age, education level, adherence to prenatal care, marital status, employment status, infant birth order, and maternal and child health and health insurance status.
Maternal age and the maternal health subscales from the SF-36 (version 1.0)[23] were kept as the original continuous variables. Among the other independent variables, child health status, maternal educational and employment status, and household income were converted to dichotomous variables from categorical answers. Child health status was grouped into poor/fair and good/very good/excellent to accommodate the small numbers in poor or fair health and to address the potential confounder of interest - that children in poor or fair health would be expected to present more frequently for care, and therefore have more opportunities for preventive care. Maternal educational status was dichotomized with a cutpoint at high school degree; alternative specification with a cutpoint at some college education did not reach significance in the final model. Maternal employment status was dichotomized to reflect full-time activity outside the home, on the one hand, and less than full-time activity (unemployment, part-time employment), on the other. Income, originally collected in 8 categories, was dichotomized using a cut-point of $500/month, which is approximately the median, as the higher income categories included very few subjects. MSSI scores, which were collected as continuous numeric values, were categorized into tertiles for the analysis. The remaining variables were analyzed in their original form.
To determine which family-level independent variables are associated with greater adherence to well child care, we used a logit model for our dichotomous outcome. Specifically, in order to accommodate the structure of the data, which was comprised of a time-varying outcome (adherence at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months) and both fixed (eg race) and time-varying covariates (eg income, social support), we used a random-intercept mixed effects logit model to assess the relationship between predictors and outcome. This model allowed us to account for the correlation of measurements over time. In our multivariable analysis, covariate inclusion in the model was based on a significance cut-off of p < 0.20 based on univariate analysis.
We estimated the proportion of children adhering to the EPSDT periodicity schedule at each of the four time points and compared them using Cochran's Q for equality of proportions in matched samples [24].
We conducted sensitivity analyses for the definition of our outcome and for missing data. We assessed the sensitivity of our strict adherence outcome definition by relaxing the requirement for being classified as adherent versus non-adherent. Instead of requiring attendance at all recommended visits, we redefined "adherent" to include those who missed at most one visit in each six month window (however, a visit was required in the fourth window because only one visit is recommended in that interval). We also tested our model for sensitivity to the assignment of missing status by reassigning all intervals that include any visit and all intervals following any visit as not missing.
Results are considered to be statistically significant at p < 0.05. All analyses were conducted using STATA, version 10 [25]. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Boards at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania.
744 mother/baby dyads were enrolled in the study at the time of delivery, and 579 completed at least 6 months of follow-up. 260 of the enrolled children had electronic medical records (EMR) available through their primary care providers affiliated with the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. 216 of these (83%) remained in the system throughout the full two years. The median number of WCC visits during the two-year observation period in this group was 8 (interquartile range 3). 92% of the subjects for whom EMR are available were African-American. 37% of the mothers were primipara, 87% were unmarried, and 37% earned less than $500 monthly. Those included in the final study sample did not differ significantly from those without electronic records (Table 3). The dyads which did not complete at least 6 months of follow-up did not differ significantly from enrolled dyads in race, education, employment, maternal age, health literacy, country of origin, or birthweight (Additional file 2).
Table 3 Characteristics of subjects with and without EMR data
Among children for whom EMR data were available, WCC adherence changed from 88% at 6 months to 47% (12 mo), 44% (18 mo), and 67% (24 mo). The difference across time periods was statistically significant (p < 0.001) (Figure 1). The mean (SD) number of WCC visits in the first six months was 3.68 (1.07); for 6-11 months 1.35 (0.85); for 12-17 months 1.39 (0.76); and for 18-24 months 0.69 (0.51).
Well child care adherence by age.
In unadjusted mixed-effects regression analysis, we found that specific family sociodemographic characteristics and prior health care utilization were associated with increased likelihood of WCC adherence. Specifically, mothers whose household income was less than $500 per month had 1.42 times greater odds of adhering to WCC than mothers with incomes over $500 per month. Mothers who had only one child had 1.77 times greater odds of adhering to the WCC schedule, compared to mothers of more than one child. Moreover, mothers who reported receiving all recommended prenatal care had 1.80 times greater odds of adherence than mothers who did not. In addition to these predictors, maternal health insurance status, marital status, and presence of another non-parent adult in the home all met our a priori criterion (p < 0.2) for inclusion in the multivariable model (Table 4).
Table 4 Unadjusted odds ratios from mixed-effects regression models for characteristics associated with WCC adherence
After multivariable adjustment, our findings about the influence of some maternal individual sociodemographic characteristics and prior health care utilization patterns remained unchanged. Specifically, married (OR 1.71, 95% CI: 1.09-2.69) and primiparous (OR 1.87, 95% CI: 1.36-2.63) mothers had significantly greater odds of adherence than single mothers and mothers with more than one child, respectively. We tested for interaction between marital status and parity, and found no significant effect. Mothers in the lowest income category also remained significantly more likely to adhere to WCC visits (OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.03-1.91). In addition, women who reported having been adherent to prenatal care visits had 1.56 times (95% CI: 1.09-2.23) greater odds of adherence than mothers who did not adhere to recommended prenatal care visits. In contrast, after multivariable adjustment, presence of any other adult in the household and maternal insurance did not significantly affect adherence (Table 5).
Table 5 Multivariable mixed-effects regression analysis of WCC adherence
Because of the concern about endogeneity when including reported prenatal care adherence as a predictor, we tested the model for sensitivity by excluding this predictor, and did not find significant changes in the odds for other predictors. We validated our definition of adherence for the outcome by comparing it to an alternative, more relaxed definition. With this alternative coding, less than half as many observed six-month periods were coded as non-adherent (164 vs. 392). In the model using this outcome coding, the odds ratios maintained their direction of effect, but only income and prenatal care adherence remained significant. Odds ratios are shown in additional file 3. We also tested our model for sensitivity to the assignment of missing intervals. This resulted in an additional 130 observed intervals distributed across the four six-month time periods. 89% of the newly included intervals met our criterion for nonadherence. Using this expanded dataset in the model, parity and prenatal care remained significant, while marital status and income retained the direction of their effect, but were no longer significant (Additional file 3).
Because income level was missing in a relatively large portion of women (10-29% of observations, varying by interview period), we assessed the robustness of our results by conducting two sensitivity analyses: in the first analysis, we assigned all missing income levels a value of ≥$500/month and in the second analysis, we assigned all missing incomes to the < $500/month category. Our findings are robust to these two extremes: when all missing observations were assigned to either the higher or lower income, all of our previously significant predictors except income remained statistically significant and the effect estimates (odds ratios) were minimally affected. Previously non-significant predictors such as insurance and other adults in the home remained non-significant (Table 6).
Table 6 Sensitivity tests for missing income values: multivariable mixed effects regression analysis of WCC adherence
Our principal finding is that adherence to WCC schedules decreases after 6 months of age in this low-income urban population. This drop in adherence in a largely publicly insured population (> 90% at each time point) has not previously been described, and reveals a missed opportunity in preventive health services for these high-risk children. Why this drop should occur specifically after 6 months is not clear from our data. Other studies have found that parents and providers have different expectations of well child visits, and that parents' expectations are poorly met [13]. We hypothesize that care for younger infants is perceived as a higher priority, either because of greater parental uncertainty or greater perceived vulnerability of the infant. Other researchers have shown a trend toward greater utilization of preventive services under 1 year of age, as compared to after 1 year [9, 12], but did not address this trend specifically. Of concern, the great majority of well child visits in the age range we studied are associated with immunizations. In a population already at higher risk of under-immunization[26] and unrecognized developmental delays[27], missed visits likely contribute to these problems. The rise in adherence in the 18-< 24 month age group may be due to the front-loaded structure of the EPSDT schedule: with only one recommended visit in that time period, it is easier to adhere to the schedule in that time period than 6-< 12 or 12-< 18 months, when 2 visits are expected in each.
In addition to the subjects' changing adherence trajectory, we found that adherence was predicted most strongly by maternal prenatal care adherence, number of other children, maternal marital status, and low income. Prenatal care adherence and birth order as predictors of adherence are consistent with previous findings [26, 28]. Birth order also influences early immunization status in this same cohort [19]. We hypothesize that single mothers and mothers of more than one child may be less able to attend preventive visits due to competing needs of other children. An alternative but not exclusive explanation is that mothers of more than one child feel more confident in the care of their younger infants. In either case, mothers must feel there is value in a health service if they are to prioritize it among the many other needs of their children.
Sensitivity analyses testing the robustness of our findings against alternative specifications of the outcome and missing data maintained significant associations between parity, prenatal care adherence, and income, and adherence, depending on the specification. In contrast, while marital status maintained the direction of its effect, it was no longer significantly associated with the outcome. Further study is needed to clarify this relationship.
The finding that mothers in the lowest income bracket are more likely to adhere to WCC may be associated with the fact that these families are more likely to be eligible for other kinds of services. Indeed, mothers in this category were themselves more likely to have health insurance as the income threshold for insurance coverage in adults is considerably lower than for young children.
There are some limitations to this study. First, our study population was comprised primarily of African Americans (92%) from the Philadelphia metropolitan area. Hence, our results have limited generalizability to other races/ethnicities or to suburban or rural settings. While non-English speakers were excluded, they represent a small proportion of the Medicaid-eligible population in the hospital from which patients were recruited. The number of individuals lost to follow-up may have also introduced additional bias in the sample, however, comparisons between retained subjects and those lost do not reveal significant differences between them. Second, while we attempted to include only those subjects and time periods in which children received care principally within the EMR system, it is possible that some subjects may have attended well child visits outside the system to which we had access. Consequently, the rates of adherence we report may be an underestimate. However, our results are consistent with published adherence rates for similar populations [3–5]. Because the majority of Medicaid enrollees in the Philadelphia region are enrolled in managed care organizations which require an assigned primary care provider, patients should see that provider for all their primary care needs within a given period, which mitigates this underestimation. We restricted outcome data to those children in whom we could be reasonably confident that they had been consistently assigned to the practice from which we gathered the EMR data. Third, because this is a secondary analysis of a dataset not specifically designed to assess well child care adherence, the survey did not include maternal report of well child visits, which would obviate the need for abstracting data from the medical record and excluding subjects for whom records were not available, yielding a larger sample size.
Finally, as with any survey, there is potential for biased recall or social desirability bias. Among the predictors, the most likely to be sensitive to this would be income. Indeed, this was the variable with the greatest number of missing observations; however, our sensitivity analyses showed that our findings were robust to these missing data. Despite these limitations, this study furthers our understanding of predictors of WCC adherence in young children.
The drop in WCC adherence by up to 50% after 6 months of age represents both an opportunity for intervention and an avenue for further investigation. Additional studies of adherence over time in more diverse groups are needed. Maternal education efforts should emphasize the importance of establishing WCC, especially for mothers of more than one child. Several interventions have attempted to improve the delivery of WCC [17, 29, 30]. Our findings suggest that, in low-income urban African-American children, these efforts should not be restricted to early infancy, but should be intensified after 6 months of age, particularly for children at higher risk.
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The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2431/11/36/prepub
Acknowledgements and Funding
We thank the network of primary care physicians, their patients and families for their contribution to clinical research through the Pediatric Research Consortium (PeRC) at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. We also gratefully acknowledge the anonymous reviewers of prior versions of this manuscript for their comments.
The study was supported by a career development grant from the National Institutes of Health to SP (K23HD06565). AVB is supported by a fellowship from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars. NM received support from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. None of the funding bodies were involved in the study design; collection, analysis, or interpretation of the data; or in the writing of the manuscript or decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
Anje C Van Berckelaer
Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
Anje C Van Berckelaer & Susmita Pati
Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
Nandita Mitra & Susmita Pati
Division of Primary Care Pediatrics, State University of New York at Stony Brook & Stony Brook Long Island Children's Hospital, Stony Brook, USA
Susmita Pati
Nandita Mitra
Correspondence to Anje C Van Berckelaer.
AVB conceived of the study, performed the statistical analysis, and drafted the manuscript. NM participated in the design of the study and revision of the manuscript. SP participated in the design of the study and revision of the manuscript, and conceived of the original study that led to development of the cohort. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Additional file 1: Study enrollment protocol. (DOC 36 KB)
Additional file 2: Population characteristics for all enrollees vs. those lost to follow-up. (DOC 47 KB)
Additional file 3: Sensitivity analysis for outcome - relaxed adherence criterion and missing intervals. (DOC 34 KB)
Van Berckelaer, A.C., Mitra, N. & Pati, S. Predictors of well child care adherence over time in a cohort of urban Medicaid-eligible infants. BMC Pediatr 11, 36 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2431-11-36
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2431-11-36
Functional Health Literacy
Prenatal Care Visit
Electronic Medical Record Data
Time Great Odds


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A Higher Purpose
Burson Full Gospel Church
Burson Full Gospel Church is located approximately 118 miles from Sparks. Visit Burson Full Gospel Church at 3201 W Hwy 12. You can reach them at (209) 772-9310. Read more about Burson Full Gospel Church in Burson, CA. Calvary Christian Fellowship.
The play, well known from its London and New York runs and subsequent film and television versions, fares surprisingly well when returned to its roots in a small venue -(the New York premiere was at.
Dr. Paula Stone Williams was the CEO of one of America's largest church planting. He currently writes and speaks full-time. Dr. Scott R. Burson (Ph.D., Brunel University—London, England) is the. Shawn is committed to living out the holistic gospel, creating inclusive community, and mobilizing the church to be a.
Doug Bixby, The Honest to God Church: A Pathway to God's Grace. Malcolm C. Burson, Celia Allison Hahn, Douglas A. Walrath, Peggy Day, Diane. Karen A. McClintock, Shame-Less Lives, Grace-Full Congregations. Ronald D. Sisk, Preaching Ethically: Being True to the Gospel, Your Congregation, and Yourself.
BURSON FULL GOSPEL CHURCH 3201 Hwy 12 Burson (209) 772-9310. SEVENTH DAY ADVENTIST. SAN ANDREAS SEVENTH DAY ADVENTIST CHURCH 399 Mariposa St. San Andreas (209) 754-3430. ANGELS CAMP SEVENTH DAY ADVENTIST CHURCH 140 N. Main St.
Aug 20, 2016 · 2019 ObituariesWeek of June 2Warren David AlbersWarren David Albers, age 76, of South Haven, passed away Friday, May 24, 2019, at his home surrounded by family. Dave was born July 28, 1942, in Lawrence to Warren Frederick Albers and Marie Amalia (Cerny) K
Sep 10, 2011. The funeral services were held at Pleasant Hill church Tuesday morning, conducted by Rev. GAINESVILLE Barney Carl Burson, 42, Pendergrass route 1, died. longtime owner of a full-service gas station in Buford for many years. for 1 p.m. Tuesday, Oct. 17, 2000, at Oakwood Gospel Tabernacle.
The full-scale assault begs two critical questions: why now and will it work? Let's unpack them one at a time. 'Why now?' is the easier of the two questions to answer. For the majority of the summer,
Jul 4, 2016. coincided in rejecting the complete separation between church and state, but. and Christian Church' that embraces 'all who by the rule of the Gospel are. Jeffrey D. Burson and Ulrich L. Lehner (Notre Dame, IN, 2014);.
Julie Warden Director, Burson Full Gospel Church Religious Organization, 3201 Hgwy 12 W, Burson, CA 95225. Po Box B, Burson, CA 95225. Julie D. Warden
Debra Snipes Gospel Songs This is a track recorded "in the likeness of" the performer listed. While the performance track will be similar, it is not the original. Debra Snipes lyrics to Seek Jesus song at our large AZ music lyrics directory. First Baptist Church, 301 24th St., Fort Madison, will host the Dysart Family singing southern gospel. Debra
The Hymn To God Be The Glory Lutheran Book of Worship Online Hymnal is a complete online LBW Hymnal with original copyrighted settings to all public domain hymns The Wilds is a non-profit organization focused on serving the local church with a wide variety of camping programs and Christian resources. Our mission is to "present the Truth of God with the love
Oct 7, 1992. praying that during the coming months the churches of India will be strengthened and many. to preach the Gospel to the entire world. William.
Burson Church is a Full Gospel church. We are located in Burson, California just outside of Valley Springs. We are a church passionate about reaching people. South Korea, in fact, is home to 15 megachurches with an adult attendance of more than 10,000 people on a given Sunday. 1 This includes the largest church in the world, the Yoido Full.
. How To Say A Prayer For Someone · Burson Full Gospel Church · The Faith Of The Canaanite Woman · Our Lady Of Good Counsel Church New York · When.
Wanda Massey – Pittsburg, Tx Services for Wanda Massey will be held 2:00 P.M. Thursday, August 7, 2014 at Erman Smith Funeral Home, with burial to follow at Crossroads Cemetery in Camp County, Tx.
Burson Full Gospel Church Church is part of the Full Gospel denomination of churches. It is located in the city of Valley Springs, California at 3201 WEST HIGHWAY 12. We currently estimate that there are 12 churches in Valley Springs of which 1 are of the Full Gospel denomination.
LITTLE ROCK (AR) Bilgrimage. November 30, 2018. By William Lindsey. Two days ago, I wrote, One bishop after another is claiming that there have not been cases of abuse in his diocese for years now, and the lists being released are almost entirely names of priests who have been dead for some time.
Welcome to ect.org. You will find a great deal of information on electroconvulsive therapy, pro, con and neutral. The site is huge, and I've tried to organize articles to make it.
The Society of Jesus (SJ; Latin: Societas Iesu) is a scholarly religious congregation of the. del Gesù attached to the Church of the Gesù, the Jesuit mother church. the Gospel, founding missions in widely diverse regions such as modern-day. This is a Jesuit tradition that focuses on cultivating a person as a whole, as.
Notices of a death in the family of an alumnus are posted on the Sympathy notice page for approximately one year. After that time period, the notices are moved to this sympathy archive page. This is part of The East High Alumni Page.
An Outline of the FACTS of Arminianism vs. The TULIP of Calvinism. February 28, 2013, posted by SEA. An Outline of the FACTS of Arminianism vs. the TULIP of Calvinism. by Brian Abasciano and Martin Glynn (To view this outline in a chart that sets the two positions side by side rather than first one and then the other, please see this attachment: FACTS vs. TULIP Chart.
Oct 14, 2018. 10:15AM + Helen Burson. 11:30AM + John. In today's Gospel, we again see Jesus being asked a question:. Father) and that the entire congregation at Mass say. Please drop off in the Sharing Corner in the church, or to.
I am indebted to Max Burson of the Edmund Stanley Library at Friends. University. however, they discussed the cause in righteous terms and fully supported it. The Quakers had 726 churches and the Disciples had over 1,000 churches in. 44 E.G. Sewell, "Reminiscences of Civil War Times," Gospel Advocate 49 no.
Burson Full Gospel Church in Valley Springs, reviews by real people. Yelp is a fun and easy way to find, recommend and talk about what's great and not so great in Valley Springs and beyond.
Oct 14, 2013. Hemsworth's pastors are sometimes away from his church — but. In fact, it's the latest trend, according to a 2013 Twiplomacy Study done by Burson-Marsteller. including posting gospel-related tweets, a modern take on standing at. digital media tools to practice religion, but the true way to fully grasp all.
Scottsboro, AL; Gospel Singer; Travels up to 120 miles; $0. She sang in church and school functions and was a member of a gospel quartet at the early age of 15. all of her hair, she managed to keep working a full time job and is now cancer free. Recent review: The Burson family is beyond words of gratitude for the.
BURSON FULL GOSPEL CHURCH is located at 3201 WEST HIGHWAY 12 in the city of Burson. Burson is located in the beautiful state of CA. According to our database, there are approximately – 1 churches in Burson, with 0 Catholic churches, 0 Baptist churches, 0 Pentecostal churches, 0 Methodist churches, and 1 other denomination churches.
Apr 25, 2017. A Burson-Marsteller (2014) study named Pope Francis the most influential world leader on Twitter. In particular, missionaries from The Church of Jesus Christ of. Ohio, said social media is simply a convenient way to spread gospel messages:. The survey took an average of 20–25 min to complete.
Written and edited by Lynn Fulkerson, Barbara Putnam and Grace Burson , members of the Committee on the. Environment. Scripture and tradition remind us that the whole earth is. "God writes the Gospel, not in the Bible alone, but also on.
Burson Full Gospel Church is located in Burson. Visit Burson Full Gospel Church at 3201 W Hwy 12. You can reach them at (209) 772-9310. Read more about Burson Full Gospel Church in Burson, CA. CAMANCHE COMMUNITY CHURCH. CAMANCHE COMMUNITY CHURCH is located approximately 6 miles from Burson. They are a nice Church.
Operation Christmas Child gears up for shoebox collection. Foothill Community Church outside Angels Camp, the Burson Full Gospel Church in Burson and Lake Tulloch Bible Church in Copperopolis.
Aug 30, 2016. Children Matter: Celebrating Their Place in the Church, Family, and Community. and insists on their full role within the church, but it has a sturdy and serious. Strong on grace, insisting that the Christ-centered gospel is transformational. ( Burson himself is not a Calvinist so the Reformed vs Armenian.
Cowboy Church Film.
Evaluation of the year. Richard Brody of The New Yorker observed that for 2017, "the most important event in the world of movies was the revelation, in The New York Times and The New Yorker, of sexual abuse by Harvey Weinstein, and the resulting liberation of the long-stifled voices of the people who had been abused by him or other powerful figures in the movie business, and, for that matter.
GLORY BOUND FELLOWSHIP – BURSON, CA. Glory Bound Fellowship is a "down home" country church committed to teaching God's Word, in a practical way, through the power of the Holy Spirit with a passion for righteousness sometimes using simple "barn yard" examples.
Burson Full Gospel Church. 3201 W. Highway 12 Valley Springs, CA 95252-8377 (209) 772-9310 Burson Full Gospel Church on W. Highway 12 in Valley Springs, CA is in the Beach California section(s) Religious Organizations and Religious Organizations.
May 6, 2018. The fact that he has not fully repudiated his earlier counsel or apologized for his inappropriate. Alison Burson, Immanuel Baptist, Ridgecrest, CA. Cindy Ferguson, Gospel Community Church Rivermont, Lynchburg, Va.
been attracted to the Church by the Spanish White Wing, Sunday School quarterlies and tracts. leader for many years and helped (Quarterlies, Gospel Seeds and tracts. G d land.. repor er. of instructions concerning all this know the world is full of Satan's. -. work. conducted by George Burson. The service was in.
There You Ll Be Faith Hill Mp3 Free Download Check out There You'll Be by Faith Hill on Amazon Music. Stream ad-free or purchase CD's and MP3s now on Amazon.co.uk. There You'll Be by Faith Hill. Read lyrics for this funeral memorial song, then listen to it. View our large selection of funeral songs. YouTube is still the undisputed king of video sharing on
Faith Life Church Port Charlotte Fl Aug 16, 2012 · Faith Life Church finished refurbishing its Lakewood Ranch church building and held its first inaugural service in February. About two-thirds of Faith Life Church's 2,500 seats were filled, a turnout on par with the services at their 10-year-old flagship megachurch in Branson. Spiritualism And Christianity Saint Macrina as depicted on a fresco
Religion In The 18th Century Christianity in the 18th century is marked by the First Great Awakening in the Americas, along with the expansion of the Spanish and Portuguese empires. May 09, 2014 · Roger Bannister was credited with being the first person to run a mile in under four minutes – but 18th Century runners are reported to have got
This page is designed to help make writings on and by C.S. Lewis available to those without easy access to a university library. Many of the links connect you to scanned, published books and articles made available by Google Books (often 75% of content). Importantly, Google Books allows you to search within a volume and also across volumes (rather than across the entire WWW).
On Feb. 2, the Burson Full Gospel Church noted the 30th anniversary of the founding of the church. It began as an outreach with outdoor services to teenagers in the summer of 1972. In November of.
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Stimulus, megaprojects buoy B.C. labour market during pandemic
By Jock Finlayson, Ken Peacock | December 18, 2020
As we reflect on the last 12 months, it's an understatement to say 2020 is shaping up to be an extraordinary year, and not in a positive sense.
The coronavirus and the resulting shuttering of international travel and many consumer-facing businesses wreaked havoc on several important segments of the B.C. economy. When Statistics Canada tabulates the growth numbers for 2020, it will show an unprecedented downturn, up to twice as deep as the one experienced in the 2008-09 recession. Still, the final economic data is likely to be better than many forecasters feared during the dark days of March and April.
After plunging by 400,000 jobs in the early weeks of the pandemic, employment in the province has almost returned to its pre-COVID level – a near-miraculous turnaround. Six months ago, few thought that employment by late 2020 would be just 1.5% lower than before the virus smashed onto our shores. The rest of Canada has also enjoyed a robust jobs revival, albeit not quite as strong as B.C. By November, Canada-wide employment was still down 3% from February.
Why has the labour market sprung back to life?
Arguably, the principal reason is the massive stimulus engineered by governments and the Bank of Canada. The federal government has rolled out spending equivalent to an eye-watering 17.5% of national GDP to support households, businesses, students, non-profit organizations, and many others besides. The provinces collectively have chipped in another 3% of GDP. Indeed, according to the International Monetary Fund, the quantum of government fiscal stimulus provided in Canada in 2020 exceeds that in any other developed country, in some cases by a wide margin. Adding government spending and transfers equal to 20% of GDP was guaranteed to generate more economic activity and reduce the risk of a collapse of business activity and employment – something that looked to be possible in the spring.
But why has B.C. done better than Canada in restoring jobs? One reason is our greater success in handling the virus, particularly over the summer and early fall.
But that's not the only reason. Another factor is the high level of spending on capital projects across B.C.
Looking back to 2019 offers some relevant insight. Last year, the provincial economy grew by 2.7%, after inflation. Digging into the data, private sector investment in non-residential structures essentially drove that solid growth performance. Such investment soared to nearly $20 billion in inflation adjusted dollars. In recent years, business investment in non-residential structures has typically run in the $12 billion-to-$14 billion range. But spending on LNG Canada's massive Kitimat facility and the related Coastal GasLink pipeline, along with the construction of several large office towers and a few other major private sector projects, propelled non-residential investment to a record high last year. That is what kept B.C.'s economy on a respectable growth path leading up to the pandemic.
Even as investment on non-residential structures delivered an unprecedented lift, accounting for two full percentage points of real GDP growth last year, expenditures in all other categories combined provided just seven-tenths of a percentage point of growth. Normally, the contribution to GDP growth from non-residential investment hovers at less than half a point. Last year, the figure reached two percentage points. Thus, new construction activity related to "once-in-several-generations" capital projects was the dominant factor behind B.C.'s healthy overall economic growth rate in 2019.
In 2020, private-sector capital projects have also helped to underpin B.C.'s economy and bolstered the recovery that started late in the spring. Investments that fall in the domain of the public sector – which includes roads, hospitals and schools, but also Site C and now the Trans Mountain Expansion Project – have also contributed.
As we look to 2021 and policy-makers ponder how to ensure further economic healing, it is important to understand that the massive government fiscal injections that have played a vital role in sustaining household finances and keeping businesses afloat can't and won't persist indefinitely. In fact, they will begin to wind down by next spring. In that context, the B.C. government needs to ensure that project approval and permitting processes and other aspects of the policy environment are conducive to continued high levels of private sector investment across all of the key sectors of our economy. •
Jock Finlayson is the Business Council of British Columbia's executive vice-president and chief policy officer; Ken Peacock is the council's chief economist.
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By Kirk LaPointe
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Canada's Pfizer vaccine deliveries reduced 'for short period'
By Tyler Orton


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The Jackery is a multi-purpose tool with DC input, three output plugs, a small torch built into the end, and a display. Is the torch practical for most purposes? It is certainly a novelty, but it is unnecessary to an item that weighs six pounds. But is it worth the price? We'll find out in this product review. Read on to learn more about this handy tool.
The Jackery Explorer 1500 is a great choice if you are looking for a portable power source. It has a 1488-watt-hour lithium-ion battery that can power up to 1,800 watts of load and trickle down to lower loads over long periods. Jackery's motto is "Power Outdoors". This review will look at the pros and cons of the Explorer 1500. This device is the perfect portable power source for camping, hiking, fishing, and other outdoor activities.
The Jackery Explorer 1500 is a portable power source that provides power for backpacking, camping, and traveling. It has the same design as other Jackery products. It is orange in color and has a sturdy handle. This portable power station can be recharged at anytime, making it a useful tool for all types of outdoor activities. Before you purchase one, read our Jackery Explorer 1500 review.
The Explorer 1500 is the newer version of the power station. It is a bit more modern than its predecessor and has a port to charge Anderson solar panels. It also has an additional DC input port, allowing up to four 100-watt Jackery Solar panels to simultaneously re-charge the Explorer 1500. It will take approximately four hours for the Explorer 1500 to fully charge with that much power. But if you plan on using it for long periods of time, it can save you money, too.
The Jackery 1500 Explorer Explorer can be used safely. It features a high-quality Battery Management System. It also has a one-button interface. The Jackery 1500 Explorer features an upgraded MPPT solar regulator called Solarpeak Technology. It maximizes input and extracts sun energy under all conditions. This technology reduces the time it takes to charge your solar panels. The Jackery 1500 is the ideal choice for outdoor activities.
The Jackery Explorer 1500 portable power station can replace three outlets. This device even has USB ports for charging smartphones. It has enough battery capacity to power a small office. Pure sine-wave technology guarantees a high quality output that is comparable to the power grid. The inverter power and battery capacity are sufficient for small businesses. The Jackery Explorer 1500 has an enhanced user interface that addresses previous flaws. It also supports higher input voltage, making the Jackery Explorer 1500 an ideal portable power source.
The Explorer 1500 also has a fast-charging capability. Two SolarSaga 100W solar panels allow the Explorer 1500 to be fully charged in as little as 13 hours. You can also charge the battery faster by using two Jackery AC power converters. Two AC power adapters will take four hours to charge Explorer 1500 to 80% capacity. In contrast, charging the Explorer 1500 with a single AC power adapter will take about six hours to fully charge it.
The Jackery Explorer 240 portable solar charger is one of today's most popular. The maximum continuous output of the Jackery Explorer 240/250 is 200 watts. This means that a fully charged Jackery Explorer 240/250 can power a 100W device for up four hours. A typical mobile battery lasts between 2.5 to three hours. To charge a mobile battery, you can use a Jackery 250/250 to increase its life expectancy by 20-25 times.
This portable power station can also be used as an external power supply for tablets, smartphones, and laptops. The Jackery 240's battery management system and inverter tech deliver balanced, clean power to your devices. The Jackery 240's motor is quite quiet, so you can use it indoors without worrying about affecting the air quality. It has a large capacity and can be customized to your specific needs. It also works well with solar energy, converting it into usable power for your gadgets.
The Jackery Explorer 240 is a versatile product that can be used for camping, tailgaters, and emergency preparedness. It comes with a 12V car socket, two USB plugs and a 110V AC outlet. It is not waterproof but it is extremely silent and emits no emissions. It also comes with a solar panel that can be purchased separately for about $200. The solar panels are not waterproof.
The Jackery Explorer 240's battery compartments have plenty of space. This is great for cooling. However, the 300 version has more power and a larger battery. It is quite heavy for a portable power source, and it weighs in at six pounds. While its portability is another selling point, it is an excellent choice for travelers. This charger will serve you well if you are aware and aware of its limitations.
The Jackery Explorer 240 solar panel is portable and can be charged via a car outlet, wall outlet, or solar panel. The Jackery Explorer 240 has an MPPT controller that can be used to manage the power output of portable devices. If you need more power, the Jackery Explorer 500 Watts or Sungzu 1,000 Watts will be sufficient. The Jackery Explorer 240 is a great option for those on a tight budget who want to save money while camping.
The power-to-size ratio is important. A higher Watt measurement means the device can run on a larger amount of power, so you need to be sure the power-to-size ratio is right for you. The Jackery Explorer 240 has a surge power rating of 230W. This is quite impressive, but it is only a fraction of the power output of a standard household appliance.
We will be reviewing the Jackery Explorer 300's charging capabilities as well as battery life in this Jackery Explorer 300 review. The battery life is excellent, powering devices like laptops and smartphones up to 125W for up to 30 charges and even drones for up to six charges. This portable battery can last most people for at least a weekend. The device should be charged at 70% to 90%, which is sufficient for most people's needs.
The Jackery Explorer 300's battery is chargeable using any USB-C PD charger. The charging time is longer if the charger is slow. Charging time takes about 5.5 hours. This is significantly longer than average in this category. To protect batteries, all power stations have a maximum charging limit of 80%. A charge rate below 20 percent can dramatically reduce battery life. So, it's recommended that you use a power station with a higher power rating than the Jackery Explorer 300.
The Jackery Explorer is a great option if you need a portable power source that can power a variety of electronic gadgets. This device pumps out up to 300W of pure sine wave electricity from a 293Wh battery. This is enough to power small appliances such as a toaster, but it won't be enough for the whole house. Its power rating is enough to run a laptop or tablet, but you won't need much more.
Fortunately, the Jackery Explorer 300's recharge time is surprisingly good for such a small device. The Explorer 300 can be charged using a good PD USBC-C charger in less than two hours. This is quite impressive considering the time it takes to charge smartphones. While the battery life is impressive, the charger's price is unreasonably high. Additionally, the battery can't be removed.
The Jackery Explorer 300 is a pioneering product in the field of moveable power. Its design is stylish, and it supports up to six devices. Its 300 watts of power are sufficient to power most smartphones or tablets. Another benefit is the portability and ease of use. Its slick design makes it easy to carry and is portable. The Jackery Explorer 300 is an excellent choice if you're looking for a portable solar power station that charges a variety of devices.
The power station allows you to charge your devices and recharge them when you're off the grid. Although the device is not ideal for hiking or remote work sites, it can still be useful if your battery needs to be charged on the move. It can be used wherever you don't have power outlets or extension cords. It also runs silently so you won't hear it. The Jackery Explorer 300 is not without its many advantages. However, it does have some drawbacks.
The Jackery Explorer 1000 Portable Energy Station is quiet, portable, and economical. It will provide plenty of power for your campsite. It is compatible with solar panels and completely silent. We'll be discussing the benefits and pros of this Jackery portable charger in this Jackery portable charger review. This review is based upon my personal experience with the Jackery portable powerstation. We highly recommend it!
The Explorer 1000 portable battery power station comes with solar panels and a battery. It can be expanded with additional solar panels or more battery capacity, provided you have enough space. The system can be equipped with multiple USB Type C ports and an electrical system that allows for easy addition of outlets as needed. Its durable design makes it ideal for use on camping trips, but it's still easy to move around with it.
The Explorer 1000 comes with an AC adapter. However, it is also possible to use a 12V power source. It will take about seven hours to charge to 100 percent, and the portable power station comes with a power display that lets you see how much battery life you have left. The Explorer 1000 can be purchased with the SolarSaga 100 panels. These panels will provide up to 100W peak power.
The modern design of the power station is sturdy and durable. It is made from sturdy black plastic with grey trim. However, it lacks durability and waterproofing. To prevent it from leaking, you will need to cover it. The noise level of the resulting unit will be lower than those powered by batteries, which can be quite loud.
The Jackery 1000 is not the "whole house" solution. However, it can solve your problems of running water and communication, as well as heat, if you need it. It's a good choice if you plan to camp, but it's important that you know how much and when. A 300 watt rice cooker can drain 44% of the battery's power in 15 minutes.
The company offers solar panels in addition to the Jackery portable powerstation. The SolarSaga 100-Watt model, which is compatible with solar panels, features a charging station with USB outlets. The shipping date for this unit is between two and three business days, and delivery time is usually four to eight business days, depending on the destination. It is possible for transit times to be delayed and are subject to change.
The Jackery power station can handle solar panel amperage. If you want to use your own solar panels, the connectors on the back of the panels must be 8 mm. To make sure your solar panels will connect correctly to the Jackery unit, you need to purchase an MC4 to 8mm adapter cable. Renogy sells this cable. A similar cable is also available for Newpowa and Richsolar panels.
There are many Jackery portable power station types. Pick the one that meets your needs. The Explorer 160 is ideal for charging mobile devices. The Explorer 1000 and 1500 are good for charging larger items, and are also compatible with solar panels. The Compact Explorer is smaller than the Explorer range and lighter. You can buy two or more units and combine them together with solar panels to create an Ultimate Solar Charging Station.
The Explorer 2000 Pro is best for larger vehicles, job sites, and backup power. It is not suitable for overlanders or vanlifers. The smaller units can charge from zero to eighty percent in four hours. The power station can charge multiple solar panels simultaneously, so you can maximize your charging capacity. Although the Jackery Explorer 500 Pro is a good option for larger vehicles, it has limited power and may need be used in parallel.
A portable power station has many benefits. It's quiet, silent, and doesn't require any gas. It can also be used to charge your electronic devices and power your RV's electrical outlets when the RV power goes out. Regardless of whether you're a full-time RVer or a weekend warrior, you'll appreciate the convenience of the Jackery Explorer 240. This unit also features an integrated battery management system that ensures that your portable power station is running smoothly even during power outages.
Another plus is the four charging ports on the Jackery Explorer 240. Each one comes with two USB outlets that can be used with multiple devices. The Jackery's AC/DC port is another benefit. Although this feature isn't available on all power stations it's important to note that some don't have enough ports to accommodate a laptop. A portable power station can be your best friend if your laptop is not being used.
Jackery's portable power station is small, which is one of its best features. It's quite large, but it doesn't seem bulky. The Jackery Explorer 1000 is an excellent choice for those who want something portable and lightweight but still have a lot of features they'll want. Jackery's portable power station is quiet
The Jackery portable power station makes a great backup plan for those who are constantly on the go. Featuring a 240 watt lithium ion battery, the power station can power up to four devices. Its lightweight design makes it easy to transport. The unit can charge smartphones and tablets, and it even has an LED flashlight. Although some might find the flashlight too gimmicky for navigation, it is actually very useful.
The Jackery portable power station has one drawback. It doesn't daisy-chain well with other power stations. This limits its use to full-time vanlife. This makes it more suitable for short-term travel than full-time vanlife. This station comes with a two-year warranty and a hassle-free return policy. Jackery also offers professional service that is second to none. Jackery can assist you with any problems, repairs, or replacements.
The Jackery Explorer 500 is another great option. It features plenty of ports for most applications, and can power several devices at once. The Explorer 500, which can hold larger electronics and is 13 pounds in weight, is especially useful. It is much cheaper than other models and has a built-in handle that makes it easy to transport. Jackery Explorer 500 may be the best choice for you if you're looking to bring your own power station with you on camping trips.
One of the greatest benefits of the Jackery portable power station is that it can charge multiple devices at the same time. It's easy for you to take the Jackery portable power station on the road. You can also use it to charge your phone, tablet, and other small electronics. The 144-watt battery provides enough power to power most small electronic devices. It has an automatic shut-off that limits its output power to 500 watts.
The Jackery Portable Power Station is the perfect backup source when your RV's power fails. This power source can power any RV or outdoor device. It is powerful enough to run a laptop computer, LED lights, a video game console, and other electronic devices. It can also power outdoor activities, such as sports games and picnics. It doesn't need gasoline so it can be used indoors and outdoors without any noise or exhaust.
The Explorer 1000 is a great product, but it's also very easy to use. It includes all the connectors and ports you need to power your portable power supply. It can be charged with its AC/DC adapters. The Explorer 1000 weighs 22 lbs, making it easy for you to carry. It comes with a flashlight as well. While some people find this gimmicky, it's a great feature for navigating in the dark.
The Jackery Solar Generator is a portable power station that can be plugged into a car or wall outlet. It can also recharge using solar panels. The Jackery Solar generator can provide a larger backup battery if you are concerned about its size. These generators have a power output of 240 watts and 408 watts, respectively. You might consider purchasing a smaller generator if you are concerned about its size.
The Jackery Explorer is a portable power source that can be used outdoors. It has been designed with safety in view. It delivers enough power to run small electronics and recharge batteries. You can use it to charge small appliances and recharge it using optional solar panels. If you're not going to use it for a long time, you can always plug it in and let it recharge itself. That way, you can use it again. In addition to its portable power, the Jackery Explorer is safe and easy to transport.
Although the Jackery 240 won't be able to replace your RVs electricals, it will power most gadgets. It also has a USB output, so you can charge your smartphone or laptop when you're outside your RV. However, it doesn't solve all your van life problems. Despite its efficiency, the Jackery 240 does not replace your main electricals and is a perfect second power source for your RV.
The Jackery solar generator, 240 watts, is compatible with 60W or 100W solar panels. It requires a perfect spot in the sun and good weather for hours on end to charge. It can recharge in about 5.5 hours with the 100w panel and 7.5 hours with a 60W panel. This battery-powered generator is ideal for camping, hiking and even on your boat. There are many options if you aren't sure which one to pick.
The Jackery Explorer portable power station, 240 watts Jackery Explorer, comes with a portable charger and an AC adapter. Also included is a user manual. It can be used to charge multiple USB devices at once. But it's not recommended for using high-wattage devices like laptops, cameras, and phones. The Jackery Explorer 240 should not be used in situations that your device requires more than 200W.
If you intend to use your adapter in a US campsite, you'll need one. The socket connectors used by pedestals in the USA are the same as those used for household mains. If you're camping in the UK, you won't need an adapter. However, if you are unsure, you can get one here. The charging cable is only 2 meters long, which can be a problem for long trips.
The Jackery Explorer 240 is a great one-trick pony and provides hours of power. It is small but durable and safe for outdoor use. Jackery has partnered to Honda to sell identical power station under the "Honda by Jackery" label. You can get a 240 watts Jackery Explorer 240 at Amazon for only $79.
With optional solar panels (cost $200), the Jackery Explorer 240 can be charged in just 10 hours. You can also use a 12V car charger to charge your 240-watt solar generator. Although the Jackery's 240-watt output isn't waterproof, it can last several years. It emits no emissions and is completely silent. You can also check compatibility of the 240-watt power supply with your car.


text:
package main

import (
	"log"
	"net/http"
	"time"

	"github.com/rs/rest-layer-mem"
	"github.com/rs/rest-layer/resource"
	"github.com/rs/rest-layer/rest"
	"github.com/rs/rest-layer/schema"
	"github.com/rs/xaccess"
	"github.com/rs/xhandler"
	"github.com/rs/xlog"
	"golang.org/x/net/context"
)

// NOTE: this exemple demonstrates how to implement basic authentication/authorization with REST Layer.
// By no mean, we recommend to use basic authentication with your API. You can read more about auth
// best practices with REST Layer at http://rest-layer.io#authentication-and-authorization.

type key int

const userKey key = 0

// NewContextWithUser stores user into context
func NewContextWithUser(ctx context.Context, user *resource.Item) context.Context {
	return context.WithValue(ctx, userKey, user)
}

// UserFromContext retrieves user from context
func UserFromContext(ctx context.Context) (*resource.Item, bool) {
	user, ok := ctx.Value(userKey).(*resource.Item)
	return user, ok
}

// NewBasicAuthHandler handles basic HTTP auth against the provided user resource
func NewBasicAuthHandler(users *resource.Resource) func(next xhandler.HandlerC) xhandler.HandlerC {
	return func(next xhandler.HandlerC) xhandler.HandlerC {
		return xhandler.HandlerFuncC(func(ctx context.Context, w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
			if u, p, ok := r.BasicAuth(); ok {
				// Lookup the user by its id
				user, err := users.Get(ctx, u)
				if user != nil && err == resource.ErrUnauthorized {
					// Ignore unauthorized errors set by ourselves
					err = nil
				}
				if err != nil {
					// If user resource storage handler returned an error, respond with an error
					if err == resource.ErrNotFound {
						http.Error(w, "Invalid credential", http.StatusForbidden)
					} else {
						http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
					}
					return
				}
				if schema.VerifyPassword(user.Payload["password"], []byte(p)) {
					// Store the auth user into the context for later use
					ctx = NewContextWithUser(ctx, user)
					next.ServeHTTPC(ctx, w, r)
					return
				}
			}
			// Stop the middleware chain and return a 401 HTTP error
			w.Header().Set("WWW-Authenticate", `Basic realm="API"`)
			http.Error(w, "Please provide proper credentials", http.StatusUnauthorized)
		})
	}
}

// AuthResourceHook is a resource event handler that protect the resource from unauthorized users
type AuthResourceHook struct {
	UserField string
}

// OnFind implements resource.FindEventHandler interface
func (a AuthResourceHook) OnFind(ctx context.Context, lookup *resource.Lookup, page, perPage int) error {
	// Reject unauthorized users
	user, found := UserFromContext(ctx)
	if !found {
		return resource.ErrUnauthorized
	}
	// Add a lookup condition to restrict to result on objects owned by this user
	lookup.AddQuery(schema.Query{
		schema.Equal{Field: a.UserField, Value: user.ID},
	})
	return nil
}

// OnGot implements resource.GotEventHandler interface
func (a AuthResourceHook) OnGot(ctx context.Context, item **resource.Item, err *error) {
	// Do not override existing errors
	if err != nil {
		return
	}
	// Reject unauthorized users
	user, found := UserFromContext(ctx)
	if !found {
		*err = resource.ErrUnauthorized
		return
	}
	// Check access right
	if u, found := (*item).Payload[a.UserField]; !found || u != user.ID {
		*err = resource.ErrNotFound
	}
	return
}

// OnInsert implements resource.InsertEventHandler interface
func (a AuthResourceHook) OnInsert(ctx context.Context, items []*resource.Item) error {
	// Reject unauthorized users
	user, found := UserFromContext(ctx)
	if !found {
		return resource.ErrUnauthorized
	}
	// Check access right
	for _, item := range items {
		if u, found := item.Payload[a.UserField]; found {
			if u != user.ID {
				return resource.ErrUnauthorized
			}
		} else {
			// If no user set for the item, set it to current user
			item.Payload[a.UserField] = user.ID
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// OnUpdate implements resource.UpdateEventHandler interface
func (a AuthResourceHook) OnUpdate(ctx context.Context, item *resource.Item, original *resource.Item) error {
	// Reject unauthorized users
	user, found := UserFromContext(ctx)
	if !found {
		return resource.ErrUnauthorized
	}
	// Check access right
	if u, found := original.Payload[a.UserField]; !found || u != user.ID {
		return resource.ErrUnauthorized
	}
	// Ensure user field is not altered
	if u, found := item.Payload[a.UserField]; !found || u != user.ID {
		return resource.ErrUnauthorized
	}
	return nil
}

// OnDelete implements resource.DeleteEventHandler interface
func (a AuthResourceHook) OnDelete(ctx context.Context, item *resource.Item) error {
	// Reject unauthorized users
	user, found := UserFromContext(ctx)
	if !found {
		return resource.ErrUnauthorized
	}
	// Check access right
	if item.Payload[a.UserField] != user.ID {
		return resource.ErrUnauthorized
	}
	return nil
}

// OnClear implements resource.ClearEventHandler interface
func (a AuthResourceHook) OnClear(ctx context.Context, lookup *resource.Lookup) error {
	// Reject unauthorized users
	user, found := UserFromContext(ctx)
	if !found {
		return resource.ErrUnauthorized
	}
	// Add a lookup condition to restrict to impact of the clear on objects owned by this user
	lookup.AddQuery(schema.Query{
		schema.Equal{Field: a.UserField, Value: user.ID},
	})
	return nil
}

var (
	// Define a user resource schema
	user = schema.Schema{
		Fields: schema.Fields{
			"id": {
				Validator: &schema.String{
					MinLen: 2,
					MaxLen: 50,
				},
			},
			"name": {
				Required:   true,
				Filterable: true,
				Validator: &schema.String{
					MaxLen: 150,
				},
			},
			"password": schema.PasswordField,
		},
	}

	// Define a post resource schema
	post = schema.Schema{
		Fields: schema.Fields{
			"id": schema.IDField,
			// Define a user field which references the user owning the post.
			// See bellow, the content of this field is enforced by the fact
			// that posts is a sub-resource of users.
			"user": {
				Required:   true,
				Filterable: true,
				Validator: &schema.Reference{
					Path: "users",
				},
				OnInit: func(ctx context.Context, value interface{}) interface{} {
					// If not set, set the user to currently logged user if any
					if value == nil {
						if user, found := UserFromContext(ctx); found {
							value = user.ID
						}
					}
					return value
				},
			},
			"title": {
				Required: true,
				Validator: &schema.String{
					MaxLen: 150,
				},
			},
			"body": {
				Validator: &schema.String{},
			},
		},
	}
)

func main() {
	// Create a REST API resource index
	index := resource.NewIndex()

	// Bind user on /users
	users := index.Bind("users", user, mem.NewHandler(), resource.Conf{
		AllowedModes: resource.ReadWrite,
	})

	// Init the db with some users (user registration is not handled by this example)
	secret, _ := schema.Password{}.Validate("secret")
	users.Insert(context.Background(), []*resource.Item{
		{ID: "admin", Updated: time.Now(), ETag: "abcd", Payload: map[string]interface{}{
			"id":       "admin",
			"name":     "Dilbert",
			"password": secret,
		}},
		{ID: "john", Updated: time.Now(), ETag: "efgh", Payload: map[string]interface{}{
			"id":       "john",
			"name":     "John Doe",
			"password": secret,
		}},
	})

	// Bind post on /posts
	posts := index.Bind("posts", post, mem.NewHandler(), resource.Conf{
		AllowedModes: resource.ReadWrite,
	})

	// Protect resources
	users.Use(AuthResourceHook{UserField: "id"})
	posts.Use(AuthResourceHook{UserField: "user"})

	// Create API HTTP handler for the resource graph
	api, err := rest.NewHandler(index)
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatalf("Invalid API configuration: %s", err)
	}

	// Setup logger
	c := xhandler.Chain{}
	c.UseC(xlog.NewHandler(xlog.Config{}))
	c.UseC(xaccess.NewHandler())
	c.UseC(xlog.RequestHandler("req"))
	c.UseC(xlog.RemoteAddrHandler("ip"))
	c.UseC(xlog.UserAgentHandler("ua"))
	c.UseC(xlog.RefererHandler("ref"))
	c.UseC(xlog.RequestIDHandler("req_id", "Request-Id"))
	resource.LoggerLevel = resource.LogLevelDebug
	resource.Logger = func(ctx context.Context, level resource.LogLevel, msg string, fields map[string]interface{}) {
		xlog.FromContext(ctx).OutputF(xlog.Level(level), 2, msg, fields)
	}

	// Setup auth middleware
	c.UseC(NewBasicAuthHandler(users))

	// Bind the API under /
	http.Handle("/", c.Handler(api))

	// Serve it
	log.Print("Serving API on http://localhost:8080")
	if err := http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil); err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Competition between microfinance institutions (MFIs) in developing countries has increased dramatically in the last decade. This study sought to investigate the effects of competition on the loan performance of deposit taking microfinance institutions in Kenya. The study also sought to investigate the effects of multiple loan taking, cost efficiency, selection standards and customer relationship on the operational performance of deposit taking microfinance institutions in Kenya. The study found that there is a relationship between multiple loan-taking, selection standards and customer relationship cost efficiency and loan performance of the microfinance institutions. In addition, the study also established that multiple loan-taking negatively affects loan performance deposit-taking microfinance institutions. This study therefore recommends that MFIs should not offer multiple loans to customers so as to improve their loan performance.


text:
Il Cantone di Oradour-sur-Vayres era una divisione amministrativa dell'Arrondissement di Rochechouart.

A seguito della riforma approvata con decreto del 20 febbraio 2014, che ha avuto attuazione dopo le elezioni dipartimentali del 2015, è stato soppresso.

Composizione
Comprendeva i comuni di:
 Champagnac-la-Rivière
 Champsac
 Cussac
 Oradour-sur-Vayres
 Saint-Bazile

Note

Collegamenti esterni
Statistiche sul sito dell'INSEE

Oradour-sur-Vayres

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Like any other computational activity, the maintenance of a local instance of a shared time reference requires a certain amount of power: when available, a shared time reference significantly simplifies, for instance, coordination tasks and logging. In systems where power saving is an issue, like in sensors that operate on batteries or harvesting energy from the environment, it is of vital to understand how much computation and communication is needed to implement such functionality, and to effectively minimize its impact, in order to resolve the trade-off whether to implement or not such feature. A design that target an optimal use of power resources is challenging, since the computational resources are extremely limited. In this entry we give an overview of the main issues, and indicate the fundamental concepts of the solution we propose.
Measuring the time is a challenging matter, yet we need to acquire the knowledge of this ephemeral quantity in order to realize a number of tasks. In computer science the sharing of a common time reference in a system of autonomous components is a well studied problem, and a number of protocols have been standardized to exchange time information. However, when we apply such protocols to sensor networks we notice a couple of issues which are negligible for conventional hosts. The first is that the complexity of time management tasks needs to be contained, since the computational resources (memory, CPU, peripherals) is limited. The second is that also energy resources are scarce: sensors are often powered with batteries, or harvest energy from the environment. If we want to add time awareness to a sensor, we need to keep these facts into account.
The limited energy has a direct impact on the management of a common time reference, since the adjustment of the local clock requires communication, which is an energy consuming activity: for instance, a WiFi mote energy consumption increases of two orders of magnitude when the WiFi transceiver operates. So it is important to minimize the number of adjustments, and the way to reach this minimum must be sufficiently simple to fit into few kilo-bytes of memory available in the mote. This is the topic covered by the paper we want to introduce.
We observe that the frequency of clock adjustments, and consequently power consumption, is related with clock drift. For instance, if a clock loses a fraction of a second each day and we want a clock accuracy within a second, we need to adjust the clock every day. If we use a more accurate clock, we will need less frequent adjustments. This is straightforward, but we can reduce the frequency of adjustments by measuring what is the error accumulated in one day: we can use this piece of data to correct our clock of that amount, that is called clock drift, instead of performing expensive communication. This operation is called clock calibration, and is commonly implemented in host operating systems: we want to introduce the same technique in a sensor.
To this end we introduce a tiny abstraction layer between the hardware clock, which is not adjustable or tunable, and the software: it plays the role of the system clock in Unix-like operating systems. We call it Software Defined Clock, meaning that its features can be in part controlled by software. In essence, it returns the proper time, i.e. the common time reference, as a linear function of the hardware clock: the constant term of the equation is clock offset with respect to the proper time at calibration time, the slope is the drift.
An hardware clock is sold with an upper bound for the drift, that depends on the technology used to make it. The drift can be decomposed into a constant component, that depends on the tolerance of the production process, and in a variable part that depends on dynamic processes. The rate between the two parts is of orders of magnitude, with the constant component dominating the variable one. SO that, if we are able to approximate the constant part --- and we show that we are --- we can use the new approximation instead of the default one, and progressively increase the interval between clock adjustments, thus consuming less energy. In figure, which is better discussed in the paper, we see the impressive result: if we apply drift calibration energy consumption drops exponentially while drift approximation improves, otherwise it remains constant.
The way to dynamically approximate the drift can be explained intuitively: when I perform an adjustment, I record the amount of the adjustment, and I divide by the time from the previous one. If my approximation of the drift improves, the next adjustment will be scheduled after a longer interval, and we will also obtain a better approximation. We show that each time the interval between successive adjustments is multiplied by a constant, thus leading to the an exponential slope.
In the paper we introduce a rigorous terminology for the concepts introduces in this summary, and we give a formal proof of the relationships among them. We define the software defined clock, and the algorithm that computes drift approximation in abstract terms, and give a working example that demonstrates the soundness of abstract principles. This allows to understand the applicability of our approach to other use cases, and provides a solid ground to advance in the research on the topic.
Augusto Ciuffoletti; Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks. Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 1970, 8, 19, 10.3390/jsan8010011.


text:
Rural round-up
Training isn't meeting needs – Neal Wallace:
It requires a liberal dose of lateral thinking to grasp the paradox that is primary sector training.
Recently the Tertiary Education Commission said it wanted to invest more money into primary sector training because there were plenty of jobs.
The primary sector continues to struggle to find staff and this week the Government announced an extension to the Recognised Seasonal Employer Scheme allowing another 1000 foreigners to work on the coming harvest.
But, incongruously, primary sector training is in upheaval with several high-profile providers responsible for training about 1000 young people, exiting the industry, others looking for a new provider and, in the case of Lincoln University, making 51 staff redundant to balance its books. . .
Show deal boosts export potential – Colin Ley:
The southern hemisphere's biggest agribusiness exhibition, the National Fieldays, and Europe's largest agricultural show, have signed a collaboration deal.
They have signed memorandum of understanding as part of an initiative to boost farm business and trading links between New Zealand and the European Union.
The move would deliver major benefits to NZ's 130,000-visitor event, held near Hamilton each June, and Eurotier's 160,000-visitor show held in Hannover, Germany, every second year, Fieldays chief executive Peter Nation said. . .
Govt working with wine industry to secure 2017 Marlborough vintage:
Economic Development Minister Steven Joyce and Primary Industries Minister Nathan Guy are working with the Marlborough wine industry to respond to the challenges of the November 14 earthquake and assist with the 2017 vintage.
"The Marlborough wine industry faces some challenges," Mr Joyce says. "The key impact has been damage to around 20 per cent of the wine storage tanks in the region, and the potential that a lack of storage will affect the ability of the industry to process the full 2017 harvest, which commences in around 15 weeks." . .
Animal blamers got it all wrong – Alan Emmerson:
I wrote back in September that we needed to stop playing the blame game over the Havelock North water crisis. We needed to find out and quickly how to fix the problem.
Last week that game reached new heights of absurdity with the Hawke's Bay Regional Council issuing proceedings against the Hastings District Council.
What they're actually doing is suing their own ratepayers, which won't achieve anything except lining the pockets of lawyers.
The interesting point is that it's not farmers who are now in the gun but the Hastings council over bore maintenance and siting. . .
Westland lifts its payout prediction:
Hokitika-based Westland Milk Products, New Zealand's second largest dairy co-operative, has lifted its total operating surplus ( payout) predictionfor the 2016-17 season to range of $5.50 to $5.90 per kilo of milk solids (kgMS).
This is estimated to produce a net return to shareholders (after retained earnings) of $5.30 to $5.70 per kgMS. The co-operative's previous estimate for the season was a net range (after retained earnings) of $4.55 to $4.95 per kgMS.
Chief Executive Toni Brendish said the lift in payout prediction has been made possible by two factors. . .
Synlait Increases Forecast Milk Price to $6.00kgMS:
Synlait Milk (NZX: SML; ASX: SM1) has increased their forecast milk price from $5.00 kgMS to $6.00 kgMS for the 2016 / 2017 season.
Synlait planned to provide an updated forecast at the start of February 2017, however Mr Milne said an update now is more appropriate and beneficial for Synlait's 200 Canterbury milk suppliers.
"We've kept a close eye on the global dairy market and the trending increase in dairy prices can't be ignored. As a result, we've increased our forecast milk price to $6.00 kgMS," said Graeme Milne, Chairman.
Mr Milne said reduced European production over the past three months shows European dairy farmers are responding to lower milk prices. . .
Dairy volatility has not gone away – Keith Woodford:
Fonterra's recent upgraded estimate of $6 per kg milksolids (fat plus protein) for the 2016/7 milk price has been welcomed by everyone in the industry. Given that it is only six months since Fonterra's initial for this season of $4.25, the current estimate should also remind us of the impossibility of predicting milk prices with any accuracy.
This level of inaccuracy is typical of the last three years, where Fonterra's initial estimates compared to the final price were out by $1.40 in 2014, $2.60 in 2015 and $1.35 in 2016.
Currently, we are about half way through the milk season in terms of production, and most companies will have sold about half of their total seasonal production. With some forward selling, they may even be ahead of this. It is about this stage of the season that I bring in my price-range estimate to about $1.80 (i.e. plus or minus 90c around a mid-point). . .
Plan to diversify Southland economy:
Economic Development Minister Steven Joyce and Primary Industries Minister Nathan Guy today announced government support for a new regional growth plan to bolster the Southland economy.
The Southland Regional Development Strategy Action Plan was developed by the Southland Regional Development Strategy Governance Group and is supported by the Government's Regional Growth Programme, which aims to increase jobs, incomes and investment in regional New Zealand.
"Southland has a relatively small economy which relies on a limited number of industries. While the regional population is growing, for the past ten years population growth has been significantly slower than in the rest of the country," Mr Joyce says. . .
Predator Free 2050 Ltd board appointed:
The company which will be a key player in achieving New Zealand's Predator Free 2050 ambition is now up and running, Conservation Minister Maggie Barry says.
"Today marks the official establishment of Predator Free 2050 Ltd and the appointment of a skilled board of nine directors," Ms Barry says.
"This company, and its leadership, will be absolutely integral to the success of the Predator Free 2050 programme. Their role will be to direct investment into regionally significant predator eradication projects and the breakthrough science solutions we need to achieve predator free status."
Formation of the company was signalled in July, when the Government committed to the ambitious goal of eradicating rats, stoats and possums from New Zealand by 2050. . .
HortNZ celebrates 100 years of representing growers:
Today, Horticulture New Zealand celebrates 100 years of representing growers, with its foundations in the New Zealand Fruitgrowers Federation formed in 1916.
"Our focus is on uniting fruit and vegetable growers to give a strong and unified voice on matters related to our part of food supply in New Zealand and our export markets," Horticulture New Zealand President Julian Raine says.
"Looking back at the history of the organisation, there is very much a recurring theme of creating an environment where growers can innovate and grow and in doing so, contribute to the economy with jobs and exports." . . .
Leave a Comment »	| business, Farming, food, rural, smiles	| Tagged: Alan Emmerson, Eurotier, Horticulture NZ, Julian Raine, Keith Woodford, Lincoln University, Maggie Barry, Nathan Guy, National Fieldays, Neal Wallace, NZ Fruitgrowers Federation, Predator Free 2050 Ltd, Steven Joyce, Synlait Milk, Tertiary Education Commission, Toni Brendish, Westland Milk Products	| Permalink


The Baseball Card Stand by Duo Design makes for a subtle detail in your interior. A magnetic card or photo holder that does not take attention away from your card/photograph. Stable and easy to change. Available in sets of 4 in the color blue. We also offer black, silver, red, and wooden Baseball Card Stands.
Details are the finishing touch to any interior. The Baseball Card Stand is an example of such a detail: thanks to its simple aluminum design, its presence is very subtle and does not draw attention away from your card or photo. Magnets ensure that the metal ball pushes your card or photo against the aluminum cone and holds them in position. Simple and effective. Stable and easy to change.
The Baseball Card Stand is available in sets of 4. The aluminum version is available in black, silver, red, and blue. A wooden version is also available. With a length of 6 cm and a maximum diameter of 2 cm, this Baseball card or photo stand is small but impressive.


text:
#if !defined(PERSISTENCE_H)
#define PERSISTENCE_H

#include "Broker.h"
#include <stdio.h>

int Persistence_read_config(char* filename, BrokerStates* s, int config_set);
void Persistence_free_config(BrokerStates* bs);

FILE* Persistence_open_retained(char mode);
int Persistence_write_retained(char* payload, int payloadlen, int qos, char* topicName);
RetainedPublications* Persistence_read_retained();

FILE* Persistence_open_subscriptions(char mode);
int Persistence_write_subscription(Subscriptions*);
Subscriptions* Persistence_read_subscription();
void Persistence_close_file(int);

void Persistence_read_command(BrokerStates* bs);

#endif /* PERSISTENCE_H */