A pet groomer is a professional dog nanny which can help you take care of the way your puppy looks and its personal hygiene. They will wash, brush, trim, as well as take care of your puppy's coat exactly how you prefer it. In addition, dog groomers check your dog's toenails and teeth for signs and symptoms of decomposition. This is not a simple profession and they will need all the help they are able to get. That's the reason they make use of various techniques and clipping tools to groom the fur and nails of all dogs, big or small, and no matter the breed of dog. A good eye is necessary to discover all of a puppy's problems. They should also be efficient at keeping the puppies in their care safe and comfortable as shown here.
Dog owners who don't have the knowledge to trim their own pets can enlist the services of a veteran dog groomer to assist them with their pets. For starters, dog groomers will ask their client the way they wish for their dog to be cared for. They also count on their own encounters with dogs to help them. Grooming a dog should take no more than about 1 hour. This consists of scrubbing the dog and clipping their hair. Dependent on what the shopper wants and how excited the pet dog is, the process might take longer.
Groomers may get a job at a multitude of locations, including at kennels, dog daycare centers, and pet supply stores. Numerous dog groomers tend to be self-employed and get most of their revenue from giving door-to-door assistance. They move with a mobile grooming station so their tools are always with them. Various tools are required to groom a dog, including hand-held scissors, brushes, electric shavers, shampoos, styptic, and nail clippers. At times dog groomers excel at only a single area of expertise, like washing the dogs or shaving their fur. However, a good number of dog groomers give a full-blown service.
Brand new groomers are often explained their job via informal instructions by more experienced groomers. They will get started as workers working on small jobs such as comforting animals, washing tools, washing the location or mobile kit, in addition to handling appointments. Before moving on to be the manager, they ought to get certified by going through an approved program. These courses are usually brief and they need to pass a final examination. You don't have to be credentialed to get into dog grooming, even so it is not going to hurt to raise your qualifications by clicking here.


FORT BELVOIR, Virginia -- Members of the U.S. Army Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM), along with family members and friends, gathered June 7, to honor the legacy of an Army counterintelligence officer who was killed during the Vietnam War.
Maj. Gen. George J. Franz III, INSCOM commanding general, presided over the ceremony and presented 1st Lt. Dennis Lee Holm's family with Holm's posthumous Military Intelligence Corps Association's (MICA) Lieutenant Colonel Thomas W. Knowlton Award. A conference room in INSCOM's Nolan Building headquarters was also named and dedicated to Holm.
Holm was deployed to Saigon, Republic of Vietnam, in July 1966, as a CI officer assigned to the 524th Military Intelligence Detachment (CI). Because of his faith and the idea of trying to win the hearts and minds of the Vietnamese people, Holm, a graduate of Creighton University (a Jesuit Catholic University) volunteered to teach English to young Vietnamese and Chinese students at Saint John's Catholic High School, in the Cholon district of Saigon.
On May 22, 1967, while teaching his third session of the day, three Viet Cong terrorists entered the school and killed Holm in front of his students. An investigation revealed that the terrorists were operating on orders from the Chicom Southeast Asian Liberation Central Intelligence Branch and that it was reportedly a deliberate targeting of Holm, who was six weeks away from the end of his deployment.
"Today is about permanence in legacy. It's an honor and our sacred responsibility to pay tribute to and celebrate Lieutenant Holm," Franz said. "It's about our core values. Dennis was a person of faith, honor, courage and commitment - the kind of person we want to lead and represent our Army."
Franz informed attendees that the ceremony is also about Clinton R. Van Zandt who served with Holm in Vietnam and did not let go of the notion that Holm needed to be properly honored.
"Today is a celebration of the life of Lieutenant Dennis Holm," Van Zandt said. "I also bring you thoughts and good wishes from General Barry McCaffrey who supported this recognition."
Van Zandt, a senior NBC News law enforcement analyst, met retired Army Gen. Barry McCaffrey at the network's studios and struck up a friendship. Through Van Zandt's tireless efforts reaching out to Army leadership and McCaffrey, who in turn obtained support through Army Vice Chief of Staff Gen. Daniel B. Allyn, the Department of the Army G-2, the Army Intelligence Center of Excellence and INSCOM, the ceremony to recognize Holm was set.
"There are lots of fingerprints on this (recognition) just like Denny Holm's life has touched so many people," Van Zandt added. "Denny wanted to make his year in Vietnam count. He once wrote a letter home saying he was learning more from the children in his class than they were learning from him."
Family members attending the ceremony included Holm's wife Margaret Welch, daughter Erin Holm Welch Thaemlitz, her husband Carl, and their son Andrew. Van Zandt's wife Dianne was also in attendance.
"He was one of many who gave their lives in Vietnam and I'm sure he would appreciate this honor greatly," Welch said.
Welch thanked Van Zandt for starting the process with great perseverance that culminated in the ceremony.
"We have four sons who will carry on my father's legacy of dedication, humility, and service to others," Thaemlitz said.
Following presentation of the Knowlton Award, Holm's family and the Van Zandts were escorted to INSCOM's G2X Conference Room that was dedicated to and named in honor of Holm. INSCOM's G2X is INSCOM's operational staff for CI and Human Intelligence.
To commemorate Holm's legacy, INSCOM developed a scrapbook of photographs, news clippings, and letters. A commemorative plaque and a shadow box containing Holm's photo, awards and decorations are permanently on display in the 1LT Dennis Lee Holm Conference Room.
Welch and Thaemlitz expressed deep gratitude to all of the members of the INSCOM family who had involvement in the effort to honor Holm.
"The work you have all done for this is just amazing." Welch added.
sought assignment in the Intelligence field. He completed Officer's Basic Training at Fort Benning, Georgia, and the Military Intelligence Officer Course at Fort Holabird, Maryland.
According to Welch, Holm planned to attend law school upon completion of military service and enter politics, aspiring to one day run for the U.S. Senate. He is buried in the Black Hills National Cemetery, Sturgis, South Dakota.
The Knowlton Award was established in June 1995, by MICA to recognize individuals who have contributed significantly to the promotion of Military Intelligence. These individuals must have demonstrated the highest standards of integrity and moral character, displayed an outstanding degree of professional competence, and served the U.S. Army Military Intelligence Corps either by military or civilian service.


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Jacques-Édouard Berger (24 May 1945 – 10 November 1993) was a Swiss Egyptologist.

Biography
Jacques-Édouard Berger was the son of the Swiss writer, philosopher, and art historian René Berger.

He received a BA from  the University of Lausanne in 1969 and obtained an additional degree in Egyptology at the University of Geneva in 1973.

Work

He held the positions of curator at the Cantonal Museum of Fine Arts in Lausanne and lecturer at the École Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne. He was a member of several international committees at the International Council of Museums and UNESCO.

Jacques-Édouard Berger Foundation
The Jacques-Édouard Berger Foundation was created  by a small group of relatives and friends in 1994, shortly after  Berger's death. Its aim is to edit his entire works through a website named for him. The collection contains are more than 100,000 images (mainly slides), as well as recordings of Berger's lectures.

Since Berger's private collection has been placed at the Musée des arts décoratifs in Lausanne, Museum of Contemporary Design and Applied Arts (MUDAC), the Foundation was inaugurated with an exhibition there (November 17, 1995 – January 2, 1996).

Publications
L'œil et l'éternité : portraits romains d'Égypte, Flammarion, Paris, 1977
El-Fayyum - I Segni dell'Uomo, Franco Maria Ricci, Milan, 1978 (French ed.,  1985)
Pierres d'Égypte, Éditions Pour l'Art, Lausanne, 1987
 Jacques-Édouard Berger, Un regard partagé, édition Fondation Jacques-Édouard Berger, 1995
Philippe Germond, Le monde symbolique des amulettes égyptiennes, Édition des 5 Continents, Milan, 2005 (documents en provenance de la collection Jacques-Édouard Berger)

References

External links
 (en) Jacques-Edouard Berger Foundation

Swiss art historians
Swiss Egyptologists
1945 births
1993 deaths

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Artificial intelligence versus COVID-19 in developing countries
Priorities and trade-offs
In this note, I will refer to current efforts to harness artificial intelligence (AI) in the push back against COVID-19, note its promises, limitations, potential pitfalls, and identify priorities for developing countries. Artificial Intelligence is the use of algorithms, data, and statistics to teach computers to recognize patterns and predict outcomes. Pattern recognition and prediction are what underlies machine learning (ML), natural language processing (NLP), and computer vision, the main applications of modern AI.
The promise of AI versus COVID-19
Since the outbreak of the pandemic in December 2019, there has been a rush to harness AI in the fight. AI can help track and predict the spread of the infection, it can help make diagnoses and prognoses, and it can search for treatments and a vaccine. It can also be used for social control—for instance, to help isolate those that are infected and monitor and enforce compliance with lockdown measures. I document these efforts in an IZA Discussion Paper.
Unfortunately, AI is currently not up to the job to track and predict the infection. It cannot yet provide reliable assistance in diagnoses. And, while its most promising use is to search for a vaccine and treatments, these will take a long time. The main reason for this somewhat pessimistic conclusion is inadequate data. The problem in the current crisis is that there is, on the one hand, not suitable enough (that is, unbiased and sufficient) data to train AI models to predict and diagnose COVID-19. Most of the studies that have trained AI models to diagnose COVID-19 from CT scans or X-rays have made use of small, biased, and unrepresentative samples from China. Many of these studies are not (yet) published in peer-reviewed journals.
On the other hand, the global impact and focus on the pandemic have resulted in too much data. There is too much noisy social media data associated with COVID-19, which the failure of Google Flu Trends illustrated more than five years ago. This failure is dissected by Lazer and colleagues in a 2014 paper in Science, in which they identified noisy social media data as upending 'big data hubris and algorithm dynamics'. These factors currently also bedevil efforts to track COVID-19 using big data from social media.
Furthermore, and perhaps more importantly, the systemic shock which the outbreak has caused has led to a deluge of outlier data. In essence, COVID-19 is a massive unique event. This sudden deluge of new data is invalidating almost all prediction models in economics, finance, and business. The consequence is that 'many industries are going to be pulling the humans back into the forecasting chair that had been taken from them by the models'.
So, while we will not likely see AI in prediction and diagnoses during the current pandemic, we are likely to see the growing use of it for social control. In contrast to AI's limitations in prediction and diagnoses due to data problems, no such problems exist in using surveillance technology. The use of mass surveillance to enforce lockdown and isolation measures in China, including infra-red cameras to identify potentially infected persons in public, has been well documented. These have not been limited to China, but are being adopted by many democracies, including Australia, Germany, South Korea, Spain, the UK and USA. Here, it is not so much public infra-red cameras that are used, but rather, contact-tracing apps using personal mobile phone data.
Many developing economies are following suit. OneZero has compiled a list of at least 25 countries that by mid-April 2020 had resorted to surveillance technologies to track compliance and enforce social distancing measures. Many of these violate data privacy norms. These include developing countries such as Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador, India, Indonesia, Iran, Kenya, Pakistan, Peru, Russia, South Africa, and Thailand. In the case of South Africa, the country is reported to have contracted a Singapore-based AI company to implement a 'real-time contact tracing and communication system'. Singapore is using 'TraceTogether', an app which sends out warnings if social distancing limits are breached.
In addition to social control and compliance measuring, AI systems via apps and mobile devices can also help health authorities to manage provision of care. According to Petropoulos, these can 'Enable patients to receive real-time waiting-time information from their medical providers, to provide people with advice and updates about their medical condition without them having to visit a hospital in person, and to notify individuals of potential infection hotspots in real-time so those areas can be avoided.'
Social control, and the public information that can be disseminated via mobile devices, can be beneficial so long as we do not have a vaccine against the virus causing COVID-19. Without a vaccine, governments are left to 'flatten' the epidemiological curve, to prevent healthcare systems from being overwhelmed by a sudden increase in patients. And while lockdowns and social distancing measures can be effective to reduce the speed at which the virus spreads, they come at an exorbitant economic cost and, therefore, at some time, must be phased out in favour of smarter, less blunt policy instruments.
To limit the danger that there will be a rebound in infections once restrictions are lifted, it may be necessary for large-scale diagnostic testing to identify those still infected and keep them in quarantine. In this approach, AI surveillance tools can be valuable. Large-scale diagnostic testing is also necessary to fill in the data gap that characterizes knowledge on the extent and fatality of the coronavirus. At the time of writing it is not known accurately how many people are in fact infected and how many are asymptomatic. A study in Science suggested that up to 86 per cent of all infections may be undocumented. If this is accurate, then there are two important implications—one being bad news and the other one being good news. One, the pandemic may easily rebound once lockdowns are lifted. Two, the virus may not be as lethal as is thought. In this regard, The Economist points out, 'If millions of people were infected weeks ago without dying, the virus must be less deadly than official data suggest.'
The contribution of surveillance technology comes with one substantial risk, namely mission creep: that once the outbreak is over, that erosion of data privacy would not be reversed, and that governments would continue to keep intrusive tabs on their populations. They can even potentially use the data obtained in the fight against COVID-19 for other, nefarious, purposes.
This risk of using AI in the fight against COVID-19 is perhaps reflective of the general risk in using AI. AI has both positive and negative impacts. There will always be trade-offs. For instance, if we consider the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) broadly, a recent survey published in Nature Communications emphasized that 'AI can enable the accomplishment of 134 targets across all the goals, but it may also inhibit 59 targets'. AI can do good, but it can also do bad.
Take two more examples of how AI can do both good and bad at the same time. While NLP algorithms may warn against the possible outbreak of an epidemic by mining written reports on social media and online news, a recent study found that to train a standard NLP model to do this using graphics processing unit (GPU) hardware, emits 626,155 pounds of CO2. This is five times more than an average car emits in its lifetime (120,000 lbs). Another example is that AI-driven automation may raise productivity and firm efficiency, but may increase unemployment and poor-quality jobs ('gigs'), with higher poverty and inequality as outcomes.
Hence, the authors in Nature Communications recommend that 'the fast development of AI needs to be supported by the necessary regulatory insight and oversight for AI-based technologies to enable sustainable development. Failure to do so could result in gaps in transparency, safety, and ethical standards'.
The key point is that we need to limit the potential adverse consequences of AI, and we need to do so through adequate governance of AI.
Having identified current efforts to harness AI against COVID-19, and having noted their promises, limitations, and potential pitfalls, it remains to identify the priorities for developing countries.
Developing countries are already having to deal with the economic fallout of the pandemic. As Hausmann argues, with revenues, trade, and investments dropping, developing countries would need to increase their indebtedness massively if they are to implement basic healthcare support and social distancing measures against the disease. They are losing policy space precisely when they need it the most. Therefore, prioritization of resources is vital.
Developing countries should prioritize their scarce resources on propping up their health sectors and providing social security to their citizens. In essence, they should not be investing their resources in AI in the hope of improving hospital efficiencies, or in finding a vaccine.
Although AI can be helpful in finding a vaccine, developing countries, and particularly those in Africa, are largely lagging in terms of AI research and development capability. As I document elsewhere, around 30 companies in three regions—North America, the EU, and China—perform the vast bulk of research, patenting,1 and receipt of venture capital funding2 for AI.
This is not to say that developing countries have no interest in harnessing AI to find a vaccine—they do, because it can be argued that such a vaccine is a global public good. Scott Barret has put forth the concept of a 'single-best effort public good', which can be applied to the search for a vaccine for COVID-19. In the case of a 'single-best effort public good', it can be produced by one or a few countries for the benefit of all countries. The requirement however is that the resulting vaccine be available in a non-excludable and nonrival manner .Thus, while developing countries should not be spending resources on finding pharmaceutical solutions to the crisis through AI, they should be part of a global coalition to harness the AI capabilities of high-income economies and China in this respect. What should be avoided is an unco-ordinated response, an 'AI arms race', if you will, between countries and regions, and uncertainty about the distribution of and access to such a vaccine. With the possibility that rich countries may hoard vaccines, there should be clear and fair protocols for the distribution of and access to such a vaccine. How to fund and incentivize such an outcome is another urgent challenge facing economists, not least to overcome production and logistical constraints.
Developing countries should also partake in the gathering and building of large public databases on which to train AI. The costs of doing so are small, and the potential benefits, given the need for unbiased and representative data on the pandemic, is high. The construction of such databases should be seen as an investment against future pandemics.
Finally, the combination of surveillance, AI, and testing, may help developing countries ease restrictions and lockdowns earlier. But, as was discussed, this will come at the risk of compromised data privacy—a risk that may have to be taken in the interest of public health and the re-opening of economies. The risk can be managed through appropriate governance.
How developing countries go about their AI-based surveillance and testing will be crucial. Developing country governments and the global community need to ensure adherence to the highest ethical standards and transparency. If they do not, then they may face the prospect that people will lose what little trust they had in government, which will, as Ienca and Vayena pointed out, 'make people less likely to follow public-health advice or recommendations and more likely to have poorer health outcomes.' For the developing countries of Africa, this makes it imperative that they ratify the African Union's convention on Cyber Security and Personal Data Protection—the Malabo Convention—as soon as possible. Only two countries have so far done this. And, they should also, consistent with the convention, stop limiting internet access and restricting digital information flows.
Developing countries still face a substantial digital divide, and the world's poorest region, sub-Saharan Africa, faces a particularly daunting challenge. The COVID-19 crisis, and its likely long-term consequences—in terms of accelerating automation, online trade, reshoring, and the increase of market power for large incumbent digital platforms—should spur on these countries to see the current crisis as an opportunity to speed up their digitalization, and to leverage funding for the long-term upgrading of data infrastructures and skills.
Wim Naudé
© UNU-WIDER 2020 / Licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO
1. 93%.
2. More than 90%.
Artificial intelligence vs. COVID-19 in developing countries
Data, global development, and COVID-19
Artificial intelligence COVID-19 Developing countries

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Bythonia rugosa är en insektsart som beskrevs av Henry Fairfield Osborn 1923. Bythonia rugosa ingår i släktet Bythonia och familjen dvärgstritar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Dvärgstritar
rugosa


New Video: the Parks Trip deviates from Parks!
So after Petrified Forest, DA's parents came out to meet with us and go to the Grand Canyon- but on the way, they wanted to see a couple of National Monuments that had been suggested by one of our lovely hosts. Here's the video from Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument and Wupatki National Monument! Get excited for volcanic ash, pueblos, and more!
This entry was posted in GAP Videos by thegreatamericanparkstrip. Bookmark the permalink.


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The personal website of Dr Rob Dover FHEA
A personal profile space and some blogs
Kings of War Archive posts
Think-Pieces
Welcome to my space
Photo by Dominika Greguu0161ovu00e1 on Pexels.com
This is a small, personal website that details what I've done professionally. Please feel free to navigate around and do contact me if you want to.
I am currently Associate Professor in Intelligence and International Security at the University of Leicester. I research and teach in intelligence, security, defence, crisis communications and international politics. My research is particularly geared at generating 'real-world' impacts, and so I try to write in such a way as to be both readable and translatable by practitioners. I convene a final year module on Strategy and Intelligence, a Masters module on Strategic Studies, and I supervise a strong cohort of PhD students.
I began my career at the University of Bristol, moved to King's College London and then spent 2007 til 2016 working at Loughborough University as a Senior Lecturer in International Relations.
Whilst at Loughborough I was the Director of the Glendonbrook Institute for Enterprise Development, and Associate Dean for Enterprise at Loughborough University in London (LUiL), which was (and probably remains) the largest project the university has undertaken since it gained its charter. Until late 2013, I was the Academic Theme Developer for the Secure and Resilient Societies Strand, which was a key element in the University's process of revising its core strategic approach. I was an elected member of University Senate (July 2010-July 2014) and was an elected member of the Joint Senate-Council Human Resource Committee and its subcommittees (including probation and promotion committees) until 2015. During 2011 and 2012, I was Senate's representative on two senior appointment panels (including that which appointed the still current Vice Chancellor, Bob Allison).
At KCL, I was a member of the College's Academic Board and Director of the Postgraduate Taught Programme in Defence Studies, the largest social science masters in the EU at the time. I have also been an external examiner at London Metropolitan University, Aberystwyth, King's College London and Bournemouth University.
Since 2011, I have been the Convenor of the PSA Specialist Group, the Security and Intelligence Studies Group.
With Michael Goodman (KCL), I jointly convened and edited the AHRC Intelligence and Security series, which has also been published online.
Archives Select Month August 2020 September 2010
The personal website of Dr Rob Dover FHEA, Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com.


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copper crusher producing countries in the world
List of countries by copper production Wikipedia 13 行· 28062008· Country/region Production (thousand tons) World: 19,100 1: Chile: 5,760 2: copper crusher producing countries in the world
List of countries by copper production Wikipedia
13 行· 28062008· Country/region Production (thousand tons) World: 19,100 1: Chile: 5,760 2: China: 1,710 3: Peru: 1,700 4: United States: 1,380 5: Congo, Democratic Republic of the: 1,020 6: Australia: 971 7: Russia: 732 8: Zambia: 712 9: Canada: 69759 行· Chile has been the world's leading producer of copper since the early 21st century PeruCopper Production By Country 2021 2021 World Population26022018· Chile is currently the largest copper producing country in the world, representing nearly 32% of global copper mine output Other leading countries in the global copper production as of 2016 were Chile, Peru, China, the United States, Australia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Zambia, Canada, Russia, and MexicoTop 10 Largest Copper Producing Countries in the World
Largest producer of copper in the world 2020 | Statista
16022021· The ten leading countries in world copper production as of 2019 were Chile, Peru, China, the United States, Australia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Zambia10032021· Anglo American is tenth with attributable copper production of 463 ktonnes, a 4% increase over 2019 largely due to secured access to industrial water at Los Bronces, partially offset by planned plant maintenance at CollahuasiThe world's top 10 largest copper producers in 102018· The World Copper Factbook 2018 International Copper Study Group 19 In 2017, China accounted for almost 40% of world copper smelter production, followed by Japan (8%), Chile (7%) and Russian Federation (5%) Note: Capacity data reflects production capabilities not necessarily production forecasts ICSG Factbook 2018
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ICSG Releases Latest Copper Market Forecast 20212022 Download Press Release The International Copper Study Group (ICSG) met via a webmeeting on 2930 April 2021 Government delegates and industry advisors from most of the world's leading copper producing and using countries met to discuss key issues affecting the global copper marketII2 Copper Mine, Smelter and Refinery Production in Developing Countries in 1965, and 199 II 4 II3 Refined Copper Production by Economic Regions and Main Countries, 19601979 II 5 II4 Copper Consur,?tion by Economic Regions and Main Countries II 7 II5 Copper World Exports by Economic Regions and Main Countries II 8Copper Handbook World Bank08082020· Copper is one of the most important minerals out there, so let's take a look at the companies responsible for its production, with the top 11 largest copper producing countries in the worldTop 11 Largest Copper Producing Countries in the World
ICSG Factbook 2019
World Refined Copper Production, 1960‐2018 21 Trends in Refined Capacity, 2000‐2023 22 Refined Copper Production by Region, 1990‐2018 23 Refined Copper Production by Country: Top 20 Countries in 2018 24 Top 20 Copper Refineries by Capacity, basis 2019 19· At 121 million tonnes, the Escondida copper mine in Chile's Atacama Desert was by far the biggest producer in 2018, and it continues to be the world's largest copper operationRANKED: World's top copper mines 08102018· World Refined Copper Production, 1960‐2017 21 Trends in Refined Capacity, 2000‐2021 22 Refined Copper Production by Region, 1990‐2017 23 Refined Copper Production by Country: Top 20 Countries in 2017 24 Top 20 Copper Refineries by Capacity, basis 2018 25ICSG Factbook 2018
Largest Copper Producers Worldwide: Q1 2020 Overview
08102020· Codelco was the largest copper producer in the world in Q1 2020 (based on attributable copper tonnes) Despite COVID19 threats, top 10 copper producers managed to increase their output in March Quarter by 1% yoy to 2,233 thousand tonnes Mines and Metals reports that during Q1 2020, the world's top ten copper producers mined 2,233 ktonnes of copper, a 1% increase over Q1 201923102020· Refined copper production Following stagnant output in 2019, world refined copper production is expected to increase by about 15% in 2020 and the same percentage inGlobal copper production to increase in 2021 after twoEurope's copper industry already leads the world in terms of recycling with nearly 50% of its copper demand through the recovery and recycling of valuechain offcuts, plus endoflife products Visit the Benefits of Copper section to learn more about the benefits delivered by copper and copper alloy products across multiple endusesEurope's Copper Industry How Copper is Produced and
The World Will Need 10 Million Tons More Copper to
19032021· The copper industry needs to spend upwards of $100 billion to close what could be an annual supply deficit of 47 million metric tons by 2030 as26052021· World leading copper importers by country 2020 In 2019, over 485 billion US dollars' worth of copper and copper products were imported into China It dwarfed all other importing countriesWorld leading copper importers 2020 | Statistaproduction Economies of scale have been realized in all phases of copper production Both machine and human productivity have increased dramatically This chapter briefly describes the technology for producing copper, from exploration, through mining and milling, to smelting and refining or solvent extraction and electrowinning The chapChapter 6 Copper Production Technology Princeton
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18112010· The Top 10 Copper Producing Countries In 2009, Chile was the largest copper producer in the world, with an output of 5,320,000 metric tonnes The largest copper02072019· At 121 million tonnes, the Escondida copper mine in Chile's Atacama Desert was by far the biggest producer in 2018, and it continues to be the world's largest copper operationRANKED: World's top copper mines 08102018· World Refined Copper Production, 1960‐2017 21 Trends in Refined Capacity, 2000‐2021 22 Refined Copper Production by Region, 1990‐2017 23 Refined Copper Production by Country: Top 20 Countries in 2017 24 Top 20 Copper Refineries by Capacity, basis 2018 25ICSG Factbook 2018
ICSG Releases Latest Copper Market Forecast 20212022 Download Press Release The International Copper Study Group (ICSG) met via a webmeeting on 2930 April 2021 Government delegates and industry advisors from most of the world's leading copper producing and using countries met to discuss key issues affecting the global copper market08102020· Codelco was the largest copper producer in the world in Q1 2020 (based on attributable copper tonnes) Despite COVID19 threats, top 10 copper producers managed to increase their output in March Quarter by 1% yoy to 2,233 thousand tonnes Mines and Metals reports that during Q1 2020, the world's top ten copper producers mined 2,233 ktonnes of copper, a 1% increase over Q1 2019Largest Copper Producers Worldwide: Q1 2020 OverviewOperation As one of the largest copper producers in the United States, Rio Tinto Kennecott comprises approximately 11 percent of US annual copper production The Bingham Canyon Mine is one of the top producing copper mines in the world with production at more than 20 million tons The Bingham Canyon Mine is the largest manmade excavation onOperation Rio Tinto Kennecott
19032021· The copper industry needs to spend upwards of $100 billion to close what could be an annual supply deficit of 47 million metric tons by 2030 asEurope's copper industry already leads the world in terms of recycling with nearly 50% of its copper demand through the recovery and recycling of valuechain offcuts, plus endoflife products Visit the Benefits of Copper section to learn more about the benefits delivered by copper and copper alloy products across multiple endusesEurope's Copper Industry How Copper is Produced andWorldwide Supply of and Demand for Copper The world's production (supply) and consumption As large developing countries have entered the global market, demand for mineral commodities, including copper, has increased In the past 20 years, the Andean region of South America has emerged as the world's most productive copper regionUSGS Mineral Resources Program Copper—A Metal for the Ages
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World Copper Smelter Production, 19802012 Smelting is the pyrometallurgical process used to produce copper metal In 2012, world copper smelter production reached 167 million tonnes copper Recently, the trend to recover copper directly from ores through leaching processes has been on the increase Primary smelters use mine concentrates as
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text:
\section*{INTRODUCTION}
\noindent The field of two-dimensional few-layer and monolayer materials has generated intense and sustained interest since the isolation of graphene in 2004 [1], though bulk (three-dimensional) van der Waals layered materials and, in particular, the transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), were known and studied much earlier [2]. In the last few years, many more two-dimensional materials have been identified or proposed and there are currently around 1000 candidates for two-dimensional metals, semiconductors, superconductors and charge density wave materials. Besides graphene, the TMDs are still the most actively studied members of this family and many prototype devices (e.g, field effect transistors, sensors, and photo-detectors) based on MoS\textsubscript{2} have been demonstrated successfully, as well as device paradigms being proposed (e.g, spin- and valleytronics) based on the band structure of mono- or few-layer MoS\textsubscript{2} [3-4].\newline

\noindent Although MoS\textsubscript{2} is arguably the archetypal semiconducting TMD, there are many TMDs that offer contrasting properties to MoS\textsubscript{2} and therefore add significantly to the diversity of TMD devices and heterostructures that can be explored [2]. The rhenium chalcogenides ReS\textsubscript{2} and ReSe\textsubscript{2} are prime examples of this [5] since they differ markedly from MoS\textsubscript{2} in crystal structure and symmetry [6], electronic band structure [7], and lattice dynamics [8]. The crystal structure of these compounds is shown in Figure 1, based on early crystal structure determinations \textit{via} X-ray diffraction [6] and optimisation of the structures via first-principles calculations as described in the Methods section. In the ReX\textsubscript{2} structure (X=S, Se) Re atoms group into diamond-shaped clusters of 4 atoms and each cluster is linked to the next one by Re-Re bonds to form chains running along the crystallographic axis direction we define as \textit{a} [9]. The resulting structure has only inversion symmetry and is highly anisotropic in all physical properties in-plane, in contrast to the hexagonal TMDs. The stacking of layers is such that the \textit{c} axis is not perpendicular to the layer plane but \textit{a} and \textit{b} do lie in the layer plane, so that the reciprocal space \textit{\textit{c*}} axis is normal to the real space layers and thus also normal to the principal surface of bulk crystals; \textit{a*} and \textit{b*} lie out of the layer plane. Thus, angle-resolved photoemission experiments (ARPES), which preserve information about electron momentum normal to the sample surface, will probe the valence band dispersion in an approximately planar section through the Brillouin zone that does not contain any of the reciprocal lattice vectors (this is well illustrated in Ref. [10], Figure 2).  \newline

\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{fig1}
\caption{Top and side views of the ReX\textsubscript{2} structure with rhenium (sulphur or selenium) atoms shown in blue (yellow); the rhenium atoms lie in the layer plane. The \textit{a} and \textit{b} crystallographic axes are in the layer plane and are defined as shown in the upper panel; the side view (lower panel) is drawn looking along \textit{a} and shows that the \textit{c} axis is not normal to the layer plane. }
\label{fig:figure1}
\end{figure}

\noindent Recently, we have presented experimental data on the electronic valence band structures of ReS\textsubscript{2} [11] and ReSe\textsubscript{2} [12] as determined by nanoscale ARPES, and closely related work has been reported also by other groups, on both bulk ReS\textsubscript{2} [13] and also few-layer ReS\textsubscript{2} [10]. This work addresses controversies over (i) the nature of the bandgaps in the ReX\textsubscript{2} family and (ii) the degree to which the ReX\textsubscript{2} bulk materials can be considered as non-interacting stacked layers. It has become clear that the details of a particular first-principles calculation influence the conclusions about the existence of a direct gap and the locations of the conduction and valence band extrema; these materials present a very flat band structure with a large number of bands in a small energy range (due to the large 12-atom unit cell) and, as we shall show, the band extrema are not necessarily located at any high symmetry points of the Brillouin zone (BZ). Calculations typically focus on high symmetry paths in the BZ and may miss the true band edges; here, we take a different approach, calculating the band energies over the whole volume of the BZ and tracing out constant energy surfaces rather than dispersions. In particular, we present data for the conduction band of bulk ReSe\textsubscript{2}, which has not previously been discussed in detail.

\section*{COMPUTATIONAL METHODS}
\noindent Electronic band structures were calculated via plane-wave, pseudopotential methods within density functional theory (DFT) using the QUANTUM ESPRESSO package [14]. Structures were derived from published X-ray diffraction (XRD) crystallographic data [6] and were relaxed with respect to both unit cell dimensions and atomic coordinates to give atomic forces of less than 6.1$\times$10\textsuperscript{-3} eV \AA \textsuperscript{-1} (ReS\textsubscript{2}) or 3.5$\times$×10\textsuperscript{-2} eV Å \AA \textsuperscript{-1} (ReSe\textsubscript{2}). Fully relativistic pseudopotentials were used with the projector augmented wave (PAW)  method [15]; pseudopotentials and PAW datasets were constructed using the PSLibrary [16] for the local density approximation (LDA) Perdew-Zunger [17] and generalized gradient approximation (GGA) Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof [18] exchange-correlation functionals. The valence of Re was taken as 15 (configuration 5s\textsuperscript{2} 5p\textsuperscript{6} 5d\textsuperscript{5} 6s\textsuperscript{2}). Monkhorst-Pack [19] \textit{k}-point meshes of 10$\times$10$\times$10 (ReS\textsubscript{2}) or  8$\times$8$\times$8 (ReSe\textsubscript{2}) were used with kinetic energy cutoffs of, typically, 60 Ry (816 eV); convergence with respect to both of these was checked. In this work we present results using fully relativistic LDA and GGA functionals; we have explored the differences between the results using the LDA and GGA levels of approximation further elsewhere [12, 20].

\section*{RESULTS AND DISCUSSION}
\noindent No direct comparison of the band structures of ReSe\textsubscript{2} and ReS\textsubscript{2} over the whole Brillouin zone (BZ) has yet been presented and so we provide such a comparison here. This is useful as a guide to the electronic properties of these materials but also gives insight into the difficulties in making first-principles calculations of band structure in this system; our results show that it is necessary to consider the whole BZ and not to focus only on high-symmetry paths. To make this comparison, we use consistently two types of pseudopotential; although more sophisticated calculations of band structure can be performed, and the exact positions of the band extrema depend on the choice of pseudopotential, the above comments will apply at any level of approximation.

\subsection*{Rhenium sulphide}
\noindent We consider first ReS\textsubscript{2}, being the more well-studied of the two materials, and the material with the wider bandgap. It should be noted that here we take the bulk unit cell to contain just one monolayer and 4 formula units; this contradicts the conclusions of some early XRD studies of ReS\textsubscript{2} [6] but is consistent with more recent XRD [21] and photon-energy dependent ARPES studies [10, 13, 20]; the latter technique probes the valence band dispersion in the direction normal to the sample surface (which is here the layer plane) and is thus sensitive to the lattice periodicity in that direction.\newline

\noindent Figure 2 shows constant energy surfaces for two energies chosen to show (a,c) the conduction (CB) and (b,d) valence band (VB) structures clearly within the full three-dimensional BZ. In both cases, the smaller (red) surface encloses the band extremum and the larger (yellow) surface shows how the bands develop at energies further from the band extremum. To obtain these figures, the band energies were calculated for a grid of points covering the whole BZ. This process is not usually required in more high-symmetry materials and can be computationally expensive; each of our datasets required 24 hours with 64 processors, which is acceptable, but there is a cubic scaling with \textit{k}-space resolution which makes the use of a very fine grid impractical. Therefore, we do not attempt to extract band dispersions from the same dataset, and we are only able to locate the band extrema to the resolution of our \textit{k}-point grid. However, we propose that presenting the band structure in this way is useful, since this process searches for the band extrema without prejudging where they are located. As Fig. 2 makes clear, this calculation implies that both the VBM and CBM are not located at $\Gamma$ or at any particular high-symmetry point on the BZ boundary. \newline

\noindent Most reported calculations of the band structure so far have presented the dispersion only along a special set of directions. In some cases, these have been chosen connecting the $\bar{\Gamma}$, $\bar{K}$ and $\bar{M}$ points of a hypothetical two-dimensional BZ; however, $\bar{K}$ and $\bar{M}$ are not special points in the three-dimensional BZ, but are projections of the latter onto the layer plane [7, 22-25] (and so cannot be represented on Figure 2). In other cases, paths have been chosen in the 3D BZ connecting three-dimensional special points but not exploring the whole BZ [26-27]. The 2D projection onto the layer plane is very useful when considering how the band structure evolves from bulk to monolayer materials and is also necessary when modelling ARPES experiments, in which a 2D section through the 3D BZ is measured. However, by discarding the \textit{\textit{c*}} component of the wavevector, it is impossible to determine whether the band extrema occur at the same crystal momentum values.  \newline

\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{fig2}
\caption{ Constant energy surfaces in the Brillouin zone of ReS\textsubscript{2}. Calculations using LDA: (a) contours in the conduction band (CB) at energies of 70 meV (yellow) and 20 meV (red) above the CB minimum and (b)  contours in the valence band (VB) at energies of 310 meV (yellow) and 70 meV (red) below the VB maximum. Calculations using GGA: (c) conduction band at energies of 70 meV (yellow) and 20 meV (red) above the CB minimum and (d) valence band at energies of 220 meV (yellow) and 70 meV (red) below the VB maximum. The red arrows indicate the reciprocal lattice vectors; the vertical arrow corresponds to the \textit{\textit{c*}} axis which is normal to the layer planes and the sample surface. The green line indicates the path in the BZ used below in the LDA calculations of the band dispersion. The special points $X$, $Y$, $Z$, $-Z$ and \textit{5} [26-27] lying on the BZ boundary are indicated by circles.  }
\label{fig:figure2}
\end{figure}

\noindent The results of Figure 2 suggest that the lowest-energy inter-band transition is indirect in the bulk material, since the VBM and CBM do not coincide. This question has been actively discussed recently on the basis of optical, ARPES and transport measurements, and is not yet resolved. Briefly, for bulk ReS\textsubscript{2}, electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) results gave a room-temperature direct gap of 1.42 eV [24] whilst optical absorption-edge measurements suggested indirect gaps of 1.35 and 1.38 eV (for polarisations parallel and perpendicular respectively to the Re chains) [28] and electroluminescence data suggested an indirect gap of 1.41 eV [29]. Recently, a combined photoacoustic and modulated reflectance spectroscopy study concluded that both ReS\textsubscript{2} and ReSe\textsubscript{2} have indirect bandgaps of 1.37 and 1.18 eV respectively and higher-lying direct gaps of  1.55 and 1.31 eV [30]. Only one ARPES study has reported observation of the CB states via rubidium doping, and found at 10-20 K a direct gap located at the BZ boundary along the \textit{\textit{c*}} direction though with a substantially lower magnitude, of around 1.2 eV [13], assumed to be due to bandgap renormalisation at the high doping levels required. This special point in the BZ, labelled $Z$ [13, 20] (as in Fig. 2)  or $A$ [10], is the reported location of the VBM in all ARPES studies of ReS\textsubscript{2} to date, and this agrees reasonably well with the data of Fig. 2(b) and (d), though the figure demonstrates the flatness of this maximum so that, in our calculations, the VBM is actually displaced away from $Z$ to the centres of the lobes (red) which are constant energy surfaces 70 meV below the VBM; the precise location of the VBM is therefore challenging to determine via DFT, because discrepancies in energy of this magnitude easily arise from different choices of exchange-correlation functional and use of scalar \textit{versus} fully-relativistic pseudopotentials. To demonstrate the extent to which our choice of pseudopotential affects the conclusions, we show calculations using the LDA in Fig. 2 (a) and (b) and using the GGA in Fig. 2 (c) and (d). All the essential features of the constant energy surfaces are reproduced though there are minor differences in the exact energies and positions in the BZ of the band extrema; differences in energy between LDA and GGA global indirect band gaps are of the order of 100 to 200 meV. \newline

\noindent We note that our calculations are not in very good agreement with two other DFT calculations for bulk or many-layer ReS\textsubscript{2} which report a (T=0 K) direct gap of 1.35 eV at the $\bar{\Gamma}$ point [7,22], though we do find, in agreement with [13] that, along the \textit{\textit{c*}} direction, the VB has a \textit{local} maximum at the $Z$ point.This is most clearly seen in Fig. 2(b) and was reported earlier, where the direct gap at Z was found to be 1.525 eV [20]. It is also generally found that the VB at the true ${\Gamma}$ point shows a local minimum, giving an '$M$'-shaped dispersion, as shown by the bifurcation of the constant energy surface in Figure 2(b) and (d) (yellow). \newline

\noindent It is clear from Fig. 2(a) and (c) that the CB minimum in this level of approximation does not appear at $Z$ but is indeed located near the plane containing $Z$ and is displaced towards the 3D special point 5. This is in qualitative agreement with the calculations of [10] (their Figure 4d) and is potentially compatible with the ARPES results[13].

\subsection*{Rhenium selenide}
\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{fig3}
\caption{ Constant energy surfaces in the Brillouin zone of ReSe\textsubscript{2}. Calculations using LDA: (a) contours in the conduction band (CB) at energies of 85 meV (yellow) and 20 meV (red) above the CB minimum and (b)  contours in the valence band (VB) at energies of 80 meV (yellow) and 15 meV (red) below the VB maximum. Calculations using GGA: (c) conduction band at energies of 70 meV (yellow) and 20 meV (red) above the CB minimum and (d) valence band at energies of 85 meV (yellow) and 20 meV (red) below the VB maximum. The red arrows indicate the reciprocal lattice vectors; the vertical arrow corresponds to the \textit{c*} axis which is normal to the layer planes and the sample surface. The green line again shows the path in the BZ used in the LDA calculation of the band dispersion. }
\label{fig:figure3}
\end{figure}
\noindent Fig. 3 shows the equivalent constant energy surfaces for ReSe\textsubscript{2} and, as might be expected from the chemical similarity between S and Se, the overall structure is similar to that of ReS\textsubscript{2}. Focusing first on the results obtained via the LDA, Fig. 3 (a) and (b), (i) we find the conduction band minimum again lies within the volume of the BZ (rather than at the surface or at $\Gamma$) and is closer to the plane containing $Z$ than to that containing $\Gamma$, and (ii) the valence band maxima are offset either side of the $\Gamma$ point. We have discussed ARPES data for ReSe\textsubscript{2} in detail elsewhere and reported already the form of one constant energy surface (yellow) for its VB [12] but we show this again in Fig. 3 (b) for comparison with the CB structure. We have also expanded Fig. 3 (b) to include a second constant energy surface (red) closer to the calculated VBM. Just as for ReS\textsubscript{2}, we find that the three-dimensional $\Gamma$ point is a local minimum in energy with a bifurcation of the constant energy surfaces around it. This is borne out by the experimental ARPES data [12] which shows that the VBM is displaced in the layer plane away from the projection of $\Gamma$ and agrees also with other DFT  calculations (Fig. S1 of the Supplementary material of ref. [23]). Turning to our results obtained in the GGA, we find that the same remarks apply, with one exception; in the GGA, two VB maxima appear, one in the same location as for the LDA results and one very close to $Z$. This does not, however, affect the conclusion that ReSe\textsubscript{2} is indirect, since the CB minimum is still not co-located with the VBM; we find global indirect gaps in LDA, GGA respectively of 0.87 eV, 0.99 eV and a direct gap at $Z$ of 0.97 eV, 1.00 eV. One other recent calculation gives an indirect gap of 0.92 eV for bulk ReSe\textsubscript{2} in the LDA with a direct quasiparticle gap at $Z$ of 1.49 in the LDA+GdW approximation [27]; a second calculation in the GGA+GW approximation gives a direct gap at $Z$ of 1.38 eV [26]. The recent photoacoustic spectroscopy study gives an indirect gap of 1.18 eV and direct gap of 1.31 eV [30]. However, both computational studies only report band dispersions along specific paths in the BZ and it would be interesting in future to apply these more sophisticated models to the whole BZ.  \newline

\noindent The findings of the present calculations are summarised in Figure 4, which shows the band energies for ReS\textsubscript{2} and ReSe\textsubscript{2} taking a path in the Brillouin zone passing through the key points. Again, calculations for both LDA and GGA are shown. To illustrate this, the path used for the LDA calculations is shown (green lines) in Figs. 2 and 3 and is as follows: starting from $\Gamma$, it follows a straight line through the CB minimum (CBM) and continues along this line to the BZ boundary (we label this point CBM'). It then turns to run along the BZ surface up to point 5 in the plane containing the $Z$ point, crosses that plane to $Z$ and runs back down to $\Gamma$. The energies of both CB and VB states are plotted for this path. This accounts for the left hand halves of Fig. 4(a-d); in the right hand halves, we then follow the same procedure, from $\Gamma$ to the VB maximum, on to the BZ boundary (VBM') and then across the BZ surface to $Z$ and finally back to $\Gamma$. This shows clearly that the VBM and CBM do not coincide so that, considering first ReS\textsubscript{2}, Fig. 2 (a) and (b), the material is formally an indirect semiconductor, but that there is a gap at $Z$ which is formed between a local VB maximum and a very flat CB minimum and is therefore a slightly larger direct gap. In the region of the VBM, it appears that there is also a close-lying local minimum in the CB, providing another nearly direct gap. It is hardly surprising, therefore, that measurements of optical reflection or absorption have difficulty in identifying the nature of the band gap. Similar conclusions follow from the analogous data for ReSe\textsubscript{2} shown in Fig. 4 (c) and (d).

\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{fig4}
\caption{Conduction and valence band edges for (a) and (b) ReS\textsubscript{2} and (c) and (d) ReSe\textsubscript{2} for a path around the Brillouin zone passing through the $\Gamma$ and $Z$ points and the band extrema (CBM and VBM). The other labels (CBM', VBM') are explained in the text. The paths through the Brillouin zone used for the LDA calculation are indicated by the green lines in Figures 2 and 3.  Data of (a), (b) were calculated using LDA exchange-correlation functionals and GGA functionals were used for (c), (d).}
\label{fig:figure4}
\end{figure}

\section*{CONCLUSIONS}
\noindent We have presented a detailed comparison of the band structures of bulk ReS\textsubscript{2} and ReSe\textsubscript{2} calculated using LDA and GGA DFT with fully relativistic pseudopotentials and use of the PAW method. We show that only a calculation of the band structure over the whole three-dimensional Brillouin zone volume can identify correctly the locations of the band extrema for a given level of computational accuracy. Our results show clearly that the task of classifying the interband optical transitions in ReS\textsubscript{2} \textit{via} DFT calculations is very demanding since direct and indirect transitions lie close in energy and within the range of DFT results arising from different choices of pseudopotential. In the case of ReSe\textsubscript{2}, computational and experimental results are in better agreement though, it should be noted, there is less experimental data available; the current consensus is that bulk ReSe\textsubscript{2} is an indirect semiconductor.

\begin{acknowledgments}
\noindent This work was supported by the Centre for Graphene Science of the Universities of Bath and Exeter and by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council EPSRC (UK) under Grants No.~EP/G036101, No.~EP/M022188, and No.~EP/P004830; S.~M.~G.~and L.~S.~H.~are supported by the Bath-Bristol Centre for Doctoral Training in Condensed Matter Physics, Grant No.~EP/L015544. Associated experimental studies were supported by the award of beam time at the DIAMOND (IO5) and SOLEIL (ANTARES) synchrotron beam lines and by EPSRC Grant No.~EP/P004830/1. Computational work was performed on the University of Bath's High Performance Computing Facility. Data created during this research are freely available from the University of Bath data archive at \href{http://dx.doi.org/10.15125/BATH-00331}{DOI:10.15125/BATH-00331}, \href{http://dx.doi.org/10.15125/BATH-00332}{DOI:10.15125/BATH-00332}.
\end{acknowledgments}

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\newline

\end{document}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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There has been a great deal of controversy regarding the recent Nike ad campaign featuring polarizing figure Colin Kaepernick. Despite threats of boycotts, Nike shares have hit an all-time record high this week.
Despite the negative publicity that came with putting the former NFL quarterback as the face of the 30th anniversary of their "Just Do It" campaign, Nike's stock hit a record high at the close of Friday afternoon. That despite the stock initially going south immediately following the debut of the commercial.
Nike shares hit an all-time high of $83.49 on Friday.
Nike's online sales expanded by 27 percent from Sunday through Wednesday, according to Edison Trends, a Silicon Valley digital sales and trends research firm.
It's also worth noting that The Morning Consult, a market research firm that has been providing analysis and business strategy for "hundreds of Fortune 500 companies," found that the favorability of Nike nosedived from 69% to 35% in the week of the Kaep ad dropping.
Since the announcement of the partnership, the stock has risen 5 percent. Over the past year, Nike shares have increased more than 33 percent, which had made Nike's market cap to over $133 billion.
President Donald Trump has been outspoken about the "take a knee" national anthem protest as well as the decision to make Kaepernick the face of the ad campaign.
One would expect this topic to continue to be a major focus of the 2018 NFL season despite the two biggest players not actually being a part of the NFL.


Embrace community. Serve others. Create culture.
At A Cup of Common Wealth we embrace our community, we honor culture, and we stand for service.
Community – A Cup of Common Wealth is committed in providing an environment to further the spirit and well-being of our artistically- and culturally-diverse community. This is the driving force of our business. We are dedicated to maintaining our opportunity to be a small piece of our thriving community of coffee lovers, coffee industry geeks, Midwesterners, Lexington residents, family, and friends.
Service – Of course, we're talking about the customer experience, but what else? We're talking about service, in general. How can we be better servant baristas (heck – servant leaders) for our community-at-large? Sometimes, this may mean making the perfect coffee drink, but other times it may mean planting trees in the city park, hosting a poetry slam from emerging writers, or making our customers laugh over spilled milk.
Culture – Such a heavy word, but it encompasses so much. When we think of culture we think of the coffee culture – that crazy dichotomy of serving an artisanal product, but coupled with a customer experience that is remembered days later. We think of a culture of community – it's what we represent and what we celebrate; we also think of a culture of development – constantly assisting with the evolution and maturation of everyone and everything we touch every day.
Ever since he was a little boy there was always coffee around Salvador. Coffee was a part of his parents' daily morning ritual; there were few days that went by that they didn't have a cup of coffee shortly after waking up.
Though, his actual love for coffee came from two very communal and familial experiences.
The first: every Saturday morning his parents would let any of their six kids have one cup of coffee if they wanted (in the beginning it was mostly milk, but as each child grew older the milk to coffee ratio changed quite a bit). Then they would spend the morning talking for hours as a family, sharing life.
The second: the occasions when one of his grandmothers would visit. Both his maternal and paternal grandmother loved their coffee and both would sit with his parents and drink cup after cup. He would usually be able to steal some and listen to conversations thick with Spanish and nostalgic stories.
The people, the experiences, and the community of coffee are what drew him in, but it remained a passion and hobby as he was trying to decide what he wanted to do in life. He always felt compelled to open a business and he loved the service industry, so he always imagined a restaurant or a bar.
Then he got his first job and it was with coffee; naturally he added a third possible business into the mix. He may not have decided what he wanted to do, but he knew he wanted to open a business, so he began to save thanks to the advice from his parents.
As he grew up he would become more and more intrigued with the coffee industry and paid attention to the rise of Starbucks and the Third Wave Coffee Movement shortly after. He eventually found his way into the doors of Water Street Coffee Joint. It is there he made up his mind to open a coffee shop. He fell in love with the business, the people in it, the industry it was a part of, and the culture they created. Still he knew he had to keep growing and preparing for a shop of his own someday. And, he saved.
By the end of college, one of his closest friends and him began looking at cities to open a coffee shop in; Louisville, Detroit, Chicago, and different areas in Southwest Michigan kept popping up. Nothing felt completely right and they decided against it for the time being. So, he saved.
He would then move to Texas where he worked for two different corporations, which helped round out his business acumen in national multi-unit operations, marketing, purchasing, merchandising, finance, human resources & talent brand, design & planning, and strategy. It also brought him more into the coffee industry's circle and allowed him to network and grow his own coffee family. He saved some more.
As more time passed, he became more steadfast in a dream: to create a business that was true to its mission day in and day out; a small company, but one that embraced its community, ensured service was top of mind, and had the ability to create a culture.
Market research began and one city made more sense than any other one. A name was created that best fit the mission.
He took the plunge and moved to Lexington, KY.
Within a few months, they were ready to: Embrace community. Serve others. Create culture.
A Cup of Common Wealth opened its bright blue door on July 1, 2013.


text:
Reviews	• OWE & Fringe	Published 8 January 2020
13 December - 18 January
'An avalanche of years': Frey Kwa Hawking writes on Alexandra Wood's naturalistic depiction of the relationships between sisters over forty years.
The Tyler Sisters at Hampstead Theatre. Photo credit: Robert Day.
Alexandra Wood's The Tyler Sisters is a bit of a puzzle to me. With Little Women (2019), Greta Gerwig's deft take on a sisterly story continuing to perform well at the box office internationally, and Inua Ellams' Nigerian-set Three Sisters crushing it at the National, the timing should be ideal for an original story of the thorny bond between sisters over forty years. It's sadly not as simple as that – I spend most of The Tyler Sisters waiting for a vitality which didn't quite arrive.
We're witness to an avalanche of years, beginning in 1990 and ending in 2030. When we begin, Maddie, the oldest, is twenty years old, Gail is eighteen, and Katrina is the youngest at sixteen. As Gail and Katrina respectively, Bryony Hannah and Angela Griffin pick over each other's phrasing endlessly, sniping and sarcastic; Caroline Faber's Maddie is gentler and calm-voiced. Quickly, we're fully submerged in the big and small things a family fights and laughs over. Incidents, arguments, and occasions are shown to stand in for a year's worth of life – sometimes all we see's a conversation while watching a rugby game, or a joint ignoring of a film. Only one year doesn't feature all three sisters.
Firm information on the characters' lives is often retroactively filled in for us; relationships and hardships pass in and out of mention between years. We feel their impressions, even if not referenced by the characters again: Katrina's early loss of a best friend is only given another nod towards the very end of a play, but we still see it in her.
The three actors sell the texture of these sisters' histories with each other with performances of strength and sincerity. When Gail is wronged by a partner, Griffin's Katrina shows some of her teenage fervour again: she furiously proposes slashing this partner's tyres, no, all of his property, and more and more outlandishly drastic measures. "I've got a whole list," she promises, and how much she loves her sister is shining out of her face. As Maddie, the first to marry and have children and the most unassuming, Faber gradually becomes physically smaller, worn and distracted. Worrying about money, as the other two don't, takes its toll.
The weight of this money-worry on Maddie almost dominates the play, but eventually doesn't. There is no one moment in which Wood's hand is revealed, or in which a conflict is shown to be the definitive one; all the moments are revealing, are equally as important as each other. You can't impose a single theme upon a real life, and Wood wants us to feel Katrina, Gail and Maddie's lives as recognisably real, as complex and resisting of simplification as our own.
But I don't think we can help looking for a point to this cascading of years upon years, for a slight heightening of the stakes – I don't think that's wrong of us, either. Is it enough to be simply presented with an example of the longest relationships most of us will experience in our lives? The Tyler Sisters is a great and naturalistic glance at the ways people change and don't, but isn't distinctive or bold enough to form a lasting memory, or to keep you on your toes.
Abigail Graham's production doesn't solve this problem, though we have the fun of a karaoke scene (a current theatrical staple) and some rollerskating courtesy of Hannah as Gail. But while it makes sense to see Maddie's reaction to Gail's sexuality affect their relationship over years, her initial physical response – scooting to the extreme edge of the steps they're perched on together, away from her – can't help but read slightly comically. Naomi Kuyck-Cohen's design places the actors in a long, shallow and empty blue space, rattling around like figures positioned within a blank plastic floor of a doll's house. It's a little too anonymous, despite the glow in the dark stars. Years tick by on a small screen for us, sometimes unnecessarily explaining the location of the characters, too. Jon McLeod's sound design bring us the brief, gradually elongating brush of strings over transitions, but for the most part, the three actors are everything.
The sisters' pain, grief and hurt are treated with real respect and given room to be felt: 2013, set to Lorde's 'Royals', sees sad sandwiches being made in a near-silent scene not unlike one in the film Pride. For me, Wood's choice to show us these characters – still bickering, still loving, still surviving – in years following our own, all the way until 2030, felt both confident and at the same time safe. It seemed to demonstrate a kind of middle class optimism and comfortable stock in the future: that nothing will change substantially, that these lives can continue without serious external, political interruption. Paired with an ending which, while truthful, does feel a bit complacent, and contained within an increasingly unsurprising though delicately observed play, The Tyler Sisters lets me get away with feeling not very much at all.
The Tyler Sisters is on at Hampstead Theatre till 18th January. More info here.
Frey Kwa Hawking works as a dramaturg in London. He likes to go to the theatre and the cinema. Sometimes they let him in. He is trans and Malaysian-Chinese. He always orders xiao long bao. Follow him on Instagram and Twitter @absentobject
Read more articles by Frey Kwa Hawking
Review: The Tyler Sisters, Hampstead Theatre Show Info
Produced by Hampstead Theatre and Celia Atkin
Directed by Abigail Graham
Written by Alexandra Wood
Cast includes Caroline Faber, Angela Griffin, Bryony Hannah


text:
Universities in Goa
Goa is the smallest state in India by area and is located in the Konkan region of India in the West. Though Goa is popular all over the world as a tourist spot, it is also a centre for educational facilities in spite of the fact that there are not many Universities in Goa except for a single one under which all the colleges of Goa function and are affiliated with. The University in Goa is a state university. There is another University in Goa for the study of Ayurveda.
There are many Engineering colleges, a Medical college and a number of general colleges affiliated to the University in Goa. For engineering studies, NIT, a college of National Importance is also located there. Besides these engineering institutions, there are the other privately managed Engineering colleges of repute in India that have their presence here.
Must Read Universities in Goa
Browse Universities By State
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A large number of state owned as well as private polytechnics colleges offer diploma courses in various disciplines of engineering and technological studies. Eligibility to these polytechnics is a 10th standard pass certificate.
A ship building institute offers courses in ship building and related subjects. Diploma courses are offered here in ship building, mechanical engineering and electronics & communication. Admission eligibility is a 10th standard pass with 50% aggregate marks. The only institute of its type in the country that is managed by a group of industries.
Apart from the NIT, two institutions of National Importance is situated here for the study of Oceanographic Science and its related subjects.They are:
A. The National Centre For Antarctic And Ocean Research
B. The National Institute Of Oceanography
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The Medical college and hospital is the biggest institutions for medical studies in Goa which also conducts courses in nursing, pharmacy courses and other para medical courses. Some of the private medical institution offers degree course in dentistry and pharmacy. An Institute of Psychiatry and Human Behaviour is also present in Goa.
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