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These businesses are the anchor for our country, which helps keep our country afloat. Which our senseless government is constantly targeting them.
When I was growing up that's what many people survived on small farms. My parents had a section of land but not all of it was under cultivation. Some of the land was where the buildings were situated, pasture for the animals and hay land.
I have not patronized some of the many small businesses here in Santa Paula but the few that I have I'd like to acknowledge them for their expertise, honesty and work ethics: H&H Auto Electric Repair, New Image Auto Body, Inc. and New Upholstery. Thank you for your service.
Georgia Jett
Perturbed much
Something has happened in our area and includes our town that "many," including myself are "very upset" about. It is about the borders of the congressional districts in California. We were satisfied with the way it was. Recently a former City Councilmember wheedled his way into being chosen to be on those picked to be on the redistricting committee for the state.
We have had three good Congress representatives since the 1940s and all represented us very well through all the years. There are always a few liberal left who want liberal left ideas but the opposite always won.
The ex-Councilmember on this committee once made a trip to a South American country to give a speech about how bad our country is but yet took advantage of our education and continues to live here and now had a chance to change the congressional district to suit his own ideas and to exclude our good congressman who has tried hard to work for us in a positive way as did those before him. I've had my arm twisted to write. Amen.
Ken Zimmet
Re: Aviary to be a memory, Sept. 2, 2011
Mr. Olivas' letter was right on point. I applaud his suggestions as well as others who have recently noted their support for maintaining the Steckel Park aviary.
I sent an email last week to Supervisor Kathy Long asking that she find a budgetary solution to maintain this community asset. There are so many memories for local families and those that return to visit their hometown at the park. Easter Sunday barbeques, weddings, family and class reunions, baptismal parties are celebrations that have brought families together at this park. The aviary is one of those special places where mothers and fathers took their children to see live animals for a play day and to use it as a teaching tool for toddlers to point out colors, sounds, and the complexities of nature.
I plan to request a copy of the County's park master plan to find out what is really going on with this decision. Is this more shortsighted decision making similar to the city contracting out our refuse department and the sale of its equipment?
I would like to be more informed about this action and hope that our member of the Board of Supervisors will communicate in detail to her constituents not only the economic downturn facts but also what she is doing to preserve our community asset. And, what can residents do to help?
West Ventura County cities are being left with peaker plants in Oxnard and the closure of McGrath State Park, and in Santa Paula it is a jail and Toland Landfill. We want to maintain our quality of life with the types of amenities that parks, an aviary, creeks, and trails provide. Santa Paula has limited parks per capita for the population. By removing the aviary, it further limits accessibility to park resources for a low-income community. I believe that Santa Paulans want to see some action on this issue.
Laura Espinosa


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Title: Among the Books: A Literary Page or Two (vol 12, issue 11)
Author: Shibli Bagarag
In: The New Zealand Railways Magazine, Volume 12, Issue 11 (February 1, 1938)
Publication details: New Zealand Government Railways Department, Wellington
Digital publication kindly authorised by:
Toll NZ
Part of: The Railways Magazine
The New Zealand Railways Magazine, Volume 12, Issue 11 (February 1, 1938)
The Weintraubs. — Important Engagement by ZB Stations
The Weintraubs.
Important Engagement by ZB Stations.
An advance "trailer" showing the Weintraubs, a group of ultra modern instrumentalists was shown in Wellington last month. Those who saw and heard them agree that the company is one of the most important engagements, made by the National Commercial Broadcasting Service, for, in addition to their stage appearances they will be heard from the four commercial stations. The seven players are masters of forty-five instruments with which they juggle with cheerful abandon. They are certainly clever to a degree, and they can play.
The combination was formed some thirteen years ago in Berlin as a student band playing for their own amusement. From appearances with revues, they secured contract after contract, then came gramophone recordings, talking pictures, and broadcasting. Altogether they have travelled nearly 100,000 miles to play in four continents, 20 countries, 202 cities, 402 theatres, and have broadcast from 54 stations in thirteen countries.
The seven playing members include three Germans, one Englishman, one American, one Peruvian and one Pole, and all are students, including students of law, medicine and engineering.
The band features two entirely different types of entertainment. Their radio routines consist mainly of bright sketches plentifully interspersed with musical items. The Weintraubs who are now concluding a highly successful tour in Australia, are scheduled to arrive in New Zealand about February 1st.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Once again the Crusades are in the news. Consider this excellent piece by Jay Michaelson on The Daily Beast:
'The Crusades Were Great, Actually!'
The right-wing hysteria following President Obama's remarks has revealed a shocking belief held by many Christian conservatives: that the Crusades weren't really so bad.
As it happens, I have been writing about today's un-holy wars in the context of the old Crusades for many years, so I thought I would post links to a few of those articles here for those who are interested:
Newsweek: In The Name Of God, 20 May 2002
Amid the wanton slaughter of 40,000 Muslims and Jews, Christian knights "rode in blood up to their knees and bridle reins," reported a witness to the Crusaders' conquest of Jerusalem in 1099. "It was a just and splendid judgment of God." In the nine centuries since, the sword and shield have given way to belt-bombs and battle tanks, but the righteous violence remains. A 20-year-old Jewish settler praying outside the Tomb of the Patriarchs in Hebron last week would understand it. "This is the center of the Jewish nation," he said, wrapped in a white prayer shawl down to his ankles. "I pray to get rid of the Arabs and return the whole of Hebron to its rightful owners." (A couple of miles away is the grave of another Jewish settler, Baruch Goldstein, who shared that dream. He murdered 29 Muslim worshipers in 1994 before he himself was killed.) And 19-year-old Zidan Muhammad Vazani would have understood too. His passion for God--for Allah--led him to a billiard hall on the Israeli coast last week, where he blew himself up and slaughtered 15 Jews. It was the first suicide bombing for almost a month--the 20th of the year.
There will always be Christian, Muslim and Jewish zealots who believe they hear messages of ruthless violence from their one God. ("I did it to make Jesus come back," an Australian Christian planned to tell police when he torched the holiest Muslim shrine in Jerusalem in 1969.) But why do such voices attract a following today? Are they on a mission of righteousness or madness or cold-blooded politics?... MORE
Shadowland: The Last Crusades, Newsweek, 14 November 2003
"Kill them all and let God sort them out." I first saw that bloody-minded credo in Beirut in the 1980s, where it was popular among Christian militias and with American soldiers, emblazoned on T shirts and tattooed across biceps. I thought of it again after the bombing in Saudi Arabia this week, and then the escalation of the war in Iraq.
The notion of wholesale holy war is deeply medieval, of course. The phrase was coined by 13th-century crusaders slaughtering heretics in southern France. (Righteous Christians exterminated other Christians almost as often as they killed Muslims in those days.) On July 22, 1209, tens of thousands of people were besieged by the knights of the cross in the French town of Béziers, some of them heretical, some not. How to decide who should be slaughtered? The monk serving as spiritual adviser to the crusaders deftly cited II Tim. 2:19, "The Lord knoweth them that are his." Kill them all, they figured, let God sort them out.
This sort of thinking isn't ancient history for Al Qaeda. ... MORE
(For more on killing them all and leaving the sorting to the Almighty— "Caedite eos. Novit enim Dominus qui sunt eius," as the Abbott Arnaud Amalric is supposed to have said—there are two unusually good overlapping Wikipedia entries here and here.)
Low Motives and Higher Laws, OnFaith, 1 February 2008
If American politicians thought they could get away with calling their critics blasphemers and dispatching them to burn in hellfire, I'm sure there are some that would. There have been times in the last 20 years when not a few senators and congressmen had that look in their eye, and not one of them was a Muslim. Fortunately the Constitution and the common sense of our diverse society have kept them in check. Afghanistan is not so lucky. What we've seen there in the last couple of weeks looks like a classic case of politicians using religion, in this case Islam, as a cover for their own cynical self-interest.... MORE
Illustration is of the sacking of Constantinople, Christians slaughtering Christians in the Fourth Crusade.


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Ig (Občina Ig) este o comună din Slovenia, cu o populație de 5.445 de locuitori (2002).

Localități
Brest, Dobravica, Draga, Golo, Gornji Ig,  Ig, Iška, Iška Loka, Iška vas, Kot, Kremenica, Matena, Podgozd, Podkraj, Rogatec nad Želimljami, Sarsko, Selnik, Staje, Strahomer, Suša, Škrilje, Tomišelj, Visoko, Vrbljene, Zapotok.

Legături externe
 Biroul de statistică al Sloveniei

Ig

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Plot for Construction with Central Location in Sagres
Plot for construction in Sagres, with a total area of 464,10 sqm. The land is virtually slopeless, overlooking the neighborhood, easy access and central location. It has all the necessary infrastructure and facilities nearby. Permission for construction of semi-detached house with 2 floors + basement with implantation area of 90 sqm and total construction area 150 sqm. Well located, close to all services and the beautiful beaches of Sagres.
Total area of 464,10 sqm
Total construction area 150 sqm
Close to all Services
Close to the beautiful beaches of Sagres
Sagres displays some of the most impressive landscapes in the Algarve. The force of nature is so strong at the most southwestern tip of all continental Europe that visitors soon realize why the ancient settlers nicknamed it "sacred", because it was the starting point of the Portuguese explorers in the fifteenth century towards the unknown and how it managed to maintain its fascinating natural beauty.
The history of Sagres was defined by its geographical location and the magnificent headland of Sagres and Cape S. Vicente. The idea that the land ends here on these 50-meter-high headlands that precipitate dramatically into the sea was a constant source of mystery and attraction for visitors.
Sagres belongs to the municipality of Vila do Bispo in the natural park of the Costa Vicentina. Throughout the county, several are the natural wonders where silence rules, making the delights of its visitors.
The wild and rugged landscape of the west coast and the strength and attraction of the sea continue to delight visitors. The beautiful cliffs and long expanses of sand of the coast north of Cape St. Vincent have made it a place of choice among surfers, paragliding practitioners and lovers of wild and inhospitable natural environments.
The south coast offers more alternatives where you will find long sands alternated by small caves nestled between cliffs, the most difficult to access those that sometimes offer blessed and practically deserted beaches. The beaches where fishing villages grew, such as Salema or Burgau, are popular villages on the part of family tourist, very close to the golf course inserted in the resort Santo António Golf & SPA and Parque da Floresta Golf & Leisure Resort.
Close to Services
Sagres - Sagres - Vila do Bispo - Plot - Faro - Portugal - For sale - CP-L1914
Ref: CP-L1914
Vila do Bispo, Sagres
Carrapateira - Bordeira - Aljezur - Plot - Faro - Portugal - For sale - CP-L1902
Aljezur, Bordeira
Raposeira - Vila Do Bispo E Raposeira - Vila do Bispo - Plot - Faro - Portugal - For sale - CP-L1909


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5 Surprising Things You Didn't Know About Sputnik
On October 4, 1957, the Space Age began as the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, the first man-made satellite, into orbit. Here are five surprising facts you probably didn't know about the world's first artificial satellite...
Sputnik 1 Was a Lot Smaller Than You Think When people think of satellites, they probably envision a huge mechanism, but Sputnik 1 was only 23 inches wide and weighed 184 pounds. Sputnik's antennas were double-barreled, and the longest one measured 12.8 feet. As a comparison, the Cassini Saturn orbiter, launched in 1997, was closer to the size of the average school bus.
The Rocket Carrying Sputnik Almost Failed to Launch Sputnik 1 was launched by a rocket with four boosters strapped to the second stage, but the main engine of the rocket was slow in reaching the power levels it needed. This caused the rocket to pitch a few seconds after liftoff, and it deviated from its trajectory slightly. However, the engine achieved the performance it needed from 18 to 20 seconds after it lifted off. Sputnik 1 settled into its orbit as planned, making a revolution of the Earth at a rate of every 96 minutes.
The Satellite Was Launched Earlier Than its Scheduled Date Although the launch of Sputnik 1 was originally scheduled for October 6, Sergei Korolev, the Soviet rocketry and spacecraft designer, was sent a telegram saying that the Americans were ready to send a probe out into space. He had the schedule for the launch of Sputnik 1 pushed up by two days to beat that launch. However, the message he received had been poorly translated, and the Americans had no launch planned at that time.
The Satellite Was Out in Space Only for a Short Time The silver/zinc batteries powering Sputnik 1 were only expected to work for about two weeks. However, the satellite sent out radio signals for 22 days, exceeding all expectations. After the batteries died, it continued its circuit around the planet, with its orbit slowly decaying. It was finally lost when it burned up on re-entry on January 4, 1958.
The Launch of Sputnik Led to Two Famous American Agencies The successful launch of Sputnik 1 was an exciting technological achievement, which made the public fear the Soviets might be able to launch nuclear weapons via ballistic missile and strike the United States. Officials in America decided it was time to boost the country's technological capabilities and formed the Advanced Research Projects Agency in 1958, which later became DARPA. Later that year, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was formed in October 1958.


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HomeEntertainmentSpiderman No Way Home Release Date Postponed? Is it True?
Spiderman No Way Home Release Date Postponed? Is it True?
image source - radiotimes.com
Spiderman No Way Home is an upcoming superhero film based on Marvel Studios. The film is part of the American film industry, which highlights the fictional character of "Spiderman" from the collection of Marvel comic characters. The upcoming The Spiderman: no way home is continuous sequence series of the show named "Spiderman: homecoming," which came out in 2017, "spiderman: Far from home" in 2019, and the 27th film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU).
"The Spiderman: No Way Home" was composed by Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers and directed by Jon Watts. The film is based on a non-real character named "Spider-Man," created by Stan Lee Steve Ditko. The crewmembers participating in the film's casting are Tom Holland, Zendaya, Benedict Cumberbatch, Jacob Batalon, Jon Favreau, Marisa Tomei, J.B.Smoove, Benedict Wong, Jamie Foxx, Alferd Molina, Willem Dafoe, Thomas Haden Church, and Rhys Ifans.
Spoilers to the "The Spiderman: No Way Home"
Spiders-man: No Way Home will come with plenty of exciting concepts and inspect it closely for the viewers. Through the trailer, it is clear the former spider man will reappear in the coming show. The show will come up with many tragedies, including the unfortunate spiderman events creating a terrifying effect on all superheroes. The latest exhibition will be cast at the statue of liberty, which will excite Captain America fans to reenjoy their emotions. Massive spoilers for the show are not yet out, but we expect it to arrive soon. The show may have a big battle between the three spiderman variants and the enemies.
The arrival of the latest sequence of spiderman: No Way Home
The newest film on the fictional marvel character, spiderman, will be out on 17th December 2021. The makers have decided the date as it is nearby Christmas time, gifting their users much interesting content. The film will continue just after the of Far from Home.
The upcoming show will end the tragedy of spiderman, which began with the release of "spiderman: Homecoming."
See also My Unorthodox Life Season 2 Renewed: Release Date Updates
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www.justincoombes.com Coombes shows some photos in this gallery in Victoria, a hub of desperate tourists and vicious commuters, and it seems an odd place to see contemporary art. The photos employ some kind of long exposure or other technique which creates multiple ghostly images which are very believable and don't make you think about photoshop. I found myself unable to engage with their content, perhaps it was the fact of their framing, mounting, and glazing, but a glassy barrier, mental or physical, prevented me form entering their magic worlds.
I imagine them bigger, unframed, and therefore encompassing and then I will be able to look. Unreal handmade photography is perhaps not cool now, and thus should be an oasis from all the gurskys, shuttes, thomases, and combinations there of that litter the global gallery..


Ducati Scrambler Desert Sled on-road price in Khagaria - ₹ 10,46,129 onwards. It is available in 2 versions and 2 colors. All the colour options and versions of Scrambler Desert Sled might not be available at all the dealerships in Khagaria.
You are currently viewing price of Ducati Scrambler Desert Sled in Khagaria. Not from Khagaria? Select your city to see price in your city.


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Monday, September 19 • 4:45pm - 5:45pm
High Performance C++ Concurrent Transactional Data Structures: Concept, Design, and Implementation
The field of computer science is ever evolving. Not long ago, software developers were able to get "free" performance upgrades with every bit of advancement in CPU architectures. Frequency boost, cache capacity increase, and more sophisticated pipeline all brought significant performance improvements in sequential execution. Now computing has hit the power wall and the performance of a single core has been pushed past the point of diminishing returns. The hardware design begins to shift towards massive parallelism on both chip level. Exploiting thread level parallelism is thus essential for software developers. C++ provides the capability to operate on powerful hardware synchronization primitives such as compare_and_swap, which is indispensable for building concurrent libraries to facilitate the development of high-performance parallel applications.
With the growing availability of concurrent libraries such Boost.Lockfree, Intel TBB, and LibCDS, more and more programmers embrace the concept of lock-free programming. Lock-free data structures provides scalable thread-safe concurrent accesses and guarantee that at any moment at least one thread will make progress. Compared with traditional lock-based approaches, lock-free algorithms utilize fine-grained synchronizations and tolerate thread faults. However, none of the existing lock-free data structures supports transactions yet, which require that a sequence of method calls on the data structures appears to complete in an atomic step and in isolation with regards to other ongoing transactions. Because of this, the users of lock-free libraries who need transaction executions often are forced to fall back to coarse-grained locking which has a negative impact on performance and annihilates the non-blocking progress guarantee provided by the libraries. We propose a holistic approach for developing future non-blocking transactional data structures — an open source library of transactional data structures based on existing non-blocking data structures.
This library will be built on three of the presenters' research works: 1) multi-resource lock (MRLock), which is a scalable lock manager with efficient FIFO conflict revolve scheme; 2) lock-free transactional transformation (LFTT), which is a methodology for transforming high-performance lock-free base data structures into high-performance lock-free transactional data structures; and 3) multi-dimensional linked list (MDList), which is a novel logarithmic search data structure optimized for concurrent accesses.
In the session, we will discuss two strategies for implementing scalable transactional data structures using both locks and lock-free synchronizations. The locking strategy employs MRLock, which is a novel shared-memory resource allocation lock for multi-core processors. It uses a lock-free FIFO queue to manage locking requests in batches, which minimizes memory contention among threads. It is fast and designed as a drop-in replacement for the two-phase locking methods in C++11 and Boost library (std::lock() and boost::lock()). When combined with existing lock-based transaction synchronization techniques such as semantic locking and transaction boosting, it can be used by programmers who prefer lock-based code to implement high-performance transactional data structures on familiar grounds. The lock-free strategy is based on lock-free transactional transformation (LFTT), which uses transaction descriptor object to announce the transaction globally so that delayed threads can be helped. It is applicable to linked data structures such as linked lists and skip lists. The logical status of any node in the data structure depends on the status of the transaction descriptor that was embedded in it. Conflict transactions do not need to revert their operations as required in some of the existing methodologies. We will demonstrate the application of this strategy to existing lock-free lists and skip lists.
We will also introduce a lock-free logarithmic search data structure based on multi-dimensional linked list. This brand new data structure is designed from ground up to achieve full potential for concurrent accesses. It has a distributed memory layout which alleviates contention. Write operations modify at most two nodes so interference among operations are brought down to a minimum. This data structure implements the collection/dictionary abstract data type, which is ubiquitous in modern applications. When combined with the above mentioned transactional strategies, this work could greatly benefit application developers who deal with data intensive scenarios such as in memory databases.
Preliminary version of source code can be accessed from https://ucf-cs.github.io/tlds/. The research work mentioned in this presentation can be accessed from http://cse.eecs.ucf.edu/bios/delizhang.html.
Damian Dechev
Associate Professor, University of Central Florida
Dr. Damian Dechev is an Assistant Professor at the EECS Department at the University of Central Florida and the founder of the Computer Software Engineering - Scalable and Secure Systems Lab at UCF. He specializes in the design of scalable multiprocessor data structures and algorithms... Read More →
Deli Zhang
Software Development Engineer, Microsoft
Deli Zhang received his Ph.D. in Computer Science at the University of Central Florida. He worked as a research assistant under the guidance of Dr. Damian Dechev. Deli specializes in developing non-blocking data structures and algorithms, applying non-blocking synchronization in existing... Read More →
High Performance C++ Concurrent Transactional Data Structures; Concept Design and Implementation Deli Zhang CppCon 2016 pdf
Monday September 19, 2016 4:45pm - 5:45pm PDT
Tags concurrency, concurrent programming, data structures, lock-free, lockfree, thread synchronization, transaction


Learn about patient care, and the procedures and techniques used in modern nursing.
The nursing professional must ensure adequate health and safety to prevent the spread of pathogens and to protect both the nursing staff and their patients. The course Nursing Studies - Health and Safety, Movement and Exercise provides the learner with an overview of important health and safety guidelines that aid in the prevention and transmission of pathogens.
The course then focuses on good body mechanics that demonstrate the importance of correct posture and body alignment for lifting heavy objects or when moving patients or materials from one location to another.
The course describes how to ambulate the patient which is one of the tasks the nursing professional performs regularly to assist the recovery process and ensure patient comfort, sleep, and relaxation when bed bound. The type and range of positions are outlined, together with procedures to apply when positioning and turning adult patients with specific spinal or surgical conditions.
Range-of-motion exercises introduce the learner to the challenges presented by immobility, the impact on the patient's overall body system, and the resulting psychosocial effects.
This nursing course will be of great interest to all healthcare professionals who would like to learn more about advanced nursing practices and procedures in health and safety, and movement and exercise routines. It will also be of interest to learners who are interested in a career in nursing.
Define and identify principles of good body mechanics.
Name the eight general considerations for performing physical tasks.
Describe the basic principles for positioning and turning patients.
Describe techniques for maintaining the proper body alignment of a patient.
Describe the different ways of positioning a patient.
Identify the actions which should be taken if a patient begins to fall.
Identify the effects of immobility on the body.
Define the nine types of body movement.
Identify guidelines for range-of-motion exercises.


A bill many are watching as it makes its way through the South Dakota legislature right now is SB 117. The legislation is asking lawmakers to legalize state drivers license tests in Spanish as well as English. South Dakota remains among only a handful of states that don't already provide the service.
There is bipartisan support for the bill, and state Chambers of Commerce are hoping the bill will pass. But it's not a done deal. Jason Ball, President and CEO of the Sioux Falls Area Chamber of Commerce talked with Carleen Wild Thursday on KDLT News Today to explain what's behind the push for change.


The styling of a traditional rugby shirt makes this cut and sew striped top a staple this season. Includes a traditional twill collar, rubber buttons, Guinness® embroidery to chest and shape retaining rib cuffs. Length approx 30" (76cm).


This weekend my competition features a new publication by British composer Olly Wedgwood. JukeBox: Fun Piano Solos and Duets (Volume 1) is a colourful new volume containing 10 original piano pieces, all published by Olly's own publishng company, OllysPianoSheets. Intended for students between Grade 1 – 2 Level (ABRSM), the 10 pieces can be accompanied by performance and backing tracks, which are downloaded as mp3s from Olly's website.
The pieces all contain Olly's musical hallmarks, and comprise popular styles from jazz and blues, to swing and soul. Olly suggests the pieces are for those who have been learning the piano for around a year, and he provides a helpful sentence or two at the top of each one with practice suggestions. The final two works are duets, and my favourites are Silver Lining and Pentatonic Prairie.
I have two copies to give away to two winners, so as usual, please leave your comments in the comment box at the end of this post and I will select the winner on Sunday evening (British time). Good luck!
Sounds like a lot of fun. A great new resource.
I would love to win this to add to my teaching library.
This is awesome! I love Olly's music.
I just went to Olly's site and listened to them all and this is JUST what I need for some of my guys!


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Turkey's president claims US supported ISIS
Obama, Raul Castro meet
Hollande admits nuclear damage in Pacific
The death toll from two massive explosions that tore through an industrial area in the northeastern Chinese port of Tianjin has risen to 104, state media said on Saturday, as China's president urged improvements in workplace safety.
Chinese President Xi Jinping said authorities should learn the lessons paid for with blood in Wednesday warehouse blasts, according to the official Xinhua news agency. The number of people killed had previously been put at 85.
China evacuated residents who had taken refuge in a school near the site of two huge explosions, state media said, after a change in wind direction on Saturday prompted fears that toxic chemical particles could be blown inland.
It was not clear from media reports how many people were evacuated.
The evacuation order came as a fire broke out again at the site of Wednesday's blasts, a warehouse specially designed to store dangerous chemicals, according to Xinhua.
Smoke rises as damaged vehicles are seen burning near the site of Wednesday night's explosions, …
Evacuees were advised to wear long trousers and face masks as they "evacuated in an orderly fashion", according to a post on the official microblog of the Tianjin branch of the National Health and Family Planning Commission of China. The streets appeared calm.
But not all was clear amid emotional scenes as families of missing fire fighters sought answers about their loved ones and officials tried to keep media cameras away. Gong Jiansheng, a district official, told reporters there had been no evacuation.
SURVIVOR FOUND
In one piece of encouraging news, a 50-year-old man was rescued 50 meters away from the blast zone, Xinhua said. The man was suffering from a burnt respiratory tract but was in a stable condition after surviving three days in a shipping container, the official China Central Television (CCTV) and Xinhua said.
Chinese police confirmed for the first time the presence of deadly sodium cyanide at the site of the blast as a series of new, small explosions were heard and small fires broke out.
Broken windows are seen on a building where residents were evacuated, near the site of Wednesday nig …
Police confirmed the presence of the chemical, fatal when ingested or inhaled, "roughly east of the blast site", the state-run Beijing News said.
It did not say how much had been found or how great a risk it posed but residents expressed concern about the air and water.
"I do feel a bit afraid," said construction worker Li Shulan, 49, when asked about the air quality. "It definitely doesn't feel good. As you can see our boss is making us wear masks."
An area three km (two miles) from the blast site was cordoned off, the Beijing News said.
No cyanide had been found in the ocean surrounding the port, said the State Oceanic Administration of China in a post on its official website. At an afternoon news conference, officials declined to discuss pollution concerns, referring journalists to other departments.
A broken fireproof door is pictured inside a building, where residents were evacuated, near the site …
FAMILIES DESPERATE FOR INFORMATION
There were about seven small explosions in the area on Saturday, according to a post on the micro-blog of CCTV. A fresh blaze ignited cars in a parking lot next to the blast site. The cause was not immediately clear. State media carried reports of other fires in the area.
A retired environmental official earlier told reporters that air pollution posed no risk. Harmful substances could not be detected in the air from 17 monitors placed around the city, he said.
About 6,300 people have been displaced by the blasts
with around 721 injured and 33 in serious condition, Xinhua said. Shockwaves from the explosions were felt by residents in apartment blocks kilometers away in the city of 15 million people. At least 21 of the dead were fire fighters.
Damaged cars and a broken wall are pictured inside the parking lot of a building where residents wer …
About a dozen family members of missing fire fighters tried to storm a press conference, angry at a lack of information.
"We have gone to each and every hospital by ourselves and not found them," said Wang Baoxia, whose elder brother is missing.
Media have said such fire fighters in China, often only on two-year contracts, lack training as new recruits.
"There is no government official willing to meet us. Not even one," Wang said. Relatives said around 25 missing fire fighters were young contract workers not part of official city fire brigades.
After Wednesday's blasts, fire crews were criticized for using water to douse flames which may have contributed to the blasts given the volatile nature of the chemicals involved.
Industrial accidents are not uncommon in China following three decades of fast growth. A blast at an auto parts factory killed 75 people a year ago.
Category : World news.
Ranking of African Countries By Literacy Rate: Zimbabwe No. 1
List of natural Resources of Africa
Nigeria: TO GET HUSBANDS, PASTOR UNDRESSES AND KISSES MEMBERS BUTTOCKS AT BEACH
TANZANIA TALKS WITH TOTAL, BP ON HYDROCARBON EXPLORATION
Top ten African leaders of all time.
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One of 2 C-47's recreating the Alaska-Siberia lend-lease route used for all aircraft delivered to Russia between 1942 and 1945. Night stopping at Oshkosh 2015 before setting off for Moscow.
N4550J(6650) One of 2 C-47's recreating the Alaska-Siberia lend-lease route used for all aircraft delivered to Russia between 1942 and 1945. Night stopping at Oshkosh 2015 before setting off for Moscow.


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Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: The Science of the World Around Us (2007)
Chapter: Front Matter
Unfortunately, this book can't be printed from the OpenBook. If you need to print pages from this book, we recommend downloading it as a PDF.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2007. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: The Science of the World Around Us. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11967.
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Committee on CMMP 2010 Solid State Sciences Committee Board on Physics and Astronomy Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This study is based on work supported by Contract No. DE-FG02-05ER46206 between the National Academy of Sciences and the Department of Energy and Grant No. DMR-0525628 between the Na- tional Academy of Sciences and the National Science Foundation. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data National Research Council (U.S.). Board on Physics and Astronomy. Committee on CMMP 2010. Condensed-matter and materials physics : the science of the world around us / Committee on CMMP 2010, Board on Physics and Astronomy, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-0-309-10969-7 (pbk.) — ISBN 978-0-309-10970-3 (pdf) 1. Condensed matter— Research—United States. 2. Power resources—Research—United States. 3. Materials—Research— United States. 4. Technological innovations—United States—Forecasting. I. Title. QC173.456.N38 2007 530.4´1—dc22 2007041250 Additional copies of this report are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu; and the Board on Physics and Astronomy, National Research Council, 500 Fifth Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20001; Internet, http://www.national- academies.org/bpa. Cover: Correlated motion of densely packed, air-driven steel spheres showing that driven granular systems near a jamming transition behave like supercooled liquids near a glass transition. Colors indicate mobility (red = high, blue = low) and arrows show direction of motion of highly mobile spheres. Courtesy of A.S. Keys, University of Michigan; A. Abate, University of Pennsylvania; S.C. Glotzer, University of Michigan; and D.J. Durian, University of Pennsylvania. Copyright 2007 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal govern- ment on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to as- sociate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. www.national-academies.org
COMMITTEE ON CMMP 2010 MILDRED S. DRESSELHAUS, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Co-Chair WILLIAM J. SPENCER, SEMATECH (retired), Co-Chair GABRIEL AEPPLI, University College London SAMUEL D. BADER, Argonne National Laboratory WILLIAM BIALEK, Princeton University DAVID J. BISHOP, Alcatel-Lucent ANTHONY K. CHEETHAM, University of California at Santa Barbara JAMES P. EISENSTEIN, California Institute of Technology HIDETOSHI FUKUYAMA, Tokyo University of Science LAURA GARWIN, Harvard University PETER F. GREEN, University of Michigan FRANCES HELLMAN, University of California at Berkeley RANDALL G. HULET, Rice University HEINRICH M. JAEGER, University of Chicago STEVEN A. KIVELSON, Stanford University ANDREA J. LIU, University of Pennsylvania PAUL McEUEN, Cornell University KARIN M. RABE, Rutgers University THOMAS N. THEIS, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center Staff DONALD C. SHAPERO, Director, Board on Physics and Astronomy NATALIA J. MELCER, Program Officer CARYN J. KNUTSEN, Senior Program Assistant PHILLIP D. LONG, Senior Program Assistant (until August 2006) VAN AN, Financial Associate   Laura Garwin resigned from the committee in October 2006.  Frances Hellman resigned from the committee in September 2006.
SOLID STATE SCIENCES COMMITTEE PETER F. GREEN, University of Michigan, Chair BARBARA JONES, IBM Almaden Research Center, Vice-Chair DANIEL AROVAS, University of California at San Diego COLLIN L. BROHOLM, Johns Hopkins University PAUL CHAIKIN, New York University GEORGE CRABTREE, Argonne National Laboratory ELBIO DAGOTTO, University of Tennessee and Oak Ridge National Laboratory DUANE DIMOS, Sandia National Laboratories SIDNEY R. NAGEL, University of Chicago MONICA OLVERA DE LA CRUZ, Northwestern University ARTHUR P. RAMIREZ, Lucent Technologies, Inc. MARK STILES, National Institute of Standards and Technology ANTOINETTE TAYLOR, Los Alamos National Laboratory DALE J. VAN HARLINGEN, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign FRED WUDL, University of California at Santa Barbara Staff DONALD C. SHAPERO, Director, Board on Physics and Astronomy NATALIA J. MELCER, Program Officer CARYN J. KNUTSEN, Senior Program Assistant MERCEDES M. ILAGAN, Administrative Assistant VAN AN, Financial Associate vi
BOARD ON PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNEILA I. SARGENT, California Institute of Technology, Chair MARC A. KASTNER, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Vice-Chair JOANNA AIZENBERG, Lucent Technologies JONATHAN A. BAGGER, Johns Hopkins University JAMES E. BRAU, University of Oregon PHILIP H. BUCKSBAUM, Stanford University ADAM S. BURROWS, University of Arizona PATRICK L. COLESTOCK, Los Alamos National Laboratory RONALD C. DAVIDSON, Princeton University ANDREA M. GHEZ, University of California at Los Angeles PETER F. GREEN, University of Michigan LAURA H. GREENE, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign WICK C. HAXTON, University of Washington JOSEPH HEZIR, EOP Group, Inc. ALLAN H. MacDONALD, University of Texas at Austin HOMER A. NEAL, University of Michigan JOSE N. ONUCHIC, University of California at San Diego WILLIAM D. PHILLIPS, National Institute of Standards and Technology CHARLES E. SHANK, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (retired) THOMAS N. THEIS, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center MICHAEL S. TURNER, University of Chicago C. MEGAN URRY, Yale University Staff DONALD C. SHAPERO, Director TIMOTHY I. MEYER, Senior Program Officer MICHAEL H. MOLONEY, Senior Program Officer ROBERT L. RIEMER, Senior Program Officer NATALIA J. MELCER, Program Officer BRIAN D. DEWHURST, Senior Program Associate DAVID B. LANG, Research Assistant CARYN J. KNUTSEN, Senior Program Assistant MERCEDES M. ILAGAN, Administrative Assistant VAN AN, Financial Associate vii
Preface The National Research Council (NRC) of the National Academies convened the Committee on CMMP 2010 to study the opportunities and challenges in condensed-matter and materials physics (CMMP) in the next decade. The Solid State Sciences Committee (SSSC) of the NRC's Board on Physics and Astronomy developed the charge for this study in consultation with the study's sponsors at the Department of Energy and the National Science Foundation. The Committee on CMMP 2010 was charged to identify recent accomplishments, compelling scientific questions, and new opportunities in the field; to identify CMMP's potential future impact on other scientific fields; to consider how CMMP contributes to meeting national societal needs; to identify, discuss, and suggest priorities for the construc- tion, purchase, and operation of tools and facilities; to examine the structure and level of the current research effort and funding for research; and to make recom- mendations on how to realize the full potential of CMMP research. The complete charge is presented in Appendix A. The report is part of the ongoing Physics 2010 survey, the latest decadal assessment of and future outlook for the field of physics conducted under the auspices of the Board on Physics and Astronomy. In preparing for the decadal survey of CMMP, the SSSC called on the commu- nity for input on opportunities and challenges in the field. This input was compiled and presented to the Committee on CMMP 2010 at its first meeting, in February 2006. In addition, the committee received direct input from the community at five town meetings held at professional society meetings—the March (2006) meeting of the American Physical Society in Baltimore, Maryland; the spring meeting (March 2006) of the American Chemical Society in Atlanta, Georgia; the spring meeting ix
 Preface (April 2006) of the Materials Research Society in San Francisco, California; the fall meeting (November 2006) of the Materials Research Society in Boston, Massachu- setts; and the March (2007) meeting of the American Physical Society in Denver, Colorado. The committee thanks the professional societies for their support and encouragement in helping to arrange these town meetings. The committee also solicited community input through nine focus groups at universities and national laboratories, each with an attendance of between 10 and 15 researchers. The com- mittee thanks the hosts at these institutions for arranging these important ses- sions, at which the discussions were lively and enlightening. The committee also solicited input through a public Web site. The comments supplied by the CMMP community through these venues provided extremely valuable primary input to the committee. The committee that prepared this report is composed of experts from many different areas of CMMP research, prominent scientists from outside the field, and leaders from industry (see Appendix D for biographical sketches of the committee members). The committee met in person four times (see Appendix B) to address its charge, forming subcommittees to study different aspects in greater depth. The committee thanks the speakers who made formal presentations at its meetings; those presentations and the ensuing discussions strongly informed the committee's deliberations. The federal agencies that fund CMMP research in the United States also pro- vided input to the committee, through their direct testimony at committee meet- ings and their written responses to requests for information on funding trends and other statistical data. These data are summarized in Chapter 10 of the report. The committee is also grateful to the staffs at the Office of Science and Technology Policy and the Office of Management and Budget for their input on connections between CMMP and national science policy. In September 2006, the committee released a short interim report that sum- marized important opportunities and challenges for CMMP research in the coming decade. That report was used as a basis for subsequent discussion with the CMMP community at town meetings and focus groups. This, the committee's final report, expands on these themes, discusses them in further detail, and provides recom- mendations for further advancement of the field. To help address the charge to identify, discuss, and suggest priorities for the construction, purchase, and operation of tools and facilities, the committee con- vened a workshop in January 2007 to hear from members of the community and the federal agencies on future facility needs for CMMP researchers. Appendix C provides further details on this workshop. The committee expresses its apprecia-  National Research Council, Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: The Science of the World Around Us: An Interim Report, Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press, 2006.
Preface xi tion for the input received from the 30 presenters and more than 70 participants in that workshop. As co-chairs, we are grateful to the committee members for their wisdom, cooperation, and commitment to ensuring the development of a comprehensive report. The report reflects the committee's heartfelt enthusiasm for the field of CMMP and its future potential and past accomplishments. Finally, we also thank the NRC staff (Natalia Melcer, Donald Shapero, Phillip Long, and Caryn Knutsen) for their guidance and assistance throughout the development of this report. Mildred S. Dresselhaus, Co-Chair	William J. Spencer, Co-Chair Committee on CMMP 2010	Committee on CMMP 2010
Acknowledgment of Reviewers This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures ap- proved by the National Research Council's (NRC's) Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report: Gordon A. Baym, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Malcolm R. Beasley, Stanford University, Paul M. Chaikin, New York University, Elbio Dagotto, University of Tennessee and Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Robert R. Doering, Texas Instruments, Inc., Martha A. Krebs, California Energy Commission, James S. Langer, University of California at Santa Barbara, Allan H. MacDonald, University of Texas at Austin, Jose N. Onuchic, University of California at San Diego, Julia M. Phillips, Sandia National Laboratories, Sunil K. Sinha, University of California at San Diego, Maury Tigner, Cornell University, John Tranquada, Brookhaven National Laboratory, xiii
xiv Acknowledgment of Reviewers Dale J. Van Harlingen, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and Thomas A. Witten, University of Chicago. We also wish to thank the following individuals for their review of the com- mittee's interim report: Elihu Abrahams, Rutgers University, Frank S. Bates, University of Minnesota, Gordon A. Baym, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Arthur I. Bienenstock, Stanford University, J.C. Séamus Davis, Cornell University, Barbara A. Jones, IBM Almaden Research Center, Marc A. Kastner, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Hyla S. Napadensky, Napadensky Energetics, Inc., Julia M. Phillips, Sandia National Laboratories, and Peter G. Wolynes, University of California at San Diego. Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive com- ments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or rec- ommendations, nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Venkatesh Narayanamurti, Harvard University. Appointed by the NRC, he was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.
Contents SUMMARY	1   1	OVERVIEW	7 Six Scientific Challenges for the Next Decade, 8 How Do Complex Phenomena Emerge from Simple Ingredients?, 8 How Will the Energy Demands of Future Generations Be Met?, 10 What Is the Physics of Life?, 12 What Happens Far from Equilibrium and Why?, 14 What New Discoveries Await Us in the Nanoworld?, 17 How Will the Information Technology Revolution Be Extended?, 18 Societal and Scientific Impact of CMMP Research, 20 Industrial Research, 23 Structure and Level of the Current Research Effort, 24 Tools, Instrumentation, and Facilities for CMMP Research, 26 Concluding Comments, 28   2	HOW DO COMPLEX PHENOMENA EMERGE FROM SIMPLE	30 INGREDIENTS? Emergent Phenomena: Beautiful and Useful, 30 Superconductivity: An Illustrative Example and a Frontier of Research, 32 Fermi Liquids and Non-Fermi Liquids, 36 Quantum Hall Systems and the Discovery of New Quantum States of Matter, 41 xv
xvi Contents Critical Phenomena and Universality, 45 Emergence in Ultracold Atomic Gases, 47 Emergence in Classical Condensed-Matter Systems, 48 Realizing the Full Potential of Emergence, 51 Conclusions, 52   3	HOW WILL THE ENERGY DEMANDS OF FUTURE GENERATIONS	53 BE MET? Setting the Context, 54 Energy Conversion, 56 Solar Cells, 56 Hydrogen Generation by Photocatalysis, 57 Fuel Cells, 58 Thermoelectrics, 59 Biofuels, 60 Nuclear Energy Conversion, 61 Energy Storage, 62 Batteries, 62 Hydrogen Storage, 63 Supercapacitors, 64 End-Use Energy Efficiency, 64 Solid-State Lighting, 65 Smart Windows, 67 Other Energy Conservation Opportunities, 68 Conclusions, 69   4	WHAT IS THE PHYSICS OF LIFE?	70 Overview, 70 An Introductory Example: High Fidelity with Single Molecules, 71 Organizing Our Thoughts and Opportunities, 74 Noise Is Not Negligible, 75 Molecule Counting in Chemotaxis, 75 Noise in the Regulation of Gene Expression, 78 Signals and Noise in the Brain, 82 Fine-Tuning Versus Robustness, 83 Protein Folding and the Space of Sequences, 84 Ion Channels and the Computational Function of Neurons, 85 Adaptation, 87 Fulfilling the Promise, 90
Contents xvii   5	WHAT HAPPENS FAR FROM EQUILIBRIUM AND WHY?	91 The Importance of Far-from-Equilibrium Phenomena, 91 Key Themes Defining the Scope of the Challenge, 93 What CMMP Brings to the Table, 94 How Do Systems Reach the Far-from-Equilibrium Regime and What Makes Far-from-Equilibrium Physics Difficult?, 95 Far-from-Equilibrium Materials, 97 Far-from-Equilibrium Processing and Assembly, 98 What Determines Behavior Far from Equilibrium?, 99 Systems with Hydrodynamic Equations of Motion, 100 Turbulence and Fracture, 102 Singularities, 103 Robustness as a Design Principle, 104 Predictability and Control: What Can We Learn from Fluctuations?, 106 Formal Theoretical Developments, 107 Getting (Un-)Stuck: Jammed States and Jamming Transitions, 107 The Next Decade, 110   6	WHAT NEW DISCOVERIES AWAIT US IN THE NANOWORLD?	111 Why Nano?, 111 Nanoscale Structures: How Do We Build Them?, 113 Patterning at the Nanoscale: Lithography and Self-Assembly, 114 Controlling Growth at the Nanoscale, 116 Molecular and Biological Building Blocks, 116 Studying Nanostructure Building Blocks: The Atomic Physics of Nanoscience, 118 Quantum Manipulation, 119 Controlling Light: Nano-Optics, 120 Probing Molecular Machines, 121 Combining Different Properties, 122 Assembling the Blocks: The Condensed-Matter Physics of Nanoscience, 122 Ordered Arrays, 122 Arbitrary Structures, 124 Small Probes and Big Ideas: Critical Needs for a Nano Future, 124 Better Eyes, 125 Improved Sensing, 126 A Greater Understanding, 126
xviii Contents   7	HOW WILL THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY REVOLUTION 127 BE EXTENDED? The Road Ahead, 127 New Devices for Mass Storage of Information, 134 New Solid-State Memory Devices, 134 New Devices for Processing Information,136 Quantum Computing, 140 Conclusions, 141   8	THE IMPACT OF CONDENSED-MATTER AND MATERIALS 144 PHYSICS RESEARCH Impact on Society, 144 Education, 144 The Economy, 147 Energy, 149 Medicine and Health Care, 151 Impact on Other Scientific Disciplines, 152 Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics, 152 Nuclear and High-Energy Physics, 156 Astronomy, 157 Chemistry, 159 Biology, 160 Information Technology and Computer Science, 162 Interdisciplinary Research in CMMP, 163 Recommendations, 164   9	INDUSTRIAL LABORATORIES AND RESEARCH IN CONDENSED-	165 MATTER AND MATERIALS PHYSICS History of Industrial Research Laboratories, 165 Filling the Gap: New Approaches to Long-Term Research, 167 Conclusions, 170 Recommendation, 171 10	STRUCTURE AND LEVEL OF THE CURRENT RESEARCH EFFORT	172 Federal Funding for CMMP Research, 172 Funding Success Rates, 177 Grant Sizes, 180 International Data, 180 Demographics of CMMP, 180 Women and Underrepresented Minorities in CMMP, 183 Doctoral Degrees in Physics by Citizenship, 186
Contents xix Publication Trends, 187 Recommendations, 191 11	TOOLS, INSTRUMENTATION, AND FACILITIES FOR 193 CONDENSED-MATTER AND MATERIALS PHYSICS RESEARCH Tools and Instrumentation for CMMP Research, 194 Instrumentation in CMMP Research, 195 Computation in CMMP Research, 198 Centers and Facilities in CMMP Research, 203 Scientific User Facilities for CMMP Research, 207 Light Sources, 208 Neutron Sources, 216 Electron Microscopy, 222 High-Magnetic-Field Facilities, 228 Nanocenters and Materials Synthesis, 231 Large-Scale High-Performance Computing Facilities, 235 Conclusions, 238 CONCLUDING REMARKS	239 APPENDIXES A	Statement of Task	243 B	Agendas of Committee Meetings	245 C	Agenda and Participants at Facilities Workshop	250 D	Biographies of Committee Members	255
Next: Summary »
Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: The Science of the World Around Us Get This Book
The development of transistors, the integrated circuit, liquid-crystal displays, and even DVD players can be traced back to fundamental research pioneered in the field of condensed-matter and materials physics (CMPP). The United States has been a leader in the field, but that status is now in jeopardy. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics, part of the Physics 2010 decadal survey project, assesses the present state of the field in the United States, examines possible directions for the 21st century, offers a set of scientific challenges for American researchers to tackle, and makes recommendations for effective spending of federal funds. This book maintains that the field of CMPP is certain to be principle to both scientific and economic advances over the next decade and the lack of an achievable plan would leave the United States behind. This book's discussion of the intellectual and technological challenges of the coming decade centers around six grand challenges concerning energy demand, the physics of life, information technology, nanotechnology, complex phenomena, and behavior far from equilibrium. Policy makers, university administrators, industry research and development executives dependent upon developments in CMPP, and scientists working in the field will find this book of interest.
Front Matter i–xx
1 Overview 7–29
2 How Do Complex Phenomena Emerge from Simple Ingredients? 30–52
3 How Will the Energy Demands of Future Generations Be Met? 53–69
4 What Is the Physics of Life? 70–90
5 What Happens Far from Equilibrium and Why? 91–110
6 What New Discoveries Await Us in the Nanoworld? 111–126
7 How Will the Information Technology Revolution Be Extended? 127–143
8 The Impact of Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics Research 144–164
9 Industrial Laboratories and Research in Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics 165–171
10 Structure and Level of the Current Research Effort 172–192
11 Tools, Instrumentation, and Facilities for Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics Research 193–238
Concluding Remarks 239–240
Appendixes 241–242
Appendix A: Statement of Task 243–244
Appendix B: Agendas of Committee Meetings 245–249
Appendix C: Agenda and Participants at Facilities Workshop 250–254
Appendix D: Biographies of Committee Members 255–264


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Travelle Wharton relaxing after coaching stint
Willie T. Smith III
wtsmith@greenvillenews.com
COLUMBIA – Following a brief venture into coaching, former University of South Carolina and Hillcrest High School standout Travelle Wharton has taken a little time to sit down and catch his breath.
One thing that has never left the former offensive lineman, however, has been the willingness to help others, especially when a fellow Gamecock calls.
Two weeks ago, Wharton worked at a youth football camp led by former USC defensive back Ko Simpson in Rock Hill. Last weekend he returned to Columbia for former teammate Langston Moore's annual @Eat2Win event.
"We stay in contact with each other when we can," said Wharton, who spent the 2015 season coaching the offensive line at USC. "Now, social media helps you to remain in contact. When guys have events, they can Facebook friend you, get your information or just call you and say, 'if you're not busy, come to our camp.'
"It's a reunion in a sense. It's about helping out your fellow teammates. We'll always be teammates."
After venturing into coaching following his retirement from the NFL and the Carolina Panthers, Wharton has spent the past few months reconnecting with his family in Charlotte.
He remains involved with the Panthers and plans to do some radio and television work for the organization during training camp next month in Spartanburg.
Despite being a part of Steve Spurrier's final USC coaching staff, Wharton is a fan of the things Will Muschamp has done since taking over.
"I think they're headed in a great direction," said Wharton. "The excitement, the energy level. Just looking at the numbers at the camps, the reaching back to former guys is real exciting. ... That's exciting, seeing everyone being a part of the university."
Wharton is now in a position to follow the Panthers, a team he played with for 10 seasons, more closely.
"Man, it was fun. It really was. You're busy coaching and you're trying to watch, but just seeing the excitement they had," Wharton said of the Panthers. "The world got to see what goes on in that locker room, especially when you're winning.
"Things are fun when you're winning. Those guys came of age. Those were young guys when I was there. Now they're veterans. They're leaders. They're a different team and you can really see the work they're putting in."


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Conjectures and Refutations
A blog about fundamental issues in philosophy, science and anything else that catches his interest..
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Howson and Urbach vs Popper
Howson and Urbach claim to have refuted Popper's ideas in "Scientific Reasoning: The Bayesian Approach". In Section 4g they write:
Philosophers, such as Popper and Lakatos, who deny any inductive role for evidence, and who oppose, in particular, the Bayesian approach take note of the that scientists often do deal with particular instances of the Duhem problem by proposing alternative hypotheses; some of these philosophers have suggested certain normative rules that purport to say when such alternatives are acceptable and when they are not. Their idea is that a theory that was introduced ad hoc, that is, "for the sole purpose of saving a hypothesis seriously threatened by adverse evidence" (Hempel 1966, p. 29), is in some way inferior. The adhocness idea was largely inspired by certain types of scientific example, which appeared to endorse it, but in our view, the examples are misinterpreted and the idea badly flawed. The following are four such examples.
In each of these examples, the theory that was proposed in place of the refuted one seems highly unsatisfactory. It is not likely that any of them would have been advanced, save in response to particular anomalies and in order to evade the consequent difficulty, hence the label 'ad hoc'. But philosophers who attach inductive significance to adhocness recognize that the mere fact that the theory was proposed under such circumstances is not by itself grounds for condemnation. For there are examples, like the following, where a theory that was proposed for the sole purpose of dealing with an anomaly was nevertheless very successful.
4 William Herschel, in 1781, discovered the planet Uranus. Astronomers quickly sought to describe the orbit of the new planet in Newtonian terms, taking account of the perturbing influence of the other known planets, and were able to deduce predictions concerning its future positions. But discrepancies between predicted and observed positions of Uranus substantially exceeded the accepted limits of experimental error, and grew year by year. A few astronomers mooted the possibility that the fault lay with Newton's laws but the prevailing opinion was that there must be some unknown planet acting as an extra source of gravitational attraction on Uranus, which ought to be included in the Newtonian calculations. Two astronomers in particular, Adams and Le Verrier, working independently, were convinced of this and using all the known sightings of Uranus, they calculated in a mathematical tour de force where the hypothetical planet must be. The hypothesis was ad hoc, yet it was vindicated when careful telescopic observations as well as studies of old astronomical charts revealed in 1846 the presence of a planet with the anticipated characteristics. The planet was later called Neptune. Newton's theory was saved, for the time being. (See Smart 1947.)
Their account of Popper's position is wrong. In "The Logic of Scientific Discovery", Chapter 4, Section 20, Popper writes:
As regards auxiliary hypotheses we propose to lay down the rule that only those are acceptable whose introduction does not diminish the degree of falsifiability or testability of the system in question, but, on the contrary, increases it. (How degrees of falsifiability are to be estimated will be explained in sections 31 to 40.) If the degree of falsifiability is increased, then introducing the hypothesis has actually strengthened the theory: the system now rules out more than it did previously: it prohibits more. The introduction of an auxiliary hypothesis should always be regarded as an attempt to construct a new system; and this new system should then always be judged on the issue of whether it would, if adopted, constitute a real advance in our knowledge of the world. An example of an auxiliary hypothesis which is eminently acceptable in this sense is Pauli's exclusion principle (cf. section 38). An example of an unsatisfactory auxiliary hypothesis would be the contraction hypothesis of Fitzgerald and Lorentz which had no falsifiable consequences but merely served to restore the agreement between theory and experiment—mainly the findings of Michelson and Morley. An advance was here achieved only by the theory of relativity which predicted new consequences, new physical effects, and thereby opened up new possibilities for testing, and for falsifying, the theory. Our methodological rule may be qualified by the remark that we need not reject, as conventionalistic, every auxiliary hypothesis that fails to satisfy these standards. In particular, there are singular statements which do not really belong to the theoretical system at all. They are sometimes called 'auxiliary hypotheses', and although they are introduced to assist the theory, they are quite harmless.
So Popper does not say that every hypothesis introduced to save an existing theory is bad. Rather, he sez that if a new hypothesis is introduced to save an existing theory it should be a real advance in our understanding and should be testable. The Neptune theory passes this test since knowing there is a new planet is an advance in our understanding and can be tested. So the Neptune example doesn't refute Popper's actual position, as opposed to the position that Howson and Urbach invented and then attributed to Popper.
About conjecturesandrefutations
My name is Alan Forrester. I am interested in science and philosophy: especially David Deutsch, Ayn Rand, Karl Popper and William Godwin.
2 Responses to Howson and Urbach vs Popper
Elliot Temple says:
maybe it'd help if people block quoted the text they're referring to and analyzing. i think it'd be harder to make up what an opponent said if people felt they had to actually find a passage where he says it to quote before they felt allowed to attribute it to him. (and the quoted passage would have to actually say it really clearly, or else their own readers would see they're idiots, if they'd actually put the quote in the book instead of just a footnote no one will read.)
conjecturesandrefutations says:
I agree that people should block quote more. I suspect they don't think the details matter that much. It's also possible publishers don't want to run the risk of a copyright complaint.
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