text:
Q: Calculating distance while adjusting for obstacles in ArcGIS Desktop? I have a global grid of points in the ocean and need to calculate the distance to and identify the closest 10 polygons along the coastline for the entire world while also avoiding crossing land.
For example, in the Figure below, the circled point would not include the green line distance. Instead the distance would consider going around the peninsula.
Near table produces the type of output I need but calculates distances without consideration for whether the path crosses land.
I also tried cost distance by creating a raster of the land at high cost and ocean area at low but if my understanding is correct, that type of analysis is limited to between just two points and the output isn't distance, it is a distance raster.
I have roughly 40,000 ocean points and polygons buffered around 1 degree of coastline. I need to find the 10 closest polygons for each point.

A: I think an untested answer to this may be to include steps something like:

*

*Run Near to find the N closest polygons

*From the points and the polygons that they are near create a line feature class that connects them

*Use the ocean polygon to (Un)Select By Location any lines from 2. that overlap the ocean

*Reassess how close you are to your desired result

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
Written by Scott Larson, Fanbase Press Contributor
'Star Wars: Tales from the Rancor Pit' - Hardcover Review
Since 1983 when Return of the Jedi first premiered, Jabba the Hutt has been a character who has been (in my opinion) underutilized. Like Boba Fett, his demise came far too quick. Despite a handful of appearances in other Star Wars media, including a cameo in The Phantom Menace, a restored sequence in A New Hope, an ill-fated role in The Clone Wars movie, and a couple of episodes of the series (as well as a few flashbacks in the old Extended Universe and the Darth Vader comic published by Marvel), there has been far too little of the infamous Hutt.
While Star Wars: Tales from the Rancor Pit may not completely fill the Jabba void, readers DO get to visit with everyone's favorite gangster slug as he hears stories from the wider Star Wars universe. Jabba is treated to thrilling adventures of the Clone Wars, the Old Republic, and Han Solo's life on Hoth. Interestingly enough, Solo is frozen in carbonite and hanging on Jabba's wall as his tale is told. Each of the stories is designed to chill the hearts on even the hottest of Tattooine Nights and are filled with the horrors of Separatist ghost droids, Jedi hunting monsters, and baby wampas. But why are these tales of the Rancor Pit? Because the character telling them is trying to entertain Jabba so he doesn't become the Rancor's next victim.
Published by Dark Horse Comics, Star Wars: Tales from the Rancor Pit is written by Cavan Scott, with art by Nick Brokenshire (Jabba's Palace), Jaun Samu (Clone Wars), Andy Duggan (Old Republic), and Rafael Perez (Hoth). It's a great anthology comic, and each of the stores are a lot of fun. The artwork fits together perfectly, which is not always the case for books of this nature. There are a lot of fantastic pages and spreads from all of the artists. Juan Samu in particular really leads the pack with some very exciting sequences.
But what of Jabba? Does he enjoy the stories? Are they entertaining enough for him to spare the life he literally has hanging by a thread? Hoo Hoo Hoo – you'll just have to read it yourself to find out!
Recommended - 4 out of 4 stars
Creative Team: Cavan Scott (writer), Nick Brokenshire (Artist), Juan Samu (Artist), Andy Duggan (Artist), and Rafael Perez (Artist), Kelly Jones (Cover Artist), Michelle Madsen (Cover Artist)
Click here to purchase.
Scott Larson, Fanbase Press Contributor
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Mac OS X is bit different from any other operating systems out there. If you have previously used Ubuntu then you might get some similarity with that. For example, you can install applications using Terminal in Mac and Ubuntu.
Using the Terminal in order to use install apps in Mac is pretty difficult when you are not familiar with this. But if you still have to install something using Terminal to know how the entire process works, GetMacApps would help you a lot.
This is a brilliant website that provides Terminal command to get everything done within moments. Although the number of available applications is limited and the number is pretty low but all useful and the most essential Mac apps are available to download.
So, you have seen that the list is pretty huge at all – almost 50 apps.
How to use GetMacApps to install apps using Terminal?
The overall process is very simple and not yet much time consuming. At first, go to the website of GetMacApps and choose app(s) that you would like to install.
After that, scroll down and click the "Install These!" button.
You will get a Terminal command that you have to copy.
Now open Terminal and paste the command and hit enter.
It indicates that your app is being installed. It doesn't take a long time to complete the whole process – generally it takes few seconds more than regular installation.
That's it! Hope this trick will help you. If you have any other question, feel free and do ask me anytime.


Arulmigu Gowmariamman Temple was built by the Pandiya King Veerapandian in 14th century. The history of the temple depicts that the King Veerapandiya regained his eye-sight by worshipping the goddess Gowmariamman and the God Kanneeswaramudayar.
The Goddess Gowmari fulfill the prayer of the devotes affected by the various diseases worship the goddess Gowmari and it is believed that they have got cured by her mercy. Every Year Annual festival is being celebrated during the Tamil month of chittrai.
During the time of festival-days everyday thousands of devotees are gathering, worshipping and receiving the blessings of the goddess Gowmariamman. The special feature of the festival is offering of firepots (Agnichatti) thousands and thousands by the devotees.


The focus of the book is on motion and forces. The reader is encouraged to make predictions, perform purpose-driven research, and creatively solve problems presented about motion and forces.
This book explains what matter is, if it is solid, liquid, or gas, and how it can be classified. Reading Essentials in Science.


You can find amazing treasures in out-of-the-way places like Strong City in the heart of the Kansas Flint Hills where David's long-time friend, Dan Clothier is opening his newest restaurant. We're just returned and exhilarated, for David's commission to restore Dan's two huge rescued, vintage murals has been accomplished beautifully. I got to help!
Home again and beginning our artCentral errands, we're off to the post office. "Did you see that? I'm going back!" David exclaims, just two blocks from home. Throwing the van in reverse, he does go back, back, back and retrieves a long strip of tire tread lying in the middle of our neighborhood street.
Artists! We're always spying and collecting stuff—fallen tree limbs and loose boards; hole-y rocks and smooth flat stones; scraps of fabric and shards of broken glass; dented, discarded buckets and colorful cracked bowls. Our home is a haven for these orphans waiting to be transmogrified into art.
We do just this: give these random derelicts a new home and a new identity, too. We delight in taking the lost, the cast off and the unwanted and up-cycling them into something new and special and fun.
Today's find, this dirty old strip of tire tread, becomes David's "Road Gator"—mounted vertically on Reverend Jan's salvaged piece of barn wood and adorned with a wee set of faux golden antlers found some-time-ago from who-knows-where. The finished results are charming when seen on David's studio wall, ready for an acquisitive patron to claim this amazing recreation.
Likewise I have a new painting fresh off my easel inspired by and including a tiny porcelain basket discovered by David, purchased for fifty cents in the second hand shop around the corner and given to me as a gift. I'm thrilled as I ply my acrylics to add and text to tell a story and images that create an environment. Voilà! "My New Little Basket" is ready—my entry for the upcoming JRAC "Yes We Can" exhibition scheduled for September in Nevada. David's entry for "Yes We Can" is "Dawn's Early Light", a work of elegance and grace oil stroked on stretched canvas.
Every morning I wake to see the actual object of his inspiration purchased decades ago in a miniscule shop hidden in the depths of Florence. Finding and falling in love with her shape and her exquisite features and the response she gave him when he plucked her strings, my husband, then a broke young art student wandering the streets and back alleys, boldly wired home to solicit a loan. The requested funds forthcoming, his new love purchased, David's strummed her in many places around the globe from the mountain top Acropolis above Athens to the chair beside our bed where he sweetly plays and sings me to sleep.
More rescued art adorns our sleeping sanctuary including "Jan's Wedding Cans"—battered and dented and rusting at the edges. Jan's artfully linked them together with hay baling twine retrieved from the ancient bales in her barn loft where she married us. The "Cans" come to us when David goes to get a Jan massage and returns home jangling them. They've been retrieved from the bumper of Jan's 1951 Chevy—our post ceremony get-away car in which Jan chauffeured us around her rural section as grazing cows looked up in puzzlement at the clanging and thumping of Jan's tin can bells and two left boots.
Yes, some of our rescued castaways are meant to stay with us in our home every day and forever.


Seriously little A. is the cutest. She had so much fun modeling for me and she has an adorable laugh that makes everyone laugh along with her. I have had the opportunity to work with her several times this year and this time was definitely the most fun. She really did take the cake and smash it to the ground... leaving quite a mess in her wake. Happy birthday A. I wish you the best year with many new adventures ahead.


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This trendy hotel is strategically located just 1 kilometre from the historical city centre of Lecce, a historic city in southern Italy. Some of the main tourist attractions are within walking distance, such as Porta Napoli and the Obelisc, just a 20-minute walk. The hotel is a new modern building offering a choice of spacious bright rooms. They all come equipped with contemporary furnishings and all the necessary amenities and services to guarantee a comfortable stay. Lecce train station is 3 kilometres from this luxurious establishment and Brindisi Airport is 35 minutes' drive.


text:
En astrogeologia, collis (plural colles, abr. CO) és una paraula llatina que significa «turó» que la Unió Astronòmica Internacional (UAI) utilitza per indicar un tret planetari superficial consistent en una agrupació de petits turons o pujols. El terme en singular (collis) no s'utilitza. És un terme regulat per la Unió Astronòmica Internacional que, en el cas de Venus, li assigna noms de deesses del mar. En són exemples Cydonia Colles a Mart, o Asherat Colles a Venus (a partir de la deessa del mar fenícia).

Referències

Astrogeologia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Gråspurv (latin: Passer domesticus) er en fugl, som er tæt knyttet til mennesket og dets husdyr og udelukkende findes ved beboede steder. Arten var oprindelig kun udbredt i Europa, Nordafrika og Asien, men blev senere medbragt til andre dele af verden.

I Danmark er gråspurven meget almindelig og var i 1970'erne landets almindeligste fugl. Siden er bestanden halveret på grund af et mere effektivt landbrug og bedre isolerede huse, der har lukket huller og sprækker, så fuglene ikke så let kan komme ind under hustage og bygge reder her. Gråspurven er meget social og kan derfor ses i flok året rundt. Den er hovedsageligt standfugl.

Udbredelse
Gråspurven har sandsynligvis været knyttet til mennesket, siden det begyndte at dyrke jorden og holde husdyr for flere tusind år siden. Dens oprindelige udbredelsesområde er Eurasien og Nordafrika. Siden midten af 1800-tallet er den af mennesker blevet introduceret til dele af Syd- og Nordamerika, Australien, sydlige Afrika og New Zealand samt til flere øer i både Atlanterhavet, det Indiske Ocean og Stillehavet. Ifølge Dansk Ornitologisk Forening skete dette af hensyn til de europæiske indvandrere, så de kunne føle sig bedre hjemme.

Arten findes over hele Europa bortset fra Italien, hvor den afløses af italiensk spurv (Passer italiae). Mod nord findes den helt op til de nordligste norske kystbyer.

I Danmark var gråspurven tidligere den almindeligste fugleart, men bestanden er halveret siden midten af 1970'erne, sandsynligvis på grund af et mere effektivt landbrug og bedre isolerede huse. Det mere effektive landbrug betød blandt andet mindre føde i form af spildkorn. De bedre isolerede huse betød færre muligheder for at finde redepladser under tage samt mindre varme for fuglene i løbet af vinteren. Arten er dog stadig en af Danmarks almindeligste fugle med en bestand på et sted mellem en halv til en hel million ynglepar. Det er nu solsorten, der er Danmarks almindeligste fugl med omkring to millioner par.

I omtrent samme periode, som gråspurven er gået tilbage i antal, har dens nære slægtning skovspurven fordoblet sin ynglebestand. Den findes med 400.000 til 600.000 ynglepar i Danmark.

Udseende og stemme

Gråspurven er omkring 15 centimeter lang. Fjerdragten er forskellig mellem han og hun. Hannen har grå isse og brun nakke og øjenbryn. Kinden er hvid. Oversiden er brunstribet og undersiden er gråhvid, dog med sort strube og brystet sort i forskellig udstrækning. Hunnen er derimod ensartet gråbrun med en lys øjenstribe. Ungfuglene ligner hunnerne.

Ved fældningen sidst på sommeren får hannen gråligt bryst, men fjerenes bræmmer (yderste kant) fældes i løbet af vinteren, hvorved hannen igen får sort bryst. Jo større del af brystet, der er sort, desto mere prestige er der i forhold til de andre hanner. Sangen er en kvidren, der ofte fremføres i kor. Det kan lyde, som om fuglen siger: "Filip, Filip".

I forhold til skovspurv kendes hannen blandt andet på den grå isse og på den manglende sorte kindplet. Hunnen er med sin uanselige fjerdragt meget forskellig fra skovspurven, hvor kønnene ligner hinanden.

Føde
Gråspurven lever af plantefrø, både fra korn som havre og hvede og fra vilde planter som hvidmelet gåsefod, fuglegræs og rapgræs. I yngletiden tager den også insekter, der især anvendes ved fodringen af ungerne i deres første levedage. Den er desuden en hyppig gæst på foderbrættet.

Ynglebiologi

Gråspurven er monogam, således at parrene holder sammen livet igennem. Fuglene yngler i kolonier og får normalt to til tre kuld årligt i Danmark i perioden april til august. Reden bygges især af hannen og placeres i murhuller, under tage, i redekasser eller sjældnere frit i et træ. Den kan bestå af strå, papirsstumper, plastic og sejlgarn og fores med fjer og hår. Når den bygges frit, er reden kugleformet med indgangshul i siden. Hunnen lægger 5-6 grålige æg med mørke pletter og prikker, der især udruges af hunnnen på 12 til 14 dage. Ungerne bliver i reden i et par uger, hvor de fodres af begge forældrefugle. I de sidste dage af redetiden udvikler ungerne forskellige kald, så forældrefuglene kan genkende dem, når de har forladt reden og fortsat skal fodres en tid.

Til gråspurvens vigtigste fjender hører spurvehøge og katte. Dødeligheden det første leveår var i en engelsk undersøgelse på 70 procent, mens de voksne fugles årlige dødelighed var 42 procent.

Blodparasitter
Gråspurven kan have en række blodparasitter, blandt andet malariaparasitten.

Navnet
Gråspurven kaldes også husspurv, grossenollike eller gråskenollike. Nollike er en nedsættende betegnelse, således at grossenollike kan oversættes til "lille uanselig grå fugl". Betegnelsen "grå" i fuglenavne brugtes tidligere ofte om almindelige, uanselige arter. Et andet eksempel er gråand.

I Marstal på Ærø kaldes en gråspurv for en grolle. En grolle er samtidig øgenavnet for en marstaller, fordi marstallere ligesom gråspurve findes overalt på kloden på grund af byens stolte søfartstraditioner. Den årlige byfest i Marstal hedder Grollefesten.

Referencer

Noter

Kilder/Henvisninger
 Benny Génsbøl, Nordens fugle - en felthåndbog, 1987. .
 DOFs beskrivelse af Gråspurven.
 Erik Mandrup Jacobsen, Hvor mange fugle yngler i Danmark? Ornis Consult, 1997. Arkiveret version fra august 2013.

Fugle fra Eurasien
Fugle fra Amerika
Spurve


text:
Aaron Azad
Principal, ANZ Mobile Lending, Smithfield
An African couple with six children arrives in Australia from Sudan with dreams of a new life, and like every Australian family, they dream of owning their own home. But unlike most Australian families they have no idea how to make it happen.
This story highlights the passion Aaron Azad has for what he does, and the motivation that drives him.
"The father is a cleaner at one of the schools in Rooty Hill, the mother does child-minding and they're making just enough to survive. They seem to have no savings in the bank, so there's nothing there to use as a deposit for a home, but they desperately want to have their own place.
"I went to see them at the home they were renting and I took one of my associates, who was new to my business and still entrenched in the corporate way of doing things. He says to me, 'Boss, this isn't going to happen; this is next to impossible'.
"I said, don't always look at these cases by how the book says things should be done, look for something else, look for clues on how you can help people rather than throwing up roadblocks. Look for ways to help them reach their goals.
"I said to him, this family is working hard, but they have no idea and no direction on how to improve their situation. Nobody is doing anything to help them, at least not in the area of their finances.
"This family even struggled with their English, so I brought along a translator from one of the local churches and with her help I was able to get a much better understanding of their financial position.
"I asked them if they had any savings in their bank account and their response was 'we have money, in the house'. It was literally under the mattress. I couldn't believe it, but the father said 'you can't trust anyone, so I keep the money in the house'.
"It was a shock, but now I knew where to start; I knew what I had to do to help them. I told them, if you can't trust anyone you'll get nowhere.
"So over the next few visits I worked on gaining their trust as I educated them on how to do banking. We opened a bank account for them, got them putting money in it, put their salary into it. Over the next six months I worked closely with them to the point where they able to secure a property for four-hundred and ninety-five thousand dollars.
"It was a three bedroom home, in Rooty Hill, and they were amazed. Life for this family made a dramatic improvement.
"If I'd stayed in the corporate world, working as an employee for a bank, there is no way I would've been able to achieve that for that family. But working for myself and being driven by a desire to help people, I achieve that type of success all the time. I have numerous stories, just like that, where I've spent time with people, educated them on the processes and helped them achieve their goals.
"It's very satisfying."
Aaron realised early in his career he would struggle working for someone else. Putting profits ahead of people wasn't the way he was brought up, and he always felt restricted by the corporate culture.
"I grew up in Bangladesh in a fairly comfortable environment. My father owned farmland, which had been in the family for decades, and would rent the land to farmers and he also received a small portion of the profits. So I understood finances from an early age. I also learnt from my father the value of keeping debts under control.
"In fact his philosophy was to always pay off your debts. He used to say, 'Aaron, never borrow money, you never want people knocking at your door', and look at me now, I lend money.
"But when I lend money it's not about lending money for people to get into debt, it's about lending money so they can have a better future. And I suppose that's why I enjoy working for myself, as opposed to being employed. I have a closer relationship with my clients, and I'm driven to help them succeed and I have more latitude in how I achieve that."
After completing high school in Bangladesh, Aaron moved to India to study, and that led to a job with a local domestic airline. After two years he applied to further his studies in Australia, at the University of Canberra, then a job with one of the big banks.
Success! Working for the Commonwealth Bank and helping people achieve their financial dreams, he worked long hours, took a keen interest in his clients, and set his sights on climbing the corporate ladder.
"I remember when they gave me my first bank to manage, the Glebe Point Road branch in Sydney. It was 2006 and the branch had been under-performing; it was listed in the bottom five hundred of the CBA's branches.
"It was my first real opportunity to lead a team and it was clear from the outset: morale at the branch was pretty low. The staff felt unwanted, they complained about promises that were never kept, and were doing just enough to keep their jobs.
"I worked with each individual; we set goals, I helped them achieve those goals and found ways to reward to them. In the space of three months that branch jumped from the bottom five hundred to be in the top ten. I learnt a valuable lesson there about leadership.
"Leading isn't just about telling people what to do: you have to show them. You have to pull them into your vision and you have to believe in them. They were great people at that branch, they just needed someone to lead them, and it was amazing how their attitudes changed."
But his own motivation was stagnating. Aaron found the politics of the corporate culture suffocating; as much as he loved the banking business he was losing his passion for it and realised he had to make a change.
It was around that time that the ANZ bank introduced ANZ Mobile Lending, a franchise opportunity for those who still wanted to be connected to a major banking institution.
"They were the only bank offering it and it suited me perfectly. I could still be linked with one of the major banks but without the same restrictions that go with being an employee.
"It gave me the flexibility and the motivation to do what I love, and that's helping people achieve their dreams, and to do it as a banker as opposed to being a broker.
"When you're an employee you're driven by the numbers and targets, you don't have the time to invest six months in helping a client get into to a position where they can borrow money. Your focus is always on the next client, and that can become a negative. You don't invest time in people to genuinely help them, because there's no short-term gain, which is the wrong approach, I believe."
It was an inauspicious start to his business.
"My office for the first twelve months was a corner table in the local McDonald's. I'd be sitting there doing applications on my laptop and talking to clients on my mobile.
"It never dawned on me to be self-conscious about where I worked from, not then at least. I'm a very positive person and any perceived negativity about being based at a fast-food outlet never entered my mind. I believed in what I was doing, I believed in myself and I knew I could do it.
"Then I would go home and fax the documents to the bank and often it would be two or three o'clock in the morning when I'd be sending applications back to the clients.
"I also had a six-year old child to look after for much of the day, as my wife had to go to work. But when you have a vision for what you want, and a passion for helping people, you just do what needs to be done.
"The bank was amazed at the results I was getting, especially as I didn't have what many would see as an affluent area.
"I was allocated Wentworthville in Sydney's western suburbs as my franchise – actually, I asked for it. Twenty years ago it was a dying area, but now it's growing. The migrant population there is huge and house prices in the area have boomed.
"I made a decision at the start to be heavily involved in my community and it paid off; I support the community and the community supports me."
The business boomed for Aaron: after twelve months he opened a 'real' office, began employing staff and has even expanded, buying additional ANZ Mobile Lending franchises in Glenmore Park, and later spreading into the Cabramatta and Bankstown areas.
"In that first year my revenue turnover was around two hundred thousand; now I'm over three million dollars and we do about two hundred and fifty million worth of funding every year, and I employ fifteen people, and that is in just over nine years.
Aaron proudly shows us the latest figures: a total of $1.2 billion of funds under management.
"And you know what is most satisfying about that growth? Almost all of it has come from referrals, not advertising.
"My clients tell their friends and it simply multiplies, which is so rewarding and makes you realise you must be doing something right."
In more recent times Aaron has purchased and renovated the old post office in Smithfield, which had been closed for some months. He's created a larger office space for his growing team of lending professionals and advisers.
"The whole area is starting to turn into a great village atmosphere where all the retailers know each other, and the local people can meet their friends, do their shopping and have a coffee. It's great to be contributing to that resurgence, because it's important for people to feel part of a community."
When you ask Aaron Azad for his advice on starting your business there would be no prizes for guessing the top two things on his list: belief and passion.
"Being passionate about what you're doing is the most important thing, and having a strong belief in what you're doing goes hand in hand with that. You can't be passionate if you don't believe in what you're doing, and why would you believe in something you're not passionate about?
"If your motivation is to just make money, then you run the risk of bending your morals, and that's dangerous; it can lead to the collapse of your business.
"Then when you've given that a tick, you need to have some financial literacy. If you don't understand the finances of your business it becomes very difficult to set a strategy in place to take you to the next level.
"Don't be afraid to seek advice, but remember, it is just advice. Most of those giving the advice don't share your passion or belief for what you're doing. Most financial planners and accountants are employees and have never owned their own business, so they know little about running a business. Listen to their advice, but you still have to make the decision.
"After a year being based at McDonald's I felt ready to move into an office but my accountant advised against it. 'You're not ready' he said, 'it's too soon' he said, 'wait' he said. I said thank you for the advice, but your expertise is in bookkeeping and make sure you keep doing a good job of that.
"I moved into an office and even hired some staff, then worked even harder to ensure I kept the accountant busy.
"One other area I believe is important is your interaction with other people – in particular those you're working with. It was a lesson I learned as a branch manager for the Commonwealth and those lessons have been invaluable as my own business has grown.
"If you don't have the ability to lead, rather than manage people, it becomes very difficult to not only grow your business, but even to maintain it.
"There is no such thing as a one-man show, or a one-man brand."
Mentoring is one activity Aaron relishes, and he has helped other ANZ Mobile Lenders learn the business and set up their offices.
He also mentors his employees with their financial goals and even personal grooming as he sees giving level of guidance as part of his community leadership role.
He has also been mentoring his wife with the establishment of their new venture together Stockton Grange Real Estate in Mount Druitt.
"Being involved in your community is vital for any business, but particularly a business like mine.
"ANZ allots me an area, usually designated by post codes, and I'm not allowed to promote outside that area, so from a purely business point of view it makes sense to be heavily involved at a local level in my community.
"But if I did that just for business reasons, the community would see right through it, so you have to be genuine.
"I have so many different communities in my area, it's part-and-parcel of having a richly diverse ethnic population, so I actively involve myself wherever I can. Each group has its own festivals and I make sure my business and I personally have a profile at all of them.
"And given the large migrant base in this area, you generally find yourself supporting their broader communities, the countries from which they have come. Through the United Nations Refugees Agency in many cases we're helping family and friends of those here in Australia.
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"I'm also a big contributor to my own country, Bangladesh. There's a lot poverty in that country, I still have many family members living there, and it's a privilege to be able to help them."
HIGHLIGHT QUOTES
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the fifth highest mountain in the world, Makalu (8463 meters). The mountain has been a big challenge for the climbing society since 1980 when the first attempt was made. Simone made the decent with Denis Urubko in febrary 2009.
No Swede had previously crossed Baffin Island in northeastern Canada until Vera Simonsson and her expedition participants, her sister Emma Simonsson and Norwegians Ingebjoerg Tollefsen and Kristin Folsland Olsen, made the trip during 2009. With total determination, the team travelled with their 120 lb sledges through 1200 km of artic wilderness in temperatures down to minus 40 degrees. The adventure really shows that you do not have to be a weather-beaten, bearded man in a anorak to complete the most impressive challenges. It's our great pleasure to award Vera Simonsson to Female Adventurer of the Year 2009.
With the purpose to put the spotlight ont the changes occurring in the Arctic climate due to environmental changes, the Swedish adventurer Ola Skinnarmo led the expedition "North East" through the passage connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean north of Siberia. The expedition, which extended over 6000 nautical miles, were lined with difficult passages, extreme cold, curious polar bears and it proved once again that Ola Skinnarmo is an adventurer of the highest rank. His attitude and passion for big and ground breaking adventures gives him the title Male Adventurer of the Year 2009.
Janne corax and Nadine Saulnier are as equally obvious winner of the year adventure as the award itself. They may, however, for their common first-time-climbes of Kukushili (6388m) June 28 and Purog Kangri (6438m) July 9 in China. And for the difficult crossing of the Chang Tang plateau on foot over a 54 days long expedition without support.
Janne Corax and Nadine Saulnier has for several years traveled together to find new challenges and adventures. The summited Kangzhagri - "King Oscar Mountain" in 2007 and has repeatedly advanced the position of Sweden as an adventure nation. The two are challenging both themselves to the almost impossible repeatedly with integrity, determination and adventure lust. It is with pleasure and pride that we now finally appoints them to the Adventurers of the Year 2008.
"To her with an unwavering determination and will perform one of the most difficult missions a woman made it. With the 439-day and 1.820 mil-long expedition "Around America Adventure", she has once again proved that nothing is impossible. The first person in the world to get around North America's borders in a kayak and bicycle, shows a great attitude and passion for personal challenges. Her adventures and expeditions have been inspirering and fascinating, and she is the obvious winner of the year female adventurer of 2007. "
"Through its worldwide climbing Fredrik has taken the concept of adventure to the next level, which is gratifying and inspiring. To ascend the highest mountain peaks on each of the world's seven continents is a magnificent achievement in itself. To carry out the expedition in six months and six days is bordering on the impossible. And to make it in the most difficult of conditions of civil war and hurricane winds and save the lives of fellow climbers in Antarctica, shows that he is a true adventurer.


text:
Diagnosing Stockholm Syndrome
Symptoms of Stockholm Syndrome
Prevalence of Stockholm Syndrome
Real life Examples of Stockholm Syndrome
The Psychological Explanation to Stockholm Syndrome
Helping people with Stockholm Syndrome
Stockholm Syndrome - A Brief Critical Analysis
In its simplest form, Stockholm Syndrome is a psychological condition where a hostage or captive develops an emotional attachment to or identification with their captor/abuser. The condition is not restricted just to hostage situations, but may be experienced in other situations, such as abusive relationships. According to Kocsis1, people experiencing this condition may even develop feelings of love and commitment toward their captors, and refuse to leave when given the opportunity.
Stockholm Syndrome derives its name from a highly publicized bank robbery that occurred in Stockholm, Sweden in August 1973. In the infamous incident, four employees of the Sveriges Kreditbank were held in captive for several days. Surprisingly, the hostages refused to leave their captors when they had the chance. Instead, they expressed feelings of attachment to the captors and even defended them to police and other officials. This strange behavior confused the police and general people. After extensive research, psychologists linked this behavior to the shell shock, or post-traumatic stress, and explained that the captives felt grateful to the abductors for sparing their lives, developing a counterintuitive affection towards them.
Similar incidents have been recorded where the captives were strangely attracted to the captors and deliberately wanted to stay with them. Stockholm Syndrome is not recognized as a definite psychological condition or disorder, but rather an array of symptoms that hostages undergo in an abduction or hostage situation.
The most apparent symptom exhibited in Stockholm Syndrome is the emotional attachment and empathy for the captor or the abuser. In extreme cases, they may even want to support the captor's family, and provide financial support.
Diagnosing Stockholm Syndrome can be challenging, as it must be precluded from other mental conditions. For instance, mental conditions like depression, schizophrenia, or obsession can bring about Stockholm-like symptoms. In such cases, the side effects of depression or psychosis must be differentially analyzed and the causal variables should be legitimately investigated before it can be classified as Stockholm Syndrome.
The conspicuous side effects are that the prisoner feels profound compassion for the captor regardless of what he or she does to him/her, and develops a negative feeling towards police, legal system, or anyone who tries to remove them from the situation.
Stockholm Syndrome can be a transient experience some individuals have at a particular point in life. Though it was previously thought to be experienced by only hostages, by the middle of the 21st century, psychologists and sociologists expanded their understanding and stated that victims of Stockholm Syndrome are not always hostages. People who undergo one or more of the following situations can also experience symptoms of Stockholm Syndrome:
Emotionally or physically abusive relationship with the partner (with or without marriage)
Traumatic experiences like rape, natural disaster, or a life stress
Being kidnapped or kept captive by someone forcefully
Being held hostage in a crime situational
Prisoners of war
Sexually and physically abused children
Stockholm syndrome is not recognized as a mental disorder or a specific psychological diagnosis and has not yet found its place as an individual disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) 2. It is rather a cluster of symptoms that are exhibited by people under certain situations and may or may not persist for long. The predominant symptoms of Stockholm Syndrome include one or more of the following:
Unexplained emotional attachment towards the captor or abuser.
Feelings of love, empathy, and a desire to protect the captor or abuser.
Nightmares, sleeplessness, flashbacks of the trauma.
Feeling sad at the thought of separating from the captor or abuser.
Feeling safe and secured while held captive.
Passive satisfaction from the abuse and hostility.
Medications have not been proven effective at resolving Stockholm Syndrome.
The FBI's examination of Stockholm Syndrome 3 found that nearly 8% of people in captive or hostage situations develop feelings of attachment and support toward the captors. Conducting research on Stockholm Syndrome is challenging and produced little consistent data. As a result, there's disagreement among researchers about the specifics of the syndrome, though many do agree that it exists.
Though not designed specifically to examine Stockholm Syndrome, one scientific experiment that may explain Stockholm Syndrome was the Stanford Prison Experiment 4. In this experiment, college students were randomly assigned to be either prisoners or guards. The prisoners were "arrested" and placed in a prison like real criminals. Quickly the participants began taking on the behaviors and attitudes of prison guards and prisoners. In effect, the experiment quickly became like a real-world prison with all the corresponding behaviors between prisoners and their captors (the guards).
The results of the experiment were surprising and powerful. The participants who were kept in the false captivity tended to obey the prison guard's orders blindly after some days as if they were real prisoners and been in prison for ages. The behaviors became so troubling that the researchers ended the study early.
This behavior left the researchers to conclude there needs to be an exchange of empathy and emotional energy to gain such level of conformity. Prisoners or hostages who experience symptoms of Stockholm Syndrome are ready to obey the authority (captors). While some social psychologists explained that the victims are brainwashed and emotionally manipulated by the perpetrator, psychologists gave a deeper interpretation. They argued the symptoms of Stockholm Syndrome comprise a defense mechanism, similar to reaction formation, to accept the adversity they are facing (more on the psychological interpretation explained later).
There are numerous examples of Stockholm Syndrome 5 around the world. From survivors of wars, to victims of domestic violence, and other situations in which people have reported symptoms of the condition. Here are a few of the most prominent examples:
1. The Incident of Kreditbanken, Swedenborg
As discussed previously, the first incident of Stockholm Syndrome was recorded in Sweden in 1973. According to reports, Jan Erik Olsson, a prisoner on leave, sought to rob the bank. In the process kept several employees hostage from August 23 - 28. During conversation with the police he demanded that his old companion, Clark Olofsson, be allowed to join him inside the bank.
Together they held four bank employees at gunpoint for the remainder of the ordeal. The hostages were cooperative with the bank robbers, even forming a close emotional attachment to them. Later during court proceedings the hostages even defended the actions of their captors, and even formed friendships that lasted over time.
2. The Case of Patty Hearst
Another example of Stockholm Syndrome was the case in 1974 of the millionaire child Patricia (Patty) Hearst. Patty was abducted from her home in Berkeley, California when she was 19 years old, and kept captive by an activist group called Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA).
After almost 10 weeks of captivity, Patty announced on an audiotape that she has joined the SLA group and will be working with them from now on. She worked for SLA under the pseudonym "Tania", and was later caught robbing a bank with her kidnappers in San Francisco. Patty was arrested for helping the group rob another bank and spent two years in prison. In an interview after the arrest she said that she felt strong as a part of SLA and sent out her love to all her fellow brothers and sisters. However, she later claimed to being brainwashed by the activists and whatever she did was under their influence.
3. The Abduction of Elizabeth Smart
Elizabeth Smart was kidnapped from her home in 2002 and held for nine months when she was just 14 years old. It was later learned that even though Elizabeth had plenty of opportunities to escape, she never attempted to do so. She accepted her captivity and reported that she felt "safe" with the abductors.
Extensive psychological research and analysis was done centering on her emotions and thought processes. Although many people argued that she had given her statement under the pressure of the kidnappers, many people she was a true example Stockholm Syndrome.
4. The Case of Shawn Hornbeck
Shawn Hornbeck was 11 when he went missing after going out for a bike ride. It was in 2002 and he was never heard of until four years later, when he was found by the police inside the house of Michael J. Devlin, his kidnapper. Shawn was kept under captivity and was tortured and molested for four years. The police revealed that he could have escaped but he was somehow under the influence of the captor and did not call for help.
Later in an interview with a magazine, Hornbeck said that he was brainwashed and the kidnapper was manipulating every minute of his life at that time. He said that he even had access to the Internet when he was a captive, giving him ample opportunities to contact the authorities
5. The Cleveland Case of Stockholm Syndrome
Amanda Berry, Michelle Knight and Gina DeJesus, along with other girls went missing during a period from 2002-2004. In 2013, almost 10 years later, Amanda called the police. Amanda, Michelle, and Gina were kidnapped and held captive in Cleveland Ariel Castro. They were sexually abused during their captivity to the extent that Ariel even had a daughter with Amanda and forced Michelle became pregnant at least 5 times. Each time Ariel beat her until she miscarried. Not surprisingly, Amanda, Gina, and Michelle developed strong emotional bonds. What was surprising was that they also indicated having strong emotional attachment to their captor.
A common belief among psychologists is that captives develop a bond with their captor as a result of feeling grateful for being kept alive.
Victims of Domestic Violence and abuse also show similar symptoms to Stockholm Syndrome, including justifications for the behavior. Many partners refuse to disclose the violence or leave the abusive situation. Victims who develop a feeling of empathy and support towards the captor may be a defense mechanism as a means for surviving the torture. Some victims of Stockholm Syndrome appear to be in denial of their situation – they don't accept that they are/were in a bad situation.
Anna Freud, in her explanation about identification with an aggressor, suggested it was an unusual intrapsychic phenomenon of coping where the victim transforms himself/herself into the perpetrator of the violence/captivity. She considered it to be a defense mechanism that gives the victim a sense of security and power to sustain in the captivity. This is often coupled with a sense of denial where the victim refuses to acknowledge the fact that he/she is under a torture.
Famous criminologist and psychiatrist Nils Bejerot validated Stockholm Syndrome on the same grounds and called it a type of Reaction Formation, which is a defense mechanism to superficially adopt the negative circumstances by developing ideas that are completely opposite to the real one, i.e., the person thinks what is completely opposed to his own.
Although there's support for the syndrome, it's not without its critics. Some have questioned the merits of Stockholm Syndrome because it began as an explanation to an incident, and is actually a component of other disorders, such as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, not a distinct disorder.
The first step in helping a sufferer of Stockholm Syndrome is to make sure he/she sees a specialist - a therapist, psychologist, counselor, or community worker. Here are a few steps that can be helpful in dealing with an individual with Stockholm Syndrome:
1. Be supportive - People experiencing Stockholm Syndrome may crave emotional support. They fear leaving their captivity and the possible loss of the attachment they've formed with their captor. Getting support and assurance from a therapist can give them the courage to face the problem and come out of imprisonment.
2. Do not insist - Many sufferers of Stockholm Syndrome are in a stage of denial and they fail to see any fault in the captors. It's unwise to persuade them or insist that they change their perspective. Discuss with them about the pros and cons of what they are going through and help them in gaining perspective on the matter.
3. Do not judge - People under the influence of Stockholm Syndrome can think, act, and feel in ways that others would not understand. Their actions and emotions may seem unreasonable to the world. But to help them get over this trauma, we must be able to listen without judging them.
4. Be compassionate - Just as the victims of this syndrome develop extreme feelings of compassion and empathy towards the captor, somewhere they crave the same thing for themselves. Show your love, affection, and understanding when you are communicating with a person with Stockholm Syndrome, and make them feel comfortable and safe. The feeling of safety outside the captivity helps a lot in overcoming the symptoms of Stockholm Syndrome.
5. Keep in touch - Experiencing Stockholm Syndrome can make someone isolate himself/herself from the social world with the fear of not being accepted. If you have someone close who is showing symptoms of Stockholm Syndrome, talk with him/her more often, and let them share their experiences with you. Encourage him/her to visit a therapist if the symptoms are going beyond control.
But remember, above all else encourage the person to seek professional help!
By the end of the 21st century, psychologists had expanded the study of Stockholm Syndrome. Although the most striking cases of Stockholm Syndrome so far have been reported in hostage situations, there's now support for the syndrome in situations of domestic violence, parental/child abuse, post-traumatic stress, or other crises. The situations that provoke the symptoms may vary, but most victims report being under a strange manipulative influence by the captor, and not being in control of what they think or do. It leaves a long-lasting effect on the victim's mind and they might take years to recover from it.
If you know someone suffering from Stockholm Syndrome
Encourage them to go for professional guidance and counseling
Listen to them without judging
Show your love, support, and care
Help them understand that they are not "safe" with the captor/abuser and why it is logical to get rid of the captivity
Help them in moving on leaving the Stockholm shadow behind
Support them to get back to the normal flow of life.
1. https://www.paperdue.com/essay/stockholm-syndrome-121068
2. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)
3. https://www.goodtherapy.org/blog/psychpedia/stockholm-syndrome
4. https://www.verywellmind.com/the-stanford-prison-experiment-2794995
5. https://www.ranker.com/list/hostages-and-kidnap-victims-who-were-brainwashed/jonathan-sherman?var=8&utm_expid=16418821-388.8yjUEguUSkGHvlaagyulMg.2&utm_referrer= https%3A%2F%2Fwww. google.com.au%2F


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text:
Q: Download photos in zip file Hi guys and thanks so much for any help you can give. here in this code in uploading the img to a mysql data base using a form,this the data base.
database
CREATE TABLE `user_pic` (
    `id` INT(11) UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
    `img` LONGBLOB NOT NULL,
    `img_name` VARCHAR(200) NOT NULL,
    `upload_date` DATETIME NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
    `user_id` INT(11) NULL DEFAULT NULL,
    PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
)
COLLATE='latin1_swedish_ci'
ENGINE=InnoDB

Here i load all the photos in a variable
load_img.php
$couple_login_id = $_SESSION['users']['id'];
$statement = $conexion->prepare("SELECT * FROM user_pic WHERE user_id = $couple_login_id");
$statement->execute();
$fotos = $statement->fetchAll();

An here i loop all the images and display the images on the html
gallery.php
    <?php foreach($fotos as $foto):?>

          <?php echo '';?>
          <?php echo '';?>
          <?php if($_SESSION['users']["user_rol"] == 1):?>

          <?php endif;?>

    <?php endforeach;?>

This the code to download all the photo on a zip file.
download_zip.php
  $zip = new ZipArchive();

  # create a temp file & open it
  $tmp_file = tempnam('.','');
  $zip->open($tmp_file, ZipArchive::CREATE);

  # loop through each file
  foreach($fotos as $file){

      # download file
      $download_file = file_get_contents($file['img']);

      #add it to the zip
      $zip->addFile($download_file);

  }

  # close zip
  $zip->close();

      # send the file to the browser as a download
     header("Content-type: application/zip");
     header("Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=wedding_photos.zip");
     header("Content-length: " . filesize('wedding_photos.zip'));
     header("Pragma: no-cache");
     header("Expires: 0");
     readfile('wedding_photos.zip');

The problemis that when i create the zip file and download it, i can open it because sed that file has a unknow format or is damaged. i don´t if there is something wrong with the code or is because the the way the photos are stored on the data base. Thanks for the help you can give to me. :D

A: Set your path

$zip->addFile("$file_path",$download_file);

Add Content-length header describing size of zip file in bytes.
header("Content-type: application/zip");
header("Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=wedding_photos.zip");
header("Content-length: " . filesize('wedding_photos.zip'));
header("Pragma: no-cache");
header("Expires: 0");
readfile('wedding_photos.zip');

A: When you're using binary data instead of files you should use addFromString method. So you can change code to this:
$zip = new ZipArchive();

// create a temp file & open it
$tmp_file = tempnam('.', '');
$zip->open($tmp_file, ZipArchive::CREATE);

// loop through each file
foreach ($fotos as $file) {
    //add it to the zip
    $zip->addFromString($file['img_name'], $file['img']);
}

// close zip
$zip->close();


Utility bills are due on the 10th day of every month. If the 10th falls on a weekend or holiday, the due date is extended until the next regular business day. Accounts with a past due balance after the 10th of the month are subject to a 10% late penalty.
Disconnections for non-payment is performed as soon as practical on or after the 20th of each month. If you are disconnected for non-payment, it is illegal to turn the water meter back on yourself and there is a $225 water meter tampering fee for doing so. In order to re-establish water service, the customer must pay a $50 reconnect fee. Payments must be in the office no later than 7:30 a.m. the morning of cutoff in order to avoid service interruption. Payments deposited after 7:30 a.m. will be posted the next business day.
Your utility bill will include a return envelope, which you may use to mail your payment to the Utility Billing office. Please do not staple your check to the provided remittance stub or mail cash.
Walk-in payments may be made in person at the Utility Billing office. The office is able to take payments in cash, check, money orders, and Visa, MasterCard, Discover, and American Express credit/debit cards. You may also call city call to make payments over the phone at (903) 759-3936.
There is a night drop box located on the north side of City Hall's parking lot for your convenience. For your payment to be posted on the same day, it must be in the drop box before 7:30 a.m. Please do not leave a cash payment in the night drop box.
The City's online bill payment service is a safe and secure way to pay your utility bill from your computer or mobile device. You will need to register with the system and know your utility account number and the amount of your last payment in order to set up your account. Tyler Technologies charges $1.25 per payment for their service. The City does not receive any portion of this fee. Other advantages to setting up your account online are the capabilities of viewing the account's transaction and consumption history.
Automatic bank drafting of your utility bill is available from a checking or savings account. If you would like to take advantage of this option for payment of your utility bill, please complete and return the Bank Draft Authorization Form to the Utility Billing office.


text:
11/07/2017 11:56 AM IST | Updated 11/07/2017 12:15 PM IST
Lashkar-e-Taiba Behind Terror Attack That Killed 7 During Amarnath Yatra, Say Police
Khan told ANI that the attack was masterminded by Pakistan terrorist Ismail.
ANI ANI
Hindustan Times via Getty Images
SRINAGAR -- Inspector General of Police (Kashmir Range) Muneer Khan on Tuesday said Monday's attack on Amaranth Yatra pilgrims was carried out by Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT).
Attack on Amaranth yatra pilgrims carried out by LeT, masterminded by Pak terrorist Ismail says IG Kashmir Muneer Khan to ANI pic.twitter.com/WzhYHx9sfb
— ANI (@ANI_news) July 11, 2017
Meanwhile, Union Home Minister Rajnath Singh will chair a high-level security review meeting at his residence in Delhi in the regard.
Jammu and Kashmir Governor N.N. Vohra has also called a meeting over the same.
Yesterday, the Union Home Minister had spoken to Governor Vohra and Jammu and Kashmir Chief Minister Mehbooba Mufti and assured full assistance to the injured.
The Home Minister also spoke to the Director General of Jammu and Kashmir Police.
Yesterday, a group of terrorists opened fire at a bus carrying pilgrims in the Anantnag district.
The incident occurred at 8.20 p.m., when the bus, carrying 17 pilgrims from Baltal to Mir Bazar, became victim of the terror attack.
Reportedly, the bus was neither a part of a convoy nor registered with the shrine board.
The death toll in the terror attack has risen to seven and as many as 15 have been injured.
President Pranab Mukherjee and Prime Minister Narendra Modi have condemned the attack in the strongest terms.
Also on HuffPost India:
Photo gallery Bend It Like Our Netas See Gallery
Bend It Like Our Netas
MORE: Amarnath pilgrims j&k police Lashkar-e-Taiba news


text:
The Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) Celebrates National Dispatcher's Week 2011
Dispatch Center Open House
WHEN/ WHERE:
Valley Communications Dispatch Center (VCDC)
23001 Roscoe Boulevard
West Hills, California 91304
Metropolitan Communications Dispatch Center (MCDC)
National Dispatcher's Week will be observed from April 10, 2011 through April 15, 2011. The annual event, established in 1992 by President George H. Bush, honors police dispatchers nationwide for providing vital emergency services in their respective communities.
LAPD dispatchers, known as Police Service Representatives (PSRs), are an integral part of the public safety net in Los Angeles. They fulfill dual roles as police dispatchers and 9-1-1 Operators. In 2010, PSRs provided all dispatching services for LAPD officers and answered 3.9 million calls for police service from the public.
LAPD's state-of-the-art dispatch center will offer guided open-house tours for officers', city employees,
members of the media and the general public. The tours will be conducted all-day and well into the evening. Refreshments will be provided.
In addition, the Chief of Police, Charlie Beck, will be present during the 2:00 PM roll call at the VCDC Open House on April 13th and at the MCDC Open House on April 15th to personally honor the PSRs for their hard work and commitment to the safety of our police officers and the residents in the City of Los Angeles.
Tour reservation requests and/or questions may be directed to PSRs Angela Rodriguez or Jenelle Williams in the Community Relations Unit at 213-978-6510 or 213-978-6511.


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Ellgia Limited, an award winning recycling and waste management company, is celebrating a partnership with FM1 at Ferrybridge for a spot contract supply of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) to create energy from waste.
Ellgia is delighted to have secured the contract for the delivery of RDF to FM1. RDF material is pre-processed at the Ellgia Scunthorpe Depot and will be used by FM1 to generate electricity. This provides a local outlet for RDF which supports Ellgia's cradle to grave philosophy for managing waste.
Ellgia has made a significant investment into the Scunthorpe site, acting as its main processing hub for the Ellgia Group, providing waste processes which extract valuable recycling commodities. This is achieved through numerous mechanical treatment processes that eventually turn the remaining residual waste into useable waste derived fuel.
This offtake partnership allows Ellgia to further enhance its zero waste to landfill credentials from its major waste hub in Scunthorpe, demonstrating the commitment to moving waste up the Hierarchy. This partnership is part of Ellgia's strategy in response to ever growing pressures on the waste and recycling industry, to provide long-term environmental and sustainable waste destinations.
FM1 operates a £300 million multifuel plant on land owned by SSE at Ferrybridge Power Station near Knottingley in West Yorkshire. The multifuel power station produces low carbon electricity by burning waste derived fuel from various sources of processed municipal solid waste and commercial and industrial waste. FM1 has an installed electrical export capacity of 68MW enough to power around 160,000 homes. The plant takes fuels from across Yorkshire and the wider region.


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first reported by The Washington Post in its Friday editions, high-ranking officials representing their departments have begun rotating in and out of the assignment at one of two fortified locations along the East Coast. Providing cover to CIA agents was a part of the New York Times policy, set by their late publisher, Arthur Hays Salzberger.255 The investigative committee of Frank Church, officially titled Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, uncovered a lot. Like the Red Cross, people like that that go overseas and do humanitarian work. The dead include doctors, lawyers and judges. I understand that there will be a lot who disagree with this designation; I argue that the term has many different meanings and many prominent people have used it in different ways. June 11, National Journal, Cut Federal Contract Spending By At Least 10 Percent, June 10, 2009 (If link fails, check here ) 149 Talking Points Memo, DOD: Obama's Afghan Surge Will longman critical essays Rely Heavily On Private Contractors, December 15, CommonDreams, Obama Has 250,000 'Contractors' in Iraq.
Although fentanyl overdoses can be reversed with naloxone, because of the high potency of non-pharmaceutical fentanyl, higher or multiple doses of naloxone may be required to revive an individual. It uses highly reliable sources with links to verify almost everything presented. And note that shortly after the George. 4 320 Draper,. (PDF Warning) 57 Full Wikileaks Cables available here. A large group of Cameron's victims brought a lawsuit against the CIA in 1988 which was settled out of court, so the agency would not have to admit any official wrongdoing. Fascism (or whichever term you prefer) is appropriate because the system has evolved into collusion between the military and economic entities to mutually ensure each others entrenchment. 309 Testimony to Congress by Michael. He was welcomed enthusiastically by communist cells, and was deliberately given a dishonorable discharge by the Corps (which was in on the plot) and became a card-carrying party member. 224 Declassified CIA document 190527.


text:
WHAT IS TRAFFICKING
HOOTENANNY FOR HOPE
CAMP RUN FREE
DISTINCTIVES
RESTORATION REIGNS
HOPE HAVEN
FREEDOM WRANGLERS
GIVE HER HOPE
TRUCK RESTORE
Amy Benchener and her husband Matt were blessed to have been mentored by the Haggards during their teen years. After feeling God's call to get involved with Blazing Hope's amazing mission, Amy joined the Board in 2019.
Amy graduated from Penn State with a Bachelors degree in Finance and Accounting and from Rider University with a Masters in Business Administration concentrating in Marketing.
Amy comes to Blazing Hope with diverse experience in corporate finance, sales, nonprofits and education. She began her career at Johnson and Johnson in their Financial Leadership Development Program, with rotations in their Pharmaceutical Research, Cancer Biologics, and Nutritionals businesses. She then became Director of Accounts at a software start up while teaching Business and Marketing courses at Rider University. Amy was on the Board of Fund a Cure for Pancreatic Cancer for ten years and also served on the Board of Crossing Cooperative Nursery School as the Head of Fundraising.
The Benchener family: Amy, her husband Matt, children Jackson Gregory and Addison Sedona live in the greater Philadelphia area. Amy currently serves at her church as a leader in the children's AWANA program, and is a key member of her children's schools.
He works justice for those who are pressed down by the world, providing food for those who are hungry. He frees those who are imprisoned; He makes the blind see. He lifts up those whose backs are bent in labor; He cherishes those who do what is right
(Psalm 146)


text:
Artjom (Russisch: Артём) is een stad in de Russische kraj Primorje, gelegen in het noordelijke deel van het Moeravjov-Amoerskischiereiland in het zuiden van het Russische Verre Oosten.

Uitzicht
Artjom is een aaneenschakeling van kleinere nederzettingen die parallel liggen met de Vladivostok-Nachodkasnelweg op 53 kilometer ten noordoosten van Vladivostok. De stad bestaat grotendeels uit een, twee en vijf verdiepingen tellende stenen huizen en een even groot deel houten privéwoningen.

Geschiedenis

Mijnbouw
In 1898 werd begonnen met steenkolenmijnbouw in het gebied door het Oessoerisch vriendschapsverband AD. Startsev i kompania. Dit bedrijf verwisselde verschillende malen van eigenaar en werd over de jaren uitgebreid met meerdere mijnen op verschillende locaties. De mijnbouw ontwikkelde zich snel, hetgeen mede te danken was aan goedkope koelies (in Mantsjoerije, waar toen grote armoede en honger heerste) en het feit dat de kolen zich vlak onder de oppervlakte bevonden. Deze mijnen vormden het begin van de later stad Artjom. In 1923 werden de mijnen genationaliseerd door de Sovjets. De mijnen en bruinkoolertslaag werden Zyboenni ("drijvend moeras") genoemd, naar de moerassige bodem waarop ze stonden.

Ontstaan en groei van Artjom
In 1924 werden de mijnen hersteld van de schade die werd opgelopen tijdens de Russische Burgeroorlog en werd de bestaande mijnbouwnederzetting vernoemd naar de bekende revolutionair Artjom (Fjodor Sergejev). De sovjetautoriteiten beschouwden de regio rond Artjom vanaf het begin als een belangrijk steenkoolgebied en staken dan ook veel geld in de bouw en technische uitrusting van de mijnen om te voldoen aan de grote vraag naar kolen voor de opkomende industrialisatie. Al snel kwamen veel nieuwe inwoners vanuit onder andere de Oekraïne, Wit-Rusland, Orjol, Tatarstan, de Kaukasus en Centraal-Azië naar de plaats. In 1922 woonden er 3.000 mensen, in 1926 iets meer dan 4.000 en in 1928 al 6.000.

Op 26 oktober 1938 kreeg Artjom de status van stad en een jaar later had de stad al bijna 35.000 inwoners. Op 5 februari 1943 werden de arbeidersnederzettingen Oeglovoje en Troedovoje onderdeel van de stad en later werden de grenzen van de stad verder uitgebreid en werden ook de dorpen Knevitsji, Krolevtsy, Soepazjevka en Sjevelevka onderdeel van de stad.

Groei van de mijnbouw
In de Tweede Wereldoorlog vertrokken veel mannen naar het front en werden veel vrouwen ingezet bij het draaiende houden van de mijnen, die in oorlogstijd nog in productie toenamen. In 1958 was door nieuwe investeringen in nieuwe technologie de productie gestegen tot meer dan het 25-voudige van wat er in 1917 werd geproduceerd. Vooral tijdens het 8e vijfjarenplan (1965-1970) werd de productie van de economische sectoren sterk opgevoerd. In de mijnbouw werkten aan het einde van 1970 53 kombinaten en over de voorgaande 5 jaar was 15.636 ton steenkool gedolven.

In de jaren 70 en 80 werden meer economische relaties aangeknoopt met omliggende steden en regio's in de kraj.

Bestuurlijke hervormingen
In 2004 vonden een aantal bestuurlijke hervormingen plaats, waarbij de nederzettingen met stedelijk karakter Oeglovoje (12.732 inwoners in 2002), Zavodskoj (15.228) en Artjomovski (9.728) onderdeel werden van het stedelijk district Artjom en het aantal inwoners van het stedelijk district Artjom daardoor samen met de dorpen Knevitsji (4.717), Krolevtsy, Jasnoje, Soerazjevka en Oleni naar ongeveer 110.000 steeg en de formele stad zelf (de stad zonder de dorpen eromheen) naar bijna 102.000.

Economie
Ruim de helft van de beroepsbevolking is werkzaam in de productiesector. Artjom heeft 29 industriële ondernemingen waarvan de helft in privé-handen is. Er wordt onder meer meubliair voor de Chinese markt gemaakt. De bedrijven die het meest mensen tewerkstellen zijn het Mijnbouwbestuur van Primorje (3500 mensen) en de meubelfabriek Artjom-Mebel (1100 werknemers). Er zijn vijftien joint ventures geregistreerd in Artjom. Kolenmijnbouw, een industrie zonder toekomst, is altijd de basis van de lokale economie geweest. Vandaag zijn de voorraden echter bijna uitgeput. De toekomst zal wellicht meer op transport gericht zijn.

De internationale luchthaven Vladivostok ligt in buurt van Artjom. Het grootste spoorwegenkruispunt van de regio ligt er eveneens. Jaarlijks passeert er 12 miljoen ton goederen naar Vladivostok en 24 miljoen ton naar Nachodka. In 1994 verwerkte de luchthaven een half miljoen passagiers, waarmee ze echter slechts 28% van haar capaciteit gebruikte.

In de buurt van de stad ligt de waterkrachtcentrale Artjomskaja.

Demografie

Onderwijs
In Artjom bevinden zich een fileaal van de Staats-Technische Universiteit van het Verre Oosten en een fileaal van de Staatsuniversiteit van het Verre Oosten.

Trivia
 De dag van de stad valt jaarlijks op de laatste zondag van augustus

Plaats in de kraj Primorje
Stad in het federaal district Verre Oosten


I was assaulted by a Whole Foods security guard twice. Now I am suing.
Let me start by saying that I am a peace freak.
As a kid, I even had a nickname for it— and any time my family members had to quarrel, it threw me in a state of anguish because I felt love for all of them. And today, all grown up, I still feel happy whenever I manage to resolve a misunderstanding in a human manner, heart to heart. Call me a tree hugger if you want — but peace is my jam despite all the crazy things I have been through, and I stand by it.
Before they were acquired by Amazon, I used to be a fan. I shopped there all the time and became friends with many of the people working at my neighborhood store. I would go there, greet my Whole Foods family, have a mega hug fest, and leave with a smile on my face and a recyclable bag filled with a bunch of healthy nonsense I didn't need.
And then one day last year, as I was exiting my store, a strange woman tackled me with full weight of her body, no warning. I screamed. Before you call me a snowflake for freaking out, let me say that I have lived through things much darker than what one would expect from the color of my skin and never sued anybody — I have been through domestic abuse and severe physical violence on more than one occasion (if you want to know my background, see this Univision podcast) — and a snowflake, I am not. If anything, I am a hardened type. But because she jumped at me out of nowhere, I assumed I was being robbed — and who loves being robbed?
The woman then demanded that I give her my bags, which I refused to do because she was not wearing any IDs, and I assumed that she intended to deprive me of my possessions. So on my request, we went inside the store, me still holding onto my bags for my dear life — and then she subjected to what felt like a sadistic session of intentional humiliation. She seemed to really enjoy putting me through a military drill-like procedure, telling me where to go, what to do, threatening to call the police if I filmed her (which I welcomed — but she didn't do it after all). I felt like completely humiliated and betrayed by the store.
Mind you, all of this was happening not at a random store but at a store where many of my friends worked (who were all off shift that evening), where I usually felt loved and welcome. Being a freedom-loving artist from the former Soviet Union who is extra allergic to anything totalitarian, I felt squashed. Unexpected physical violence, degradation, the absurd implication that I was a criminal — and why?
I felt like the name of that store was not Whole Foods but Whole Kafka.
Finally, after the manager on duty let me go, I cried all the way home, and I wasn't one bit ashamed of my sudden intelligentsia weakness.
I twitched to find justice. I wrote to the regional manager — and nothing. I wrote again — and nothing. Remember my love of human resolutions? Yeah, I tried that — in vain. I was going to boycott the store, but I missed my friends who worked there so I pretended it hadn't happened. And yeah, for a brief second, I considered "lawyering up" as many of friends suggested — but the perspective of dealing with the dirty legal monster horrified me, and I thought, screw it, I'll just move on. So I treated the incident as an artist: I wrote a story, I complained in dramatic detail to anybody who would listen, and then I forgot.
For months, I didn't see the security guard who had attacked me.
Then this past August, I saw her working there again. My heart pounded and flew out of my chest, and I decided to attempt getting a closure or maybe even make her understand that she had hurt and degraded me for no reason. It was naive of me, I know, but justice felt so close… So I came up to her, reminded her of last year's incident, and asked her for an apology. She then started insulting me and, as I filmed her, she guided me toward the exit and… punch!!
Whoa. Talk about an attempt at dialogue and human resolution gone south!
As I was getting "punished," the Whole Foods manager was coming out of the door, and even he looked astonished.
To his honor, he acted like a decent human being and tried to do the right thing. I am cool with him, and I am cool with the store employees who jumped to my support — in fact, I am super grateful to my friends at the store who enthusiastically consoled me after what happened. We New Yorkers are a family, and every crazy thing still brings out the best in most of us.
But this time, I decided to stop that intelligentsia nonsense — and I got a lawyer. Maybe two times is a charm. Maybe it will be good for the world, too.
What happened to me came out of a pilot episode of Black Mirror. It's a shame that one of the most powerful companies in the world, a company that effortlessly picks apart entire industries, does such a sloppy job at picking security firms to maintain order at their fancy organic grocery chain.
And I refuse to be treated like a little soldier inside an Amazon-run militarized shopping experience.
Today, I filed a lawsuit against @WholeFoods. In 2017, I was physically assaulted and degraded by their security guard—but I let it go then. This past August, same security guard at the same store punched me in the chest!


Electronic financial statements, i.e. the electronic transmission of the annual financial statement and the profit and loss statement to the tax office, are obligatory for financial years beginning after December 31, 2011.
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text:
Прави́тели Руси́, Ру́сского государства, Росси́йской импе́рии, Российской респу́блики / Российского государства, РСФСР, СССР, Российской Федера́ции (862—)

Более подробная информация и разночтения в хронологии приводятся в примечаниях. Даты до 1918 года указаны по старому стилю.

Правители в период раздробленности определяются исходя из того, что номинальной столицей Руси до середины XIII века являлся Киев, с середины XIII века по 1389 год — Владимир, с 1389 года — Москва. По традиции в список также включены великие князья Владимирские (за период с 1157 по 1243 год) и удельные князья Московские (1263—1389 годы), которые не были верховными суверенами русских земель, но считаются правителями России с династической и исторической точки зрения.

В список не включены фактические руководители и регенты, правители других образований в пределах современной российской территории, не контролировавшие столицу, лица, получившие право или претендовавшие на должность правителя, но не вступившие в неё, и номинальные главы РСФСР в период с образования СССР до учреждения должности Президент Российской Федерации.

Новгородские князья
 Рюрик (862—879)
 Олег Вещий (879—882)

Киевские великие князья
 Олег Вещий (882 — осень 912)
 Игорь Рюрикович (912 — осень (ноябрь?) 945)
 Ольга (осень 945 — после 959)
 Святослав Игоревич (после 959 — март 972)
 Ярополк Святославич (972 — 11 июня 978)
 Владимир Святославич (11 июня 978 — 15 июля 1015)
 Святополк Владимирович (июль 1015 — осень 1016)
 Ярослав Владимирович Мудрый (осень 1016 — 22 июля 1018)
 Святополк Владимирович (14 августа 1018—1019)
 Ярослав Владимирович Мудрый (1019 — 20 февраля 1054)
 Изяслав Ярославич (февраль 1054 — 15 сентября 1068)
 Всеслав Брячиславич (15 сентября 1068 — апрель 1069)
 Изяслав Ярославич (2 мая 1069 — март 1073)
 Святослав Ярославич (22 марта 1073 — 27 декабря 1076)
 Всеволод Ярославич (1 января 1077 — июль 1077)
 Изяслав Ярославич (15 июля 1077 — 3 октября 1078)
 Всеволод Ярославич (октябрь 1078 — 13 апреля 1093)
 Святополк Изяславич (24 апреля 1093 — 16 апреля 1113)
 Владимир Всеволодович Мономах (20 апреля 1113 — 19 мая 1125)
 Мстислав Владимирович Великий (20 мая 1125 — 15 апреля 1132)
 Ярополк Владимирович (17 апреля 1132 — 18 февраля 1139)
 Вячеслав Владимирович (22 февраля — 4 марта 1139)
 Всеволод Ольгович (5 марта 1139 — 1 августа 1146)
 Игорь Ольгович (2—13 августа 1146)
 Изяслав Мстиславич (13 августа 1146 — после 23 августа 1149)
 Юрий Владимирович Долгорукий (28 августа 1149 — август 1150)
 Вячеслав Владимирович (август 1150)
 Изяслав Мстиславич (август 1150)
 Юрий Владимирович Долгорукий (август 1150 — нач. 1151)
 Изяслав Мстиславич (март 1151 — 13 ноября 1154), Вячеслав Владимирович (апрель 1151 — декабрь 1154) (соправитель)
 Ростислав Мстиславич (декабрь 1154)
 Изяслав Давыдович (декабрь 1154 — март 1155)
 Юрий Владимирович Долгорукий (20 марта 1155 — 15 мая 1157)
 Изяслав Давыдович (19 мая 1157 — декабрь 1158)
 Мстислав Изяславич (22 декабря 1158 — 12 апреля 1159)
 Ростислав Мстиславич (12 апреля 1159 — 8 февраля 1161)
 Изяслав Давыдович (12 февраля — 6 марта 1161)
 Ростислав Мстиславич (март 1161 — 14 марта 1167)
 Владимир Мстиславич (март—май 1167)
 Мстислав Изяславич (19 мая 1167 — 12 марта 1169)
 Глеб Юрьевич (12 марта 1169 — февраль 1170)
 Мстислав Изяславич (февраль — 13 апреля 1170)
 Глеб Юрьевич (13 апреля 1170 — 20 января 1171)
 Владимир Мстиславич (15 февраля — 10 мая 1171)
 Михалко Юрьевич (1171)
 Роман Ростиславич (1 июля 1171 — февраль 1173)
 Всеволод Юрьевич Большое Гнездо (18 февраля — 24 марта 1173), Ярополк Ростиславич (соправитель)
 Рюрик Ростиславич (24 марта — сентябрь 1173)
 Ярослав Изяславич (ноябрь 1173 — январь 1174)
 Святослав Всеволодович (январь 1174)
 Ярослав Изяславич (январь — 2-я пол. 1174)
 Роман Ростиславич (2-я пол. 1174 — июль 1176)
 Святослав Всеволодович (20 июля 1176 — кон. августа или нач. сентября 1180)
 Рюрик Ростиславич (кон. августа или нач. сентября 1180 — лето 1181)
 Святослав Всеволодович (лето 1181 — 25 июля 1194)
 Рюрик Ростиславич (лето 1194 — осень 1201)
 Ингварь Ярославич (1201 — 2 января 1203)
 Рюрик Ростиславич (2 января 1203 — зима (начало) 1204)
 Ростислав Рюрикович (зима (начало) 1204 — лето 1205)
 Рюрик Ростиславич (лето, после 19 июня 1205 — август 1206)
 Всеволод Святославич Чермный (август — сентябрь 1206)
 Рюрик Ростиславич (сентябрь 1206 — весна 1207)
 Всеволод Святославич Чермный (весна — октябрь 1207)
 Рюрик Ростиславич (октябрь 1207—1210)
 Всеволод Святославич Чермный (1210 — лето 1212)
 Ингварь Ярославич (лето 1212)
 Мстислав Романович (лето 1212 — 2 июня 1223)
 Владимир Рюрикович (16 июня 1223 — май 1235)
 Изяслав (Мстиславич или Владимирович) (июнь — кон. 1235)
 Владимир Рюрикович (кон. 1235—1236)
 Ярослав Всеволодович (1236 — 1-я пол. 1238)
 Владимир Рюрикович (1238)
 Михаил Всеволодович (1238 — после 18 октября 1239)
 Ростислав Мстиславич (1239—1240)
 Даниил Романович (1240)
 Михаил Всеволодович (после 9 апреля 1241—1243)
 Ярослав Всеволодович (1243 — 30 сентября 1246)
 Александр Ярославич Невский (1249 — 14 ноября 1263)

Владимирские великие князья
 Андрей Юрьевич Боголюбский (4 июня 1157 — 29 июня 1174)
 Михалко Юрьевич (1174)
 Ярополк Ростиславич (сентябрь 1174 — 15 июня 1175)
 Михалко Юрьевич (15 июня 1175 — 20 июня 1176)
 Всеволод Юрьевич Большое Гнездо (июнь 1176 — 15 апреля 1212)
 Юрий Всеволодович (апрель 1212 — 27 апреля 1216)
 Константин Всеволодович (апрель 1216 — 2 февраля 1218)
 Юрий Всеволодович (февраль 1218 — 4 марта 1238)
 Ярослав Всеволодович (1238 — 30 сентября 1246)
 Святослав Всеволодович (1246 — начало 1248)
 Михаил Ярославич Хоробрит (начало 1248 — зима 1248/1249)
 Андрей Ярославич (декабрь 1249 — 24 июля 1252)
 Александр Ярославич Невский (1252 — 14 ноября 1263)
 Ярослав Ярославич Тверской (1264—1272)
 Василий Ярославич Костромской (1272 — январь 1277)
 Дмитрий Александрович Переяславский (1277—1281)
 Андрей Александрович Городецкий (1281—1283)
 Дмитрий Александрович Переяславский (декабрь 1283—1293)
 Андрей Александрович Городецкий (1293 — 27 июля 1304)
 Михаил Ярославич Тверской (осень 1304 — 22 ноября 1318)
 Юрий Данилович Московский (1318 — 2 ноября 1322)
 Дмитрий Михайлович Грозные Очи Тверской (1322 — 15 сентября 1326)
 Александр Михайлович Тверской (1326—1328)
 Александр Васильевич Суздальский (1328—1331), Иван Данилович Калита Московский (1328—1331) (соправитель)
 Иван Данилович Калита Московский (1331 — 31 марта 1340)
 Семён Иванович Гордый Московский (1 октября 1340 — 26 апреля 1353)
 Иван Иванович Красный Московский (25 марта 1354 — 13 ноября 1359)
 Дмитрий Константинович Суздальско-Нижегородский (22 июня 1360 — декабрь 1362)
 Дмитрий Иванович Донской Московский (начало января — весна 1363)
 Дмитрий Константинович Суздальско-Нижегородский (весна 1363)
 Дмитрий Иванович Донской Московский (весна 1363 — 19 мая 1389)
 Василий Дмитриевич Московский (15 августа 1389 — 27 февраля 1425)

Московские князья и великие князья
 Даниил Александрович (номинально 1263, фактически с 1271 (не позднее 1282) — 5 марта 1303)
 Юрий Даниилович (5 марта 1303 — 21 ноября 1325)
 Иван I Данилович Калита (21 ноября 1325 — 31 марта 1340)
 Семён Иванович Гордый (31 марта 1340 — 26 апреля 1353)
 Иван II Иванович Красный (26 апреля 1353 — 13 ноября 1359)
 Дмитрий Иванович Донской (13 ноября 1359 — 19 мая 1389)
 Василий I Дмитриевич (19 мая 1389 — 27 февраля 1425)
 Василий II Васильевич Тёмный (27 февраля 1425 — 25 апреля 1433)
 Юрий Дмитриевич Звенигородский (весна — лето 1433)
 Василий II Васильевич Тёмный (лето 1433 — 31 марта 1434)
 Юрий Дмитриевич Звенигородский (31 марта — 5 июня 1434)
 Василий Юрьевич Косой (5 июня — начало июля 1434)
 Василий II Васильевич Тёмный (начало июля 1434 — 7 июля 1445)
 Дмитрий Юрьевич Шемяка (7 июля — 26 октября 1445)
 Василий II Васильевич Тёмный (26 октября 1445 — 13 февраля 1446)
 Дмитрий Юрьевич Шемяка (12 февраля 1446 — 17 февраля 1447)
 Василий II Васильевич Тёмный (17 февраля 1447 — 27 марта 1462), Иван III Васильевич Великий (1449 — 27 марта 1462) (соправитель)
 Иван III Васильевич Великий (27 марта 1462 — 27 октября 1505)
 Иван Иванович Молодой (июнь 1471 — 7 марта 1490) (соправитель)
 Дмитрий Иванович Внук (4 февраля 1498 — 14 апреля 1502) (соправитель)
 Василий III Иванович (14 апреля 1502 — 27 октября 1505) (соправитель)
 Василий III Иванович (27 октября 1505 — 4 декабря 1533)
 Иван IV Васильевич Грозный (4 декабря 1533 — 16 января 1547)

Русские цари
См.: Список русских царей
Рюриковичи
 Иван IV Васильевич Грозный (16 января 1547 — 18 марта 1584)
 Симеон Бекбулатович (не позднее 30 октября 1575 — не ранее 18 июля 1576) — номинально Великий князь всея Руси
 Фёдор I Иванович (19 марта 1584 — 7 января 1598)
Годуновы
 Ирина Фёдоровна Годунова (7 января — 15 января 1598) — супруга царя Фёдора Ивановича, Великая государыня, правительница
 Борис Фёдорович Годунов (17 февраля 1598 — 13 апреля 1605)
 Фёдор II Борисович Годунов (13 апреля — 1 июня 1605)
Смутное время
 Лжедмитрий I (предположительно, Григорий Отрепьев) (20 июня 1605 — 17 мая 1606)
 Василий IV Иванович Шуйский (19 мая 1606 — 17 июля 1610)

Семибоярщина и Земское правительство
Семибоярщина
 Мстиславский Фёдор Иванович (17 июля 1610 — 22 октября 1612)

Земское правительство
 Дмитрий Тимофеевич Трубецкой (30 июня 1611 — весна 1613), Иван Мартынович Заруцкий (30 июня 1611 — август 1612), Прокопий Петрович Ляпунов (30 июня — 22 июля 1611)
 Дмитрий Михайлович Пожарский, Кузьма Минин (осень 1612 — весна 1613)

Русские цари
Романовы
 Михаил Фёдорович (21 февраля 1613 — 13 июля 1645)
 Патриарх Филарет — (1 июня 1619 — 1 октября 1633) (соправитель)
 Алексей Михайлович (13 июля 1645 — 29 января 1676)
 Фёдор III Алексеевич (30 января 1676 — 27 апреля 1682)
 Иван V Алексеевич (27 апреля 1682 — 29 января 1696) — правил совместно с царём Петром I
 Пётр I Великий (27 апреля 1682 — 22 октября 1721) — до 1696 правил совместно с Иваном V

Российские императоры

 Пётр I Великий (22 октября 1721 по 28 января 1725)
 Екатерина I (28 января 1725 — 6 мая 1727)
 Пётр II (6 мая 1727 — 19 января 1730)
 Анна Иоанновна (4 февраля 1730 — 17 октября 1740)
 Иван VI (17 октября 1740 — 25 ноября 1741)
 Елизавета Петровна (25 ноября 1741 — 25 декабря 1761)
 Пётр III (25 декабря 1761 — 28 июня 1762)
 Екатерина II Великая (28 июня 1762 — 6 ноября 1796)
 Павел I (6 ноября 1796 — 11 марта 1801)
 Александр I (12 марта 1801 — 19 ноября 1825)
 Николай I (19 ноября, фактически с 13 декабря 1825 — 18 февраля 1855)
 Александр II (18 февраля 1855 — 1 марта 1881)
 Александр III (1 марта 1881 — 20 октября 1894)
 Николай II (20 октября 1894 — 2 марта 1917)

Главы Временного правительства
 Львов Георгий Евгеньевич (2 (15) марта — 8 (21) июля 1917)
 Керенский Александр Фёдорович (8 (21) июля — 25 октября (7 ноября) 1917)

Верховный правитель России

 Колчак Александр Васильевич (18 ноября 1918 — 7 февраля 1920)

Руководители советского государства

Председатель Совета народных комиссаров РСФСР, СССР

 Ленин Владимир Ильич (25 октября (7 ноября) 1917 — 21 января 1924)

Формальные руководители советского государства
 Каменев Лев Борисович (27 октября (9 ноября) — 8 (21) ноября 1917)
 Свердлов Яков Михайлович (8 (21) ноября 1917 — 16 марта 1919)
 Владимирский Михаил Фёдорович (и. о. 16 марта 1919 — 30 марта 1919)
 Калинин Михаил Иванович (30 марта 1919 — 19 марта 1946)
 Шверник Николай Михайлович (19 марта 1946 — 15 марта 1953)
 Ворошилов Климент Ефремович (15 марта 1953 — 7 мая 1960)
 Брежнев Леонид Ильич (7 мая 1960 — 15 июля 1964)
 Микоян Анастас Иванович (15 июля 1964 — 9 декабря 1965)
 Подгорный Николай Викторович (9 декабря 1965 — 16 июня 1977)
 Брежнев Леонид Ильич (16 июня 1977 — 10 ноября 1982)
 Кузнецов Василий Васильевич (и. о. 10 ноября 1982 — 16 июня 1983)
 Андропов Юрий Владимирович (16 июня 1983 — 9 февраля 1984)
 Кузнецов Василий Васильевич (и. о. 9 февраля 1984 — 11 апреля 1984)
 Черненко Константин Устинович (11 апреля 1984—10 марта 1985)
 Кузнецов Василий Васильевич (и. о. 10 марта 1985 — 2 июля 1985)
 Громыко Андрей Андреевич (2 июля 1985 — 1 октября 1988)
 Горбачёв Михаил Сергеевич (1 октября 1988 — 15 марта 1990)

Генеральные секретари ЦК РКП(б), ВКП(б), КПСС

 Сталин Иосиф Виссарионович (3 апреля 1922 — 5 марта 1953)
 Хрущёв Никита Сергеевич (фактически 14 марта, формально 7 сентября 1953 — 14 октября 1964)
 Брежнев Леонид Ильич (14 октября 1964 — 10 ноября 1982)
 Андропов Юрий Владимирович (12 ноября 1982 — 9 февраля 1984)
 Черненко Константин Устинович (13 февраля 1984 — 10 марта 1985)
 Горбачёв Михаил Сергеевич (11 марта 1985 — 24 августа 1991)

Президент СССР

 Горбачёв Михаил Сергеевич (15 марта 1990 — 25 декабря 1991)

Президенты Российской Федерации

 Ельцин Борис Николаевич (10 июля 1991 — 31 декабря 1999)
 Путин Владимир Владимирович (31 декабря 1999, до 7 мая 2000 и. о. — 7 мая 2008)
 Медведев Дмитрий Анатольевич (7 мая 2008 — 7 мая 2012)
 Путин Владимир Владимирович (7 мая 2012 — настоящее время)

Галерея

См. также
 Парадокс лысый — волосатый
 Список супругов российских правителей
 Список правителей Галицко-Волынского княжества
 Список правителей Великого княжества Литовского и Русского
 Список руководителей РСФСР

Примечания

Литература
 Руководители России, СССР, РФ (862—2004) // Большая российская энциклопедия. Том «Россия». — М., 2004.
 История России. Т. 1. С древнейших времён до второй половины XIX века. Т. 2. История России. Вторая половина XIX—XX вв. Курс лекций / Под ред. проф. Б. В. Личмана. — Екатеринбург: Урал. гос. техн. ун-т. 1995.
 Махновец Л. Е. Великi князi киівськi // Летопись Русский / Под Ипатским списком. — К., 1989.
 Князья крупнейших княжеств (сост. В. А. Кучкин) // Древняя Русь в средневековом мире. — М., 2014.
 Состав руководящих органов ЦК Коммунистической Партии (1919—1990)  // Известия ЦК КПСС. — 1990. — № 7.

Ссылки
 Как передавали власть правители Руси, России, Российской империи, СССР, Российской Федерации
 Правители России и Советского Союза
 Кремлион — все правители Руси и России
 Титулы российских императоров по современным документам, с библиографией

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