The view that capitalism is a style of thinking, progress is a myth, and political contestation is irrelevant to "true" social change belongs not just to this one book but to all the commentators who found nothing to criticize. That's the real problem.
Posted in Editorial | Comments Off on The Climate Movement Needs to Get Radical, but What Does that Mean?


1970 House Bill 1699. An Act Providing For Credits Against The Excise On Domestic Business Corporations And Foreign Corporations.
Title 1970 House Bill 1699. An Act Providing For Credits Against The Excise On Domestic Business Corporations And Foreign Corporations.


Glass doors are common in New Zealand homes.
Glass doors are cold doors.
South-facing glass doors are especially cold.
Here is a cheap and easy way to retrofit a four panel rimu glass door into a warm and cosy door. First, find yourself a comfortable working area and lay out the door.
Next, cut insulation to cover each glass panel on both sides.
Finally, cover with thin ply, hardboard or other suitable material. I used the waterproof wallboards that we removed from the old laundry when we extended our kitchen. They were just sitting in the shed.
Hang the insulated door and paint the lot.
Not 100% flash, but a very high performance door at a low price.
No Depression in New Zealand…and no cold, damp homes either.
Editor's note: Here is another weekly column in the Wanganui Chronicle.
John Maslin recently wrote an editorial for the Chronicle titled: 'Get real' on heritage protection. Given the number of heritage buildings in our city and the cost of strengthening them, a realistic approach is certainly in order for progress to be made.
Blam Blam Blam did not win the Silver Scroll, but I am happy to honour the song for the rest of this column as it reminds us to be suspicious of spin doctors and their reluctance to recognize facts.
And there is no depression in New Zealand.
Tony Sewall , head of Ngai Tahu, the biggest developer in the South Island, has sent teams around the world to investigate building materials prices.
Quotable Value statistics indicate that identical medium-sized homes built in New Zealand and Australia cost Kiwis $20,000 to $32,000 more than Aussies. This is not because Australia has higher regulatory costs.
Cheaper Option: On and off the shelves just like that.
One final issue on the 'get real' front for this week. The Whanganui Regional Health Network (WRHN) recently flooded all three local papers with the same article asking for money from philanthropic organisations to support an insulation programme that has been under-funded by the current government. At the same time, we have a local MP who never hesitates to point out how many homes in the District have been insulated under his watch.
To be clear, here is a government agency asking for private donations because The Government has not provided enough funding for a government programme. Meanwhile, a representative of The Government is taking credit for the grand success of the programme.
But on the other hand, this could all just be hype. After all, there are no cold, damp homes in New Zealand.
Side bar: Want to 'get real' about healthy homes in our community? A group has formed to look into the possibility of forming a trust that will address the issue of housing performance while creating jobs for local youth. Please contact me if you are interested.
The Irish builders have been copping it lately for substandard work during the Christchurch rebuild, but I reckon there is enough dodgy building work to go around. Here are a few things to keep in mind.
It wouldn't take more than an inch of 40-year-old 'insul-fluff' for the average pre-purchase home inspector to tick the box for ceiling insulation. The average homebuyer would trust the property inspection report, buy the home, and then spend the next decade or more shivering in a cold home.
Don't trust these guys on the topic of insulation. Here's why: For the most part, they are the same people that built much of the low quality housing stock that New Zealand suffers from.
Think about it. A property inspector is a retired house builder. Most houses built in the last 50 years are under-insulated and cold. These are the guys we are trusting to assure us the large investment we're about to make is fit for purpose. It's a bit like allowing the Wall Street tycoons who crashed the world economy to be the guys to help 'reform' the financial system.
If you are looking to buy a home, make sure you bring a ladder and a torch. Pop your head above the ceiling. If you can see the ceiling joists then the ceiling is under-insulated. It does not mean you shouldn't buy the home, but it might mean you can negotiate on price.
Lesson Number Two: Never trust a plumber or electrician to put insulation back in place after they have removed it to do work.
Many of you reading this column right now are living in homes with small and large sections of the ceilings completely uninsulated. If you have had a sparky or a plumber in your ceiling cavity anytime during the last two decades, I strongly advise you to get a ladder and a torch, and to have a thorough look.
Recently I was shocked by the actions of a very experienced and very pricey plumber who did some work at our home. About three weeks after he left I had reason to visit the ceiling cavity to reload bait stations for mice, rats and possums. I was shocked to see a large amount – and I mean LARGE amount – of recently installed insulation piled up against the flue for our wood burner.
Aside from the portion of our ceiling that went three weeks without insulation, stacking batts against a flue is obviously a fire hazard. Negligent is the kindest word I would use to describe this particular plumber.
Many houses built today are destined to be cold homes due to poor design and under-insulation even though they "pass inspection" according to the letter of the law.
The current building code "minimum" for ceiling insulation is R 2.9 for this region. That is not enough. Don't settle for a minimally insulated home. By international standards R 2.9 is meager. Throw in a couple dozen down lights and you may as well be living in a 1950s state house.
The take away for all three lessons above is this: If you can see your ceiling joists at all then your ceiling is more than likely under-insulated. You'll need to put the insulation back in place from the tradesmen's visits and then top up with blanket insulation over the joists and existing insulation. We have topped up with R 3.6 and except for a negligent plumber we have a fairly cosy home.
Got the message? Get the ladder!
Don't say you'll do it next week because you won't. Put down your paper right now. Put down your coffee. Get that ladder and go!
In any home, there are two major factors for winter comfort and health: temperature and humidity. A warm, dry home makes the human body feel good, and keeps the immune system strong. Conversely, cold, damp homes do just the opposite. Unfortunately, New Zealand housing is known more for the latter than the former.
It has been easy to forget about the sad state of NZ housing while living in our passive solar, super-insulated villa in Castlecliff. The temperature never dropped below 14 degrees even when a frost carpeted the ground outside, and the relative humidity never rose above 50%. It was easy to maintain a healthy home for our young daughter while paying power bills in the low double digits.
Now that we have shifted, we are confronted with the challenges of living in a cold, damp, draughty home. While the new house and property have huge potential, the living conditions during our first weeks of residence have been a shock to the system. We have had a few mornings of 10 degrees in the lounge, and a relative humidity consistently around 70%. It has been difficult to keep our daughter's bedroom above 16 degrees overnight, and I suspect the high humidity contributed to her recent illness. I anticipate that our first power bill will be well over a hundred dollars – more than three times dearer than our previous high.
Taking possession in the middle of winter has added an element of urgency to improving the health and comfort of the home. With limited time and budget, I had to prioritize the first best steps to take. Using eco-thrifty thinking and an understanding of how energy and moisture flow through a structure, I focused on a number of low-budget / high-performance strategies.
Shifting from a villa on free-draining sand to a bungalow on clay has meant that rising damp has gone from a non-issue to a huge concern. Up to 40 litres of water vapor enters the average Kiwi home every day from the ground beneath it. A lack of adequate ventilation under our bungalow may mean that we receive even more than that daily dose of damp. While the long-term option for dealing with this is to install polythene sheets as a vapor barrier, a short-term solution to get us through this winter was to break out a piece of Hardie board opposite the access way to allow the wind to cross ventilate.
The next low-budget and high-performance weekend chore I undertook was simply trimming back a vine that was blocking midday sun from entering the lounge. The winter sun is a free heater and the vine was acting like a wall plug switched off. Ultimately, a number of trees to the north will also need to be felled to improve passive solar gain.
With more free heat entering our home, the next important thing to do is to hold onto it as long as possible. As described in last week's column, that meant topping up our ceiling insulation with wool/fiberglass blankets to an R-value of over 5.0 – nearly twice the requirement of the NZ building code.
But as that extra warmth is held in by our ceiling, it "stacks" downward only to radiate quickly through the single-glazed windows (R-0.15). Windows and glass doors are the weak link in most Kiwi homes, and until we can all afford double-glazing, we endeavor to use curtains to their greatest potential. Just as we layer up with clothing on a cold day, we should cover our windows with a minimum of two layers of fabric and strive for three.
By luck I found some ready-made Roman blinds deeply discounted and bought the lot. It took about 20 minutes to install each blind behind the existing curtains.
One weekend's work and less than $1,000 has improved the health and comfort of our new home by leaps and bounds. And this is just the beginning.
Coming 7th – 14th September: Adult & Community Eco-Literacy Week.
9th September, 6:00-7:00 PM. Solar Energy. Josephite Retreat Centre, Hillside Terrrace.
No matter which side you supported in the FIFA World Cup, the Super Rugby final, or the current Rugby Championships, one thing on which almost all of us can agree is that heat rises. While this is not to omit the possibility of a strongly opinionated letter on the contrary to the Chronicle by an avid physics denier (you know they're out there), it is less likely to stir anyone's ire when compared against evolution, climate change, a flat Earth, the ability of the Green Party to "create jobs" or the spelling of our city's name.
Some days when I read the Letters page and an article about any given council meeting I think it would be most appropriate to change the name of our River City to De-Nile.
At any rate…back to the topic at hand. When thinking about how to improve the warmth and comfort of a home, insulation decisions are best made from top to bottom. In other words, spend your insulation dollars first to top up your ceiling insulation to an R-value of over 4.0. Please note that the building code calls for ceiling insulation to be a minimum of R 2.9, but why settle for this minimum, which is low by world standards?
We know that power prices have doubled in the last 10 years and that a mathematician would strongly suggest this trend will continue. A decade from now do you want to be stuck with a marginally mediocre minimum of insulation over your head? Not me!
After pumping tens of thousands of dollars into the Whanganui economy over the last four years by converting an abandoned villa into a high-efficiency healthy home, I am doing it all over again. Yes, I am so committed to supporting our local businesses and tradespersons that I have continued my campaign to retain dollars in our local economy rather than sending them to power companies in Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch.
When I got home Friday from back-to-back 10-hour days of work, my weekend was sitting in the carport waiting for me. Not a new ATV. Not a Jet Ski. Not even a mountain bike. Instead I was faced with $2,000 worth of insulation and polythene.
I've written about polythene recently, so I'll stick to insulation today. Pay attention – this is important.
In case you missed it above, the minimum requirement for insulation in NZ homes is pathetically low and power prices are on track to double in ten years. With both of these factors in mind, an eco design perspective calls for a total R-value (existing insulation plus top up) of 4.0-plus in Whanganui, and 5.0-plus in Ohakune, Taihape, and anywhere in the upper Parapara.
An eco-thrifty design perspective suggests the best strategy for topping up ceiling insulation is low-cost and high-performance. Too good to be true? Oh, ye of little eco-thrifty faith.
An excellent new-ish product on the market is known roughly as blanket insulation. It is exactly what it sounds like. Instead of individual batts that are laboriously placed between the ceiling joists, blanket insulation simply rolls out over the top of the joists and any existing insulation. As such, it is quicker and easier to install, and mildly less expensive to purchase. Additionally, it is a higher performing product because there are fewer gaps between pieces than would be the case of 'blanketing' with batts (as we did in our villa four years ago), and it blocks the thermal bridging of heat through the ceiling joists. With a top-up of R 3.6 blankets in addition to the existing batts, we will have a total R-value of over R 5.0 over our heads. This is roughly the same as our villa, but with the added bonus that our new ceiling is 600 mm lower!
There you have it: Win-Win-Win as usual using eco-thrifty design thinking. The only Win missing is that of Argentina in the FIFA World Cup. But I have them down to be the surprise champions of this year's Rugby Championship by upsetting the Springboks, the Wallabies, and yes, the mighty ABS. Don't cry for me Argentina!
Adult & Community Eco-Literacy Week and Whanganui Permaculture Weekend.
A series of high-quality educational events free and open to the public. More details to follow.
Innovation, someone once wrote, is in the eye of the beholder. Oh wait, that was me last week. How innovative!
Someone else – I'm serious this time – once told me that perspective prejudices perception. In other words, the angle at which we look at something heavily influences the way in which we internalize it. This person was Eliot Coleman, a famous American market gardener and author.
I met Coleman about ten years ago, and found him very much of the eco-thrifty persuasion. We got on famously.
It will come as no surprise that the eco-thrifty perspective on innovation is very different from the infinite-growth-without-consequences perspective. The latter, what Australian author Clive Hamilton calls "Growth Fetish," appears to be the dominant perspective of Wanganui District Council, made evident by the stacks of cash it throws at chasing this outdated paradigm.
Innovative councils across the country and around the world see beyond a reductionist vision of growth, and have reaped huge rewards. Name any vibrant, dynamic city on the planet with high quality of life for residents and you'll find innovative planning, programmes, and services provided by local government. Last week I briefly described the Eco Design Advisor service offered by seven councils in New Zealand.
The service helps local residents make their homes warmer, dryer and healthier while saving on their power bills and supporting local businesses and trades persons. It is a win-win-win proposition that is about doing more with less, while simultaneously protecting the community from future price rises in energy and health care.
Doing more with less is a philosophy that we have engaged for the last three and a half years while converting a draughty villa into a cosy, healthy, low-energy home. This process involved lots of innovation…depending on your point of view.
One successful way we do more with less is by using window blankets in our home. These consist of bits of scrap wood and old wool blankets, but can perform as well as double-glazing. I've written about window blankets before, and there is a free DIY workshop coming up tomorrow (see side bar). If you plan to attend the workshop, please measure the width of one window in your home (inside the window frame), bring a piece of wood of corresponding length, and a wool blanket or polar fleece fabric. Wood dimensions should be in the range of 12 mm by 70 mm or 45 mm by 45 mm.
Another innovation that has helped us do more with less involves turning an open top curtain rail into a closed top curtain rail. The reason for doing this is that in most cases an open top curtain rail allows warm air to drop behind the curtain and cool off once it finds itself against a cold window. This air cools and sinks, pulling more warm air from the ceiling and the cycle continues all night long.
Put simply, you could have the best, most expensive, custom-made curtains in the world but if they are not installed properly they are not effective at holding in heat. I would estimate that 70% to 80% of all the curtains I see in NZ homes are not hung to maximize warmth retention. What an unnecessary waste!
5) be warmer and enjoy lower power bills; 6) praise eco-thrifty design thinking.
If you have questions, come along to one of the events listed in the sidebar.
13th – Window Blanket DIY Workshop. 2:00 – 4:00, Duncan Pavilion. For materials info, see above.
16th – Drop-In Healthy Advice. 4:30-5:30, Central Library.


The flowers are blooming and the birds are singing. Spring must be here. Reserve a 3-consecutive night stay and receive 33% off your entire stay. Enjoy the beauty of nature in Spring Lake. *For new reservations only. Not valid with existing reservations. Offers can not be combined.


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A record torch was observed on the Sun's nearest neighbor
New York, April 22 (IANS) Scientists have noticed the largest glare ever recorded by the nearest solar neighbor, the star Proxime Centauri.
Proxima Centauri is a small but powerful star. It is located just four light-years or more than 20 trillion miles from our own Sun and hosts at least two planets, one of which may look something like Earth.
It's also "red dwarf," a name for a class of stars that are unusually tiny and muted, explained Meredith MacGregor, an astrophysicist at the University of Colorado Boulder.
For the new research, published in the Astrophysical Journal Letters, the team observed Proxima Centauri for 40 hours using nine telescopes on earth and in space.
They found that Proxima Centauri has ejected a rocket or burst of radiation that begins near the surface of the star, which ranks among the most violent seen anywhere in the galaxy. The rocket was approximately 100 times more powerful than any similar rocket seen from the Earth's sun. Over time, such energy can take away the planet's atmosphere and even expose life forms to deadly radiation.
"The star has become normal up to 14,000 times brighter when viewed in ultraviolet wavelengths ranging from a few seconds," MacGregor said.
The team's findings suggest new physics that could change the way scientists think about stellar flashes. They also do not bode well for any squishy organism brave enough to live near a volatile star.
The instruments included the Hubble Space Telescope, a large millimeter array of Atacama and NASA's transit exoplanet satellite. The five of them recorded a massive torch from Proxime Centauri, recording the event because it produced a wide range of radiation.
The technique provided one of the deepest flash anatomies of any star in the galaxy. Although it did not produce much visible light, it generated a huge wave of both ultraviolet and radio, or "millimeter" radiation.
"In the past, we didn't know that stars could flash in the millimeter range, so this is the first time we've looked for millimeter flashes," MacGregor said.
These millimeter signals, MacGregor added, could help researchers gather more information about how stars generate flashes.
rvt / ksk /
Tags nearest, neighbor, observed, record, suns, Torch

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Sandbach School
Surfer rides killer wave to safety
A TEACHER from Crewe miraculously escaped the devastating Indian Ocean tsunami by surfing the killer waves.
Nigel Irvine, 36, of The Dingle, Haslington, was enjoying his second surf Christmas in a row off Sri Lanka's east coast when the disaster struck on Boxing Day.
The former Sandbach School pupil had hit the beach at Weligama Bay shortly before 9am with a fellow enthusiast from Kent.
Moments after complaining about the low swell, the pair were thrown upwards by the massive surge and began paddling back to shore to check on belongings they had left.
But the initial wave was followed by an even bigger peak. Experience told them something was out of the ordinary and the safest place to be was in the water clinging to their boards.
They then watched helplessly as the waves smashed into the beach, destroying huts, uprooting trees and sweeping people away.
Shaken, but without a scratch, they then began paddling furiously out to sea to stop themselves being dragged violently back to shore by the force of the undercurrent.
Speaking yesterday from Heathrow Airport, Nigel, who was in Omagh during the IRA bombing, said: 'When the first wave hit we tried to take off on it but it went under us and it was really fast moving.
'We decided to get the next wave back to the shore. Then we realised we would be better off further out, so we paddled the other way instead. Then we just hung on to our boards. It was their buoyancy which saved our lives.'
Yesterday his relieved parents, Rupert and Gladys Irvine, were eagerly looking forward to their son's arrival home after a nightmarish 10 days for them.
Mr Irvine said: 'I have only spoken to Nigel once briefly but I know he has had an absolutely awful time of it.
'I think he can't quite believe he has survived.'
Mrs Irvine added: 'I cannot describe how I felt when the TV was switched on and we saw Sri Lanka had been hit. It was the biggest relief of my life when Nigel finally managed to get in touch to say he was OK.'
After his amazing escape Nigel will spend some time recuperating before returning to work as an English teacher at a special school in Stoke-on-Trent.


London may be one of the most wirelessly connected metropolises in the world, but mayor Boris Johnson is calling for a "Wi-Fi city" in light of the capital's successful bid to host the Olympic Games.
Johnson told BBC London radio: "Actually, one thing I learnt from the Chinese [is] one thing we've got to do for the Olympics in 2012, we've got to have a Wi-Fi city. Never mind having the internet, what we need is a city where anywhere you go, you can log on, you can get on web."
"They've done it in other parts of the world, why on earth can't we do it? Particularly, let's do it beginning in Stratford in this fantastic area of opportunity," he said.
Johnson's call for greater Wi-Fi access came in response to prime minister Gordon Brown's plan to spend £300m on funding broadband connections, software and PCs for low-income families.
While the mayor said he believes "there is a case for dealing with people who are information technology poor and trying to help people to get online", he told the radio station more access to Wi-Fi would be a better way to do it.
Johnson said: "I think that's the way we should be going — rather than bunging money to people which sounds like a desperate bribe by the prime minister, let's look at ways we can improve infrastructure in this city so that there's Wi-Fi access everywhere."
London, meanwhile, has topped a recent survey of the world's Wi-Fi cities.
According to a study by iPass, London sees the most Wi-Fi use by business of all the world's cities, with more than 31,000 user sessions in the first half of this year.
The report also found that London's average Wi-Fi session length is 57 minutes.


Acrylic on 250gsm art paper.
A large-scale portrait of the Twelfth Doctor, played by Peter Capaldi, in an intense moment as he faces regeneration.
Artwork copyright © Iain J Clark 2017.
Doctor Who is copyright © British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) 1963, 2017. No infringement of this copyright is either implied or intended.


text:
Q: Why shell and browser return diffrent ip address? I set global WebProxy by UBUNTU setting->network->networkProxy and then i open

http://whatismyipaddress.com/

and i get my proxy ip address but when i use this command:

wget -qO- http://ipecho.net/plain

I get my real ip address,Does not shell use global proxy setting ?

A: If you want to use wget with a proxy, use the --proxy=on option and export the proxy address with export http_proxy="http://proxy.example.com:8080"
See here: http://tech.gaeatimes.com/index.php/archive/how-to-use-wget-through-proxy/ or check the wget man page https://www.gnu.org/software/wget/manual/wget.html

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Angers have completed the signing of Harrison Manzala from Amiens for an undisclosed fee, believed to be worth around €1m, with the contract keeping him at the club until 2022.
The 24-year-old made 38 appearances across both Ligue 1 and the Coupe de la Ligue last season, scoring four times in 37 Ligue 1 games and will add a lot of excitement to an Angers side who will be keen to improve on their performance in the league last season.
While Manzala is predominantly a right midfielder, occasionally across last season he played in a number of positions including as a left winger and even a centre forward at times. This versatility and consistency for Amiens will have alerted Angers and his performances towards the end of last season will give SCO confidence in his ability this coming year.
Despite being born in France, Manzala is slowly making a name for himself in the ranks of the DR Congo, making four appearances for their U21 team and scoring one goal in the process.


LSE Law is one of many world's high law faculties with a world reputation for the quality of its educating and legal research. Civil procedure and prison procedure concern the principles that courts should follow as a trial and appeals proceed. If Mr Celmer was surrendered to Poland, he will be returning to face trial in a jurisdiction where the minister for justice is now the public prosecutor and is entitled to play an lively role over the presidents of courts. The townspeople took the law into their own hands before the sheriff took action.
The legal occupation is undergoing fast change and lawyers are increasingly required to provide purchasers with practical, business advice (along with pure legal recommendation) and add worth. Professional legal advice have to be sought if. You find the State Laws difficult. If an employer hires a brand new employee and pays lower than minimum wage, underneath federal law the employer is prohibited from lowering the hours of a present employee or to cut back the pay of a present worker.
We assist younger folks navigate their way by means of difficult times: whether they are facing difficulties in school, psychological health, immigration or youth justice issues, are being denied advantages, or are homeless. (d)(i) Enchantment to the appellate division of the supreme courtroom have to be made in accordance with subdivision (a) of part fifty-five hundred thirteen of the civil follow law and guidelines.
After all a settlement of an issue on a fundamentally flawed precept of law is enormously to be deplored, but there must of necessity be many guidelines governing the relations between members of the same society that are extra important in that their institution creates a identified rule of motion than that they proceed on one precept or another.
It will be of little avail to the individuals, that the laws are made by men of their very own choice, if the laws be so voluminous that they can't be learn, or so incoherent that they can't be understood; in the event that they be repealed or revised before they are promulgated, or undergo such incessant modifications that no man, who is aware of what the law is to-day, can guess what it will be to-morrow.


This commands removes space from all the files with specific extension. I've specifed *.jpg as an example.
This command will replace spaces in filename with underscore, for all file in directory that contain spaces.


Designed with improved features, this bralette is super soft to touch & extremely comfortable. The laces are smooth and light. You can choose to wear it in 2 ways, the non sheer lined cups allows you wear the bralette without padding for maximum comfort or with padding for that extra perk, volume & lift.
These bralettes are designed for Asian fit. We have also included 4 hook eye closures at the band for you to get your perfect fit.
Another proud creation of I'M IN, you can now own gorgeous & comfortable bralettes made with excellent workmanship & quality.


Why Study Statistics at Queen's?
Statistics is the entire science of decision making in the face of uncertainty. It is the mathematical and computational study of randomness and variability of data. It is used in and makes significant impact on any field where data is collected. Jobs for statisticians exist in nearly every field and are expected to grow tremendously. Statistician, more broadly, data scientist, is consistently ranked as the top job in United States by the press.
Our Department offers a major, a medial and a minor in Statistics. A wide range of undergraduate courses covering theory, computations, and applications is offered to provide students a solid footing in Mathematics, computing skills, and sound knowledge in Statistics. A major in Statistics from Queen's University will prepare you for a career in one of the world's most in-demand scientific fields. A medial in Statistics with other subjects is also extremely useful to expand your career choices. Undergraduate students also have the opportunity to take up internship through the Queen's Undergraduate Internship Program (QUIP).
To learn about the career, visit This is Statistics, a website hosted by the American Statistical Association to explain the role of statistics in industry and research and to shed light on a diverse array of careers that involve statistics.
Prospective students pursuing a mathematics concentration are admitted into the Faculty of Arts & Science by the Undergraduate Admission Office, in either the Arts or the Sciences. Please contact the Undergraduate Admission office at admission@queensu.ca for further information such as tuition and fees, financial assistance, and student services.
Admission requirements vary across Canadian, American, and International Schools, with consideration for those who have completed Advanced Placement (AP) and International Baccalaureate (IB) course credits. These are all addressed on the Undergraduate Admission webpage.
If you are a student in Ontario, the following General and Program-specific requirements apply: The Ontario Secondary School Diploma (OSSD), and six 4U and M courses. Students in Francophone schools may offer the equivalent of English 4U.
Program Requirements: Arts (application code [QA]): English 4U, plus two additional 4U courses; Science (application code [QS]): English 4U, Advanced Functions 4U, Calculus and Vectors 4U, plus two of Biology 4U, Chemistry 4U or Physics 4U.
If you have fewer than 24 units, you are considered a first year applicant. Please contact by the Undergraduate Admission Office. If you are upper-year students, please contact Undergraduate Chair for the possibility of transferring to mathematics degree programs.
Queen's offers three degrees in Statistics: the Major (BSCH), the Medial (BAH) and the Minor.


Gerald the Elephant is cautious and Piggie is…well, NOT. They are the best of friends. Which means they have LOTS of fun together. But sometimes they face tough questions. What do you wear to a fancy party? Should you share your ice cream? Can two friends play with just one toy? Get ready for a hilarious musical experience as two of Mo Willems' most delightfully amusing characters come to life on stage in their Very First Play. Backed by nutty backup singers, The Squirrelles, Gerald and Piggie will have your family doing the "Flippy Floppy Floory" dance all night long!
Elephant & Piggie's "We Are in a Play!" is presented through special arrangement with Music Theatre International (MTI). All authorized performance materials are also supplied by MTI.


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Alpine Lawyer and Former KRTS Host John Anderson Dies →
Food for Thought. Terlingua Benefit to Support The Family Crisis Center of Big Bend/ Terlingua Food Program
Sunday March 2, The Starlight Theatre will host a benefit for the Terlingua Food Program, affiliated with the Family Crisis Center of the Big Bend. Pat O'Bryan, Founder of Terlingua Cares, is coordinating the benefit. He says the event will include an auction and music.
KRTS News spoke with Sara Stropoli, Executive Director of the Family Crisis Center of the Big Bend ("FCCBB"), who said she was impressed with how Terlingua responds to the needs of the community. She said the Terlingua Outreach Center of the FCCBB would be virtually non-existent if it weren't for its advocate, Mike Drinkard.
"I wish I could clone him," said Stropoli. "He works for next to nothing, but fulfilling the needs that exist there is his passion. While we don't want people to become dependent on it we absolutely want them to see it as a step to becoming self-sufficient. We realize that people work very, very hard but even though they work very, very hard, it's not enough in a ravaged economy. Mike makes sure that we're there for those people."
Stropoli added that its the need for financial resources in general that keep her up at night:
"I go to bed thinking about it, I wake up thinking about it. We just need to find the resources to keep the Terlingua Outreach Center open and to lift this heavy burden."
In an interview with KRTS, Mike Drinkard played down his role with the Center, but highlighted those of its supporters.
"Last year, a gentleman who visited our area from New Mexico donated thousands of dollars worth of whole grain products from Arrowhead Mills. He delivered it at his own expense. We would love more of this kind of donation."
Drinkard said a local Baptist church once provided a similar food distribution service but they stopped it several years ago. The Terlingua Center normally gets its food from the West Texas Food Bank. "Some of the food products are free and some we have to buy," said Mike. "We feed approximately 150 households a month from here." Among those serviced between October 2012 and November 2013, one-third were children and one-fourth were seniors or disabled citizens.
Those interested in contributing can find information here: Pledge Form. Also, on Saturday March 1, the Terlingua Center of the FCCBB hosts the 11th Annual Desert Chihuahuan Challenge in Terlingua Ghost Town. Information at (432) 371-3147.
Sharron Reed is a resident of Terlingua and a correspondent for KRTS/Marfa Public Radio.
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If you find the smell of pork revolting, it could be because that's how you're genetically programmed to perceive it, according to a new study.
The researchers noted that the European Union is considering a ban on castration because of concerns over animal welfare, and this debate has rekindled interest in how humans perceive the smell of pork and why two people may smell it differently.
"The data raise the possibility that more consumers will dislike male meat as a result of a castration ban," the authors wrote.
Although many in the above study did not notice the bad smell, the study was interesting to me, and perhaps other people, who do not eat pork. The fact that humans were possibly genetically-programmed by God to dislike the smell of male pork suggests that perhaps God tried to send humans a message outside of His word.
And the slain of the Lord shall be many.
The Bible never indicates that any one should eat pork.
While the pork industry wants to tout the alleged health benefits of pork, various news items have found health risks associated with consuming it (for some details see The New Testament Church and Unclean Meats). Pigs have always carried diseases that could hurt humans. Pigs may cause various diseases to break forth.
FWIW, there is no scripture in the Bible that shows that any one called of God in either the Old or New Testaments ever ate pork. Some may be surprised to hear that.
Check out what the Bible teaches and do not eat pork.
This entry was posted on Thursday, May 3rd, 2012 at 12:02 am	and is filed under Doctrine.


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Gold Medallists – July One in a Million
Home / News Articles / Gold Medallists – July One in a Million
GB Gold Medallists Jack Wells and Reece Johnson (pictured left to right) are our July One in a Million.
Jack, from Southend and Reece from Billericay were selected from players all over the country to make up the 11-man Soccability squad that competed in the Special Olympic Games in United Arab Emirates. The team flourished after beating Australia 3-1 in the final. Special Olympics GB is a life-changing charity for people with intellectual disabilities. The GB team returned home with 102 medals from this year's games.
After 10 years of playing for the Porters Soccability team based in Thundersley, the pair were picked to represent their country in the 15th Special Olympic Games. The Porters, a club founded in 2014 has 63 players across a range of ages and abilities.
Jack said, "I started playing football at school and now want to inspire others to get involved in physical activity. As part of the GB squad, we were able to train at St George's Park where the England squad train and that has given us a real confidence boost."
Reece added, "We both played for our school football teams, me for Cedar Hall and Jack for St Christopher's and they really encouraged us to compete in sport. The schools gave us a lot of opportunities and it has helped us get to where we are now."
With incredible support from their parents, the pair spent time travelling round the country and raised £2500 to fund their participation in the Special Olympics. Jack and Reece's achievements and commitments to the sport will help raise the profile of disability sport and showcase what sport can do for young people. It is a great inspirational achievement to be picked, to play and to return home with a Gold medal from the Special Olympics.


Back to Sanibel, almost! The South Seas Island Resort is located on Captiva Island which is connected to Sanibel Island. The South Seas is in the middle of a 330-acre wildlife preserve where dolphins and manatees are also regular guests.
The ASMS room rate is $209/night and includes complimentary internet access and the daily resort fee (value of $19). The group rate is available until December 27, 2019.
Use this link to make a reservation online. Note the hotel reservation system has a couple of bugs. One is the reservation system says the rate is $190. It is $209, the website rate subtracts the $19 daily resort fee. The other is the checkout page will have a line item for "Taxes" and a line item for "Resort Fees (estimated) & Taxes". The "Resort Fees (estimated) & Taxes" line item is an error so disregard it. Just remember that you will be charged a $19 daily resort fee upon check in.
Telephone Reservations, 1-800-282-3402, be sure to mention the group code "ASMS".
The closest major airport is the Southwest Florida International Airport (RSW) in Fort Myers, Florida. The Southwest Florida International Airport is 37 miles from the airport and is a 1 hour and 15 minute car ride. Conference registrants may opt to take a ride-share app/taxi or rent a car at the airport.


In the summer of 2016, songwriter & multi-instrumentalist Will Gonzalez started writing a handful of songs about self-skepticism & optimism. Soon after, he joined forces with producer/songwriter & multi-instrumentalist Steven Martinez to record and produce them, using techniques he acquired through past recordings he did with Gonzalez and Daniel Jurado (drummer) in their previous band, Fine Minds. Jurado also drummed for Steven's recording project, The Ambient Light, which gained sync exposure in MTV shows, such as Awkward and Teen Mom. Collectively, the three Southern Californians created a fresh musical project they call Pure Mids, presenting an alternative/new gaze rock sound with a splash of neo-psychedelia. Their eight song debut album, Optimistic-ism, is due for release this in 2018, off of the Dreamtime Palace imprint label. The band will be announcing their first west coast tour early next year, and hitting the road by Spring of 2018.


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Tugana is a genus of Caribbean tangled nest spiders first described by R. V. Chamberlin in 1948.

Species
 it contains four species, found in Cuba and Hispaniola:
Tugana cavatica (Bryant, 1940) – Cuba
Tugana crassa (Bryant, 1948) – Hispaniola
Tugana cudina Alayón, 1992 – Cuba
Tugana infumata (Bryant, 1948) – Hispaniola

References

Amaurobiidae
Araneomorphae genera
Spiders of the Caribbean
Arthropods of the Dominican Republic

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


SKU: N/A. Category: Mortech Coatings.
Mortech's SolaKOOL is a thermal barrier coating for cement based tiles and Colourbond roofs. We sourced specialized pigments and had our formualtion tested in the US for Total Solar Reflectance. Without too much technical hype, the product performed to the full capacity of the pigment. Available in limited colours such as black, charcoal and terracotta.


Baljinder Kang has more than 23 years' experience in HR across a range of sectors; including private, public, charity and not-for-profit.
She joined Midland Heart, a housing association based in the Midlands, in 2014. During the past three years she has transformed the HR and L&D functions into value-adding, outcomes-focused teams that understand the business and are able to provide pragmatic solutions.
She is responsible for the full remit of people services, having established and embedded shared services and business partnering alongside a culture of continuous improvement. The learning and development team are driving leadership and management capability through their leadership academy and the payroll, reward and benefits offer has been overhauled to ensure individual choice, flexibility and affordability. The team has recently been shortlisted for Best reward initiative at the 2017 CIPD People Management awards.
During the past 12 months Midland Heart has fundamentally changed its business model in response to changes in government policy. The HR function were central enablers to the changes, maintained colleague engagement levels, and are viewed by the executives and board as critical to the running of the business. Kang firmly believes that HR teams have to invest the time and resources into developing a total understanding of the business, its direction of travel, and aspirations before they can start adding real value.
Prior to joining Midland Heart, Kang was head of HR operations for Sense, a charity providing advocacy, fundraising and care for people with multi-sensory impairments. She positioned the HR function as a trusted advisor to the business and was the lead HR person as the charity moved from a regional, federated structure to a national organisation. Before that she worked in the NHS and the private sector.
Having started as a frontline worker, Kang understands and appreciates the importance of focusing on getting the basics right first in order to build credibility and have strategic influence.


Team members in Dr. Daws' lab.
Congratulations to the lab of Lynette Daws, Ph.D., professor in the Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, for being the first recipient of a new award from the Environmental Health & Safety Office.
The Superior Lab Safety Award was created to recognize laboratories that have demonstrated a long-term commitment to safety. Laboratory safety is an important aspect of science and is critical to the health and safety of our researchers, clinicians, students and educators, and ultimately to the mission of UT Health San Antonio. The criteria for consideration for the award includes, but is not limited to, consistent demonstration of safe practices during research/lab activities.
Dr. Daws' lab consistently demonstrates continued attention to safety in their research endeavors. Under the direction of Dr. Daws and Anthony Owens, research scientist, the lab collectively shares the responsibility in maintaining a safe working environment. Congratulations to Dr. Daws and group!


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Le district de Kusapín est l'une des divisions qui composent la comarque indigène de Ngäbe-Buglé, au Panama. La municipalité est presque entièrement entourée par la mer des Caraïbes ; elle est bordée à l'est et au sud-est par le district de Santa Catalina o Calovébora ; à l'ouest et au sud-ouest par la municipalité de Kankintú ; au nord par l'océan Atlantique ; et au sud par le Münä. Son siège est le village de Kusapín (Saborikäte).

Avec une superficie d'environ , c'est l'une des communes côtières les plus peuplées de la côte Ngäbe-Buglé avec une population de  selon le recensement de 2010. La population du district est principalement composée des groupes ethniques Ngäbe et Buglé.

Description
Le district a été créé par la loi du . Avec le district de Kankintú, il fait partie de la région Ñö Kribo, dans la région Ngäbe-Buglé.

Comme ils se trouvent dans la zone côtière de la province de Bocas del Toro, le transport par eau est nécessaire. Les bateaux quotidiens partent tôt le matin, arrivent au port de Chiriquí Grande et se transfèrent ensuite à Kusapín.

Division politico-administrative
Le district comprend cinq corregimientos :
 Kusapín
 Bahía Azul
 Cañaveral
 Chiriquí
 Tobobé

Notes et références

Crédit d'auteurs

Kusapín


Anti-pollution cycling masks are a fairly common sight in London.
It's perfectly understandable – air pollution is a well-documented issue here, causing respiratory problems and preventable deaths.
A sizeable 9,500 people die in the capital every year because of long-term exposure to polluted air, according to Kings College London.
But as with any bit of kit, it can be confusing if you're buying a cycling mask for the first time.
Here are the basic need-to-knows about anti-pollution masks as well as a look at some of the biggest names on the market right now.
How do anti-pollution cycling masks work?
The mask fits over the lower part of your face to catch pollutant particles.
It takes in oxygen and filters out the nasties in the air like formaldehyde, making your city cycle that bit cleaner.
The most important factor is the seal – the mask has to snugly fit your face so that nothing passes through any gaps, cancelling out the benefits you get from the filters.
Those with facial hair may struggle as even a little stubble can affect the seal and effectiveness of the cycling mask.
If you have a pre-existing lung or respiratory condition you need to take extra care as masks can inhibit breathing, especially at high exertion.
Now, onto the filters. Go for a mask that has at least two breathing vents with sub-micron filters which pick up the most particles. Hepa-type filters catch the smallest particles, like pollen and dust caught in the air.
The size of particles ranges from 0.5 (sub-micron) to 10+ microns. Just for a bit of context, a micron is the equivalent to 1/1000 of a millimetre. Filters will generally be able to catch size 0.3 microns.
And of course, there's your budget – not just for the mask, but the cost of replacing filters. For your mask, you're looking at around £20-£30, while a pack of replacement filters will cost anywhere between £13 and £25, depending on the quantity and quality of filters.
This mask is made from Neoprene to fit comfortably on your face and keep out unpleasant fumes and smells.
It has two Techno insulation valves with sub-micron filters, which come in packs of two.
Colour-wise, you can choose from blue, red and black.
What the reviewers say: On the plus side, it is easy to maintain.
However, the mask moves around on your face, which causes rubbing. Some say that the strap puts too much pressure on the nose too.
See-through Totobobo masks can be shaped to fit different face, nose and chin contours.
The Super Cool is a bike specific model, but you can also get them in standard and children's models.
It has sub-micron filters which come in three different strengths: 92%, 94% and 96%. The higher the protection level, the higher the cost.
This mask weighs 20 grams, and promises not to fog up your glasses. The fact that it's transparent makes for a more reliable seal check as you can actually see what you're doing.
The lifespan of the mask depends on how you care for it, but it can last over 100 uses.
What the reviewers say: On the more positive side, it's conveniently pocket-sized and easy to clean.
But disgruntled customers say that it's clammy, ill-fitting and uncomfortable around the nose.
Despite its transparency, the Totobobo mask doesn't make a good seal against the face unless it's completely clean-shaven.
Skysper is more about the swanky style. Its masks are also made of neoprene for comfort, and it comes in fun designs.
It weighs in at a relatively hefty 50g – two and a half times the Totobobo offering.
The mask is available in black, white, blue, red and orange with adjustable nose drag for extra comfort.
What the reviewers say: Skysper's masks are not as versatile – they don't fit an Asian face with a short nose, for example. Others said that it didn't have great coverage and one person reported the filter falling out. Even with the mask intact, exhaled air takes a long time to escape.
Apparently the mask has a smell when you first get it, but if you put it in 20-degree water for 15 mins it'll be fine.
Some say there are fog issues with cycling glasses when you're static too.
Dubbed the 'British pollution solution', the Cambridge Mask is made from carbon cloth originally used by the Ministry of Defence.
It protects against gas based pollution, such as smells, benzene and formaldehyde, particle pollution such as PM2.5, pollen or smoke and pathogens such as viruses and bacteria.
The masks come in five sizes, for both adults and children. It has some fun patterns too – one includes pandas!
And those with an allergy will be glad to know that it's latex-free.
What the reviewers say: Some reviews saying the mask is too small and the non-adjustable ear hooks make it difficult to seal.
Vogmask is a global brand famed for its funky designs.
They come in different sizes with a metal band in the nose. The tightness is not adjustable, and you can only use the earloops to fit it on face.
What the reviewers say: It's comfortable and easy to clean, but it's not easy to breathe in – one reviewer had to loosen it around the nose, defeating the purpose of the mask seal.
The filter mask is said to be too restrictive as well. If you have a hilly commute you may want to look elsewhere as the valves are reportedly too small for exercise.
Do you wear cycling masks or do you think they're not worth the hassle? Let us know in the comments section below.
The post 5 cycling masks to fight against air pollution – are they any good? appeared first on London Cyclist.


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Home / Shop / Religion & Spirituality / The Golden Grove – Jeremy Taylor (1843)
The Golden Grove – Jeremy Taylor (1843)
Title: The Golden Grove
Author: Jeremy Taylor
Publisher: John Henry Parker, Oxford, 1843.
Condition: Full tooled-leather, embossed gilt to edges and with sound clasps. Extraordinarily beautiful binding. Inscription to ffep, else fine. Pocket size.
SKU: taylor-goldengrove Categories: All Rare Books, Religion & Spirituality Tag: Gift Ideas
A book of short prayers and litanies from the Anglican Church.
About Jeremy Taylor (from Wikipedia):
Jeremy Taylor (baptised 15 August 1613 – 13 August 1667) was a cleric in the Church of England who achieved fame as an author during the Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell. He is sometimes known as the "Shakespeare of Divines" for his poetic style of expression, and he is frequently cited as one of the greatest prose writers in the English language. He is remembered in the Church of England's calendar of saints with a Lesser Festival on 13 August.
Taylor was under the patronage of William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury. He went on to become chaplain in ordinary to King Charles I as a result of Laud's sponsorship. This made him politically suspect when Laud was tried for treason and executed in 1645 by the Puritan parliament during the English Civil War. After the parliamentary victory over the King, he was briefly imprisoned several times.
Eventually, he was allowed to live quietly in Wales, where he became the private chaplain of the Earl of Carbery. At the Restoration, his political star was on the rise, and he was made Bishop of Down and Connor in Ireland. He also became vice-chancellor of the University of Dublin.
Children's & Illustrated Books
NoneClear filters Out Of Stock In Stock All Products
First editions Gift Ideas Published before 1800
15 Nov Closure of retail store
05 Jun Books to tide you through Covid-19
01 Jun Operating online only
Email: gohd @ gohd.com.sg
© 2009 - 2019 GOHD Books — Rare & Collectable Books


According to the 23andMe article, there is a real issue with diversity in genetic research. In a 2011 article, data showed that only 4% of all genome-wide association studies had been conducted using samples of non-European participants. A recent study also revealed that African Americans are more likely than whites to mistakenly be told they carry a mutation putting them at risk for a heart condition known as cardiomyopathy. How could a professional scientist or geneticist make a huge mistake like this? The overall aspect of health research having a diversity problem has gone unsolved and over looked for far too long.
Now….I know what you're asking yourself. How could this mistake happen and why has there not been an effort to fix this problem?
And what of the media? Why are they not reporting about the mistaken cardiomyopathy prognosis for countless African Americans?
As I read more and more articles, I am slowly learning that diversity is not just a problem in technology but also in other areas as well. To wrongly inform a group of people that they have a life changing condition can lead to emotional pain and medical costs. We must begin to hold researchers and scientists in the field of genetics more accountable for their actions. If we do not, mistaken prognosis will continue.


While we're on the subject of kids, school, and food this week, here's a shout out for a film I'm going to have to find room for on my top ten food documentaries list.
What's On Your Plate? features two New York City middle school students, Sadie Rain Hope-Gund and Safiyah Kai Russell Riddle, taking viewers on a food tour that's as entertaining as it is educational as they set out on a mission to figure out where their meals come from.
The 76-minute film is part of the current Whole Foods Let's Retake Our Plates film series and has run on Discovery Channel's Planet Green. Click here for screenings and watch a trailer here.
This doco is directed by veteran social justice film-maker Catherine Gund, mom to one of the budding food activists. The dynamic diet-conscious duo spend a year in front of the camera as they explore their place in the food chain, and ask questions about where the food they eat comes from, how it's grown, and how far it travels from the farm to their fork.
Pitching this flick to a Hollywood agent you'd sum it up as two urban Nancy Drews meets Food, Inc., as The Atlantic did.
The girl guides talk to friends, family, food activists, farmers, food sellers — and each other — as they investigate issues around health, environment, nutrition, food security, and access. The interviews with politicians and public school food officials are classic. The break beat poet is fresh and funky.
It's packed with so many teachable moments in bite-sized bits that I suspect it will engage many kids in a conversation about eating. And the tone is matter-of-fact and non-judgmental. We learn Sadie has genetically-linked high cholesterol controlled by diet, and that Safiyah's family is vegetarian.
On a recent tour of a middle school in my neck of the woods, I saw a sign for a class called "What's On Your Plate?" and I wonder if it's based on the film's 64-page companion curriculum guide on school food, health and access, and local food. (It's spring break in Berkeley this week, so I can't confirm).
I hope so. What's On Your Plate? is a terrific teaching tool, told in the cadence of 11-year-old kids. Pretty savvy and sophisticated multi-racial city kids with deep connections on the food front. But kids nonetheless. Concepts like high fructose corn syrup get equal billing with a popular edible food-like product known as Funyuns.
The film works best when we meet people the tweens find organically. Like the folks who front the CSA (Community Supported Agriculture) in their area, the Latino Angel family farmers, who struggle to make a living on the land in upstate New York, and the school dad who had a heart attack that proved a wake-up call for his family's eating habits.
I was less jazzed to see the typical talking heads of the good food movement. But I'm a somewhat jaded adult and many kids won't know Anna Lappe and Bryant Terry, both of whom, to be fair, bring important ideas to the table.
The film ends, fittingly, with a wrap party where food plays a central role. There's even cute animation and cool music too.
Less scary than Food, Inc., less sensational than Food Revolution, and less sad than both these edible exposes, What's On Your Plate? does what children have always done best. It offers hope, even in the face of seemingly insurmountable odds.
Who knew you could grow raspberries in a window box in Manhattan? You can! The kids even help the Angel family organize a CSA to fund the farm. Clearly, the youngest generation of edible entrepreneurs can bring about change in their communities.
A good choice for family movie night, I'm looking forward to watching it with my own 11 year old. I know he's going to love that school science experiment involving marshmallows, walnuts, and those Funyuns.
Playful, positive, personal, and political without being preachy, What's On Your Plate? is worth watching. So kudos to the kids and the movie-making mom, who made a wise decision to let the children tell the story.
Tags:anna lappe, bryant terry, catherine gund, community supported agriculture, food documentaries, food inc., food revolution, sadie rain hope-gund, safiyah kai russell riddle, what's on your plate?
Think of agents for change in American eating habits, and Berkeley's Alice Waters and Michael Pollan come immediately to mind.
Indeed, eat-more-greens advocates can appear as white as Wonder Bread.
On the menu at the local La Pena Cultural Center last night: some much-needed color in the conversation about good food matters.
Read my entire post on the foodcentric performance piece Visceral Feast over at Berkeleyside.
Well, turns out, Amara, artistic director of the Oakland-based Deep Waters Dance Theater, has been investigating edible issues, such as where food comes from and its impact on the community and the environment, in performance pieces that address the soul and spiritual connections to eating and cooking.
Last year she showcased a work in progress, "Our Daily Bread," as part of an artist in residency at CounterPULSE, a non-profit theater in San Francisco.
Amara describes herself as "mostly vegan" not initially for political reasons but because she doesn't care for the taste of meat. But she cooks meat for others and acknowledges her roots as a child growing up eating her mother's gumbo.
She's planning several food parties as part of her exploration of eating this year. One she's dubbing Raw Meat, where she hopes raw food folk will dialogue with confirmed carnivores.
Find Amara's Recession Root Stew recipe, inspired by the times and in the spirit of African American food traditions, right here.
It's vegan, can feed lots of folks, and includes dinosaur kale, cilantro, and coconut milk. Sounds just the dish for a cold winter's night.
At last night's performance the audience was asked to share a favorite food memory.
I listed my sister's pavlova and family barbecues with the proverbial "shrimp on the barbie" (Aussies call them prawns). And Vegemite on white toast, comfort food when you're sick. All of these foods remind me of home.


text:
backend_name: Pandas
backend_url: https://pandas.pydata.org/
backend_module: pandas
intro: Ibis's pandas backend is available in core Ibis.
backend_param_style: a dictionary of paths
do_connect_base: BasePandasBackend
is_core: true
---

{% include 'backends/template.md' %}

## User Defined functions (UDF)

Ibis supports defining three kinds of user-defined functions for operations on
expressions targeting the pandas backend: **element-wise**, **reduction**, and
**analytic**.

### Elementwise Functions

An **element-wise** function is a function that takes N rows as input and
produces N rows of output. `log`, `exp`, and `floor` are examples of
element-wise functions.

Here's how to define an element-wise function:

```python
import ibis.expr.datatypes as dt
from ibis.backends.pandas import udf

@udf.elementwise(input_type=[dt.int64], output_type=dt.double)
def add_one(x):
    return x + 1.0
```

### Reduction Functions

A **reduction** is a function that takes N rows as input and produces 1 row
as output. `sum`, `mean` and `count` are examples of reductions. In
the context of a `GROUP BY`, reductions produce 1 row of output _per
group_.

Here's how to define a reduction function:

```python
import ibis.expr.datatypes as dt
from ibis.backends.pandas import udf

@udf.reduction(input_type=[dt.double], output_type=dt.double)
def double_mean(series):
    return 2 * series.mean()
```

### Analytic Functions

An **analytic** function is like an **element-wise** function in that it takes
N rows as input and produces N rows of output. The key difference is that
analytic functions can be applied _per group_ using window functions. Z-score
is an example of an analytic function.

Here's how to define an analytic function:

```python
import ibis.expr.datatypes as dt
from ibis.backends.pandas import udf

@udf.analytic(input_type=[dt.double], output_type=dt.double)
def zscore(series):
    return (series - series.mean()) / series.std()
```

### Details of Pandas UDFs

- Element-wise provide support
  for applying your UDF to any combination of scalar values and columns.
- Reductions provide support for
  whole column aggregations, grouped aggregations, and application of your
  function over a window.
- Analytic functions work in both grouped and non-grouped
  settings
- The objects you receive as input arguments are either `pandas.Series` or
  Python/NumPy scalars.

!!! warning "Keyword arguments must be given a default"

    Any keyword arguments must be given a default value or the function **will
    not work**.

A common Python convention is to set the default value to `None` and
handle setting it to something not `None` in the body of the function.

Using `add_one` from above as an example, the following call will receive a
`pandas.Series` for the `x` argument:

```python
import ibis
import pandas as pd
df = pd.DataFrame({'a': [1, 2, 3]})
con = ibis.pandas.connect({'df': df})
t = con.table('df')
expr = add_one(t.a)
expr
```

And this will receive the `int` 1:

```python
expr = add_one(1)
expr
```

Since the pandas backend passes around `**kwargs` you can accept `**kwargs`
in your function:

```python
import ibis.expr.datatypes as dt
from ibis.backends.pandas import udf

@udf.elementwise([dt.int64], dt.double)
def add_two(x, **kwargs): # do stuff with kwargs
    return x + 2.0
```

Or you can leave them out as we did in the example above. You can also
optionally accept specific keyword arguments.

For example:

```python
import ibis.expr.datatypes as dt
from ibis.backends.pandas import udf

@udf.elementwise([dt.int64], dt.double)
def add_two_with_none(x, y=None):
    if y is None:
    y = 2.0
    return x + y
```

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Martin Westwood – Signed
Martin Westwood — Martin Westwood – Signed
OC6305
280 x 200 mm (11 x 8 inches)
88pp
Softback with dust jacket
52 colour illustrations
Essay by JJ Charlesworth
Published by Other Criteria
In 2005 British visual artist Martin Westwood reviewed his most notable projects to date, from his early drawings, in which he painstakingly reproduced images distorted through the process of photocopying, to his three exhibitions at The Approach Gallery, London. Sequences of images allow the reader an overview of his two major installations, 'Angelus Novus' and 'fatfinger [HAITCH . KAI . EKS.]' in which he recreated a school nursery and an office space, respectively, as a way of exploring issues around the environments we grow up and work in. An essay by writer and critic JJ Charlesworth provides a deeper understanding of the artist's work as a whole.
Martin Westwood's projects investigate the state of contemporary capitalist society, with a recurring focus on themes of bureaucracy, commerce, economy and corporate culture. Creating complex systems of codes and symbols that incorporate and reference familiar objects – such as balloons, magazines, map pins and invoice sheets, artificially decomposed and then reconstructed – his art works vary in scale and format from large-scale installations to paintings and multi-layered collages.
Designed by Jason Beard, the book is an extensive and up-to-date visual summary of Westwood's oeuvre.
Unsigned version available here
Itai Doron	–	End of Real – Signed
John Isaacs	–	In Advance of the Institution – Signed
Jane Simpson	–	Fresh Fresher – Signed
Gary Hume	–	A Cat on a Lap – Signed
Martin Westwood was born in Sheffield in 1969 and obtained an MA in Fine Art from the Royal College of Art, London, after his BA in the same subject at Chelsea College of Art and Design.
Westwood investigates social and psychological spaces through sculptural installation, making reference to commercial culture and the role economics has on our lives. He is known for using corporate props and materials such as newspapers, carpet tiles and paperclips as components of his large-scale installations.
Recent solo exhibitions include Blind Eyes Turning, The Approach, London, 1999; fatfinger (HAITCH, KAY, EKS), Project Arts Centre, Dublin, 2003; Angelus Novus, Collective Gallery, Edinburgh, 2004; Art Now Project Space, Tate Britain, 2005 and Silt Inter Lace, The Approach, London, 2008. Recent group exhibitions Heart and Soul, Sandroni Rey Gallery, Los Angeles, 2000; The Galleries Show, Royal Academy, London, 2002; Metropolis Rise, Shanghai and 798 Space, Beijing, 2006 and Prospects and Interiors: Recent Acquisitions of Sculptors' Drawings, The Henry Moore Institute, Leeds, UK, 2008.
June 27, 2012 Bold Tendencies
30th June – 30th September 2012
Bold Tendancies, Level 7-10, Peckham Multistory Car Park, 95A Rye Lane, Peckham, SE15 4ST
Bold Tendencies, the celebrated sculpture show dedicated to showcasing new work by international artists, held on the top floor of a disused multi-storey car park in Peckham. Bold Tendencies has commissioned six major large-scale new works for 2012 by: Laura Buckley, Sarah Cain, Carter Mull, Peles Empire (a collaborative work by Katharina Stoever and Barbara Wolff), Mary Redmond & Martin Westwood.
April 4, 2012 Supermen Made You But Only Superfluity Will Release You
9th March – 14th April 2012
Galerie Fons Welters, Amsterdam
Galerie Fons Welters presents the first solo exhibition of British artist Martin Westwood. Scattered through the main space of the gallery, self-contained sculptures and wall based works form a constellation that generates a veil of playful alchemy, connecting the natural and architectonic elements. In Westwood's work the recognizable embraces the abstract and solidifies the familiar strangeness of the quotidian.
March 22, 2012 Boneus
22nd March – 13th May 2012
The Approach Gallery
The Approach presents an exhibition of a new sculptural works by Martin Westwood. Westwood has populated the gallery space with a grouping of sculptures that take as their source material types of superfluous, peripheral objects that are readily found in everyday day life. Plucked from the realms of office industry, commerce and travel, he chooses forms that have evolved to perform highly specified functions. Shown as press casts and exaggerated reproductions of the originals, the surrogates of an inflatable travel pillow, the parcel shelf of a car, boxes of A4 office paper, thick sheets of partition glass used in banks or post offices, a charity collection box and puff pastry. One step removed from the original, the replicas, when elevated to the status of art object, are tinged with a precious, surreal quality. The viewer is not encouraged to believe that these are stand-ins in terms of function. Westwood renders them devoid of any purpose other than sculptural, highlighting their tentative place within a new system of objects. He simultaneously draws attention to the both the original objects' loss of function and their newly attained value as artwork.
October 7, 2011 These Hands Are Models
6th October – 26th November 2011
Stanley Picker Gallery
For a number of years Martin Westwood's work has focused upon reinterpretations of the histories and technologies of print in relation to his practice as a sculptor. Westwood's interest in renegotiating or toying with the mechanisations inherent in print have gone hand in hand with a fascination with the politics of finance and early money, and the realization of it as an initiating form of print and mass-produced object, through the first stamping of coins.
Artforum, December 2003
Martin Westwood comes in at number 3 in Artforum's round up of the best of 2003. Read his entry here.
Art Review, May 2007
Luke Heighton reviews Martin Westwood's solo show at The Approach, London, 4th March - 15th April 2007. To read the article, download it here.
©ArtReview. Published in ArtReview May 2007 p129. Review by Luke Heighton
Frieze, March 2008
Tom Morton reviews Martin Westwood's work, describing it as 'a kind of Arte Povera of the spreadsheet.' Read it here.
First published in frieze magazine, issue 113, March 2008. See www.frieze.com for further information.


text:
Women's eNews (https://womensenews.org/2014/09/ruth-bader-ginsburg-scrutinizes-courts-gender-rulings/)
Ruth Bader Ginsburg Scrutinizes Court's Gender Rulings
By: Juhie Bhatia (Managing Editor) | September 12, 2014
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Credit: Wake Forest University School of Law on Flickr, under Creative Commons
U.S. Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg.
NEW YORK (WOMENSENEWS)–Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg reflected earlier this week on issues ranging from abortion rights to young activists to numerous cases including Roe v. Wade, the 1973 Supreme Court decision guaranteeing abortion as part of a woman's right to privacy.
Captivating her audience, she spoke on Sept. 9 for about an hour at the 30th anniversary celebration of the International Women's Health Coalition, a New York-based organization that promotes and protects the sexual and reproductive rights and health of women and young people globally.
Since joining the Supreme Court in 1993 as the second female justice, Ginsburg has earned a following thanks to her position on various cases, and has also become a bit of an online celebrity. Her scathing 35-page dissent on the recent Hobby Lobby case, which cleared the way for employers to deny insurance coverage of contraceptives to female workers on religious grounds, stirred up admiration from some younger women. One of them created a Tumblr celebrating her as the "Notorious R.B.G.," a blog that puns on the name of the late rapper Notorious B.I.G. and collects Ginsburg news and tribute items.
The 81-year-old is the oldest member of the court, but she recently said she's not stepping down any time soon. "All I can say is that I am still here and likely to remain for a while," she told Yahoo News.
Here are some of her thoughts expressed during the event.
On abortion rights:
"Two cases . . . showed that the court really didn't get it in Roe v. Wade . . . The case was could a woman get welfare for an abortion, could she get funds from the government just as she could if she chose childbirth, a much more expensive [proposition]. And when the court said the government doesn't have to provide abortion to poor women, it's a decision that even today is inexplicable to me. What the court was saying, yes there's a woman's right to have an abortion if she can pay for it and if she can't pay for it she doesn't have that choice." (Read the court decision.)
"It's obvious. A woman's control of her own body, her choice, whether, when to reproduce, that's essential to women and it's most basic to women's health to have the ability to have access to whatever contraception she chooses."
On young women and abortion rights:
"It [abortion rights] also requires women to care about it and that's one of the things that's of concern. I think of my older daughter who grew up when women's rights were vibrant and there was a book, "Our Bodies, Ourselves." But I don't see the young women today having that same energy, caring as much, and maybe it's because they know that it's not going to be a problem for them. It's again the difference between people who have the resources to get what they want and those who don't. So the young women may think, not my problem, I can get an abortion if I wanted. And it will always be that way, even in the worst case of Roe v. Wade being overruled. Well there are a number of states that would not change. There were four states that had allowed abortion in the first trimester–New York, California, Alaska, Hawaii–those states and several others will not go back to the way it once was. Again it's a question of can I have an abortion if I need it? Do you have enough money for a plane ticket or train ticket?
On the Hobby Lobby decision:
"One couldn't think of a health care package today responding to the needs of people in the community that wouldn't include contraceptives. So maybe the reaction to Hobby Lobby will get maybe even some of my colleagues to think a little more than they did. When the court goes the wrong way it can be a very effective tool. Think of the Lilly Ledbetter case . . . [After that court decision] Congress in record speed, with overwhelming majorities on both sides of the aisle, passed the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act and Obama signed it as his first act. So sometimes good can come from a bad decision. And maybe Hobby Lobby will turn out that way. I wish I could say that I would look to Congress for a quick fix."
"The court has stepped into a minefield with that decision . . . One example that I gave, there is a religion, probably more than one, that believes women should not be allowed to work, single women should not be allowed to work without her father's consent and married women shouldn't be allowed to work without her husband's consent. That's a deeply held religious belief. Does that mean that the woman is no longer protected by Title VII [which protects against employment discrimination on the basis of race and color, national origin, sex and religion] because she wanted a job and she didn't have [permission]? . . . We will see." (Read the decision.)
On where we are today on gender discrimination:
"We were amazingly successful in getting rid of the explicit sex lines in the law but that there is more subtle discrimination. One of the biggest problems to overcome is what's been called unconscious bias . . . Unconscious bias continues to exist, less so than once, but it's still there. And another problem. I have often said that women will not achieve true equality until men are as concerned as women are with the raising of the next generation."
About Juhie Bhatia
Juhie Bhatia is the managing editor of Women's eNews. She has covered health, science and women's issues for over 10 years as a reporter and editor. Previously the public health editor of Global Voices Online, she's also helped launch EverydayHealth.com, one of the leading health websites in the U.S., and worked for the Center for Science in the Public Interest's Nutrition Action Healthletter. She's written for Reuters Health, Nature Medicine, Planned Parenthood's teenwire.com, Bust magazine, HealthDay, Bulletin for the World Health Organization and MSNBC, among others. She's a graduate of Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism and also has a bachelor's degree from the University of Guelph, Canada, in nutritional sciences.
More by Juhie
Saudi Law Firm Opens; Birth Control Mandate Halted
By: WeNews Staff | January 4, 2014
The first female law firm has opened its doors in Saudi Arabia to protect women's rights in the kingdom. Also this week, the U.S. Supreme Court temporarily delayed key requirements related to contraceptive coverage of the Affordable Care Act impacting religious-affiliated groups.
Sonia Sotomayor's Dollar-an-Hour Job Stops Boredom
By: Sonia Sotomayor | March 9, 2013
She was the first Latina appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court. In this excerpt from her book, "My Beloved World," Sonia Sotomayor recounts her first job and growing up in the housing projects in the Bronx.


text:
Q: WebSocket messages not sent from Jetty server Folks!
I'm implementing a chat web application using WebSocket, but, when running on Jetty 9.1.3.v20140225, just after a connection is established, some messages send from server side aren't being received on client side.  Curiously, this misbehavior occurs for some messages, but others are ok (see my PS at the end).
I've tried both Chrome 33 (that I know uses permessage-deflate extension) and FireFox 28 (that doesnt't) with similar results.  In fact, some messages are received by Chrome, but FireFox receives none.
When application runs on TomCat 7.0.47 it works just fine, so I suspect the problem is with Jetty...
Story told lets see the code for my minimum application that reproduces the problem:
First there is a simple page where you can connect, send a message (and receive a response), and disconnect a WebSocket, by click on correspondent button.
hello.html:

<meta charset="ISO-8859-1">
<title>Minimum - WebSocket Sandbox</title>

    <button id="connect">Connect</button>
    <button id="send">Send</button>
    <button id="disconnect">Disconnect</button>

On server side there is a single endpoint that sends a message to the client as soon a connection is opened (commented  out line shows a sample message that is received by a Chrome client). It also echoes messages received from the client.
HelloEndPoint:
package com.ciandt.helenov.sandbox.websocket.min;

import java.io.IOException;

import javax.websocket.EndpointConfig;
import javax.websocket.OnMessage;
import javax.websocket.OnOpen;
import javax.websocket.Session;
import javax.websocket.server.ServerEndpoint;

@ServerEndpoint("/hello")
public class HelloEndpoint {

    @OnOpen
    public void onOpen ( Session session, EndpointConfig conf ) {
        try {
            // this is not received in the client
            session.getBasicRemote().sendText( "o" );

            // this is (but only if client is a Chrome)
            // session.getBasicRemote().sendText( "a[\"100\"]" );
        }
        catch ( IOException e ) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

    @OnMessage
    public void onMessage ( Session session, String msg ) {
        try {
            session.getBasicRemote().sendText( "Hello, " + msg + "!" );
        }
        catch ( IOException e ) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

And finally there is this pom.xml that packages and runs the web application.  I'm running both Jetty (where the issues shows up) and TomCat (that works just fine) through embedded maven plugins inside Eclipse
pom.xml:
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="
             http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0
             http://maven.apache.org/maven-v4_0_0.xsd">

  <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

  <name>WebSocket Mininum</name>
  <description>WebSocket Minimum Web Application</description>
  <groupId>com.ciandt.helenov.sandbox</groupId>
  <artifactId>ws-min</artifactId>
  <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
  <packaging>war</packaging>

  <properties>
    <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
    <java.version>1.7</java.version>
    <slf4j.version>1.7.2</slf4j.version>
    <logback.version>1.0.13</logback.version>
    <jetty.version>9.1.3.v20140225</jetty.version>
    <tomcat.version>7.0.47</tomcat.version>
  </properties>

  <build>
    <plugins>
      <plugin>
        <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
        <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
        <version>3.1</version>
        <configuration>
          <compilerVersion>${java.version}</compilerVersion>
          <source>${java.version}</source>
          <target>${java.version}</target>
          <encoding>${project.build.sourceEncoding}</encoding>
          <compilerArgument>-proc:none</compilerArgument>
        </configuration>
      </plugin>
      <plugin>
        <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
        <artifactId>maven-war-plugin</artifactId>
        <version>2.4</version>
        <configuration>
          <attachClasses>true</attachClasses>
        </configuration>
      </plugin>

      <plugin>
          <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
          <artifactId>maven-eclipse-plugin</artifactId>
          <version>2.7</version>
          <configuration>
              <downloadSources>true</downloadSources>
              <downloadJavadocs>true</downloadJavadocs>
              <wtpversion>2.0</wtpversion>
          </configuration>
      </plugin>

      <plugin>
        <groupId>org.eclipse.jetty</groupId>
        <artifactId>jetty-maven-plugin</artifactId>
        <version>${jetty.version}</version>
        <configuration>
          <webAppConfig>
            <contextPath>/${project.artifactId}</contextPath>
          </webAppConfig>
        </configuration>
      </plugin>
      <plugin>
        <groupId>org.apache.tomcat.maven</groupId>
        <artifactId>tomcat7-maven-plugin</artifactId>
        <version>2.2</version>
        <configuration>
          <port>9090</port>
          <path>/${project.artifactId}</path>
          <systemProperties>
            <appserver.base>${project.build.directory}/tomcat-base</appserver.base>
            <appserver.home>${project.build.directory}/tomcat-home</appserver.home>
            <derby.system.home>${project.build.directory}/tomcat-base/logs</derby.system.home>
            <java.io.tmpdir>${project.build.directory}</java.io.tmpdir>
          </systemProperties>
        </configuration>
      </plugin>
    </plugins>
  </build>

  <dependencies>
    <dependency>
      <groupId>javax.websocket</groupId>
      <artifactId>javax.websocket-api</artifactId>
      <version>1.0</version>
      <scope>provided</scope>
    </dependency>
  </dependencies>

</project>

That's all!
When running application on Jetty (by calling mvn jetty:run), I ask for connecting a WebSocket (by clicking Connect button on page), the onOpen() method in the endpoint runs and a message is sent back to the client, but it is not received since I expected it to be shown.  When running the same application on TomCat (by calling mvn tomcat7:run), it works quite well.
Anyone had a similar problem?  Anyone has any clue of what is happening?  Can it be a bug on Jetty server?
TIA and regards!
Heleno

PS: I intent using Spring and SockJS in my application, but SockJS relays on server sending an "open frame" (just an "o") just after the connection is opened, but as its not received it goes to its fallback giving up WebSocket connection and going for a XHR Streaming.  That's what I'm trying to avoid.  But, since I managed to reproduce the problem without both Spring and SockJS (as shown in the code presented), I've discharged them from any involvement with the issue.


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text:
Q: Mysql union optimization with subquery My problem is this query:
(SELECT
     ID1,ID2,ID3,ID4,ID5,ID10,ID11,ID13,ID14,ID454,ID453,
     TIME,TEMP_ID,'ID_AUTO',PREDAJCA,VYTVORIL,MAIL,TEMP_ID_HASH,ID_SEND
   FROM `load_send_calc`
   WHERE `TEMP_ID` LIKE '$find%'
     AND ACTIVE = 1 AND TEMP_ID > 0)
UNION ALL
(SELECT
     ID1,ID2,ID3,ID4,ID5,ID10,ID11,ID13,ID14,ID454,ID453,TIME,'',
     ID_AUTO,'','','','',''
  FROM `temp`
  WHERE `ID_AUTO` LIKE '$find%'
    AND `ID_AUTO` NOT IN (SELECT TEMP_ID
                            FROM `load_send_calc`
                            WHERE `load_send_calc`.ACTIVE = 1)
)
ORDER BY TIME  DESC LIMIT $limitFrom,$limitTo;

There are 18000 records in table load_send_calc and 3000 table temp. The query itself take more than 2 minutes to execute. Is there any way to optimize this time?
I already tried to put order into each subqueries but it didnt help significantly. I am really desperate so I really appreciate any kind of help.
EDIT:
Here is EXPLAIN result :
id  select_type table   type    possible_keys   key key_len ref rows    Extra
1   PRIMARY load_send_calc  ALL NULL    NULL    NULL    NULL    18394   Using where
2   UNION   temp    ALL NULL    NULL    NULL    NULL    1918    Using where
3   DEPENDENT SUBQUERY  load_send_calc  ALL NULL    NULL    NULL    NULL    18394   Using where
NULL    UNION RESULT    <union1,2>  ALL NULL    NULL    NULL    NULL    NULL    Using filesort

A: Thanks for adding your explain output - it tells us a lot. The query isn't using a single index, which is very bad for performance.  A very simple optimisation would be add indexes on the fields that are used in the join, and also in the where clauses.  In your case those fields would be:
load_send_calc.temp_id
load_send_calc.active
temp.id_auto
In addition to these, you have an unnecessary AND TEMP_ID > 0, since you are already limiting on the same field with WHERE TEMP_ID LIKE '$find%'

A: 3 things to speed it up:
INDEX(active, temp_id) -- significantly better than two separate indexes

IN ( SELECT ... ) performs poorly, especially in old versions of MySQL.  Turn it into a JOIN.
Add a LIMIT to each SELECT.  For example:
( SELECT ... ORDER BY ... LIMIT 80 )
UNION ALL
( SELECT ... ORDER BY ... LIMIT 80 )
             ORDER BY ... LIMIT 70, 10;

The inner ones have a limit of the max needed -- the outer's offset + limit.


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In the my last two posts I discussed ways to reduce the amount of transaction log being generated and how to ensure the transaction log can always clear properly. In this post I want to continue with the transaction log performance theme and discuss some transaction log configuration issues that can cause problems.
For example, if you create a transaction log to be 8GB you'll get 16 VLFs where each is roughly 512MB. If you then grow the log by another 4GB, you'll get an additional 16 VLFs with each being roughly 256MB, for a total of 32 VLFs.
A general best practice is to set the log auto-growth to something other than the default 10%, so that you can control the pause that's required when zero-initializing new transaction log space. Let's say you create a 256MB transaction log and set the auto-growth to 32MB, and then the log grows to a steady-state size of 16GB. Given the formula above, this will result in your transaction log having more than 2,000 VLFs.
This many VLFs will likely result in some performance issues for operations that process the transaction log (e.g. crash recovery, log clearing, log backups, transactional replication, database restores). This situation is called having VLF fragmentation. Generally any number of VLFs more than a thousand or so is going to be problematic and needs to be addressed (the most I've ever heard of is 1.54 million VLFs in a transaction log that was more than 1TB in size!).
Can log files growth affect DML?
Tempdb needs to have its transaction log configured just like any other database, and it may grow just like any other database. But it also has some insidious behavior that can cause you problems.
When a SQL Server instance restarts for any reason, tempdb's data and log files will revert to the size they were most recently set to. This is different from all other databases, which remain at their current size after an instance restart.
This behavior means that if the tempdb transaction log has grown to accommodate the normal workload you must perform an ALTER DATABASE to set the log file size otherwise its size will drop after an instance restart and it will have to grow again. Every time a log file grows or auto-grows, the new space must be zero-initialized and logging activity pauses while that is done. So if you do not manage your tempdb log file size correctly, you'll pay a performance penalty as it grows after each instance restart.
Quite often I hear people saying how they usually shrink a database's transaction log after it grows from a regular operation (e.g. a weekly data import). This is not a good thing to do.
Just as I explained above, whenever the transaction log grows or auto-grows, there's a pause while the new portion of the log file is zero-initialized. If you're regularly shrinking the transaction log because it grows to size X, that means you're regularly suffering performance problems as the transaction log auto-grows back to size X again.
If your transaction log keeps growing to size X, leave it alone! Proactively set it to size X, managing your VLFs as I explained above, and accept size X as the size that's required for your normal workload. A larger transaction log is not a problem.
There is no performance gain from creating multiple log files for a database. Adding a second log file may be necessary, however, if the existing log file runs out of space and you're unwilling to force the transaction log to clear by switching to the simple recovery model and performing a checkpoint (as this breaks the log backup chain).
I'm often asked whether there is any pressing reason to remove the second log file or whether it's ok to leave it in place. The answer is that you should remove it as soon as you can.
Although the second log file doesn't cause performance problems for your workload, it does affect disaster recovery. If your database is destroyed for some reason, you'll need to restore it from scratch. The first phase of any restore sequence is to create the data and log files if they don't exist.
You can make the data file creation almost instantaneous by enabling instant file initialization which skips the zero-initialization but that doesn't apply to log files. This means that the restore has to create all log files that existed when the full backup was taken (or are created during the period of time covered by a transaction log backup) and zero-initialize them. If created a second log file and forgot to drop it again, zero-initializing it during a disaster recovery operation is going to add to the total downtime. This isn't a workload performance problem, but it affects the availability of the server as a whole.
The final issue in my list is actually a bug in SQL Server. If you use a database snapshot as a way to quickly recover back to a known point in time without having to restore backups (known as reverting from the snapshot) then you can save a lot of time. However, there is a big downside.
When the database reverts from the database snapshot, the transaction log is recreated with two 0.25MB VLFs. This means you will have to grow your transaction log back to its optimal size and number of VLFs (or it will auto-grow itself), with all the zero-initialization and workload pauses I've discussed previously. Clearly not the desired behavior.
As you can see from this post and my previous two posts, there are many things that can lead to poor transaction log performance, which then has a knock-on effect on the performance of your overall workload.
If you can take care of all these things, you'll have healthy transaction logs. But it doesn't end there as you need to make sure you're monitoring your transaction logs so you're alerted for things like auto-growth and excessive read and write I/O latencies. I'll cover how to do that in a future post.
Great article, Paul! The transaction log seems to be a bit of a black box to most, and it can get you in trouble quicker than you can say "DBCC". But this article pulls the covers back on a few topics that can be pain-points.
What do you think about instant file init?
Ok, now i see that instant file init doesnt affect ldf files :-) only data files. Sorry.
If a had a database on separate LUN (MDF file), Transactional logs on separate LUN (LDF file) and TEMPDB (MDF and LDF files) on separate LUN should I move my TEMPDB log files to my Transactional logs LUN?
I think there is a mistake on this post, the number of VLFs after the log growths to 16 GB will be 2024. 16*1024-256=16128/32=504*4=2016+(the very first 8 files) = 2024. Is it right or am I wrong?