text:
Why the "Witness" of Whittaker Chambers Is Still Relevant
Clara Sarrocco
One might wonder why an almost 800-page book written 67 years ago (1952) by an author who died in 1961 would still have any relevance today. The book is Witness by Whittaker Chambers. It is both an autobiography and a "tell-all" book of a complicated life, of espionage, of a notorious court case, and, finally, of a complete conversion. Perhaps the answer lies with the famous phrase attributed to Winston Churchill: "Those that fail to learn from history, are doomed to repeat it." There is an entire generation or perhaps two generations of people who have never heard the story and sadly are repeating those errors. At the time of its publication, the book was a New York Times best seller in spite of its forbidding length. This is not another review, as many have already been written, but it intends to be a reminder to the unknowing that the "past is prologue."
Chambers described himself as "a heavy man," that is, someone whom most people would rather not be around. Yes, he was "heavy" in the same sense that Fyodor Dostoevsky and Alexander Solzhenitsyn are "heavy." So would anyone be deemed as such who was writing about the "tragedy of history"—as Chambers himself describes it. In the "Foreword in the Form of a Letter to My Children," he wrote: "At issue was the question whether, in the desperately divided society, there still remained the will to recognize the issues in time to offset the immense rally of public power to distort and pervert the facts."
Jay Vivian Chambers was born on April 1, 1901—the irony of which most likely did not escape him. The dislike of his given name caused him to change it to his mother's maiden name of Whittaker. His parents, he, and a younger brother, Richard, moved from Philadelphia to Lynbrook, Long Island, when he was four years old. (This was not far from where Thomas Merton spent part of his early childhood some thirteen years later.) He was born into a somewhat cultured but imperfect family. His father was an artist and his mother a former actress. The parents separated for a time but later were tenuously reconciled. Upon graduating from high school, Chambers left home and spent time "on the road" as an itinerant laborer working on railroad construction. Here he befriended and found camaraderie with the poor and semi-literate, mostly foreign workers. Upon returning home he attended Columbia University but left in his junior year. However, this was not before becoming a student and protégé of Mark van Doren. He said that when he entered Columbia he was a "conservative in my view of life and politics and I was undergoing a religious experience. By the time I left … I was no longer a conservative and I had no religion."
In the interim between Columbia and his Communist party membership Chambers's life became openly tragic. After several attempts, his brother succeeded in taking his own life; his paternal grandmother while living with the family began to suffer from schizophrenia, forcing the family to keep night watches; and his father died suddenly and unexpectedly. The only meaning he had to his life he found in the philosophy of Marxism. He wrote: "It [the Communist Party] offered me what nothing else in the dying world had power to offer at the same intensity—faith and a vision, something for which to live and something for which to die."
Chambers joined the Party in 1931. He was both a gifted linguist and a gifted writer. He was fluent not only in Romance and Slavic languages but also had some knowledge of the languages of the Middle and Far East. After writing for The Daily Worker newspaper, his talent led him to become the editor of The New Masses—a Communist-controlled literary magazine. (Several years later, Joy Davidman, the future wife of C.S. Lewis, also began writing for The New Masses.) In order to earn some extra money, Chambers accepted an offer from Simon & Schuster to translate Bambi by Felix Salten from the German. Eventually his translating experience and talent helped him support his family when he finally broke from the Party.
Chambers began working for the Party Underground in 1932 in and around Washington, DC. A number of incidents converged to make him rethink his position. He met, fell in love with, and married Esther Shemitz, an artist and illustrator. They had a daughter in 1933 and a son three years later. The Party considered children a hindrance to the cause and therefore encouraged abortion. This was something neither he nor his wife would ever have considered. Another incident concerned his infant daughter; sometimes the simplest things lead to the deepest thoughts. Chambers wrote: "My daughter was in her high chair…. She was the most miraculous thing that had ever happened in my life… My eye came to rest on the delicate convolutions of her ear‒those intricate, perfect ears. The thought passed through my mind: 'No, those ears were not created by any chance coming together of atoms in nature. They could have been created only by immense design….' Design presupposes God. I did not then know that at that moment, the finger of God was first laid upon my forehead." These insights, coupled with the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact between Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin and stories of the purges taking place in the Soviet Union, caused Chambers to rethink his Party affiliations. He broke with the party in 1938 but knew that no one who had reached the level he had ever escapes the Party's revenge. His life was in danger as was that of his wife and children. He wrote: "I decided to do the only thing I could do. I had decided to become an informer…. Men shrink from that word and what it stands for as something lurking and poisonous."
Chambers's testimony before the House Un-American Activities Committee made and broke many careers. Alger Hiss and Richard Nixon come to mind. The Hiss-Chambers trial that followed is not like any spy novel. Chambers exposed Hiss as an active Communist while working in high governmental positions in FDR's Administration. This was an unheard-of accusation and Chambers became the "poster child" of the politics of personal destruction. The complete description of this phase of his life is for another time. It suffices to say that we should be ever vigilant of corruption in high places and the personal sacrifice that is often required to expose it. Those who have suffered vicious attacks merely for seeking public service—certain nominees to the Supreme Court come to mind—would be totally empathetic.
Chambers's vindication rested on two very simple things: a typewriter and the Pumpkin Papers. Hiss denied that he ever knew Chambers, but the secret government documents in Chambers's possession were proven to have been written on Hiss's typewriter. Chambers felt he needed an insurance policy in the event of a Party raid on his home, and, therefore, he had hidden some official government papers and microfilm in a hollowed-out pumpkin on his farm—thus the name Pumpkin Papers. Years later when the Venona Files were made public, Chambers was further exonerated.
In the dark days of all the negative publicity and heart-wrenching exposure of attacks on his character, his personal life, and his family throughout the United States and the world, in every newspaper and magazine, Chambers reached his darkest moment. As the vitriol against him increased, he analyzed how people could be so motivated: "…like most people who have substituted the habit of delusion for reality, they became hysterical whenever the root of their delusion was touched…" He left his job at Time to spare them the negativity of his presence.
Somewhere he wrote that he received a letter from a Catholic priest that was the sole encouragement and ray of hope that ever came his way. I do not think he ever identified the priest, but he expressed his gratitude for having been given a small light in the ever darkening tunnel. Chambers turned to the Society of Friends for his religious solace. As a child, he had first heard of the Quakers from his grandmother. "She talked about the meeting houses—how they were usually built on hilltops, were built of stone, with little white porches and green shutters. 'What was inside?' I asked. She paused for a moment. Then she said: 'Peace'." This scene burned into his memory and, when, in adulthood, he once again came upon some Quakers, he wrote: "A new and enormously tranquilizing spirit enveloped me. It emanated from those quiet presences … or simply from the sound of the plain language, as voices asked me: 'How is thee, Whittaker Chambers?' The 17th-century form was still touched with the sweetness of the Middle Ages. This is my natural home, I thought. I wanted nothing so much as to remain in it."
Whittaker Chambers died in 1961 having suffered his final heart attack. Most certainly the spectacle of his life as played out in the hostile press exacerbated his illness. If all anyone gleans from his life is a story of spies, intrigue, and a youthful dalliance with radicalism, then read spy novels instead. They at least are not soul-wrenching. If you are thinking that that was then, and this is now, think again. To destroy your opponent by all means necessary is the new old mantra. We are being told that he is not your opponent, he is your enemy. The best way to destroy someone is to "rush to judgment." Or, more accurately, to make a rash judgment. The names and the incidents may have changed but the method has not. "Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor," God said to Moses.
Robert Novak, the Catholic convert known for his career in journalism, wrote of Witness: "It changed my worldview, my philosophical perceptions, and, without exaggeration, my life." Being a witness can mean varied things, but for Christians it should mean what was written in Acts 1:6-8: "Those who were gathered asked him this question: 'Lord, is it at this time that you will restore the kingdom to Israel?' Jesus said to them, 'It is not yours to know the times or seasons which the Father has appointed in his own authority. But you will receive your authority when the Holy Spirit comes upon you, and you will be witnesses to me in Jerusalem, and in all Judea, then in Samaria, and to the ends of the earth.'"
Clara Sarrocco is the longtime secretary of The New York C.S. Lewis Society. Her articles and reviews have appeared in Touchstone, New Oxford Review, Gilbert, The Chesterton Review, CSL: The Bulletin of The New York C.S. Lewis Society, St. Austin's Review, The International Philosophical Quarterly, The Fellowship of Catholic Scholars Quarterly, Homiletic and Pastoral Review and the Catholic Historical Encyclopedia. She has taught classes on C.S. Lewis at the Institute for Religious Studies at St. Joseph's Seminary and is the president of the Long Island Chapter of The University Faculty for life.
tagged as: Art & Culture Cold War Communist Party Conversion Whittaker Chambers Witness (1952)


PUC-Rio is a private non-profit communitarian and research-oriented institution. All its departments have graduate programs that focus primarily on the development of academic and scientific knowledge. Internationalisation is a top priority for the university.


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Q: how to update assemblyBinding section in config file at runtime? I'm trying to change assembly binding (from one version to another) dynamically.
I've tried this code but it doesn't work:
      Configuration config = ConfigurationManager.OpenExeConfiguration(ConfigurationUserLevel.None);
      ConfigurationSection assemblyBindingSection = config.Sections["assemblyBinding"];

      assemblyBindingSection.SectionInformation.ConfigSource = "bindingConf.xml";
      config.Save(ConfigurationSaveMode.Modified);

      ConfigurationManager.RefreshSection("assemblyBinding");

with bindingConf.xml containing the assemblyBinding section configuration.
So can a change this section at runtime? how to do it? What alternatives do I have?

A: I love Eric's answer.  It's a lifesaver when trying to use the new buggy NuGet PackageReference model with a Web app.  The problem is that you can have msbuild automatically generate the bindings, however, they generate the bindings to Assembly.dll.config, and not to web.config.  So this workaround is great.
I've modified Eric's code a bit to make it more generic and work with an ASP.Net Core app:
AppDomain.CurrentDomain.AssemblyResolve += delegate (object sender2, ResolveEventArgs e2)
            {
                var requestedNameAssembly = new AssemblyName(e2.Name);
                var requestedName = requestedNameAssembly.Name;
                if (requestedName.EndsWith(".resources")) return null;
                var binFolder = System.Web.Hosting.HostingEnvironment.MapPath("~/bin");
                var fullPath = Path.Combine(binFolder, requestedName) + ".dll";
                if (File.Exists(fullPath))
                {
                    return Assembly.LoadFrom(fullPath);
                }

                return null;
            };

A: RuntimeSection of the config file update at runtime using this code:
private void ModifyRuntimeAppConfig()
{
  XmlDocument modifiedRuntimeSection = GetResource("Framework35Rebinding");

  if(modifiedRuntimeSection != null)
  {
    Configuration config = ConfigurationManager.OpenExeConfiguration(ConfigurationUserLevel.None);
    ConfigurationSection assemblyBindingSection = config.Sections["runtime"];

    assemblyBindingSection.SectionInformation.SetRawXml(modifiedRuntimeSection.InnerXml);
    config.Save(ConfigurationSaveMode.Modified);
    ConfigurationManager.RefreshSection("runtime");
  }
}

with Framework35Rebinding containing:
<runtime>
  <assemblyBinding xmlns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:asm.v1">
    <dependentAssembly>
      <assemblyIdentity name="Microsoft.Build.Framework" publicKeyToken="b03f5f7f11d50a3a" culture="neutral"/>
      <bindingRedirect oldVersion="0.0.0.0-99.9.9.9" newVersion="3.5.0.0"/>
    </dependentAssembly>
    <dependentAssembly>
      <assemblyIdentity name="Microsoft.CompactFramework.Build.Tasks" publicKeyToken="b03f5f7f11d50a3a" culture="neutral"/>
      <bindingRedirect oldVersion="0.0.0.0-99.9.9.9" newVersion="9.0.0.0"/>
    </dependentAssembly>
  </assemblyBinding>
</runtime>

and an app.config containing (before the execution of the program):
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<configuration>
  <startup>
    <supportedRuntime version="v2.0.50727"/>
  </startup>
  <runtime>
  </runtime>
</configuration>

Nevertheless it doesn't work for that I wanna do because assemblyBinding is only read at startup of the application whereas the RefreshSection("runtime")

A: The best way I've found to dynamically bind to a different version of an assembly is to hook the AppDomain.AssemblyResolve event. This event is fired whenever the runtime is unable to locate the exact assembly that the application was linked against, and it allows you to provide another assembly, that you load yourself, in its place (as long as it is compatible).
For example, you can put in a static constructor on your application's main class that hooks the event like this:
using System.Reflection;

static Program()
{
    AppDomain.CurrentDomain.AssemblyResolve += delegate(object sender, ResolveEventArgs e)
    {
        AssemblyName requestedName = new AssemblyName(e.Name);

        if (requestedName.Name == "AssemblyNameToRedirect")
        {
            // Put code here to load whatever version of the assembly you actually have

            return Assembly.LoadFrom("RedirectedAssembly.DLL");
        }
        else
        {
            return null;
        }
    };
}

This method avoids the need to deal with the assembly bindings in configuration files and is a bit more flexible in terms of what you can do with it.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The case of "surrogate" children, whom the surrogate mother who had carried them refiused to give to their genetic parents, an Italian married couple, will be resolved in the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). Having failed to get justice in Ukraine, the spouses dissapointed with the Ukrainian judical system decided to turn the European highest court. The interests of the parents will be represented by the legals of the Russian law firm "Rosjurconsulting" specialized in surrogacy programs implementation for foreigners and in legal support of parents who became victimes of dishonest mediators and surrogate mothers-tricksters. For the detailed information go to http://www.surrogacy.ru/eng/news/news14.php.


The divorce court records in the court of Nebraska is just like the other states in United States and all of its records are considered equally important like that of the birth and marriage records. It will help you to check the marital status of an individual and also helps in doing a bit of background check. The divorce court records in Nebraska are a kind of legal process and which will also help the genealogists as well. While retrieving the copies of the divorce records, in many states it can be little bit harder to find the public documents. This doesn't happen in case of Nebraska as the vital record office departments are maintaining the marriage records and they are also considered as important documents that were being maintained from the year 1909. The Nebraska divorce records access is quite easy than you think and instead of waiting hours in the queue, you can get all the details of any particular individual just at the click of a button. However, now with more and more researches the common people and even the professionals are turning towards the internet for accessing the online information which will help them to get the records which they need because now anyone can obtain Nebraska divorce records conveniently online.
The divorce records are not always obtained from the courthouse but nowadays it can easily be accessed from the comfort of your home as well. The divorce court record is considered as one the most important public records apart from the marriage records, birth records and death records. The divorce records are also even obtained from the courthouses from the court clerk who maintains and update the divorce records. The divorce court records are archived in the form of a database that is considered as a comprehensive and an accurate database that can be accessed by anyone and at any point of time. The person only needs to input the phone number, the name and the address of the individual about whom he/she intends to find the marital status. The divorce court records when accessed from the online resources may have a fee but in most of the cases, it can be accessed free of cost. Even of you want to take out a print of the record you can even do so and there is no charge for that. However, since the divorce court record is one of the sensitive records, it should be accurate and credible and so all the offline and online sources make sure that they provide with quality and accurate content always complying with all legal ethics.
Obtaining a secure information about the Nebraska divorce court records is a not at all a daunting task. The person just needs to get all the information online where they have to reach the online directories from where they can access the database of such records. The entire database is accurate and you can all information from the different online resources. You can always get in touch with the by the name or buy the information of the states, county or by the city. This divorce court records is a public record from where you can find information that you can user as background check as well. Since divorce court records are sensitive topics the courts and online resources make sure that they have an utmost accuracy and credibility.


text:
Marvel - Superior Spider-Man Vol. 1: My Own Worst Enemy
Back and better than ever
Peter Parker spent a lifetime living up to the responsibilities his powers foisted upon him, but his story finally ended dramatically in the historic Amazing Spider-Man #700. NOW!...The new Amazing Spider-Man has arrived, and he is better in every single way. Smarter, stronger...Superior. And he'll prove it, both to himself and the world, when he faces down the all-new Sinister Six! But is this all-new Spider-Man in cahoots with J. Jonah Jameson? And has Carlie Cooper figured out the Superior Spider-Man's secret identify? Plus: Spider-Man and Mary Jane...reunited?! All this and the return of the villainous Vulture! It's an all-new era of web-slinging excitement, and it all starts NOW!
Collects Superior Spider-Man 1-5
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Marvel - Venom: Homecoming Volume 1 Graphic Novel
Marvel - The Amazing Spider-Man: Kraven's Last Hunt Graphic Novel
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Afterpay is not available for preorders. If your order contains a preorder, then Afterpay won't be an available payment option in the checkout.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Boom Street is to release a week earlier than previously announced, Nintendo of Europe have today revealed.
The family-friendly interactive board game, which is a Wii exclusive, will now be available from December 28th and grants the perfect opportunity to master your financial skills to make your millions!
The aim of the game is to get rich faster than your opponents, through both property acquisition and investment.
Boards are themed on Mario and Dragon Quest locations, including Starship Mario from Super Mario Galaxy and Alltrades Abbey from Dragon Quest, and you'll be able to play as either your Mii or a selection of over twenty playable characters from each franchise.
You'll be able to challenge up to three friends using the same Wii Remote, or play against online opponents using the Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection.


Many of the Westby House Inn guests plan a hike, or two, in Wildcat Mountain State Park located just outside of Ontario, Wisconsin. The 23-minute drive in itself from the inn is worth the trac. Four trails are marked throughout the park which consists of high ridges and deep valleys with vistas of the Kickapoo River, prairies, and eroded sandstone formations. The Old Settlers' Trail is a 2.5-mile long trail once used by early settlers of the area. Along its course, the trail crosses a footbridge, passes through three separate pine plantations and wild creatures that call this 3,500-acre park their home. Wildflowers are abundant in the rich humus of the wooded slopes on the bluffs of the Hemlock Nature Trail. This 1.3-mile trail begins beside the Kickapoo River with markers to call attention to the special life forms of this ancient valley.
For a short, level hike at a leisurely pace be sure to take in the Prairie Trail and observe seasonal changes in the prairie. Big bluestem grass and wildflowers surround you while standing in the prairie with breathtaking vistas of the Kickapoo Valley . The woodchip path from the prairie through the woods is a more adventurous hike to the Observation Point. Just off County Road F, south of Highway 33,is the Ice Cave Picnic Area. This small, quiet picnic area includes a short hiking trail leading to a rock formation. The eroded sandstone formation appears to be a cave with approaching. But upon closer inspection you will find a shallow depression with a spring running over the upper edge. In the winter, the spring freezes into a giant icicle. Lush green vegetation and colorful wildflowers are a delight along the trail. For a enjoyable hike, bring along a camera, binoculars and a field guidebook if you can. Dress appropriately in sturdy, comfortable clothing and footwear.


text:
Home›Earning Games›The main rule adjustments in an effort to impact English football next season
The main rule adjustments in an effort to impact English football next season
Atletico Madrid v Barcelona: World record crowd for ladies's club fit
Apex Legends Season 1 Battle Pass: Here's Everything We Want To See
WSOB Animal Pattern Shows To Use New TV Format
A wide variety of rule changes may be added in soccer following season to affect all English golf equipment. The International FA Board (IAFB) has introduced some changes for the 2019-20 season, clarifying handball regulations and adjustments to intention kicks, free kicks, and goal celebrations. All of the modifications will come under pressure on 1 June 2019, and these are the main factors. Dropped ball If the play is stopped inside the penalty area, the ball could be cut for the goalkeeper.
If the game is stopped out of doors at the penalty location, the ball might be lost for one crew participant that ultimately touched the ball on the point of the terminal contact. In all instances, all of the different gamers (of both groups) must be as a minimum 4m (four.5yds) away. If the ball touches the referee (or some other match official) and goes into the aim, team possession modifications, or a promising attack starts, a dropped ball is provided. Free kicks When there's a 'wall' of three or extra defenders, the attackers aren't allowed inside 1m (1yd) of the wall; an attacker less than 1m (1yd) from the 'wall' while the kick is taken will be penalized with an indirect free kick. When the protecting team takes an unfastened kick off their very own penalty area, the ball is in play as soon as the boot is made; it no longer should go away the penalty place earlier than it could be performed.
Goal celebrations A yellow card for an 'illegal' party (e.G., Removing the blouse) remains even though the intention is disallowed. Goal kick The ball is in play as soon as the kick is taken; it can be performed earlier than leaving the penalty vicinity. Handball Deliberate handball remains an offense. The following 'handball' situations, even supposing unintentional, can be a free kick: The ball is going into the goal after touching an attacking player's hand/arm. Player profits manage/possess the ball after it has touched their hand/arm and then ratings or creates a possibility. The ball touches a player's hand/arm, which has made their body unnaturally larger. The ball touches a participant's hand/arm while it's far above their shoulder (except the player has deliberately played the ball, which then touches their hand/arm).
The following will not normally be a free kick, except they may be one of the above situations: The ball touches a player's hand/arm immediately from their personal head/body/foot or the pinnacle/frame/foot of every other participant who's near/close to. The ball touches a player's hand/arm near their frame and has not made their frame unnaturally larger. If a participant is falling and the ball touches their hand/arm while it's miles between their body and the ground to aid the frame (however not extended to make the frame bigger). If the goalkeeper tries to 'clean' (release into play) a throw-in or deliberate kick from a teammate; however, the 'clearance' fails, the goalkeeper can then handle the ball. Penalties The group's penalty taker will have (brief) treatment/assessment, after which take the kick. The goalkeeper must not be touching the goalposts/crossbar/nets; they ought to now not be moving. The goalkeeper ought to have a minimum of one foot on/consistent with the aim line when the kick is taken; they cannot stand behind the line. Substitutions A participant who is being substituted needs to leave the field by the closest factor on the touchline/aim line (unless the referee suggests the player can go away quick/ at once at the halfway line or a distinctive element due to safety, harm, and so on). Goal kick The ball is in play once the kick is taken; it can be played before leaving the penalty location.
No. 10 Baseball Completes Series Sweep Against UK
Cycling: Ineos set to come to be new sponsor of Team Sky – media reports
Why I hold this late basketball teach's 7-factor creed in my pockets
IPL is excellent however let's not overlook India's 233-medal haul at Special Olympics
How Has The 'Crack Cocaine Of Gambling' Affected Illinois? The State Hasn't Bothered To Check.
How Molly Huddle Keeps Her Love of Running
Screen Addiction Resources for All Levels of Users
Team USA Men's Basketball Draw Revealed for 2019 FIBA World Cup Championship
Selection Sunday: 68 basketball teams chart path toward NCAA name


text:
Die Goudier-Insel ist eine Insel im Südosten des Palmer-Archipels westlich der Antarktischen Halbinsel. Sie befindet sich vor der Wiencke-Insel im Naturhafen Port Lockroy. Die felsige Insel ist Standort einer kleinen Antarktis-Station. Die Goudier-Insel dient zudem als Nistplatz für Eselspinguine.

Die Forschungsstation Port Lockroy wurde 1944 auf der Goudier-Insel gegründet und 1962 wieder geschlossen. Die Gebäude wurden 1996 restauriert und dienen seitdem als Anlaufziel für den Kreuzfahrtschiff-Tourismus. Es wird ein kleines Museum betrieben und zeitweise das (nach eigenen Angaben) einzige Postbüro in der Antarktis.

Weblinks

 Goudier Island im Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Insel (Antarktika)
Insel (Südlicher Ozean)
Insel im Palmer-Archipel

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Know Holy Redeemer High Class of 1987 graduates that are NOT on this List? Help us Update the 1987 Class List by adding missing names.
More 1987 alumni from Holy Redeemer HS have posted profiles on Classmates.com®. Click here to register for free at Classmates.com® and view other 1987 alumni.
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U.S. Bancorp reported an increase in profit and revenue in the third quarter, driven by an increase in mortgage refinancing, according to an article by Austen Hufford for The Wall Street Journal.
The bank's earnings came in at $1.5 billion, up slightly from $1.49 billion last year, according to the article. The net income per share hit $0.84, up from $0.81. However, this is down from its earnings of $1.52 billion in the second quarter.
Revenue, a combination of net interest income and fee-based income, rose 4.7% to $5.39 billion. Analysts had expected 83 cents a share in earnings and $5.35 billion in revenue, according to Thomson Reuters.
Mortgage banking revenue increased 40% from last year on increased refinancing activities driven by lower longer-term interest rates.
While refinancing activity is up, the bank still has other struggles to face, such as the historically low interest rates, according to the article.
"The banking industry continues to face steady headwinds, including persistently low interest rates, a flat yield curve, and a slow economic recovery that caused some commercial customers to pause investments in their businesses during the quarter," Chief Executive Richard Davis said.
The increase is not unexpected as Goldman Sachs, Bank of America, Wells Fargo and JPMorgan Chase, also beat expectations this quarter, however Citigroup fell short.


Every year, during allergy season, my nose became stuffy and had a hard time breathing. My eyes were itchy and swelling to a point that I can't even open my eyes. I took allergy medications with very little relief. With all the frustration and desperation, my mom took me to see Dr. Woo.
After 4 acupuncture treatments with Dr. Woo, I had no more itchy and swelling eyes. I can also breathe freely. You are my angel from heaven.


The new initiative includes weekly office hours, and the promise of a revised plan in the spring.
Corcoran-SunCal, developer of the One Charlestown housing community, announced the new and enhanced opportunities for the public to learn about the redevelopment of the Bunker Hill Apartments on Wednesday, Feb. 22.
These initiatives include weekly in-person "office hours" with members of the development team, engagement opportunities through One Charlestown's newly activated Facebook and Twitter accounts, and further additions to the project's website – OneCharlestown.com. Together, these steps represent an even greater level of transparency and accessibility for One Charlestown, as the team continues to review and integrate community feedback into the development process, said President Joe Corcoran.
"The vision for one Charlestown is still evolving. While considerable community input has been incorporated to date, the development team is hard at work processing additional community feedback and expects to release a revised plan sometime this spring," said Corcoran Jennison Associates President Joe Corcoran.
Going forward, every Thursday, from 1-3 p.m. at the Charlestown Tenant Task Force Office, 76 Monument St., a member of the One Charlestown development team will be available to answer questions and provide information to any interested member of the public that chooses to stop by.


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We don't charge any reservation or cancellation fee in West Footscray. You are free to cancel reservations if plans have changed (no questions asked!).
We promise that you will only pay the price that you on our website. The total price would never be different or we will pay the difference. Our price for West Footscray includes basic insurance but NOT the excess waiver. Excess reduction is optional in & you might want to buy it upon pickup.


Quality sandwiches and craft beer – that's what Board & Brew is all about. For decades, fans of their sandwiches have spread the word across Southern California because they love their simple, straightforward menu and consistent everyday value. It's a lot of pressure to live up to the hype, but they wouldn't have it any other way. The food they serve is their pride and joy. That's why they never cut corners or use anything but the freshest ingredients. When you grab lunch or dinner at Board & Brew, you know you're getting their best – every time.


Ages: 2 - 5 yrs.
Troubled by landslides? Power outages? Kittens stranded at sea? No worries because the PAW Patrol will be there on-the-double to save the day. Nicklodeon premiered this half-hour CGI-animated adventure in 2013, featuring hero pups who do the jobs of real-life first-responders and civic-minded citizens. PAW Patrol— made up of members Marshall, Rocky, Rubble, Skye, Chase and Zuma— conducts rescue missions around a fictitious community called Adventure Bay and according to lyrics in the zippy opening theme song, No job is too big and no pup is too small.
The puppies' careers featured in this program are ones stereotypically associated with macho males (firefighter, police officer, construction worker) and even though most of the PAW Patrol characters are portrayed as males, helicopter pilot Skye is a female and so is Ryder's veterinarian friend Katie. Scripts also include corny canine jokes, bright music, and a cast of human and animal characters populating the friendly community of Adventure Bay, adding up to good, gender-neutral viewing.
PAW Patrol doesn't do much to distinguish itself from the glut of television and DVD series filled with anthropomorphized animals modeling positive character traits, cooperation, and good citizenship. But it's still cute and it offers an optimistic message, so if your kids have a serious case of puppy-love, steer them towards PAW Patrol for upbeat and positive entertainment.


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Find out about Undergraduate student life in York
York's offering to students is unique. A city with a dramatic history, York's got a lot of stories to tell. Our cobbled streets have hosted sieges, festivals, protests and parties. Today, over 25,000 students call them home.
York is a city that feels like a town; it's a place where you will feel like a local very quickly. Our independent spirit shines through in our history and architecture; everywhere has a story. Despite our wealth of independent businesses, we've also got the shops you know and love (just in quirky little buildings with wonky staircases). Everything in York is a little bit more interesting.
A city that keeps it local
In a changing world, York's somewhere that remains true to the values of shopping locally. You can pick up your food shopping at the daily market, we've got bulk shops so you can get your ingredients and household goods with zero waste. Town is filled with independent cafes, bookshops, bars and pubs. We love to support local businesses and are proud of how many we have. Check out one of our student's favourite independent coffee shops.
A city rich with history and culture
If you're a student of history or the arts, or just enjoy exploring fascinating places, you'll love York. Years of history are documented in our buildings, our cobblestones and our culture. We've got theatres, galleries and museums showcasing everything from modern art to military history. As a student, you'll get reduced entry to all.
Living in York, you'll get used to passing Vikings and those wearing bloody Victorian costume (historical reenactors or actors from the York Dungeon) in the street. If you go to a pub built in the 17th century, you might end up with a pie, a pint and an introduction to life in York from the locals hanging out at the bar.
As soon as the sun's out, you might find yourself sat by the river watching people rowing whilst you eat an ice cream from the ice cream boat. As you wander back into town, you can pick up street food from a redeveloped shipping container and eat it under a canopy of fairy lights. York has something for everyone.
A city made for a social life
We're proud of the feeling our students get on campus and the feeling they have when they settle into our beautiful city. It's a social place to be - with something to cater for everyone.
York is a student city so you'll find the variety needed to keep a huge student population satisfied. If you're someone who loves a night out, you can pick from three-floor clubs with basement tiki bars, gig venues where you'll see your idols take to the stage, all the way to candlelit alehouses with winding staircases and weird and warped taxidermy.
In the city centre, and in walking distance to all of our student accommodation, there are two cinemas, a variety of comedy nights and musicians playing cosy shows at a bunch of independent venues. You'll come across a range of creative events to get involved with - from writing and film festivals to festivals celebrating our foundations - like the JORVIK Viking Festival.
York's great for being outdoors. You can take a football to the Millennium Bridge or Clifton Ings for a kick around or cycle a scale model of the Solar System laid out along the route of an old train line. There's plenty to do here - we look forward to showing you what it's all about.
A city invested in health and fitness
York's a great city if you're invested in your health and fitness, and particularly our campus. We're continually investing in our facilities to ensure you've got every opportunity to better yourself. On campus, we have a sports hall, fitness suite, a climbing wall, courts and nets, spinning bikes, cardio machines and equipment for a range of other classes. Our sports programme covers everything from archery to Zumba.
We also have a 57-acre sports site with 3G football and rugby league pitches, tennis courts and netball courts. There's a cricket oval, sports hall and sprint track. These facilities are open to all York St John University students.
Read what our students have to say about life in York on the YSJ Life blog


text:
Vishal Salvi
Infosys Ltd
Brian A. Engle, CISSP, CISA
Riskceptional Strategies
George Tubin
ThreatMetrix
Dave Summitt
H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute
Case Study: Minn. HIE's Security Plan
Why HIE-Bridge Uses Digital Certificates, Federated Model Howard Anderson (ismg_editor) • October 4, 2011
For many hospitals and clinics, losing control of patient data is a serious security concern when considering whether to participate in a health information exchange. In Minnesota, a new statewide HIE is addressing this concern head-on by avoiding the use of a central data repository as well as cloud computing.
"We use a true federated model," says John Fraser, CEO of ApeniMED, the technology vendor for the project. "All of the clinical data that we exchange is taken from a hospital or clinic's clinical system and then encrypted and moved to another facility." This approach was taken, he explains, "because members didn't want any data copied out of their systems to a central location or to a location that wasn't under their control."
This approach makes sense for Minnesota because participating organizations indicated as far back as 1999, in the early stages of what was later to become the HIE, that "they wanted to control their own data," stresses Cheryl Stephens, Ph.D, CEO of Community Health Information Collaborative. "You have to spend time developing the trust of the stakeholders you work with," she says. "Otherwise, it doesn't matter what you build; they won't use it."
The collaborative, which runs HIE-Bridge, the statewide exchange, recently consolidated its operations with the Minnesota Health Exchange, which formerly ran another HIE in the state.
Other HIE Models
Unlike HIE-Bridge, which uses a federated model, some statewide HIEs, including HealthInfoNet in Maine, have created centralized data repositories to ease access to patient data.
And other HIEs, including the MetroChicago HIE now in development, are relying on various cloud computing models.
"Our architecture will be a centralized data repository, although it will be logically federated so organizations who are participating in the HIE can put a copy of their data in that [cloud] repository, yet retain ownership and control of their own data," says Terri Jacobsen, director of the Chicago HIE. "The reason we wanted to do that is because there would be improved performance, especially because everyone is interested in being able to do real-time queries across patient cohorts of populations to see what's going on in public health."
But Fraser argues that the true federated model makes it far easier to accommodate additional participants and control access to data to protect privacy. "We can add hundreds or organizations without synchronizing data or copying data or exposing information," he says.
How HIE-Bridge Works
HIE-Bridge now has 10 participating healthcare organizations that represent more than 100 provider sites, including hospitals, clinics and long-term care facilities.
In the first phase of its rollout, HIE-Bridge focused on offering a record locator service through a secure portal. The service enables clinicians, especially those who work in hospital emergency departments, to make a query to determine whether information about a particular patient is available at any of the organizations linked to the HIE. Then the inquiring clinician can call the hospital that has the patient's data to request access.
In the second phase of the rollout, which began at one site last week, clinicians are using the HIE's secure portal to download a clinical summary document with such information as immunizations, procedures, visit dates, medications and healthcare directives.
HIE-Bridge also recently linked to the U.S. Social Security Administration using the emerging Nationwide Health Information Network standards. In that project, the Social Security Administration is using the HIE to query participating organizations for a continuity of care record to support disability determinations. Earlier, the collaborative was a pilot site for the NwHIN standards.
Using the federated approach requires a heavy reliance on such technologies as digital certificates for authentication and encrypted messages to ensure patient information remains private.
To log on to the HIE-Bridge's secure portal, organizations must present their digital certificate, rather than just a user name and password. "It's the approach we were all very comfortable with because it gives us a good audit trail and it's a good way to make sure anyone requesting information is identified down to the user level," Stephens says.
ApeniMed serves as the certificate authority that grants the digital certificates to individuals, who are assigned role-based access to information, he explains. Once users are authenticated with the certificates, communications are encrypted every step of the way.
Patti Dodgen,, CEO at Hielix, a consulting firm that works with HIEs, predicts that most HIEs eventually will adopt digital certificates because they enhance security. "Most HIE vendors ... are going with digital certificates and multi-level user authentication procedures. That is really going to become the de facto standard at some point."
Patient Consent Issue
HIE-Bridge's privacy and security policies were dictated, in part, by Minnesota state regulations, which spelled out, for example, that patients must be given the opportunity to opt out of having their records exchanged.
When a patient receives various consent forms or a notice of privacy practices, they receive information about the opportunity to opt out of health information exchange. Staff at hospitals and clinics have been trained about how to answer patients' questions and educate them about the HIE, says Melinda Machones, director of projects for HIE-Bridge.
Following Minnesota's approach, the Maine legislature recently spelled out guidelines for a similar opt-out model for patient consent, rejecting the opt-in model, which calls for patients to give their explicit permission before any information can be exchanged. Hospitals and clinics told Maine legislators the opt-in model would prove impractical and would lead to fewer patients participating in the statewide HIE.
Healthcare Information Exchange (HIE)
UBS: A Lesson For Banks
Mobile: How to Say 'Yes' Securely
Howard Anderson
News Editor, ISMG
Anderson is news editor of Information Security Media Group and was founding editor of HealthcareInfoSecurity and DataBreachToday. He has more than 40 years of journalism experience, with a focus on healthcare information technology issues. Before launching HealthcareInfoSecurity, he served as founding editor of Health Data Management magazine, where he worked for 17 years, and he served in leadership roles at several other healthcare magazines and newspapers.
https://www.inforisktoday.eu/case-study-minn-hies-security-plan-a-4119


I've heard this song before. Neil Brewer... Three Kids in a Car. I haven't heard it in a while, but I've always found it funny.
This morning it came on while we were driving to the Y... because I torture my children by signing them up to do miserable things like dancing and t-ball. The nerve of me.
This morning when I heard this song all I could think was "I TOTALLY know how that mom feels. TOTALLY. Give me one more kid in the car and I AM that mom."
Go ahead... click play... and please tell me that this song isn't just about me.


You've likely read the headlines about Russian interference with the 2016 election as well as WikiLeaks, the DNC hack, and John Oidesta's emails. What 2016 showed us is that our systems are far too vulnerable to attack and manupulation. After consulting with cybersecurity and tech industry experts, we pulled together a FREE downloadble ebook that contains 15 simple tips and tools you can use to increase your personal and campaign security as much as four-fold over your likely current security level. Many of these suggestions contained are free, others are very low cost and simple tools to really boost your security and safety.
Also, don't miss our two-part cybersecurity podcast interviews: Locking Down Your Campaign Security and Voter Integrity & Voter Protection. Both episodes are excellent primers for what experts see on the horizonas new threats to our electoral system and what you can do about them.
For a FREE copy of the ebook, please enter your information in the pop up modal window on this page. Thank you!


text:
Erowid.org About
Erowid Monthly
Erowid Monthly Index Jul 2018
We're jokingly calling 2018 "Erowid's Year of Experience Report Ketchup". The upcoming issue of Erowid Extracts (#30) is dedicated to discussion and analysis of the Experience Vaults.
After over twenty years of collecting experience reports, we've been tidying data, upgrading systems to better handle the amount of information we now have, and making the types of changes that will enable new features and improvements for readers in the near future.
Launched with a couple hundred reports in June 2000, and approaching 32,000 published reports today, the Experience Vaults have exceeded the project's original scope and just keep growing.
In History...30 Years Ago
1988: DEA administrative law Judge Francis Young rules, after thorough hearings, that cannabis has clearly established medical use and should be reclassified as a prescription drug. His recommendation is ignored.
Cultural and Political Perspectives on Psychedelic Science
(Aug 18-19) CIIS, San Francisco, California
https://ciis.edu/ciis-news-and-events/campus-calendar/cultural-and-political-perspectives-on-psychedelic-science
Speakers will offer a meta-reflexive approach to central aspects of the so-called "psychedelic renaissance".
BNDD [DEA] Microgram - Vol 2, #2 (Jun 1969)
This issue announced the opening of five regional labs of the BNDD, including one in San Francisco with Robert Sager as chief chemist. Sager later became a good friend of Dr. Shulgin. Also, results of an analysis of a "mescaline tablet" that contained LSD and caffeine.
BNDD [DEA] Microgram - Vol 2, #3 (Sep 1969)
Analysis of LSD tablets--barrels, "Peace Tablets", and two sizes of orange "Sunshine"--with the first two containing 90-115 ug and the latter 255-256 ug of LSD. Also, an error identified by Dr. Shulgin about the structure of Ibogaine published in a 1968 issue, 35 drugs analyzed by BNDD, and more.
Fundamentals of Responsible Psychoactive Use - Romanian
The eleventh in the series of translations of Erowid's guide to relating responsibly to psychoactive plants, drugs, and technologies.
Ecstasy Data
(see 347 new results)
EcstasyData is an Erowid project that conducts laboratory testing of ecstasy tablets, research chemicals, and other drugs. We publish our results online along with analyses from other drug checking programs.
Molly (San Diego, CA)
Contains MDMA.
2C-B (Los Angeles, CA)
Contains AMB-FUBINACA.
Blue Grenade (Atlantic City, NJ)
Contains MDA.
Watson 932 (Boynton Beach, FL)
Contains U-47700.
Crew Notes
The experience report crew is on track to reach an all-time high in report publishing in 2018. In archiving news, scanning of Shulgin materials is ongoing, volunteers are transcribing the next set of Shulgin Pharmacology Notebook pages, and we're working on writing abstracts for all items in the Stolaroff Collection.
(see Erowid Mentions Page)
Erowid is often mentioned in articles and books. Mentions may include positive or critical reviews, as well as citations of Erowid content.
"How to Change Your Mind: What the New Science of Psychedelics..."
Penguin Press (May 2018)
In Michael Pollan's Acknowledgements: "For crucial research assistance along the way [...] I'm deeply grateful to Earth and Fire, the proprietors of Erowid, which is the single most important resource on psychedelics there is." Awww...
"Guide to the management of gabapentinoid misuse"
Prescriber (Apr 2018)
"There is now a rich source of anecdotal reports that support significant misuse of gabapentinoids both in the UK and internationally, such as the user reports on the Erowid website."
More New Content
MDMA: Anorexigenic Preparation and Method of Curbing the Appetite
A patent filed in 1959 on the use of MDMA as an appetite suppressant. This is from Alexander Shulgin's file folders and is part of our Shulgin Archiving project. Thanks to K Trout for his ongoing work on this!
The Hive Chemistry Forum: Complete Archive
A few years ago, using a redacted version of their original database and software, we made a complete copy of The Hive forums. Operational from 1997-2004, The Hive was infamous for its explicit discussions of chemistry, synthesis, and pharmacology of psychoactive chemicals. We hear from readers that they forget how extensive the twisty mazes inside Erowid are, and we want to remind people of some of the vast and deep vaults you might not normally run across.
Experience Reports
(see 2,047 new)
"Welcome Back to My Life" (Ibogaine), by tobala
"At a certain point, the ceiling became a picture screen of sorts, even rotating forward and becoming horizontal just like at a movie theater. Simultaneously, I began to hear new sounds..."
"Analysis of Evil in the World" (DOC), by sharpeyes
"I convince myself that I am not going to get sick again and that I need to go back to my room, unsure if I'm actually producing a coherent conversation, which I am later told is quite erratic."
"Self/Collective Love Heroic Dose VDay Trip" (P. cubensis), by scratchedelder
"I feel this is where there might be the critical point, as raised by my partner, that perhaps such an experience is just "trapping" you in your own bubble of beliefs if the feeling is of reinforcement..."
Donate Or Become A Member
If you find Erowid a useful resource and are interested in supporting its future development, please consider donating or becoming a member. Donations to Erowid Center are tax-deductible in the United States.
Memberships / Donations
List Subscription Information
To UNSUBSCRIBE - send an empty email to: e_announce-unsubscribe@erowid.org
To SUBSCRIBE - send an empty email to: e_announce-subscribe@erowid.org
(8 new)
Solid GHB Heart,
Psilocybe cyanescens,
by Adam Davolt
Methamphetamine Crystals,
by Shard Life
How to Change Your Mind,
by Michael Pollan (2018)
The Honest Drug Book,
by Dominic Milton Trott (2017)
Foundational Concepts in Neuroscience,
by David Presti (2016)
Summer of Salvia,
by Jason Cole (2017)
THE EROWID REVIEW
The Honest Drug Book (2017),
reviewed by David Arnson


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Automotive production is a significant industry in Russia, directly employing around 600,000 people or 1% of the country's total workforce. Russia produced 1,767,674 vehicles in 2018, ranking 13th among car-producing nations in 2018, and accounting for 1.8% of the worldwide production. The main local brands are light vehicle producers AvtoVAZ and GAZ, while KamAZ is the leading heavy vehicle producer. Eleven foreign carmakers have production operations or are constructing their plants in Russia.

History

Early history

The Russian Empire had a long history of progress in the development of machinery. As early as in the eighteenth century Ivan I. Polzunov constructed the first two-cylinder steam engine in the world, while Ivan P. Kulibin created a human-powered vehicle that had a flywheel, a brake, a gearbox, and roller bearings. One of the world's first tracked vehicles was invented by Fyodor A. Blinov in 1877. In 1896, the Yakovlev engine factory and the Freze carriage-manufacturing workshop manufactured the first Russian petrol-engine automobile, the Yakovlev & Freze.

The turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries was marked by the invention of the earliest Russian electrocar, nicknamed the "Cuckoo", which was created by the engineer Hippolyte V. Romanov in 1899. Romanov also constructed a battery-electric omnibus. In the years preceding the 1917 October Revolution, Russia produced a growing number of Russo-Balt, Puzyryov, Lessner, and other vehicles, held its first motor show in 1907 and had car enthusiasts who successfully participated in international motor racing. A Russo-Balt car placed 9th in the Monte Carlo Rally of 1912, despite the extreme winter conditions that threatened the lives of the driver and riding mechanic on their way from Saint Petersburg, 2nd in the San Sebastián Rally and covered more than 15,000 km in Western Europe and Northern Africa in 1913. The driver of the car, Andrei P. Nagel, was personally awarded by Emperor Nicholas II for increasing the prestige of the domestic car brand.

By 1915, about 1,000 motor vehicles had been built in Russia. Imported vehicles vastly exceeded domestic production, with the latter accounting for less than 10% of total stock by 1914.

In February 1916 the Tsarist government allocated funds for the construction of six automotive plants: AMO in Moscow, Russo-Balt in the village of Fili, the State Plant of Military Self-Propelled Vehicles (KZVS) in Mytishchi, Russian Renault in Rybinsk, Aksai in Nakhichevan-on-Don, and Lebedev in Yaroslavl. None of the plants were completed before the October Revolution.

Soviet era

After the 1917 October Revolution, Russo-Balt was nationalised on 15 August 1918, and renamed to Prombron by the new leadership. It continued the production of Russo-Balt cars and launched a new model on 8 October 1922, while AMO built FIAT 15 Ter trucks under licence and released a more modern FIAT-derived truck developed by a team of AMO designers, the AMO-F-15. About 6,000–6,500 F-15s were built in the years 1924–1931.

In 1927, engineers from the Scientific Automobile & Motor Institute (NAMI) created the first original Soviet car NAMI-I, which was produced in small numbers by the Spartak State Automobile Factory in Moscow, between 1927 and 1931.
In 1929, due to a rapidly growing demand for automobiles and in cooperation with its trade partner, the Ford Motor Company, the Supreme Soviet of the National Economy established GAZ. A year later, a second automobile plant was founded in Moscow, which would become a major Soviet car maker after World War II and earn nationwide fame under the name Moskvitch.

The beginning of the 1960s saw the release of the Moskvitch 408, intended to be an economy car that would spread the use of cars among the population. Other manufacturers such as MZMA, GAZ and ZAZ were offering a variety of cars intended for the mass market. The Soviet government opted to build an even larger car manufacturing plant that would produce a people's car and help to meet the demand for personal transport. For reasons of cost-efficiency, it was decided to produce the car on the basis of an existing, modern foreign model. After considering several options, the Fiat 124 was chosen because of its simple and sturdy design, being easy to manufacture and repair.

The plant was built in just 4 years (1966–1970) in the small town of Stavropol Volzhsky, which later grew to a population of more than half a million and was renamed Togliatti to commemorate Palmiro Togliatti. At the same time, the Izhmash car plant was established in the city of Izhevsk as part of the Izhevsk Mechanical Plant, with the initiative coming from the Minister of Defence and in order to increase the overall production of cars in the Soviet Union. It produced Moskvitchs and Moskvitch-based kombi hatchbacks. KamAZ, Europe's largest heavy truck plant, was built in Naberezhnye Chelny, while GAZ, ZIL, UralAZ, KrAZ, MAZ, BelAZ, and plants continued to produce other types of trucks.

By the early 1980s, Soviet automobile industry consisted of several main plants, which produced vehicles for various market segments. In late 1987, the industry produced 2 million cars, satisfying 45% of the domestic demand.

Post-Soviet adjustments
In the early 1990s the Russian car market expanded dramatically, largely due to a drastic cut on import duties, so that by 1993 foreign-made imported cars made up 49% of all sales. At the same time, Russian automakers were integrated into a market economy and immediately hit by a crisis due to the loss of financial support, economic turmoil, criminal activities and stiffer competition in the domestic market during the 1990s.

The main domestic manufacturers in the early 1990s were AvtoVAZ, AZLK, IzhAvto, GAZ and UAZ. Some of them, like AvtoVAZ, turned to cooperation with other companies (such as GM-AvtoVAZ) in order to obtain substantial capital investment and overcome the crisis.

By 1993, total output was down 14% compared to 1990 levels. Lada's declining sales during the 1990s, and toughening European Union emissions requirements, saw exports to Western Europe discontinued by the end of the decade. Lada had enjoyed particularly strong sales in Britain, peaking at more than 30,000 sales a year in the late 1980s, but had failed to remain competitive with other budget brands over the subsequent few years.

850,000 cars were sold in 1996. As demand kept rising, local brands continued to be affected by a reputation for poor manufacturing quality. It was estimated in 1996 that a newly bought AvtoVAZ car needed $1–2,000 worth of repairs to bring it to a comfortable level of safety.

The 1998 Russian financial crisis affected the industry, as car manufacturers stopped using imported components because of higher import prices. Nevertheless, the industry quickly recovered in subsequent years.

In 1997, car production increased by 13.2% in comparison with 1996 and achieved 981,000. AvtoVAZ and UAZ extended their output by 8.8 and 52 percent respectively, whereas KamAZ doubled it. The overall truck production in Russia increased by 7 percent, reaching 148,000 in 1997 and 184,000 in 2000. The overall production of cars rose from about 800,000 in 1993 to more than 1.16 million in 2000, or 965,000 (969,235 according to OICA) excluding commercial vehicles.

Throughout the 1990s, the unavailability of dealer financing meant that cars had to be purchased in cash.

2000 to 2008

In the early 2000s, the Russian economy recovered. Russian metal companies, having achieved significant profits on foreign markets, sought to invest in Russia's automotive sector. Siberian Aluminum initially bought Pavlovo Bus Factory and accumulated increasing ownership stakes in GAZ. At the same time, Severstal gained control of UAZ.

In 2001 Ford became the first western manufacturer to establish its own assembly plant in Russia, investing $150 million in their Vsevolozhsk factory, manufacturing the Ford Focus, which briefly became the best-selling foreign-branded car in Russia.

In 2003 Russian manufacturers still accounted for over 90% of car production in Russia, either under their own brand or in partnership with a foreign company. The six main automotive groups were AvtoVAZ, SOK Group, Kamaz, RusPromAvto, SeverstalAvto and AZLK. Just 11,000 cars were locally assembled by foreign manufacturers in 2002.

Macroeconomic trends were strong and growing incomes of the population led to a surging demand, and by 2005 the Russian car market was booming. In 2005, 1,446,525 new cars were sold, including 832,200 Russian models and 614,325 foreign ones.

During the first quarter of 2005, foreign-branded cars outsold local ones for the first time in Russian history (including used imports). Foreign companies started to massively invest in production in Russia: the number of foreign cars produced in the Russian Federation surged from 157,179 in 2005 to 456,500 in 2007. To keep up with the competition, local brands launched more modern-looking models, such as Lada Kalina.

The value of the Russian market grew at a brisk pace: 14% in 2005, 36% in 2006 and 67% in 2007—making it the world's fastest growing automotive market by 2008. Foreign companies started flocking to enter Russia in the 2000s, seeing it as a local production location and export powerhouse. Russia's labour, material and energy costs were only 1/6 compared to those in Western Europe.

To boost the market share of locally produced vehicles, the Russian government implemented several protectionist measures and launched programs to attract foreign producers into the country. In late 2005, the Russian leadership enacted legislation to create special economic zones (SEZ) with the aim of encouraging investments by foreign automotive companies. The benefits of operating in the special economic zones include tax allowances, exemption from asset and land taxes and protection against changes in the tax regime. Some regions also provide extensive support for large investors (over $100 million.) These include Saint Petersburg/Leningrad Oblast (Toyota, GM, Nissan) and Kaluga Oblast (VW). Kaluga has been especially successful in attracting foreign companies, as has been Kaliningrad Oblast.

Global financial crisis

Russia's automotive industry was hit hard by the late 2000s recession. Production of passenger cars dropped from 1,470,000 units in 2008 to just 597,000 units in 2009. Lorry production fell from 256,000 to 91,000 in the same period.

In late 2008, the Russian government introduced protectionist measures, worth $5 billion, to improve the situation in the industry. This included $2 billion of bailouts for troubled companies and $3 billion of credits for buyers of Russian cars. Prime minister Vladimir Putin described the move as vital in order to save jobs. The tariffs for imported foreign cars and trucks were increased to a minimum of 50% and go up to 100%. The tariffs are linked to the engine size of the vehicle. The increased duties led to protests in Russian cities, most notably in Vladivostok, where the importation of Japanese cars is an important sector of the city's economy. To compensate for the losses of the Vladivostok businesses, Prime Minister Putin ordered the car manufacturing company Sollers to move one of its factories from Moscow to Vladivostok. The move was completed in 2009, and the factory now employs about 700 locals. It was planned to produce 13,200 cars in Vladivostok in 2010.

The most efficient anti-crisis measure executed by the Russian government was the introduction of a car scrappage scheme in March 2010. Under the scheme, buyers of new cars could receive a subsidy of up to 600,000 rubles (US$20,000). Sales of Russia's largest carmaker Avtovaz doubled in the second quarter of 2010 as a result, and the company returned to profit.

Recent developments

By the end of 2010, automotive production had returned to pre-crisis levels. Nine out of the ten most sold models in Russia in 2010 were domestically produced, with Avtovaz's Lada models topping the list. In the first 7 months of 2010, sales of Lada cars increased by 60%, the Korean KIA reported a jump of 101%, and Chevrolet's sales rose by 15%.

In 2010, Russia was the world's 15th largest producer of cars. The Russian automotive industry currently (as of 2010) accounts for about 2% of worldwide car production.

The market share of Russian-branded vehicles fell to 34% in 2010 and to 21% in 2012. At the same time, the market share of foreign-branded cars made in Russia kept rising, reaching 45% in 2012. Imported vehicles account for a sizable portion of the Russian automotive market: in 2014 they made up 27% of cars and 46% of trucks.

The 2014 economic crisis led to a new fall in car sales and production levels, and reduced forecasts for future growth.

The number of cars on Russian roads reached 40,629,200 in 2016. Lada cars accounted for 34.6% of the total, down from 41.6% five years earlier. Almost half of those cars were over ten years old, and the single most popular car model was still the classic Lada Riva.

While Chinese cars are a long way off from conquering the market, they have significantly bolstered their positions. The best dynamics are being demonstrated by Chery, while other Chinese brands, such as Haval and Geely, are also gaining popularity in Russia.

Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, both car sales and car production dropped significantly, hitting a low in May 2022 with less than 4000 cars produced before rebounding to about 40% pre-invasion levels.
Later the same year, Russia reduced requirements for airbags and seatbelt pretensioners, anti-lock braking system (ABS) and lowering emissions standards.
Electronic stability control system may also be removed.

Manufacturers

The Russian automotive industry can be divided into four types of companies: local brand producers, foreign OEMs, joint ventures and Russian companies producing foreign brands. In 2008, there were 5,445 companies manufacturing vehicles and related equipment in Russia. The volume of production and sales amounted to 1,513 billion rubles.

Cars with diesel engines are not popular in Russia, accounting for just 7.6% of all sales as of 2015, compared to half of the market in much of Western Europe. There are 145,000 natural gas vehicles in Russia as of 2016, or 0.3% of all vehicles in the country. The sale of leaded gasoline was outlawed in 2003.

Domestic car brands
The four most popular cars in Russia in 2009 were all AvtoVAZ models. The economy car Lada Priora topped the list with 84,779 sold units. Lada Samara was second with 77,679 units sold in Russia, and the classic Lada 2105/2107 was third with sales of 57,499. Lada 2105 was expected to considerably increase sales following the car scrappage scheme launched in March 2010. The higher-end Lada Kalina was the fourth most sold car in Russia in 2009, selling 52,499 units that year.

In the light commercial vehicle sector, the GAZelle van, manufactured by GAZ has been very popular, occupying a market share of 49% in 2009 and selling 42,400 units. The Avtoperevozchik magazine declared GAZelle as the most successful vehicle of 2009 in the Russian automotive market.

The largest company of Russia's automotive industry is Avtovaz, located in the city of Tolyatti. It currently employs more than 130,000 people, and its Lada models dominate the Russian car market. Avtovaz models account for about 50% of Russia's total car production.

Russian car manufacturing companies are represented by two associations, ASM-Holding (АСМ-холдинг) and the Association of Russian Automakers (Объединением автопроизводителей России).

Foreign car brands

Russia's second largest car manufacturer is Avtotor, located in Kaliningrad Oblast. Avtotor performs SKD, CKD or full-cycle assembly of foreign models, such as BMW, Kia, and General Motors' Cadillac and Chevrolet vehicles. In 2009, Avtotor produced 60,000 cars and accounted for 10% of Russian car production.

Avtoframos, the third largest car manufacturer, produced 49,500 cars in 2009. Its plant is located in the south-east part of the city of Moscow. Avtoframos is a joint venture between France's Renault and the Moscow city administration, but is majority owned by Renault. The company manufactures Renault Logan and Renault Sandero models.

The fourth and fifth largest carmakers in Russia are Volkswagen and Ford, respectively. In total, the five largest companies of the industry account for 80% of all cars made in Russia. In 2016, Hyundai Solaris became the first foreign-branded car to be the best-selling vehicle in the country since sales statistics began in 1970 ending 45 years of Lada domination.

In 2019 Chinese automaker Great Wall Motors started production of Haval F7 vehicles at a plant in the Tula region of central Russia with a manufacturing capacity of 80,000 cars a year.

Commercial and heavy vehicles

In the heavy vehicle sector, the largest company is the truckmaker Kamaz. It is also one of the largest companies in the whole Russian automotive industry. In 2010, Kamaz sold a total of 32,293 trucks; 28,254 in Russia and 4,039 in foreign countries.

Another very important company is GAZ, which makes vans, trucks and busses, among other products. Its most popular product is the GAZelle van, which has a market share of 49% in the light commercial vehicle market. In 2009, the company launched an improved version, called GAZelle Business.

In the bus sector, the GAZ Group Bus Division occupied a market share of 77%. In 2009 it sold 6,169 buses in the small-class, 1,806 in the medium class and 1,156 in the large class.

Russia's largest tractor maker, and one of the largest machine building companies in the world, is Concern Tractor Plants, located in Cheboksary. The company employs around 45,000 people.

Short-lived projects

The Marussia brand, produced by Marussia Motors, became the first modern sports car and the first supercar produced in Russia. The Marussia B1 was launched on 16 December 2008 in the New Manezh Hall in Moscow. On 10 September 2010 the first Marussia Motors show room opened in Moscow. Marussia Motors was led by Nikolay Fomenko, a notable Russian showman, singer, actor and racer. His company acquired a 'significant stake' in the Virgin Racing Formula One team, which was renamed Marussia Virgin Racing from 2011. This team is to become the first ever Russian-owned team in Formula One. Marussia Motors declared bankruptcy and ceased both support for their F1 team and overall trading in 2014.

Another short-lived project was the Yo-mobile, a city car that could burn both gasoline and natural gas and was connected to a pair of electric motors. The car was introduced on 13 December 2010 in Moscow, a product of a joint venture between Yarovit, a producer of trucks based in St. Petersburg, Russia and the Onexim investment group, headed by Mikhail Prokhorov, who was the leader and financier of the project. In 2014 the entire project was sold to the Russian government for a nominal sum, thus signalling the abandonment of the idea. No actual vehicles other than a few concept cars were ever produced.

Economic and political significance

Russia's automotive industry is a significant economic sector. It directly employs 600,000 people and supports around 2–3 million people in related industries. It is politically a very important part of the country's economy: firstly, due to the large number of employed people and secondly, because many citizens depend on the social services provided by automotive companies. For example, the well-being of the giant AvtoVAZ factory in Tolyatti is massively important to the city or to the region of Samara Oblast. Tolyatti is a typical monotown, a city whose economy is dependent on a single company. The factory employed around 100,000 people of the city's population of 700,000 in 2009.

In 2009, former President Dmitry Medvedev launched the Medvedev modernisation programme, which aims to diversify Russia's raw materials and energy-dominated economy, turning it into a modern high-tech economy based on innovation. Following this, Russia's automotive industry has been in the spotlight due to its great potential for modernisation.

Former Prime Minister and current President Vladimir Putin has taken a personal interest in the automotive industry. In a symbolic gesture of support, Putin made a highly publicized road trip on the new Amur Highway in August 2010, driving 2,165 kilometers in a Lada Kalina Sport. The event was intended to show support for AvtoVAZ, which was recovering from the serious economic crisis.

Sales statistics
Top ten manufacturers and car models on the Russian market according to AEB sales figures for 2016:

Manufacturers

Car models

Best-selling model by year

 2008: Lada 2105/2107
 2009: Lada Priora
 2010: Lada 2105/2107

 2011: Lada Kalina
 2012: Lada Priora
 2013: Lada Granta
 2014: Lada Granta

 2015: Lada Granta
 2016: Hyundai Solaris
 2017: Kia Rio
 2018: Lada Vesta

Factories

Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast

 Hyundai: established in 2010, produced over 200,000 vehicles in 2016. As of 2016 the plant is the second largest in Russia, and employs 2,200 workers.
 Nissan: started production in June 2009, produced 33,600 vehicles in 2015.
 Toyota: manufactured 39,000 vehicles in 2016. Toyota Motor Manufacturing Russia (TMMR), 224-ha factory in Shushary laid down in 2005 and launched production on 21 December 2007. In 2007 it produced 20,000 2.4L and 3.5L Toyota Camry vehicles per year.
 General Motors: opened in July 2008, closed in 2015.
 Scania AB, truck plant Scania-Piter, established in 2002. Produces Scania P, R, G.
 MAN Truck & Bus truck plant, established in 2013.
 Ford Sollers in Vsevolozhsk: opened in 2002. It was the first foreign-owned car plant to be established in Russia.
 Caterpillar Inc. in Tosno, established in 2000, produces rigid dump trucks.

Kaluga

 Volkswagen: started production in November 2007, produced 110,000 cars in 2016. A 200 m2 facility with a projected full annual output capacity of 150,000 vehicles, reached during 2010, with employees rising to 3,000. All vehicles produced were initially semi knock downs (SKD), with full production planned to start 2010. Served by Grabtsevo Airport, part of Volkswagen Group Russia (OOO Volkswagen Rus).
 Peugeot Citroen Mitsubishi Automotive: opened in April 2010, produced 25,733 vehicles in 2015.
 Volvo Vostok truck plant in Kaluga, established in 2009. Produces Volvo FH, Volvo FMX, Volvo FM, Renault Premium, Renault Kerax.

Volga Federal District
 Nizhny Novgorod - GAZ, produced 41,691 vehicles in 2015. The plant also produces Volkswagen and Skoda vehicles due to a partnership between Volkswagen Group Rus and GAZ Group.
 Tolyatti
 AvtoVAZ, produced 356,602 vehicles in 2015.
 GM-AvtoVAZ, produced 34,218 vehicles in 2015.
 Izhevsk: IzhAvto (Nissan), produced 72,884 vehicles in 2015.
 Naberezhnye Chelny: Sollers - Naberezhnye Chelny, produced 10,000 vehicles in 2015.
 Yelabuga: Ford Sollers, produced 10,300 vehicles in 2015.
 Naberezhnye Chelny: Kamaz truck plant, also produces Mercedes-Benz trucks under a joint venture established in 2010. Produces Mercedes-Benz Axor, Mercedes-Benz Actros, Mercedes-Benz Unimog.
 Syzran: JBC truck plant, established in 2014 on the production facilities of the former RosLada plant. Produces JBC SY1041, JBC SY1060.

Moscow and Moscow Oblast
 Esipovo, Moscow Oblast: Mercedes-Benz plant under construction.
 Khimki: Hino Motors Russia factory, opened in 2017 and started manufacturing trucks in 2019.
 Moscow: Renault Russia, produced 73,633 vehicles in 2015.

Rest of Russia

 Kaliningrad: Avtotor (Kia, Hyundai, BMW), produced 92,200 vehicles in 2015.
 Vladivostok: Sollers JSC (Toyota, Mazda, Ssangyong, Isuzu), produced 31,823 vehicles in 2015.
 Cherkessk - Derways (Lifan, Geely, Great Wall Hover, Chery), produced 24,800 cars in 2014.
 Argun: ChechenAvto - produced 6,700 cars in 2016.
 Yaroslavl, Komatsu Limited established in 2010, produces rigid dump trucks.
 Miass, Iveco truck plant (Iveco AMT, former joint venture Iveco-UralAZ) established in 1994. Produces Iveco Trakker, Iveco Stralis.
 Uzlovaya: Great Wall Motors plant under construction.
 Lipetsk: Lifan plant under construction.

Manufacturers of automobile engines
 AvtoVAZ, based in Togliatti and established in 1966. Manufactures gasoline engines for passenger cars under the Lada brand.
 Cummins Kama, based in Naberezhnye Chelny and established in 2006 as a joint venture between Cummins and Kamaz. Manufactures diesel engines for trucks under the Kamaz brand.
 Ford Sollers, engine plant established in 2015.
 Kamaz, based in Naberezhnye Chelny and established in 1969. Manufactures diesel engines for heavy-duty trucks and large buses under the brands KAMAZ, NefAZ, and also for the BTR-80.
 Tutaev Motor Plant (TMZ), based in Tutaev and established in 1969. Manufactures diesel engines for heavy trucks under the brands MZKT (MZKT-742910), BAZ.
 Ulyanovsk Motor Plant (UMZ), based in Ulyanovsk and established in 1944, part of the GAZ Group. Manufactures gasoline and gasoline-gas engines for light commercial vehicles and SUVs under the brands GAZ (GAZ Gazelle, GAZ Sobol), UAZ (UAZ-3151 military performance).
 Volkswagen Group Rus, plant in Kaluga producing 1.6 MPI engines.
 Yaroslavl Motor Plant (YaMZ), based in Yaroslavl and established in 1916 (as Autoworks), 1958 (conversion to the production of engines), part of the GAZ Group. Manufactures diesel engines for trucks, small buses, large buses, armored vehicles, armored personnel carriers under the brands PAZ (PAZ-3205, PAZ-4234), LiAZ (LiAZ-5256), BTR-80, GAZ Tigr (AMZ Tigr), BAZ, MAZ, KrAZ, MZKT, BelAZ (younger models with BelAZ-7540-7547 to BelAZ-7547), MoAZ (MoAZ-7505).
 Zavolzhye Motor Plant (ZMZ), based in Zavolzhye and established in 1958, owned by UAZ. Manufactures petrol and diesel engines for off-road vehicles, light commercial vehicles and small buses under the brands UAZ, PAZ (PAZ-3203, PAZ-3204, PAZ-3205).
 ZiL, based in Moscow and established in 1916. Manufactures gasoline engines for medium trucks under the brands ZiL (ZiL-4331).

Gallery

See also
 List of automobile manufacturers of Russia

References

Russia
Industry in Russia


Central c.n.c. Machinery Ltd., formerly Central Woodworking Machinery Co. Ltd., was founded in 1962, and originally supplied a wide range of new and second hand traditional woodworking machinery.
In 1994, Central introduced the Elu CNC860 c.n.c. Router to their range, and sold a large number of these entry level c.n.c. machines for many different applications. Central continue to service and support this machine, which is no longer in production.
Following the success of the Elu machine, Central began importing a range of larger, flat bed c.n.c. routers, and began production of their own range of heavy duty c.n.c. routers in 1999.
Today, the Elu machine has evolved into the Trend CNC Smart machine, which Central continue to supply, and Central are now the UK agent for the Victor range of c.n.c. Routers, as well as Rensi and Acctek c.n.c. Routers, offering a wide range of models with exceptional value for money. Although the company name has changed to reflect the nature of the business, Central still supply a wide range of tooling and accessories for both c.n.c. routers and traditional woodworking machines, as well as new woodworking machinery.
Still a family business, Stuart Merewood, managing director of Central c.n.c. Machinery Ltd., is the son of Jack Merewood, one of the founders of Central Woodworking Machinery Co. Ltd..
In 2004, Central moved into new premises, with a modern, purpose-built demonstration area for c.n.c. routers and CAD/CAM software.


text:
namespace Manssiere.Core.Graphics.Transition
{
    using System;
    using System.Windows;
    using System.Windows.Media.Animation;

    public class CrossFade : ITransition
    {
        protected readonly Duration FadeLength = new Duration(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2));

        #region ITransition Members

        /// <summary>
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        /// </summary>
        /// <value>
        /// 	<c>true</c> if the new content is required topmost; otherwise, <c>false</c>.
        /// </value>
        public virtual bool RequiresNewContentTopmost
        {
            get { return false; }
        }

        /// <summary>
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        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="transitionElement">The transition element.</param>
        /// <param name="oldContent">The old content.</param>
        /// <param name="newContent">The new content.</param>
        public virtual void BeginTransition(TransitionPresenter transitionElement, UIElement oldContent, UIElement newContent)
        {
            var sb = new Storyboard();
            var animation = CreateFadeOutAnimation(oldContent);

            sb.Children.Add(animation);
            sb.Duration = FadeLength;

            sb.Completed +=
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                        sb.Stop();
                        transitionElement.TransitionEnded(oldContent);
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            sb.Begin();
        }

        #endregion

        /// <summary>
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        protected DoubleAnimation CreateFadeOutAnimation(DependencyObject target)
        {
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            Storyboard.SetTargetProperty(animation, new PropertyPath(UIElement.OpacityProperty));

            animation.To = 0.0;
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            return animation;
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    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
import React from 'react';
import {Redirect} from 'react-router-dom';

import {createRoutes} from '../@crema/utility/Utils';
import {dashBoardConfigs} from './dashboard';
import {errorPagesConfigs} from './errorPages';
import {authRouteConfig} from './auth';
import {initialUrl} from '../shared/constants/AppConst';

const routeConfigs = [
  ...authRouteConfig,
  ...dashBoardConfigs,
  ...errorPagesConfigs,
];

const routes = [
  ...createRoutes(routeConfigs),
  {
    path: '/',
    exact: true,
    component: () => <Redirect to={initialUrl} />,
  },
  {
    component: () => <Redirect to='/error-pages/error-404' />,
  },
];

export default routes;


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text:
Q: python Image PIL to binary Hex from PIL import Image
from PIL import ImageDraw
from PIL import ImageFont
import urllib.request
import io
import binascii

data = urllib.request.urlopen('http://pastebin.ca/raw/2311595').read()
r_data = binascii.unhexlify(data)
stream = io.BytesIO(r_data)
img = Image.open(stream)
draw = ImageDraw.Draw(img)
font = ImageFont.truetype("arial.ttf",14)
draw.text((0, 220),"This is a test11",(0,255,0),font=font)
draw = ImageDraw.Draw(img)

with open(img,'rb') as in_file: #error on here invalid file:
     hex_data = in_file.read()
# Unhexlify the data.
bin_data = binascii.unhexlify(bytes(hex_data))
print(bin_data)

Question
converting hex to image and draw a text on the image, after that convert image to binary hex,but having the problem at here with open(img,'rb') as in_file:, how to convert img to hex?

A: The img object needs to be saved again; write it to another BytesIO object:
output = io.BytesIO()
img.save(output, format='JPEG')

then get the written data with the .getvalue() method:
hex_data = output.getvalue()

The PIL-for-python-3 landscape is rather muddled at the moment. The Pillow fork looks to be the best, maintained version out there at the moment. It includes fixes that make saving to a BytesIO object work. If you run into a io.UnsupportedOperation: fileno exception using the above code, you have a version that was not yet fixed, in which case you'll have to resort to using a temporary file instead.


Often known as stabiliser links or drop links, anti roll bar links connect (as the name suggest) the anti roll bar to the lower control arm in front and/or rear of the vehicle, ensuring stability of the vehicle; they come in all sizes, shapes and materials. Worn stabiliser links can lead to a rattling noises/knocks.
These are genuine quality drop links and a direct OEM replacement part.
We recommend these to be changed when replacing the shocks or anti-roll bars.


With an innovation for design and style Simas have been producing inspiring and exceptional bathware products since 1955, with modern, cutting-edge products that are manufactured in Italy. As a leading manufacturer of bathroom products and sanitaryware Simas is driven by their expertise in ceramics and a desire to create exclusively produced items which enables them to be a market leader.
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The Sharp basin collection has been praised by the industry due to Simas using a unique innovation to create the basins in a pottery wheel by bending, solidifying and vitrifying each vessel at high temperatures creating an exceptional product that is made from vitreous china. As a result Simas was awarded the ADI Ceramics Design Award at Cersaie 2016, being the only manufacturer to attain this special recognition. International acclaim was granted to Simas when they presented their Sharp collection to New York's finest interior designers at the NYCXDESIGN Awards held at the Museum of Modern Art (MOMA), which in turn saw them being awarded with the Mention of Honour.
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The Sharp collection is presented in four varying geometric countertop basin sizes with one basin offering an internal built-in tap holder, whilst the remaining three basins offer free flowing vessels. Available in both square and circular forms the basins 3mm walls are thinly edged producing a stylishly designed product which incorporates advanced technical and manufacturing technology.
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