text:
\section{Introduction}
Problems involving large granular media deformations are active research in
the fields of geomechanics and natural hazard management. Particular attention is paid
to understand the processes and to learn how to predict the run-outs of
rock and debris avalanches or landslides which can be very destructive.
Therefore, the accurate modeling of such flows is invaluable.

In order to simulate flowing granular media, many researchers derived the semi-empirical
depth-averaged models, see~\cite{Savage and Hutter 1989,Anderson and Jackson 1992,Poliquen 1999,Iverson and Denlinger 2001,Lajeunesse et al. 2005}.
The main disadvantage of such models is inability to accurately model
high but narrow stacks of granular materials. This drawback implied a need
to develop more detailed computational models for granular material dynamics.
One of the most widely used methods to simulate such problems
is the Distinct Element Method (DEM)~\cite{Cundall and Strack 1979}.
The first application of DEM to model granular flows was proposed
in~\cite{Cleary and Campbell 1993}. Further improvements have been described
in~\cite{Staron and Hinch 2005,Staron and Hinch 2007,Tang et al. 2009,Zenit 2005,Utili et al. 2015}.
Nowadays, the DEM method is widely accepted as an effective approach for modeling
granular and discontinuous materials. Even through the DEM approach is computationally
expensive, this approach is easy to be written in a parallel manner.
Despite many advantages of DEM, there is one relevant disadvantage --
this approach is designed to discrete materials modeling, therefore the introduction
of a new physics can be very complex. For example, to model interactions of granular material
with fluid-flow, the coupling with another CFD method is necessary.
One of the alternative methods which allow to deal with multi-physics is the
Finite Element Method (FEM), see~\cite{Zienkiewicz et al. 2005} for details.
To the best of our knowledge, the first application of FEM to model the granular
material collapse was proposed in~\cite{Crosta et al. 2009}. The authors used
the continuum approach based on an elasto-plastic model.
The main disadvantage of FEM is the grid-based nature of this method.
When large deformations occur, the FEM approach suffers from grid distortions.
However, in the last decade, many so-called meshless methods have been developed.

One of the most mature and commonly used approach is
the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics method (SPH). In the early stage it was developed to simulate some astrophysical phenomena at the hydrodynamic level~\cite{Monaghan 1992}. The main idea behind the SPH method is to introduce kernel interpolants for flow quantities in order to represent fluid dynamics by a set of particle evolution equations. Due to its Lagrangian nature, for multiphase flows, there is no necessity to handle (reconstruct or track) the interface shape as in the grid-based methods. Therefore, there is no additional numerical diffusion related to the interface handling. For this reason and the fact that the SPH approach is well suited to problems with large density differences, free-surfaces and complex geometries,
the SPH method is increasingly used for hydro-engineering and geophysical applications,
for review see~\cite{Monaghan 2012,Violeau 2012}.
The first attempts to model the granular materials using the SPH approach was presented
by \emph{Bui et al. (2008)}~\cite{Bui et al. 2008,Bui et al. 2014}. The authors decided to use an elasto-plastic (Drucker-Prager) constitutive model. Despite good results compared
with the experimental and numerical data, authors reported a serious tensile instability
problems.
Another constitutive model was proposed by \emph{Ulrich et al. 2013}~\cite{Ulrich et al. 2013},
where the granular material is treated as a fluid with a variable viscosity
(a visco-plastic rheological model), however, authors have not presented any validations
of this approach.

In the present work, the ability to model granular materials using the SPH method
and the visco-plastic model is studied.
For this purpose, it was decided to perform a set of numerical calculations
(in 2D and 3D) of the fundamental problem of the collapse of initially vertical cylinders
of granular materials. The obtained results were compared with other numerical (DEM and FEM)
and the experimental data.
On of the drawbacks of the mesh-free methods is much lower numerical efficiency compared
with the grid-based approaches. However, similarly to the DEM method, the SPH approach
numerical implementations present a high degree of spatial data locality and significant
number of independent calculations, therefore the code can be easily written in
a massively parallel manner. In recent years new techniques allowing numerical
simulations to be performed using Graphics Processing Units (GPU) have been developed.
The massive parallel capability of modern GPUs allows simulations of large systems
to be performed using cheap desktop computers.
For the purpose of this study, it was decided to implement the SPH method using
GPU programming techniques. Some issues related to the GPU computations are discussed.

The paper is organized as follows: in Section~\ref{sec:sph formulation} the brief
introduction to SPH is presented; in Section~\ref{sec:granular material modeling}
the visco-plastic rheological model of granular materials is introduced;
in Section~\ref{sec:graphics processor unit implementation} the implementation
on GPU is discussed; then in Section~\ref{sec:numerical results} the obtained
numerical results are presented. In order to validate the model, the following criteria are
taking into account: the granular deposit evolution (Section~\ref{sec:shape evolution}),
run-out distances (Section \ref{sec:run-out distances}), the energy contribution
(Section \ref{sec:energy contribution}) and the inclination of the failure
plane (Section~\ref{sec:inclination of failure plane}). The numerical efficiency
is discussed in Section~\ref{sec:numerical efficiency}.

\section{SPH formulation} \label{sec:sph formulation}
The full set of governing equations for incompressible viscous flows is composed of the Navier-Stokes (N-S) equation
\begin{equation}
    \frac{d\mathbf u}{dt} = -\frac{1}{\varrho} \nabla p + \frac{1}{\varrho} \left(\nabla \mu \cdot \nabla \right) \mathbf u + \mathbf g,
\end{equation}
where $\varrho$ is the density, $\mathbf u$ velocity, $t$ time, $p$ pressure, $\mu$ the dynamic viscosity and $\mathbf g$ an acceleration (gravity in this work);
the continuity equation
\begin{equation}
    \frac{d\varrho}{dt} = -\varrho\nabla \cdot \mathbf u \xrightarrow{\varrho=const} \nabla \cdot \mathbf u = 0,
\end{equation}
and the advection equation (Lagrangian formalism)
\begin{equation}
    \frac{d\mathbf r}{dt} = \mathbf u,
\end{equation}
where $\mathbf r$ denotes position of the fluid element.

The governing equations can be expressed in the SPH formalism in many different ways. In general, two SPH approximations: integral interpolation and discretization, lead to the the basic SPH relation
\begin{equation} \label{basic SPH}
    \sph{A}(\mathbf r) = \sum_b A(\mathbf r_b) W(\mathbf r - \mathbf r_b, h) \Omega_b,
\end{equation}
where $A$ is a physical field (for the sake of simplicity we consider a scalar field only), $W$ is a weighting function (kernel) with parameter $h$ called the smoothing length, while $\Omega$ is the volume of the SPH particle. There are many possibilities for the choice of
$W(\mathbf r, h)$. The kernel shape is the main reason for the appearance of the tensile
instability resulting in particle clumping~\cite{Swegle et al. 1995} -- the process
from which the results in \cite{Bui et al. 2008} suffer.
In \cite{Szewc et al. 2012a}
the authors performed series of fluid-flow simulations and
showed that using the Wendland kernel~\cite{Wendland 1995} in the form
\begin{equation} \label{quintic Wendland}
W(\mathbf r, h) = C  \left \{
 \begin{array}{cl}
  \left( 1-q/2 \right)^4 (2q+1) &  \text{for} \;\; q \leq 2, \\
  0                                     &  \text{otherwise},     \\
  \end{array}
  \right.
\end{equation}
where $q = |\mathbf r|/h$ and the normalization constant is $C=7/4\pi h^2$ (in 2D)
or $21 / 16\pi h^3$ (in 3D), the tensile instability does not appear.
Therefore, in this work, we decided to use the kernel in the form of Eq.~(\ref{quintic Wendland}).
For more details how the choice of the kernel and the smoothing length
affect results
see~\cite{Szewc et al. 2012a}. It is important to note here that the SPH basic approximation, Eq.~(\ref{basic SPH}), is common also in other numerical particles-based approaches, e.g. Moving Particle Semi-implicit Method (MPS)~\cite{Koshizuka et al. 1998}. The SPH method differs from other methods in aspect of approximation of differentiation operator. Assuming the kernel symmetry, nabla operator can be shifted from the action on the physical field to the kernel
\begin{equation}
    \sph{\nabla A}(\mathbf r) = \sum_b A(\mathbf r_b) \nabla W(\mathbf r - \mathbf r_b, h) \Omega_b.
\end{equation}

It is important to note that although different SPH formulations can be obtained from the same governing equations, some of them may not by applicable for certain types of flows,
see~\cite{Szewc et al. 2012b}.
One of the most common SPH form, enabling accurate calculations in the widest
number of types of flow, is the N-S pressure term proposed by
\emph{Colagrossi and Landrini (2003)}~\cite{Colagrossi and Landrini 2003}
\begin{equation} \label{pressure term}
    \sph{\frac{\nabla p}{\varrho}}_a = -\sum_b m_b \frac{p_a + p_b}{\varrho_a \varrho_b}  \nabla_a W_{ab},
\end{equation}
where $\nabla_a W_{ab}=\nabla_a W(\mathbf r_a - \mathbf r_b, h)$.
In the present work, we decided to perform calculations of pressure term
using this variant.
The corresponding (variationally consistent~\cite{Grenier et al. 2009,Monaghan 2005})
continuity equation takes a form
\begin{equation}
	\sph{\frac{d\varrho}{dt}}_a = \varrho_a \sum_b \frac{m_b}{\varrho_b} \mathbf u_{ab} \cdot \nabla_a W_{ab},
\end{equation}
where $\mathbf u_{ab} = \mathbf u_{a} - \mathbf u_{b}$.
The viscous N-S term, because of the efficiency requirements, is expressed as
a combination of the finite difference and the SPH approach
(as in the MPS approach~\cite{Koshizuka et al. 1998})
\begin{equation}
	\sph{\frac{1}{\varrho} \left(\nabla \mu \cdot \nabla \right) \mathbf u}_a
	= \sum_b m_b \frac{\mu_a + \mu_b}{\varrho_a \varrho_b}
	\frac{\mathbf r_{ab} \cdot \nabla_a W_{ab}(h)}{r_{ab}^2 + \eta^2}
	\mathbf u_{ab},
\end{equation}
where $\eta=0.01h$ is a small regularizing parameter used to avoid \emph{NaN}s
when divide by the numerical zero.
Because SPH is a Lagrangian approach, the particle advection equation completes
the system
\begin{equation}
	\frac{d \mathbf r_a}{dt} = \mathbf u_a.
\end{equation}

In the present work, we decided to use the most common method of implementing the incompresibility -- Weakly Compressible SPH (WCSPH). It involves the set of governing equations closed by a suitably-chosen, artificial equation of state, $p=p(\varrho)$. Following the mainstream, we decided to use the Tait's equation of state
\begin{equation}
    p = \frac{c^2 \varrho_0}{\gamma} \left[\left( \frac{\varrho}{\varrho_0} \right)^\gamma - 1 \right],
\end{equation}
where $\varrho_0$ is the initial density. The sound speed $c$ and a parameter $\gamma$ are suitably chosen to reduce the density fluctuations down to $1\%$. In the present work we set $\gamma=7$ and $c$ at the level at least 10 times higher than the maximal fluid velocity. It is worth noting that two alternative incompressibility treatments exists: Incompressible SPH (ISPH) where the incompressibility constraint is explicitly enforced though the pressure correction procedure to satisfy $\nabla \cdot \mathbf u=0$~\cite{Szewc et al. 2012a,Cummins and Rudman 1999,Hu and Adams 2007,Shao and Lo 2003,Xu et al. 2009} and Godunov SPH (GSPH) where the acoustic Riemann solver is used~\cite{Rafiee et al. 2012}.
In the present work, the boundary conditions are fulfilled applying
the ghost-particle method~\cite{Szewc et al. 2012a,Cummins and Rudman 1999}.

To assure the stability of the SPH scheme several time step criteria
must be satisfied:
\begin{equation} \label{cfl}
	\delta t < 0.125 \frac{h}{c + u_{\text{max}}}, \quad
	\delta t < 0.125 \frac{\varrho h^2}{\mu_{\text{max}}}, \quad
	\delta t < 0.125 \left( \frac{h}{g} \right)^{\frac{1}{2}},
\end{equation}
where $u_\text{max}$ and $\mu_{\text{max}}$ are respectively the maximal
particle velocity and the maximal particle viscosity in the domain.

\section{Granular material modeling} \label{sec:granular material modeling}

In order to simulate the granular materials using the SPH approach, we decided to
adopt the visco-plastic rheological model first used in SPH by
\emph{Ulrich et al. (2013)}~\cite{Ulrich et al. 2013}.
Equations that predict the shape of the general flow curve need at least four
independent parameters. A common example is the \emph{Cross (1965)}~\cite{Cross 1965}
equation
\begin{equation} \label{cross}
  \frac{\mu_0 - \mu}{\mu-\mu_{\infty}} = (K \dot \gamma)^m,
\end{equation}
where $\mu_0$ and $\mu_{\infty}$ refer to the asymptotic values of viscosity,
while $K$ and $m$ are constant.
The shear strain rate, $\dot \gamma$, can be defined as
\begin{equation}
  \dot \gamma = \sqrt{2\dot \epsilon^{ij} \dot \epsilon^{ij}},
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
  \epsilon^{ij} = \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial u^i}{\partial x^j} + \frac{\partial u^j}{\partial x^i} \right).
\end{equation}
In the case of the granular phase, $\mu_0$ corresponds to the viscosity of solid
(low values of $\dot \gamma$, elastic limit), while $\mu_{\infty}$ is the viscosity of
grains above elastic limit (high values of $\dot \gamma$).
Therefore, we may assume that $\mu \ll \mu_0$, which reduces Eq.~(\ref{cross}) to the
\emph{Sisko (1958)}~\cite{Sisko 1958} model
\begin{equation}
  \mu = \mu_{\infty} + \frac{\mu_0}{(K \dot \gamma)^m} = \mu_{\infty} + K_2 \dot \gamma^{n-1}.
\end{equation}
Assuming $n=0$, we get
\begin{equation} \label{bingham}
  \mu = \mu_{\infty} + \frac{K_2}{\dot \gamma},
\end{equation}
which is commonly known as the \emph{Bingham (1916)} model~\cite{Bingham 1916}.
With some simple redefinition of parameters Eq.~(\ref{bingham}) can be written as
\begin{equation}
  \tau = \mu_0 \dot \gamma + \tau_{\text{yield}},
\end{equation}
where $\tau$ is the shear stress, $\tau_{\text{yield}}$ is the yield stress.
In this model, the material behaves as a solid body until the shear stress exceeds
the yields stress (reaching the critical state) and large deformations may occur.
One of the commonly used models is the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion~\cite{Coulumb 1776},
in which the shear strength of soil is expressed as a combination of adhesion
and friction components
\begin{equation}
  \tau_{\text{yield}} = c + \sigma_n \tan \varphi,
\end{equation}
where $c$ is the cohesion, $\varphi$ is the internal friction angle, while
$\sigma_n$ is the normal stress.
However, it is important to note that $c$ and $\varphi$ are not fundamental
properties of material. Both depend on the effective stress~\cite{Lambe and Whitman 1991}.
However, for the purposes of the present study, it is sufficiently to assume
that $c$ and $\varphi$ are fundamental material constants.

Assuming that $\sigma_n = p$, the final form of the granular material model
takes the form
\begin{equation} \label{rheological}
  \mu =
  \begin{cases}
    \mu_{\infty} + (c+p\tan \phi)/\dot \gamma,       & \mu < \mu_{\text{solid}}, \\
    \mu_{\text{solid}},       & \mu \geq \mu_{\text{solid}}, \\
  \end{cases}
\end{equation}
where $\mu_{\text{solid}}$ is introduced, due to numerical efficiency reasons,
to avoid extremely high values of viscosity, which may lead to extremely
small time steps (due to CFL).

\section{Graphics Processor Unit implementation} \label{sec:graphics processor unit implementation}

The modern desktop CPUs, such as \emph{Intel i7-4790K},
have 4 physical cores (8 virtual cores via hyper-threading)
with the base frequency about $4$ GHz.
For comparison, the modern desktop GPUs, such as
\emph{Nvidia GeForce GTX 980}, have more than $2\cdot 10^3$ cores
with the base frequency about $1$ GHz.
Therefore, the advantage of using GPU accelerators for HPC is obvious.
The GPU cards were designed to accelerate the creation of images
in a frame buffer to stream them onto a display, therefore the double
precision was not needed for such a task.
Due to this, most of the desktop GPUs are built to support mainly the single
precision calculations.
There is a possibility to run tasks in double precision,
but, it results in a significant drop of performance
(officially, for \emph{Nvidia Maxwell series} it is about 16 times).
It is important to note that for the most applications of the SPH approach
the numerical errors related to the used approximations are much higher
than the truncation errors, therefore, many researchers decided to perform
the SPH calculations using GPUs with the single precision,
see~\cite{Herault et al. 2010,Szewc 2014,Rustico et al. 2014,Crespo et al. 2015}.
However, since in our case the kinematic viscosity of a granular material can change the value more then $5$ orders of magnitude during a simulation, the single precision is
not enough. The influence of the floating point number precision on the results
is presented in Fig.~\ref{fig:error}.
\begin{figure}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.99\textwidth]{Figures/error.png}
  \caption{2D granular collapse velocity fields [cm s$^{-1}$] at $t=350$
  ($a=0.55$ -- for details, see Sect.~\ref{sec:introduction});
  the SPH simulations obtained with: (a) single precision and
  (b) double precision floating point numbers.}
  \label{fig:error}
\end{figure}

The problem of the double precision floating point numbers
in the SPH modeling on GPU has been recently discussed
in~\cite{Herault et al. 2014} and \cite{Dominguez et al. 2014}.
To avoid this problem the authors proposed to use such techniques as
the cell relative coordinates (to avoid problems in domains of high aspect ratios)
or the compensated algorithms like Kahan sum (to sum over large numbers of values).
Unfortunately, none of the proposed algorithms could correct the problem
of strongly inhomogeneous viscosity in domain. Therefore, in the present work,
to avoid inaccuracies, we decided to perform calculations using
the double precision explicitly.
The influence on the numerical efficiency is discussed in Section~\ref{sec:numerical efficiency}.
For details about the GPU implementation see~\cite{Szewc 2014}.

\section{Numerical results} \label{sec:numerical results}

\subsection{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction}

The numerical experiments were performed by releasing initially vertical
columns of granular material, see Fig.~\ref{fig:configuration}.
The initial height, $H_0$, was defined by
the initial radius $r_0 = 9.7$ cm and the aspect ratio parameter
\begin{equation}
  a = \frac{H_0}{r_0}.
\end{equation}
The material density $\varrho$ was $2.6$ g cm$^{-3}$.
The angle of repose $\varphi$ was $30^{\circ}$
(except Section ~\ref{sec:inclination of failure plane}).
The material was chosen as non-cohesive, $c = 0$.
These are properties of dry sand used in the experiment of
\emph{Lube et al. (2004)}~\cite{Lube et al. 2004}.
\begin{figure}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{Figures/configuration.pdf}
  \caption{Initial configuration in 3D.}
  \label{fig:configuration}
\end{figure}
Initially the granular column is placed in the middle of the base of the rectangular
domain of edges $(5L, 5L, L)$ in 3D or $(5L, L)$ in 2D,
where $L=1.8H_0$ is the domain height. For $a<0.9$ we have chosen $L=10$ cm,
while for others $L=1.2H_0$.

The SPH simulations were performed for different aspect ratios and
different numerical resolutions.
In 2D: $a=0$-$10$, $h/L=16$-$64$ and $h/\Delta r=2$.
In 3D: $a=0$-$6$, $h/L=16$-$64$ and $h/\Delta r=1.5625$
(lower than 2D due to the efficiency reasons).
In both cases, we decided to use the Wendland kernel
(to avoid problems with the tensile instability).
The speed of sound was $s=1000$ cm s$^{-1}$.
The parameter $\mu_{\infty}$ in Eq.~(\ref{rheological}) was chosen as
a viscosity of water (at $20^{\circ}C$), $0.01$ g cm$^{-1}$ s$^{-1}$.
The viscosity of solid $\mu_{\text{solid}}$ was chosen as $2000$ g cm$^{-1}$ s$^{-1}$.
Due to the efficiency reasons, see Eq.~(\ref{cfl}), the value of $\mu_{\text{solid}}$
is suitably lowered compared with the real soil.
The side effects of such proceedings are negligible.
The calculations were performed using the double
precision floating point number with the single precision calculations
used only to benchmark the numerical efficiency in Section~\ref{sec:numerical efficiency}.

\subsection{Shape evolution} \label{sec:shape evolution}

The simplest technique to check whether the proposed model gives the correct results is
to compare the calculated profile shapes with other numerical and experimental data.
In 2D, as a reference data we decided to choose the DEM calculations obtained by
\emph{Utili et al. (2015)}~\cite{Utili et al. 2015}.
The obtained results, for aspect ratios: $a=0.93$ and $a=5.91$, are presented in
Fig.~\ref{fig:shapes-2d}.
\begin{figure}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{Figures/shapes093.pdf}
  \includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{Figures/shapes591.pdf}
  \caption{The evaluation of profiles for different initial aspect ratios, $a$,
  of granular columns (2D);
  the SPH results compared with the DEM reference data \cite{Utili et al. 2015} (solid lines).}
  \label{fig:shapes-2d}
\end{figure}
For $a=0.93$ the SPH results show good agreement with the reference data.
In the case of higher aspect ratio, $a=5.91$, the SPH calculations slightly differ
from the DEM calculations -- mainly the final height of the sample.

For the 3D model, it was decided to compare the SPH results with the experimental data
by \emph{Lube et al. (2004)}~\cite{Lube et al. 2004}. For validation purposes we have chosen two different aspect ratios: $a=0.55$ and $a=2.75$.
The results are presented in Fig.~\ref{fig:shapes-3d}.
\begin{figure}
  \centering
  \begin{tabular}{c|c}
    $a = 0.55$ & $a=2.75$ \\ \hline
    \phantom{o} & \phantom{o} \\
    \includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{Figures/sph055-t0-cor.png} &
    \includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{Figures/sph275-t0-cor.png} \\
    \includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{Figures/sph055-t006-cor.png} &
    \includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{Figures/sph275-t02-cor.png} \\
    \includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{Figures/sph055-t035-cor.png} &
    \includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{Figures/sph275-t04-cor.png} \\
    \includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{Figures/lube055.png} &
    \includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{Figures/lube275.png} \\
  \end{tabular}
  \caption{The evolution of granular material column for different initial
  aspect ratios: $a=0.55$ and $2.75$; the SPH results compared with
  the experimental photographs by
  \emph{Lube et al. (2004)}~\cite{Lube et al. 2004}.}
  \label{fig:shapes-3d}
\end{figure}
The performed simulations gave very realistic results.
Using the SPH approach, we were able to reproduce the typical for $a<0.74$,
see~\cite{Lube et al. 2004}, circular discontinuity on the surface
of the column which separates an outer (slumping) region from a non-deformed
inner part of the deposit.
For the column of $a=2.75$ the calculated shape evolution of the column
agrees very well with the experimental data presented in detail in~\cite{Lube et al. 2004}
 (Figure~4).

\subsection{Run-out distances} \label{sec:run-out distances}
One of the most relevant validation criteria for the numerical model is to try to reproduce
the scaling laws for the run-out distance. The experimental data for the three-dimensional
column was first proposed by \emph{Lube et al. (2004)}~\cite{Lube et al. 2004}:
\begin{equation}
  \frac{r_\infty - r_0}{r_0} \simeq
  \begin{cases}
    1.24 a,      &  a < 1.7, \\
    1.6 a^{1/2}, &  a \geq 1.7. \\
  \end{cases}
\end{equation}
Slightly different results were obtained by \emph{Lajeunesse et al. (2005)}~\cite{Lajeunesse et al. 2005} for semi-circular (half of column) initial configuration:
\begin{equation}
  \frac{r_\infty - r_0}{r_0} \simeq
  \begin{cases}
    a,       &  a < 3, \\
    a^{1/2}, &  a \geq 3. \\
  \end{cases}
\end{equation}

Many more empirical and numerical experiments were performed for granular collapses of the two-dimensional columns. \emph{Lube et al. (2005)}~\cite{Lube et al. 2005} were releasing
a granular columns confined between two vertical walls. The authors obtained the following scaling:
\begin{equation}
  \frac{r_\infty - r_0}{r_0} \simeq
  \begin{cases}
    1.2 a,       &  a < 2.3, \\
    1.9 a^{2/3}, &  a \geq 2.3. \\
  \end{cases}
\end{equation}
Independently \emph{Lajeunesse et al. (2005)} obtained a similar result:
\begin{equation}
  \frac{r_\infty - r_0}{r_0} \simeq
  \begin{cases}
    a,       &  a < 3, \\
    a^{2/3}, &  a \geq 3. \\
  \end{cases}
\end{equation}
The two-dimensional numerical experiments were performed by
\emph{Staron and Hinch (2005)}~\cite{Staron and Hinch 2005} who obtained the relation:
\begin{equation}
  \frac{r_\infty - r_0}{r_0} \simeq
  \begin{cases}
    2.5 a,       &  a < 2, \\
    3.25 a^{0.7}, & a \geq 2. \\
  \end{cases}
\end{equation}
Many other authors including \emph{Zenit (2005)}~\cite{Zenit 2005},
\emph{Utili et al. (2015)}~\cite{Utili et al. 2015} who used the DEM approach
and \emph{Crosta et al. (2009)}~\cite{Crosta et al. 2009} who performed FEM simulations
obtained fairly consistent results for the run-out distance.

The obtained results of the relation between the normalized run-out distance and
the initial column aspect ratio for 2D and 3D cases are respectively presented in Figs.~\ref{fig:range-2d} and \ref{fig:range-3d}.
As the reference data we decided to
plot two- and three-dimensional experimental solution obtained in
\emph{Lube et al.}~\cite{Lube et al. 2005,Lube et al. 2004}.

Here we show that in the case of 2D columns
the normalized run-out distances for higher aspect ratios
are slightly overestimated
when compared with the experimental data~\cite{Lube et al. 2005}.
In the present SPH approach, we obtained:
\begin{equation}
  \frac{r_\infty - r_0}{r_0} \simeq
  \begin{cases}
    1.3 a,       &  a < 2, \\
    1.55 a^{4/5}, & a \geq 2. \\
  \end{cases}
\end{equation}
However, in general, the results show a good agreement with the reference data.

\begin{figure}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{Figures/range_2d.pdf}
  \caption{The non-dimensional incremental run-out distance as a function of the aspect ratio for two-dimensional results; the SPH solution compared with two-~\cite{Lube et al. 2005} and three-dimensional~\cite{Lube et al. 2004} experimental data.}
  \label{fig:range-2d}
\end{figure}

In the case of 3D columns, we obtained somewhat less accurate results compared with
the reference data~\cite{Lube et al. 2004}. The SPH results appear to be underestimated.
One reason of such a behavior is smaller numerical resolution compared
with the 2D simulations. The obtained scaling law is:
\begin{equation}
  \frac{r_\infty - r_0}{r_0} \simeq
  \begin{cases}
    0.85 a,       &  a < 1.7, \\
    1.05 a^{3/5}, & a \geq 1.7. \\
  \end{cases}
\end{equation}

\begin{figure}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{Figures/range_3d.pdf}
  \caption{The non-dimensional incremental run-out distance as a function of the aspect ratio for three-dimensional results; the SPH solution compared with two-~\cite{Lube et al. 2005} and three-dimensional~\cite{Lube et al. 2004} experimental data.}
  \label{fig:range-3d}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Energy contribution} \label{sec:energy contribution}

The potential energy of the column at any time is
\begin{equation}
  E_p = \sum_a m_a g h_a,
\end{equation}
where $h_a$ is the height of the particle $a$.
The column kinetic energy can be calculated from
\begin{equation}
  E_k = \frac{1}{2} \sum_a m_a u_a^2.
\end{equation}
Due to the viscosity, or (in the scale of a single grain)
non-elastic collisions between grains,
a part of the potential energy does not transform into the kinetic energy,
but it gets dissipated
\begin{equation}
  E_{dis}(t) = E_p(0) - E_p(t) - E_k(t).
\end{equation}

At the beginning, the entire energy is accumulated as the potential energy.
As time passes, particles start to fall downwards with the potential energy
being transformed into the kinetic energy and some heat (dissipation).
Figure~\ref{fig:energy}(left) shows the energy evolution of the granular column for the aspect
ratio $a=3.26$. In this plot the SPH results are compared with the DEM simulations obtained in~\cite{Utili et al. 2015}.
In both models the kinetic energy exhibits a peak at about $t/T = 1$.
The obtained results show small discrepancies between SPH and DEM,
however these differences can be minimized
adjusting the minimal and maximal viscosity in the considered rheological model.

In order to validate the SPH approach for different values of the aspect ratio,
we decided to compare the total dissipated energy for different values of $a$
calculated using the SPH method with the DEM simulations~\cite{Utili et al. 2015}.
The obtained results are presented in Fig.~\ref{fig:energy}(right).
Both SPH and DEM models give similar relation between the dissipated energy
and aspect ratio. Small overestimation of the SPH results is also observed
in Fig.~\ref{fig:energy}(left).

\begin{figure}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{Figures/energy.pdf}
  \includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{Figures/dissipation.pdf}
  \caption{(left) Energy evolution for the granular column of the aspect ratio $a=3.26$;
  (right) total energy dissipated during the flow as a function of the aspect ratio;
  energy normalized by the initial potential energy;
  the SPH result compared with the DEM reference data~\cite{Utili et al. 2015}.}
  \label{fig:energy}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Inclination of the failure plane} \label{sec:inclination of failure plane}

According to the Rankine's theory of earth pressure~\cite{Rankine 1857},
the inclination of the failure plane to the horizontal, $\theta_f$
can be approximated as:
\begin{equation} \label{rankine}
  \theta_f = 45^{\circ} + \frac{\varphi}{2}.
\end{equation}
In order to check whether the SPH approach can correctly predict the relation (\ref{rankine}),
we decided to perform three simulations of granular column collapse with
different values of the internal friction angle $\varphi=20^{\circ}$, $30^{\circ}$, and $40^{\circ}$.
It is important to note that values $20^{\circ}$ and $40^{\circ}$ correspond
to the extreme values observed in nature.
To visualize the inclination angle of the slope failure plane, we decided to plot
the velocity fields using the spectral color map, see Fig.~\ref{fig:angle}.
The presented results were obtained for the collapsing column of aspect ratio $a=0.55$
at $t = 40$ ms.
The obtained failure angles agree well with the relation (\ref{rankine}).
Similar test performed for different values of aspect ratios show no vital differences
in relation between $\theta_f$ and $\varphi$. The only problem that must be noted is
small systematic decline of the $\theta_f$ values for vary late time steps.
This behavior is due to decrease of the height of the deposit caused by
lowered $\mu_{\text{solid}}$ (compared with reality) due to the numerical efficiency, see Section~(\ref{sec:introduction}).

\begin{figure}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{Figures/angle.png}
  \caption{Active failure state of the granular sample;
  the results obtained for three different internal friction angles: (a) $20^\circ$, (b) $30^\circ$ and (c) $40^\circ$.}
  \label{fig:angle}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Numerical efficiency} \label{sec:numerical efficiency}

For the performance analysis we decided to use the \emph{Nvidia GeForce GTX980}
GPU ($2048$ cores, $1126$ MHz clock, $4$ GB of memory).
Figure~\ref{fig:performance} presents the measured
Frames (time steps) Per Second (FPS) as
a function of the number of particles in the domain. In 2D, the use of the double
precision floating numbers decreases the computational time twice.
In single precision the calculations took from about $2$ min for about $N=4 \cdot 10^3$
particles up to about $1$ h for $N=2.5\cdot 10^5$.
In 3D, the use of the single precision numbers increases performance by factor $3$.
For the lowest used resolution ($N=2.5 \cdot 10^4$) simulations took $23$ min,
while for the highest resolution ($N=1.5 \cdot 10^6$) about $26$ h (single precision).
It is important to note that the used GPU is based on the \emph{Maxwell} micro-architecture
in which the double precision performance is 1/32 of the single precision performance.
Therefore, the main reason of observed decrease of the
performance with double precision in 3D
(compared with the single precision) is much larger number of interactions
under the kernel hat (larger number of simple math operations).
The difference between the double and single precision performance should be much
smaller using the \emph{Kepler} micro-architecture
(\emph{Nvidia Tesla} and \emph{Nvidia GeForce 700 series}) where the double precision computations are only 4 times less efficient. The numerical efficiency can be
further improved by using more than one GPU.

\begin{figure}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{Figures/performance2d.pdf}
  \includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{Figures/performance3d.pdf}
  \caption{Number of frames per second as a function of the SPH particles in the domain;
  the initial aspect ratio is $a=0.55$;
  (a) two-dimensional results for $h/\Delta r = 2$, (b) three-dimensional results
  for $h/\Delta r = 1.5625$.}
  \label{fig:performance}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusions} \label{sec:conclusions}

In the present work, the ability to model granular materials using the SPH method
and the visco-plastic model has been studied. For this purpose, a set of numerical
calculations (in 2D and 3D) of the fundamental problem of the collapse of initially vertical cylinders of granular materials has been performed.
In order to validate the proposed model, the granular deposit evolution,
the run-out distances, the energy contribution and the inclination
of the failure plane were compared with the analytical, experimental
and other numerical data. The obtained results showed good agreement
with the reference data. All the inaccuracies that we observed during simulations
were caused mainly by two factors: not perfectly matched parameters of the
used rheological model or too low numerical resolution (limited hardware resources).
In order to reduce the effect of particle clustering (the tensile instability)
-- the problem signalized in \cite{Bui et al. 2008}, we decided to suitably
choose the kernel function which significantly reduces this problem.
In fact, the tensile instability was not observed in the obtained results.
Taking advantage of GPU efficiency, it was possible to run computationally heavy
simulations on the cheap desktop computer. The performed analysis showed that
the single precision of floats is not enough to correctly perform simulations
with the used rheological model. The double precision calculations increase
the computational effort on GPU, but, the obtained numerical efficiency
is still very high.
It is important to note here that for dry granular materials the methods such as
the DEM allow for much more accurate and efficient calculations. However, when we
consider complex debris flow constituted of rocks and mud, for which it may be difficult
to define the interaction between solid particles, the continuum methods, such as the
introduced SPH, appear to be much more useful. Another advantage of the SPH approach is
its ability to model complex multi-phase flows involving eg. fluid-granular phase interactions.
This work is an intermediate step in a complete project which aims at
simulating the interaction of sea waves and currents with a seabed.
The satisfactory results obtained for the dynamics of dry sand
with the simple rheological model are an encouragement to pursue
along that direction.

\section*{Funding}
This study was funded by the National Science Centre, Poland via
grant Opus 6 no DEC-2013/11/B/ST8/03818.

\section*{Conflict of Interest}
The author declare that he has no conflict of interest.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
James D. Scott
Ellen Scott
Move Away Orders
Divorce FAQs Overview
The Dean of Divorce ™
EXPLAINING MARITAL SETTLEMENT AGREEMENTS
DIVORCE PROCEDURE DEFINITIONS
DIVORCE DISCOVERY FACTS
Domestic Interview Form
San Diego Spousal Support Lawyer
REQUEST YOUR A CONSULTATION
ALL FIELDS REQUIRED *
When two people get divorced, much of what occurs as the parties work towards a final dissolution is set out in the California statutes. As a community property state, most assets assigned to the marital estate are divided according to a relatively set equation. However, there are remedies to a divorce that are not always part of the final dissolution, and one of them is spousal support, which is commonly known as alimony. Contact divorce lawyers in San Diego for a free legal consultation about your spousal support case.
Why Choose a San Diego Spousal Support Attorney?
The attorneys at Scott Family Law have more than 85 years of combined experience representing clients in all types of family law matters, including trial proceedings.
We have a history of obtaining successful results for our clients. This includes a $750,000 verdict for domestic abuse and the successful defense of a client who was falsely accused in a $10 million lawsuit.
James Scott is a board-certified family specialist, equipped to handle all matters of the divorce and separation process, including mediation and spousal support.
What is Alimony?
Alimony, also called spousal support, refers to financial support payments made by one spouse to the other mandate by the court. Spousal support is given during the process of a legal separation or a divorce. The financial payments are made in regular, scheduled installments. Alimony is ordered when a judge in family court decides that one spouse will still be financially responsible for the other spouse during divorce proceedings.
What is Temporary Spousal Support vs. Permanent Spousal Support?
Temporary spousal support is ordered during a divorce that has not been finalized yet. It is often calculated by a guideline calculator, similar to child support. Permanent spousal support is when the family law court has finalized the dissolution of a marriage.
The Basics of California Spousal Support
Below are the considerations that judges are required to consider when one party moves for spousal support after a San Diego divorce. However, rather than attempt to convince the presiding judge to consider these factors in certain ways yourself, you need to put your best foot forward by securing the help of a San Diego spousal support attorney. Call us at (858) 974-4900 for a free consult.
Statutory Considerations
California law puts forth 14 different factors that should be considered by a judge when the issue of spousal support is relevant to a case. A San Diego spousal support lawyer can help you sort out which are relevant to you. These factors include:
The ability to the marital standard of living in light of earning capacities – The law tacitly provides that one party to a divorce should not be forced to suffer in terms of lifestyle because of the divorce, and the ability to earn one's own standard of living is considered.
Contributions to the other spouse's education, licensing, etc. – Many marriages begin where one spouse supports the other while he or she goes to school. This is taken into consideration if the parties seek a divorce.
The supporting spouse's ability to pay – Obviously, a court will not order spousal support if it puts the supporting spouse in a position of financial peril.
Needs relative to the marital standard of living – Needs is a term that tends to make people think of food and shelter. However, needs can encompass more than those necessities in a divorce setting.
Assets and debts of the parties – When a marital estate is divided, each party will likely walk away with certain assets and certain debts. Those are taken into consideration when deciding on a motion for spousal support.
Duration of the marriage – Generally, the longer the parties have been married, particularly if one spouse has not worked for many years, the more likely it is that a support order will be issued.
The employability of the custodial spouse and the impact on children – The judge will consider whether the spouse who has custody of the children can find gainful employment and whether securing such employment will negatively impact the children of the marriage.
General age and health of the parties – There is no hard-and-fast equation for this factor, but rather the judge must seek an equitable solution.
Domestic violence – Any history of domestic violence must be documented and proven in order to be considered in regards to spousal support.
Tax consequences – There are situations where any spousal support could create taxable events that would place an undue burden on one or both parties.
Goal of self-support – Most spousal support considerations should include analysis of whether the supported spouse can eventually support him or herself.
Relative hardships – This involves basic equity and the judge's duty to not impose unfair burdens on the supporting party.
Conviction for spousal abuse – Any record of a conviction for spousal abuse is a required factor to consider.
General equity – Overall, the judge must move towards a spousal support decision that's fair to both parties.
What Factors Are Considered for Spousal Support Modifications?
There are a number of specific reasons that can arise that lead to a finding that spousal support should be modified in California, and the legal standard that the court tends to use is known as a material change of circumstances. This material change can occur in several different ways, and when someone files an Order to Show Cause with the court, similar factors will be used to decide whether that spousal support order should be modified as were used when originally deciding on the issue during the divorce. Examples of these factors include:
The ability to maintain the marital standard of living in relation to earning potential for each party
Contributions to the other spouse's education, job training
The supporting spouses ability to pay the support
Duration of the marriage
Age and health of the parties
There are some California divorces that result in an order for spousal support to be paid by one spouse to another for a variety of reasons. When these orders are entered, they tend to be seen as orders that are generally permanent in nature. Fortunately, that is not necessarily the case, as there are different scenarios that are basically founded on fairness that allow for spousal support orders to be modified. Those who have reason to pursue such a modification should seek the help of an experienced San Diego spousal support attorney, and below is a brief introduction to this issue.
Examples of Material Changes in Circumstances
While every case is different and every situation is somewhat unique, there are certain situations that can arise that can lead to a modification of spousal support. Examples of these common situations include:
The loss of income of the supporting spouse
A substantial rise in the income of the spouse receiving support
Cohabitation of the spouse receiving support
A refusal of the spouse receiving support to find employment when generating income is possible
Once again, there are many scenarios that can arise, but the bottom line for anyone who feels that things have changed and that their spousal support order should do so accordingly should take immediate steps to get this process moving. Get more information from a spousal support attorney in San Diego.
How to Proceed with A San Diego Spousal Support Attorney
Of course, even if the original decision is made regarding spousal support, it does not mean that it cannot be terminated or modified should circumstances change. If you need help with this issue, contact the San Diego alimony lawyers at Scott Family Law today to schedule an initial consultation. Call us today at 1-858-974-4900.
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This is the story of a normal woman who experienced the impossible objective contacts with another dimension through loud and clear voices received by electronic means during Instrumental Transcommunication (ITC) experiments. Dr Cardoso, a senior diplomat, describes the astounding experiences that transformed her life since she started ITC research in 1997. She presents extracts of conversations with her deceased loved ones and other personalities who insisted that they live in another world. The level of agreement between communications received by the author and concepts, even words, recorded by other experimenters from Jurgenson and Raudive to contemporary operators, constitutes compelling evidence of the reality of the next world that awaits us all. As communicators from Timestream told Dr Cardoso: The dead pass through here, you pass through here!. Electronic Voices breaks new ground in the literature providing details of audio contacts, recorded under controlled conditions, with beings in an evolved dimension, which they describe as another space, beyond time. This evolved dimension of life corresponds to an evolved state of consciousness in the cosmic evolutionary sequence.


text:
844-556-5290 | U.S. 954-462-4591
ALERT: COVID Protocols & Requirements for Boating
ISLANDS & MARINAS
Home / News / Press Releases / Bahamian Marinas Asserting Themselves
BAHAMIAN MARINAS ASSERTING THEMSELVES
NASSAU, The Bahamas, 2 March, 2017……..The Islands of The Bahamas are on a mission to establish themselves collectively as the premier boating destination in the hemisphere. The main engine in this assertive thrust is the Association of Bahamas Marinas, which currently represents 31 of the finest marinas in this archipelago.
Thanks to the ABM, Bahamas marinas are already much more conspicuous at South Florida boat shows. The list for the year includes booths at the Palm Beach Boat Show, Trawler Fest at Riviera Beach, Stuart Boat Show and possibly the Yacht Brokers Show on Miami Beach. The ABM also supports the Ministry of Tourism in manning booths at the Miami Boat Show and Fort Lauderdale International Boat Show and is also a sponsor at the second annual Bahamas Yacht & Travel Show in Nassau.
In partnership with the Bahamas Ministry of Tourism, the association actively promotes member marinas and the cruising and sport fishing industries. It participates in trade shows, supply support for boating flings to The Bahamas, provides information to Florida yacht clubs, marinas and boat yards and produces a useful that serves as a fulfilment piece in response to enquiries on boating that come into
www.bahamas.com
and the 1-800-Bahamas toll free number.
The country has a rich maritime history, born of necessity: at one time in the past it was impossible to travel between the islands' settlements other than by sea. While aviation has changed that and made it possible for large resort complexes to thrive on New Providence and Grand Bahama, the allure of the sea and the spectacular beauty of Bahamian waters continue to exert a powerful draw on boaters and yachtsmen all along the eastern seaboard of the United States. These discerning seafarers find comfort, convenience and a warm welcome at this network of Bahamian marinas.
It is not widely known that The Commonwealth of The Bahamas extends across an area that is almost equal in size to much of the Greater and Lesser Antilles – the Caribbean. Starting just 50 miles off the Florida coast and extending almost to Hispaniola, the country offers a plethora of experiences on land and sea and noticeable cultural differences from island to island. The fishing is great, the cruising is spectacular and the warmth of Bahamian hospitality is legendary. On land, aside from lolling around on a deserted beach, activities and attractions range from dazzling casinos, high-tech nightclubs, elegant dining and duty-free shopping in the capital, Nassau/Paradise Island and Grand Bahama, to cycling, bone fishing, SCUBA diving and artefacts that reach far back into the nation's history.
Full service marinas are available at many of the Out Islands, as those outside of Nassau and Grand Bahama are called and, pragmatic government policies make for simple, hassle-free customs and immigration procedures.
The ABM maintains contact with the Royal Bahamas Defence Force and the government's Port Department encouraging the repair and maintenance of aids to navigation (ATONs) around the Bahamas. Lighthouse lights and other lights are maintained debilitated lights are identified and repaired through this relationship. There are 16 island groups in the archipelago, some are more attractive to sail boaters and others to motor boaters.
"We are confident that we will be able to grow – substantially – the volume of boating traffic to the several destinations of The Bahamas," says ABM President Stephen Kappeler. "The Bahamian people are very experienced in maritime affairs and highly skilled marina management. Combined with the long tradition of hospitality for which the country is known, we are satisfied that we have an unrivalled product. We're going to make certain the world knows all about it," he says.
The Association of Bahamas Marinas is now an assertive presence on social media. Experience the islands from a boater's perspective at:
Send me the latest travel inspiration and insider tips for traveling, boating and fishing in The Bahamas
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MEMERSHIP
©2021 by the Association of Bahamas Marinas. All rights reserved. Site by Krista's Design Studio, LLC


The aim of the sport would be to keep hiking till you reach the best. Dodge particles and ensure that you reach the checkpoints living. Try to tap the arrow secrets to help you go quicker. Push room club every occasionally to place pitons. Best Of Luck!


Round 2! All is not lost.
Moving right along from the children's book publishing no-go concept, on which I spent a fair amount of time planning and preparing, startup idea #2 is already out the door and up and running in less than a month.
Stemming from an initiative that emerged at Snapper while Sandy was there being an Agile coach, the Personal Kanban Board is now live and ready for action!
The design has come from Gina Higham and the evolution and product-izing from Sandy. Together we established the business idea, created the website and are happily sending boards out into the world as we speak.
It's been quite a different initiative than my book startup idea. A much shorter gestation period for one thing - any delays in getting started were purely a result of everyone having too many other things to do (i.e jobs).
However there have been a lot of learnings from this one - for us in particular we had no idea how different business would be when you have a physical product. It's not just an initial design/build cost and then multiple downloads. It's an ongoing regime of proofing designs, printing, picking things up, packaging, posting ... the list goes on. All of these things make the real cost of sale considerably higher than we had imagined.
Totally shocked by the postage costs. When your product costs $32 and the postage is $9 it gets a bit ridiculous (and that's only WITHIN NZ!). But as the Kanban Boards are a bit over the standard size (they're about A3) they bypass all the normal packaging costs and head into the stratospheric 'oversize' bracket. Definitely worth buying more than one at a time if it's being posted - it's $9 for as many as we can get into the envelope!
So far we haven't made any attempt to really promote the boards. We wanted to start slowly, see what was actually involved in getting a board from concept to customer, and make sure we had something people wanted. It seems so far that we do - but what we have realised is that we have a product that people want when they see it in action. The concept is a bit harder to grasp remotely - sales so far have primarily come from Sandy's presentations or colleagues or people who have seen one somewhere. So we obviously need to work a bit more on making the description clear and obvious to the person who stumbles across the site (any ideas welcome btw!).
We were very excited to make it into the O'Reilly media 4 short links on July 4th and happily sat back as the stats flew up and waited for the US orders to come rolling in. And waited. And nothing. Welcome to the world of cruising around online! In part these people could be just not interested in the product, in part it could have been that the page they landed on didn't make it clear enough what they were in for (though we actually thought it kinda did). Whatever the reason it has reinforced to us that our connections, at least for now, need to be personal. That'll be a bit challenging!
Still, overall we know we have actually got a great product that really does make life better when you use it. And it's a great adjunct to the coaching work that Sandy does. I'll let you know if we gain more insights!
Tags: Kanban boards, Kanbanfor1, Personal Kanban, Productivity, Startup.


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1) RPM by Tony Robbins: You start with the end results you are after and figure out what you need to do to achieve those results. Work backwards far enough and you'll know what you need to do this month, this week, this hour, etc.
2) GTD by David Allen: I used to swear by this but it felt too rigid and had a lot of overhead. I still use his system of prioritizing my so-called To-Do list by 6 levels of urgency: Now, Next, Soon, Later, Someday, and Waiting.
3) Pomodoro Technique: This works best for the tasks that demand a ton of single-minded concentration. You set an alarm for 25 minutes and concentrate 100% of your attention on that task. Then you take a break (say 5 minutes) after the alarm rings and then repeat again for another 25 minute burst. Usually once you've got the list of things to do using #1 and #2, you use this for optimal execution.
Thank you so much for sharing this. It's awesome advice and will hopefully help others searching for their own time management solution.
I can't believe I didn't think to mention Pomodoro in my article. I'm a big fan of this method of ensuring short, highly focussed bursts of productivity.
I find myself lacking the energy to execute any trading tasks because of a draining job, having poor eating habits, and no physical exercise. I recently started eating healthier and find myself bubbling with enthusiasm and ready to tackle a trading task because I have enough energy to execute it. I think health should be prioritized first.
I'm so pleased that you've also discovered this fact and have started prioritizing health. Congratulations… and keep it up.
After several years of worsening health, I finally accepted that it was all my own doing in late 2014. I joined a gym for the first time in about 25 years. I started eating better; and smaller quantities. I still have a way to go. I still obsess over my trading too much to the exclusion of my family. I still have sleeping issues (always have). But I'm continuing to work on these issues every week, and will continue to make improvements. But despite not yet achieving all I want to achieve in terms of health, I have seen such incredible progress over 2015. My energy levels have improved massively. And I feel better about myself physically, mentally and emotionally than I have in decades.
So congratulations again on the "wins" you've had with your own health. May 2016 take you to even greater health, energy and joy for life.


Khazina (Treasury) - Collection of cataloques of the National Museum of Azerbaijan literature named after Nizami Ganjavi of ANAS gives complete description of various archives and collections, private funds of outstanding representatives of literature and culture kept in the museum funds and demonstrating in the permanent museum exposition. It supplements the list of the "Quintuple".
The given issue presents valuable museum exhibits dedicated to the corypaeus of national theatrical art Sidgi Ruhulla, Abbas Mirza Sharifzade, Ismail Hidayatzade, Khurshid Khanim Gajar and Aleksander Tuganov. Memorial legacy of aforementioned personalities who really loved their job was emerged for the first time in the cataloque.According to manuscripts, memorabilia, original photos, unique playbills and programmes kept in the Museum funds the readers can get acquaintance with life and creative activity of these prominent personalities.
Statements about A.Sharifzade: Abdurahim bay Hagverdiyev, Jafar Jabbarli, Huseyn Javid, Azim Azimzade, Taghi Shahbazi, Sabit Rahman, Afrasiyab Badalbayli, Fatma Gadri, Suleyman Rustam, Jafar Jafarov and Ilham Rahimli.
Playbills, programmes and the list of Kh. Gajar's songs.
The books: Mirza Fatali Akhundov's "The deceived stars", Nizami Ganjavi's "Seven beauties", M.S.Ordubadi's "Nizami "and etc.


It's the kind of change that it's probably a good thing we don't do Christmas letters. Where would you start? On the other hand, since a lot of those letters start out, "Well, there were a lot of changes this past year…" ours might read like a Greek play. Or a short story collection. Or a romantic comedy with Hugh Grant and Emma Thompson.
I did manage to preserve some tradition from over the years. But in watching Love Actually with Carol for the first time together, the image of the casket in the Bay City Rollers scene hit me hard, when it hadn't done so before. (I skipped the movie in 2017.) But I did tear up at the usual place at the end of It's a Wonderful Life, and Carol has now learned that not only did she get mixed up with a boy, but one who weeps.
I may have started a new Christmas Eve tradition with the Madigan clan: a New Orleans-themed dinner. With red beans and rice, jambalaya and bread pudding, I overdid it on the starch, but as we say in the Big Easy, "if it's worth doing, it's worth overdoing." I may have netted a new Saints fan in the deal, which I suspect in time, Carol (like my kids) will never forgive me for.
The Madigans' Christmas day tradition begins with a family breakfast attended in your pajamas. Since I sleep (spoiler alert and TMI combined) in my skivvies, I was persuaded to wear my jogging attire in lieu of my pj's, much to relief of all present. The all day affair morphs into a casual dinner for which the jammies may remain. The biggest change for me was celebrating the holiday out of doors here in southern California in dry, mild and sunny conditions.
With all this change, it would not be a surprise to expect some sort of letdown or emotional backslide. A divorce, a marriage, a death and then a new relationship all in the space of about six years could produce an emotional whiplash, especially for someone who cries annually at the end of It's a Wonderful Life. But this has been one of the happiest, merriest Christmases I've ever experienced. I spent it with someone who already makes me feel I've known her all my life. Carol is surfeited by a loving, laughing and living-up-to-the-hilt kind of family. They're like too many presents spilling out from under the tree.
It's been a Christmas that I can look forward to embracing in the years ahead (a little less starch in the Christmas Eve dinner, all right, a LOT less starch). And maybe this has been a Christmas where I've experienced its true meaning. If Christmas is meant to celebrate the birth of a Savior (instead of same day delivery on Christmas Eve, for crying out loud), then I've nailed its true meaning, because I feel reborn and most certainly saved.


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text:
Mapping Irish Philosophy
Societies, Lectures etc
Educating the Citizen Lord
Lord Edward Fitzgerald in 1796.
Wikimedia, Public Domain
Lord Edward Fitzgerald was born 250 years ago, on the 15th October 1763, in Carton House, Co. Kildare, the fifth son of the Duke of Leinster. From his earliest days, Edward Fitzgerald was a child of the Enlightenment, and educated according to Enlightenment ideals.
One of the most influential thinkers on education in 18th century Ireland was John Locke. The earliest edition of his "Thoughts on Education" (1683) described itself as "Published at the request of several of the nobility of this kingdom", and was reprinted three times from 1728-1738, and twice in the late 1770s. It provided a model for a gentleman's education, and helped popularize the ideal of a paternalistic and educated gentry taking responsibility for improving their local area.
For Locke the goal of education was to instil "the Principle of Virtue", that is the ability to subvert one's immediate appetites and desires to the dictates of reason. The aim was to create people who obeyed reason over passion.
That might sound austere, yet Locke also recommended that learning should be enjoyable. Locke argues that the forcing of children to learn is what makes them dislike it. Locke rejects speaking harshly to or beating children, lecturing them, or forcing them to learn. He favours engaging them, with lessons taking the form of a conversation and their ideas taken seriously. He also speaks in favour of taking account of a child's age. Misbehaviour due to the young age of the child should not be punished, and the natural playful and unruly spirit of the child should not be suppressed. This educational style is more egalitarian and cooperative than a lecturing style.
A child's temperament should also be taken in account, tailoring education to what is right for the child and to dispel any vices the child is predisposed to. Locke recommends that habit and example (rather than rules which the child will inevitably forget) should be the primary teaching method. He therefore recommends a child spends his or her time with parents or tutor as opposed to a school setting.
John Locke's argument that private education was superior to schools for educating boys would have appealed to Lady Emily, Edward Fitzgerald's mother. She had already lost her eldest son to illness aged 18 and wanted to keep her children close to her. She found further justifications for her desire to avoid schools for his sons in the work of Rousseau.
Locke's position, that "of all the men we meet with, nine parts of ten are what they are, good or evil, useful or not, by their education" was endorsed and extended by Rousseau, in his book on educating children, "Emile". The core of Rousseau's system was that children should "learn nothing from books that experience cannot teach them." For Rousseau, books should be discouraged until the lessons experience could provide were exhausted. Rousseau, even more strongly than Locke, discouraged sending children away to school.
Lady Emily Fitzgerald (1770)
Lady Emily selected what she wanted from the two philosophers and disregarded the rest. In 1768 she established a school in Blackrock, in a house the Leinsters owned called Frescati. She had tried to engage Rousseau himself in 1766 as tutor, during his brief time in England. Eventually a Scot, William Ogilvie, was hired.
Following both Locke and Rousseau, the first pupil Charles Fitzgerald was engaged in physical work such as gardening, cleaning the stables and sewing. He also studied Latin grammar and other school subjects despite Rousseau's condemnation of such schooling. By 1770 Edward had joined his older brother, along with four of his brothers and sisters. (Rousseau would have disapproved of similar education for both sexes.) In 1771, Ogilvie describes his pupils days as made up of sea-swimming, outdoor play and lessons, following the modern ideas of healthy exercise to maintain health.
The Duke of Leinster died in 1773. Edward and his younger siblings remained at Frescati until 1774 when the household, with the addition of Lady Emily, moved to France where the educational regime continued. (A new tutor was hired after Lady Emily and William Ogilvie officially announced their marriage.)
Having spent his childhood between seven and eleven at Frescati, it remained Edward Fitzgerald's favorite place of residence as an adult. Frescati House housed some of the key United Irishmen meetings. It was also where Thomas Paine, the author of The Rights of Man, visited Lord Edward.
The Fitzgerald family were politically liberal but Edward Fitzgerald became much more radical. By 1792, he was an enthusiast of Thomas Paine's ideas. He publicly revoked his title in Paris, instead calling himself "Citizen Fitzgerald". He joined the United Irishmen in 1796, visiting Hamburg and Switzerland to push for a French invasion of Ireland to encourage revolution. In his letters to his mother he invoked Rousseau, hinting at his political activities, though being careful not to be explicit. The French were unenthusiastic, and by 1797 Fitzgerald was among those advocating popular revolt in Ireland without waiting for French aid.
Despite the authorities letting it be known that a blind eye would be turned to his escape, Fitzgerald refused to leave. He was finally captured, and died of septicemia in prison on 4 June 1798, in the midst of the 1798 Rising.
Frescati (Source: Wikipedia Commons/CC)
Stella Tillyard, Aristocrats
John Locke, Some Thoughts Concerning Education.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Emile
C. M. Barry Posted in 1801-1922 Union and Rebellion	1 Comment
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© 2013 - 2017 Irish Philosophy


Andy Nathan is conducting a free lead generation Webinar covering blogging, LinkedIn and video marketing. Andy specializes in lead generation, so you want to be there.
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Forex trading has been so lucrative in recent years that the entry of investors into this kind of trading is a matter of awe. The sheer number in itself is mind-boggling and the millions of dollars that go into trade everyday are exhausting. People from different streams of life are investing in foreign currency exchange market, which in earlier days was the bastion of the rich and bankers.
The investment that was required in the forex market had to be in large amounts in order to gain a huge profit, since the change in the value of the currencies is quite small. Moreover, the concept was not well-known in many circles. As time progressed and the analysis of the currency market could be done, the small time investors and common people could avail the facilities. Also, the introduction of various platforms for the forex trading gave the common man a smoother transaction facility.
Now that the forex market became easily accessible to the common man, people started working towards gaining profits by investing in the forex. Different strategies were devised to gain profits, one of which was the use of scalping strategies. This is a volatile method of making profits by investing in the foreign currency market. It is usually done by making investment in the currencies in a very quick interval of time.
Buying at a certain price and selling in a matter of few minutes with a favorable change is the essence of the scalpers, the term given to people who indulge in this kind of trading. Although the process is profitable, it requires patience and keen observation on part of the investors. One is required to be on the alert and watches the proceedings of the forex market continuously. These people involved in scalping strategies try to see the changes and are also considered good players in the forex market.
Profits can be huge if scalping is done, but this is not something that could be possible for everyone. Moreover, the risk factor of losing the invested amount is always there. But, those people who have been doing such procedures have worked out some kind of strategy and are keen on making profits. They wait and watch and quickly enter the market and immediately withdraw their money.
Such scalping strategies are gradually becoming famous these days as more and more people are realizing that the forex market is lucrative. Such a mindset is also being developed by the real-time transaction facilities provided by the improvised platforms throughout the world.


PV_Admin | Prescott Vacations .Com Features Prescotts Finest Victorian Rental Home located Downtown, Enjoy History Comfort and Calm with Views !
My husband and I rented this wonderful home for a week. Our son got married on 9-28-2013 to a Prescott girl–he went to Embry Riddle University in Prescott. The house is so amazing, clean, comfortable, up the street from the square. Perfect location. Our son's friends were able to come over and hang out some evenings at the house. The bride and bridesmaids had photos taken outside of the house. Wonderful kitchen, plenty of places to sit inside and outside. Great porches. The beds were comfortable with really nice linens. Just a wonderful place to stay. We had family members and a friend stay at the house with us. No one wanted to leave. Danna-that oversees the property is so helpful and friendly. I am ready to go back to the house and stay for a month. Best place ever.
I rented this beautiful home, not as a vacation rental, but to house my legal team during litigation at the Prescott Courthouse. It couldn't have worked out better! The house is just a block away, so no need to waste time leaving early, fighting traffic or hunting for adequate parking. It has kitchen facilities, multiple parlors, and a great dining room with an oversized table that became the "war room", perfect for conferences and computers and files. The house is wi-fi equipped. With 3 bedrooms and multiple floors, there was space enough for everyone. I highly recommend this house, by far the best value and location one could ever hope for!
Just returned from celebrating my birthday at the exquisite Victorian and my heart is full of joy. What a beautiful home! Can't say enough about how easy it was working out arrangements with Don via timely e-mails. Danna, our Prescott neighbor & hostess was a sweetheart. She greeted us at an arranged time and welcomed us with a gorgeous bouquet of yellow birthday roses, a bottle of champagne, a basket of fruit, and a warm smile. You can feel the love and care the family has for their home. From a well stocked kitchen, to soft linens and towels, to the polished antiques – it all adds up to FABULOUS! As my friend said, the website photos tell only half of the story. This is where you want to stay if you like feeling pampered + feel a part of history. The downtown Prescott location is terrific – a 5 minute walk to the Courthouse Square and all the wonderful shops, restaurants & activities. My husband and friends agreed that the beds were super comfortable. There are flat screen TVs in two of the bedrooms. They are wall mounted and don't intrude on the ambience one bit. We enjoyed breakfasts and sunsets on the front porch. This home is all about relaxation. We are already plotting a return trip!
This entry was posted in vacation home on May 12, 2014 by PV_Admin.


Reviewing the forecast for Carrigdangan Over the next 7 days and the average daytime maximum temperature will be around 15°C, with a high for the week of 18°C expected on the afternoon of Sunday 28th. The average minimum temperature will be 7°C, dipping to its lowest on the morning of Saturday 27th at 5°C. Expect the week ahead to have most days seeing a little rain. Predictions are Friday 27th will have the most precipitation with an accumulation of around 6.0mm. On the whole winds are likely to be moderate.


text:
Year in Review: MMX acquires .XXX
by Andrew Allemann — December 31, 2018 Uncategorized 1 Comment
Adult top level domain company was one of many acquisitions in the domain business during 2018.
MMX, also know as Minds + Machines, is a new top level domain name company with a portfolio of strings such as .beer, .miami and .VIP. It's publicly traded on the London AIM market (MMX), so it faces the daily pressure of being a public company in a business that is still seeking its footing.
It underwent a strategic review over the past year to see if it should sell itself of bulk up. It chose the later.
In May, MMX announced that it was acquiring ICM Registry for $10.0 million in cash and 225 million shares, which were valued at $31.0 million at the time of the announcement.
ICM registry isn't your run-of-the-mill top level domain registry. Its domains are adult-themed including .xxx, .sex, .adult and .porn.
While the domains are controversial, the move will shore up MMX's earnings and add stability to its income statement. This gives the company breathing room.
ICM started its life with a hard-fought battle to get .XXX. The domain was a sponsored top level domain introduced in 2011. The timing was good because it didn't face competition from new TLDs.
There were three other notable acquisitions during the year.
CentralNic, another domain company traded on the London AIM (CNIC), bought KeyDrive for $55 million.
Private equity group Abry Partners bought new TLD company Donuts in a heated bidding war.
And Neustar bought out Verisign's (NASDAQ: VRSN) security business that includes things like DDoS protection. The deal will be for somewhere between $50 million and $120 million depending on customer migrations.
Minds + Machines acquires .XXX top level domain operator ICM Registry
"Free" .xxx domains with PornWords promotional credit
October's top domain stories
1 Comment Tags: .xxx, abry partners, centralnic, donuts, icm registry, keydrive, mmx, Neustar, VeriSign
imdavidthornton says
How do you know there was a "heated bidding war" for Donuts? I looked back in your other article, for reference, but couldn't find anything. 🙂


text:
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text:
Isoflurane-induced apoptosis of oligodendrocytes in the neonatal primate brain
Ansgar M. Brambrink, Stephen A. Back, Art Riddle, Xi Gong, Matthew D. Moravec, Gregory A. Dissen, Catherine E. Creeley, Krikor T. Dikranian, John W. Olney
Objective: Previously we reported that exposure of 6-day-old (P6) rhesus macaques to isoflurane for 5 hours triggers a robust neuroapoptosis response in developing brain. We have also observed (unpublished data) that isoflurane causes apoptosis of cellular profiles in the white matter that resemble glia. We analyzed the cellular identity of the apoptotic white matter profiles and determined the magnitude of this cell death response to isoflurane. Methods: Neonatal (P6) rhesus macaques were exposed for 5 hours to isoflurane anesthesia according to current clinical standards in pediatric anesthesia. Brains were collected 3 hours later and examined immunohistochemically to analyze apoptotic neuronal and glial death. Results: Brains exposed to isoflurane displayed significant apoptosis in both the white and gray matter throughout the central nervous system. Approximately 52% of the dying cells were glia, and 48% were neurons. Oligodendrocytes (OLs) engaged in myelinogenesis were selectively vulnerable, in contrast to OL progenitors, astrocytes, microglia, and interstitial neurons. When adjusted for control rates of OL apoptosis, the percentage of OLs that degenerated in the forebrain white matter of the isoflurane-treated group was 6.3% of the total population of myelinating OLs. Interpretation: Exposure of the infant rhesus macaque brain to isoflurane for 5 hours is sufficient to cause widespread apoptosis of neurons and OLs throughout the developing brain. Deletion of OLs at a stage when they are just beginning to myelinate axons could potentially have adverse long-term neurobehavioral consequences that might be additive to the potential consequences of isoflurane-induced neuroapoptosis. ANN NEUROL 2012;72:525-535
Annals of Neurology
https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.23652
10.1002/ana.23652
Dive into the research topics of 'Isoflurane-induced apoptosis of oligodendrocytes in the neonatal primate brain'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Isoflurane Medicine & Life Sciences 100%
Oligodendroglia Medicine & Life Sciences 95%
Primates Medicine & Life Sciences 80%
Macaca mulatta Medicine & Life Sciences 34%
Brambrink, A. M., Back, S. A., Riddle, A., Gong, X., Moravec, M. D., Dissen, G. A., Creeley, C. E., Dikranian, K. T., & Olney, J. W. (2012). Isoflurane-induced apoptosis of oligodendrocytes in the neonatal primate brain. Annals of Neurology, 72(4), 525-535. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.23652
Isoflurane-induced apoptosis of oligodendrocytes in the neonatal primate brain. / Brambrink, Ansgar M.; Back, Stephen A.; Riddle, Art et al.
In: Annals of Neurology, Vol. 72, No. 4, 10.2012, p. 525-535.
Brambrink, AM, Back, SA, Riddle, A, Gong, X, Moravec, MD, Dissen, GA, Creeley, CE, Dikranian, KT & Olney, JW 2012, 'Isoflurane-induced apoptosis of oligodendrocytes in the neonatal primate brain', Annals of Neurology, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 525-535. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.23652
Brambrink AM, Back SA, Riddle A, Gong X, Moravec MD, Dissen GA et al. Isoflurane-induced apoptosis of oligodendrocytes in the neonatal primate brain. Annals of Neurology. 2012 Oct;72(4):525-535. doi: 10.1002/ana.23652
Brambrink, Ansgar M. ; Back, Stephen A. ; Riddle, Art et al. / Isoflurane-induced apoptosis of oligodendrocytes in the neonatal primate brain. In: Annals of Neurology. 2012 ; Vol. 72, No. 4. pp. 525-535.
@article{f5d7f37434214282812b8f9dbc5a211c,
title = "Isoflurane-induced apoptosis of oligodendrocytes in the neonatal primate brain",
abstract = "Objective: Previously we reported that exposure of 6-day-old (P6) rhesus macaques to isoflurane for 5 hours triggers a robust neuroapoptosis response in developing brain. We have also observed (unpublished data) that isoflurane causes apoptosis of cellular profiles in the white matter that resemble glia. We analyzed the cellular identity of the apoptotic white matter profiles and determined the magnitude of this cell death response to isoflurane. Methods: Neonatal (P6) rhesus macaques were exposed for 5 hours to isoflurane anesthesia according to current clinical standards in pediatric anesthesia. Brains were collected 3 hours later and examined immunohistochemically to analyze apoptotic neuronal and glial death. Results: Brains exposed to isoflurane displayed significant apoptosis in both the white and gray matter throughout the central nervous system. Approximately 52% of the dying cells were glia, and 48% were neurons. Oligodendrocytes (OLs) engaged in myelinogenesis were selectively vulnerable, in contrast to OL progenitors, astrocytes, microglia, and interstitial neurons. When adjusted for control rates of OL apoptosis, the percentage of OLs that degenerated in the forebrain white matter of the isoflurane-treated group was 6.3% of the total population of myelinating OLs. Interpretation: Exposure of the infant rhesus macaque brain to isoflurane for 5 hours is sufficient to cause widespread apoptosis of neurons and OLs throughout the developing brain. Deletion of OLs at a stage when they are just beginning to myelinate axons could potentially have adverse long-term neurobehavioral consequences that might be additive to the potential consequences of isoflurane-induced neuroapoptosis. ANN NEUROL 2012;72:525-535",
author = "Brambrink, {Ansgar M.} and Back, {Stephen A.} and Art Riddle and Xi Gong and Moravec, {Matthew D.} and Dissen, {Gregory A.} and Creeley, {Catherine E.} and Dikranian, {Krikor T.} and Olney, {John W.}",
doi = "10.1002/ana.23652",
journal = "Annals of Neurology",
T1 - Isoflurane-induced apoptosis of oligodendrocytes in the neonatal primate brain
AU - Brambrink, Ansgar M.
AU - Back, Stephen A.
AU - Riddle, Art
AU - Gong, Xi
AU - Moravec, Matthew D.
AU - Dissen, Gregory A.
AU - Creeley, Catherine E.
AU - Dikranian, Krikor T.
AU - Olney, John W.
N2 - Objective: Previously we reported that exposure of 6-day-old (P6) rhesus macaques to isoflurane for 5 hours triggers a robust neuroapoptosis response in developing brain. We have also observed (unpublished data) that isoflurane causes apoptosis of cellular profiles in the white matter that resemble glia. We analyzed the cellular identity of the apoptotic white matter profiles and determined the magnitude of this cell death response to isoflurane. Methods: Neonatal (P6) rhesus macaques were exposed for 5 hours to isoflurane anesthesia according to current clinical standards in pediatric anesthesia. Brains were collected 3 hours later and examined immunohistochemically to analyze apoptotic neuronal and glial death. Results: Brains exposed to isoflurane displayed significant apoptosis in both the white and gray matter throughout the central nervous system. Approximately 52% of the dying cells were glia, and 48% were neurons. Oligodendrocytes (OLs) engaged in myelinogenesis were selectively vulnerable, in contrast to OL progenitors, astrocytes, microglia, and interstitial neurons. When adjusted for control rates of OL apoptosis, the percentage of OLs that degenerated in the forebrain white matter of the isoflurane-treated group was 6.3% of the total population of myelinating OLs. Interpretation: Exposure of the infant rhesus macaque brain to isoflurane for 5 hours is sufficient to cause widespread apoptosis of neurons and OLs throughout the developing brain. Deletion of OLs at a stage when they are just beginning to myelinate axons could potentially have adverse long-term neurobehavioral consequences that might be additive to the potential consequences of isoflurane-induced neuroapoptosis. ANN NEUROL 2012;72:525-535
AB - Objective: Previously we reported that exposure of 6-day-old (P6) rhesus macaques to isoflurane for 5 hours triggers a robust neuroapoptosis response in developing brain. We have also observed (unpublished data) that isoflurane causes apoptosis of cellular profiles in the white matter that resemble glia. We analyzed the cellular identity of the apoptotic white matter profiles and determined the magnitude of this cell death response to isoflurane. Methods: Neonatal (P6) rhesus macaques were exposed for 5 hours to isoflurane anesthesia according to current clinical standards in pediatric anesthesia. Brains were collected 3 hours later and examined immunohistochemically to analyze apoptotic neuronal and glial death. Results: Brains exposed to isoflurane displayed significant apoptosis in both the white and gray matter throughout the central nervous system. Approximately 52% of the dying cells were glia, and 48% were neurons. Oligodendrocytes (OLs) engaged in myelinogenesis were selectively vulnerable, in contrast to OL progenitors, astrocytes, microglia, and interstitial neurons. When adjusted for control rates of OL apoptosis, the percentage of OLs that degenerated in the forebrain white matter of the isoflurane-treated group was 6.3% of the total population of myelinating OLs. Interpretation: Exposure of the infant rhesus macaque brain to isoflurane for 5 hours is sufficient to cause widespread apoptosis of neurons and OLs throughout the developing brain. Deletion of OLs at a stage when they are just beginning to myelinate axons could potentially have adverse long-term neurobehavioral consequences that might be additive to the potential consequences of isoflurane-induced neuroapoptosis. ANN NEUROL 2012;72:525-535
U2 - 10.1002/ana.23652
DO - 10.1002/ana.23652
JO - Annals of Neurology
JF - Annals of Neurology


Glass two-way (pendulum) doors are also known as the turntable doors, pivot doors or cowboy doors.
They are ideal for shop windows, modern office spaces, allowing for transparency and visual communication.
Common to all of these models is that they can be installed in a glass-wall or glass-glass variant.
Glass doors most often integrate with glass bulkheads and thus create an All-In Glass concept.
One of the most common and best-selling glass fittings is DORMA BM fittings for glass doors and partitions.
DORMA Beyond and DORMA Visur represent the perfect technical and design solutions and excellent quality of fittings.
DORMA Tensor is a unique product because the door itself is built in the same way.
Each fitting has its own specifics, see a detailed description by clicking on the picture or call us for more information.