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The occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany during the Second World War began on 9 April 1940 after Operation Weserübung. Conventional armed resistance to the German invasion ended on 10 June 1940, and Nazi Germany controlled Norway until the capitulation of German forces in Europe on 8 May 1945. Throughout this period, a pro-German government named Den nasjonale regjering (English: the National Government) ruled Norway, while the Norwegian king Haakon VII and the prewar government escaped to London, where they formed a government in exile. Civil rule was effectively assumed by the Reichskommissariat Norwegen (Reich Commissariat of Norway), which acted in collaboration with the pro-German puppet government. This period of military occupation is, in Norway, referred to as the "war years", "occupation period" or simply "the war".

Background
Having maintained its neutrality during the First World War (1914–1918), Norwegian foreign and military policy since 1933 was largely influenced by three factors:

Fiscal austerity promoted by fiscally conservative parties;
Pacifism promoted by the Norwegian Labour Party;
A doctrine of neutrality, on the assumption that there would be no need to bring Norway into a war if it remained neutral.

These three factors met resistance as tensions grew in Europe in the 1930s, initially from Norwegian military staff and right-wing political groups, but increasingly also from individuals within the mainstream political establishment and, it has since come to light, by the monarch, King Haakon VII, behind the scenes. By the late 1930s, the Norwegian parliament (the Storting)  had accepted the need for a strengthened military and expanded the budget accordingly, even by assuming national debt. As it turned out, most of the plans enabled by the budgetary expansion were not completed in time.

Pre-war relations with Britain
Although neutrality remained the highest priority, it was known throughout the government that Norway, above all, did not want to be at war with Britain. On 28 April 1939, Nazi Germany offered Norway and several other Scandinavian countries non-aggression pacts. To maintain its neutrality, Norway turned down the German offer, as did Sweden and Finland. By the autumn of 1939 there was an increasing sense of urgency because of its long western coastline facing access routes into the North Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, as Norway had to prepare, not only to protect its neutrality, but indeed to fight for its freedom and independence. Efforts to improve military readiness and capability and to sustain an extended blockade were intensified between September 1939 and April 1940. Several incidents in Norwegian maritime waters, notably the Altmark incident in Jøssingfjord, put great strains on Norway's ability to assert its neutrality. Norway managed to negotiate favorable trade treaties both with the United Kingdom and Germany under these conditions, but it became increasingly clear that both countries had a strategic interest in denying the other warring power access to Norway and its coastline.

The government was also increasingly pressured by Britain to direct ever larger parts of its massive merchant fleet to transport British goods at low rates as well as to join the trade blockade against Germany. In March and April 1940, on the pretext of German aggression, British plans for an invasion of Norway were prepared, mainly in order to reach and destroy the Swedish iron ore mines in Gällivare. It was hoped that this would divert German forces away from France and open a war front in south Sweden.

The British plan was to place mines in Norwegian waters (Operation Wilfred) and that the mining should be followed by the landing of troops at four Norwegian ports: Narvik, Trondheim, Bergen and Stavanger. It was hoped that the mining would trigger German agitation, thereby necessitating an immediate response from the Allies. However, because of Anglo-French arguments, the date of the mining was postponed from 5 April to 8 April. The postponement was catastrophic. On 1 April, German Führer Adolf Hitler had ordered the German invasion of Norway to begin on 9 April; on 8 April, while the Norwegian government was preoccupied with earnest protest about the British mine-laying, the German expeditions were already mobilizing.

German invasion

On the pretext that Norway needed protection from British and French interference, Germany invaded Norway for several reasons:
strategically, to secure ice-free harbors from which its naval forces could seek to control the North Atlantic;
 to secure the availability of iron ore from mines in Sweden, going through Narvik;
to pre-empt a British and French invasion with the same purpose; and
to reinforce the propaganda of a "Germanic empire".

Through neglect both on the part of the Norwegian foreign minister Halvdan Koht and minister of defense Birger Ljungberg, Norway was largely unprepared for the German military invasion when it came on the night of 8–9 April 1940. A major storm on 7 April resulted in the British Navy failing to make material contact with the German shipping. Consistent with Blitzkrieg warfare, German forces attacked Norway by sea and air as Operation Weserübung was put into action. The first wave of German attackers counted only about 10,000 men.  German ships came into the Oslofjord, but were stopped when the Krupp-built artillery and torpedoes of Oscarsborg Fortress sank the German flagship Blücher and sank or damaged the other ships in the German task force. Blücher transported the forces that would ensure control of the political apparatus in Norway, and the sinking and death of over 1,000 soldiers and crew delayed the Germans, so that the King and government had the chance to escape from Oslo. In the other cities that were attacked, the Germans faced only weak or no resistance. The surprise and the lack of preparedness of Norway for a large-scale invasion of this kind gave the German forces their initial success.

The major Norwegian ports from Oslo northward to Narvik (more than  away from Germany's naval bases) were occupied by advance detachments of German troops, transported on destroyers. At the same time, a single parachute battalion took the Oslo and Stavanger airfields, and 800 operational aircraft overwhelmed the Norwegian population. Norwegian resistance at Narvik, Trondheim (Norway's second city and the strategic key to Norway), Bergen, Stavanger, and Kristiansand was overcome very quickly, and Oslo's effective resistance to the seaborne forces was nullified when German troops from the airfield entered the city. The first troops to occupy Oslo entered the city brazenly, marching behind a German military brass band.

On establishing footholds in Oslo and Trondheim, the Germans launched a ground offensive against scattered resistance inland in Norway. Allied forces attempted several counterattacks, but all failed. While resistance in Norway had little military success, it had the significant political effect of allowing the Norwegian government, including the royal family, to escape. The Blücher, which carried the main forces to occupy the capital, was sunk in the Oslofjord on the first day of the invasion. An improvised defence at Midtskogen also prevented a German raid from capturing the king and government.

Norwegian mobilisation was hampered by the loss of much of the best equipment to the Germans in the first 24 hours of the invasion, the unclear mobilisation order by the government, and the general confusion caused by the tremendous psychological shock of the German surprise attack. The Norwegian Army rallied after the initial confusion and on several occasions managed to put up a stiff fight, delaying the German advance. However, the Germans, quickly reinforced by Panzer and motorised machine gun battalions, proved unstoppable due to their superior numbers, training, and equipment. The Norwegian Army therefore planned its campaign as a tactical retreat while awaiting reinforcements from Britain.

The British Navy cleared the way to Narvik on 13 April, sinking one submarine and eight destroyers in the fjord. British and French troops began to land at Narvik on 14 April. Shortly afterward, British troops landed at Namsos and Åndalsnes, to attack Trondheim from the north and from the south, respectively. The Germans, however, landed fresh troops in the rear of the British at Namsos and advanced up the Gudbrandsdal from Oslo against the force at Åndalsnes. By this time, the Germans had about 25,000 men in Norway.

By 23 April, there was open discussion about evacuating Allied troops, and on 24 April Norwegian troops, supported by French soldiers, failed to stop a Panzer advance. On 26 April the British decided to evacuate Norway.

By 2 May, both Namsos and Åndalsnes were evacuated by the British. On 5 May, the last Norwegian resistance pockets remaining in South and Central Norway were defeated at Vinjesvingen and Hegra Fortress.

In the north, German troops engaged in a bitter fight at the Battle of Narvik. Holding out against five times as many British and French troops, they were close to rebellion before finally slipping out from Narvik on 28 May. Moving east, the Germans were surprised when the British started to abandon Narvik on 3 June. By that time the German offensive in France had progressed to such an extent that the British could no longer afford any commitment in Norway, and the 25,000 Britons and Frenchmen were evacuated from Narvik only 10 days after their victory.  King Haakon VII and part of his government left for England on the British cruiser  to establish the Norwegian government-in-exile.

Fighting continued in Northern Norway until 10 June, when the Norwegian 6th Division surrendered shortly after Allied forces had been evacuated against the background of looming defeat in France. Among German-occupied territories in Western Europe, this made Norway the country to withstand the German invasion for the longest period of time – approximately two months.

About 300,000 Germans were garrisoned in Norway for the rest of the war. By occupying Norway, Hitler had ensured the protection of Germany's supply of iron ore from Sweden and had obtained naval and air bases with which to strike at Britain.

Occupation

German political and military powers

Prior to the invasion, on 14 and 18 December 1939, Vidkun Quisling, the leader of Norway's fascist party, the Nasjonal Samling ("National Gathering"), had tried to persuade Adolf Hitler that he would form a government in support of occupying Germans. Although Hitler remained unreceptive to the idea, he gave orders to draft up plans for the possible military invasion of Norway. Hence, on the first day of invasion, Quisling, using his own initiative, burst into the NRK studios in Oslo on 9 April and made a nationwide broadcast at 7:30 pm declaring himself prime minister and ordering all resistance halted at once. This did not please the German authorities, who initially wanted the legitimate government to remain in place. Nevertheless, when it became obvious that the Norwegian parliament would not surrender, the Germans quickly came to recognise Quisling. Hitler not being aware of anyone better, supported him from the evening of 9 April. They demanded that King Haakon formally appoint him as prime minister and return his government to Oslo; in effect, giving legal sanction to the invasion.

When the German ambassador to Norway, Curt Bräuer, presented his government's demands to Haakon, the king let it be known he would abdicate before appointing Quisling prime minister. The Germans reacted by bombing the village they believed the King was occupying. He had been, but had left the village when the sound of bombers was heard. Standing in the snow in a nearby wood, he watched the village of Nybergsund be destroyed. This prompted the Norwegian government to unanimously advise him not to appoint any government headed by Quisling. The invaders realised Quisling's party could not muster any significant support, and quickly pushed him aside. An administrative council led by Ingolf Elster Christensen was therefore established on 15 April to administer those areas which had so far come under German control. The council was abolished on 20 September 1940, when Reichskommissar Josef Terboven took over power by forming his own cabinet. Terboven attempted to negotiate an arrangement with the remaining members of the Norwegian parliament that would give a Nazi cabinet the semblance of legitimacy, but these talks failed.

Quisling was consequently re-instituted as head of state on 20 February 1942, although Terboven retained the sole means to use violence as a political tool, which he did on several occasions (e.g. by imposing martial law in Trondheim and ordering the destruction of the village of Telavåg). Quisling believed that by ensuring economic stability and mediating between the Norwegian civilian society and the German occupiers, his party would gradually win the trust and confidence of the Norwegian population. Membership in the Nasjonal Samling did increase slightly in the first few years of the occupation, but never reached significant levels, and eroded towards the end of the war.

Military forces such as the Heer and Luftwaffe remained under direct command of the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht in Germany throughout the war, but all other authority was vested in the Reich commissioner. The Nazi authorities made attempts to enact legislation that supported its actions and policies; it therefore banned all political parties except NS, appointed local leaders top down and forced labour unions and other organizations to accept NS leaders. Although there was much resistance against most of the Nazi government's policies, there was considerable cooperation in ensuring economic activity and social welfare programs.

Norway was the most heavily fortified country during the war: several hundred thousand German soldiers were stationed in Norway, in a ratio of one German soldier for every eight Norwegians. Most German soldiers considered themselves fortunate to be in Norway, particularly in comparison with those experiencing savage combat duty on the Eastern Front.

The Schutzstaffel maintained a strength of six thousand in Norway during the Second World War, under the command of Obergruppenführer Wilhelm Rediess, the Higher SS and Police Leader (HSSPF) from June 1940 to the end of the war. Most of these troops were under the authority of the Waffen-SS and the SS and Police Leader hierarchy. In November 1944, three SS and Police Leaders (SSPF) subordinate to Rediess were appointed: SS-Oberführer Heinz Roch for Northern Norway, Oberführer Richard Kaaserer for Central Norway and  Gruppenführer Jakob Sporrenberg for Southern Norway. Also in 1944, the Allgemeine-SS established the 127th SS-Standarte, which was the last command of the General-SS ever created.

The powerful battleship  was stationed in Norway for most of the war, acting as a fleet in being in her own right and tying up huge Allied resources until she was eventually sunk in the last of many attacks.

Economic consequences

The economic consequences of the German occupation were severe.  Norway lost all its major trading partners the moment it was occupied.  Germany became the main trading partner, but could not make up for the lost import and export business.  While production capacity largely remained intact, the German authorities confiscated a very large part of the output.  This left Norway with only 43% of its production being freely available.

Combined with a general drop in productivity, Norwegians were quickly confronted with scarcity of basic commodities, including food.  There was a real risk of famine.  Many, if not most, Norwegians started growing their own crops and keeping their own livestock.  City parks were divided among inhabitants, who grew potatoes, cabbage, and other hardy vegetables.  People kept pigs, rabbits, chicken and other poultry in their houses and out-buildings.  Fishing and hunting became more widespread. Gray and black market provided for flow of goods.  Norwegians also learned to use ersatz products for a wide variety of purposes, ranging from fuel to coffee, tea, and tobacco.

Holocaust and deportation of Jews

At the beginning of the occupation, there were at least 2,173 Jews in Norway. At least 775 of these were arrested, detained, and/or deported. 742 were sent to concentration camps, 23 died as a result of extrajudicial execution, murder, and suicide during the war; bringing the total of Jewish Norwegian dead to at least 765, comprising 230 complete households. In addition to the few who survived concentration camps, some also survived by fleeing the country, mostly to Sweden, but some also to the United Kingdom.

Acceptance and collaboration

Of the Norwegians who supported the Nasjonal Samling party, relatively few were active collaborators. Most notorious among these was Henry Oliver Rinnan, the leader of the Sonderabteilung Lola (locally known as Rinnanbanden or "the Rinnan gang"), a group of informants who infiltrated the Norwegian resistance, hence managing to capture and murder many of its members.

Other collaborators were Statspolitiet (STAPO), a police force that operated independently of the regular police. Statspolitiet was closely related to the Quisling regime and took also orders directly from the German Sicherheitspolizei.

Hirden was a fascist paramilitary force with party members subordinate to the ruling party. Hirden had a broad mandate that included the use of violence.

Furthermore, about 15,000 Norwegians volunteered for combat duty on the Nazi side; of the 6,000 sent into action as part of the Germanic SS, most were sent to the Eastern front.

Resistance movement

Over time, an organized armed resistance movement, known as Milorg and numbering some 40,000 armed men at the end of the war, was formed under a largely unified command, something which greatly facilitated the transfer of power in May 1945.

A distinction was made between the home front (Hjemmefronten) and the external front (Utefronten). The home front consisted of sabotage, raids and clandestine operations (as was often performed by members of Milorg), as well as intelligence gathering (for which XU was founded). Meanwhile, the external front included Norway's merchant fleet, the Royal Norwegian Navy (which had evacuated many of its ships to Britain), Norwegian squadrons under the British Royal Air Force command and several commando groups operating out of Great Britain and Shetland.

One of the most successful actions undertaken by the Norwegian resistance was the Norwegian heavy water sabotage, which crippled the German nuclear energy project. Prominent resistance members, among them Max Manus and Gunnar Sønsteby, destroyed several ships and supplies of the Kriegsmarine. Radical organizations such as the Osvald Group sabotaged a number of trains and railways. However most organizations opted for passive resistance.

Illegal newspapers were distributed, including Friheten, Vårt Land, Fritt Land. Illegal trade union periodicals included Fri Fagbevegelse.

Exiled Norwegian forces

About 80,000 Norwegian citizens fled the country during the course of the war; apart from political and military forces they included intellectuals such as Sigrid Undset. Since the Norwegian parliament continued to operate in exile in Britain, many of these exiles voluntarily came to serve in the Allied military forces, often forming their own distinct Norwegian units in accordance with the Allied Forces Act. By the end of the war, these forces consisted of some 28,000 enlisted men and women.

Navy
In June 1940, some 13 warships and 5 aircraft of the Royal Norwegian Navy, including their 500 operating personnel, followed the King and parliament to Britain. Throughout the war, some 118 ships served the Royal Norwegian Navy, of which 58 were in active service at the end of the war. By then the Royal Norwegian Navy had continuously and actively served Allied forces since the summer of 1940, and had suffered the loss of 27 ships and 650 men.

Air Force
In order to develop and train an Air Force, a training camp known as "Little Norway" was set up near Toronto, Ontario, Canada, on 10 November 1940. However, a unified Royal Norwegian Air Force was only founded as a separate branch of the military of Norway on 10 November 1944; until then it operated in two distinct branches—then known as the Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service and the Norwegian Army Air Service.

The Air Force operated four squadrons in support of Allied forces:

No. 330 Squadron RNoAF
No. 331 Squadron RNoAF
No. 332 Squadron RNoAF
No. 333 Squadron RNoAF

A number of Norwegian volunteers also served in British RAF units. Combined, the Norwegian fighter squadrons (No. 331 and 332) and Norwegian fighters operating in RAF service accounted for a total of 247 enemy aircraft destroyed, 42 assumed destroyed and 142 damaged. By the war's end, the Norwegian Air Force had a total of 2,700 personnel and had suffered a total of 228 losses.

Army
The Norwegian Army was given the lowest priority of all the exiled Norwegian forces; it never exceeded 4,000 men. Following its last reorganisation in 1942, the Army consisted of the following units:

Scottish Brigade
Norwegian Independent Company 1 (initially serving British SOE operations)
No. 5 Troop of the 10th Inter-Allied Commando
Norwegian "Iceland" Company (Teaching American and British troops in winter warfare)
Svalbard garrison
Jan Mayen garrison
South Georgia garrison
Coastal artillery group
Hospital unit

Allied raids in Norway
Throughout the war, Allied planners remained wary of the strategic significance of Norway. Commando raids were carried out in several locations; some with the intention of deceiving German commanders as part of Operation Fortitude North, others with the explicit aim of disrupting German military and scientific capabilities, such as sabotaging the German nuclear energy project. Many of these allied raids were achieved with the help of exiled Norwegian forces. However Churchill was obsessed with an invasion of Norway, and kept badgering Alanbrooke; see Operation Jupiter (Norway).

Notable military operations in Norway include:
Operation Claymore
Operation Gauntlet
Operation Anklet
Operation Archery
Operation Musketoon
Operation Freshman
Operation Checkmate
Operation Judgement, Kilbotn

Liberation

Lapland War, Soviet advance, and retreat of the German army

With the beginning of the German withdrawal from Lapland, the initial German plan was to retain the essential nickel mines around Petsamo in the far North held by the 19th Mountain Corps under General Ferdinand Jodl, but events led to the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht ordering the entire 20th Mountain Army out of Finland to take up new defensive positions around Lyngen and Skibotn just to the north of Tromsø—a new operation which came to be called "Operation Nordlicht" (Operation Northern Light). This proved to be a huge logistical undertaking. General Lothar Rendulic, replacing General Eduard Dietl, who had been killed in an air crash, set about evacuating supplies by sea through Petsamo and the Norwegian town of Kirkenes.

In early October 1944, some 53,000 men of the German 19th Mountain Corps were still  inside Russia along the Litsa River and the neck of the Rybachy Peninsula. The plan was for them to reach Lakselv in Norway,  west, by 15 November. By 7 October however, the combined Soviet 14th Army and Northern fleet, consisting of 133,500 men under Field Marshal Kirill Meretskov, attacked the weakest point of the German line, the junction between the 2nd and 6th Mountain Divisions.

A Soviet Naval Brigade also made an amphibious landing to the west of Rybachy, thereby outflanking the Germans. Rendulic, fearing an encirclement of his forces, ordered the 19th Mountain Corps to fall back into Norway. With the Soviets hard on their heels, the Corps reached Kirkenes by 20 October. The German High Command ordered Rendulic to hold the Soviets at bay whilst vital supplies amounting to some  could be shipped to safety. Five days later, when the German army prepared to withdraw, only around  had been saved.

As a result of the German scorched earth policy, Kirkenes was virtually destroyed by the Germans before pulling out: the town was set on fire, port installations and offices were blown up and only a few small houses were left standing. This scene was to be repeated throughout Finnmark, an area larger than Denmark. The Germans were determined to leave nothing of value to the Soviets, as Hitler had ordered Rendulic to leave the area devoid of people, shelter and supplies. Some 43,000 people complied with the order to evacuate the region immediately; those who refused were forced to leave their homes. Some nonetheless stayed behind to await the departure of the Germans: it was estimated that 23,000–25,000 people remained in East-Finnmark by the end of November, they hid in the wilderness until the Germans had left.

The Soviets pursued the Germans over the following days, and fighting occurred around the small settlements of Munkelv and Neiden to the west of Kirkenes around 27 October. The German 6th Mountain Division, acting as rear-guard, slowly withdrew up the main road along the coast (known as Riksvei 50, now called the E6) until reaching Tanafjord, some  north-west of Kirkenes, which they reached on 6 November. It was to be their last contact with Soviet troops.

However, the advance of the Soviet troops stopped and West-Finnmark and North-Troms became a no-man's land between the Soviet army and the German army. Here, several thousand people lived in hiding the whole winter 1944/45. These people were called cave people, living in caves, in huts made of driftwood and/or turf, under boats turned upside down, etc. The risk of being discovered by patrolling German boats was a constant threat during the months waiting for liberation.

Exiled Norwegian troops liberate Finnmark

On 25 October 1944, the order was given for a Norwegian force in Britain to set sail for Murmansk to join the Soviet forces now entering Northern Norway. The envoy was named Force 138 and the operation was called "Operation Crofter".

Led by Oberst Arne D. Dahl:
A military mission responsible for creating a liaison with the Soviets and setting up a civil administration,
Bergkompanie 2 under Major S. Rongstad with 233 men,
A naval area command with 11 men,
"Area command Finnmark" consisting of 12 men.

The force arrived in Murmansk on 6 November and went with a Soviet ship to Liinakhamari in North-western Soviet Union (former North-eastern Finland), from where trucks took them to Norway, arriving on 10 November. The Soviet commander, Lieutenant General Sherbakov, made it clear that he wanted the Norwegian Bergkompani to take over the forward positions as soon as possible. Volunteers from the local population were hastily formed into "guard companies" armed with Soviet weapons pending the arrival of more troops from either Sweden or Britain. The first convoy arrived from Britain on 7 December and included two Norwegian corvettes (one of which was later damaged by a mine) and three minesweepers.

It soon became obvious that reconnaissance patrols needed to be sent out to observe German activities and discover whether or not the population of Finnmark had been evacuated. The reports came back stating that the Germans were in the process of pulling back from Porsanger, but were laying mines and booby-traps along the way, a few people were left here and there and many of the buildings were burnt down.

This remained the situation as 1944 slipped into 1945. The new year would see the Norwegian forces slowly taking back a battered Finnmark, helping the local population in the bitter arctic winter and dealing with occasional German raids from the air, sea and land as well as the ever-present danger from mines. Reinforcements arrived from the Norwegian Rikspoliti based in Sweden as well as convoys from Britain. A total of 1,442 people and  of material were flown in by Dakota transport aircraft from Kallax in Sweden to Finnmark, and by April the Norwegian forces numbered over 3,000 men. On 26 April the Norwegian command sent out a message that Finnmark was free. When the Germans finally capitulated on 8 May 1945, the 1st company of the Varanger battalion was positioned along the Finnmark-Troms border to the west of Alta.

German capitulation and end of occupation

Towards the end of the war, in March 1945, Norwegian Reichskommissar Josef Terboven had considered plans to make Norway the last bastion of the Third Reich and a last sanctum for German leaders. However, following Adolf Hitler's suicide on 30 April, Hitler's successor Admiral Karl Dönitz summoned Terboven and General Franz Böhme, Commander-in-Chief of German forces in Norway, to a meeting in Flensburg, where they were ordered to follow the General headquarters' instructions.

German forces in Denmark surrendered on 5 May, and on the same day, General Eisenhower dispatched a telegram to resistance headquarters in Norway, which was passed on to General Böhme; it contained information on how to make contact with Allied General Headquarters. With only around 30,000 troops on hand, General Montgomery opted to exclude the surrender of Norway from the May 5 surrenders that included Denmark, Holland and northeast Germany and tasked Sir Andrew Thorne, GOC-in-C Scottish Command, to negotiate the surrender of some 350,000 German troops in Norway.

Dönitz dismissed Terboven from his post as Reichskommissar on 7 May, transferring his powers to General Böhme. At 21:10 on the same day, the German High Command ordered Böhme to follow the capitulation plans, and he made a radio broadcast at 22:00 in which he declared that German forces in Norway would obey orders. This led to an immediate and full mobilisation of the Milorg underground resistance movement—more than 40,000 armed Norwegians were summoned to occupy the Royal Palace, Oslo's main police station, as well as other public buildings. A planned Norwegian administration was set up overnight.

The following afternoon, on 8 May, an Allied military mission arrived in Oslo to deliver the conditions for capitulation to the Germans, and arranged the surrender, which took effect at midnight. The conditions included the German High Command agreeing to arrest and intern all German and Norwegian Nazi party members listed by the Allies, disarm and intern all SS troops, and send all German forces to designated areas. Several of the high ranking Nazi and SS officials chose to kill themselves rather than surrender. Among those who committed suicide between 8–10 May were Terboven, Rediess and Roch. At this time there were no fewer than 400,000 German soldiers in Norway, which had a population of barely three million.

Following the surrender, detachments of regular Norwegian and Allied troops were sent to Norway, which included 13,000 Norwegians trained in Sweden and 30,000 Britons and Americans. Official representatives of the Norwegian civil authorities followed soon after these military forces, with Crown Prince Olav arriving in Oslo on a British cruiser on 14 May, with a 21-man delegation of Norwegian government officials headed up by Sverre Støstad and Paul Hartmann, with the remainder of the Norwegian government and the London-based administration following on the UK troopship . Finally, on 7 June, which also happened to be the 40th anniversary of the dissolution of Norway's union with Sweden, King Haakon VII and the remaining members of the royal family arrived in Oslo onboard the British cruiser HMS Norfolk. General Sir Andrew Thorne, Commander-in-Chief of Allied forces in Norway, transferred power to King Haakon that same day.

Following the liberation, the Norwegian government-in-exile was replaced by a coalition led by Einar Gerhardsen which governed until the autumn of 1945 when the first postwar general election was held, returning Gerhardsen as prime minister, at the head of a Labour Party government.

Norwegian survivors began to emerge from the German concentration camps. By war's end, 92,000 Norwegians were located abroad, including 46,000 in Sweden. Besides German occupiers, 141,000 foreign nationals were located in Norway, mostly now-liberated prisoners of war held by the Germans. These included 84,000 Russians.

A total of 10,262 Norwegians lost their lives in the conflict or while imprisoned. Approximately 50,000 Norwegians were arrested by the Germans during the occupation. Of these, 9,000 were consigned to prison camps outside Norway, including Stutthof concentration camp.

Aftermath

Lebensborn and war children

During the five-year occupation, several thousand Norwegian women had children fathered by German soldiers in the Lebensborn program. The mothers were ostracised and humiliated after the war both by Norwegian officialdom and the civilian population, and were called names such as tyskertøser (literally "whores/sluts of [the] Germans").  Many of these women were detained at internment camps such as the one on Hovedøya, and some were even deported to Germany. The children of these unions received names like tyskerunger (children of Germans) or worse yet naziyngel (Nazi spawn). The debate on the past treatment of these krigsbarn (war children) started with a television series in 1981, but only recently have the offspring of these unions begun to identify themselves. Fritz Moen, the only known victim of dual miscarriage of justice in Europe, was the child of a Norwegian woman and a German soldier, as was ABBA member Anni-Frid Lyngstad.

Refugees

Throughout the war years, a number of Norwegians fled the Nazi regime, mostly across the border to Sweden. These included Norwegian Jews, political activists, and others who had reason to fear for their lives. The Nazis set up border patrols to stop these flights across the very long border, but locals who knew the woods found ways to bypass them. These "border pilots", and people who hid refugees in their homes, were among those in the resistance movement who took the greatest risks.

Swedish authorities accepted the refugees and ensured their safety once they had crossed the border, but did little to facilitate their escape. Refugees were often confined to camps where only their basic needs were met. About 50,000 Norwegians fled to Sweden during the war.

In addition to the Jews, members of the resistance movement and other people who had more acute reason to fear for their lives, a great many refugees were men of military age wishing to join the Norwegian armed forces abroad. Before the German invasion of Russia, a number of them managed to make their way out of Sweden and travel over Russian territory to Britain, often via India, South Africa or Canada. After Operation Barbarossa, the overland route over Russian soil was closed.

The rest of the refugees were effectively locked up in Sweden for the duration, except for a small number of officers, pilots or other specialists managing to obtain priority on the occasional plane leaving Sweden for Britain.

In the last two years of the war, the Norwegian government in exile in London obtained permission and cooperation from the Swedish authorities to secretly raise military formations on Swedish territory in the form of the so-called "Police troops" (Polititroppene) recruited from Norwegian refugees. Some were indeed police, and Sweden did not allow weapons training in a few camps, but for most the term "Police" was a cover-up for what in reality was pure military training. These formations, numbering 12,000 men organised into battalions and with their own pioneers, signals and artillery by VE-day, were equipped with Swedish weapons and equipment and trained by Norwegian and Swedish officers.

A number of the "Police troops" were employed in the liberation of Finnmark in the winter of 1944/45 after the area had been evacuated by the Germans. The rest participated in liberation of the rest of Norway after the German surrender in May 1945.

Treason trials

Even before the war ended, there was debate among Norwegians about the fate of traitors and collaborators. A few favored a "night of long knives" with extrajudicial killings of known offenders. However, cooler minds prevailed, and much effort was put into assuring due process trials of accused traitors. In the end, 37 people were executed by Norwegian authorities: 25 Norwegians on the grounds of treason, and 12 Germans on the grounds of crimes against humanity.  28,750 were arrested, though most were released for lack of evidence. In the end, 20,000 Norwegians and a smaller number of Germans were given prison sentences. 77 Norwegians and 18 Germans received life sentences. A number of people were sentenced to pay heavy fines.

The trials have been subject to some criticism in later years. It has been pointed out that sentences became more lenient with the passage of time, and that many of the charges were based on the unconstitutional and illegal retroactive application of laws.

German prisoners of war
After the war the Norwegian government forced German prisoners of war to clear minefields. When the clearing ended in September 1946, 392 of them had been injured and 275 had been killed, meanwhile only two Norwegians and four British mine-clearers had sustained any injuries. Many of the Germans were killed through their guards' habit of chasing them criss-cross over a cleared field to ensure that no mines remained.

Legacy of the occupation
By the end of the war, German occupation had reduced Norway's GDP by 45% – more than any other occupied country. In addition to this came the physical and patrimonial ravages of the war itself. In Finnmark, these were considerably important, as large areas were destroyed as a result of the scorched earth policy that the Germans had pursued during their retreat. Moreover, many towns and settlements were damaged or destroyed by bombing and fighting.

Social and cultural transformation
The adversity created as a result of the occupation strengthened and further defined the Norwegian national identity. The history of the resistance movement may have been glorified excessively, but it has also provided Norwegian military and political leaders with durable role models. The shared hardship of the war years also set the stage for social welfare policies of the post-war Norwegian Labour Party governments. It also led to the abandonment of Norway's traditional policy of neutrality, formalized when Norway became a founding member of NATO in 1949. Finally, it led to a broad political and popular commitment to maintain armed forces large enough to realistically defend the country against any likely threat, as well as to keep those armed forces under firm civilian control.

Surviving Luftwaffe aircraft
The primary Luftwaffe day fighter unit dedicated to serve in the area of Norway, Jagdgeschwader 5 (5th Fighter Wing), was the unit that used more of the surviving Second World War German fighter aircraft than any other in the forces of the Axis powers during the Second World War.  The complement of surviving German fighter aircraft that once served with JG 5 comprises some twenty examples of the Messerschmitt Bf 109, and several examples of the radial-engined versions of the Focke-Wulf Fw 190. A small number of JG 5's surviving aircraft have been recently restored to flying condition as warbird aircraft with various organizations that fly them in airshow events, and a few others that served with JG 5 are also in the process of being restored to flying condition, early in the 21st century.

The lone surviving original example of the Arado Ar 234 Blitz turbojet-powered Nazi German reconnaissance bomber, restored and on display in the Smithsonian Institution's Udvar-Hazy Center, in 1945 was based in Norway with Kampfgeschwader 76 (76th Bomber Wing) and brought to the United States through the efforts of Operation Lusty, on the deck of the Royal Navy's HMS Reaper escort carrier.

See also
Reichskommissariat Norwegen
Nordstern (city)

References

Citations

Bibliography
 Boyne, Walter J. The Aircraft Treasures of Silver Hill: The Behind-The-Scenes Workshop of Our Nation's Air Museums. New York: Rawson Associates, 1982. .

Further reading

External links

Declaration for the Purpose of establishing Similar Rules of Neutrality, with Annexes. Between Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden

Articles containing video clips


Zurich, 06 December 2017 – UBS has been named Institutional Investor's Top Global Equity Research Firm of the Year, taking the top spot in the annual ranking, from seventh place, just four years ago in 2013. The ranking, based on votes by buy-side analysts and portfolio managers, is an important distinction for sell-side analysts and research teams. Clients voted for their preferred research analysts and teams in each region. Collectively, this resulted in UBS holding 162 leading positions across the world, ahead of more than 270 other sell-side firms competing in the polls.
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Thousands of reports by UBS Research analysts now are supported by their work with primary research experts from UBS Evidence Lab. Together, they refine investor questions into testable propositions and apply whatever primary research method may be required: quantitative market research, digital footprint analysis, geospatial analysis or data science.
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UBS provides financial advice and solutions to wealthy, institutional and corporate clients worldwide, as well as private clients in Switzerland. The operational structure of the Group is comprised of our Corporate Center and five business divisions: Wealth Management, Wealth Management Americas, Personal & Corporate Banking, Asset Management and the Investment Bank. UBS's strategy builds on the strengths of all of its businesses and focuses its efforts on areas in which it excels, while seeking to capitalize on the compelling growth prospects in the businesses and regions in which it operates, in order to generate attractive and sustainable returns for its shareholders. All of its businesses are capital-efficient and benefit from a strong competitive position in their targeted markets.
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I've done a lot of research, I know about spas, saunas etc. But I read somewhere that people are mixing creams. I've seen the recipes but there are still mystery ingredients. I'd love to get my hands on some of them but in the US, its damn near impossible to get them unless you get someone to ship them for you.
Various Philipino/Thai creams and oils.
These ladies have like day glo white skin in that strong sun..While that's not my goal, anything that can help me step up my game is welcome.
Where can someone in the US get these items?
Kenacol is used to prevent green veins same as schenic oil.
All of them are mixing something in their cream and they wont reveal and be lieing that its organic.I just wonder how they manage to escape stretchmarks with all these bleaching powder they r mixing together.like what the hell does that filipino powder contains.
ikr, maybe the stretch marks are in well hidden place, lol. Shenic and kenacol are just oil? No mastery whatever in there?
Yes. Snow white powder, Egyptian Oil, Moroccan oil, Kamana, etc. What are all these? Mixtures of natural powders/oils or blends of kojic/sepiwhite/symwhite? I wish I knew the exact chemicals. For example: Tawas Philipino Powder is Alum. I saw a YouTube lady using Potash to lighten her hands. Those are natural.
They also have products from Asia/Africa that we don't have access to in the US. I'd also like to know how to get them.
Some people are adding steroids and having no side effects. I've found, I can't even use hydrocortisone; my skin will lighten then darken. Some roids just darken me and make that patch of skin incredibly difficult to lighten. I have test patches that only after a few years are just starting to lighten. Even after tca peels, milder peels, hq, ka etc have been thrown at them.
I know right? They dont even burn/barely tan!
I know it's not a certain "magic product". I know it's probably a combo of things. IV Glutathione is something but even still.
I know. They have like flawless skin no marks no knuckles no dark parts no stretch marks. I am quite intrigued.
lol, i literally just had this discussion with my friend in nigeria like 2 days ago. I'm like how are they doing it in that hot sun lol.
i found a couple people on etsy sellig various powders with 240 reviews and the reviews seem great. so im gonna order a couple items there.
my friend in naija mentioned a couple folks beauty houses she is gonna check out. i'll keep you posted with anything great, but sadly my friend is an efiko!
so hopefully she digs up some good intel.


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"Kettle And Fire Online Voucher Code 80 "
If you Love Kettle And Fire Online Voucher Code 80 then you are at the right place!!
Kettle And Fire Online Voucher Code 80 is made from animal bones and connective tissue-- usually cattle, poultry, or fish-- that have actually been boiled right into a broth and slow simmered for 10 to more than 20 hrs with natural herbs, vegetables, and seasonings. So why is this apparently easy liquid something you would certainly want to consume alcohol every day Kettle And Fire Online Voucher Code 80 ?
Also our hunter-gatherer ancestors realized that drinking Kettle And Fire Online Voucher Code 80 resembled striking nutritional gold, as its earliest version go back over 2,500 years. Discarding anything edible was out of the question at that time, so animal hooves, knuckles, bones, and various other connective cells never went to squander. Bone broth has a rich background of being made use of in conventional Chinese medicine as a gastrointestinal tonic, blood builder, and kidney strengthener as a result of the high collagen web content, bioavailable minerals, anti-inflammatory amino acids, and also healing compounds that can just be located in bones and connective cells Kettle And Fire Online Voucher Code 80.
View as celebrity health and wellness instructor, Thomas DeLauer damages down the ins as well as outs of what bone broth actually is. In just two mins, he'll talk about what bone broth is as well as what it can do for your intestine, joint, as well as skin wellness Kettle And Fire Online Voucher Code 80.
Some call Kettle And Fire Online Voucher Code 80 meat water. We call it fluid gold.
What makes this stuff so unique? The brief solution is collagen. Bones and connective tissue are the only real dietary sources of kind II collagen-- a protein that's recognized for maintaining skin smooth as well as flexible as well as teeth and joints healthy, as well as touting loads of other health benefits.
Along with collagen, bones are also loaded with several anti-inflammatory amino acids, minerals, as well as substances that can help accelerate your body's all-natural recovery processes from things like sporting activities injuries, joint inflammation, or leaking digestive tract.
So, these "scraps" that most of us typically throw in the trash are significant dietary powerhouses. However when was the last time you chowed down on a piece of cow's knuckle? Or snacked on an ox tail? We'll assume the answer is never.
Given that we do not eat bones in their entire kind, cooking them right into a broth that's simmered for 10 to 20 hrs (or even more) is the very best way to launch their powerful nutrients, and experience an entire new level of health and wellness.
DEMAND A QUICK DESCRIPTION ON WHAT EXACTLY IS KETTLE AND FIRE ONLINE VOUCHER CODE 80 ?
View as Celeb Wellness Instructor, Thomas DeLauer damages down the ins and also outs of what bone broth actually is. In just 2 mins, he'll discuss what bone broth is and also what it can do for your digestive tract, joint, as well as skin wellness kettle and fire online voucher code 80.
Bone broth has an abundant background of being made use of as a digestive system restorative, especially in standard Chinese medicine some 2,500 years ago. Today, it is among the top recommended foods for improving signs of chronic digestive problems, such as Irritable Digestive Tract Syndrome (IBS), Crohn's condition, and colitis.
The reason for why bone broth is so healing for the digestive tract returns to collagen, which forms gelatin when it's cooked down also better. Collagen and jelly are not just rich in amino acids that minimize swelling in the GI system-- such as glutamine-- they likewise have the distinct capacity to "seal and heal" openings in the digestive tract cellular lining, which can create a problem called dripping digestive tract disorder.
Although study remains in the early stages, there's proof to reveal that dripping digestive tract is the primary underlying reason for gastrointestinal problems. It's additionally a contributor to autoimmune illness, clinical depression, brain fog, anxiousness, allergies, dermatitis, acne, and persistent low energy. Worst of all, leaking intestine can be silent and reveal no symptoms in the onset. It's likewise thought to impact over 70% of the population.
Bone broth is recommended on unique digestive tract recovery diet plans as well as procedures, like the VOIDS diet regimen, the SCD diet, and also the Reduced FODMAP diet plan.
Whether it's an injury, arthritis, or aching muscles, there's no much better way to nourish your bones and joints than by consuming even more of the nutrients already found within them, including hyaluronic acid, glucosamine, chondroitin, calcium, and also magnesium. Bone broth is packed with all of these nutrients, plus a number of amino acids that help in reducing joint pain and also inflammation, like glycine and proline. It's for these factors that bone broth is becoming a go-to recuperation beverage among athletes.
An enjoyable fact: Kettle and Fire Bone Broth was birthed due to the fact that our co-founder, Nick, tore his ACL playing football and required a high-grade bone broth to assist quicken his recuperation time. (You can find out more on that particular here.).
Following a bone broth diet regimen is excellent for lasting weight management. A bone broth diet regimen entails consuming Paleo for 5 days as well as not eating for two. Throughout this timespan you'll consume alcohol bone broth on a regular basis with an increase in use on the fasting days.
The mix of intermittent fasting as well as bone broth increases fat burning through burning fat extra effectively and limiting calorie intake. When doing the diet regimen, we additionally noticed a decrease in cellulite.
Fat-Burning Bone Broth Mixed Drink Kettle And Fire Online Voucher Code 80.
With simply a few components, this recipe is excellent for a scrumptious and incredibly easy fat-burning mixed drink that you can whip up in a jiffy on hectic mornings before work or in the evenings post-workout.
Even if you had never ever become aware of bone broth before, you've probably come across collagen, many thanks to the appeal industry.
Many anti-aging skincare lines add collagen to their face lotions, creams, and products (and also sell them for a pretty penny). However what many individuals do not recognize is that collagen particles are too large to be absorbed through the skin, which indicates these lotions can't give much in the means of results.
The good news is that collagen can be soaked up through your digestive system. And due to the fact that there's a straight link between the gut and the skin, including bone broth to your diet plan is going to have a much more powerful and enduring effect on the general look and also wellness of your skin.
Let's not forget about hair and nails, which are made up of healthy proteins like collagen. Collagen aids strengthen nails, and motivates hair to grow in thicker, quicker, and also tackle a healthy and balanced sparkle. (Remember this for the next time you obtain a negative hairstyle!).
Deep, relaxed rest is something we could all make use of a bit even more of. As a matter of fact, stats reveal the average person obtains much less than 7 hrs of sleep per evening, so it is very important to do whatever you can to make those hours count.
Bone broth is rich in glycine, an anti-inflammatory amino acid that works with the Central Nerves (CNS). When taken before bed as a supplement, researches show glycine can boost rest top quality as well as minimize daytime sleepiness. It's a lot more efficient when paired with other sleep-supportive nutrients, like calcium as well as magnesium.
All of the benefits you gain from bone broth, your growing baby will certainly experience, also-- consisting of healthy bones, joints, as well as a strong digestive system.
When early morning illness hits, it can be difficult to keep nutritious food down. Yet bone broth has a tendency to be calming for queasiness, and also is usually well endured. Most importantly, bone broth supplies numerous of the nutrients you and your growing infant requirement, including protein, and also important minerals and vitamins. As an added bonus, the slow simmer time of the bones makes the nutrients in bone broth extremely bioavailable and less complicated to take in than a dietary supplement.
Bone broth can likewise assist enhance fertility, aid you have a more comfortable maternity by beneficial tight or excruciating joints, and might increase calcium degrees in breast milk.
Bone broth is an excellent resource of nutrition on the Paleo diet plan, and also is encouraged to consume throughout periods of periodic fasting. It likewise fits in well with macronutrient demands on the keto diet plan, and may help reduce symptoms of the keto flu.
" Not just can bone broth help you avoid keto influenza, yet it's likewise loaded with minerals that heal leaking gut as well as reduce inflammation in your intestines." - Leanne Vogel, Author of The Keto Diet plan.
The nourishment and recovery capacity of bone broth is so effective, that an entire diet regimen-- The Bone Broth Diet-- has been produced around it.
The nutrients in bone broth make it an effective functional food that can profit your entire household-- including your fur children. Bone broth is good for your animal's glossy layer, bones, joints, digestion, and teeth.
Right here you can find out just how Nellie, a 15 years of age rescue pup, beat her probabilities of living by just drinking bone broth.
Loaded with protein - Poultry is a fantastic healthy protein source and same goes for chicken bones. Pot & Fire bone broth comes packed with 10 grams of healthy protein per offering Kettle And Fire Online Voucher Code 80.
Minimizes digestive tract inflammation - Bone broth helps recover as well as secure a leaking intestine which is the root cause for numerous autoimmune conditions.
Rich in bone marrow - Bone broth made from 100% turf fed cattle and also simmered over lengthy chef times extracts bone marrow that contains healthy nourishing hormones as well as lipids.
Filled with amino acids - Comparable to poultry bone broth, the nutrients extracted from beef bones have amino acids like glycine and also glutamine that improves digestion and also repairs your gut cellular lining.
No. Plants are a wonderful source of vitamins and minerals that can assist stimulate your body to create its very own collagen, but there is no recognized plant food that uses type II collagen, the type that provides every one of the health and wellness advantages noted above.
One point to take into consideration concerning bone broth that establishes it aside from plant foods: Even if you do eat a variety of plants that are abundant in collagen-boosting nutrients, if you have a weakened digestion system or leaking gut, you may not totally absorb them. On the various other hand, the collagen in bone broth is incredibly simple to soak up, also for those with compromised digestion systems.
Of course, you don't just have to consume it-- although we do have a cost-free as well as epic downloadable bone broth sipping guide for when you do. You can blend bone broth right into your eco-friendly healthy smoothies, make healthy collagen gummy bears, and also use it in everything from scrambled eggs, soups, curries, stews, breakfast bowls, and tacos.
Bone broth is an all-in-one superfood, loaded with nutrients that supply energy and motivation, help you rest better, make your skin appearance smoother, and can assist heal digestive issues like leaking intestine.
Bones as well as connective tissue are storehouses for essential amino acids as well as minerals-- which are doing not have in lots of diet regimens today. Bone Broth is additionally a very useful source of healthy protein, collagen and gelatin.
It's not practical to eat entire bones or tissue, yet you can still take pleasure in these health advantages by drinking bone broth. Collagen is extracted when you simmer bones for an extended period of time. Generally, the longer bone broth simmers, the more collagen you'll remove.
Making bone broth is a straightforward process, however one that needs a lot of time and also perseverance. If time is not on your side we can assist you out with that said.
Bone broth is made by simmering pet bones and also cells for a minimum of 10 hrs with vegetables, natural herbs, and also flavors such as thyme, garlic, as well as bay leaves. Top notch bone broth begins with high-grade active ingredients, using bones from natural grass-fed animals and also natural vegetables. While any type of bone or tendon can be made use of, knuckles, hen feet, as well as femur bones often tend to contain the most collagen.
Simmering bones for an extended time period is what provides bone broth its health benefits, drawing out the amino acids, minerals, and also collagen. This is a Pot & Fire-tested slow-moving stove poultry bone broth recipe that includes natural poultry bones, sea salt, fresh veggies like celery stalks, onions, and also bell peppers, and herbs like parsley, rosemary, and also thyme.
Merely cooking bones (no meat) and water is mosting likely to be mainly tasteless. Cooking the mixture for hours at a time isn't going to make it taste any kind of much better.
The idea that you're getting lots of nutrients from the bones is a MISCONCEPTION that will not pass away, although it has actually been unmasked many times, consisting of with laboratory tests. The idea that adding vinegar to "launch" those nutrients has likewise been unmasked. You just wind up with a watery mess that tastes of vinegar.
Instead, purchase bones with meat on them. After that include veggies such as onions, carrots, celery, as well as just adequate water to cover every little thing (typically 8 or 10 mugs). Skip the vinegar! Simmer for 3 to 4 hours for chicken, slightly longer for beef. Season according to choice. If you have an Instant Pot, 25 to 35 mins is about right.
What you will obtain with this method is a really tasty broth that's most likely substantially more nutritious-- including great deals of collagen-- and more healthy than any bone broth, as well as it will taste one hell of a great deal better. You can either consume the meat and also veggies (it's called SOUP) or you can stress them out and also just consume the broth if you favor.
Check Ina Garten's recipe for poultry broth. It's really similar to this one as well as has been used with minor variations by educated chefs for decades.
Normal broth and supply are simmered for a much shorter amount of time than bone broth, approximately 2-- 6 hours. The expedited cooking process lowers the quantity of advantageous jelly extracted from the bones, minimizing its ability to increase the immune system, recover digestion problems, and also decrease the signs and symptoms of leaky intestine.
Before Kettle and Fire was born, among our co-founders, Nick, tore his ACL playing football (oops). His brother Justin became aware of the benefits of bone broth for injury recovery. As his routine really did not leave much time to make bone broth from square one, he set out to buy a store-bought, high-grade, grass-fed bone broth, because both of their hectic routines didn't leave much time to make the broth themselves. (You can learn more concerning our tale right here.).
No matter how hard Justin looked, the excellent bone broth didn't exist. He searched for one that was one hundred percent organic, fresh-- never ever iced up-- grass-fed, as well as slow simmered (along with one that could be delivered without inefficient, confusing product packaging). So, Nick and Justin decided to create a high-quality bone broth on their terms, which is the recipe we're happy to provide you today.
" Pot & Fire offers a nourishing, high quality bone broth in a delicious and also convenient shelf-stable style. I love always understanding that I have actually obtained fantastic broth available, without blocking my freezer or needing defrosting." - Dr. Sarah Ballantyne, three-time NYT Best-Selling Writer.
The attractive feature of bone broth is that there's really no limitation to just how you can add it to your diet plan. Other than soups, stews, and ordinary ol' sipping, bone broth mixes remarkably well into virtually any dish-- also smoothies! Here are our leading methods to get it:.
Our bone broth tastes tasty sufficient to drink by itself, however you can flavor it up to suit your palate. We created our favored flavor mixes in this free downloadable "Bone Broth Sipping Overview" (bone broth matcha lattes, any person?). Obtain your free copy below.
Consuming bone broth doesn't need to be dull-- there are unlimited methods to seasoning it and also sip it. Get instant access to over 15 of our preferred bone broth sipping mixes, including ginger and also turmeric bone broth restorative and chili, and also cardamom bone broth potion. Discover just how to use bone broth in your matcha lattes, golden milk, and also tropical fruit smoothies.
Our beef bone broth has a light flavor, which permits it to mix easily with nearly anything, from smoothies to healthy gummy bears. Our chicken bone broth and mushroom hen bone broth enhance the savory flavor of soups, stews, and also risotto recipes. A few of our faves include:.
If you intend to experience more power and also vigor than ever before, we reccomend checking out The Bone Broth Diet plan, developed by Dr. Kellyann Petrucci.
The Bone Broth Diet plan not just boosts your consumption of the recovery nutrients and compounds crucial for intestine, skin, joint, and bone wellness, yet assists fight systemic swelling, which is at the source of most Western diseases and also conditions.
The bone broth diet plan is a 21-day plan that's excellent for anyone struggling with a chronic health problem (such as an autoimmune disorder), or anyone that intends to reset their gastrointestinal system and experience beautiful health. Learn more about the 21-day bone broth diet regimen here.


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A Dzsikkjó Powerful Pro jakjú 2016 baseball-szimulációs videójáték, melyet a Konami fejlesztett és jelentetett meg. A játék a Dzsikkjó Powerful Pro jakjú fősorozatának huszonkettedik tagja, amely 2016. április 28-án jelent meg Japánban PlayStation 3 és PlayStation 4 asztali-, illetve PlayStation Vita kézi konzolokra.

A játék a legtöbb Dzsikkjó Powerful Pro jakjú-címhez hasonlóan a Nippon Professional Baseball licence alapján készült, annak mind a tizenkét csapatát, azok stadionjait, mezeit, illetve a 2016-os és a 2017-es évi felállás szerinti teljes, 70-fős játékoskereteit is tartalmazza. A játék a sorozat korábbi címeihez hasonlóan nem a profi baseballjátékosokra, hanem kitalált csapatokra helyezi a hangsúlyt, s a legtöbb sportjátékkal ellentétben nem szerepel a borítóján egyetlen profi sportoló sem. A Dzsikkjó Powerful Pro jakjú 2016-ban számos játékmód szerepel, köztük a szezonmód, melyben a játékosok egy teljes, 143 mérkőzésből álló évadot játszhatnak le, illetve két karriermód is, melyben a játékosok egyedi baseballozókat hozhatnak létre. Új játékmódként szerepel a "PawaFes", a "Success" nevű karriermód huszadik évfordulóját megünneplő mód, melyben a korábbi Dzsikkjó Powerful Pro jakjú-címek kitalált csapataival kell megmérkőzni, valamint a hivatalos online bajnokság-mód, melyet egy offline turnéval kísértek.

A játék megjelenése előtt több előzetes videó is megjelent hozzá, melyekben a játék bizonyos pontjait érintő változtatásokat mutatták be. A Dzsikkjó Powerful Pro jakjú 2016-ot megjelenésekor pozitívan fogadta a szaksajtó, valamint a célközönség is; 2017. április 24-ig 500 000 példányt szállítottak le belőle.

Áttekintés
A Dzsikkjó Powerful Pro jakjú 2016 a sorozat első főjátéka a két évvel korábban, 2014. október 23-án megjelent Dzsikkjó Powerful Pro jakjú 2014 óta. A 2016-os kiadás a korábbi epizóddal szemben PlayStation 3 és PlayStation Vita platformok mellett PlayStation 4-re is megjelent, így ez a sorozat első tagja, mely elérhető a konzolon. Ugyan a három változat között csak minimális eltérések vannak, azonban a PlayStation 4-kiadás 1080p felbontású képminőség mellett nem tartalmazza a PlayStation 3- és PlayStation Vita-változatok egyszerre legfeljebb tizenkét egyedi, a felhasználók által készített játékos megjelenítésére vonatkozó technikai korlátozását.

A játék borítóján egy pavapuro-kun a dobódombról eldobja a labdát egy telt házas stadionban, míg a 2017-es játékoskeret-frissítés illusztrációjában egy koronát és palástot viselő pavapuro-kun meglendíti az ütőt.

A játék újdonságai között szerepel a  névre keresztelt játékosok háta mögötti kameraállás, illetve az egyedi dobástípusok kifejlesztésének lehetősége, melyeket a Success- és a PawaFes-játékmódokban használhatóak.

A Pennant és a Mylife módok immár legfeljebb 30 szezonon keresztül játszhatóak, előbbiben a sorozat korábbi játékaiból visszatérő kitalált szereplők is leigazolhatóak.

A 2016-os kiadás az előző részhez hasonlóan továbbfolytatta az OB-játékosok licenceinek megszerzését, ezúttal kilenc egykori NPB-játékossal bővítve ki a játékot. Az OB-játékosokat a játékbeli áruházban lehet megvásárolni a játékban gyűjthető pénznemmel.

A Dzsikkjó Powerful Pro jakjú 2016 társjátéka az ugyanazon napon megjelent, ingyenesen játszható Dzsikkjó Powerful Pro jakjú Success Special. Mindkét játékban elérhető a Success-mód, de történetük eltérő.

A játékot a 2015-ös Tokyo Game Show játékkiállításon jelentették be  munkacímen. A játék hivatalos címét végül csak 2016. január 14-én jelentették be, így meglepetésre nem jelent meg 2015-ös kiadás, így a sorozat 1994-es bemutatkozása óta először fordult elő, hogy nem jelentettek meg egy baseballszezonhoz igazított címet. A Konami 2016 májusa és júliusa között tizenkét promóciós videót tett közzé a játék weboldalán és a YouTube-on keresztül, melyben a tizenkét NPB-csapat 2–3 profi baseball-játékosa mérkőzött meg egymás ellen a játékban.

2016. augusztus 24-ig több, mint 500 000 példányt szállítottak le a játékból, így az elnyerte a PlayStation Awards díjátadó aranydíját.

2017. március 23-án a játék weboldalán keresztül bejelentették, hogy április 27-én egy ingyenes javítófolt keretében a 2017-es évad nyitányának megfelelőre frissítik a játékoskeretet. A 2017. április 27-én megjelent javításban nem csak a játékoskeretet frissítették, de a Dzsikkjó Powerful Pro jakjú Championship 2017 mellékjátékban megjelent újdonságokat, köztük a hivatalos interneten keresztüli bajnokság-módot is hozzáadták a játékhoz. A frissítés után a játék elindításakor felkínálja, hogy 2016-os vagy a 2017-es adatok szerint történjen a játék. Az internetes többjátékos mód kizárólag a 2017-es adatokkal érhető el, a 2016-os oldal internetes módjait leállították. Ezen felül azon módokban, mely fel van szerelve a 2017-es adatokkal nem érhető el az új változó labdasebességre lehetőséget adó effektus.

A játék internetes funkcióit 2018. április 19-én leállították.

Játékosok
A játék eredetileg a Nippon Professional Baseball összes, tizenkét csapatának 2016. február 1-jei tagjait tartalmazza, kivéve a képzési szerződésben álló játékosokat. Egy 2017. július 13-án megjelent javítófoltban a 2017. május 18-i állásra frissítették a játékoskereteket. Az alábbi táblázatokban szerepel a játék különböző frissítésiben megváltozott játékosok adatai.

Frissítések
 A 2016. április 28-án megjelent frissítésben négy új, a szezon kezdete előtt leigazolt játékost adtak hozzá a játékhoz.
 A 2016. június 30-án megjelent frissítésben a 2016. május 31-i állapotra frissítették a játékosadatokat, tizenhárom új, a szezon kezdete után leigazolt játékost adtak a játékhoz, illetve kettőt áthelyeztek az új csapatukba. A játékosok képességeit is frissítették.
 A 2016. szeptember 8-án megjelent frissítésben a 2016. július 31-i állapotra frissítették a játékosadatokat, hozzáadtak tizenkilenc új, 2016. július 1-e és 2016. július 31-e között leigazolt játékost, három visszavonult játékost áthelyeztek a szabadúszók közé, egy játékost áthelyeztek az új csapatába, hozzáadtak egy új OB-játékost, valamint a játékosok képességeit is frissítették.
 A 2017. április 27-én megjelent frissítésben hozzáadták a 2017-es szezont a játékhoz. A képzésben lévő játékosokat leszámítva hozzáadták a játékhoz az összes 2017. február 11-ig leigazolt játékost. A 2016-os szezont nem távolították el a játékból, hanem játékosadatait frissítették a 2016. december 15-i állapotokra.
 A 2017. július 13-án megjelent frissítésben a 2017. május 18-i állapotra frissítették a játékosadatokat, hozzáadtak kilenc új, 2017. február 12-e és 2017. május 18-a között leigazolt játékost, valamint a játékosok képességeit is frissítették.
 A 2017. szeptember 14-én megjelent frissítésben a 2017. július 31-i állapotra frissítették a játékosadatokat, hozzáadtak tizennyolc új, 2017. május 19-e és 2017. július 31-i között leigazolt játékost, egy visszavonult játékost áthelyeztek a szabadúszók közé, négy játékost áthelyeztek az új csapatába, valamint a játékosok képességeit is frissítették.
 A 2017. november 21-én megjelent frissítésben a 2017-es szezon végi állapotra frissítették a játékosadatokat.

Csapatot váltott játékosok

Új játékosok

Visszavonult és külföldre igazolt játékosok
Ezek a játékosok nem kerültek törlésre a játékból, csupán átkerültek a csapat nélküli szabadúszók közé.

Hozzáadott OB-játékosok

Játékmechanikai változtatások
A játékban szerepel az előző játékban, a Dzsikkjó Powerful Pro jakjú 2014-ben megjelent manuális dobórendszer, melyet a Pro jakjú Spirits testvérsorozatból forgattak vissza az anyasorozatba.

Ütőrendszer
Új dobáskurzor-rendszerként megjelent a Pro jakjú Spirits sorozatból átemelt elhalványuló dobáskurzor. Ezzel a Dzsikkjó Powerful Pro jakjú 2012-ben megjelent "meet"-rendszerrel szemben könnyebb elütni a labdát, hiszen már a labda elengedésének pillanata előtt is lehet látni, hogy az várhatóan merre fog repülni.
Ütőjátékosokként látható az ellenfél dobójátékosának dobásai az adott játékrészben az adott ütő ellen. Opcionálisan csak a strike zóna vagy csak a dobástörténet is megjeleníthető. Ezek mellett az adott dobójátékos adott mérkőzésbeli dobótörténete is visszanézhető.
A PlayStation Vita-változatban finomhangolták az analóg karral történő ütőirányítást.
A Dzsikkjó Powerful Pro jakjú Success Special című részhez hasonlóan ütéskor az ütő valamelyest áttetszővé válik, hogy a labda könnyebben követhető legyen.

Dobórendszer

A dobójátékos által a strike zóna irányába dobott labda mérete minden egyes dobástípusnál megváltozott (példának okáért a fastball mérete 1,1 szeresére, míg a knuckle curve 1,7 szeresére növekedett).
A sorozat korábbi tagjaiban a labda sebessége drasztikusan lecsökkent miután a dobójátékos állóképessége teljesen elfogyott, azonban a 2016-os epizódban a labda sebessége a dobójátékos állóképességével arányosan csökken.
A labda maximális sebességét 170km/h-ról 175 km/h-ra emelték.

Védelmi rendszer
A dobó- és a védekezési erő alapképességek jóval nagyobb szerepet kaptak. Ha ezek a képességek alacsony szinten vannak, akkor az a védőjátékos lassabban fog mozogni védekezés közben, ha pedig az elkapási képessége G-szintű, akkor hibaaránya különösképpen nagy lesz. Ha ezeken felül még a "hiba" negatív képességgel is rendelkezik, akkor a labda elkapásakor az messzire is elpattanhat tőle.
Ugyan a close play szituációk kikerültek a játékból, azonban a "döngölés", "blokkolás" és a "kettősjáték-törés" különleges képességek továbbra is szerepelnek benne, hiszen a 2016-os Nippon Professional Baseball-szezonban bevezetett ütközésszabály még nem kapott helyet a játékban.

Egyebek
Új, "dinamikus nézőpont" ütéskor, melyet a PlayStation 3- és PlayStation 4-verziókban az R3 gombbal (jobb oldali analóg kar) lehet nézőpontot váltani (A PlayStation Vita-kiadásban csak a beállítások menüben lehet ezt átállítani).
Kibővült a szurkolói énekek tára. Megszüntették az egyedileg készített zeneszámok importálásához való jelszavakat, ezentúl a zeneszámok képfájljait lehet megosztani.
Háttérzene-beállítás: ebben az epizódban letölthető tartalmakként elérhetőek voltak az előző játékok nyitófőcím dalai, melyeket a menükben felcsendülő háttérzeneként lehetett beállítani (csak akkor lehet átállítani a zenét, ha a játékos legalább egyszer végigvitte a PawaFes vagy a Success módot).
Ki lehet választani az ütő hangját.
Macuda Nobuhiro miután hazafutást üt bevágja a  névre keresztelt pózát. Ennek ellenére viszont a 2016-os év másik visszatérő hazafutásöröme, Brandon Laird szusikészítő mozdulata nem került bele a játékba.

PawaFes
Új játékmód a sorozatban, mellyel a Success-mód fennállásának huszadik évfordulóját ünneplik meg. Ebben a módban az előző játékok tizenkilenc különálló Success-mód történetének csapatai szerepelnek.

Csapatok

Kommentátorok
 Stúdiókommentátor
 Dómae Hideo
 Acumori Szókó (szinkron: Kanemicu Nobuaki)
 Stadionbemondó
 Umeda Hidemi
 Nakano Kódzsi

Témazene
 Never-Ending Tale
 Zene és dalszöveg: Mugino Jui, hangszerelő: Vatanabe Norijuki (Konami)

Promóció
A játék televíziós reklámjaiban Oguri Sun, Nakamura Aoi és Jamoto Júma színészek szerepeltek. A reklámban Jamoto a sorozat egyik visszatérő szereplőjének, Jabe Akiónak öltözött be.

Fogadtatás

Kritikai fogadtatás
A Famicú japán szaklap írói a játék mindhárom verzióját 9/10, 9/10, 9/10 és 10/10 pontszámmal, azaz 37/40-es összpontszámmal értékelték. A Dengeki PlayStation írói is hasonló, 100/100, 90/100, 90/100 és 90/100 pontszámmal értékelték a játék PlayStation 4-változatát.

Kereskedelmi fogadtatás
A játék PlayStation 4-verziója 101 981 lemezes példánnyal a második, a PlayStation Vita-változata 84 873 dobozos példánnyal a harmadik, míg a PlayStation 3-kiadása 56 447 lemezes példánnyal a negyedik helyen mutatkozott be a japán eladási listákon. A játékból 2017. április 24-ig 500 000 példányt szállítottak le, beleszámolva a digitális letöltéseket is.

Megjegyzések

Források

További információk
 A játék weboldala

2016 videójátékai
Dzsikkjó Powerful Pro jakjú
Japánban fejlesztett videójátékok
PlayStation 3-játékok
PlayStation 4-játékok
PlayStation Vita-játékok

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Michigan GOP helps U.S. House pass bill to 'pause' Syrian refugee admission
Nine Michigan Republicans approved a bill to effectively suspend admissions of Syrian refugees; five Democrats voted no
Michigan GOP helps U.S. House pass bill to 'pause' Syrian refugee admission Nine Michigan Republicans approved a bill to effectively suspend admissions of Syrian refugees; five Democrats voted no Check out this story on detroitnews.com: http://detne.ws/1O6mTfy
Melissa Nann Burke, Detroit News Washington Bureau Published 3:26 p.m. ET Nov. 19, 2015 | Updated 5:41 p.m. ET Nov. 19, 2015
Michigan's nine congressional Republicans including maverick libertarian Justin Amash of west Michigan supported the legislation, while the state's five Democrats rejected it.(Photo: Dale G. Young / The Detroit News)Buy Photo
Washington — The Michigan delegation voted along party lines Thursday as the U.S. House approved a bill to effectively suspend U.S. admissions of Syrian and Iraqi refugees by a vote of 289-137 — just short of the margin needed to override the presidential veto promised by the White House.
Forty-seven Democrats voted in support of the Republican measure, and two Republicans voted against it. Michigan's nine Republicans including Justin Amash of west Michigan, the son of Syrian immigrants, supported the legislation, while the state's five Democrats rejected it.
Rep. John Conyers of Detroit led the Democrats' opposition to the bill on the House floor, calling the legislation an "extreme over-reaction" to the latest security concerns raised by the Nov. 13 attacks in Paris.
"Instead of slamming our doors to the world's most vulnerable, we should be considering legislation to strengthen and expand refugee programs," said Conyers, ranking member of the House Judiciary Committee.
He said the bill represents "election-year pandering to the xenophobia that rears up from threats from abroad."
Rep. Trey Gowdy, R-South Carolina, pushed back against comments by Obama this week that critics of refugee resettlement were scared of widows and orphans, who constitute the majority of Syrian refugees brought to the United States since 2011.
Gowdy, chair of the Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration and Border Security, is worried about policy that creates more widows and orphans, he said, stressing that officials don't have the appropriate information to vet refugee applicants from failed nation-states.
"Given the consequences of reconciling the risk wrongly, how much risk is this administration willing to take?" Gowdy said on the floor. "When it comes to public safety, we have to be successful all of the time. Those who wish to do us harm only have to be successful once."
The White House on Wednesday said Obama would veto the bill. Officials continued their defense of the screening and interview process for refugee applicants and said the legislation would introduce "unnecessary and impractical requirements" and create significant delays and obstacles in the refugee admission process.
The security screening involves several intelligence, security and law enforcement agencies including the National Counterterrorism Center, Federal Bureau of Investigation, and the departments of Homeland Security, State and Defense.
Checks include fingerprint and biographical background studies, medical exams and lengthy interviews by specially trained Homeland Security officers. The process typically takes 18 to 24 months.
The United States has admitted nearly 785,000 refugees in the 14 years since the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on New York City and Washington, D.C. Of those, 12 — a fraction of 1 percent of admitted refugees — have been arrested or removed from the country due to terrorism concerns that existed prior to their resettlement in the United States, according to an administration official.
None of the 2,174 Syrian refugees admitted have been arrested or deported on terrorism-related grounds, according to the White House.
Republicans say they're responding to the concerns of the American people, noting public opinion polls showing they disapprove of Obama's plans to bring in at least 10,000 Syrian refugees in the next year.
More than 25 governors, including Gov. Rick Snyder, have said they're either suspending or halting the intake of new Syrian refugees into their states.
Republican Rep. Candice Miller of Harrison Township, who has urged the administration to examine weaknesses in the screening of refugees, criticized Obama's intention to veto Thursday's bill, calling it a "total abandonment of sound judgment."
"When ISIS openly brags about its efforts to exploit the hospitality of Western nations accepting Syrian refugees, why would the president refuse such a common-sense proposal to implement higher security standards that would help protect Americans?" said Miller, vice chair of the Homeland Security Committee.
Rep. Dave Trott, R-Birmingham, also applauded the bill's passage.
"Americans deserve to know that our security is not being put at risk by the president's resettlement program," said Trott, a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs. "It's time President Obama puts the security of our nation ahead of his plans for Syrian resettlement."
Rep. Sander Levin, D-Royal Oak, said it's crucial in times of crisis that the Congress act in a bipartisan way, lamenting that wasn't the Republicans' process on the bill.
"The legislation before us sets a partisan course and is being used mainly as a vehicle to criticize the president's foreign policy," Levin said.
"The current screening system has been working. This bill does not improve it and could scramble up what is working."
mburke@detroitnews.com
Read or Share this story: http://detne.ws/1O6mTfy


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text:
Га́спра (, ) — посёлок городского типа на южном берегу Крыма, в 12 километрах западнее Ялты. Входит в городской округ Ялта Крыма (согласно административно-территориальному делению России; согласно административно-территориальному делению Украины — в Ялтинский горсовет Автономной Республики Крым, как центр и единственный населённый пункт Гаспринского поселкового совета).

Название
Название Гаспра, с вариантом Гаспара (от  — белый), следует рассматривать как эпитет, характеризующий топонимический объект — село, укрепление, крепость. Например, известны Аспра-Исар — «белая крепость» (близ современной Гаспры в Крыму), некоторые исследователи возводят название к слову «гаспыря», лебяжий пух.

История
Первое документальное упоминание села встречается в Камеральном Описании Крыма… 1784 года, судя по которому, в последний период Крымского ханства Гаспура входила в Мангупский кадылык бакчи-сарайскаго каймаканства.

После присоединения Крыма к России (8) 19 апреля 1783 года, (8) 19 февраля 1784 года, именным указом Екатерины II сенату, на территории бывшего Крымского Ханства была образована Таврическая область и деревня была приписана к Симферопольскому уезду. Перед Русско-турецкой войной 1787—1791 годов производилось выселение крымских татар из прибрежных селений во внутренние районы полуострова. В конце 1787 года из Гаспры были выведены все жители — 111 душ. В конце войны, 14 августа 1791 года всем было разрешено вернуться на место прежнего жительства. После Павловских реформ, с 1796 по 1802 год, входила в Акмечетский уезд Новороссийской губернии. По новому административному делению, после создания 8 (20) октября 1802 года Таврической губернии, Гаспра была включена в состав Махульдурской волости Симферопольского уезда.

По Ведомости о всех селениях в Симферопольском уезде состоящих с показанием в которой волости сколько числом дворов и душ… от 9 октября 1805 года, в деревне Гаспра числилось 19 дворов и 88 жителей, исключительно крымских татар. На военно-топографической карте генерал-майора Мухина 1817 года деревня Гаспра обозначена с 16 дворами. После реформы волостного деления 1829 года Куруиз, согласно «Ведомости о казённых волостях Таврической губернии 1829 года», передали в состав Алуштинской волости, а, после образования в 1838 году Ялтинского уезда, деревню передали в состав Алуштинской волости. На карте 1836 года в деревне 22 двора, как и на карте 1842 года.

По итогам земской реформы Александра II 1860-х годов деревня была приписана к Дерекойской волости. Согласно «Списку населённых мест Таврической губернии по сведениям 1864 года», составленному по результатам VIII ревизии 1864 года, Гаспра — казённая татарская деревня с 37 дворами, 201 жителем и мечетью при безъименном роднике. На трёхверстовой карте Шуберта 1865—1876 года обозначена Ливадия Государыни Имератрицы. На 1886 год уже в селе Гаспра при речке Кучук-Узень, согласно справочнику «Волости и важнѣйшія селенія Европейской Россіи», проживало 258 человек в 38 домохозяйствах, действовали православная церковь, мечеть и 4 лавки. Согласно «Памятной книге Таврической губернии 1889 года», по результатам Х ревизии 1887 года, в деревне Гаспра числилось 95 дворов и 488 жителей. На верстовой карте 1890 года в деревне обозначено 68 дворов с татарским населением.

После земской реформы 1890-х годов, которая в Ялтинском уезде прошла после 1892 года деревня осталась в составе преобразованной Дерекойской волости. По «…Памятной книжке Таврической губернии на 1892 год» в деревне Гаспра, составлявшей Гаспринское сельское общество, числилось 289 жителей в 64 домохозяйствах. По «…Памятной книжке Таврической губернии на 1902 год» в деревне Гаспра, составлявшей Гаспринское сельское общество, числился 361 житель в 51 домохозяйстве. По Статистическому справочнику Таврической губернии. Ч.II-я. Статистический очерк, выпуск восьмой Ялтинский уезд, 1915 год, в деревне Гаспра Дерекойской волости Ялтинского уезда, числилось 176 двора с татарским населением в количестве 636 человек приписных жителей и 1087 — «посторонних».

После установления в Крыму Советской власти, по постановлению Крымревкома от 8 января 1921 года была упразднена волостная система и село подчинили Ялтинскому району Ялтинского уезда. В 1922 году уезды получили название округов. Согласно Списку населённых пунктов Крымской АССР по Всесоюзной переписи 17 декабря 1926 года, в селе Гаспра, центре Гаспринского сельсовета (в коем статусе селение пребывает всю дальнейшую историю) Ялтинского района, числилось 144 двора, из них 107 крестьянских, население составляло 696 человек, из них 534 крымских татарина, 91 украинец, 36 русских, 1 белорус, 2 немца, 31 грек, 1 записан в графе «прочие», действовала татарская школа I ступени. В 1930 году Гаспре присвоен статус посёлка городского типа.

В 1944 году, после освобождения Крыма от фашистов, согласно постановлению ГКО № 5859 от 11 мая 1944 года, 18 мая крымские татары были депортированы в Среднюю Азию. 12 августа 1944 года было принято постановление № ГОКО-6372с «О переселении колхозников в районы Крыма», по которому из Ростовской области РСФСР в район переселялись 3000 семей колхозников, а в начале 1950-х годов последовала вторая волна переселенцев из различных областей Украины. С 25 июня 1946 года селение в составе Крымской области РСФСР, а 26 апреля 1954 года Крымская область была передана из состава РСФСР в состав УССР. С 12 февраля 1991 года Гаспра в составе восстановленной Крымской АССР, 26 февраля 1992 года переименованной в Автономную Республику Крым. С 21 марта 2014 года — в составе Республики Крым России, с 5 июня 2014 года — в Городском округе Ялта.

Население

 Национальный состав
 1805 год — все крымские татары
 1926 год. 696 чел. — 534 крымских татарина, 91 украинец, 36 русских, 31 грек.

Всеукраинская перепись 2001 года показала следующее распределение по родному языку

Административное положение
В административном отношении в состав Гаспры входят микрорайоны Стройгородок, Днепр и Марат. Гаспра граничит с запада с посёлком городского типа Кореиз. Современный герб и флаг Гаспры утверждены 14 декабря 2007 года.

Достопримечательности

 Развалины старинного укрепления Гаспра-исар, или Аспра-исар; это натуральная скала близ Гаспры, с маленькой площадкой наверху; вход возможен только с восточной стороны, которая ограждалась искусственной стенкой.
 Ласточкино Гнездо (1911—1912, архитектор Н. С. Шервуд (1877- 9 марта 1917) , внук известного архитектора В. О. Шервуда — памятник архитектуры и истории, запечатлённый на гербе Гаспры.
 Дворец князя Александра Николаевича Голицына и графини Софьи Паниной (ныне санаторий «Ясная Поляна») с музейной комнатой Л. Н. Толстого, который жил здесь в 1901—1902 годах. Здесь он лечился и много работал: писал повесть «Хаджи-Мурат» и ряд статей. К Толстому в Гаспру приезжали Чехов, Куприн, Горький, Шаляпин. Здание санатория «Ясная Поляна», на котором укреплена мемориальная доска в память о пребывании Л. Н. Толстого, — это построенный из серого камня дворец со стрельчатыми окнами и массивными восьмигранными боковыми башнями, увенчанными зубцами и увитыми плющом; возведён в 1830-х годах создателем Воронцовского дворца в Алупке архитектором Гунтом для князя А. Н. Голицына (1773—1844).
 «Солнечная тропа», известная также как «царская» и «горизонтальная»; соединяет Ливадийский дворец с Гаспрой; в прошлом любимое место прогулок семьи Николая II.
 Таврские некрополи (V—I века до н. э.).
 Римская крепость Харакс (I—III века) на мысе Ай-Тодор.
 Харакский парк — памятник садово-паркового искусства.
 Ай-Тодорский маяк.
 Санатории «Роза Люксембург», «Ясная Поляна», «Днепр», «Родина», «Парус» и другие.

Климат

Гаспра характеризуется субсредиземноморским субтропическим климатом. Это одно из самых теплых мест в Крыму — см. Южный берег Крыма. Климат очень близок к климату Ялты, однако морская вода чуть теплее (ближе основное Крымское течение), чище морская вода (значительно дальше от очистных сооружений в Отрадном и эту воду даже можно немного выпить без последствий для здоровья), солнечного сияния чуть больше (дальше от основной гряды Ялтинских гор на которых стоят облака), осадков чуть меньше (по той же причине — все выливается в Ялте).

Лето здесь очень тёплое, при средней температуре июля +25 °C. Зима мягкая — средняя температура февраля +6 °C. В год выпадает около 500 мм осадков.

Экономика
Расположение в зоне приморского климатического курорта предопределяет экономическое развитие Гаспры. При советской власти здесь был организован и действовал санаторий для детей, страдающих бронхиальной астмой, хронической пневмонией, остаточными явлениями нефрита. Кроме того, были созданы дома отдыха и пансионат. Сезон работы санаторно-курортных учреждений — круглый год; купальный сезон длится с июня по октябрь.

В советское время в посёлке был построен завод железобетонных изделий и стройматериалов. Вокруг посёлка имеются виноградники ГП «Ливадия» (ФГУП ПАО «Массандра»), сады и табачные плантации.

В настоящее время в Гаспре активно ведётся строительство.

Транспорт
Через Гаспру проходят все три основные автодороги Южного берега Крыма:  Севастополь — Ялта (верхняя),  Старое Севастопольское шоссе (средняя) и Алупкинское шоссе (нижняя). Основной является Верхняя дорога, она проходит практически через все посёлки ЮБК, средняя была основной до постройки в 1960-е годы верхней, а сегодня используется для местного сообщения. Нижняя дорога идёт вдоль берега и в основном проходит через санатории.

Образование
В Гаспре действуют: средняя школа № 1 (в микрорайоне Стройгородок) и начальная школа № 2.

Прочее
 В честь посёлка назван астероид 951 Гаспра.

Примечания

Литература

Ссылки

Посёлки городского типа Крыма
Населённые пункты городского округа Ялта
Населённые пункты Ялтинского городского совета
Курорты Крыма

Поселковые советы Ялтинского городского совета


text:
<?php

namespace Colibri\Query\Expr\Func;

use Colibri\Exception\BadCallMethodException;
use Colibri\Query\Expr\Func;

class Year extends Func
{

    /**
     * Year constructor.
     * MySQL Function YEAR
     *
     * @param array $parameters
     *
     * @throws BadCallMethodException
     */
    public function __construct(...$parameters)
    {
        parent::__construct('YEAR', $parameters);
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


A Certain Kind of Brilliance has been reschdueled due to the #SeattleSnowpocalypse! The new date for my performance is March 1st! Same time, 7 pm, same place, Gay City.
**If you've already purchased a ticket, please call Brown Paper Tickets at 1.800.838.3660, Extension 2, for either a refund or a ticket transfer! I hope this new date works for you.
If the former scheduled date did not work, perhaps the new date will, so please reconsider coming to see me step into my vulnerability. Remember each performer is given the prompt the day before to write new work, so we have a 24 hour period to write what we perform.
Coming up next: Poets of Finishing Line Press Read off-site during AWP on Thursday, March 27th at 7 pm.
Location: Black Hat Books, 2831 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd, Portland, OR 97212. Really, check this place out, it appears to be quite the resource!
Wishing everybody warmth and safety during our Seattle snow days!
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