it possible to pose diverse questions about the relationships between social networks, online and offline.
review by their institutional review board (Lewis 2008, pp.
The inclusion of housing data for each of the 4 years of the study for analysis of any connection between ''physical proximity. discovering the source institution makes individual re-identification much easier. during the spring of the cohort's freshman year. Indeed.314 was drawn was quickly narrowed down to 13 possible universities (Zimmer 2008b). 1 While no individuals within the T3 dataset were positively identified (indeed.html. emerging roommate and friendship groups in the real world and the presence of these two types of relationships in their Facebook space'' (Kaufman 2008a). a group of researchers from Harvard University and the University of California—Los Angeles set out to construct a more robust dataset that would fully leverage the rich data available on social networking websites. the researchers chose the social network site Facebook as their data source. allowing broad analyses beyond more simple profile scraping methods. (Lewis et al. This population. . Each student's official housing records were also obtained from the university. The uniqueness of this dataset is of obvious value for sociologists and Internet researchers. 2008.1 Using the T3 data release and its aftermath as a case study.S. the explosive popularity of online social networking sites such as MySpace. The dataset includes demographic. 123 3 The research team includes Harvard University professors Jason Kaufman and Nicholas Christakis. or fail to reflect the true depth and complexity of the information users submit (and create) on social networking sites. this re-identification of the source institution of the T3 dataset reveals the fragility of the presumed privacy of the subjects under study. ethnographies of smaller subsets of subjects.2% of these students had last updated their profile within 5 days. and then surmised to be Harvard College (Zimmer 2008a). from Georg Simmel's foundational work in sociology (Simmel and Wolff 1964). Ties. and located a university that allowed them to download the Facebook profiles of every member of the freshman class: With permission from Facebook and the university in question. to the deep ethnographies of contemporary online social networks by boyd (2008b). Most existing studies rely on external surveys of social networking participants. UCLA professor Andreas Wimmer. The data was extracted directly from Facebook without direct interaction with the subjects or reliance on self-reporting instruments. and will articulate a set of ethical concerns that must be addressed before embarking on future research similarly utilizing social network data. we first accessed Facebook on March 10 and 11.org/SNSResearch. when the vast majority of the study population will have graduated. or the analysis of limited profile information extracted from what subjects chose to make visible. 97.3 Given its popularity. The ''Tastes. relational. this paper will reveal numerous conceptual gaps in the researchers' understanding of the privacy risks related to their project. and cultural information on each subject. Reminiscent of the ease at which AOL users were re-identified when the search engine thought the release of individuals' search history data was sufficiently anonymized (see Barbaro and Zeller Jr 2006).. has an exceptionally high participation rate on Facebook: of the 1640 freshmen students enrolled at the college. and Harvard sociology graduate students Kevin Lewis and Marco Gonzalez. the freshman class of 2009 at a diverse private college in the Northeast U. Most importantly. Twitter. 2006 and downloaded the profile and network data provided by one cohort of college students. As a result. developing sufficient strategies for data anonymization prior to the public release of personal data. either of which could taint the data collected. Zimmer Recognizing the data limitations faced by typical sociological studies of online social network dynamics. allowing the unique analysis of ''complete social universe'' (Kaufman 2008a). and it is longitudinal. and Facebook has attracted attention from a variety of researchers and disciplines (see boyd and Ellison 2008). have minimal representativeness of the entire population. and data collection was repeated annually until 2009. to Barry Wellman's analyses of social networks in the emerging networked society of the late twentieth century (Wellman and Berkowitz 1988). danah. as discussed below.4% maintained Facebook profiles at the time of download and 59. 2 See also bibliography maintained by danah boyd at http://www. perhaps even trivial. p. These include challenges to the traditional nature of consent.2 A primary challenge to fully understanding the nature and dynamic of social networks is obtaining sufficient data. providing 4 years of data about this collegiate social network. properly identifying and respecting expectations of privacy on social network sites. and Time'' project Research in social networks has spanned decades. and the relative expertise of institutional review boards when confronted with research projects based on data gleaned from social media. 331) This first wave of data collection took place in 2006. allowing the researchers to ''connect Internet space to real space'' (Kaufman 2008a). the available data can often be tainted due to selfreporting biases and errors. the author did not attempt to re-identify individuals). M. the dataset represents nearly a complete cohort of college students.
and Time'' project has been funded. the T3 researchers were overly optimistic. As one of the ''Tastes. the T3 research team—in good faith— took a number of steps in an attempt to protect subject privacy. or otherwise to compromise the privacy of the subjects. prospective users must read and electronically sign [a] user agreement… (Lewis 2008. The roster of student names and identification numbers is maintained on a secure local server accessible only by the authors of this study.gov/ awardsearch/showAward. to disclose any identities that might be inadvertently reidentified. 2008). and attribution provisions. by a grant from the National Science Foundation. The first wave of data. Finally. Award #0819400. use.harvard. p.A. in part. For example. Ties. 9 Canadians.nsf. http://www. A comprehensive codebook was downloadable without the need to submit an application. The complete set of cultural taste labels provides a kind of ''cultural fingerprint'' for many students. including review by their institutional review board. the dataset can be employed for a number of research projects that have heretofore been difficult or impossible to pursue. 3). which included detailed descriptions and frequencies of the various data elements (see Lewis 2008). and requiring other researchers to agree to a ''terms and conditions for use'' that prohibited any attempts to re-identify subjects.jsp? ods_key=gc109).edu/dvn/). political views. Researchers are also required to agree to a ''Terms and Conditions of Use'' statement in order to gain access to the dataset. in order to access any part of the dataset. 5 See relevant National Science Foundation Grant General Conditions (GC-1).'' was publicly released on September 25. Sharing of Findings.5 As a result. including gender. 2 Armenians.iq.do?AwardNumber=0819400. and Time'' researchers noted. 3 Bulgarians. Data. the removal of student names and identification numbers from the dataset. as expressed by the project's principle investigator. Pursuant to the authors' agreement with the Committee on the Use of Human Subjects. section 38. and access is granted at the discretion of the T3 research team. race. and no students were contacted for additional information. the codebook revealed that the dataset included 819 male and 821 female subjects.4 who mandates certain levels of data sharing as a condition of its grants. a delay in the release of the cultural interests of the subjects. the Facebook dataset is being made available for public use in phases. 4 See ''Social Networks and Online Spaces: A Cohort Study of American College Students''. and so these labels will be released only after a substantial delay in order to ensure that students' identities remain anonymous. Their intent. Only those data that were accessible by default by each RA were collected. and wave 4 in the fall of 2011 (Lewis 2008. Jason Kaufman. as well as Facebook. and Other Research Products (http://www. northeastern American university. consenting to various licensing.com. wave 3 in the fall of 2010. and that there were 1 self-identified Albanian. Unfortunately. ethnicity. 29) These steps taken by the T3 researchers to remove identifying information reveal an acknowledgment of—and sensitivity to—the privacy concerns that will necessarily arise given the public release of such a rich and complete set of Facebook data. 123 . Ties. Partial re-identification and withdrawal of dataset Cognizant of the privacy concerns related to collecting and releasing detailed Facebook profile data from a cohort of college students. All identifying information was deleted or encoded immediately after the data were downloaded. The dataset release The ''Tastes. qtd in Rosenbloom 2007). a number of precautionary steps were taken to ensure that the identity and privacy of students in this study remain protected.On the ethics of research in Facebook providing the ability to study how the social network changes over time. p. 2008 (N. 315 The codebook also included an account of the steps taken by the T3 researchers in an attempt to protect subject privacy: All data were collected with the permission of the college being studied. As a result of its uniqueness. This roster will be destroyed immediately after the last wave of data is processed.6 Prospective users of the dataset are required to submit a brief statement detailing how the data will be used.nsf. and so on. comprising of ''machine-readable files of virtually all the information posted on approximately 1700 FB profiles by an entire cohort of students at an anonymous.gov/publications/pub_summ. 6 The dataset is archived at the IQSS Dataverse Network at Harvard University (http://dvn. the college's Committee on the Use of Human Subjects. roughly matching the annual frequency of data collection: wave 1 in September 2008. home state. was to ensure that ''all the data is cleaned so you can not connect anyone to an identity'' (Kaufman 2008a). and college major. ''We're on the cusp of a new way of doing social science… Our predecessors could only dream of the kind of data we now have'' (Nicholas Christakis. wave 2 in the fall of 2009.
such as Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations. RI. On September 29. which will provide further information that may lead to identification. Elsewhere. only 4 days after the initial data release. which we hope it will be hard to do). (Privacy filters obviously aren't much of an obstacle to those who want to get around them. little ''extreme effort'' was needed to further ''crack'' the dataset. Brown University. MA. University of Hartford. and general criticism of the research team's attempts to protect the privacy of the subjects. He then attempts to diffuse some of the implicit privacy concerns with the following comment: What might hackers want to do with this information. assuming they could crack the data and 'see' these people's Facebook info? Couldn't they do this just as easily via Facebook itself? Our dataset contains almost no information that isn't on Facebook. the unique majors listed in the codebook allowed for the ultimate identification of the source university. someone goes to the extreme effort of cracking our dataset. noting that. (Stutzman 2008) Commenting on Stutzman's blog post on the subject. it is likely that no two networks will be exactly similar. Quinnipiac University. A friend network can be thought of as a fingerprint. 2009).) (Kaufman 2008b) Stutzman and Hargittai share a fear of the possible reidentification of the presumed anonymous Facebook dataset that has been made available to the public. Hargittai suggests that the uniqueness of the some of the data elements makes identifying the source of the data—and therefore some of the individual subjects—quite trivial. 7 College Board. . b). http://www. sounded similar concerns: I think it's hard to imagine that some of this anonymity wouldn't be breached with some of the participants in the sample. ''We're sociologists. the principle investigator of the T3 research project. again without ever looking at the data itself (Zimmer 2008a). student at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill's School of Information and Library Science. Another issue is that the particular list of majors makes it quite easy to guess which specific school was used to draw the sample.316 However. Zimmer of the data was quickly narrowed down from over 2000 possible colleges and universities to a list of only seven (Zimmer 2008b). Only Harvard College offers the specific variety of the subjects' majors that are listed in the codebook. Using only the freely available codebook and referencing various public comments about the research. Fred Stutzman. As Hargittai recognized.D. Partial re-identification Within days of its public release. questioned the T3 researchers' faith in the non-identifiability of the dataset: The ''non-identifiability'' of such a dataset is up for debate. it was accomplished a day later. nor made information about them public (unless. and Harvard College. a Ph. An examination of the codebook revealed the source was a private. the team's desire to ensure ''all the data is cleaned so you can not connect anyone to an identity'' fell short. Suffolk University. some nationalities are only represented by one person. nor asked them for any information. Yale University. For one thing. not technologists. NH.com. co-ed colleges in New England states (CT. Put those two pieces of information together and I can imagine all sorts of identities becoming rather obvious to at least some people. was quick to react.collegeboard. (Kaufman 2008c) However. perhaps in justification for the amount of details released in the dataset. ME. the source was identified as a ''New England'' school. Eszter Hargittai. Most striking about this revelation was that the identification of the source of the Facebook data did not require access to the full dataset itself. Jason Kaufman. so a lot of this is new to us'' and ''Sociologists generally want to know as much as possible about research subjects'' (Kaufman 2008b). A search through an online college database7 revealed only seven private. Upon the public announcement of this initial discovery. the source of the T3 dataset was identified as Harvard College (see Zimmer 2008a. the authors of the dataset plan to release student ''Favorite'' data in 2011. for example. VT) with total undergraduate populations between 5000 and 7500 students (a likely range if there were 1640 in the 2006 freshman class): Tufts University. Narayanan and Shmatikov 2008. as you all point out. Stutzman's concern over the ability to exploit the uniqueness of one's social graph to identify an individual within a large dataset has proven true in numerous cases (see. whose class of 2009 initially had 1640 students in it. meaning individuals may be able to be identified in the dataset post-hoc… Further. the source 123 And then: We have not accessed any information not otherwise available on Facebook. co-educational institution. (Hargittai 2008) M. an Associate Professor of Communication Studies at Northwestern University. 2008. We have not interviewed anyone. Hargittai's fears were correct. despite these efforts.
11 Screenshot of http://dvn. Nussbaum 2007. where they can designate a ''blocking group'' of between 2 and 8 students with whom they would like be housed in close proximity. 2009. Critically examining the methods of the T3 research project.10 A full year after the initial release.iq. 2010. the source of the T3 dataset was established with reasonable certainly in a relatively short period of time. The complete set of cultural taste labels provides a kind of ''cultural fingerprint'' for many students. students have to pick between 1 and 7 best friends'' that they will essentially live with for the rest of their undergraduate career (Kaufman 2008a). on file with author. and so these labels will be released only after a substantial 10 8 This process is described at the Harvard College Office of Residential Life website: http://www. and we expect to begin distributing again in the next 2–3 weeks. no longer publicly available: Note: As of 10/8/08. and that the T3 research team is re-evaluating their processes and procedures in reaction. but please check back frequently at this website for a final release notice. Webpage remains unchanged as of April 29. at least for the moment. prospective users may still submit requests and research statements. In the meantime. this message remains in place.11 These messages noting the restricted access to the Facebook dataset to ''ensure that our dataset maintains the highest standards for protecting student privacy'' suggest that the re-identification of the source as Harvard College was correct. As of May 29. Lenhart and Madden 2007. the ease of identification of the source places their privacy in jeopardy given that the dataset contains a relatively small population with many unique individuals. but within 1 week of the discovery. Withdrawal of the dataset The announcement of this likely identification of the source of the Facebook dataset did not prompt a public reply by the T3 research team. and thank you for your patience. Grimmelmann 2009).harvard.harvard. Only those data that were accessible by default by each RA were collected. We apologize for the inconvenience. 2009. and thank you for your patience and understanding as 317 we work to ensure that our dataset maintains the highest standards for protecting student privacy. and the public release of the dataset. Albrechtslund 2008.edu/dvn/dv/t3 taken on November 1. for example. 2. This describes the unique method for determining undergraduate housing at Harvard: all freshman who complete the fall term enter into a lottery. We again apologize for any inconvenience. the page was updated with a new message acknowledging the removal was in response to concerns over student privacy: UPDATE (3/19/09): Internal revisions are almost complete. While individual subjects were not identified in this process.iq. 2009. without needing to download or access the dataset itself. 9 Screenshot of http://dvn.edu/dvn/dv/t3 taken on October 22.8 In summary. the dataset remains unavailable. All identifying information was deleted or encoded immediately after the data were downloaded.On the ethics of research in Facebook Studies of Women. the access page for the ''Tastes. on file with author.harvard. The identification of Harvard College was further confirmed after analysis of a June 2008 video presentation by Kaufman.a notice will be posted when the distribution process has resumed.iq. Barnes 2006. Ties. and Organismic and Evolutionary Biology. Solove 2007. on file with author. and Time'' reveals many of the fault lines within these debates. where he noted that ''midway through the freshman year. and Time'' dataset displayed the following message. Please check back later at this site for additional updates.edu/dvn/dv/t3 taken on March 27.fas. Screenshot of http://dvn.tabgroup17715.9 Then. and no students were contacted for additional information.orl. unfortunately. The primary steps taken by the T3 research team to protect subject privacy (quoted above). but the approval process will be delayed until further notice.edu/icb/icb. reveals numerous conceptual gaps in the understanding the nature of privacy and anonymity in the context of social networking sites. overly optimistic. Ties. The events surrounding the release of the Facebook data in the ''Tastes. 3. Gender and Sexuality.do? keyword=k11447&tabgroupid=icb. in March 2009. indicating that the dataset was. Gross and Acquisti 2005. 2008. please DO NOT submit new dataset requests. with the following message greeting interested researchers: UPDATE (10/2/09): The T3 dataset is still offline as we take further steps to ensure the privacy of students in the dataset. The hopes by the T3 research team that ''extreme effort'' would be necessary to ''crack'' the dataset were. 123 .harvard. The insufficiency of privacy protections in the T3 project The changing nature—and expectations—of privacy in online social networks are being increasingly debated and explored (see. can be summarized as follows: 1.
6). and puts the privacy of those subjects at risk. In order to access any part of the dataset. and 42 were undiscoverable (either not on Facebook or invisible to those not within their ''friend'' network) (Lewis 2008. and no students were contacted for additional information'' (Lewis 2008. a given student's information should not be considered objectively ''public'' or ''private'' (or even ''not on Facebook'')—it should be considered ''public'' or ''private'' (or ''not on Facebook'') from the perspective of the particular RA that downloaded the given student's data. to disclose any identities that might be inadvertently re-identified. the justification that ''we have not accessed any information not otherwise available on Facebook'' is true only to a point.12 Importantly. but only through a manual process. but to be inaccessible to those outside that sphere. the principle investigator of the T3 project. it is likely that profile information that a subject explicitly restricted to only ''in network'' participants in Facebook has been accessed from within that network. Each will be considered below. it might have been accessible only due to the fact that the RA was within the same ''network'' as the subject. Given this likelihood. (Lewis 2008.318 4. As a result. The dataset's codebook confirms that ''Only those data that were accessible by default by each RA were collected. were reviewed and approved by Harvard's Committee on the Use of Human Subjects. p. 1. 29). has stated that ''our dataset contains almost no information that isn't on Facebook'' and that ''We have not accessed any information not otherwise available on Facebook'' (Kaufman 2008c). p. and to design their research methodology accordingly.640 students in the cohort. The T3 codebook notes that of the 1. being from the same network as the subject. M. While the information was indeed available to the RA. each has serious limitations that expose a failures by the researchers to fully understand the nature of privacy in online social network spaces. Zimmer delay in order to ensure that students' identities remain anonymous. a profile might not be discoverable or viewable to someone outside the boundaries of the access setting. Instead. a Facebook user might decide to share her profile information only with other Harvard students. it was included in a dataset released to the general public. In other words. or otherwise to compromise the privacy of the subjects. but wants to remain private to the rest of the world. including the above steps. researchers note that ''All identifying information was deleted or encoded immediately after the data were downloaded'' . 5. While each of these steps reveal good-faith efforts to protect the privacy of the subjects. the codebook notes a peculiarity inherent with using innetwork RAs to access the Facebook profile data: It is important to note that both undergraduate and graduate student RAs were employed for downloading data. or to ''Everyone''.446 were found on Facebook with viewable profiles. would be able to view and download a subject's profile data that was otherwise restricted from outside view. What appears to be lost on the researchers is that a subject might have set her privacy settings to be viewable to only to other users within her network. and being ''public'' or ''private'' on Facebook is merely relative to that particular RAs level of access. Use of in-network RAs to access subject data In his defense of releasing subjects' Facebook profile data. Thus. This gap in the project's fundamental methodology reveals a troublesome lack of understanding of how users might be using the privacy settings within Facebook to control the flow of their personal information across different spheres. Thus. 6) The T3 researchers concede that one RA might have different access to a student's profile than a different RA. followed by a brief discussion of some of the public comments made by the T3 research team in defense of their methods and the public release of the dataset. and that a privacy setting was explicitly set with the intent to keep that data within the boundaries of that network. For example. her profile data—originally meant for only those within the Harvard network—is now included in a dataset released to the public. Access to this information was granted by Facebook. The entire research project. Removal or encoding of ''identifying'' information 12 Facebook allows users to control access to their profiles based on variables such as ''Friends only''. but then extracted and shared outside those explicit boundaries. 152 had a Facebook profile that was discoverable but not viewable by the RA. prospective researchers must agree to a ''terms and conditions for use'' that prohibits any attempts to re-identify subjects. The RAs employed for the project. research assistants (RA) from the source institution (presumably Harvard) were employed to perform the labor-intensive task of search for each first year student's Facebook page and saving the profile information. or those in their ''Network'' (such as the Harvard network). Jason Kaufmann. Thus. and that each type of RA may have had a different level of default access based on individual students' privacy settings. 123 In an effort to protect the identity of the subjects. p.
and Romanian. physiological. Researchers routinely rely on datasets for years after their initial collection: some influential studies of search engine behavior rely on nearly 10-year-old data (see. race. one might also learn his/her stated political views or sexual preference. Philippino. PII is typically limited to an individual's name or other personally identifiable elements such as a social security number. and only the numbers will be associated with students for the initial data releases. and Wyoming. Yet. defines PII much more broadly to include: [A]ny information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person…. re-identification of individual subjects remains a real possibility. Their uniqueness very well might have resulted in publicity: it is possible that local media featured their enrollment at Harvard.14 So long as these identifiers are removed from a dataset. Rather. If such unique individuals can be personally identified using external sources. To protect subject privacy. the cultural tastes identified by the researchers have been assigned a unique number. Mississippi. mental. for example. or that the local alumni organization listed their name in a publiclyaccessible newsletter. and that ''all the data is cleaned so you can not connect anyone to an identity'' (Kaufman 2008a). and these subjects' privacy needs do not suddenly disappear when they graduate from college in 2011.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ. gender and ZIP code (Sweeney 2002).do?uri=CELEX:31995L0046: EN:HTML. it only delays them. for example.'' the T3 researchers do recognize the unique nature of the cultural taste labels they have collected. Student names were replaced by ''unique identification numbers'' and any e-mail addresses or phone numbers that appeared in the Facebook profile data were excluded from the published dataset.gov/pub/01-02/bill/sen/sb_1351-1400/sb_1386_bill_20020926_ chaptered. and only by 3 years. cultural or social identity. p. Repeating Hargittai's concern: ''I think it's hard to imagine that some of this anonymity would not be breached with some of the participants in the sample'' (Hargittai 2008).On the ethics of research in Facebook (Lewis 2008. for example.europa. the codebook reveals that each of these states has only a single student represented in the dataset: Delaware. http://eurlex. Latanya Sweeny has shown that 87 percent of Americans could be identified by records listing solely their birth date. especially those with a unique set of characteristics. Iranian. had they followed the European Union's guidance. The fact that the dataset includes each subjects' gender. they will 15 European Union Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC. and so on. http://info. they would have recognized that many of the subjects' ''physical. cultural or social identity'' could also be used for re-identification. while the T3 researchers might have felt simply removing or coding the subjects' names or other specific identifiers from the dataset was sufficient. Nepali. as the AOL search data release revealed. corresponding with the release of the wave 4 data. for example. a driver's license number. This reveals that even when researchers believe they have removed or encoded ''all identifying information.sen. there are only single instances of students identified as Albanian. mental. ethnicity. Jansen and Spink 2005). ethnicity. Delay in release of cultural taste data Despite the apparent lack of use of the EU's more stringent definition of ''personally identifiable information. The European Union. resulting in a significant privacy breach. referring to them as a kind of ''cultural fingerprint''.15 Thus. For example. economic. since the dataset still includes race. 14 See. 29). economic. even if one feels that ''all identifying information'' has been removed from a dataset. Montana. Yet.'' there often remains information that could just as easily be used to re-identify individuals. 319 However. and then located within the dataset. Even after removing the names of the subjects. Most surprisingly. As defined in California law.html.13 The T3 researchers' belief that stripping names alone is sufficient resembles the typical definition of ''personally identifiable information'' (PII) within the United States legal framework. The T3 researchers are right to recognize how a person's unique set of cultural tastes could easily identify her. the California Senate Bill 1386. despite the T3 researchers' recognition of the sensitive nature of the cultural data. The entire set of the actual taste labels will only be released in the fall of 2011. it is often trivial to piece together random bits of information to deduce one's identity (Barbaro and Zeller Jr 2006). and geographic data. For example. physiological. Hungarian. merely instituting a ''substantial delay'' before releasing this personal data does little to mitigate the privacy fears. it is presumed to be sufficiently anonymous. in particular by reference to an identification number or to one or more factors specific to his physical. or a credit card number. an identifiable person is one who can be identified. 13 Simply stripping names from records is rarely a sufficient means to keep a dataset anonymous. hometown state. Jansen and Resnick 2005. ca. Malaysian. 123 . Louisiana. Similarly. and major makes it increasingly possible that individuals could be identified. directly or indirectly. others take a much broader stance in what constitutes personally identifiable information.
To help concretize these concerns. relational data.and dignity-based theories of privacy are understood—and often debated—among privacy scholars.18 For example. but when asked if they conferred with privacy experts over the course of the research and data release. By contrast. Privacy violations The proceeding discussion notes numerous failures of the T3 researchers to properly understand the privacy implications of the research study. Finally. the failure to adhere to ethical research standards. in order for there to be concerns over the privacy of one's personal information. Suggesting that the two projects are similar and carry similar (and minimal) ethical dilemmas reveals a worrisome gap in the T3 research team's understanding of the privacy and ethical implications of their project. nation of origin. but also their home state. the data gathered is imprecise. 321 On the issue of the ethics of this kind of research— Would you require that someone sitting in a public square. or have a tangible harm take place. and focusing on what someone might ''do'' with this information exposes a harm-based theory of privacy protection. thus. As Kaufman argues: 18 This section is intended as an informal analysis of the discourse used when talking about the T3 project. merely having one's personal information stripped from the intended sphere of the social networking profile. It is meant to reveal gaps in broader understanding of the issues at hand. The data acquired included not only the subjects' self-reported gender and ethnicity. The ethics of the ''Tastes. Such a stance recognizes that one does not need to be a victim of hacking. Kaufman responded by pondering ''What might hackers want to do with this information. 19 After the T3 research project was funded and well underway. each year for 4 years. nor made information about them public… (Kaufman 2008c) This justification presents a false comparison. and limited to the researchers ability to discern gender.On the ethics of research in Facebook additional conceptual gaps in their understanding of the privacy implications of the T3 research project. it appears the T3 research team would have benefited from broader discussions on the nature of privacy in these environments. Given the apparent focus on data security as a solution to privacy. Kaufman's mention of ''hackers''. and Time'' project: the failure to properly mitigate what amounts to violations of the subjects' privacy. there is no evidence that others at Berkman were consulted prior to the release of the T3 dataset. The ''public square'' example depends on random encounters of people who happen to be in the square at the precise time as the researcher. seeing your thought process—how you would attack this dataset—is extremely useful to us'' (Kaufman 2008b). and. and not necessarily directed against a particular speaker. Kaufman became a fellow at the Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University. assuming they could crack the data and 'see' these people's Facebook info?'' and later acknowledging ''Nonetheless. ethnicity. age. Ties. We have not interviewed anyone. the privacy of the subjects can be maintained. leaving some subjects out of the dataset. Kaufman admits that ''we did not consult [with] privacy experts on how to do this. Rather. when confronted with the potential reidentifiability of the dataset. political views. They successfully targeted a specific and known group of students. would have to ask those individuals' consent in advance? We have not accessed any information not otherwise available on Facebook. obtaining a list of names and e-mail addresses of the students from the source university to improve their ability to gather data on the entire population.19 The T3 researchers also claim that there should be little concern over the ethics of this research since the Facebook data gathered was already publicly available. but we did think long and hard about what and how this should be done'' (Kaufman 2008c). Ties. nor asked them for any information. While Kaufman presented preliminary results of his research to the Berkman community prior to joining the center (Kaufman 2008a). ''attacking'' the dataset. college major. we can gather them into the following four 123 . the researchers cannot observe everyone simultaneously. Further. and other physically-observable characteristics. an organization dedicated to studying a number of Internet-related issues. Such a position supposes that so long as the data can be protected from attack by hackers or others wishing to ''do'' something harmful once gaining access. observing individuals and taking notes on their behavior. and Time'' project The above discussion of the unsatisfactory attempts by the T3 researchers to protect subject privacy illuminates two central ethical concerns with the ''Tastes. and cultural interests—data which would be considerably more difficult to obtain through observations in a public square. including privacy. The distinction between harm. Such a position ignores the broader dignity-based theory of privacy (Bloustein 1964). and instead must select which individuals to focus their attention. the T3 researchers utilized an in-network research assistant to systematically access and download an entire cohort of college students' Facebook profile pages. and amassed into a database for external review becomes an affront to the subjects' human dignity and their ability to control the flow of their personal information. sexual interests.
no specific consent was sought or received from the subjects in the study. the students' housing information and personal email addresses were provided to the T3 researchers to aid in their data collection and processing. the ''Tastes.'s. As described above. the collection and release of Facebook data invariably brings about unauthorized secondary uses. Improper access to personal information Privacy violations might occur when information about individuals might be readily available to persons not properly or specifically authorized to have access the data. Amount of personal information collected Privacy violations can occur when ''extensive amounts of personally identifiable data are being collected and stored in databases'' Smith et al. and Time'' project's very existence is dependent on the extensive collection of personal data. collected a vast amount of personal information on over 1. M. 21 20 I thank an anonymous reviewer for suggesting this organizing framework. which include ''Access'' as a key provision. The T3 project systematically. thus the subject loses control over their information. as organized by Smith et al.20 Viewing the circumstances of the T3 data release through the lens of this privacy violation framework helps to focus the ethical deficiencies of the overall project. the T3 researchers—whether intentional or not—would be able to circumvent those access controls.ftc.21 In the T3 project. These pieces of information were initially collected by the university to facilitate various administrative functions. Without specific consent.322 salient dimensions of privacy violations. Within Smith et al. (1996) framework. 172). might have mitigated many of the privacy threats. Notably. regardless of what the subject might have intended or desired regarding its accessibility to be harvested for research purposes.'s (1996) privacy violation framework helps to focus the ethical deficiencies of the overall project. The data was made available on Facebook for the purpose of social networking among friends and colleagues. Ties. thus making their data inaccessible to the rest of the world. the United States Federal Trade Commission's Fair Information Practice Principles (http://www. our critique of the T3 project exposes various breeches in ethical research standards that.gov/reports/ privacy3/fairinfo. Individual bits of data that might have been added and modified on a subject's Facebook profile page over time were harvested and aggregated into a single database. 123 See. First. Errors in personal information Finally. Ethical research standards Viewing the privacy concerns of the T3 data release through the lens of Smith et al. In turn. Further. unauthorized secondary use of personal information. this loss of control over one's personal information is considered a privacy violation. Zimmer Unauthorized secondary use Unauthorized secondary use of personal information is the concern that information collected from individuals for one purpose might be used for another secondary purpose without authorization form the individual. aggregating it. and regularly over a 4-year period. not to be used as fodder for academic research. and not for secondary use to assist researchers looking for students' profiles on Facebook. Second.shtm). and releasing it for others to download invites a multitude of secondary uses of the data not authorized by the students. and errors in personal information. (1996. their profile information was simply considered freely accessible for collection and research. At least two incidences of unauthorized secondary use of personal information can be identified in the T3 project. the very nature of collecting Facebook profile information. privacy concerns arise due to the impact of possible errors within datasets. thereby including these subjects' information among those with more liberal restrictions. for example. providing data subjects the ability to view and contesting inaccurate or incomplete data. (1996) and based on thorough review of privacy literature: the amount of personal information collected. p. improper access to personal information. and then compared across datafiles. which has lead to various policies ensuring individuals are granted the ability to view and edit data collected about them to minimize any potential privacy violations. these two factors reveal how a privacy violation based on improper access has occurred due to the T3 project. co-mingled with housing data from an outside source. By using research assistants from within the Harvard community. subjects within the T3 dataset might have used technological means to restrict access to their profile information to only members of the Harvard community. Combined. .500 college students. if followed. subjects were not aware of the data collection nor provided any access to view the data to correct for errors or unwanted information.
the T3 researchers did not obtain any informed consent by the subjects within the dataset (nor were they asked to do so by their Institutional Review Board). we must ensure that our research methods courses. These include challenges to the traditional nature of consent. As a result. Similarly. Two. Perhaps most significantly. and Time'' research project might very well be ushering in ''a new way of doing social 23 See.gov/ ohrp/humansubjects/guidance/45cfr46. the T3 researchers have failed in their duty to engage in ethically-based research. properly identifying and respecting expectations of privacy on social network sites. Stutzman 2006. boyd 2008a). threats to the privacy of the subjects under study persist.gov/awardsearch/showAward. 2009).org/). or that only members of the Harvard network would ever have access to the data. and should strive to bring together an interdisciplinary team of collaborators to help ensure the shortcomings of the T3 data release are not repeated. culminating in the scrutiny of research projects by Institutional Review Boards for the Protection of Human Subjects (IRB's) to review research according to federal regulations. and the relative expertise of institutional review boards when confronted 22 See Part 46 Protection of Human Subjects of Title 45 Public Welfare of the Code of Federal Regulations at http://www. developing sufficient strategies for data anonymization prior to the public release of personal data. codes of best practices. but three steps can be taken immediately to guide future research in social media spaces.nsf. Ties. As made apparent to the position of some of the T3 research team that their data collection methods were unproblematic since the ''information was already on Facebook''. 24 An important movement in this direction is the recently funded ''Internet Research and Ethics 2. The case of the T3 data release also reveals that we still have not learned the lessons of the AOL data release and similar instances where presumed anonymous datasets have been re-identified. and privacy and confidentiality. especially in light of this contextual understanding of norms of information flow within specific spheres. for example. generally. As noted above. which places considerable focus on informed consent and respecting the ethical expectations within the venue under study. despite the good faith efforts of the T3 research team. the very bodies bestowed with the responsibility of protecting the rights of data subjects.do?Award Number=0924604 and http://www. and the viewpoints publicly expressed by the researchers—reveals considerable conceptual gaps in the understanding of the privacy implications of research in social networking spaces. and Time'' project –including its methodology. and Policy'' research project directed by Elizabeth Buchanan and Charles Ess (http://www. For example. The purpose of this critical analysis of the T3 project is not to place blame or single out these researchers for condemnation. McGeveran 2007.htm. One. 2004.0: The Internet Research Ethics Digital Library. Inquiry. Further.24 The ''Tastes. 123 . but to use it as a case study to help expose the emerging challenges of engaging in research within online social network settings.do? AwardNumber=0646591). recognizing that just because personal information is made available in some fashion on a social network. informed consent. Others have then these broad standards and applied them specifically to Internet-based research and data collection. 323 with research projects based on data gleaned from social media. the way in which the data was released.hhs. the ''Internet Research Ethics: Discourse.On the ethics of research in Facebook Ethical issues in human subjects research receive considerable attention. as described in detail.22 These regulations focus on research ethics issues such as subject safety. the researchers failed to respect the expectations likely held by the subjects regarding the relative accessibility and purpose of their Facebook profile information. the Association of Internet Researchers have issued a set of recommendations for engaging in ethical research online (see Ess and AoIR ethics working committee 2002). future researchers must gain a better understanding of the contextual nature of privacy in these spheres (Nissenbaum 1998. and research protocols recognize the unique challenges of engaging in research on Internet and social media spaces.internetresearchethics. this case study has uncovered possible shortcomings in the oversight functions of institutional review boards. Interactive Resource Center. Conclusion The events surrounding the release of the Facebook data in the ''Tastes. the notion of what constitutes ''consent'' within the context of divulging personal information in social networking spaces must be further explored. its IRB approval. we must evaluate and educate IRBs and related policy makers as to the complexities of engaging in research on social networks. does not mean it is fair game for capture and release to all (see. also directly by Elizabeth Buchanan and Charles Ess (http://www. By failing to recognize that users might maintain strong expectations that information shared on Facebook is meant to stay on Facebook.23 And three. and Online Ethics Advisory Board'' project.nsf. Zimmer 2006. Overcoming these challenges and conceptual muddles is no easy task.gov/awardsearch/showAward. scholars engaging in research similar to the T3 project must recognize their own gaps in understanding the changing nature of privacy and the challenges of anonymizing datasets. Ties.
September 30. First Monday Retrieved October 12. Bloustein. Social network sites: Definition. and Time: Cumulative codebook.com/2007/12/17/style/17facebook. (2009). Facebook. CT: Yale University Press. and scholarship. 119–157. from http://www. Cambridge: University Press Cambridge.org/pdfs/PIP_Teens_ Privacy_SNS_Report_Final. Information Processing & Management. from http://cyber.. (2002). D. New York Times Retrieved September 30. BC. The author also thanks the anonymous reviewers for their helpful suggestions and criticisms. Lewis. & Christakis. (2008). 248–263. 2008. com/news/features/27341/.org/ISSUES/issue11_9/barnes/. Charles Ess. E. Kaufman. & AoIR ethics working committee. Kaufman. michaelzimmer. Unit Structures Retrieved 2008.. J. 2007. Barnes. from http://dvn. (2008). (2008b).edu/ infolaw/2007/09/17/facebook-context/. & Burke. Privacy as an aspect of human dignity: An answer to Dean Prosser. 123 M. New York University Law Review. On the ''Anonymity'' of the Facebook dataset Retrieved September 30.A. Ties. Stutzman. boyd. A. Wisconsin. 2008. & Wolff. 95. A.html. Iowa Law Review. Acknowledgments The author thanks the participants at the International Conference of Computer Ethics: Philosophical Enquiry in Corfu. and time: A new social network dataset using Facebook. Sweeney. Tastes. Stanford. boyd. rather. (2006). & Zeller Jr. 167–196. 404–410. (1964). Kaufman.harvard. for their valued and continued feedback regarding this work. A. S. (2002). Grimmelmann. K. & Resnick. (2005). com/2006/09/how-facebook-broke-its-culture. boyd. 4. 4417749.law. privacy & online social networks. Smith. A1. H. (2006). (2002). Nissenbaum. Info/Law Retrieved October 3.pdf. Anthony Hoffmann.org/reports/ethics. 18(6). Rosenbloom. from http://www.. A. from http://nymag. H. M. J.harvard. The sociology of Georg Simmel. T. from http://www. Ties. Simmel. com/2008/09/29/facebook-datasets-and-private-chrome/. and Fred Stutzman for their valuable insights and conversations. rumor. Ess. N. N.. Retrieved March 12. Click-wrap agreements the enforceability of click-wrap agreements. Wimmer. but it is our responsibility scholars to ensure our research methods and processes remain rooted in longstanding ethical practices. (2009). Gatt. J. Barbaro. F. Nissenbaum. (2008). A. (2009). (2006). Robust de-anonymization of large sparse datasets. Solove. 2008.. from http://www. Lenhart. (2008a). Jansen. New York Magazine Retrieved February 13. context. . & Ellison. Ties. Tastes.iq. Paper presented at the Workshop on Sponsored Search Auctions at ACM Conference on Electronic Commerce. Jon Pincus. Computer Law & Security Report.org/2008/09/30/on-the-anonymity-of-thefacebook-dataset/. R. Information privacy: Measuring individuals' concerns about organizational practices. G. 2007. Jansen. J.aoir.php/fm/article/view/ 2142/1949. Paper presented at the 30th IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy. Retrieved September 30.pdf. VA. S. B. 330–342. com.edu/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index. Online social networking as participatory surveillance. Zimmer Kaufman. Michael—We did not consult… [Blog comment]. for their helpful comments and feedback. N. privacy and anonymity do not disappear simply because subjects participate in online social networks.. from http://fstutzman. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. and the end of privacy. (2007). The future of reputation: Gossip. B. 20(2). (2007). (2008c). Paper presented at the 2005 ACM workshop on Privacy in the electronic society. & Berkowitz. W.uic. (2007). D. scholars link up with data. (2005). October 3. Washington Law Review. Pew internet & American life project Retrieved April 20. Gonzalez. (1996). & Shmatikov. and the integrity of social life. Additional thanks to Elizabeth Buchanan. Protecting privacy in an information age: The problem of privacy in public. (2008).org Retrieved September 30. Nussbaum.law. 962–1007. March 3. D. policy. Greece.zephoria. from http:// www. (1998). (2008b). Wellman. MIS Quarterly. How Facebook broke its culture. Narayanan. Ethical decisionmaking and Internet research. D. L. & Madden. & Shmatikov. K.. S. 2008. C. (2008). F. (2008). J. (2008). Gross. This article would not have been possible without the research assistance of Wyatt Ditzler and Renea Drews. (1964). from http://michaelzimmer. B. New Haven. Vancouver. Concerns over consent. both online and off.. from http://chimprawk.pewinternet. Privacy in context: Technology. (1988). Unit Structures Retrieved 2008. 79(1). Adam Shostack. 2007. and privacy. 210–230. M. from http://michaelzimmer. from http://www. References Albrechtslund. & Spink. I am the Principal Investigator… [Blog comment]. 39. k-anonymity: A model for protecting privacy. 42(1). 13(1). 17(5). J. Ill: Free Press.ny times. Privacy as contextual integrity. H. M.. and Time: Facebook data release. A face is exposed for AOL searcher no. (2007). the Internet.. Lewis. (2008a). (2007).firstmonday. Finally. 557–570. from http://blogs. history. Alexandria. H. Facebook and the social dynamics of privacy. Alex Halavais. Berkman Center for Internet & Society Retrieved September 30. and privacy on the internet. Glencoe. 10(5).edu/ dvn/dv/t3. 2008. A. Social structures: A network approach. Examining searcher perceptions of and interactions with sponsored results. as well as the Internet Research 10: Internet Critical conference in Milwaukee.324 science''. J. & Acquisti. they become even more important. E. M.harvard. (2005). Information revelation and privacy in online social networks. Facebook datasets and private chrome..org/ 2008/09/30/on-the-anonymity-of-the-facebook-dataset/. Stutzman.. V... On Facebook. Putting privacy settings in the context of use (in Facebook and elsewhere). p. Tastes. First Monday Retrieved 2008. 2010.edu/node/4682.. Taken out of context: American teen sociality in networked publics. 2008. 559– 596. Teens. McGeveran. Law and Philosophy. Social Networks. De-anonymizing social networks. University of California-Berkeley. K.org/thoughts/archives/2008/10/ 22/putting_privacy. Narayanan. S. H. J. A. J. (2004). Milberg. A. I would like to thank Jason Kaufman and Colin McKay at the Berkman Center for Internet & Society. Considering the sociology of Facebook: Harvard Research on Collegiate Social Networking [Video]..: Berkman Center for Internet & Society. International Journal of Uncertainty Fuzziness and KnowledgeBased Systems. Paper presented at the IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy. J.blogspot. The New York Times. Nissenbaum. D. S. Apophenia Retrieved October 22. How are we searching the world wide web? A comparison of nine search engine transaction logs. CA: Stanford University Press. Kids. 30(4). 2008.. 2008.html. Unpublished Dissertation. A privacy paradox: Social networking in the United States. V.html?ref=us.
123 . More on Facebook and the contextual integrity of personal information flows. (2008b). Zimmer. Zimmer. More on the ''Anonymity'' of the Facebook dataset—It's Harvard College.org/2006/09/08/more-onfacebook-and-the-contextual-integrity-of-personal-informationflows/. michaelzimmer. October 3.org/2008/09/30/on-the-anonymity-of-the-face book-dataset/.org Retrieved September 30.org Retrieved 2008. On the ''Anonymity'' of the Facebook dataset. from http://michaelzimmer. M.org Retrieved 325 October 3.On the ethics of research in Facebook Zimmer. 2008. (2008a). michaelzimmer.org/2008/10/03/moreon-the-anonymity-of-the-facebook-dataset-its-harvard-college/. (2006). M. M. michaelzimmer. from http:// michaelzimmer. from http://michaelzimmer. 2008.


What does THE BOARD OF MISSION & SOCIAL ACTION do?
through our projects, tell the Christian story to the whole church and community.
Child Reach-at present we are sponsoring 2 children-one in Zimbabwe, Africa and one in Columbia.
Angel Tree-during Advent a tree is set up in the sanctuary with paper angels attached. Each angel has the name, age and size of a child. People bring gifts of warm clothing which are delivered to Mainspring House to be delivered to scatter sites in Brockton.
The Whitman Food Pantry is an ongoing project with both food and paper goods brought to the church and a monetary collection each November.
Bag Lunches for Mainspring House-once a month 100 bag lunches are made and delivered to Mainspring House which are given to the people who must be on their own during this day.
Heifer International is an organization in which various animals are given to need families both in America and abroad.
SERRV-an ongoing sale of items from A Greater Gift, a non-profit organization. During fellowship time, articles are for sale which are made by people in developing countries.
Habitat for Humanity-In the past few years we have helped building and preparing lunches for 3 houses built in Whitman.


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A fascinating and imaginative joint international open source investigation, led by Bellingcat, has identified the figure with the callsign 'Orion' connected to the downing of the MH17 airliner over the Donbas as Oleg Vladimirovich Ivannikov, a Russian GRU military intelligence officer. And, indeed, a busy little soul, as he also appears to be the 'Andrey Ivanovich Laptev' who served as chair of the self-proclaimed Republic of South Ossetia's Security Council between 2004 and 2006, and then its Minister of Defence and Emergencies until 2008. Beyond a first-class exercise in open-source sleuthing, this once again emphasises the role of the GRU today and four of its particular features:
It is aggressive and adventurous. A significant element of the GRU is its Spetsnaz special forces and other battlefield reconnaissance assets. While by no means every GRU officer has a Spetsnaz pedigree, it has infused the service with a certain degree of forward-leaning élan. This was especially encouraged by former head Igor Sergun, not least as a way of recovering the GRU's prestige after a time in Putin's disfavour.
It has a particular role in the 'Near Abroad' – and especially its rougher corners. The regular spies of the SVR are barred by treaty from operating within the CIS, and frankly are happier in diplomatic cover and white-collar legends. The GRU is thus, along with the FSB, particularly active in the former Soviet 'Near Abroad' and even more so in the battlefields, contested territories and pseudo-states. As soldiers first and foremost, they are less deterred by the risks and conditions, and more suited to the kinds of less-subtle operations these territories permit. In 2012, Ivannikov was appointed director of the Russia-Caucasus Research Centre of the International Institute of the Newly Established States, a Moscow-based think tank which appears to be a GRU front or affiliate agency (in some ways akin to the ways RISI is connected to the SVR) also championing an expansion of Russian influence in 'Near Abroad.'
It concentrates on the sharper end of the 'political war.' While the FSB and SVR engage in campaigns of disinformation, subversion and demoralisation, rely on the GRU for the more kinetic stuff. Just ask Montenegro (where the GRU was involved in backing the abortive pre-NATO coup), or the good citizens of the Donbas, or the Georgians. It is hardly a coincidence that Ivannikov's graduate thesis was on 'The Complex Nature of the Information War in the Caucasus: socio-philosophical aspects' and in the Donbas he appears to have been the 'curator' handling not just Igor Plotnitskii, then defence minister of the LNR, but the Wagner pseudo-mercenary force.
It is, like all Russian intelligence agencies, its compatriot spooks' friends and rivals at once. In the Donbas, the GRU and FSB are clearly in competition, and 'Orion' was part of the former agency's network of handlers and operators. One point not in the report which may or may not be significant, is that I certainly heard some suggestions that the FSB were aware of Bellingcat's attempts to track and identify 'Orion'. That Ivannikov was still using a phone tagged to his address and even confirm his name when rung on spec implies either poor operational security – which is not generally a GRU characteristic – or else that this warning had not been passed on to their 'cousins'…
by Mark Galeotti on May 26, 2018 • Permalink
Posted in GRU, Intelligence, Military - Russia, Russian Politics, Security, Spetsnaz, Ukraine
Posted by Mark Galeotti on May 26, 2018
https://inmoscowsshadows.wordpress.com/2018/05/26/orion-mh17-and-the-gru/
Putin the Recruiter and Trump the Potential Asset? Agent-handling and the Helsinki summit
Yuri Ivanov
hello mark i wish you're good ….i have some questions. if the GRU is dominating the near abroad area so what kind of relations exists between The GRU and the SSO the force established to work beyond russians border ? and how does wagner group fit into the GRU strategy for dominating the near abroad ? in other word can we see wagner someday in the caucasus or central asia
The SSO is under the GRU, or at least the Gen Staff's control. Wagner was an FSB/GRU op, but likewise under GRU op command in Ukraine and, until it was essentially cut loose at the start of 2017, Syria.
Ray Finch
Nice report, thanks. Agree with your positive assessment of Bellingcat's investigation and suspect that they may have friends in high (Western) places. I also would not be surprised to learn of Ivannikov's sudden demise (ala Sergun). The order to move Buk assets from Kursk into E. Ukraine likely came from somewhere within the Kremlin. Those who know too much will have to be removed.
Although of course it was behind the 'donation' of the Buk to the 'rebels,' I honestly don't buy the notion that the Kremlin kills its own for the sake of silence. Sergun, for example, was a death by natural causes as I understand.
Bill Bowring
Fascinating and very useful
'Orion', MH17, and the GRU – To Inform is to Influence
Ukraine Ad Hoc Media Update (28) – To Inform is to Influence

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


As a San Francisco startup with tech neighbors like Airbnb, Adobe, and Pinterest, we're always fascinated by innovation – especially in the bike and transportation world. It's interesting to see fresh ideas that can change lives, and we always keep our eyes open for products that are changing the way we think about transportation.
When it comes to bike gear, Europeans are certainly paving the way for innovation. Hövding, a Sweden-based company, has taken a new approach to the typical helmet, and has invented the "world's first airbag for cyclists", currently only sold in Sweden and Denmark. What looks like a scarf worn around the neck is actually an airbag that inflates in one tenth of a second during an accident, before head impact. Skeptical about the idea of the "invisible bike helmet"? Watch a video to see how it works in an accident.
It seems like when we think about the future, wheels are a thing of the past. It's all about flight. Just ask Marty McFly. Well, it seems like the future is closer than we think. Last week, Lexus released a video teaser for SLIDE, a real-life hoverboard, which apparently runs on superconductors and magnets. Although it doesn't seem like the product will be available on the market anytime soon, we're definitely keeping our eye on this in the coming weeks.
Not to toot our own horn or anything – okay, maybe a little – but we think that our Faraday Porteur electric bikes are truly changing how people see transportation. Some notable features? The original Faraday Porteur has Gates carbon fiber belt drive, which won't rust like a normal bike chain, snag your pants or get your hands covered in grease. Perfect for bike commuting. Also, our decision to hide the bike's battery and electronics keeps things simple and elegant, balancing our riders' desire for a boost with their love of great design.
Bike theft is something that every bike owner worries about. One product that combines safety and innovation is the Skylock, which looks like a normal U-Lock, but connects to your smartphone via Bluetooth and uses solar panels to charge. Features include: unlocking your bike at the touch of a button, alerting you when detecting movement to your locked bike, and allows for easy bike sharing by allowing you to give others access to the lock. Oh, it also knows if you've had an accident and checks to make sure you're okay. Pretty cool, huh? Watch the video to see just how cool it really is.
As you can see, whether it's about keeping your head safe, keeping your bike safe, or simply finding a new, more elegant way of getting you where you're going – the transportation game is changing. We at Faraday are excited to be part of the future of transportation with our elegant electric bikes, and look forward to keeping you posted on the developments we see out in the world. Please feel free to share yours with us at riders@faradaybikes.com.
At Faraday, most of our employees commute on our eBikes and love it! So, since we've turned the morning into something for us to smile about, we wanted to share simple tips on changing your own lifestyle that can go a long way.


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Michael Nix, MD
Obstetrician-Gynecologist, Women's Health
Obstetrician-Gynecologist, Comprehensive Fetal Care Center
Dell Med Directory Bio: Michael Nix, MD
The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, MD
Texas Tech University, BS, Zoology
Residency, Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Michael Nix, MD, is a board-certified obstetrician-gynecologist in both Women's Health, a clinical partnership between Ascension Seton and UT Health Austin, and the Comprehensive Fetal Care Center, a clinical partnership between Dell Children's Medical Center and UT Health Austin. He specializes in complex obstetrics. Additionally, Dr. Nix is an assistant professor in the Dell Medical School Department of Women's Health.
Dr. Nix earned his medical degree from The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and his bachelor's in zoology from Texas Tech University. He completed a residency in obstetrics and gynecology at The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center.
Dr. Nix serves the Director of the Specialized Labor and Delivery Unit at Dell Children's Medical Center and a is member of the national Perinatal Steering Committee for Ascension Health. He is also the immediate past Chair of the Ascension Texas Council for Women's Health and Neonatal Clinical Care. His clinical and research interests focus on patient safety, and he uses simulation technology to teach clinical teams how to improve their responses during obstetrical emergencies. He has published several articles and lectured at regional and national levels.
Dr. Nix is an obstetrician-gynecologist with Ascension Medical Group Seton Women's Health.
Obstetric team training and simulation
Operative vaginal delivery
Patient safety, quality assurance, and performance improvement
American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology
Certificate of Achievement for Service, University Medical Center Brackenridge
Faculty Teaching Award, Dell Medical School Department of Women's Health
Robert Cefalo Leadership Institute, American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
Third-Year Resident Teaching Award, The University of Texas Southwestern Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Ascension Medical Group Seton Women's Health
5301 Davis Lane, Suite 100
Women's Health - Obstetrics and Gynecology - Davis Lane


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#TrueBigApple
Social Justice is Alive, Well, and Beautiful – at The Ford Foundation Gallery
October 28, 2019 By Bobbie Kaplan
When we approached the Ford Foundation at 320 East 43rd Street in Manhattan, we saw an imposing building set back from the street. Once inside, we were welcomed by the sweetest security guards and staff.
Our guide was the Gallery's Director, Lisa Kim, who was captivating as she shared the building's history. In 1936, Henry Ford and his brother Edsel started the foundation as a charitable organization. The organization had a $25,000 endowment to support local arts in Michigan. By the time the brothers died in the 1940s, Henry Ford II was president, and the endowment was worth $450 million ($15 billion today!)
The lush indoor garden
In 1967, the foundation moved to Manhattan. Architects Kevin Roche and John Dinkeloo designed a soaring 14-story building of glass, granite and steel. There were 400 private offices looking down at a first-floor interior garden, with lush trees, vines and shrubs, lizards, crickets and a bat! Landscape architect Dan Kiley made this garden the first of its kind in the U.S.
In 2016, President John Walker wanted to renovate, making the interior more modern, but keeping its historic sensibility. The renovation was completed in 2018, with added space for an art gallery. The gallery's mission: To disrupt inequality in all its forms and to push for social change.
That mission has been fulfilled a thousand times over. In the current exhibit, Utopian Imagination, each piece has something to say in the most beautiful or magical way.
A very chic astronaut
A spaceship's ode to forgotten cultures
Zak Ove's Skylark is a spaceship with objects that resemble African and Trinidadian sculpture, bringing new life to forgotten cultures.
In Yinka Shonibare's Cloud 9, a black astronaut clad in fashionable African fabrics, represents the survival of black people as pioneers in space.
Juliana the Powerful
Juliana Huxtable's Lil' Marvel photograph shows us the artist (herself), a transgender black woman. Huxtable rejoices in the power of her own body, pulling you in so you can't look away.
The gallery is free and accessible. The exhibit is on view through December 7th. For more information, go to fordfoundation.org.
Filed Under: Cultural attractions, Fine arts, Manhattan, NYC history
Marino Marini: Master Sculptor of Female Nudes
Hudson Yards: A Colossal Achievement
The Understated Elegance of Murray Hill
Jackson Heights: Around The World And Out of This World
Big Apple Greeter event
Ethnic culture
Global Greeter Network
NYC landmarks


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'India to equal world per capita steel consumption in 10 years'
A sustained government spending on infrastructure like roads, railways, power and housing will propel India into the league of top global steel consuming nations in the next 10 years, a top official of domestic steel giant SAIL has said.
Jun 19, 2016, 10:55 AM IST
New Delhi: A sustained government spending on infrastructure like roads, railways, power and housing will propel India into the league of top global steel consuming nations in the next 10 years, a top official of domestic steel giant SAIL has said.
"If you look at the massive infrastructure push by the government, even going by conservative estimates, steel demand will grow a lot. India will equal the global per capita consumption in 10 years," SAIL Chairman P K Singh told PTI.
Per capita steel consumption in India, the world's third largest producer of the metal, stood at 59.4 kg per person in 2014, against a global average of 216.6 kg, data from industry body World Steel Association showed.
The chief of India's largest steel producer added the country is at a "take-off stage" and all the "requisite ingredients" are in place, only a little push from the government was needed, which is now on its way.
"Look at the road sector, more highways are being built, which means more steel will be used. Similarly, in Railways more tracks are to be laid and we expect a huge jump in spending there. Power sector is also expanding, which again will boost demand for the metal," Singh said.
According to him, the government's 'Housing for all' is a novel initiative that will give impetus to steel demand. In automobiles too, demand is rising for commercial vehicles as well as passenger cars which will further aid steel sector.
According to a report by the Working Group on Steel for the 12th Five Year Plan period, the potential of raising per capita steel consumption in India is being supported by several factors.
An estimated infrastructure investment of USD 1 trillion, projected growth in manufacturing at 11-12 percent, rise in urban population, emergence of rural market for steel buoyed by projects such as Bharat Nirman, Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana are prominent ones among them, it had said.
Singh, however, cautioned against the rising overcapacity in steel across the globe, especially in China.
"We have to be cautious about the excess capacity in the world and in China. Some countries are dumping their products in India at cheaper rates and adversely impacting the health of domestic producers.
Steel industry is of strategic importance and is the barometer of growth," he said.
India is the "only growth area" globally and everyone is trying to get a "share of this pie", Singh said adding that government needs to watch out for dumping of steel products so that domestic firms can participate with full vigour in the 'Make in India' programme.
He welcomed the imposition of a provisional minimum import price (MIP) on 173 steel products and hoped that government will continue with it beyond August, when it expires.
As per government data, steel imports declined by 41 percent to 0.546 million tonnes (MT) in May this year compared to the year-ago period. This was triggered by MIP and other measures like safeguard and anti-dumping duty.
In April too, steel imports were down 15.5 percent year- on-year at 0.654 MT.
India steel industryIndia spending on infrastructurePer capita steel consumption in IndiaWorld's third largest steel producerSteel sectorSteel manufacturers in India
Seven names on long list to replace RBI's Rajan: Official


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Celebrate World Snow Day And Win Atomic Skis
January 20 marks "World Snow Day," a day to celebrate new snow experiences for children across the world. World Snow Day was created by the International Ski Federation (FIS) as part of their "Bring Children to the Snow" campaign to promote skiing and snowboarding to global youth audiences. World…
U.S. Ski & Snowboard Announces Lip Care Partner Aubio Life Sciences
U.S. Ski & Snowboard has announced a new year-long lip care partnership with Aubío Life Sciences. Aubío will be an associate sponsor of 2019 FIS Snowboard, Freestyle and Freeski World Championships, presented by Toyota, and will be activating at the events as well as at Mammoth Grand Prix, U.S…
Timberline Resort and Ski Area Announced as Official U.S. Ski & Snowboard Training Site through 2023
U.S. Ski & Snowboard has announced today that Timberline Lodge and Ski Area will serve as an Official Training Site for American ski and snowboard athletes through January 2023. This agreement will see athletes from U.S. Ski & Snowboard, the Olympic National Governing Body (NGB) of ski and…
U.S. Ski & Snowboard and Orig3n in Multi-Year Partnership
U.S. Ski & Snowboard, the Olympic National Governing Body (NGB) of ski and snowboard sports in the USA, and Orig3n, Inc., the leader in lifestyle genetic testing, are excited to announce Orig3n as the Official Genetics Partner of the U.S. Ski & Snowboard Team. A pioneer in genetics and…
Elite Athletes to Compete at the 2019 FIS Lake Placid Freestyle Cup
For the 38th year, the world's best elite freestyle skiers will descend on New York state for the 2019 FIS Lake Placid Freestyle Cup, January 17-19, 2019. Catch all of the high-flying action with moguls at Whiteface on Thursday and Friday and aerials under the lights at the Olympic Jumping Complex…
PROBAR Announced as Official Energy Bar and Energy Chew Partner of U.S. Ski & Snowboard
SALT LAKE CITY, Utah (Dec. 18, 2018) – U.S. Ski & Snowboard and PROBAR announced their global partnership today, making PROBAR the official Protein Bar, Nutrition Bar, Energy Bars, Energy Chews and Nut Butters of U.S. Ski & Snowboard. As the creator of delicious, convenient, organic plant-…
U.S. Ski & Snowboard Welcomes Salt Lake City Olympic Winter Games Decision
U.S. Ski & Snowboard, the Olympic National Governing Body (NGB) of ski and snowboard sports in the USA, welcomes the decision announced Friday, December 14, by the United States Olympic Committee (USOC) to back Salt Lake City as a possible future Olympic Winter Games destination. "The…
U.S. Ski & Snowboard, USASA Offer Opportunity
PARK CITY, Utah - Those involved in the freeski and snowboard communities probably know that U.S. Ski & Snowboard and the United States of America Snowboard and Freeski Association (USASA) have been working together closely for years. What many do not know is the significant contribution to…
PRINOTH Announces Partnership with U.S. Ski & Snowboard As Official Snow Groomer Through 2022
The top ski and snowboard athletes in the USA will have world class snow conditions during upcoming training camps and competitions thanks to PRINOTH snow groomers, who has signed on for a second four-year agreement as Official Snow Groomer for U.S. Ski & Snowboard. PRINOTH will support the…
U.S. Ski & Snowboard Launches Official Fan Club
PARK CITY, Utah - U.S. Ski & Snowboard has launched its first-ever Official Fan Club. Since 1905, the year to which the American Olympic organization can directly trace its roots, U.S. Ski & Snowboard athletes have depended on fans for inspiration, motivation, and support throughout their…


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Matthew Keith Jacob Justice
October 6, 1986 - July 9, 2020
Matthew Keith Jacob Justice of Bluefield, WV. passed away on July 09, 2020 at Charleston Medical Center after a short illness. Matthew was raised in Mcdowell County, WV. That's where he Gained the love of Drawing, painting, cars and his family. Matthew was preceded in death by his father Elmer Justice Jr.and his maternal grandmother Lydia Allberty. Matthew is survived by his mother Sally Cathy Justice Hughes of Bluefield, WV. His twin sister Sammantha Justice Steele of Bluefield, WV. His Brother Anthony Justice of Bluefield, WV. His Brother Johnathon justice of Kentucky. His brother Michael Thompson of Bluefield, WV. His sister Christine West of Ohio.His sister Katessa Stevens of Iaeger, WV. His two special cousins Iona Trump of Bluefield, WV and Stephanie Vaughn of Bluefield, WV. His uncle Joshua Allberty and wife Catherine Allberty of Hanover, WV. Uncle Sammy Allberty of Wisconsin. Aunt Brenda Allberty of Wisconsin. Mercer funeral home will be holding Matthew's celebration of life on July 14, 2020 at 2 p.m. The family would like to thank everyone for their well wishes and condolences but, would like to inform everyone that masks are MANDATORY at the celebration of life. Flowers can be sent to Matthew Keith Jacob Justice c/o Mercer Funeral Home 1231 W. Cumberland Rd. Bluefield WV, 24701.
Matthew Keith Jacob Justice of Bluefield, WV. passed away on July 09, 2020 at Charleston Medical Center after a short illness. Matthew was raised in Mcdowell County, WV. That's where he Gained the love of Drawing, painting, cars and his family.... View Obituary & Service Information
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HAMBURG PHILHARMONIC AT THE TEATRO COLÓN
Nicolás Isasi
The Hamburg Philharmonic visited Buenos Aires to perform two extraordinary concerts, presented by the Mozarteum Argentino. Considered an emblem of European academic music, this hundred musicians came to Argentina to present an exquisite repertoire of Austro-German music at the Teatro Colón. The program included the prelude to Tristan and Isolde, a series of musical poems by Richard Wagner, and Symphony No. 6 in A major by Anton Bruckner.
Founded on November 9, 1828, the Hamburg Philharmonic is one of the oldest groups in Europe, and for the last 188 years has performed thousands of concerts around the world. During each season, they present over 200 shows of opera and ballet, plus 30 orchestral concerts and international tours as they did this month. The legendary podium of this organism was occupied by great personalities of the music world, including Tchaikovsky, Strauss, Mahler, Prokofiev and Stravinsky. In the twentieth century, it was directed by musicians like Muck, Jochum, Keilberth, Albrecht and the Australian Simone Young. Since last year and until 2020, Kent Nagano is the Principal Conductor of the Hamburg Philharmonic, as well as the Hamburg State Opera. Born in California 65 years ago, Nagano is a Sansei (third generation Japanese-American) who studied sociology and music in various American universities and at the École Normale de Musique in Paris.
The evening at Teatro Colón began with the beautiful prelude to the opera Tristan and Isolde composed by Wagner between 1857 and 1859.
With a flawless performance from the first chord orchestra emphasized the chromatic melody games, tonal changes, and the most representative melodic ideas of opera. It also brought to mind the surrealist film Un Chien Andalou by Luis Buñuel and Salvador Dalí, which in the last century used excerpts from this opera, mixed with tango.
After that, they presented the series of five poems for a female voice (orchestrated later by Felix Mottl), entitled "Wesendonck-Lieder" by the same German composer. Their official publication was in 1862, three years prior to the premiere of Tristan and Isolde, although two of those five poems, which were clearly sketches and musical sketches of some themes, developed throughout the work. Each poem portraits life at different moments, an overblown way using metaphors and allegories that exceed the original lines. These verses were written by Mathilde Wesendonck, who was in love with Wagner. The problem was that Mathilde was married to Otto, patrons of the German composer.
For this reason, in order to preserve Mathilde's good name, her authorship was not known until the early 1920s, when the four people involved had already died.
Mihoko Fujimara was the mezzosoprano responsible for interpreting all the poems together with a small orchestra. Her dismal vocal range was solid and strong in the bass tones, but lost energy and charm in the highest notes. The poems, although they differ from each other, have a slow tempo, with repeating melodies almost to the point of lethargy, combined with the characteristic Wagnerian harmonic suspension melodies, such as "The Angel", "Sorrows", "Dreams", "Be still!", and particularly "In the Greenhouse" which laid the foundations of Tristan and Isolde's third act.
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For the second part of the program and with the full orchestra on stage again, they played Symphony No. 6 in A major by the Viennese composer Anton Bruckner. The work consists of four movements approximately one hour. The first movement is the "Majestoso", guided by the leading voice of violins, and strong sound of their strings. The second movement, "Adagio" is written as a sonata and presents the lamentation of the oboe. Despite its name, the "Scherzo" is slow and only in the "Finale" horns and metals explode to the tune of A Major. The baton of Nagano has a very particular style, his hands and seem to anticipate what will happen after a few bars accurately and, even in the most critical moments. With the same elegance, baton is responsible for turning the pages of his score as the work progresses, and with great sensitivity achieves a powerful sound both from the flutes and the tuba.
Despite the tedious melodic repetitions in times of stress and calm from beginning to end, the appearances of the clarinet, or eight basses with its final staccato, make clear reference to the Viennese music of the time when the Strauss family reached the top of the world with their waltzes. The presentation of this sixth symphony at that time was an absolute failure, both for the critics and the public. Something similar had happened to Beethoven a few decades before. Only with the premiere of his Symphony No. 7 in the city of Leipzig (1884), comes the success and public recognition that Bruckner was waiting for and which continues today.
Categories: Music, News
Tags: buenos aires, hamburg, philharmonic
Vanessa Souli 31/05/2019
Killer Abstract Women @Karl Oskar Gallery
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AppForge, Inc. today announced a new product line called Crossfire. Crossfire is AppForge's mobile and wireless application development environment for Visual Studio .NET 2003 and the .NET Platform. With Crossfire, developers can write .NET platform-based applications quickly and distribute those applications on most of the leading mobile and wireless devices including Palm OS, Pocket PC, Symbian UIQ, and Nokia Series 60 powered PDAs and Smartphones. Read full press release @ AppForge.com.
Scalado AB (www.scalado.com), today announced that it has joined the Symbian Platinum Program to support the emerging market for Symbian OS advanced mobile phones. As a Platinum Partner, Scalado is extending its mobile imaging solutions to the Symbian ecosystem. Symbian develops and licenses Symbian OS, the global industry standard operating system for advanced mobile phones, to the world's leading handset manufacturers, that account for over 80 per cent of annual worldwide mobile phone sales.
Scalado offers a complete mobile imaging suite, Scalado Camera phone Application Platform Suite (CAPS), for handset manufacturers, network operators, and content providers who are interested in innovative imaging solutions that will enhance the imaging functionality in mobile devices as well as increasing ARPU.
CAPS includes functions for capturing, editing, presenting, saving, and sending imaging in one sole application on a mobile device. The user-friendly applications from Scalado are characterized by high functionality with low processing power requirements and advanced imaging processing with low memory requirements. By becoming a Symbian Platinum Partner, Scalado ensures the close integration of their solutions with smartphones based on Symbian OS providing simple and powerful imaging solutions for enterprises looking to deploy applications and deliver content to mobile devices.


VocRehab Vermont offers free services to any Vermonter or employer dealing with a disability that affects employment. Their services benefit deaf and hard of hearing students transitioning from high school to employment, and are available throughout adult life.
Vermont Speech-Language Hearing Association is a non-profit professional association of speech-language and audiology professionals.
Vermont Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf is a non-profit, non-partisan organization of interpreters, Deaf community members and other allies, which collaborates to ensure that high-quality American Sign Language-English interpretation throughout the state is provided with the utmost integrity and respect.
Vermont Telecommunications Relay Service (Vermont Relay) is a free service for all Vermonters, connecting individuals who are deaf, deaf-blind, hard-of-hearing, or have a speech disability with users of standard telephones.
Vermont Coalition for Disability Rights is a cross-disability advocacy organization that seeks to increase awareness of disability issues and effect systemic change through legislative and administrative processes.
Vermont Council of Special Education Administrators provide leadership, support, and mentoring to those who teach and lead in special education. Their website has a useful Professional Resources page.
education, support and advocacy. Their website contains helpful resources for Vermont's adults with hearing loss.
The I-Team provides training and technical assistance to students with intensive special needs. Their website has a substantial list of online resources pertaining to intensive special needs.
Vermont Association of the Deaf is an organization of individuals who are deaf, members of the Deaf community, including parents of deaf children, and professionals working in various deaf-related fields and endeavors, organizations of, for, and by the deaf, and businesses at large. Their website is a resource for the Deaf community, including minutes from the Vermont Hearing Advisory Council and other news in ASL.
Vermont Interpreter Referral Service provides statewide interpreter and CART referral services for American Sign Language/English interpreting assignments. VIRS serves all Vermonters, both hearing and deaf, in need of securing a sign language interpreter. VIRS also provides advocacy for deaf clients, training opportunities for interpreters and serves as an informational resource.
Vermont Equipment Distribution Program, helping income-eligible Vermonters who have trouble using a telephone and need adaptive equipment.
Information about the Vermont Communication Support Project, serving people with disabilities whose communication problems prevent them from participating fully in court and other agency proceedings.
Many publications relating to people with disabilities, including the booklet, Services & Information for Vermonters who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing, and a Vermont Voter's Guide for People with Disabilities.
Deaf Vermonters Advocacy Services provides services, advocacy and support for Deaf victims of domestic violence or sexual abuse. DVAS also offer training, technical assistance, advocacy, and educational programming on a wide range of topics.
The Vermont Chapter of Hands & Voices is a parent driven organization that supports families with children who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing without a bias around communication modes or methodology. They organize regular social events for families in Vermont.
American Sign Language Teachers Association is a national professional organization of American Sign Language and Deaf studies teachers. Their mission is to perpetuate, preserve, and promote American Sign Language (ASL) and Deaf Culture through excellence in teaching.
American Sign Language University is a resource site for ASL students and teachers. Here you will find information, lessons, and an ASL dictionary to help you learn ASL and improve your signing.
VL2, which stands for Visual Language and Visual Learning. This information hub focuses on understanding how cognition, language, reading, and literacy is developed through vision.
Laurent Clerc Deaf Education Center is a one-stop shop for Deaf Education Resources.
Early Intervention Network: Supporting Linguistic Competence for Children Who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing.
Find trainings and free webcasts about early intervention in their archives.
Mainstream News is a free, online publication issued three times per year (fall, winter, spring) by Clarke Schools for Hearing and Speech.. Timely, practical articles help professionals and parents provide students with effective support and access in educational settings.
My Baby's Hearing is a resource for parents with babies with hearing loss.
National Association of the Deaf is the nation's premier civil rights organization of, by and for deaf and hard of hearing individuals in the United States of America.
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, part of the National Institutes of Health, conducts and supports research in the normal and disordered processes of hearing, balance, taste, smell, voice, speech, and language.
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association is the national professional, scientific, and credentialing association for audiologists and speech-language professionals.
American Society for Deaf Children is a helpful source of information for people who must make decisions about deaf children: providers, educators, legislators, and advocates. Their Knowledge Center includes resources for families, educators, and providers.
Deaf Websites is a great general resource on matters pertaining to deafness, Deaf culture, sign language, and more.
hear ME now is an auditory oral education center for children and adults who are deaf or hard of hearing operating in Maine. Their website includes some helpful information about hearing loss and possible interventions.
Hearing Loss Association of America provides assistance and resources for people with hearing loss and their families to learn how to adjust to living with hearing loss. HLAA is working to eradicate the stigma associated with hearing loss and raise public awareness about the need for prevention, treatment, and regular hearing screenings throughout life.
National Association of State Agencies of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing is comprised of administrators of the state agencies serving deaf and hard of hearing.
National Technical Institute for the Deaf provides deaf and hard of hearing students with state-of-the-art technical and professional education programs, and prepares professionals to work in fields related to deafness.
Supporting Success for Kids with Hearing Loss is a website by Karen Anderson, and contains a wealth of resources for parents and professionals.


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By Rebekah Bell
Confederate's New P51 Fighter Combat Motorcycle Is Lighter and More Powerful
Crafted from aerospace billet aluminum, the explosive motorcycle boasts 200-plus horsepower…
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Founded in 1991, Alabama's Confederate Motorcycles embodies the spirit of renegade motorcycles from decades past. Its newest model—the second-generation, limited-edition Confederate G2 P51 Fighter Combat—expresses the rebellious spirit of the 1960s with a raw, stripped-down design that exudes power. Confederate Motorcycles founder Matt Chambers drew inspiration from an E.E. Cummings' quote about the importance of fighting for one's true identity when naming the new model: "To be nobody but yourself in a world which is doing its best, night and day, to make you everybody else means to fight the hardest battle which any human being can fight; and never stop fighting."
The second-generation model is crafted entirely from 6061 aerospace billet aluminum. The motorcycle features a fuselage of machined plates at the bulkheads, with its intake manifold and head design made from 881 USD billet, which make the bike exceptionally rigid, fatigue-resistant, and lightweight. This construction is paired with a 200 hp big-block engine that is air-cooled and features a push-rod, V-twin arrangement. All of this results in a frame that is 12.5 percent lighter than the original and an engine that is 25 percent more powerful.
"I wanted a big American bike that is fierce and explosive," says Chambers of his inspiration for the new bike, "a raw and stripped down rebel motorcycle."
Confederate plans to build just 61 examples of the new P51 Fighter Combat special-edition motorcycles; 31 will be raw billet ($113,900) and 30 will be black ($119,500). (confederate.com)
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This my first year playing in the NSYO and I am so excited for the season ahead. I started playing violin in the first grade as part of an elementary school violin group. My favourite thing about playing the violin is how many opportunities there are to play in groups or orchestras. Outside of the NSYO, I play in the Conservatory Chamber Orchestra and the occasional school pit band. Aside from violin, I play the guitar and love spending time outdoors, usually hiking, biking, running, or surfing.


The Hoop Chandelier features a Dark Copper finish and Almond-Natural or Orange-Amber mica. Uses four 60-watt bulbs. Lamps and lighting intended for pairing should be noted and ordered together. Minor assembly required. Made in the USA.