The thyroid gland, or simply the thyroid, is an endocrine gland in the neck, consisting of two lobes connected by an isthmus. It is found at the front of the neck, below the Adam's apple. The thyroid gland secretes thyroid hormones, which primarily influence the metabolic rate and protein synthesis. The hormones also have many other effects including those on development. The thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) are created from iodine and tyrosine. The thyroid also produces the hormone calcitonin, which plays a role in calcium homeostasis.
FolliclesThyroid follicles are small spherical groupings of cells 0.02–0.9mm in diameter that play the main role in thyroid function. They consist of a rim that has a rich blood supply, nerve and lymphatic presence, that surrounds a core of colloid that consists mostly of thyroid hormone precursor proteins called thyroglobulin, an iodinated glycoprotein.
Follicular cellsThe core of a follicle is surrounded by a single layer of follicular cells. When stimulated by thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), these secrete the thyroid hormones T3 and T4. They do this by transporting and metabolising the thyroglobulin contained in the colloid. Follicular cells vary in shape from flat to cuboid to columnar, depending on how active they are.
Parafollicular cellsScattered among follicular cells and in spaces between the spherical follicles are another type of thyroid cell, parafollicular cells. These cells secrete calcitonin and so are also called C cells.
In the development of the embryo, at 3–4 weeks gestational age, the thyroid gland appears as an epithelial proliferation in the floor of the pharynx at the base of the tongue between the tuberculum impar and the copula linguae. The copula soon becomes covered over by the hypopharyngeal eminence  at a point later indicated by the foramen cecum. The thyroid then descends in front of the pharyngeal gut as a bilobed diverticulum through the thyroglossal duct. Over the next few weeks, it migrates to the base of the neck, passing in front of the hyoid bone. During migration, the thyroid remains connected to the tongue by a narrow canal, the thyroglossal duct. At the end of the fifth week the thyroglossal duct degenerates and the detached thyroid continues on to its final position over the following two weeks.
The fetal hypothalamus and pituitary start to secrete thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). TSH is first measurable at 11 weeks. By 18–20 weeks, the production of thyroxine (T4) reaches a clinically significant and self-sufficient level. Fetal triiodothyronine (T3) remains low, less than 15 ng/dL until 30 weeks, and increases to 50 ng/dL at full-term. The fetus needs to be self-sufficient in thyroid hormones in order to guard against neurodevelopmental disorders that would arise from maternal hypothyroidism. The presence of sufficient iodine is essential for healthy neurodevelopment.
The neuroendocrine parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, responsible for the production of calcitonin, are derived from neural crest cells, which migrate to the pharyngeal arches. This part of the thyroid then first forms as the ultimopharyngeal body, which begins in the ventral fourth pharyngeal pouch and joins the primordial thyroid gland during its descent to its final location.
Aberrations in prenatal development can result in various forms of thyroid dysgenesis which can cause congenital hypothyroidism, and if untreated this can lead to cretinism.
Metabolic. The thyroid hormones increase the basal metabolic rate and have effects on almost all body tissues. Appetite, the absorption of substances, and gut motility are all influenced by thyroid hormones. They increase the absorption in the gut, generation, uptake by cells, and breakdown of glucose. They stimulate the breakdown of fats, and increase the number of free fatty acids. Despite increasing free fatty acids, thyroid hormones decrease cholesterol levels, perhaps by increasing the rate of secretion of cholesterol in bile.
Cardiovascular. The hormones increase the rate and strength of the heartbeat. They increase the rate of breathing, intake and consumption of oxygen, and increase the activity of mitochondria. Combined, these factors increase blood flow and the body's temperature.
The thyroid hormones also play a role in maintaining normal sexual function, sleep, and thought patterns. Increased levels are associated with increased speed of thought generation but decreased focus. Sexual function, including libido and the maintenance of a normal menstrual cycle, are influenced by thyroid hormones.
After secretion, only a very small proportion of the thyroid hormones travel freely in the blood. Most are bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (about 70%), transthyretin (10%), and albumin (15%). Only the 0.03% of T4 and 0.3% of T3 traveling freely have hormonal activity. In addition, up to 85% of the T3 in blood is produced following conversion from T4 by iodothyronine deiodinases in organs around the body.
Thyroid hormones act by crossing the cell membrane and binding to intracellular nuclear thyroid hormone receptors TR-α1,TR-α2,TR-β1 and TR-β2, which bind with hormone response elements and transcription factors to modulate DNA transcription. In addition to these actions on DNA, the thyroid hormones also act within the cell membrane or within cytoplasm via reactions with enzymes, including calcium ATPase, adenylyl cyclase, and glucose transporters.
The thyroid hormones are created from thyroglobulin. This is a protein within the follicular space that is originally created within the rough endoplasmic reticulum of follicular cells and then transported into the follicular space. Thyroglobulin contains 123 units of tyrosine, which reacts with iodine within the follicular space.
Iodine is essential for the production of the thyroid hormones. Iodine (I0) travels in the blood as iodide (I−), which is taken up into the follicular cells by a sodium-iodide symporter. This is an ion channel on the cell membrane which in the same action transports two sodium ions and an iodide ion into the cell. Iodide then travels from within the cell into the follicular space, through the action of pendrin, an iodide-chloride antiporter. In the follicular space, the iodide is then oxidized to iodine. This makes it more reactive, and the iodine is attached to the active tyrosine units in thyroglobulin by the enzyme thyroid peroxidase. This forms the precursors of thyroid hormones monoiodotyrosine (MIT), and diiodotyrosine (DIT).
When the follicular cells are stimulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone, the follicular cells reabsorb thyroglobulin from the follicular space. The iodinated tyrosines are cleaved, forming the thyroid hormones T4, T3, DIT, MIT, and traces of reverse triiodothyronine. T3 and T4 are released into the blood. The hormones secreted from the gland are about 80–90% T4 and about 10–20% T3.  Deiodinase enzymes in peripheral tissues remove the iodine from MIT and DIT and convert T4 to T3 and RT3.  This is a major source of both RT3 (95%) and T3 (87%) in peripheral tissues.
The production of thyroxine and triiodothyronine is primarily regulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), released by the anterior pituitary gland. TSH release in turn is stimulated by thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), released in a pulsatile manner from the hypothalamus. The thyroid hormones provide negative feedback to the thyrotropes TSH and TRH: when the thyroid hormones are high, TSH production is suppressed. This negative feedback also occurs when levels of TSH are high, causing TRH production to be suppressed.
TRH is secreted at an increased rate in situations such as cold exposure in order to stimulate thermogenesis. In addition to being suppressed by the presence of thyroid hormones, TSH production is blunted by dopamine, somatostatin, and glucocorticoids.
See main article: article and Calcitonin. The thyroid gland also produces the hormone calcitonin, which helps regulate blood calcium levels. Parafollicular cells produce calcitonin in response to high blood calcium. Calcitonin decreases the release of calcium from bone, by decreasing the activity of osteoclasts, cells which break down bone. Bone is constantly reabsorbed by osteoclasts and created by osteoblasts, so calcitonin effectively stimulates movement of calcium into bone. The effects of calcitonin are opposite those of the parathyroid hormone (PTH) produced in the parathyroid glands. However, calcitonin seems far less essential than PTH, as calcium metabolism remains clinically normal after removal of the thyroid (thyroidectomy), but not the parathyroid glands.
About 20,000 protein coding genes are expressed in human cells and 70% of these genes are expressed in the normal thyroid.  Some 250 of these genes are more specifically expressed in the thyroid with about 20 genes being highly thyroid specific. The corresponding specific proteins are mainly involved in thyroid hormone synthesis, such as thyroglobulin, TPO and IYD, and expressed in follicular cells. Other proteins elevated in the thyroid are calcitonin related proteins such as CALCA and CALCB, expressed in the parafollicular c-cells.
See main article: article and Hyperthyroidism. Excessive production of the thyroid hormones is called hyperthyroidism, which is most commonly a result of Graves' disease, a toxic multinodular goitre, a solitary thyroid adenoma, or inflammation. Other causes include drug-induced excess of iodine, particularly from amiodarone, an antiarrhythmic medication; an excess caused by the preferential uptake of iodine by the thyroid following iodinated contrast imaging; or from pituitary adenomas which may cause an overproduction of thyroid stimulating hormone. Hyperthyroidism often causes a variety of non-specific symptoms including weight loss, increased appetite, insomnia, decreased tolerance of heat, tremor, palpitations, anxiety and nervousness. In some cases it can cause chest pain, diarrhoea, hair loss and muscle weakness. Such symptoms may be managed temporarily with drugs such as beta blockers.
Long-term management of hyperthyroidism may include drugs that suppress thyroid function such as propylthiouracil, carbimazole and methimazole. Radioactive iodine-131 can be used to destroy thyroid tissue. Radioactive iodine is selectively taken up by the thyroid, which over time destroys the cells involved in its uptake. The chosen first-line treatment will depend on the individual and on the country where being treated. Surgery to remove the thyroid can sometimes be performed as a transoral thyroidectomy, a minimally-invasive procedure. Surgery does however carry a risk of damage to the parathyroid glands and the nerves controlling the vocal cords. If the entire thyroid gland is removed, hypothyroidism will naturally result, and thyroid hormone substitutes will be needed.
See main article: article and Hypothyroidism. An underactive thyroid gland results in hypothyroidism. Typical symptoms are abnormal weight gain, tiredness, constipation, heavy menstrual bleeding, hair loss, cold intolerance, and a slow heart rate. Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of hypothyroidism worldwide, and the autoimmune disease Hashimoto's thyroiditis is the most common cause in the developed world. Other causes include congenital abnormalities, diseases causing transient inflammation, surgical removal or radioablation of the thyroid, the drugs amiodarone and lithium, amyloidosis, and sarcoidosis. Some forms of hypothyroidism can result in myxedema and severe cases can result in myxedema coma.
Hypothyroidism is managed with replacement of the hormone thyroxine. This is usually given daily as an oral supplement, and may take a few weeks to become effective. Some causes of hypothyroidism, such as Postpartum thyroiditis and Subacute thyroiditis may be transient and pass over time, and other causes such as iodine deficiency may be able to be rectified with dietary supplementation.
See main article: article and Thyroid nodule. Thyroid nodules are often found on the gland, with a prevalence of 4–7%. The majority of nodules do not cause any symptoms and are non-cancerous. Non-cancerous cases include simple cysts, colloid nodules, and thyroid adenomas. Malignant nodules, which only occur in about 5% of nodules, include follicular, papillary, medullary carcinomas and metastases from other sites Nodules are more likely in females, those who are exposed to radiation, and in those who are iodine deficient.
When a nodule is present, thyroid function tests are performed and reveal whether a person has a normal amount of thyroid hormones ("euthyroid") or an excess of hormones, usually secreted by the nodule, causing hyperthyroidism. When the thyroid function tests are normal, an ultrasound is often used to investigate the nodule, and provide information such as whether the nodule is fluid-filled or a solid mass, and whether the appearance is suggestive of a benign or malignant cancer. A needle aspiration biopsy may then be performed, and the sample undergoes cytology, in which the appearance of cells is viewed to determine whether they resemble normal or cancerous cells.
There can be many nodules, which is termed a multinodular goitre, and this can sometimes be a toxic multinodular goitre.
See main article: article and Goitre. An enlarged thyroid gland is called a goitre. Goitres are present in some form in about 5% of people, and are the result of a large number of causes, including iodine deficiency, autoimmune disease (both Grave's disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis), infection, inflammation, and infltrative disease such as sarcoidosis and amyloidosis. Sometimes no cause can be found, a state called "simple goitre".
Some forms of goitre are associated with pain, whereas many do not cause any symptoms. Enlarged goitres may extend beyond the normal position of the thyroid gland to below the sternum, around the airway or esophagus. Goitres may be associated with hyperthyoidism or hypothyroidism, relating to the underlying cause of the goitre. Thyroid function tests may be done to investigate the cause and effects of the goitre. The underlying cause of the goitre may be treated, however many goitres with no associated symptoms are simply monitored.
See main article: article and Thyroid disease. Disorders of the thyroid are functional–caused by dysfunction in the production of hormones, and nodes and tumors either benign or malignant. Functional disorders can cause inflammation as can some other forms of thyroiditis. Functional disorders can result in the overproduction or underproduction of hormones. Any of the functional thyroid disorders can result in the gland's enlargement and cause a swollen neck termed a goitre.
See main article: article and Thyroiditis. Inflammation of the thyroid is called thyroiditis. Inflamed thyroids may cause symptoms of hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. Two types thyroiditis initially present with hyperthyroidism and are sometimes followed by a period of hypothyroidism – Hashimoto's thyroiditis and postpartum thyroiditis. There are other disorders that cause inflammation of the thyroid, and these include subacute thyroiditis, acute thyroiditis, silent thyroiditis, Riedel's thyroiditis and traumatic injury, including palpation thyroiditis.
Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune disorder in which the thyroid gland is infltrated by the lymphocytes B-cell and T-cells. These progressively destroy the thyroid gland. In this way, Hasimoto's thyroiditis may have occurred insidiously, and only be noticed when thyroid hormone production decreases, causing symptoms of hypothyroidism. Hashimoto's is more common in females than males, much more common after the age of 60, and has known genetic risk factors. Also more common in individuals with Hashimoto's thyroiditis are type 1 diabetes, pernicious anaemia, Addison's disease vitiligo.
Postpartum thyroiditis occurs in some females following childbirth. After delivery, the gland becomes inflamed and the condition initially presents with a period of hyperthyroidism followed by hypothyroidism and, usually, a return to normal function. The course of the illness takes place over several months, and is characterised by a painless goitre. Antibodies against thyroid peroxidase can be found on testing. The inflammation usually resolves without treatment, although thyroid hormone replacement may be needed during the period of hypothyroidism.
See main article: article and Thyroid cancer. The most common neoplasm affecting the thyroid gland is a benign adenoma, usually presenting as a painless mass in the neck. Malignant thyroid cancers are most often carcinomas, although cancer can occur in any tissue that the thyroid consists of, including cancer of C-cells and lymphomas. Cancers from other sites also rarely lodge in the thyroid. Radiation of the head and neck presents a risk factor for thyroid cancer, and cancer is more common in women than men, occurring at a rate of about 2:1.
In most cases, thyroid cancer presents as a painless mass in the neck. It is very unusual for thyroid cancers to present with other symptoms, although in some cases cancer may cause hyperthyroidism. Most malignant thyroid cancers are papillary, followed by follicular, medullary, and thyroid lymphoma. Because of the prominence of the thyroid gland, cancer is often detected earlier in the course of disease as the cause of a nodule, which may undergo fine needle aspiration. Thyroid function tests will help reveal whether the nodule produces excess thyroid hormones. A radioactive iodine uptake test can help reveal the activity and location of the cancer and metastases.
Thyroid cancers are treated by removing the whole or part of thyroid gland. Radioactive Iodine 131 may be given to radioablate the thyroid. Thyroxine is given to replace the hormones lost and to suppress TSH production, as TSH may stimulate recurrence. With the exception of the rare anaplastic thyroid cancer, which carries a very poor prognosis, most thyroid cancers carry an excellent prognosis and can even be considered curable.
A persistent thyroglossal duct is the most common clinically significant congenital disorder of the thyroid gland. A persistent sinus tract may remain as a vestigial remnant of the tubular development of the thyroid gland. Parts of this tube may be obliterated, leaving small segments to form thyroglossal cysts. Preterm neonates are at risk of hypothyroidism as their thyroid glands are insufficiently developed to meet their postnatal needs. In order to detect hypothyroidism in newborn babies, to prevent growth and development abnormalities in later life, many countries have newborn screening programs at birth.
Infants with thyroid hormone deficiency (congenital hypothyroidism) can manifest problems of physical growth and development as well as brain development, termed cretinism. Children with congenital hypothyroidism are treated supplementally with levothyroxine, which facilitates normal growth and development.
Mucinous, clear secretions may collect within these cysts to form either spherical masses or fusiform swellings, rarely larger than 2 to 3 cm in diameter. These are present in the midline of the neck anterior to the trachea. Segments of the duct and cysts that occur high in the neck are lined by stratified squamous epithelium, which is essentially identical to that covering the posterior portion of the tongue in the region of the foramen cecum. The disorders that occur in the lower neck more proximal to the thyroid gland are lined by epithelium resembling the thyroidal acinar epithelium. Characteristically, next to the lining epithelium, there is an intense lymphocytic infiltrate. Superimposed infection may convert these lesions into abscess cavities, and rarely, give rise to cancers.
Another disorder is that of thyroid dysgenesis which can result in various presentations of one or more misplaced accessory thyroid glands. These can be asymptomatic.
Iodine deficiency, most common in inland and mountainous areas, can predispose to goitre – if widespread, known as endemic goitre. Pregnant women deficient of iodine can give birth to infants with thyroid hormone deficiency. The use of iodised salt used to add iodine to the diet has eliminated endemic cretinism in most developed countries, and over 120 countries have made the iodination of salt mandatory.
Because the thyroid concentrates iodine, it also concentrates the various radioactive isotopes of iodine produced by nuclear fission. In the event of large accidental releases of such material into the environment, the uptake of radioactive iodine isotopes by the thyroid can, in theory, be blocked by saturating the uptake mechanism with a large surplus of non-radioactive iodine, taken in the form of potassium iodide tablets. One consequence of the Chernobyl disaster was an increase in thyroid cancers in children in the years following the accident.
As with most substances, either too much or too little can cause problems. Recent studies on some populations are showing that excess iodine intake could cause an increased prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disease, resulting in permanent hypothyroidism.
See main article: article and Graves' disease. Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. In Graves' disease, for an unknown reason autoantibodies develop against the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor. These antibodies activate the receptor, leading to development of a goitre and symptoms of hyperthyroidism, such as heat intolerance, weight loss, diarrhoea and palpitations. Occasionally such antibodies block but do not activate the receptor, leading to symptoms associated with hypothyroidism. In addition, gradual protrusion of the eyes may occur, called Graves' ophthalmopathy, as may swelling of the front of the shins. Graves' disease can be diagnosed by the presence of pathomnomonic features such as involvement of the eyes and shins, or isolation of autoantibodies, or by results of a radiolabelled uptake scan. Graves' disease is treated with anti-thyroid drugs such as propylthiouracil, which decrease the production of thyroid hormones, but hold a high rate of relapse. If there is no involvement of the eyes, then use of radioactive isotopes to ablate the gland may be considered. Surgical removal of the gland with subsequent thyroid hormone replacement may be considered, however this will not control symptoms associated with the eye or skin.
Physicians who specialise in the treatment of thyroid disorders are known generally as endocrinologists, thyroid specialists or thyroidologists. Thyroid surgeon or otolaryngologistss may play a role in the surgical management of thyroid disease and general practitioners and family physicians may play a role in monitoring for and identifying symptoms related to thyroid disease.
The thyroid itself is examined by observation of the gland and surrounding neck for swelling or enlargement. It is then felt, usually from behind, and a person is often asked to swallow to better feel the gland against the fingers of the examiner. The gland moves up and down with swallowing because of its attachments to the thyroid and cricoid cartilages. In a healthy person the gland is not visible yet is palpable as a soft mass. Examination of the thyroid gland includes the search for abnormal masses and the assessment of overall thyroid size. The character of the thyroid, swellings, nodules, and their consistency may all be able to be felt. If a goitre is present, an examiner may also feel down the neck consider tapping the upper part of the chest to check for extension. Further tests may include raising the arms (Pemberton's sign), listening to the gland with a stethoscope for bruits, testing of reflexes, and palpation of the lymph nodes in the head and neck. A medical examination of the thyroid will also include observation of the person as a whole, to look for systemic signs such as weight gain or loss, hair loss, and signs in other locations – such as protrusion of the eyes or swelling of the calves in Grave's disease.
A number of tests that can be used to test the function of the thyroid, for the presence of diseases, and for the success or failure of treatment. Blood tests in general aim to measure thyroid function or determine the cause of thyroid dysfunction. Thyroid function tests include a battery of blood tests including the measurement of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4, as well as the measurement of TSH. They may reveal hyperthyroidism (high T3 and T4), hypothyroidism (low T3, T4), or subclinical hyperthyroidism (normal T3 and T4 with a low TSH).
TSH levels are considered the most sensitive marker of thyroid dysfunction. They are however not always accurate, particularly if the cause of hypothyroidism is thought to be related to insufficient TRH secretion, in which case it may be low or falsely normal. In such a case a TRH stimulation test, in which TRH is given and TSH levels are measured at 30 and 60-minutes after, may be conducted.
T3 and T4 can be measured directly. However, as the two thyroid hormones travel bound to other molecules, and it is the "free" component that is biologically active, free T3 and free T4 levels can be measured. T4 is preferred, because in hypothyroidism T3 levels may be normal. The ratio of bound to unbound thyroid hormones is known as the thyroid hormone binding ratio (THBR). It is also possible to measure directly the main carriers of the thyroid hormones, thryoglobulin and throxine-binding globulin. Thyroglobulin will also be measurable in a healthy thyroid, and will increase with inflammation, and may also be used to measure the success of thyroid removal or ablation. If successful, thyroglobulin should be undetectable. Lastly, antibodies against components of the thyroid, particularly anti-TPO and anti-thyroglobulin, can be measured. These may be present in normal individuals but are highly sensitive for autoimmune-related disease.
Ultrasound of the thyroid may be used to reveal whether structures are solid or filled with fluid, helping to differentiate between nodules and goitres and cysts. It may also help differentiate between malignant and benign lesions. A fine needle aspiration biopsy may be taken concurrently of thyroid tissue to determine the nature of a lesion. These biopsies are then sent for histopathology and cytology. When further imaging is required, a radiolabelled iodine-123 or technetium-99 uptake scan may take place. This can determine the size and shape of lesions, reveal whether nodules or goitres are metabolically active, and reveal and monitor sites of thyroid disease or cancer deposits outside the thyroid.
Computed tomography of the thyroid plays an important role in the evaluation of thyroid cancer. CT scans often incidentally find thyroid abnormalities, and thereby practically becomes the first investigation modality.
The presence and diseases of the thyroid have been noted and treated for thousands of years, although the gland itself has only been described and named since the renaissance. The first recorded mention of the thyroid is in terms of goitre in Chinese texts circa 2700 BCE, of which there is general agreement. In 1600 BCE burnt sponge and seaweed were used within China for the treatment of goitres, a practice which has developed in many parts of the world. In Ayurvedic medicine, the book Sushruta Samhita written about 1400 BCE describes hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism and goitre. Aristotle and Xenophon in the fifth century BCE describe cases of Grave's disease, which receives its name over two millennia later owing to descriptions provided by Robert James Graves in 1834, Hippocrates and Plato in the fourth century BCE provided some of the first descriptions of the gland itself, proposing its function as a salivary gland. Pliny the Elder in the first century BCE referred to epidemics of goitre in the Alps and proposed treatment with burnt seaweed, a practice also referred to by Galen in the second century, referred to burnt sponge for the treatment of goitre.
In 1500 polymath Leonardo da Vinci provides the first illustration of the thyroid. In 1543 Anatomist Andreas Vesalius gave the first anatomic description and illustration of the gland. In 1656 the thyroid received its name, by the anatomist Thomas Wharton. The gland was named thyroid, meaning shield, as its shape resembled the shields commonly used in Ancient Greece. The English name thyroid gland is derived from the medical Latin used by Wharton – glandula thyreoidea. Glandula means gland in Latin, and thyreoidea can be traced back to the Ancient Greek word θυρεοειδής, meaning shield-like/shield-shaped.
Either Aetius in the sixth century CE or Persian Ali ibn Abbas al-Magusi in 990 CE conducted the first recorded thyroidectomy as a treatment for goitre.  Operations remained risky and generally were not successful until the 19th century, when descriptions emerged from a number of authors including Prussian surgeon Theodor Billroth, Swiss surgeon and physiologist Theodor Kocher, American physician Charles Mayo, William Halsted and George Crile. These descriptions provided the basis for modern thyroid surgery. Theodor Kocher went on to win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1909 "for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland".
Numerous authors described cretinism, myxoedema their relationship with the thyroid in the nineteenth century. Charles Mayo coined the term hyperthyroidism in 1910, Hakaru Hashimoto documented a case of Hashimoto's thyroiditis in 1912, and autoantibodies were demonstrated in 1956. Knowledge of the thyroid and its conditions developed throughout the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, with many modern treatments and investigative modalities evolving throughout the mid twentieth century, including the use of radioactive iodine, thiouracil and fine needle aspiration.
The thyroid gland is found in all vertebrates. In fish, it is usually located below the gills and is not always divided into distinct lobes. However, in some teleosts, patches of thyroid tissue are found elsewhere in the body, associated with the kidneys, spleen, heart, or eyes.
In tetrapods, the thyroid is always found somewhere in the neck region. In most tetrapod species, there are two paired thyroid glands – that is, the right and left lobes are not joined together. However, there is only ever a single thyroid gland in most mammals, and the shape found in humans is common to many other species.
In larval lampreys, the thyroid originates as an exocrine gland, secreting its hormones into the gut, and associated with the larva's filter-feeding apparatus. In the adult lamprey, the gland separates from the gut, and becomes endocrine, but this path of development may reflect the evolutionary origin of the thyroid. For instance, the closest living relatives of vertebrates, the tunicates and Amphioxus, have a structure very similar to that of larval lampreys (the endostyle), and this also secretes iodine-containing compounds (albeit not thyroxine).
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Web site: Iodine Deficiency & Nutrition. 11 January 2017. www.thyroidfoundation.org.au. Australian Thyroid Foundation.
Web site: So. Michelle. MacIsaac. Richard. Grossmann. Mathis. Hypothyroidism – Investigation and management. www.racgp.org.au. The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners. 11 January 2017. English.
Dean. DS. Gharib. H. Epidemiology of thyroid nodules.. Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism. December 2008. 22. 6. 901–11. 19041821. 10.1016/j.beem.2008.09.019.
Welker. Mary Jo. Orlov. Diane. Thyroid Nodules. American Family Physician. February 1, 2003. 67. 3. 559–567. 6 September 2016.
Web site: goitre – definition of goitre in English. Oxford Dictionaries English. 18 September 2016.
Berbel P, Navarro D, Ausó E, Varea E, Rodríguez AE, Ballesta JJ, Salinas M, Flores E, Faura CC, etal. 2010. Role of late maternal thyroid hormones in cerebral cortex development: an experimental model for human prematurity. Cereb Cortex. 20. 6. 1462–75. 19812240. 10.1093/cercor/bhp212. 2871377.
Büyükgebiz. Atilla. Newborn Screening for Congenital Hypothyroidism. Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology. 15 November 2012. 4. 4. 10.4274/Jcrpe.845. 3608007.
Pediatrics. American Academy of. Rose. Susan R.. Association. American Thyroid. Brown. Rosalind S.. Society. Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine. 2006-06-01. Update of Newborn Screening and Therapy for Congenital Hypothyroidism. Pediatrics. en. 117. 6. 2290–2303. 10.1542/peds.2006-0915. 0031-4005. 16740880.
Book: Harris, Randall E.. Global Epidemiology of Cancer. 2015-05-07. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. 978-1-284-03445-5. 268. en.
Leung. Angela. Braverman. Lewis. Pearce. Elizabeth. History of U.S. Iodine Fortification and Supplementation. Nutrients. 13 November 2012. 4. 12. 1740–1746. 10.3390/nu4111740.
News: Chernobyl children show DNA changes. BBC News. 2001-05-08. 2010-05-25.
Patrick L. Iodine: deficiency and therapeutic considerations. Altern Med Rev. 13. 2. 116–27. June 2008. 18590348. PDF. yes. https://web.archive.org/web/20130531112100/http://www.thorne.com/altmedrev/.fulltext/13/2/116.pdf. 2013-05-31.
Smith. Terry J.. Hegedüs. Laszlo. 2016-10-19. Graves' Disease. New England Journal of Medicine. EN. 375. 16. 1552–1565. 10.1056/nejmra1510030.
Book: Fehrenbach. Illustrated Anatomy of the Head and Neck. Herring. Elsevier. 2012. 158. 978-1-4377-2419-6.
Book: Talley, Nicholas. Clinical Examination. Churchill Livingstone. 2014. 978-0-7295-4198-5. Chapter 28. "The endocrine system". pp 355–362.
Web site: Thyroid History Timeline – American Thyroid Association. www.thyroid.org. 13 November 2016.
Niazi. Asfandyar Khan. Kalra. Sanjay. Irfan. Awais. Islam. Aliya. 2016-11-13. Thyroidology over the ages. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 15. Suppl2. S121–S126. 10.4103/2230-8210.83347. 2230-8210. 3169859. 21966648.
Anderson, D.M. (2000). Dorland's illustrated medical dictionary (29th edition). Philadelphia/London/Toronto/Montreal/Sydney/Tokyo: W.B. Saunders Company.
His, W. (1895). Die anatomische Nomenclatur. Nomina Anatomica. Der von der Anatomischen Gesellschaft auf ihrer IX. Versammlung in Basel angenommenen Namen. Leipzig: Verlag Veit & Comp.
Lewis, C.T. & Short, C. (1879). A Latin dictionary. founded on Andrews' edition of Freund's Latin dictionary.Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Liddell, H.G. & Scott, R. (1940). A Greek-English Lexicon. revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones. with the assistance of. Roderick McKenzie. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Web site: The thyroid glands: a brief historical perspective. Hamdy. Roland. www.medscape.com. 2016-11-13.
Magner. James. Historical Note: Many Steps Led to the 'Discovery' of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone. European Thyroid Journal. 2014. 10.1159/000360534. 4109514. 25114872. 3. 95–100.
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Book: Werner. Sidney C.. Ingbar. Sidney H.. Braverman. Lewis E.. Utiger. Robert D.. Werner & Ingbar's the Thyroid: A Fundamental and Clinical Text. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 978-0-7817-5047-9. 387. en.
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Book: Romer, Alfred Sherwood. Parsons, Thomas S.. 1977. The Vertebrate Body. Holt-Saunders International. Philadelphia, PA. 555–556. 0-03-910284-X.
Venturi, Sebastiano. Evolutionary Significance of Iodine. Current Chemical Biology-. 5. 155–162. 2011. 1872-3136. 10.2174/187231311796765012. 3.
Venturi, Sebastiano. Iodine, PUFAs and Iodolipids in Health and Disease: An Evolutionary Perspective. Human Evolution-. 29. 1–3. 185–205. 2014. 0393-9375.
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Thyroid".


text:
Q: problem with uitableview when return i have viewcontroller with table view that when i click on a cell i go in the navigation to another view controller with another tableview.
i try to use the viewDidAppear and viewWillAppear in the first viewcontroller, that when i back to this viewcontroller from the second viewcontroller i will enter one of this method.
the problem is that he didn't enter this method when i return to this viewcontroller.
this is how i enter the second view controller:
 - (void)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView didSelectRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath{
        ProfileViewController2 *tmp = [[ProfileViewController2 alloc]initWithType:indexPath.row string:[self.array2 objectAtIndex:indexPath.row]];
        [[self navigationController] pushViewController:tmp animated:YES];
        [tmp release];
        [self.mytableview deselectRowAtIndexPath:indexPath animated:YES];
    }

A: viewWillAppear and viewDidAppear are notoriously shaky on iOS.
If you are working with UITableViews we always put the code we need to run before the table gets loaded into the
- (NSInteger)numberOfSectionsInTableView:(UITableView *)tableView

function. It's a slight hack but works very well as this is the first function out of the UITableViewDataSource protocol called.
Alternatively, you can call
    [tmp viewDidAppear];

After pushing the view controller and before releasing tmp to force the function being called.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


This area of the country boasts an endless list of tourist attractions to keep everyone in your party happy – be it the adults or the energy-filled kids you've got in tow. If a getaway is on your bucket list and you've got your eyes set on a Murray River holiday, the region features plenty of adventures and sights to see, keeping your to-do list busy and minds well-entertained. Top up your itinerary as you wander the rural landscapes of this serene, outback atmosphere, all the while soaking up some R&R on board a best-in-class houseboat.
Whether you enjoy just relaxing in the sun, eating amazing food, or finding new places to explore, this area has you covered. And we mean it. Fill up on the many things to do in Mildura and enjoy the wind-down on the waters of the Murray River itself – it's the perfect blend of adventure and relaxation.
If you're a trailblazer that likes to absorb local history and culture, the area has a lot to offer. The Chaffey Trail, which follows a lot of the Murray River, will lead you to many notable sights that span across the country's historical timelines. This hotspot also boasts an abundance of natural highlights to tantalise your curiosity for Australian flora and fauna at its finest.
Alternatively, experience the region through a fully guided tour that weaves you through many amazing historical areas. This is a great way to really get to know the local landscape and is highly recommended by our team if you're looking for things to do in Mildura.
And if you're the type to observe the scenery, Mildura also has over one million acres of highly protected national parks within its highlights. Take in the exceptional views and unmissable beauty that these reserves have to offer.
However, if exploring the outdoors and historical sites are not quite your cup of tea, there's plenty of other things to do in Mildura to keep you busy. Unwind from the 'real world' on board a houseboat that sails you through the very best of the Murray River, all the while enjoying good company, local sights and food that'll put the cherry on top of the entire experience.
Book in your trip now and have our team take care of the rest. It's time to enjoy the great outdoors of this famous Australian land.


1. STUDY! Unit 4 test will be tomorrow. Please review the study guide that was sent home today.
3. Array Project due on December 5th.
Tomorrow is D.EA.R. Breakfast @ 7:30 a.m.
Also, tomorrow is wear your Keller spirit wear to school.


At the beginning of his preface, Roger Collins, a medievalist and Honorary Fellow of Edinburgh University, admits that a one-volume history of the papacy is "probably far too ambitious an undertaking." Collins is right and, despite its virtues, Keepers of the Keys proves the point. The book is instructive in its rendering of the complexities and chaos of die medieval papacy, where Collins is playing on his home pitch; but when we get to the past two hundred years or so, both the narrative and the judgments become uneven. The necessary brevity imposed by the one-volume format (and, perhaps, an uncritical deference to the Whig theory of modern history) yield a treatment of the papacy from the French Revolution to the present in which two of Rome's greatest accomplishments-securing the Church's independence against the assaults of the modern state and preserving the deposit of faith while developing Catholic social doctrine as a comprehensive vision of human goods- go unnoticed and unremarked.
Collins' sketches of the key popes of modernity are also, well, sketchy. Although unhappy with Gregory XVTs political conservatism, he righdy praises the Camaldolese pope for vasdy expanding Catholic missions and for condemning the slave trade. Pius LX is treated with respect and Collins' summary of the dynamics at Vatican I is refreshingly free of liberal cant but Leo XIIFs creation of the modern papacy as an institution of moral consequence in the world is virtually ignored.
Publication information: Article title: Keepers of the Keys of Heaven: A History of the Papacy. Contributors: Weigel, George - Author. Magazine title: First Things; A Monthly Journal of Religion and Public Life. Issue: 194 Publication date: June/July 2009. Page number: 58+. © Institute of Religion and Public Life. Provided by ProQuest LLC. All Rights Reserved.


text:
Dr Scott Hollier - Digital Access Specialist
Technology for everyone
Outrunning the Night
Google Android apps round-up for people who are blind or vision impaired
Published by Scott Hollier on 8 May 2019
There's no denying that Apple led the way when it came to mobile accessibility for people who are blind or vision impaired. In 2009 when Apple released it's iPhone 3GS, its integrated VoiceOver screen reader was revolutionary in making mobile touchscreen devices accessible. Over the past 10 years, competitors have gradually caught up meaning that both Apple iOS based devices and Google Android devices are largely comparable in terms of accessibility features out-of-the-box for people who are blind or vision impaired.
So why is it then that blind and vision impaired Android users still feel inferior when standing next to a person with an iPhone? It largely comes down to the apps. With Microsoft putting a lot of its accessibility emphasis into the Apple platform with apps such as Seeing AI and Soundscape, it often feels like Android users with vision-related disabilities are shut out of the benefits mobile devices can provide.
Yet it may surprise many to learn that the world's most popular mobile operating system has a lot to offer people who are blind, or vision impaired with an assortment of useful apps and features. That's not to take way from the iPhone, which is certainly a great device, but for those on a budget, here's some guidance on what blind and vision impaired users can find if you are a Google Android user.
TalkBack screen reader
First up it's important to acknowledge that Google Android has a great built-in screen reader called TalkBack. On most Android devices this can be found by going into Settings then Accessibility. If TalkBack is not there, you can usually install it by downloading the Android Accessibility Suite in the Play Store which adds several great accessibility features.
Select to speak
Rather than turning on TalkBack, you can just select text, and have it read out which can be very convenient for people who just need some text read out occasionally.
This is a feature that lets you zoom into a portion of the screen similar to a magnification tool on a desktop computer. This can be very useful for people with low vision who need to see a larger part of the screen.
For people with a colour vision impairment, Android has a number of features which that allow the user to modify the colour palette so everything on the screen can be seen.
Volume key shortcut
If you share a phone with others, you can quickly toggle an assistive technology feature such as TalkBack on or off by holding the two volume keys together for a few seconds. For example, you may want to turn off the screen reader when using a Camera app, then re-enable it after a photo is taken.
While Android is yet to receive some of the great Microsoft apps available on iOS, there are a number of Android apps which have some similar features and work really well.
Speak!
Earlier in the year I was contacted by an Israeli engineer that developed and launched the free app Speak! This app is mainly designed to read out text with an auto-read feature so you can move the phone around and it'll keep reading whatever text it finds. It also has useful text orientation features and works well if you want to read whole pages from books or menus. While the app may not be as polished as some similar apps, it meets two very important criteria – it works, and it's free. I'd strongly recommend that every blind or vision impaired Android user download this app as soon as possible.
Another favourite app is Eye-D. There's a free version available but I'd recommend paying for the Pro version which is very reasonably priced at $AUD6.99. Eye-D is a 'swiss army knife'-style app which has a large number of tools including an accessible camera, a 'where am I' feature, the ability to find out what services are nearby and makes use of Google Maps to navigate you there, the ability to identify images and text in images just to name a few. Given its large number of features it's another app worth considering if you have a vision impairment.
Envision AI
Heavily inspired by Microsoft's Seeing AI app on iOS Envision AI also features a variety of tools relating to image and text recognition, it also has the ability to read out handwriting and scan barcodes. I used the app during its free demo period, and it worked very well. However, while Seeing AI on iOS is free, Envision AI are charging a hefty $AUD221.99 for a lifetime subscription which is apparently a discount price. For this amount you may be better off paying for an iPhone and then using the free apps available instead if this functionality is critical to your needs or consider the previous two apps which are far more reasonably priced.
KNFB Reader
A well-established app that can also help in reading out text in books and menus is the KNFB Reader. As with the above it also has a demo mode after which the price of purchase is $AUD159.99. Again, there's no denying the effectiveness of the app, but I'd certainly recommend trying the free options first.
Magnification using the camera
In addition to speaking apps, there are many magnifier apps that can use your phone's camera to view print up-close and inverse the colours of needed. There's no one app to recommend as there are lots of good free options on the Play Store, but it's worth spending some time trying them out to find out what works best for you.
If you want an app that can describe your environment, Google Lens is a great option. It can be used both as a standalone app or as part of most Android camera apps, Lens allows you to take a photo and then have the scene described to you. Google is working on integrating search functionality and other helpful features so if you want to have Lense, have a look at your phone's camera app and see if it is supported.
It's fair to say that Uber Eats is not an app designed specifically to assist people who are blind or vision impaired, but it is an important one to note for people that have the service in their area. Uber Eats is a food delivery app and unlike most websites and apps associated with food delivery, Uber Eats is completely accessible with the TalkBack screen reader. This means that you can confidently select a food outlet, choose items form the menu, pay and keep up-to-date with the delivery status without any accessibility issues. Given the challenges in trying to go out for food when you can't drive, getting the food delivered to you in a convenient and accessible way can be a very positive experience for people who are blind or vision impaired.
One of the best things about Android is that unlike iOS, your launcher can be replaced with one that better meets your needs. There's a large number of custom free launchers available with Nova Launcher being one very accessible example. My personal favourite is BIG Launcher which works well for my needs by simplifying the interface making use of a high contrast theme and working well with TalkBack. It also allows me to customise the buttons such as putting my news app on the home screen. However, at this time of writing, the full version has been removed from the Play Store due to some issues with Google's new policies on using the app for messaging. Hopefully it'll return soon but in the meantime you can try out the demo.
ANDROID V IOS – WHICH IS BETTER?
If a direct comparison were made between the latest version of Android and iOS for a person who is blind or vision impaired, I'd say that Apple still wins out due to iOS being so well established in the community and the wealth of app options. However, if you're looking for accessibility on a budget, it's still worth considering Android due to it's great out-of-the-box experience and some great free apps – and lunch thanks to Uber Eats!
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Sherrod Malone Smith (1891-1949) played 23 years of professional baseball including 14 seasons in the major leagues. Babe Ruth, another left-hander, said that he was, "the greatest pick-off artist who ever lived." He played in Pittsburgh, Brooklyn and Cleveland and in the 2,052 innings he pitched, only two bases were stolen. Smith posted a 115/118 won/lost record in the majors with 21 saves, and a record of 67/39 in the minors. He pitched 30-1/3 innings in three World Series games with a 0.89 earned-run average. His career batting average was .233. In 1916, he pitched against Babe Ruth in a 14 inning World Series games in which Ruth failed to get a hit and struck out twice. Smith doubled once in his five trips against Ruth. "Sherry" Smith was born in Monticello and played town ball in Mansfield, Madison, Elberton, and Newborn before turning pro in 1910. He managed the Macon Peaches in his last pro season in 1932. Smith served in the Army during World War I, and was the Chief of Police in Porterdale and Madison. Smith and his wife, Addilu (a native of Mansfield) are both buried in Mansfield. He was inducted into the Georgia Sports Hall of Fame in February, 1980.


Guitar Tab Reader for JAWS is a free, open source JAWS script that enables JAWS screen reader users to read guitar tablature notation. It does this by converting the fretting information that appears on the six parallel lines of tab notation into a series of playing instructions.
Here is an example. First you will encounter a short line of tablature. To keep things simple there are only a few notes just on the high E string. Immediately after the tab notation are playing instructions created by the Tab Reader script.
Copy and paste a full line of tablature from any source into Notepad.
Move the keyboard cursor anywhere on the top line of the tab staff.
Press Control plus Alt plus: T .
The script places the playing instructions in the JAWS virtual buffer, and you can read them using any of the JAWS reading commands.
The following sections contain instructions for downloading, installing, and running the Tab Reader script. These instructions are based on Windows 7 and JAWS 16. You may have to adapt them slightly if you are using a different version of Windows.
Navigate to the link prior to this step.
Press Enter to activate the link. JAWS announces the Do you want to open or save dialog.
Press Alt plus: N, to activate the Open or Save dialog.
Press Tab to move to the Save split button.
Press the Down Arrow twice to select the Save As menu item.
Press Enter to open Windows Explorer.
Press Tab repeatedly until JAWS announces: Tree View.
Use the Arrow keys to navigate the Tree View until you have selected the desired folder and then press Enter. You may store this file in any folder.
Press Alt plus: S, to save the file in the folder you selected. A download dialog is displayed. When the download has completed, JAWS announces: 100 percent.
Press Alt plus: N, to activate the Download dialog.
Press Tab three times until you reach the Close button and press Enter to close the dialog.
The file that you downloaded is called TabReaderScript1-1.zip. It actually contains 4 different files. To install the tab reader script, you will be extracting these 4 files from it and placing them in a location that allows them to work with JAWS.
Launch Windows Explorer. One way to do this is to press the Windows Start key plus: E .
Navigate to the folder where you saved the TabReaderScript1-1.zip file. You can do this by pressing Tab until JAWS announces that the Tree View control is active. Use the Arrow keys to locate and select the desired folder.
Select the TabReaderScript1-1.zip file. To select this file, use the Arrow keys to navigate to this file within the selected folder and press Enter.
Press Control plus: A, to select the four script files in the zip file.
Press Control plus: C. The selected script files are copied to the Windows Clipboard.
Open the JAWS User Settings folder. The easiest way to do this is to press the Windows key, use the Arrow keys to navigate to the JAWS program group, and press the Right Arrow to open it. Next, select the folder named: Explore JAWS, and press the Right Arrow to open it. Finally, select the folder named: Explore My Settings, and press Enter. Windows Explorer opens the correct location for JAWS script files.
Press Control plus: V, to paste the script files into the open folder. There should be the following 4 files: Notepad.jkm, Notepad.jsd, Notepad.jss, and Notepad.jsb.
This completes the installation process. You can close all Windows Explorer windows.
Note: In order for the script to work correctly, the option in Notepad to wrap lines of text must be turned off. This option is found in the Format menu on the main menu bar.
In the program containing the tab line you wish to read, move the keyboard cursor to the beginning of the top, high E line.
Hold down Shift and press the Down Arrow 6 times to select the entire tab line.
Press Control plus: C, to copy the selected tab line.
Paste the tab line into Notepad.
Move the keyboard cursor to any location on the top, high E line.
Press Alt plus Control plus: T. JAWS translates the tab line, places the translation in the virtual buffer, and performs a Say All command to read the guitar tablature notation.
Here are some things to know about the Tab Reader script.
The playing instructions can be read using any of the normal JAWS reading commands.
You can select the playing instructions in the virtual buffer and copy and paste them into a document or email.
Tab lines are read whether or not they begin with a string letter.
Vertical bars that appear on the staff are ignored.
If two or more strings are played together, the script will tell you how many strings to play together before presenting the fretting instructions for those strings.
The script translates the notations for bends, releases, hammer-ons, pull-offs, slides and vibrato. It can read these instructions whether or not there is a blank or hyphen on either side of the symbol. Parentheses around a fret number are ignored.
If the script encounters notation that it can't translate into playing instructions, it identifies the correct string and outputs the raw notation for that string.
The Tab Reader script is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Attribution should be made to George Calvert.
Version 1.1 corrects a defect in version 1.0 which only defines an activating keystroke for laptop layouts in JAWS. The new version works with all keyboard layouts.
This script is a free, open-source program that may be freely copied and distributed as long as there is no charge for it. It is my hope that other developers will improve upon it, including adapting it for other string instruments. After I lost my vision, I developed this script to enable me to play classical guitar. I have not used it with tabs for other styles of music.
The source code for this script is in the Notepad.jss file contained in the JAWS user settings folder. The function documentation is contained in Notepad.jsd.
The script reads in a set of six lines of string input from a Windows Notepad document. As used here, the words: tab line, refer to the set of six parallel lines of fretting instructions corresponding to the six guitar strings.
When the script is run the keyboard focus must be somewhere in the top, high E line of the tab line. The six guitar string lines are read into a collection object consisting of six string variables. Each string in the collection is accessed by a string letter key. Each of the individual strings are stripped of any string letters, vertical bars or actual space characters that may appear at the start of the string.
In guitar tablature, the notes are played in sequence from left to right. However, there is a second, vertical dimension to a tab line. Notes may be played together on two or more strings, and this is represented by positioning the fret numbers in a vertical column across the six string lines. The challenge here is to organize playing instructions over two dimensions. The way the script handles this challenge is to move horizontally across the tab line, processing fret information in chunks I have called: slices.
Here is a very simple example. Suppose you were to play the following 3 notes together. The first note is the 12th fret of the first string, the second note is the 9th fret of the second string, and the third note is the 8th fret of the third string. In tablature notation, the digits: 12, would be found on the top line in the first two character positions. The digit: 9, is found in the first position on the second line. Let's suppose that the digit: 8 is in the second position on the third line, which still puts it under the digits: 12, from the high: E, string.
Set the Start position at character position 1, in the tab line.
Examine each of the six strings to see if there is any fret information beginning at the start position.
If yes, count the number of adjacent characters until a hyphen is encountered.
After all six string lines are examined, select the highest count number. This number becomes the width of the slice.
Set the start position for determining the next slice by adding the slice width to the current start position plus one.
Applying this algorithm to the example, the width for the high: E, string would be 2, the width for the: B, string would be 1 and the width of the: G, string would be 0, since the fret number was placed in the second position on the line, rather than the first.
After determining the first slice width is 2, the script then processes each string by extracting any data from positions 1 or 2. This would include fret information for all three strings. Even though the digit: 8, was in the second position on the: G, string, it fell within the slice width which was set by the fret information from the high: E, string line.
Once the slice width is determined, the script performs a parsing operation on the fret information for each string played in the slice. The fret information is called a token, and is processed by the ParseToken function of the script. This function performs the translation of fret information into a playing instruction. This includes translation of tokens that include special characters for performing bends, slides, hammer-ons and so forth. In all cases it works whether an extra space or hyphen appears after the special character. In the case of releases, it works whether 0, 1, or 2 frets are specified.
You can contact me with development questions at: backtoplayingblind@gmail.com.


text:
Gene MacLellan (* 2. Februar 1938 in Val-d'Or, Québec; † 19. Januar 1995 in Summerside, Prince Edward Island) war ein kanadischer Singer-Songwriter. Er komponierte unter anderem die von der Sängerin Anne Murray intonierten Lieder Snowbird, Put Your Hand in the Hand und The Call sowie die von ihm veröffentlichten Lieder Pages of Time und Thorn in My Shoe. Elvis Presley, Lynn Anderson, Loretta Lynn, Joan Baez und Bing Crosby gehören zu der Vielzahl der Künstler, die Lieder von MacLellan aufnahmen.

Frühes Leben
MacLellan wurde 1938 im kanadischen Val-d'Or geboren. Er wuchs in Toronto in einer presbyterianischen Arbeiterfamilie auf. Als Kind erkrankte er an Infektionskrankheit Poliomyelitis (Kinderlähmung).

1956 gründete er mit weiteren Musikern in Toronto die Rockband The Consuls. Bis 1960 sang er und spielte die Lead- sowie die Rhythmusgitarre. 1963 erlitt MacLellan einen Autounfall, bei dem sein Vater verstarb. Ihm selbst blieben Narben auf der linken Seite seines Gesichtes. 1964 zog er zu seiner Tante nach Pownal in die kanadische Provinz Prince Edward Island, wo er als Landarbeiter und psychiatrischer Betreuer arbeitete.

Karriere
Während seines Aufenthaltes auf Prince Edward Island fing MacLellan mit dem Schreiben von Liedern an. Aus einer Betrachtung eines Schwarms Schneeammern am Strand entstand das Lied Snowbird. 1970 trat MacLellan in der Sendung Don Messer's Jubilee zum ersten Mal im Fernsehen auf. Im selben Jahr wurde er an der Seite von Anne Murray und Bill Langstroth regelmäßiger Interpret der CBC-Produktion Singalong Jubilee.

Im gleichen Jahr wurde die von Anne Murray aufgenommene Single Snowbird in Kanada und den Vereinigten Staaten zum Hit. Die Broadcast Music Incorporated zeichnete MacLellan als ersten kanadischen Texter aus, dessen Lied mehr als eine Million Mal in den Vereinigten Staaten gespielt wurde.

Zudem veröffentlichte MacLellan das nach ihm benannte Album, welches das Lied The Call beinhaltet und ein weiterer Hit für Anne Murray wurde.

1971 gewann MacLellan den Juno Awards als "kanadischer Komponist des Jahres", währen Murray als "beste Sängerin" ausgezeichnet wurde. Murray nahm einen weiteren Titel von MacLellan auf. Just Bidin' My Time erschien auf der B-Seite der Single Snowbird.

MacLellans schüchterne und introvertierte Art erschwerten ihm die öffentlichen Auftritte. Anfang 1972 begann seine erste landesweite Tournee. Er spielte in Toronto in der Massey Hall, auf der jährlich im Spätsommer stattfindenden Messe- und Jahrmarktveranstaltung Canadian National Exhibition sowie im Riverboat coffee house.

1971 veröffentlichte die kanadische Band Ocean MacLellans Put Your Hand in the Hand und erreichte in den Vereinigten Staaten Platz 2 der Pop-Charts. Über 100 Interpreten, darunter Elvis Presley, Joan Baez und Bing Crosby, coverten dieses Lied.

MacLellans zweites Album If It's Allright With You erschien 1977. Zwei Jahre später widmete er sich dem Gospel und nahm mit Marty Reno das Album Gene und Marty auf. Von 1980 bis zu seinem Tod 1995 trat MacLellan nur noch im nicht-kommerziellen Rahmen an Orten wie Kirchen, Gefängnissen und Altenheimen auf. Er engagierte sich in der christlichen Organisation "Cons for Christ", die sich für die Rehabilitation kanadischer Gefängnisinsassen einsetzt.

Psychische Gesundheit und Tod
MacLellan litt während seines ganzen Lebens an Depressionen. Später verschlechterte sich sein Zustand, was zu einem Krankenhausaufenthalt im Prince County Hospital in Summerside führte. Kurz nach seiner Entlassung beging MacLellan am 19. Januar 1995 in seinem Haus in Summerside Selbstmord.

Auszeichnungen und Ehrungen nach sein Tod
MacLellan wurde postum 1995 in die Canadian Country Music Hall of Fame aufgenommen. 1996 wurde er mit dem Dr. Helen Creighton Lifetime Achievement Award der East Coast Music Association ausgezeichnet.

Ron Hynes komponierte innerhalb von 10 Minuten das Lied Godspeed, als er von MacLellans Tod erfuhr.

Der kanadische Folksänger John Gracie veröffentlichte das Tributalbum A Gene MacLellan Tribute, welches Platz 36 der kanadischen Charts erreichte.

MacLellans Tochter Catherine präsentierte 2017 eine Show mit dem Titel If It's Allright with You — The Life and Music of my Father Gene MacLellan. Sie wurde "teilsweise als Theater, teilweise als Lektion in isländischer Musikgeschichte sowie teilweise als Kampagne zur Sensibilisierung für mentale Gesundheit" beschrieben. Ihr Album If It's Alright With You: The Songs Of Gene MacLellan wurde am 30. Juni 2017 von True North Records veröffentlicht. Catherine MacLellan ist sich sicher, dass ihr Vater die Hommage zu würdigen wüsste:

2018 wurde der Dokumentarfilm The Song and the Sorrow, der das Leben, die Musik und die psychischen Erkrankungen MacLellans behandelt, veröffentlicht.

Diskografie

Alben

Singles

Weblinks
 Collections Canada: Gene MacLellan profile

Einzelnachweise

Folksänger
Musiker (Toronto)
Geboren 1938
Gestorben 1995
Mann
Träger des Juno Award
Kanadier

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
È stato sindaco di Terracina dal 2011 al 2015, e nuovamente dal 2016 al 2019.

È stato eletto europarlamentare per la Circoscrizione Italia centrale, nelle liste di Fratelli d'Italia, in occasione delle elezioni europee del 2019.

È attualmente Co-Presidente del gruppo ECR al Parlamento Europeo e responsabile del dipartimento Ambiente ed energia di Fratelli d'Italia.

È figlio dell'ex deputata forzista Maria Burani Procaccini.

Biografia

Attività politica
Procaccini ha iniziato la propria avventura politica ai tempi del Liceo.

Militante del Fronte della Gioventù, aderisce in seguito ad Azione Giovani, il movimento giovanile di Alleanza Nazionale, di cui diventa dirigente nazionale.

La sua attività politica negli anni universitari si divide tra l'organizzazione universitaria della destra e l'elezione, a soli 21 anni, a consigliere comunale di Terracina, dove è fra i banchi dell'opposizione.

In Azione Giovani nasce una stretta collaborazione con Giorgia Meloni, di cui nel 2008 diventerà portavoce al ministero, quando quest'ultima ha ricoperto la carica di Ministro per la gioventù nel governo Berlusconi IV.

Sindaco di Terracina
Nel 2011 lascia la carica di portavoce e si candida a sindaco di Terracina, risultando il candidato più votato al primo turno con il 44,78%, accedendo al ballottaggio col candidato di centro-sinistra Gianfranco Sciscione (21,71%). Al ballottaggio viene eletto sindaco di Terracina con il 52,85%, contro il 47,14 del suo avversario. Sempre nel 2011 entra a far parte del Popolo della Libertà.

Con la sospensione del PdL nel 2013, aderisce a Fratelli d'Italia.

Il 6 maggio 2015 Procaccini decade dalla carica di sindaco di Terracina a seguito delle dimissioni di 13 consiglieri comunali che lo hanno sfiduciato.

Nel 2016 Procaccini si ripresenta come candidato a sindaco e nel primo turno riceve il 36,55% dei consensi, contro il 30% del suo avversario Gianluca Corradini, accedendo al ballottaggio. Il 21 giugno viene rieletto sindaco di Terracina col 63,09% dei consensi, contro il 36,91% del suo avversario.

Europarlamentare
Alle Elezioni europee del 2019 si candida con Fratelli d'Italia al Parlamento europeo nella circoscrizione Italia Centrale, risultando il primo dei non eletti con 45.331 preferenze. Entra nel Parlamento Europeo a seguito della rinuncia del seggio da parte di Giorgia Meloni.

Il 19 luglio 2019 si dimette da sindaco per incompatibilità con le due cariche. Al suo posto subentrerà il vicesindaco reggente Roberta Tintari.

Presso il Parlamento Europeo, dal 14 febbraio 2023 è Co-Presidente del gruppo parlamentare dei conservatori europei (ECR) e dal 26 gennaio 2022 è membro della Commissione ENVI - Ambiente, Sanità pubblica e sicurezza alimentare la più partecipata dell'intero emiciclo.

È stato membro della Commissione LIBE - Libertà civili, Giustizia e Affari interni, all'interno della quale ha ricoperto l'incarico di coordinatore per il Gruppo dei Conservatori e Riformisti europei (ECR).

È membro supplente della Commissione per l'Agricoltura e lo Sviluppo rurale.

A partire dall'ottobre del 2020 ricopre la carica di Presidente della Delegazione per le relazioni con i paesi dell'Asia meridionale.

Note

Collegamenti esterni

Europarlamentari dell'Italia della IX legislatura
Politici del Movimento Sociale Italiano
Politici di Alleanza Nazionale
Politici del Popolo della Libertà
Politici di Fratelli d'Italia
Sindaci in Italia
Studenti della Sapienza - Università di Roma


Pupils should be taught to describe the simple functions of the basic parts of the digestive system in humans. Pupils should be taught to identify the different types of teeth in humans and their simple functions. Pupils should be taught to construct and interpret a variety of food chains, identifying producers, predators and prey.
Pupils should be taught to compare and group materials together, according to whether they are solids, liquids or gases. Pupils should be taught to observe that some materials change state when they are heated or cooled, and measure or research the temperature at which this happens in degrees Celsius (°C). Pupils should be taught to identify the part played by evaporation and condensation in the water cycle and associate the rate of evaporation with temperature.
Pupils should be taught to identify how sounds are made, associating some of them with something vibrating. Pupils should be taught to recognise that vibrations from sounds travel through a medium to the ear. Pupils should be taught to find patterns between the pitch of a sound and features of the object that produced it. Pupils should be taught to find patterns between the volume of a sound and the strength of the vibrations that produced it. Pupils should be taught to recognise that sounds get fainter as the distance from the sound source increases.
Pupils should be taught to identify common appliances that run on electricity. Pupils should be taught to construct a simple series electrical circuit, identifying and naming its basic parts, including cells, wires, bulbs, switches and buzzers. Pupils should be taught to identify whether or not a lamp will light in a simple series circuit, based on whether or not the lamp is part of a complete loop with a battery. Pupils should be taught to recognise that a switch opens and closes a circuit and associate this with whether or not a lamp lights in a simple series circuit. Pupils should be taught to recognise some common conductors and insulators, and associate metals with being good conductors.
Note: pupils might use the terms current and voltage, but these should not be introduced or defined formally at this stage. Pupils should be taught about precautions for working safely with electricity. Pupils might work scientifically by: observing patterns, for example, that bulbs get brighter if more cells are added, that metals tend to be conductors of electricity, and that some materials can and some cannot be used to connect across a gap in a circuit.


This post may be one of the more sentimental explanations I have given about a wedding I have worked on. My bride from today contacted me only 2 weeks ago for her wedding in Battery Gardens. She was so sweet an soft spoken and truly excited about flowers. We met in person and she told me that she really wanted Ikaebana design. Although I have seen this before, I wasn't exactly sure until I did a little homework. Turns out that this practice tends to be a natural tendency, but, taken to the next level. Japanese Ikebana is a disciplined art from in which nature and humanity are brought together. It emphasizes other parts of the plant, such as the stems, leaves, petals, branches, and focuses on shape, line, and from. The artist's intention behind each arrangement is shown through a piece's color combinations, natural shapes, and graceful lines. In other words.... you mean to put each and every piece in it's "meant to be" spot (: I really enjoyed this process.
This wedding stirred up a lot of emotions about... well. life! This sweet woman is from Japan, and was in the middle of planning her big day when the tragic tsunami hit home. I could only think about what I felt like when 9/11 happened (on a smaller scale). It's just devastating and knocks the wind out of your soul. She had been on my mind, but, I wasn't sure how to or if I should bring it up. Yesterday afternoon she called me asking about some last minute hair flowers and when I asked her how everything was coming along; she was nothing short of positively ELATED about her family meeting his for the first time. She had everyone by her side, all together and starting her life with her man. I swear I could feel her huge smile and pure happiness through the phone!
What a beautiful post with beautiful arrangements to match. Thank you for sharing!


Return loot boxes to the fans!
2K Games had to change some key gameplay features in NBA 2K19 for Belgian and Dutch fans recently. This was due to the Belgium government banning loot boxes as it's not compliant with their gambling laws. The loot box controversy was not one they expected as the United Kingdom does not consider loot boxes as gambling. Consequently, the video game developer is reaching out to their Belgian and Dutch fans to get the government to allow loot boxes again.
The Belgian Gaming Commission stated in their study of loot boxes, "If there is a game element, a bet can lead to profit or loss and chance has a role in the game". You can find the full press release here but we had to use Google Translate since it wasn't in English. The government decided to ban loot boxes since there isn't enough protection for the players.
On the other hand, 2K Games believe that their loot boxes do not go against the laws in Belgium. Hence the reason why they are continuing to have conversations with Belgian officials to find a middle ground that can benefit both parties. "If you agree, we recommend you contact your local government representative to communicate your opinion," was 2K's plea to the fans.
Hence, it is quite unlikely that 2K will just let this pass. As a company, they stand to lose a substantial amount of revenue with the removal of microtransaction. Jones said, "We know nowadays that most people don't have the patience to work their way to the top. They just wanna be there right away." Therefore, the company prefers to think of it as an easier way for players to get to where they want to be.
What do you think about the whole situation? We'd like to hear what you have to say so please share it in the comments down below.
Free Battlefield 1 Premium Pass up for grabs!


Here's a decent article on plugin discovery and reflection from Roy Osherove's blog. The blog discusses the memory overhead issues of testing a lart number of assemblies.
I've run across this Master-Page implementation discussion by Shams Muhktar several times over the past year. I really like the write-up for its clarity so I thought I'd take a moment to capture it for good.
I'm a little late to the ball game, but I finally downloaded UltraMon after reading Fritz Onion's blog. This tools is great! I love the spanned taskbar feature and the added window buttons for swapping apps between screens. Very nice.


I realize that this document is long overdue but there is a good reason why I wanted to wait before writing it. I think it would have been almost impossible to give you a clear picture of what's involved had I not waited until the year is almost over. It was necessary to give school staff the time to adjust and implement some new policies that had not been factored in previous years. I also wanted to be able to say that the school year, thankfully, has gone relatively smooth. I will provide an outline of what we did at school to keep our child safe. Please keep in mind that the process set in place is specific to my child who is allergic to dairy, eggs and nuts. Different allergies will often dictate special allowances and some circumstances may be different. Please be advised that everything mentioned on this web site is specific to my family's situation and my child's allergies. What may have worked in this school may not necessarily work in your child's school. It's best to view this information as a general guideline or foundation to build upon. Please do not take my word as gospel - I am only human and so are the people I work and deal with. Within the following documents, you will find tips and other information about what worked for our family and the school.