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A new player aims to bring the podcast advertising analytics some want (and others fear)
10:21 AM MDT on Aug 9, 2016
Art19 steps into the spotlight. "We're not really pulling ourselves out of beta," said Sean Carr, cofounder and CEO of Art19, a California-based tech startup that's built a podcast hosting, monetization, and distribution platform. "We're just ready to make some noise and draw attention to ourselves."
And you should, indeed, pay attention.
Art19 organized a small press push last week, which comes after a long period of relative quiet for the company. The messaging in the push included a good amount of detail illustrating the company's technological proposition to the podcast industry: the foundational elements for a shift away from the industry's download count-oriented, RSS feed-driven paradigm towards one that focuses its counts on whether an ad within a download or stream has been initiated, consumed, or skipped by a listener — what Carr refers to as listener telemetry, a term he emphasized when we spoke over the phone last week.
And what are the foundational elements that make up that new paradigm? "To start with, we're offering embeddable players and, more importantly, APIs that are public so that both our partners and third-party consumer apps can connect to us," Carr said, laying out a vision of the future where more data would be flowing with greater freedom throughout the podcast ecosystem. He quickly added: "But to be clear: We won't be using that data. We're a SaaS [software as a service] company."
The company's push towards an API-connected listening orientation is, in my mind, more or less what much of the professionalizing layer of the podcast community — from bigger networks to advertisers to agencies — have been asking for when they lament about the medium's measurability woes: greater means to look into the consumption behavior around an episode, and therefore greater capacity to cultivate trust and buy-in from more advertisers.
(Conversely, it's also precisely what much of the podcasts-as-extension-of-the-free-web have been arguing against, fearing the platform control that often happens when a piece of technology emerges that potentially grants more power to bigger entities. I've always been of the position that technological developments are inevitable, and that the discourse should always be focused on cultivating better regulation structures and a new system of balance instead of attempting to limit such developments.)
But of course, for Art19's gambit to work, the company would need to secure the trust and participation of a critical mass of partners — including publishers, agencies, advertisers, and distributors, among others — in order to build a coalition that would work to actually shift the paradigm across the industry. Indeed, while there's a general hunger to move away from RSS feeds and download counts as the standard, there will always be the problem of inertia (e.g. "we've been making buys and allocating budgets this way for a while now") and, more pressingly, there will always be the problem of politics. One imagines that Art19's competitors — including but not limited to Libsyn, Panoply's Megaphone, PRX's Dovetail, Triton Digital's Tap, and Acast — would want to be the anchor of any such paradigm shift themselves — or, at the very least, for no one to be the anchor, perhaps through some open-sourced alternative.
And so it's crucial to examine the key allies that the company has secured. At this time, Art19's major clients include: (1) Wondery, the L.A.-based podcast network recently started by the former CEO and president of Fox International Channels; (2) DGital Media, the network that produces podcasts for Recode, Yahoo's The Vertical, Fortune, and the UFC, among others; and perhaps most crucially, (3) Midroll Media, which is currently in the process of moving its entire Earwolf network onto the platform and will now be pitching Art19 as its preferred platform to its wide range of ad sales clients. The company is also expected to make a few more major partnership announcements by the end of this month.
The company also appears to have a strong ally in the agency world in the form of Ogilvy & Mather, the well-known advertising agency that's part of the WPP network. Teddy Lynn, the agency's chief creative officer for content and social, has been involved in Art19's press push. "I've been working with Sean for many, many years," Lynn told me. "What I can say: For close to a decade, podcasting has been a very rudimentary ad unit that one can buy. And I think Art19 is advancing the medium to a place where media buyers would feel comfortable buying." An AdExchanger article further notes that Art19's platform design was designed with agency input, and that's something that shouldn't be discounted.
Art19 will likely be served well by its twin alliances with Midroll and Ogilvy. As one of the bigger players in the space, Midroll has deeper pockets following its acquisition by Scripps, and its expansionist sensibilities should make them as strong advocate for Art19's technological vision in the marketplace over the long run. And in Ogilvy, Art19 has an advocate for legitimacy in the agency world, which is key to unlock the next level of advertising dollars for the medium.
But the question is whether that's enough, and who else Art19 is able to bring into its vision: more publishers, the right podcast distributors and apps, the critical mass of advertisers. And of course, whether the company will be able to ward off coalitions formed by other sectors of the industry, whether it comes from another hosting platform — or from something else entirely.
A new model for branded content? Slate launched a new podcast last week, Placemakers, that's a bit of a complicated beast to explain. On the surface, it's a show about urban revitalization, with host Rebecca Sheir traveling across the country, reporting out city-specific stories on the subject. Sheir is a public radio veteran who has served at NPR, WAMU, and the Alaska Public Radio Network.
But the podcast is also the product of a branded content partnership with JPMorgan Chase, the multinational banking organization. The bank is underwriting the show's 18 editorial episodes — which, I'm told, are completely produced by the Slate editorial team — and is directly involved with three additional sponsored episodes, which will tell JPMorgan Chase-centered stories about urban revitalization in Detroit, Seattle, and New Orleans. Those three branded episodes are produced by the Panoply Custom team, the unit within Panoply, Slate's sister podcasting company, that's in charge of building out branded podcasts for clients. That team's portfolio includes Purina's DogSmarts, Umpqua Bank's Open Account, and most notably, the audio sci-fi drama The Message, which came out of a collaboration with GE.
"The project came about from both the editorial and advertising sides having a shared passion about the revitalization of urban cities," said Keith Hernandez, president of Slate, when we spoke last week. "[Slate editor-in-chief] Julia Turner was really excited about the subject, and when we brought it to the JPMorgan Chase team we figured out that they were really excited about it too."
Serendipitous as it may be, the long-running concern of a show like this — one where it's not all that easy to tell at what point the Slate voice ends and the JPMorgan Chase one begins, given how complicatedly blended the two actors are within the larger project — is how the line between editorial and advertorial is established and communicated. This concern reared its voluminous head again just last week, when the Online Trust Association released a report that found that 71 percent of native ads that appeared on the homepages of the top 100 news websites were providing inadequate disclosures and transparencies that help audience make the distinction between an ad and an editorial content. (The report also instigated a fascinating and feisty Twitter joust between Current's Adam Ragusea and On The Media's Bob Garfield.) No such report has been conducted yet for on-demand audio, but it goes without saying that this issue stretches across all mediums that are involved in the possible production of journalistic content.
Which raised to me the question: How exactly will Placemakers illustrate that line for listeners?
"There's going to be a different host for the three sponsored episodes," Hernandez replied. "We want this to be clear and evident that these are special episodes. There are also going to be, ahead of time, midroll and post-roll announcements within the episodes that custom episodes are coming."
Hernandez also suggested that Placemakers is an early prototype of a new branded content model: one that involves the production of branded spinoffs from a pre-existing show. "Brands are moving away from an idea of themselves as a bland corporate entity…they want something deeper than a brand logo. I think this is just the beginning of a longer trend, of brands digging deeper into ideas and building relationships with the publishing community," Hernandez said. "And I think this Placemakers model is scalable: How do we take existing shows and find an interesting spinoff that could be dedicated to a brand and leverage the sensibility of those shows?"
Of course, the "pre-existing" show in this case had to be made contemporaneously with the branded campaign, but the proposition here stands. (Also worth noting: This notion of a branded spinoff shares some structural similarity to the My Brother, My Brother and Me's bonus episode sponsored by Totino's Pizza Rolls, which I wrote about back in May.)
When I asked about the size of the deal — whether it was larger than previous Custom partnerships — Hernandez declined to comment, understandably. But he did answer my question about JPMorgan Chase's expectation for the campaign, calling it an "evolving conversation" and one that respects the experimental nature of the project. Hernandez also tells me that the campaign will be playing around with on-site and off-site promotion, including a popup website, native ad units on the Slate website, and paid units on social (not unlike what they've been running with Malcolm Gladwell's Revisionist History).
Before signing off, I asked Hernandez how Panoply was doing on the whole. Understandably, again, he express immense optimism around the company's position, and in particular, the potential of Megaphone, its CMS platform. "Megaphone is going to be a game-changer," he said.
(Disclaimer: Panoply used to be my day-job employer, way back when.)
For The New York Times, a politics podcast of its own. Called The Run Up, the show is hosted by Times national political reporter Michael Barbaro and will cover this long, painful, brain-melting American presidential election cycle as its trundles through its final three months. (Hence, the name.) According to the PR email I received about the launch, the podcast will release new episodes twice a week and will serve listeners with "engaging conversations around the 2016 election and keep them up to speed about what happened (and what might happen)," with some key interviews thrown in here and there. From that description, it doesn't seem like The Run Up will differ very much from other elections podcasts as far as structure is concerned, which suggests that the major differentiator between podcasts in this genre lies within the nexus of the analysis, access to key interviews, and discussion quality more broadly.
But thinking this through a little further, I'm wont to wonder: Just how much can you stretch this particular genre in terms of form and structure? And how much of that stretching is actually necessary to create a strong enough hook, or develop a genuinely novel value proposition, for new audiences? I'm tempted to credit BuzzFeed's No One Knows Anything with legitimately attempting a new hook — that is, trying to keep a distance from the horse-race coverage and working to tell broader stories about the election, while aiming at a demographic that's less bought into the cycle — but 23 episodes in, the show as a whole does seem to feel very much a part of the larger plethora of elections podcasts that we've seen to date, at least to my ears. (Though if I'm pressed to identify a show that's done a good job providing a genuinely novel value proposition, I'd point to the tight set of election-related episodes in Scott Carrier's Home of the Brave, which has been stringing together on-the-ground missives that have been furiously visceral, constantly surprising, and often terrifying.)
Anyway, I'm reminded that this is the Times' first podcast rollout since bringing on WBUR's Lisa Tobin as the organization's new executive producer for audio; she started work just last month. I was also able to find out that this podcast is being produced completely in-house, and not as the product of an external partnership like Modern Love, which is a collaboration with WBUR, and the now-defunct Ethicists podcast, which was produced with Panoply. For those keeping tabs at home, the organization is slated to produce a show with Pineapple Street Media, which we'll probably be treated to sometime in the near future.
Multi-story. This is interesting: ESPN is currently in the middle of a new multi-platform initiative that "could be a model for future storytelling at the sports network," according to The Hollywood Reporter. The initiative, called Pin Kings, is a documentary narrative that follows the story of two former high school wrestling teammates that go on to be on different sides of the East Coast drug war.
The first phase of the initiative is a 16-episode podcast miniseries that drops new episodes every weekday. At this writing, we're on episode 7, and the narrative is being unfolded through a mixture of host narrations — which are done by Brett Forrest, the reporter who has been working on this story for over a year, and producer Jon Fish — and subject interviews. The podcast will lead up to a one-hour primetime television special that'll broadcast on ESPN2 August 22, which will then be followed by a big print feature on the August 26 issue of ESPN the Magazine.
Personally, I'm curious how all the platforms will complement one another in terms of audience development and management: How will audiences be aggregated across the different platforms, and how will they be monetized? Which leads us to a broader question: What level of monetization would make a podcast-involved multiplatform initiative like this worth it for ESPN, a massive and principally TV-driven operation (though not for long, possibly)? That's a question, I believe, that's a perfectly relevant query for all other major media organizations dabbling in podcast-land.
Bites:
"SoundCloud owners said to mull $1 billion sale of music service." Pretty speculative article, but it's worth monitoring this potential development if you've been relying on the service for revenue in any way. (Bloomberg)
Yay Olympics.
Adam Ragusea
Bob Garfield


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Pat McGrath comes out on top at Letterkenny Golf Club – here's all the latest
written by Chris McNulty December 31, 2019
PAT McGrath (24) was the winner of the competition at Letterkenny Golf Club on December 21 with a great score of 42 points, with 4 pars and a birdie on the 12th.
Kevin Roche (18.1) was runner up with another great score of 41, with 7 pars.
Gross winner of the day was Clifford Malone (7.1) with a great round of 4 over 76 and 40 points, with 12 pars and a birdie on the 12th.
Philip Friel (8.9) won with a great score of 40 points, with 9 pars and birdies on the 8th and 12th, on December 22 in the Members Competition.
Runner up on the day was Eamonn O'Carroll (17) with 6 pars and 2 biridies on the 5th and 16th.
Gross winner on the day was Don Ponsonby (5.3) with 37 points, with 12 pars and a birdie on the 5th, adding up to a great round of 4 over par.
The club scramble took place on Sunday 29th December, with a great turn out and some fabulous golf on the day.
Winners: PJ Nee, (11.5) Christy Nee (18.1), Joe Terry (10.6) and Michael Boyd (18.5). Total score of 55.1 nett and 11 birdies on the day.
Second place: Kevin Rafferty (4.7), JP Clarke (6.9), Shane Scanlan (5.2) and Paddy O'Kane (11.9). Total score of 56.1 nett and 13 birdies on the day.
Third place were the team of Simon Stephens (1.6), Kevin Kiely (6.9), Peter Dobson (9.7) and David Walsh (14.1), with a score of 56.7 nett.
Nearest to the pin winners on the day: 5th – Tracy Spence, 8th – Stephen Walsh, 13th – Paul O'Breslin, 16th – Captain Ed Margey
Letterkenny Golf Club would like wish everyone a Happy New Year.
Pat McGrath comes out on top at Letterkenny Golf Club – here's all the latest was last modified: December 31st, 2019 by Chris McNulty
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Husky is all about collecting stories. It is a unique podcast with interviews and reports focused on people, experiences and inspiration beyond the comforts of everyday life. Find out more at huskypodcast.com.


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Thursday, May 7, 2020 | History
2 edition of journal of William Stephens found in the catalog.
journal of William Stephens
Stephens, William
by Stephens, William
Published 1958 by University of Georgia Press in Athens, Ga .
Georgia -- History -- Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775
Statement edited by E. Merton Coulter. [2]. 1743-1745.
Series Wormsloe Foundation publications -- no.3
Contributions Coulter, E. Merton 1890-
Pagination 288p. ;
() UK author, responsible for many adventure novels published in book form between and , whose sf novel, The Cloud King, or Up in the Air and Down in the Sea (February-August The Boys' Journal as "The Cloud King; or, The Adventures of Charley Skyflier"; ), features a Balloon trip to an African Lost World in which low Gravity seems to . William had 6 siblings: Sarah Catherine Stephens Lane, Mary Geronia Stephens Webb, Julia B Stephens Lane, Ruthie Van Della Stephens Webb, Martin Luther Stephens and Elizabeth Jennie Jennie Stephens. William married Mollie Lenora Warren Stephens on January 22 , at age 20 in Johnson County, Georgia.
William Henry Stephens, who has died a was a brilliant career civil servant who oversaw Britain's postwar attempt to remain a superpower with independent ballistic missiles and space : Reginald Turnill. The Journal of William Thomas Assistant Protector of the Aborigines of Port Phillip & Guardian of the Aborigines of Victoria to (Book): Thomas, William: This series presents 28 years of Thomas' journals, transcribed and annotated by Dr Marguerita Stephens (Vols ). Vol 4 provides a substantial collection of Thomas' records of Kulin language - some .
William Stephens is on Facebook. Join Facebook to connect with William Stephens and others you may know. I just want people to beable to read my book and truly look themselves in the face every morning. Favorites. The Pruning Years, Sherman's Messenger Service LLC, 1st Battalion, 5th Field Artillery, War Room Online Journal of USAWC. The best result we found for your search is William F Stephens age 80+ in Valdosta, GA. They have also lived in Las Vegas, NV and Perrysburg, OH plus 1 other location. William is related to William David Tarloff and Gwendolyn C Stephens as well as 2 additional people. Select this result to view William F Stephens's phone number, address, and more.
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Journal of William Stephens by Stephens, William Download PDF EPUB FB2
Besides writing numerous letters to the Trustees, Stephens kept a journal which he sent to them periodically. The journal down to was printed by the Trustees.
Here in this volume (and the volume for ) the continuation of the journal is published for the first time. Stephens, William, Journal of William Stephens.
Athens: University of Georgia Press, (OCoLC) Named Person: William Stephens; William Stephens: Material Type: Biography, Government publication, State or province government publication: Document Type: Book: All Authors / Contributors: William Stephens; E Merton Coulter.
item 3 Journal of William Stephens: by William Stephens Hardcover Book Free S - Journal of William Stephens: by William Stephens Hardcover Book Free S.
$ Free shipping. No ratings or reviews yet. Be the first. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Wormsloe Foundation Publication: The Journal of William Stephens, 4 (, Paperback) at the best online prices at eBay.
Free shipping for many products. William John Stephens, FGS, (16 July – 22 November ) was headmaster at Sydney Grammar School, a professor at the University of Sydney and museum administrator.
Stephens was born in Levens, Westmorland, the son of the Rev. William Stephens, of Heversham, Westmorland, and his wife Alicia, née Daniell. William, junior, was an elder brother of Thomas. After you have read Prophet of Fire you will never again be the same. -- Moody Monthly, May, This book is unique and powerful in its approach to Biblical history as well as our spiritual condition today.
-- Life Changers Newsletter, Dec., Uses very frank language and great literary skills to portray the evils perpetrated by Baal worship/5(17). William Stephens has 43 books on Goodreads with ratings. William Stephens's most popular book is Parenting: How To Raise Your Kids Without Yelling Or.
Rent Journal of William Stephens, 1st edition () today, or search our site for other textbooks by E. Merton Xoulter. Every textbook comes with a day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by University of Georgia Press.
William Stephens was born in Eaton, Ohio, on Decem He was the third child out of a total of nine children born to Martin and Alvira Stephens.
With ambitions to become a lawyer, Stephens studied earnestly in law to become a lawyer, yet family fortunes required all of his earnings to go to his family nant: Arthur H. Breed, Sr., C. Young. William M. Stephens has 12 books on Goodreads with 14 ratings.
William M. Stephens's most popular book is Souls on Fire: The Path of Love. Cameras did not exist, so it was the detailed drawings by Catherwood that would be an essential element in a future publication of a book by Stephens.
The book, Travel in Central America, Chiapas and Yucatan, published inwas met with great success, eventually going through 12 printings and sold all over the world/5(). Stephens, William O. Dumb Beasts and Dead Philosophers: Humanity and the Humane in Ancient Philosophy and Literature.
By Catherine Osborne. Oxford University Press,Social Theory & Practice, 34, 1, –, William Jack Stephens Literary Fiction and Thriller-Suspense writer, Jack has lived and explored the world from the Arctic to the southern reaches of Patagonia. In his previous life, he served in executive roles with some of the largest companies in the world.
The Journal of William Stephens, 2 vols. (Athens: University of Georgia Press, ). Phinizy Spalding, "Oglethorpe, William Stephens, and the Origin of Georgia Politics," in Oglethorpe in Perspective: Georgia's Founder after Two Hundred Years, ed.
Phinizy Spalding and Harvey H. Jackson (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, ), Though Stephens's actions proved critical to the survival of colonial Georgia, historians have largely overlooked his life story. In William Stephens: Georgia's Forgotten Founder, Julie Anne Sweet not only fills that gap, she uses the story of Stephens's life as an opportunity to illuminate vital details in the history of early Georgia.
William Harrison Stephens, Jr. passed away peacefully on Wednesday, August 18th,at Hospice Care Center in Port Orange, Florida. Harrison was 87 years old, born in Salisbury, North Carolina on.
Stephens, Marguerita. The journal of William Thomas: assistant protector of the Aborigines of Port Phillip & guardian of the Aborigines of Victoria to / Marguerita Stephens Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages Melbourne, Victoria Australian/Harvard Citation.
Stephens, Marguerita. She married William E. Stephens on May 1,at the Presbyterian Church in Seven Mile, and he preceded her in death on Janu Bill and Grace enjoyed 64 years of marriage.
KERNERSVILLE Aug. 23, - Sept. 20, William A. "Bill" Stephens, 73, passed away Septem at Forsyth Medical Center. Funeral services celebrating his.
Get The Wall Street Journal's Opinion columnists, editorials, op-eds, letters to the editor, and book and arts reviews. Journal of Colonel William Stephens, secretary to the Board of trustees at Savannah supplement to volume 4, containing all of his journal not embraced in volume 4 of this compilation.
by Stephens, William Published by AMS Press in New : William Rufus Stephens, Jr., or "Ruf" to his family and friends, tragically lost his life on Saturday, January 3rd, His untimely and unwarranted death has come as an overwhelming shock and heartbreak for his family, numerous friends and acquaintances.Find nearly any book by William Stephens.
Get the best deal by comparing prices from overbooksellers. Search William Stephens (Stephens, William) used books, rare books and new books 'A Journal Of The Proceedings In Georgia, Beginning Octo
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ABRASION: Migration of foreign material which enters the fluid stream from system components that wears from close tolerances, vibration or shock.
ABRASIVE: Any solid material such as gnt with erosive properties.
ABRASIVES: Hard structurally strong solid.
ABSOLUTE: An arbitrary term used to describe a degree of filtration. The filtration industry uses various methods of determining absolute ratings which are not necessarily interchangeable. Generally absolute references 100% removal of solids above a specified micron rating on a single pass basis.
ABSOLUTE: The sum of gage pressure and atmospheric pressure.
ABSORB: To take up by cohesive, chemical or molecular action.
ABSORBENT: A filter medium that holds contaminants by mechamical means. When one substance soaks completely through another, sometimes undergoing a chemical change.
ACIDITY: The quality, state or degree being acid. In lubricating oils, acidity denotes the presence of acid-type constituents whose concentration is usually defined in terms of a neutralization number. The constituents vary in nature and may or may not markedly influence the behavior of the fluid.
ADDITIVE: A material usually chemical added to a product to impart new or unusual characteristics or to improve existing characteristics.
ADSORB: To take up by adhesion of molecules of gases or dissolved substances to the surface of solid bodies resulting in high concentration of the gas or solution at place of contact. Gas or solution is condensed on the surface of the adsorbent while in adsorption the material absorbed penetrates throughout the mass of absorbent.
ADSORBATE: The material which is adsorbed i.e. the gas, vapor or liquid which adheres or is chemically attracted to the surface of the solid.
ADSORBENT: A material which adsorbs i.e. the solid which attracts and holds on its surface the gas, vapor or liquid. Also materials added to liquors to decolonize or purify by adsorbing the color or impurity fuller's earth, activated carbon, activate alumina, etc. are all adsorbents.
ADSORBENT: A filter medium primarily intended to hold soluble and insoluble contaminants on its surface by molecular adhesion.
ADSORPTION: The natural phenomenon of a gas, vapor or liquid being attracted to and held on the surface of a solid. To some extent adsorption takes place on any solid surface but certain materials have sufficient adsorbent capacity because of the finely divided material to make them useful in such industrial applications as the purification and separation of gases and liquids.
AGGLOMERATE: A group of two or more particles combined, joined or clustered by any means.
AGGREGATE: A relatively stable assembly of dry particles formed under the influence of physical forces.
ASME: American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
ASPHALTINE: Product of Partial Oxidation of Oil.
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE: The force exerted on a unit area by the weight of the atmosphere.
ATOM: Smallest particle of an element which retains properties of the element Example: Carbon atom.
BACK PRESSURE: In filter use, resistance offered by filter, usually measured in PSI.
BACKWASH: To clean a filter element by reversing the direction of flow through it.
BASKET STRAINER: Vessel for the removal of coarse bulk solids from liquid, air, or gas; element is a basket covered with a screen of a given mesh.
BED (CAKE): Mass of impurities which form on a filter element.
BETA RATIO: An accurate indication of how the filter performs throughout the life of a filter. The BETA RATIO is an average filtration rating.
BLEEDER: A system in which part of the fluid from the main flow is diverted.
BLOTTER TEST: A visible means of checking oil clarity; one drop on a blotter will concentrate dirt or foreign matter in the center of the ring.
BLOWBACK: To reverse flow air, steam, or fluid through the media to effect solids removal, sometimes referred to as backwash.
BRIDGING: A condition of filter element loading in which contaminant spans the space between adjacent sections of a filter element thus blocking a portion of the useful filtration area.
BUNA N: Gasket material, A synthetic rubber frequently used for vessel closures, Flanges, and filter elements.
BURST: An outward structural failure of the filter element caused by excessive differential pressure.
BY-PASS: Condition resulting from the product flowing through a vessel other than through the media. Also a filtering system which filters only part of the steam on a continuous basis.
BY-PASS INSTALLATION: A system where part of the main flow is diverted to pass through a filter.
BY-PASS VALVE: Valve to pass the flow around the media or the vessel. Usually activated at a given differential pressure setting.
CAKE: Solids deposited on the filter medium during filtration in sufficient thickness to be removed in sheets of sizable pieces. In many cases, cake may provide its own filter media by adding to the surface of media. Also referred to as discharged solids or residue.
CANISTER: Container or mounting mechanism for elements.
CAPACITY: Volume of product which a vessel will accommodate. This is expressed in gallons or similar units. Also amount which will filter at a given efficiency and flow rate, expressed in gallons per minute or similar units.
CARTRIDGE: Removal medium used in a vessel to perform the function of coalescing, filtering, or separating. Also referred to as element, media, repack, etc Made in a specified physical shape to be mounted by use of hardware designed for that purpose.
CARTRIDGE: The Porous device, usually fitting in a filter housing, which performs the actual process of filtration.
CENTER PIPE: Component of a vessel which is used as a mount for cartridges made with perforated effect to accommodate flow. A center rod is used for the same purpose but is not perforated and does not accommodate flow.
CENTER-ROD: Components of a vessel used for mounting cartridges in the vessel. Usually made of a round bar material. A center pipe can also be used for the same purpose, but is made with perforated effect and directs flow through the cartridge.
CENTER SEAL: Part which forms seal between two elements when one element is on the top of another element can also be called an adaptor.
CENTER TUBE: Component of an element or cartridge which supports the media at the center or smallest diameter.
CENTIPOISE: One-hundredth of a poise. A poise is the unit of viscosity expressed as one dyne per second per second per square centimeter.
CENTISTOKE: One one-hundredth of a stoke. A stoke is equal to the viscosity in poises times the density of the fluid in grams per cubic centimeter.
CHANNEL: To cut grooves or lines in or through the solids deposited on the media, or through the media itself. Also may be described as a break through in the media which would result in a by-pass.
CLEANER BLADES: Stationary blades located between stacked discs of a metallic self cleaning filter cartridge to comb out dirt particles as the cartridge is rotated.
CLOUD POINT: Temperature of a petroleum oil which paraffin, wax or other solid substances begin to crystallize out or separate from solution when the oil is chilled under definite prescribed conditions.
COAGULANT: That which produces agglomeration of suspended solids.
COALESCER: A mechanical device which united discrete droplets of one phase prior to being separated from a second phase. Can be accomplished only when both phases are immiscible. Requires a tight media which is preferentially wettable and, by its nature of being tight, the media is also a good filtering material. Good coalescing permits gravity separation of the discontinuous phase. Coalescing may be accomplished by only a coalescer cartridge when the specific gravities of the two phases are widely separated. As the gravities difference become less, the two stage principle is generally required where finely coalesced discontinuous droplets are repelled by the second stage separator cartridge.
COALESCING: The action of uniting of small droplets of one liquid preparatory to its being separated from another liquid.
COLLAPSE PRESSURE: The pressure impressed across a filter element (cartridge). Sufficient to cause collapse of the element.
COMBINATION: A filter medium composed of two or more types, grade or arrangements of filter media to provide proportion which are not available in a single filter medium.
CONTAMINANT: Anything in the fluid that should not be there.
CONTAMINATE: The foreign matter in a fluid which is accumulated from various sources such as system dirt, residue from wear of moving parts, atmospheric solids which settle in an open system contaminates tend to discolor a liquid, cause additional wear on moving parts, cause system upsets in process stream, or reduce the efficiency of a fluid, Water as well as solid may be considered a contaminate when the presence of water causes adverse results. The presence of contaminates, whether liquid or solid, is the basis on which the use of filters or separator or/filters are sought.
CORE: Material used for the center of an element, generally of the wound design. May also be called a center tube when used in the coalescer, separator, or other type filter element.
CORROSION: The conversion of metals into oxides, hydrated oxides, carbonates, or other compounds due to action of air or water, or both. Salts and sulphur are also important sources of corrosion. Removal of solids and water reduces the effect or speed of corrosion in many cases; and in other cases, corrosion inhibitors are used to reduce the effect of corrosion.
CP: A section of less dense material in the media which allows a cold liquid to flow through the element controlling pressure drop below bypass opening.
DEGRADATION: Wearing down, or reduction in the efficiency, of a media.
DEGREE OF FILTRATION: Fineness of a filter medium-size of the smallest particles filtered out.
DEPTH: A filter medium which primarily retains contaminants within the tortuous passages within the thickness of the element wall.
DEPTH TYPE FILTRATION: Filtration accomplished by flowing a fluid through a mass filter media providing a tortuous path with many entrapments to stop the contaminates. Flow may be cross flow such as from the outside to inside and then down the center of an element, or from end to end. Certain types of solids, or combinations of solids, do not lend to surface filtration and depth type filtration is found to be more suitable.
DETERGENT OILS: Lubricating oils possessing special sludge dispersing properties commonly used in internal combustion engines. These properties are incorporated in the oil by the use of special additives.
DIELECTRIC: A substance which will not conduct electricity.
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE: The difference in pressure between two given points of a filter, separator/ filter, etc.
DILATANT: A flow condition where certain liquids will show an increase in viscosity as the rate of shear or flow volume is increased.
DIRT HOLDING PRESSURE: The volume of contaminate an element can hold before reaching the maximum allowable pressure drop. Volume will vary depending on the size and design of the element and the density of the solid particles. Usually reported by weight such as grams or pounds per element. Also called solids retention or solids holding capacity.
DISCHARGE: Flow rate through a filter.
DISPOSABLE: Describes element which is to be discarded after use and replaced with an identical element. Same as replaceable. Opposite of reusable.
DUAL DENSITY: A depth element that is constructed of two different medias. Not blended into a homogeneous mixture but remaining as two different distinctive medias.
DROP: The quantity of fluid which falls into one spherical mass; a liquid globule. May also be described as several to many droplets.
DROPLET: A minute drop which mates to form larger drops capable of falling by gravity.
EDGE FILTER: Filter using shearing edges to separate solids from a liquid by shearing the oil film surrounding the particles.
EDGE TYPE: Applies to liquid filters constructed of metal or paper discs, or specially constructed wire wound cylinders; contaminants are entrapped at the edges of the medium. Generally used to remove small quantities of very fine particles. Some have knife or blade cleaners to remove the accumulated solids.
EFFECTIVE AREA: The area of a medium that is exposed to flow and usable for its intended purpose coalescing, filtering, or separating. Opposite of blind spots or dead area.
EFFECTIVE OPEN AREA: Area of the filtering medium through which the fluid may flow.
EFFICIENCY: Degree to which element will perform in removing solids and/ or liquids. Output divided by input.
ELEMENT: Medium used in vessel to perform the function of coalescing, filtering, or separating. Also referred to as a cartridge, repack, etc. The porous device which performs the actual process of filtration.
ELEMENT BY-PASS VALVE: A valve within a filter to limit the differential pressure which can be impressed across the filter element.
EMULSIFICATION: A dispersion of one substance in the form of minute drops within another substance.
EMULSION: A dispersion of fine liquid particles in a liquid stream which do not necessarily dissolve in each other but are held in suspension. Many emulsions may be broken by coalescing if the liquids are immiscible. Emulsion stabilizers modify the surface tension of the droplets which makes coalescing difficult, if not impossible.
ENTRAINED WATER: Discrete ware droplets carried by a continuous liquid or gas phase when water is immiscible with the liquid. May be separated from the continuous phase by coalescing and gravity separation. Usually picked up in a system by condensation or a water washing used in process.
ENTRAINMENT: Mist, fog, or droplets of a liquid which is usually considered to be a contaminate when used in the filtration industry.
EXTENDED AREA: Principal of shaping the element to give it more effective area than a simple cylinder of the same size.
FELTED ELEMENT: Constructed by random layer of fibres, usually strengthened by a resin binder.
FIBER: Flexible material with two relatively small dimensions and one long dimension.
FILTER: A term generally applied to a device used to remove solid contaminate from a liquid or gas, or separate one liquid from another liquid or gas. A filter, as referred to in the industry today, is a device which removes contaminates. If a device is used to remove solids and liquids contaminates, it is referred to in general terms as a separator, separator/filter, or entrainment separator. A filter may be one of a number of such types as replaceable cartridge, cyclone, edge, leaf, baffle, plate and frame, percoat, and centrifuge. The term filter is sometimes erroneously used to describe the media used inside the vessel or filter case, but the correct use should be filter element, cartridge, etc.
FILTER/COALESCER: Single stage vessel for coalescing and separating one immiscible fluid from another and the removal of solids. Generally recommended for use where continuous phase has light gravity. Available with various efficiencies.
FILTER EFFICIENCY: Expressed as a percent of contaminant introduced to the system, it is the ability of a filter to remove specified contaminants at a given contaminant concentration under specified test condition.
FILTER ELEMENT LIFE: Span of operation from clean unit to a predetermined pressure drop build up usually measured in lapsed time.
FILTER LIFE: Span of operation from start to complete plugging usually measured in hours of operation.
FILTER MEDIUM: The porous material mounted on a plate or frame which separates the solids from the liquid in filtering. Also referred to as filter cloth, filter plate, or septum. The material that performs the actual process of filtration.
FILTRATE: Filtered fluid which flows out of a filter.
FILTRATION RATING, ABSOLUTE: The diameter of the largest hard spherical particle that will pass through a filter under specified test conditions. This is an indication of the largest opening in the filter medium.
FILTRATION RATING, MEAN: A measurement of the average size of the pores of the filter medium.
FILTRATION RATING, NOMINAL MICRON: An arbitrary micron valu indicated by the manufacturer. Often defined 95% of all particles this size, and larger, retained by the filter medium.
KARL FISCHER: Analytical method of determining amount of water present in a sample by filtration.
FLOW CHARACTERISTICS: The nature of fluid movement as being turbulent, laminar, constant or variable rate to various degrees.
FLOW RATE: The rate at which a product is passed through a vessel or system, generally expressed as gallons per minute, barrels per hour, barrels per day, actual or standard cubic feet per minute, hour, day, etc.
FLUID: A liquid or gas which can be filtered by passing through a filter.
FREE WATER: Water entrained in a lubricating oil or fuel forming two distinct phases with the fluid and having a tendency to separate as a result of the differences in densities.
FULL FLOW: Product flow through the vessel at the rate for which the vessel is designed to operate. Also refers to all products passing through a medium. The opposite of a by-pass filter which is designed to filter only a portion of the stream on a continuous basis.
FULL FLOW FILTRATION: System which provides for filtering all the fluid which is pumped to or from wear surfaces or work stations each pass.
GAGE PRESSURE: All pressure greater than atmospheric pressure as read on a pressure gage.
GAS SCRUBBER: A vessel designed to remove liquid and solid contaminates by impingement on a series of baffles or demister pads. Accomplished by drastic reduction of velocity as the gas enters the scrubber. Recent advances made in entrainment separation would expand the general use of the term to include mechanical cartridge type separators.
GEL: A semi-solid susceptible to pressure deformation. Has habit of sticking to surfaces.
GRADUAL DENSITY: A media of different densities. One media of a dense type packed around the center tube with a media of less density around the outside. Both medias are tapered at opposite directions. This allows high flow through the less dense media. Similar to the CP element in performance.
GRAM LIFE: Grams weight of contaminant introduced to a filter element at controlled rate to a determined differential pressure.
GRAVIMETRIC EFFICIENCY: Measure of efficiency in terms of weight.
HOLDING CAPACITY: In general usage refers to the amount of solids, Particulate or foreign material one or more elements is capable of retaining up to the terminal or maximum differential pressure. Also can refer to volumetric holding capacity of either a solid or a liquid.
HYDRAULIC FILTER, DUAL: A hydraulic filter having two filter elements in parallel.
HYDRAULIC FILTER, DUPLEX: An assembly of two hydraulic filters with valving for selection of either or both filters.
HYDRAULIC FILTER, FULL FLOW: A hydraulic filter, which under specified conditions filters all influent flow.
HYRAULIC FILTER, TWO STAGE: A hydraulic filter having two filter elements in series.
HYDRAULICS: The study of fluids at rest or in motion.
HYDROPHILIC: Water accepting or water wetting. Having an affinity for water, Capable of uniting with or dissolving in water. Effective coalescing requires a media to have hydrophilic characteristics which cause free or entrained water to commingle into droplets which, when mated with other droplets, form into drops which separate by gravity. Opposite of hydrophobic.
HYDROPHOBIC: Non-water wetting. Having an antagonism for water. Not capable of uniting or mixing with water. Hydrophobic features are induced in the process of cellulose manufacture. Opposite of hydrophilic.
HYDROSTATIC TEST: A test conducted with either air, water, or other fluids at a given value over design pressure, to prove the structural integrity of a pressure vessel.
IMPREGNATION: Process of treating a coarse filter medium with resins.
IMPURITY: See "contaminant"- any undesirable material in the fluid.
INDICATOR, BY- PASS: An indicator which signals alternate flow.
INDICATOR DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE: An indicator which signals the difference in pressure at two points.
INITIAL PRESSURE DROP: Loss in differential pressure between two points upon the start of flow through a vessel using new elements.
IN-LINE: Describes inlet and outlet connections which are positioned at the same height on opposite sides of a vessel so that an imaginary straight line can be drawn connecting one to the other. Also describes a small filtration unit that fits into a line and forms a similar image to the line, as in the case of a hose.
INSOLUBLE: Incapable of being dissolved in a fluid; opposite of soluble.
INTERFACE: Surface over which continuous phase and discontinuous phase are in contact.
IMPINGEMENT: The direct high velocity impact of the fluid flow upon or against an internal portion of the filter.
KEROSENE: A petroleum liquid used as a fuel for commercial jet powered aircraft, or for heating purposes.
KNIFE EDGE PLEATS: The sharply defined creases at the outer edge of a pleated element.
LACQUER: A natural or synthetic resin which is dissolved in a suitable solvent such as hydrocarbon oil rich in aromatics. When applied, the oil solvent evaporates, leaving behind a lacquer film.
LINE SIZE: The size of line used to carry the product in a system, such as a six-inch line.
LUBRICATION: Substituting fluid friction for solid friction by inserting oil between two moving parts.
MAGNETIC SEPARATOR: A separator that uses a magnetic field to attract and hold ferro magnetic particles.
MATRIX: The structural support yarn or twine in wound elements is usually wound in a diamond.
MAXIMUM DIFFERENTIAL PRESURE: The highest pressure differential which an element is required to withstand without structural failure or collapse.
MAXIMUM OPERATING PRESSURE: The maximum pressure allowed in a system.
MEDIA: plural of medium Material of which elements are made.
MEDIA (MEDIUM): A porous or slotted mass in a filter element to separate solids from a fluid by difference in size of openings and contaminant.
MEDIA MIGRATION: carry-over of fibers from filter, separator elements, or other filter material into the effluent. Less definitive than fiber migration and is quantitative.
MEDIUM: The principle component of an element. A material of controlled pore size or mass through which a product is passed to remove foreign particles held in suspension or to repel droplets of coalesced water, or material without controlled pore size such as glass fiber mats which contribute to filtration, coalescence, or separation of two immiscible liquids.
MEMBRANE: In filtration the term membrane is used to describe the media through which the liquid stream is to be passed or exchanged. Membranes are normally associated with ion exchanged media such as dialysis, osmosis, diffusion, etc. although filter paper itself could be classed as a membrane.
MICRON: A short unit of length in the metric system. One millionth of a meter, 10-4 centimeter, 10-3 millimeter, or 0.000039 of one inch. Used as a cotenon to evaluate the performance or efficiency of a filter media or to describe the condition of a filter media or to describe the condition of either the influent or effluent. Usually stated in terms of being either absolute or nominal. Nominal micron rating is generally taken to mean that 98% of all articles over a given micron value have been removed by a specific media or medium. Absolute micron rating is generally taken to mean that all particles over a given micron value have been removed. The naked eye can see a particle 40 microns or larger.
MIGRATION: Contaminant or media released to pass downstream from filter element.
MODULAR: A filter element which has no separate housing of its own but whose housing is incorporated into the equipment which it services. It may also incorporate a suitable enclosure for the filter cavity.
NEWTONIAN: A liquid which does not change in viscosity with a change in rate of shear, agitation or flow rate.
NPT: National Pipe Thread Standard.
NTP: Normal conditions of temperature and pressure. Whenever this term is used it refers to a gas measured at pressure one atmosphere absolute (760 mm of Hg) and a temperature of 0•C. However, some sources use a different reference temperature to define NTP.
OPEN AREA RATIO: The ratio of pore area of a filter medium expressed as a percent of total area.
OPERATING PRESSURE: The normal pressure at which a system operates.
OPERATING PRESSURE CRITICAL: Pressure above the normal or design limits which may cause damage or rupture.
OPERATING PRESSURE, MAXIMUM: The maximum pressure allowed in the system.
OUTER SHELL: Outer covering of element, usually perforated or screen.
OUTER WRAP: Outside covering of an element.
OUTSIDE IN: Flow of product from outside to inside of an element.
PAPER: Medium used in many elements. A very general term applied to resin impregnated cellulose. Many types of paper or cellulose are used as filter media made to specifications.
PARTIAL FLOW: See "by-pass installation" a system that diverts part of the main flow and passes it through a filter.
PARTICLE COUNT: A practice of counting particles of solid matter in groups based on relative size. Frequently used in engineering, a filter to a specific task or to evaluate the performance of a filter under specific operating conditions. When used as data to engineer a filter, proper consideration can be given to the type of media to be used, expectant life of the media and the true cost of operation.
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION: A tabulation resulting from a particle count of solids grouped by specified micron sizes to determine the condition of either the influent or effluent stream. Usually expressed in percentage of total solids to the specific group. Example: 31% in the 6 to 10 micron group/ See particle count.
PERCENT FREE AREA: Quantitatively proportion of an element's surface area.
PLAIN: A filter element whose medium is not pleated or otherwise extended and has the geometric shape of a cylinder, cone, disc, plate, etc.
PLEATED: A Filter element whose medium consists of a series of uniform folds and has the geometric shape of a cylinder, cone, disc, plate, etc.
PLASTISOL: A suspension of thermosetting plastic which can be molded into any desired shape. Used as a combination end cap and gasket on element.
PLUGGED: Condition of a filter when it has collected its full capacity of contaminants and will not pass any more fluid.
POROSITY: The ratio of void volume to total cake volume. Also describes filter media which may have larger pores than other media.
POUR POINT: The lowest temperature at which a liquid will pour or flow without disturbance under specified conditions.
PRECOAT: A filter medium in loose powder form, such as Fuller's or Diatomaceous earth, introduced into the upstream fluid to condition a filter element.
PREFILTER: Filter for removing gross contaminate before the product stream enters a separator/filter.
PRESSURE: The force exerted per unit area by a fluid.
PRESSURE ABSOLUTE: Gage pressure plus 14.7 psi.
PRESSURE ATMOSPHERIC: The force exerted by the atmosphere at sea level which is equivalent to 14.7 psi.
PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL: The difference in pressure between two points.
PRESSURE DROP: The difference in pressure between two points, generally at the inlet and outlet of a filter or a separator/filter. Measured in pounds per square inch gage, or inches of mercury.
PRESSURE RATING, OPERATING: The normal pressure at which a filter housing is capable of operating at specified operating conditions.
PRESSURE RELIEF: Valve which permits enough liquid or gas to escape from the vessel to prevent extreme pressure build up within the vessel. PSI: Pounds per square inch. PSIA: Pounds per Square Inch Absolute. PSID: Pounds per Square Inch Differential. PSIG: Pounds per Square Inch Gage.
RATE OF FLOW: The rate at which a products is passed through a vessel or system, generally expressed as gallons per minute, barrels, per hour, barrels per day, actual or standard cubic feet per minute, hour, day, etc. Same as flow rate.
RATED FLOW: Normal operating flow rate at which a product is passed through a vessel flow rate which a vessel and media are designed to accommodate.
REPLACEBALE: Describes element which is to be removed after use and replaced with an identical element.
REPLACEMENT ELEMENT: An element or a cartridge used to replace a disposable which has been loaded to its capacity with (cartridge) contaminants.
REUSABLE: Describes element which may be cleaned and used again. Opposite of disposable or replaceable.
SAE: Society of Automotive Engineers.
SAE NUMBER: A classification of lubricating oils for crankcase and transmissions in terms of viscosity as standardized by the Society of Automotive Engineers.
SAYBOLD SECONDS UNIVERSAL (SSU): Units of viscosity as measured by observing the time in seconds required for 60ml of a fluid to drain through a tabular orifice 0.483 inches long by 0.0695 inches in diameter at stated conditions of temperature and pressure.
SELF CLEANING: A filter element designed to be cleaned without removing it from the filter assembly or interrupting flow.
SEPARATION: The action of separating solids or liquids from fluids. May be accomplished by impingement, filtration, or by coalescing. The term "separation" is used in some circles when referring to the separation of liquids. Also used to describe the action in the second stage of two-stage separation.
SEPARATOR: A device whose primary function is to isolate contaminants by physical properties other than size.
SEPARATOR/FILTER: Vessel which removes solids and entrained liquids from another liquid or gas. Uses some combination of a baffle and/or coalesce filter or separator element. May be single stage, two stage or single or two stage with prefilter section for gross solids removal. Common applications are the removal of water from gas or another immiscible liquid. General reference to term applies the equipment is capable of both separation and filtration to specific degreees of efficiencies.
SERVICE LIFE: The length of time an element operates before reaching the maximum allowable pressure drop.
SHELL: Outer wall of a vessel. Also referred to as body.
SHUNT INSTALLATION: A system with a filter paralleled by a metering device both in the main supply line.
SINTERED: Media, usually metallic, processed to cause diffusion bonds at all contact points, retaining openings the passage of filtrate.
SKID MOUNTED: Describes one or more vessels with pump and motor, all mounted on a portable platform.
SLOT AREA: Sum of the area of all the fluid path openings in a metal-edge filter element.
SLUDGE: Dirt, carbon, water and chemical compounds as found in oils.
SOLID SUSPENSION: A mixture of solids suspended in a fluid.
SOLIDS: A mass or matter contained in a stream which is considered undesirable and should be removed.
SOLUTION: A single phase combination of liquid and non-liquid substances or two or more liquids.
SPACING: The distance between adjacent surfaces or stacked discs, edge wound ribbons or single layer filaments. This dimension determines the smallest dimension of solid particles to be retained.
SURFACE: A filter medium which primarily retains contaminant on the influent face.
SURFACE AREA: Total area of an element that is exposed to approaching flow.
SURFACTANTS: Coined expression for surface active agents which are sometimes called emulsifiers or wetting agents. First appeared in hydrocarbons with the advent of the catalytic cracking process in refining. Caused by the forming of sodium suifonate and sodium naphthanate molecules. Affects liquid/liquid separation by reducing interfacial tension and forming into a slime which binds off the fibers used in coalescing media.
SURGE: The peak system pressure rise measured as a function of restricting or blocking fluid flow.
SUSPENSION: Solids or liquids held in other liquids.
SUSPENDED SOLIDS: Non-settled particles in fluid.
SWING BOLT: A type of vessel closure which reduces service time. Opposite of thru-bolt flange where studs and nuts are used such as with ASA type flanges.
THIXOTROPIC: A liquid which shows a marked reduction in viscosity as the rate of shear, agitation or flow rate is increased.
TORTUOSITY: The ratio of the average effective flow path length to minimum theoretical flow path length (thickness) of a filter medium.
TURBIDITY: Stirred up sediment or contaminant in a fluid.
TURN-OVER: Number of times the contents of the system pass through a filter per unit time.
ULTRAFILTER: Membrane type to remove very fine suspended submicronic particles as well as some dissolved solids.
UNLOADING: Release downstream of trapped contaminate, due to change in flow rate, mechanical shock and vibration or as excessive pressure builds up or media failure.
VACUUM: Reference to pressure below atmospheric.
VISCOSITY: Degree of fluidity, property of fluid's molecular structure by virtue of which they resist flow. The resistance of flow exhibited by a liquid resulting from the combined effects of cohesion and adhesion. The units of measurement are the poise and the stoke. A liquid has a viscosity of one poise if a force of one dyne per square centimeter causes two parallel liquid surfaces one square centimeter in area and one centimeter apart to move past one another at a rate of one centimeter per second. There are a great many crude and empirical methods for measuring viscosity which generally involve measurement for the time of flow or movement of a ball, ring or other object in a specially shaped or sized apparatus.
The internal molecular friction of a liquid or that property which resists any force tending to produce flow.
WOUND: A filter medium comprised of two or more layers of helical wraps of a continuous strand or filament in a predetermined pattern.
WOVEN: A filter medium made from strands of fiber, thread or wire interlaced into a cloth on a loom.


Sorry, English not my first language. But this one great!
The Humans is often a funny, compulsively readable novel about alien abduction, mathematics, which most interesting subject coming from all: ourselves. Combine Douglas Adams's irreverent handle life, the universe, and everything that has a genuinely moving love story, plus you've got some idea on the humor, originality, and poignancy of Matt Haig's latest novel.


text:
What Is Co-Parenthood?
Co-Parenting Believes...
What Is Different?
Co-Parenting Carer Requirements
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Add A New Service
Daring To Care: Raising Other People's Kids
Thousands of children and young people live in foster, kinship or residential care in usually complex circumstances because their natural parents cannot provide adequate care or protection for them.
In what is arguably one of the most challenging roles within the child protection system, foster carers are confronted with a number of challenges, but most would tell you the rewards outweigh those challenges.
Rose, who has cared for 21 children in the last 6 years, says her sense of community drove her motivations for becoming a foster parent.
"I figured if I wanted to live in a community that cares about everyone in that community, I needed to be doing something that really showed that."
So as a single woman, with no biological children of her own, Rose opened the doors to her home and hasn't looked back.
She says the job of a pseudo parent comes with a number of challenges, but remembering why she began caring initially keeps her grounded.
"All you're trying to do is help them feel safe where they are, and to let them know you're there for them."
"The reason kids come into care is because their parents are unable or unwilling to care for them in an appropriate way," she says, "It's a very individual situation for each child and their families."
Foster parents Kerry and Kevin say much like Rose, caring for foster children is more than just a job, it's a life calling.
"My mother was a foster child; when I was in grade eight at high school I volunteered at Tuffnell home; so we always had foster children in our home - it's always been part of my life," Kerry says.
Kerry says once the family opened the door to one child, they found it hard to close. In the last 10 years they have cared for over 100 children, which is not uncommon.
Many challenges
According to the Department of Community Safety's (DCS) Annual Report there is roughly half the number of carers to children needing to be placed in care; putting a great deal of strain on the child protection system.
Rose says that often means taking on multiple children at one time.
"I have three children in my care now."
"There is such a need for carers, and if I could take on more I would."
Most foster parents would agree one of the hardest challenges is developing a trusting relationship with a new child who comes into their home; but foster carers Tracey and Clive say one of the most rewarding can be what you learn about yourself.
Clive and Tracey who moved to Australia from South Africa 10 years ago say the training process seemed long and frustrating, but those feelings were overshadowed when the couple took the first foster child into their family of 6.
"I remember the excitement of our first child coming into care. The young man has been with us now for 7 years...I look back at that as if we were almost naive...we had no idea, so it's been a very interesting walk," Clive says.
Tracey believes the experience has enriched her whole family.
"Foster care has just taught me so much about myself and about patience and I'm very grateful for that.
"I think [my kids] have learnt to nurture, and they've really enjoyed the younger children and it's given them an understanding of how lucky they are, and that there are children out there that don't have what they have," Tracey says.
38 per cent of children in the care system are Indigenous, and yet only 22 per cent of the state's 1,200 kinship carers are Indigenous, leading to families taking in multiple children.
Read more: Indigenous kinship carers Anita and John Evans
Rose says one of the most common questions that foster carers get asked is 'is it hard to say goodbye?'
"I just try to think of my community as a bigger extended family, and we just care for them..."
"It is no doubt [hard] but that is our job. We have to suck it up, and not put that on the child. You've got to think about what's best for them."
"When a child leaves my care, I usually write them a letter - especially if they're a baby. I just talk about their personality, the things that I really loved about them. I always tell them my door is always open."
Rose writes a blog of her experiences as a foster carer, which she believes helps with the process.
Tracey says she likes to leave the lines of communication open when a child leaves her care and returns to their biological family.
"It is tough when a child leaves and I accept that when a child does go that I need to, and we need to grieve," she says.
"I make albums [with] photographs of the child - and when they leave I give them one to take to their next placement, or if they are reunified."
For children who grow up in the foster system, leaving it can be a huge leap of faith.
While most young people leaving home is a rite of passage they undertake when they turn 18, but for children in care it's the end of the line.
© 2018 FamilyLink.net.au


Take charge of your professional growth and expand your network by attending an upcoming Aspyrre Learning Forum. Get new ideas, tips, and tools you can use right away to be more effective. Come in person if you are in Orange County, or join the webinar from anywhere!
We meet live the 2nd Wednesday of each month from 8am to 10am at Webster University in Irvine, or you can join a webinar / phone class in the afternoon if you are not local.
Here is a list of tentative topics for all of 2019. Topics are subject to change based on the interests and requests of our regular attendees. To RSVP or ask a question, simply e-mail Nahid or call (714) 931-2133.
Wednesday, November 14, 2018 Contentment - click here for details Self-Discovery Circle: What brings you deep contentment, and how do you hold on to it despite the extra stress holidays can bring?
Wednesday, February 13, 2019 How am I in my Way? - click here for details Self-Discovery Circle: Tools that help us identify the assumptions and thinking patterns that may trap us.
Wednesday, March 13, 2019 Team Engagement - click here for details Business and Leadership Circle: Go beyond motivation theory to a step by step practical system you can work into your already busy day to get your team more motivated and engaged.
Wednesday, Feb. 8, 2017 Drive - The Surprising Truth about What Motivates Us, by Dan Pink.
To enable business leaders to have insight into the perspectives and experiences of peers in diverse environments, which they can apply to more effectively handle daily challenges and opportunities in their work.
Try out an upcoming session, or contact Nahid with questions – we'd love to have you!


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Q: Pandas, quicker way to summarize sub-grouped data totals into merged df as separate columns I have data that I have grouped by two columns and subtotaled.  I used .loc to separate the child group and pd.merge to add each as a column with the totals for the parent group.  This was not an insane amount of typing since there weren't many child groups, but I'm hoping to find a more efficient way for future projects. My code is pretty basic, and I have a habit of doing things the long way, but it feels like there should be a simpler way for larger datasets.
import pandas as pd
data = {"Company":["a","b","c","b","a","c","a","a","b"], "Product":[3,2,2,1,4,4,3,2,1], "Qty":[2,4,8,1,8,3,6,4,5]}

#Create df and group by first two columns
df = pd.DataFrame(data)

grouped_prod_df=df.groupby(["Company","Product"])

qty_sum= grouped_prod_df.sum()
qty_sum_df =pd.DataFrame(qty_sum.reset_index())

# find total qtys of each product
product_1 = qty_sum_df.loc[qty_sum_df["Product"] == 1]
product_2 = qty_sum_df.loc[qty_sum_df["Product"] == 2]
product_3 = qty_sum_df.loc[qty_sum_df["Product"] == 3]
product_4 = qty_sum_df.loc[qty_sum_df["Product"] == 4]

product_1_df = pd.DataFrame(product_1)
product_1_df = product_1_df[["Company","Qty"]]
product_1_df = product_1_df.rename(columns={"Qty":"Product_1"})

product_2_df= pd.DataFrame(product_2)
product_2_df = product_2_df[["Company","Qty"]]
product_2_df = product_2_df.rename(columns={"Qty":"Product_2"})

product_3_df= pd.DataFrame(product_3)
product_3_df = product_3_df[["Company","Qty"]]
product_3_df = product_3_df.rename(columns={"Qty":"Product_3"})

product_4_df= pd.DataFrame(product_4)
product_4_df = product_4_df[["Company","Qty"]]
product_4_df = product_4_df.rename(columns={"Qty":"Product_4"})

#sum company grand totals
company_df = df[["Company","Qty"]]
grouped_company_df=company_df.groupby(["Company"])
company_sum= grouped_company_df.sum()
company_sum_df = pd.DataFrame(company_sum)

#merge product totals in column next to grand total with product as column header and repeat for
#other columns

all_prod = pd.merge(company_sum_df, product_1_df, on="Company", how="left")
all_prod = pd.merge(all_prod, product_2_df, on="Company", how="left")
all_prod = pd.merge(all_prod, product_3_df, on="Company", how="left")
all_prod = pd.merge(all_prod, product_4_df, on="Company", how="left")

all_prod

EDIT: tried to make my code more generic and ended up not working, but I fixed and tested it now. Output should be the following with Qty showing total of all products by company.
Company Qty Product_1   Product_2   Product_3 Product_4
0   a   20  NaN 4   8.0 8.0
1   b   10  6.0 4   NaN NaN
2   c   11  NaN 8   NaN 3.0

Any help is appreciated.

A: At it's simplest, you only need to do:
(
    df.groupby(["Company","Product"])
      .sum()
      .unstack(level='Product')['Qty']
      .assign(Qty=lambda df: df.sum(axis='columns'))
)

And that'll give you:
Product    1    2    3    4   Qty
Company
a        NaN  4.0  8.0  8.0  20.0
b        6.0  4.0  NaN  NaN  10.0
c        NaN  8.0  NaN  3.0  11.0

If the column names really need to match, you can rename them:
(
    df.groupby(["Company","Product"])
      .sum()
      .unstack(level='Product')['Qty']
      .rename(columns=lambda c: f"Product_{c}")
      .assign(Qty=lambda df: df.sum(axis='columns'))
      .rename_axis(None, axis='columns')
)

And that gives you:
         Product_1  Product_2  Product_3  Product_4   Qty
Company
a              NaN        4.0        8.0        8.0  20.0
b              6.0        4.0        NaN        NaN  10.0
c              NaN        8.0        NaN        3.0  11.0

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
NCO Club: Off Topic Discussions => The Basement: WaT´s 21st Century Zoo => Topic started by: Koen on 7 September 2009, 21:29:22
Title: WaT Zoo Exhibit #6 - Lubna Ahmed Hussein: The Trouser Lady!
Post by: Koen on 7 September 2009, 21:29:22
When I heard about this woman/fact I was surprised...in 2009?
She was protected by her UN-job but she denounced it...she could get off with a fine but she refused to pay...
Remember...this is in Sudan...a woman protesting in Sudan...???
to clarify my reason for posting I will quote some sources:
The trial of a Sudanese woman charged with wearing "indecent" clothing has been adjourned, but will continue after she decided to waive her immunity.
A Khartoum judge told Lubna Ahmed Hussein she could have immunity because she works for the UN.
But Ms Hussein, who claims she was arrested for wearing trousers, said she wanted carry on with the trial because she wanted to get the law changed.
Under Sudanese law she could face 40 lashes if she is found guilty.
"I wish to resign from the UN, I wish this court case to continue," she told a packed courtroom.
The woman - a journalist who works for the UN mission in Sudan - had invited journalists and observers to the trial.
She was arrested in a restaurant in the capital with other women earlier this month for wearing "indecent" clothing.
'Unconstitutional law'
She said 10 of the women arrested with her, including non-Muslims, each received 10 lashes and a fine.
Ms Hussein and two other women asked for a lawyer, delaying their trials.
She says she has done nothing wrong under Sharia law, but could fall foul of a paragraph in Sudanese criminal law which forbids indecent clothing.
"I want to change this law, because hitting is not human, and also it does not match with Sharia law," she told the BBC.
The BBC's James Copnall in Khartoum says Ms Hussein is determined to generate as much publicity as she can.
Meanwhile another female journalist who wrote an article supporting Ms Hussein has been charged with defaming the police, which can carry a hefty fine.
Amal Habbani wrote an article for Ajrass Al-Horreya newspaper following the arrests entitled "Lubna, a case of subduing a woman's body".
A Sudanese woman has been jailed for a month after refusing to pay a fine for "dressing indecently" by wearing trousers, her lawyers say.
Lubna Ahmed Hussein did not want to "give the verdict any legitimacy" by paying the fine of about $200 (£122), her lawyer, Nabil Adib, told the BBC.
Ms Hussein, a journalist in her 30s, could have been given up to 40 lashes.
Before the verdict, she had said she wanted her trial to become a test case for women's rights, correspondents say.
Ms Hussein had resigned from her job at the UN, which would have given her immunity.
"She thinks she was unfairly tried and convicted and was not given a proper chance to put her defence case," Mr Adib said.
He said Ms Hussein would appeal to both the Court of Appeal and the Constitutional Court.
Kamal Omar, another of Ms Hussein's lawyers, told the AFP news agency his client had been taken to the women's prison in Omdurman.
The BBC's James Copnall, at the court in Khartoum, says that Ms Hussein had previously said she was determined not to pay the fine but her lawyers had been trying to convince her to do so.
The announcement of the fine for Ms Hussein came shortly after the trial resumed on Monday.
Lubna Hussein leaves court in Khartoum after the final hearing, 7 Sept
Ms Hussein wore loose trousers to the hearing in Khartoum
The journalist - who appeared in the same loose green trousers, top and shawl she was wearing when arrested - was found guilty of wearing "indecent clothing" under article 152 of Sudanese criminal law.
Earlier, at least 40 protesters were held by police outside the courthouse in the Sudanese capital. Some of them were women reportedly wearing trousers in support for Ms Hussein.
All the protesters were later released on bail.
Our correspondent saw one woman being hit eight or nine times by police with truncheons.
Ms Hussein's supporters were heckled by Islamists, who tore up some of the women's homemade signs, says our correspondent.
But the presence of diplomats and human rights activists inside the court, and the protests outside, show that the trial has become a test case for women's rights in Sudan, he adds.
Among Ms Hussein's supporters were members of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) from southern Sudan.
The chairman of the SPLM's parliamentary group, Yasser Arman, told the BBC the prosecutions were adding to "the violations of the constitution of the peace agreement and of women's rights - Muslims and Christians".
"We reject it, we denounce it. The law itself it is unconstitutional, it is contradicting the constitution," he said.
'Nothing wrong'
Ms Hussein was arrested in July together with 12 other women who were wearing trousers.
Several of the women pleaded guilty and were given 10 lashes immediately, Ms Hussein said at the time.
She said several of those punished were from the mainly Christian and animist south, even though non-Muslims are not supposed to be subject to Islamic law.
During the trial, Ms Hussein argued that she had done nothing wrong under Sudan's indecency law.
On Friday, the London-based human rights group Amnesty International called on Khartoum to withdraw the charges against Ms Hussein and repeal the law used to justify flogging as a penalty for "indecent" dress.
In a column published in the UK's Guardian newspaper on Friday, Ms Hussein wrote: "When I think of my trial, I pray that my daughters will never live in fear of these police... We will only be secure once the police protect us and these laws are repealed."
Title: Re: WaT Zoo Exhibit #6 - Lubna Ahmed Hussein: The Trouser Lady!
Post by: Rattler on 8 September 2009, 02:12:29
I also follwed this closely.
This is the photo in questioin:
(http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2493/3768912969_8145b06b4e_o.jpg)
The good news: She was found guilty, but not sentenced to being whipped, but to pay a fine of 500 Sudanese pound instead (around 200 US $).
The not so good news: As she refused to pay the fine, she will go to prison for a month, but her lawyers try to persuade her to pay up.
http://www.mirayafm.org/news/headlines/_200909078166/ (http://www.mirayafm.org/news/headlines/_200909078166/)
http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20090907/wl_afp/sudanwomenrightstrial (http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20090907/wl_afp/sudanwomenrightstrial)
This could be considered a partial win, as at least court did not consider the "indecency" was covered by the Shariah, which is what the journalist always had claimed.
Post by: Jilly on 21 December 2009, 18:30:42
It must SO frustrating being a woman living in one of these countries where they are treated with such disrespect. There is absolutely nothing 'obscene' about the way she is dressed. Ofcourse this is obvious to us and any normal minded person, but not to the twisted male population of such a fanatical Muslim country. I have to admire her for standing up to this.
Women aren't allowed to drive either are they? Nor are they allowed to sit in the front of a car, only in the back seat. Hard to believe that this is still happening in our day and age...
Post by: Rattler on 22 December 2009, 22:55:36
While I am all with you, just for the record, the charge was not "obscene" (which it clearly is not), it was "indecent", which you will still today find many men in Spain (and other first world countries would be my guess) commenting when seeing a woman in trousers (of cause, if the skirt is too short, it will also be dubbed "indecent" again, so not really a way out here:
For many men women are - by definition - indecent if they ever manage to get her horizontal, that is why so many guys need to talk of "sluts", "bitches" or else, when refering to the girls they managed to get laid.
It is the "Mama" complex (my personal theory):
Big Tits (like Mama when I was a baby!), they are of cause saints and as such stand on a pedestal and cannot be bothered with "dirty" things like sex (and so we can understand they will only by obligation fall for our sexual assaults, to do us a favor, as "Mama"), and so every lady who does not fall into that scheme (like the whores the married guys frequent to once fuck someone not a "saint"), are by definition: Indecent...
Not sure whether I explained my thoughts well here, comments appreciated!
I think you explained it pretty well! :whistle:


Don't believe this will happen to you?
What would you do if you were made redundant or fell ill? What if your partner died? These are questions that no-one likes to think about. But although it is difficult to prepare emotionally for life's tough moments, you should be prepared financially, and it's easier than you think.
Planning ahead could be the answer to tackling the financial impact of events in your life.
Our research has shown more than three million people a year experience a negative event, yet many of us don't act or ask for advice until it's too late. It seems many simply don't believe setbacks will happen to them.
Our report, 'Millstones and Milestones' also highlighted that buying a home or having children often gets people into the long term habit of budgeting and saving. But those positive milestones can become financial millstones if they aren't prepared for in advance.
For example, parents-to-be only start financial planning after pregnancy. Elsewhere, one in five first time buyers find the ongoing costs of owning a home more expensive than anticipated – and suffer financial difficulties as a result.
Sometimes the key is working out what you can afford to put aside, and being strict with yourself about keeping the money for emergencies.
It's easy to think you don't have money spare every month, but sometimes writing down your monthly spending can make all the difference.
Work out where you can make little tweaks. Cancel the subscriptions you don't need, switch your energy to a better deal, or check out charity shops instead of the High Street.
It all adds up, so something that could seem relatively small, can make a larger impact.
It's a good idea to have three months bills set aside for emergencies, if you can. This doesn't have to happen all at once, but it's a good amount that means you have a buffer against unexpected costs without tying up too much money.
Put it into a current account or instant-access savings account so if needs be, you have access to the money without needing to give too much notice.
Protection insurance can also help if something unexpected happens, and you can't work due to illness or injury. There is also insurance that can pay out a lump sum to your family if you die.
The type of insurance that will work for you depends on personal circumstances, but it's worth reading up on it and thinking about whether it's the answer for you and your family's needs.
Could insurance help secure your financial future?
Very helpful site for Life Insurance guidance but nothing here to help me find an Insurance Adviser who can provide me with a one off consultation about how tax affects my current Whole of Life insurance.(in Trust) ie re premium limits and effects of surrender.


SHOEI's VFX-Series has been leading the off-road helmet industry with its bold, innovative design and exceptional safety features for years – with the introduction of the new VFX-WR, the bar has once again been raised for what is considered to be premium head safety.
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text:
Symptoms and diagnosis
Health sites
Cases reported "Lung Neoplasms"
Filtering documents. Please wait...
1/193. A case of a malignant melanoma with late metastases 16 years after the initial surgery.
We report a case of a pulmonary metastasis 16 years after the initial surgery for a malignant melanoma. The patient was a 58-year-old Japanese man. In 1976, he had a pigmented skin lesion with a diameter of 8 mm on his right third finger. He received an amputation of the finger and a dissection of the right axillary. Histological examinations of the tumor revealed a feature of a malignant melanoma with infiltration of the papillary layers of the dermis, 1.5 mm in thickness. The histological subtype was considered to be an acral lentiginous melanoma with a mixed spindle-epithelioid cell pattern. There was no regional lymph node metastasis. In December 1992, when he was 74-years-old, a round tumor in the left lower lung was discovered by chest radiography. In February 1993, he received a left lower lobectomy of the lung. Histological examination revealed a feature of a malignant melanoma with predominantly epithelioid cells and this was considered to be a metastasis from the initial skin lesion. Five months after the lobectomy, he died from a hemorrhage of a metastatic brain tumor. This case indicated the importance of periodic, life-long follow-up in treating malignant melanomas.
- - - - - - - - - -
ranking = 1
keywords = malignant melanoma, melanoma
(Clic here for more details about this article)
2/193. Cerebral metastasis presenting with altitudinal field defect.
A 75-year-old man presented with a unilateral inferior altitudinal visual field defect and a history of weight loss and night sweats. The acuity in the affected eye was 20/200, otherwise his ocular examination was normal. neuroimaging demonstrated a post-fixed chiasm, with a frontal metastasis compressing the intracerebral portion of the optic nerve. A chest x-ray showed classical cannon ball lesions, secondary to malignant melanoma. This is the first case report of an intracerebral tumor producing an inferior altitudinal field defect.
ranking = 0.11765494861831
3/193. Primitive sinonasal malignant mucosal melanoma: description of a case treated with radiotherapy (0-7-21 regimen).
Mucosal malignant melanoma (MMM) of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses is rare and has a poor prognosis. The rarity of MMM of the ethmoid is also noteworthy and primary treatment has been, till now, surgery and/or radiotherapy (RT). Here we report a case of MMM arising in the ethmoid of a caucasian man and treated with hypofractionated RT. A 32 year-old man presented with symptoms of cephalalgia, obstruction and nasal bleeding; a computed tomography (CT) showed a large mass that involved ethmoid, left orbit and roof of the nasal cavity. After biopsy, a MMM was found. Chest radiography demonstrated the presence of multiple lung metastases and still the patient was submitted to palliative radiotherapy according to 0-7-21 regimen with a total dose of 24Gy/3 fraction/21dd, dose per fraction 8Gy. The patient was asymptomatic one month after the end of RT and three months later a CT demonstrated a partial remission. The patient died 17 months after the initiation of RT for disseminated disease, without clinical signs of tumoral regrowth in the irradiated site. This case confirms the efficacy and the safety of 0-7-21 RT regimen; the absence of symptoms after 17 months and the poor prognosis encourage the use of RT as primary treatment for MMM of the head and neck.
4/193. Metastatic meningioma in fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of the lung: cytomorphologic finding.
Pulmonary metastasis of intracranial meningioma is rare. We present the cytomorphologic features of such a tumor in a 71 yr-old woman who was found to have multiple lung nodules 13 years following the resection of an atypical intracranial meningioma. Cytomorphologic features were quite distinct and included hypercellularity with large syncytial groups of monomorphic cells with epithelioid morphologic features, often in perivascular arrangements. Occasional intranuclear cytoplasmic inclusions as well as binucleated cells with wispy cytoplasmic extensions were also noted. Immunoperoxidase studies showed focal positivity for epithelial membrane antigen. The differential diagnosis includes primary or metastatic adenocarcinoma, malignant mesothelioma, and melanoma.
ranking = 0.058760411053499
keywords = melanoma
5/193. Small cell type malignant melanoma which developed in a 16-year-old female with a congenital dermal nevus and metastasized 12 years after excision.
A case of malignant melanoma arising from a congenital dermal nevus on the right forehead of a 16-year-old female is presented. In the mole, small pigmented nevoid cells gathered around the skin appendages and between the collagen fibers. From the age of 17, a verrucous nevoid melanoma consisting of lymphoblast-like large nevoid cells, which were positive for HMB-45 and had a high Ki-67 index up to 18.7%, gradually increased in size. The melanoma cells vertically invaded the dermis to a depth of 3 mm and radially spread in the papillary dermis. Twelve years after undergoing a wide local resection and additional chemotherapy, metastatic lesions were found in the lung and the anterior mediastinum, which gradually increased in size and caused death a few months later. Metastatic melanoma cells were positive for HMB-45 and had a high Ki-67 index up to 33.7%. Most metastatic melanoma cells were positive for p53 while the primary ones were negative. Deteriorating mutations probably accumulated during the latent period.
6/193. xeroderma pigmentosum variant associated with multiple cancers.
A 62-year-old Japanese man with xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) variant is reported. The patient had developed at least 6 basal cell carcinomas, a squamous cell carcinoma, and a malignant melanoma on sun-exposed areas, and an atypical carcinoid on the right lung. In vivo phototesting showed a normal response. The minimal erythema dose of ultraviolet B (UVB) was not lowered and no delayed peaking of the erythema reaction was observed. His skin fibroblasts exhibited higher sensitivity to UV irradiation, but a normal level of unscheduled dna and rna synthesis. Cell fusions with XP group A, C, D, E, F, and G cells after UV irradiation were all complemented. Previous reports together with this case suggest that older XP variant patients have a high frequency of not only skin cancers, but also internal malignancies.
7/193. pancreaticoduodenectomy for metastatic tumors to the periampullary region.
Although operative resection of metastatic lesions to the liver, lung, and brain has proved to be useful, only recently have there been a few reports of pancreaticoduodenectomies in selected cases of metastases to the periampullary region. In this report we present four cases of proven metastatic disease to the periampullary region in which the lesions were treated by pancreaticoduodenectomy. Metastatic tumors corresponded to a melanoma of unknown primary site, choriocarcinoma, high-grade liposarcoma of the leg, and a small cell cancer of the lung. All four patients survived the operation and had no major complications. Two patients died of recurrence of their tumors, 6 and 63 months, respectively, after operation; the other two patients are alive 21 and 12 months, respectively, after operation. It can be inferred from this small but documented experience, as well as a review of the literature, that pancreaticoduodenectomy for metastatic disease can be considered in selected patients, as long as this operation is performed by experienced surgeons who have achieved minimal or no morbidity and mortality with it.
8/193. breast carcinoma diverging to aberrant melanocytic differentiation: a case report with histopathologic and loss of heterozygosity analyses.
A case of primary breast cancer showing differentiation to malignant melanoma is reported. To obtain insight into the clonal relationship between the two components of the tumor, polymerase chain reaction-based microsatellite analysis to detect loss of heterozygosity on chromosome arms 1p, 1q, 3q, 4q, 6q, 8p, 9p, 10q, 11q, 13q, 16q, 17p, 17q, and 18q with microdissected tissues of both components was performed in addition to histologic, histochemical, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural techniques. The tumor consisted of a combination of carcinoma and melanoma with morphologic transition. Metastases in the lymph nodes and thoracic spinal bone marrow showed dual tissue structure. One of the metastatic lung tumors showed melanomatous tissue structure. The abundant pigment in the cells was positive for Fontana-Masson staining and bleached with potassium permanganate. The carcinoma component was positive for epithelial membrane antigen and CA19-9, but the melanoma component was negative. Conversely, the melanoma component was positive for HMB45 and vimentin, but the carcinoma component was negative. Electron microscopic analysis showed premelanosomes and melanosomes in the melanoma component. Microsatellite analysis showed the same genetic alterations with loss of heterozygosity on chromosome arms 1p, 3q, 4q, 6q, 9p, 10q, 11q, 13q, 16q, 17p, and 17q in in situ, invasive, and metastatic foci. We concluded that the carcinoma and melanoma components had arisen from the same clone and that this breast carcinoma might have diverged to aberrant malignant melanoma through multiple genetic alterations in the early period of ductal carcinoma in situ.
9/193. Early detection of lymph node metastases by 7.5 MHz-ultrasound examination in a patient with primary malignant melanoma of the lung.
Primary malignant melanoma of the lung (PMML) is a rare neoplasm that may be misdiagnosed as one of the more common types of lung cancer. Most cases are characterized by a very poor prognosis, ultimately leading to the patient's death. Since an optimal systemic treatment schedule is not established so far, early detection of lymph node metastases may be important for surgical interventions. We report on a 55-year-old male patient with a primary bronchial malignant melanoma of his left lower lobe that was treated by pneumonectomy. 11 and 17 months after removal of the PMML, suspicious lymph nodes in the patient's left axilla were identified by 7.5 MHz-ultrasound examinations. Again surgical treatment was performed and histopathology showed lymph node metastases of malignant melanoma. During adjuvant therapy with interferon alpha (3 x 6 Mio IE per week) no further relapse has been observed with a follow-up of 8 months after the last operation. An overview of primary melanoma of the lung is given and diagnostic options are discussed. The 7.5 MHz-ultrasound examination appears to be especially helpful in the early detection of lymph node metastases leading to early initiation of surgical treatment possibly associated with a prolonged survival in our patient.
10/193. Prepubertal malignant melanoma: report of three cases.
Prepubertal malignant melanoma (MM) is an extremely rare tumor. In slovenia, 13 MM cases were registered between 1968 and 1996 by the Cancer Registry of slovenia. The diagnosis of MM was confirmed by histology in 3 children. In 3 other children the lesions initially diagnosed as MM were reclassified as Spitz nevus. In the remaining cases, the slides were not accessible for histological review, and the clinical course of disease corroborated the diagnosis of a benign nevus. In the present report, 3 of 13 cases with histologically confirmed prepubertal MM are described. The difficulties encountered in the diagnosis and management of this rare condition are discussed.
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