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BACBICHARভাষাচিন্তাBengali, Spoken and Written. Sayamacharan Ganguli (1877). কিস্তি ২ ।।
28 মার্চ 2019
ইংরেজি, বাংলা, ভাষা, শ্যামাচরণ, সংস্কৃত
কিস্তি ১
গ্রামারের যে মেজর জায়গাগুলি – সন্ধি, সমাস এইসব জায়গাতে শ্যামাচরণ দেখাইতেছেন যে, সংস্কৃতের নিয়ম রাখার কারণে গোলমাল হইতেছে, কারণ এইগুলি রাইটাররা জোর কইরা ঢুকাইতেছেন, বেশিরভাগ সময়। রাইটাররা আরো আকাম করতেছেন, যেই শব্দগুলা সংস্কৃত থিকা চেইঞ্জ হয়া বাংলায় আসছিলো সেইগুলারে বদলায়া সংস্কৃত কইরা দিতেছেন লেখার মধ্যে, ভাই'রে লিখতেছেন ভ্রাত, কান'রে লিখতেছেন কর্ণ। এইসব ফাইজলামি এখনো আছে, ল্যাংড়ারে উনারা আদর কইরা লেখেন, খঞ্জ। এক একটা ভাষা ফ্যাসিবাদি এই রাইটারগুলা, মানে জোর কইরা নিজেদের জিনিস চাপাইতে চায়। শ্যামাচরণ যদিও ওই এক্সটেন্ড তক বকাবকি করেন নাই।
কয়দিন পরে পরে নিউজ দেখবেন, অক্সফোর্ড ডিকশনারি এই শব্দ নিছে, ওই শব্দ নিছে। বাংলা একাডেমিতে এইটা এইরকম আছে, অইটা অইরকম। আরে, ডিকশনারি ওয়ার্ড নেয়ার কেডা? শব্দ তো আমরা কইলেই আছে আর না কইলে বাদই হয়া যাইতেছে, ডিকশনারির কামই হইতেছে কম্পাইল করা, আপডেট করা। ঘোড়ার আগে গাড়ি বসায়া দিলে কেমনে! তো, এই কারণে দেখবেন, পুলিশরে, সরকারি, বেসরকারি চাকর-বাকররে রেসপেক্ট করা লাগে আমরার, পাবলিকের। এদের কাম যে পাবলিকরে সার্ভ করা এই বেসিক জিনিসটাতেই আমরার বিশ্বাস নাই। যেই কারণে, ডিকশনারিরে অথরিটি মনেহয়, ভাষার। রাইটাররাও নিজেদেরকে মালিক মনে করতে পারে। এখন একজন রাইটার সংস্কৃত ক্যান গ্রীক, জার্মান, ফরাসী গ্রামার ফলো কইরা বাংলা লেখতে পারেন, এইটা যার যার ইচ্ছা। কিন্তু এইটাই বাংলা ভাষা – এইরকম ক্লেইম করা তো যাইতে পারে না।
শ্যামচরণ উদাহারণ দিয়া কইতেছেন, এক "লোফা" শব্দরে সংস্কৃত রাইটার লেখতেছেন, "উৎক্ষেপ করিয়া পুর্নবার হাতে গ্রহণ করা"। এইগুলি কোন না-জানার ঘটনা বা কাব্যিকতা না, স্রেফ বাটপারি। এইসব সংস্কৃত রাইটাররা যেই শব্দ আমাদের বলার মধ্যে আছে তারে তো বাদ দিতেছেনই, আবার এমন এমন শব্দ আনতেছেন, যেইটার দরকারই নাই। এখন আরেক বাটপারি চলতেছে আঞ্চলিক শব্দ নাম দিয়া, যেন শব্দের কোন আঞ্চলিকতা নাই, আকাশ থিকা ফাল দিয়া পড়ে, নাজিল হয়!
মানে, ব্যাপারটা আমার কাছে ঠিক গ্রামার না, বরং গ্রামারের নিয়মগুলা যে কোন একটা চিন্তা থিকা আসতেছে সেইটা নিয়া ভাবতে পারাটা দরকারি। শ্যামাচরণ বলতেছেন, লেখার ভাষা কিছু নিয়ম বাইর করছে, মোস্টলি সংস্কৃতরে বাপ মাইনা আর সেইটার বাইরে যাইতে চাইতেছে না, যেইখানে যেইখানে বলার সাথে কম্পিটেবল না, সেইখানেও জবরদস্তি করতেছে। এইখানে আমার পয়েন্ট দুইটা। এক হইলো এই যে, কোন নিয়মরে সেন্টার ধরা, এইটাই একটা ভুল। ভাষারে বুঝার লাইগা নিয়ম আমরা বানাইতে পারি, কিন্তু নিয়মের বাইরে কোন ভাষা হইতে পারবে না – এইরকম ফতোয়া দেয়া পসিবলই না। দুসরা হইলো, এই যে নিয়ম মানা–ই লাগবো – এইটা চিন্তার জায়গাটারেও আরো আটকায়া দিতেছে।
গ্রামার দিয়া, সার্টেন নিয়ম দিয়া আমরা ভাষারে বুঝার ট্রাই করতে পারি, কিন্তু ভাষা গ্রামারের বাইরে যাইতে পারবো না – এইটা খালি বাকোয়াজি না, একটা ক্লিয়ারকাট বদমাইশি চিন্তা।
ই. হা.
The subject of gender next calls for remark. In the living Bengali tongue there is no trace left of any artificial distinction of gender, hut in writing, this worst of encumbrances is sedulously kept up. If pritbibi (prithivi) is feminine in Sanskrit, it must be so perforce in Bengali, and this although the language has now utterly outgrown that stage of grammatical development in which there is an arbitrary assignment of gender to inanimate objects. Not only in assigning gender lo the names of lifeless things do Bengali writers seek to carry the language back to a state it has outgrown, they Sanskritise the grammar farther by assigning gender to adjectives, a thing quite foreign to the spoken language. On this point it may be maintained that in cases where the noun of which it is an attribute, is of the female sex,the adjective in spoken Bengali does take a feminine form. This too, I think, is only partially true, if true at all. Buddhimati, rtipubati, sundari are used in connection with the names of persons of the female sex. But such a adjectives have come to be used substantively in the language, and their being regarded as female names has much to do with their application in the current language. That words like buddhiman, buddhimati, &c., are used substantively cannot be disputed. The crucial test of inflection proves that they have become substantives in Bengali. It is enough to mention that buddhimaner, buddhimatike are in use in current Bengali. With regard to sundari, it has further to be said that sundar is certainly used in connection with feminine nouns. At least by people unlearned in the book language.
Even if the point that a few Sanskrit adjectives naturalised in Bengali still retain in the latter their original feminine forms were fully conceded, it would by no means follow that every adjective taken from Sanskrit should retain the same privilege. That a distinction of gender in adjectives is wholly alien to the spirit of the Bengali language is plain from the fact that no genuine Bengali adjective is ever varied in respect of gender: mota, chhoto, kalo &c., would be used both for males and females, unlike Hindustani which h:is mota and moti, chhota, and chboti, kiila andkali &c. In the matter of gender, as in most other matters, a slavish adherence to Sanskrit bas very much encumbered the written Bengali language.
The union of words by means of Sandhi is a characteristic feature of the Sanskrit language, but not of Sanskrit alone. There is such union in French as d'or from de +or, and in Arabic osda'rusi – saltanat from dar-ul-saltalant; ud-din from ul-din. In Sanskrit, however, there is more of such union perhaps than in any other human language. Sandhi is a very intelligible, rational process in Sanskrit. by it 'economy of breath' is secured. But though a rational process in Sanskrit, it is unreason itself when transferred bodily, as it has been, into Bengali. Illustrations will show this best :-Manu + adi=manvadi in Sanskrit. This is very intelligible indeed: ua' changes, for facility of pronunciation, into va' or ratherwa'. What is this Sandhi, however, in Bengali? Manu + adi (in Bengali) = manbadi to the eye and mannabadi to the ear. Bengali Panditsteach, as if it were an unalterable law of nature, that u is changed into b. The bewildered pupil cannot of course see the rationale of this, and be plies hard his memory, therefore, to get by heart what he is taught. Indeed a good deal of stupid docility is necessary tomake one learn the rules of Sanskrit Sandhi as they are taught in Bengal. The object of sandhi in Sanskrit was economy. In Bengali, it is only a mystification and an obstruction. Manu a'diin Bengali would be faultless. Manba'di would be pedantry merely.
The question of Samas need not detain us long. Samas adds greatly to the power of a language; and it may be necessary to sparingly borrow, from Sanskrit, words compounded agreeably to the rules of Samas. There are, however, genuine Samas compounds in Bengali; which in this respect has a somewhat bigger capacity than Hindustani, which forms only a few compounds of this sort, such as pan-chakki, jeb-katra, &c. In Bengali, however there are lots of such compounds: 'ambbgach, sosurbari, hatbakso, gamtkata, &c.; are instances. Instead of servile borrowing from Sanskrit in every instance, it would be more rational to avail ourselves of the inherent capacity of our language, and form compounds out of its existing materials. The adoption of compounds like janaika is wholly indefensible; for, to say nothing of the fact that ka+ janais, on psychological grounds, a preferable expression to jana+eka., we have already in Bengali, the expression janek (as in janek-dujon). Janaika, therefore, serves no other purpose than to display before the reader the writer's knowledge of Sanskrit grammatical rules.
Bengali, though superior to many respects to Hindustani, in the simplicity and logical accuracy of its grammatical structure, is inferior, however, to the latter, in several ways. It is not so self-sufficient as Hindustani is; it is much poorer in its derivatives, and must have, accordingly, to lean more upon its parent tongue, Sanskrit. It has few abstract nouns of its own, derived from current attributive word or common terms. To the attributive terms, mota, lamba, chaora', &c. it has no abstract terms to correspond, such as Hindustani possesses in muta'i, lamba'i,& c. – Verbs in Bengali have no personal nouns derived from them; there is chala', for instance, corresponding to the Hindustani chalna', but no word to answer to chalnewala. Kha'iye, ga'iye, and a few other words may be mentioned as instances of verb-derived personal nouns; but besides being extremely limited in number, some of them have a. specialised meaning: Kha'iye means not eater, but a good eater. In respect of abstract nouns derived from verb, such as knowledge from know, Bengali and Hindustani are nearly equally in fault, and both have, therefore, in most cases, to borrow abstract terms from Sanskrit, in the case of Bengali, careful discrimination, however, is necessary. In Sanskrit, abstract terms are formed by adding ta', twa, and ya to the attributive root-word. In the current language, abstract terms in ta', twa (pronounced tto) andya, which last re-duplicates the final constant of the attributive, and adds thereto the sound of o, are found; but in respect of new importation sit would be best, perhaps, if they could be restricted to abstract terms in ta'. This particle undergoes no change of sound in Bengali like twa. and ya; and it is besides more consonant to the genius of Bengali to form derivatives by additions at the end simply, without causing any change in the root-word, while ya-formed abstract terms change the vowel sounds of the root word; as for instance, pra'dhanya (pronounced in Bengali pradha'nno) from pradhana (in Bengali pradha'n) &c. This latter circumstance gives ta' no advantage however over twa. Indeed twa in its Bengali form of tto, has. unlike ta'and ya, been thoroughly naturalised in Bengali. Truly Bengali words like baro & c, form abstract nouns by the addition of tto. The right course for us would seem to be to recognise tto as a Bengali abstract suffix, and to give it a wider extension than at present. Perhaps examples drawn from other languages may help us to overcome our love for twa, which old association has generated. The Latin trinitas has given rise to It. trinita', Fr, trinite', Sp. trinidad, and Eng. trinity (triniti). When such modifications have been undergone by a Latin abstract suffix, and those modifications are distinctly recognised in the most important living languages, why should not " similar modification, in Bengali, of a Sanskrit suffix be duly recognised; why should it be kept so disguised by a vicious system of writing as to pass as identical with its parent form?
The want of ordinals may be mentioned as another instance of the natural poverty of the Bengali language. Ordinals are borrowed from Sanskrit; and from Hindustani also, in the single instance of dates. In this latter case, however, the ordinals have become in fact substantives. The genitives of the cardinal numerals do in colloquial Bengali the work of ordinals; duiyer, tiner &c., stand for 2nd, 3rd &c. Often, instead of the genitive form of the cardinal numeral, a noun in the genitive form is used after the cardinal. Thus 3rd day would be expressed, not by tiner din, but by tin diner din. This is no doubt a cumbrous circumlocution, but things must ~ taken as they are.
As regards the ordinals then, since the existing resources of the Bengali language suffice for expressing all that is expressed by means of ordinals, there is no necessity for falling back upon Sanskrit. A larger employment of the genitives of the numerals than is done in the current language seems to be the direction in which writers should work, instead of overburdening the language with the Sanskrit ordinals. When Sanskrit and Bengali numerals do differ but slightly aspa'mch and pancha, an incorporation of corresponding Sanskrit ordinals may not seem to be the introduction of a discordant element. When any of the higher numerals, however, are taken, it is found that the Bengali words by reason of their higher saturation and integration differ greatly from their Sanskrit originals; and in such cases the Sanskrit ordinals, if used in Bengali, would seem highly discordant. Sixty-fifth would be poim-sattir in current Bengali, while the Sanskrit for it is panch-sashtitama. In addition to the reason that such a word, as the last, is not needed in Bengali, its very length ought to be a serious objection. If any borrowing indeed, were necessary in the present instance, I would be more for giving a preference to the handier ordinals of the Hindustani language to their seven-leagued Sanskrit counter-parts, especially as in this very case, there has been borrowing already from Hindustani in the matter of dates, pahla', dusra' &c., being all Hindustani. The Sanskrit ordinals that have been thoroughly naturalised in 'Bengali are few, as pratharna. dvitiya and dva'das. It need hardly be repeated here that I do not in this instance advocate borrowing at all. It is to be mentioned also that our Bengali writers do not confine themselves to borrowing the ordinals from Sanskrit, but borrow, without any necessity whatever, the cardinals also. Eleven, for instance, would be eka'das and not egaro; forty, chatta'rinsat and not challis; two hundred, dui sata and not du-so, twenty-five thousand, pamcbavinsasabasra; and not pomchisha'za'r.
Besides those already mentioned there are other derivatives likewise which a cultivated language cannot do without. In our current Bengali speech, for instance, we have a word for man, but none for human,ii a word for do, but none for practicable. In cases where the existing formative powers of the language do not suffice, it would be best to fall back upon Sanskrit. Care, however, should be taken that our language is not unnecessarily burdened; that it is not made to depend more upon the rules of Sanskrit grammar than is absolutely necessary. The object aimed at should be to bring Bengali to a position of independence, and not to keep it perpetually in leading strings. Indiscriminate borrowers from Sanskrit ought again to remember that in master the rules of Sanskrit grammar requires a considerable expenditure of brain power, and that if Sanskrit grammatical forms are to pass current in written Bengali, a large number of human beings will have to incur such expenditure for the acquisition of knowledge of a most elementary kind even. But more of this hereafter.
The question of grammatical forms being now disposed of, the even more important question of vocables may now be taken up. The inflected forms of words, as well as other derivatives, are indeed vocables, inasmuch as they have each an independent existence in the language. What has been said, about grammatical forms and derivatives covers therefore a part of the present subject. Grammatical forms and derivatives fall under a few general laws, however; and these laws form but a small item by the side of the numerous body of main words, which, though originally significant of attribute, have come to be now mere conventional symbols for objects and ideas. What is to be said here about vocables maybe understood to apply to this latter class of words.
The vocables use in Bengali, written and spoken, are divisible into three classes. (I) Sanskrit-derived words, but so much altered from their original form as to have necessitated their being written differently from Sanskrit. (2) Sanskrit words bodily transferred, which, though retaining their original spelling, are for the most part pronounced in a peculiarly Bengali way. (3) Words of non-Sanskrit parentage.
The first class of words forms the great body of the spoken language. In the written language, however, they are seldom admitted except in dialogues. Their Sanskrit originals, as a rule, get the preference, and they themselves are cast aside as vulgariii In mere introductory primers current words are for the most part employed, but side by side with them, there occur also their Sanskrit originals. If there are such words as bhai', ka'l(to-morrow), ka'n, chok, sona' (sona) &c., there are also bhra'ta', kalya',karna', svarna, &c. It seems, colloquial words are employed at all simply because there is no doing without them. The child knows them and knows no others, and must be first taught to read by means of words that he knows, and not by means of their learned equivalents. But the great object aimed at is to reach the pupil such equivalents in as much profusion and within as short a time as possible. So soon, therefore, as he has mastered the difficulties of Bengali alphabetic writing, one important part of his education comes to be the acquisition of Sanskrit vocables accompanied by a sedulous inculcation on the part of the teacher, that in writing, these vocables should be always employed in lieu of Bengali words that he is familiar with.
Every child in Bengal that learns to read has to learn the Sanskrit equivalents of the commonest names. He has learnt to call copper ta'mba', leaf pa'ta, head ma'ta', horse ghomra', rice cha'll and so forth; but these be must discard for ta'mra, patra, &c. What is the earthly good of all this, it is not easy to see; and yet the fact is nothing less than what it is here stated to be. The case is just as if every French child that learns to read and write were taught to write ferrum for fer, aurum foror, and so on to rite end of the lexicon. From such a heavy and galling. but most unnecessary burden, deliverance is certainly desirable; but an established order of things must have numerous adherence, so that deliverance may be slow in coming after all.
The displacement of familiar Sanskrit-derived Bengali words by their Sanskrit originals can be justified on no reasonable grounds. The ousting of words of non-Sanskrit origin, whether aboriginal or foreign, is equally indefensible. Purism is radically unsound, and has its origin in a spirit of narrowness. In the free commingling of nations, there must be borrowing and giving. Can anything be more Absurd than to think of keeping language pure, when blood itself cannot be kept pure? No human language has ever been perfectly pure; any more than any human race has been pure. Infusion of foreign elements do, in the long run, enrich languages, just as infusion of foreign blood improves races. Seeing then that languages, as men speak them, must be mixed, impure, heterogeneous; to reject words like gorib (Ar. gari'b) and da'g (Ar. da'g) &c., from books, on account of their foreign lineage would be most unreasonable. Current words of Persian or Arabic origin connect us, Hindus of Bengal, with Musalma'n Bengalis, with the entire Hindustani-speaking population of India, and even with Persians and Arabs. Is it wise to seek to diminish points of contact with a large section of our fellow countrymen, and with kindred and neighboring race, with whom we must have intercourse, in order that we may draw closer to our Sanskrit-speaking ancestors?
Human happiness would seem to be better promoted by increased points of contact with living men than by increased points of contact with remote ancestors. But men are very often swayed in these matters by sentiment more than by reason. The feeling that impels Bengali Hindus towards Sanskrit is perfectly intelligible. With Sanskrit are associated the days of India's greatest glory, with Persian and Arabic the days of her defeat, humiliation, and bondage. The budding patriotism of Hindus everywhere would therefore naturally eschew Persian and Arabic words as badges of slavery. In the long run, however, considerations of utility are sure to over-ride mere sentimental predilections.
It should be understood that I do not advocate any fresh introduction of Arabic and Persian words, but insist only on the desirability of giving their fulliv rights to such words as have already been naturalised in the language anti are in everybody's mouth. Persian and Arabic words used by Bengali ignorant of those languages ought to be accepted as right good Bengali. As a matter of fact, many such words, those connected with Law especially, are employed in writing; but the purist spirit is still very active, and a disinclination to admit such words into writing is yet but too common.
Not only does written Bengali, as a rule, seek to supplant current Bengali words by their Sanskrit equivalents; it keeps alive also the antiquated, obsolete forms of current words. These, having once obtained a recognised place in the language of writing, now refuse to be ousted from it. We call rice cha'l, but write it chaul, pa'thure (stony) similarly becomes pa'thuria', and the Node of colloquial speech is Nadia' in writing. But I need not multiply instances. So numerous are such differences that an inveterate notion seems to have gained a firm hold of the national mind that the current form of a word is 'not the correctv form.
I look upon this as a most unfortunate thing. The struggle with Sanskrit alone is no light affair, backed as Sanskrit must be with the entire bias of learning and wide-spread association; and Sanskrit here has a potent ally in the obsolete forms of words rendered classical by Kabikankan, Krittibas, Kasidas, and Bhiratchndra.
The substitution of Sanskrit for current familiar words and of obsolete for current forms of a certain class of words may both be included under the head of "calling common things by uncommon names." Most of our writers are fully under the sway of this supposed purity-of-style fetish. It is amusing to contemplate the strange shifts to which even our best writers are driven to avoid current expressions. An illustration will show this best. A writer of deservedly very high reputation has recourse to utkhep (utksbep) karia' punarbar haste grahan kara', as a substitute for the common expression lopa'. Can anything be more awkward than this?
The rage for Sanskrit vocables manifests itself in matters, in which learning would seem to have little room. On the license plates of boats that ply in the river Hugli are to be seen nabik and arohi as the Bengali for crew and passenger respectively; but none of the crew of any boat, and ninety-nine hundredths of the passengers, have no notion of what the words nabik and arohi mean. Language has its many sides, and it is but reasonable that the carpenter, the boatman, the shoemaker should give the law in matters connected with carpentry, boat-rowing and shoe making respectively; while in matters connected with science or scholarship, the savant or scholar should he the supreme arbiter. In Bengal, however, the Sanskrit-knowing Pandit has in a large measure assumed the function of determining the written language in all its aspects. The mental characteristics of the nation, and its historical antecedents have of course helped to bring about this result.
The present practice of borrowing from Sanskrit is based on no definite principle. Rational borrowing should seek only to supply a felt wait. Where words are really wanting in Bengali, there must be borrowing. But such borrowing as has been above described is grounded on no necessity. No limit is set in fact to the extent to which words are to be borrowed from Sanskrit, so that every Sanskrit word is considered to have a rightful claim to be incorporated into Bengali. Is this to enrich the language or to over burden it? This indeed is carrying us back into the past with a vengeance. In the early flexible stage of Sanskrit, when its formative powers were active, whole hosts of words were formed to express the same thing. Those words were then, as philologists hold, transparent attributive terms, and not the arbitrary symbols that they afterwards became. Men could not, indeed, lie so irrational as to invent more than one arbitrary symbol for one and the same thing. Among the many significant symbols expressive of the same idea, there was a struggle for existence and a survival in the long run. of the fittest. More terms than one have in many cases survived; but on a priori grounds it is quite impossible that more than one could survive at the same spot; and among the same class of people. Distance of place, or peculiarities of social organization, by limiting intercourse, could alone cause a selection of different names for the same thing. There has further been a differentiation of meaning between words that originally meant exactly the same thing. Our Sanskrit School of writers would, however, undo all this. They would bring back the dead to life. They would restore to Bengali, which is one of the modern developments of Sanskrit, all the imperfections of the mother-tongue, that have been cast off for good. What a terrible legacy would a wholesale appropriation of the Sanskrit vocabulary leave to posterity? Men of capacity little think of the labor that the acquisition of a. language costs; and of this labor the heaviest part is that required in mastering the vocabulary, which, consisting as it does for the most pan, of arbitrary symbols, is dull, dreary matter to learn. Where arbitrary symbol furnish a key to valuable knowledge, the symbols ought surely to be learnt. In the present case, however, the labor spent on the acquisition of words would he vain, meaningless labor. What is the good of learning a new word where one does not learn a corresponding new idea with it?vi Perfection of language requires that no two words should express exactly the same idea, and that no two ideas should have the same name. No human language is indeed perfect like this, it is true. Due this is no reason why we should work the other way, and goon sanctioning and accumulating defects.
The example of other languages is quoted as a ground for maintaining, and even widening existing differences between spoken and written Bengali. No doubt there are numerous instances in other languages of calling common things by uncommon names. This, however, cannot be looked upon as desirable on any account, and there is a visible tendency in English, at any rate, to assimilate closely the written to the spoken tongue. Dean Alford tells us, that the tendency to 'call common things by uncommon names' varies inversely as the writer's culture'; and a late professor of English at the Presidency College used to say, that in England, at the present day, the language spoken by the highest and best-educated has more in common with that of the lower orders than with that of men of inferior education. In taking a survey of the language of a country, the form of it peculiar to any large class of men, such as the men of inferior education in a community must form, is not of course to be left out of account. But the language of the class that stands highest in culture and social position is the standard to which the language of all sections of the community has a tendency to converge. The language of the highest and the most cultivated must be taken then as the normal standard of the language, and in the best English writers the tendency to 'call common things by uncommon names' must be as its minimum. Indeed, so far as the cultivated and the uncultivated go together, common sense should dictate that there should be community of language. If indeed the object were to confine knowledge to a caste, there could not be a cleverer contrivance than to make the written language diverge widely from the spoken. Such a contrivance would carry with it its own Nemesis, however. Besides the unnecessary waste of brain-power implied in the acquisition of mere words without additional ideas, there must inevitably result a deterioration of the intellect when it busies itself with mere word-knowledge.
In dealing with the question of the employment of Sanskrit words in Bengali writing, the Bengali graphic system cannot be left out of account. This system is nearly as bad as the English; it departs nearly as much from correct phonetic representation as the latter. This however is a wide question in itself, and need no there be further noticed than its direct bearing upon the Sanskrit element of book-Bengali demands. The Bengali pronunciation of Sanskrit is as monstrous as the English pronunciation of Latin is or was till vii lately; and the Sanskrit words admitted into Bengali are of course all mispronounced, so that they are Sanskrit only to the eye, but not to the ear. This shows that the despised vernacular can, after a certain fashion, assert its rights against unjust encroachments. Let us come now to illustrations. The current Bengali equivalents of fish and sun are ma'ch (old Bengali machh) and suji respectively. In books mach is made to give way to the Sanskrit matsya and sujji to surjya, but instead of being pronounced as they are written, which, by the way would be the correct Sanskrit pronunciation, they are pronounced motso and surja respectively. We acquire mach and suji as a part of our mother-tongue, and the conventional necessity of having further to acquire their corrupt Sanskrit equivalents mot so and surja, I, for one, must deplore as almost oppressive and unprofitable burden.
There is another class of words which are wrongly accounted to be the same in Bengali as they are in Sanskrit. The Bengali and Sanskrit equivalents of south and lord, for instance, are written alike in both the languages; but while in Bengali, they are pronounced as dokkhin and Issar respectively, in Sanskrit they are dakshina and is vara.
It is plain then, that the so-called Sanskrit words in use in written Bengali are in fact neither Sanskrit nor Bengali, but monsters one knows not to call what. The unwise and indiscriminate transfer of Sanskrit words into Bengali has another bad effect little thought of. Certain sounds in Sanskrit are converted into certain other sounds in Bengali, according to definite laws, such as S. into S. These laws cannot be transgressed. Mispronunciation of Sanskrit words introduced into Bengali is therefore a sort of necessity, and this mispronunciation is imported back into Sanskrit, while the Bengali learns that language. The correct pronunciation of Sanskrit, if enforced in our schools and Colleges, would be a most effective check on the present practice of indiscriminate borrowing from Sanskrit. But on this point hereafter.
এডিটোরিয়াল: কোন একটা ইস্যু লইয়া কয়েকভাবেই ভাবতে পারেন আপনে
টীকা
The word is so pronounced, though written dar-ul-saltanat.
In current Bengali the genitives attributives like human and practi- of nouns and infinitives do duty for cable respectively
Besides the advantage gained in respect of variety of expression. an important purpose is served by terms like kuman, which signify all sorts of relations, that of possession being included. The genitive, whatever its original signification nay have been, tends to be restricted to the idea of possession, and this specialization of meaning makes it necessary that there should be derivative terms signifying all sort of relations.
The SulabhSama'char, a professedly popular journal, is doing most useful work this way. But even the Sulabh is not wholly free from Sanskrit predilections. The word Sulabh itself. in the sense of cheap, is an unnecessary importation, and such expression as SHOMOY KOTTON, TODUPURI, RONOTORI &c., do occur in the paper. But for all this people of Bengal are deeply indebted to the Sulabh, and to certain other newspaper also, though in a less degree.
A striking instance of such notion is furnished by the word Inra'j. lnrej is the common word for English-man and lnriji. For English (the language). Whence then this Inr'a'j? Its origin must be traced. I suppose, to the inveterate notion above-mentioned; plus the fact that the ra'j in Inraj connects the word wilt the Bengali word ra'ja', a case analogue to the English corruption of girasole into Jerusalem.
This is to be taken with a certain limitation. The exigencies of rhythm, versification & artistic effect may make it desirable that there should be in a. language more than one word to express the same thing. But all the words meaning the same thing. But all the words meaning the same thing, in a language cannot be said to form in the same degree parts of the living tissue of the language. Billow is antique and the property of poets, while rare is the living word.
A reform has commenced in England in regard to Latin pronunciation.
An error occured during creating the thumbnail.
দ্য ফিলোসফি অফ অ্যান্ডি ওয়ারহল
তর্ক: চমস্কি এবং ফুকো


text:
Feb. 21, 2013 / 9:32 AM
Actress Ashley Judd eyeing run for political office?
Dario Franchitti and wife Ashley Judd celebrate his second consecutive IRL championship at Homestead-Miami Speedway in Homestead, Florida on October 2, 2010. UPI/Sam Bush | License Photo
LOUISVILLE, Ky., Feb. 21 (UPI) -- Ashley Judd is considering a move from film to politics, and may challenge U.S. Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell in 2014, The Atlantic Wire reported.
The "Someone Like You" and "Kiss the Girls" star dined with a handful of high-profile Democrats in Louisville, Ky., last week, sparking speculation she is gearing up to run against the state's Republican senator, the report said.
The dinner was held at the home of Christy Brown, the widow of Brown-Forman executive Owsley Brown II, and was attended by the commonwealth's only Democratic congressman, John Yarmuth, and former party chairman, Jonathan Miller.
The Atlantic Wire said Judd also has contacted the Democratic polling firm Global Strategy Group, as well as talked to Sen. Kirsten Gillibrand, D-N.Y., who successfully ran in a conservative House district in New York before entering the Senate.
Judd, 44, has not publicly announced any intention to run for political office.
Last month she confirmed she and race-car driver Dario Franchitti plan to divorce after 11 years of marriage.
Ashley Judd still eyeing Senate campaign Ashley Judd urges women to 'come forward' Judd denies having surgery, using fillers
Dario Franchitti
Moments from Miami Swim week

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Covering it's most lucrative years, April Wine's Greatest Hits compiles all of this Montreal-based band's material from the '70s, made up of power ballads and hard rock songs. Founder and lead singer Myles Goodwyn pilots the group in both the slow stuff and the guitar-driven tunes, and his obliging voice takes full control of each type. Both "Roller" and "You Could Have Been a Lady" broke Billboard's Top 40 charts, but this collection has many other redeeming factors, especially in the sock hop innocence of "You Won't Dance With Me" or the coarseness of "Weeping Widow." As pure as guitar rock gets, April Wine's repertoire may have been taken straight out of the rock & roll handbook with run-of-the-mill electric and bass guitar rhythms and a steady drumbeat keeping time all the while, but it's energy and exuberance were right up there with bands like Journey and Foreigner, only it's popularity wasn't. Gracing many a high school dance were ballads like "I'm on Fire for You Baby" and "Like a Lover, Like a Song," which are still played on Canadian radio every now and then. April Wine has numerous compilations within it's catalog, but this set gratifyingly isolates it's earliest and best efforts and is also an easy find.
Label: AQUARIUS MUSIC
Greatest Hits (Blue) [Limited Edition] (Can)
Artist: April Wine
New: In Stock 39.99
Vinyl - Limited Edition
1. Fast Train
2. Drop Your Guns
3. Weeping Widow
4. Rock N' Roll Is a Vicious Game
5. Oowatanite
6. You Could Have Been a Lady
8. Like a Lover, Like a Song
9. I'm on Fire for You Baby
10. Lady Run, Lady Hide
11. Bad Side of the Moon
12. I Wouldn't Want to Lose Your Love
13. You Won't Dance with Me
14. Tonite Is a Wonderful Time to Fall in Love


Every person alive has a purpose…you are one of those people! You are important! The One True God made you with a purpose in mind. He equipped you with all you need to accomplish that purpose. Purpose gives us a reason to live and sense of significance in life. And because God is love, He wants you to know what that is and He wants you to enjoy it with Him. He enjoys you and delights to call you His creation!
At 53 my purpose is still being defined in my heart by Him and little by little becoming more clear. Because God has healed me of so much fear in my own heart, I want to help others gain courage and go past their fears through the wonderful means of a tool God invented called creativity. As this happens the enjoyment of life grows greater and greater. The answer lies in His son, Jesus Christ!
All of us begin the journey of wanting to know our purpose by simply asking our Creator. Then, we listen and stay alert to His leading. It is a thrilling adventure!


U.S. #1054A pictures the Palace of the Governors in Santa Fe, New Mexico.
Built in 1610, the Palace is the oldest public building in the U.S. It was originally part of a Spanish fort, which served as the seat of Spanish government for what is now America's southwest. The Palace became an administrative center for the U.S. after General Stephen W. Kearny took the fort without firing a shot. A great deal of New Mexico's history has taken place in the Palace of Governors. In 1909, the building was converted to the Palace of Governors History Museum. The museum was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960. In 1999, it officially became an American Treasure.


text:
The Book Corner
A GAME OF THRONES by George R.R. Martin
Posts by Nicholas Andrews
Nicholas Andrews
JimCrigler said:
As a writer, I wonder why authors make some of the choices they do: In this case Martin has included unnecessarily graphic depictions of sexual situations, limiting the appeal of this book (and, I presume, its successors) to a narrower audience.
The books of the series so far have sold over 15 million copies combined and the most recent episode of the TV series was seen by over 4 million viewers just at its original airing. You can say any number of things about the books, but "limited appeal" is not one of them.
[br]The Whims of War (The Law of Eight - Book 4): 6%[meter]6[/meter][br]Nicholas Andrews | Website | Facebook | Twitter
Ben Finn Mar 4, 2013


What is your favorite/recommended lemon olive oil brand?
I really like the O Meyer Lemon Olive Oil. You can get it at Sur La Table (but I found it at my local Jewel-Osco). I believe Williams Sonoma also has a lemon variety – definitely check specialty food stores!


text:
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Congratulations to Wildwood Oaks who launched their new website on August 3, 2017. Wildwood Oaks manages residential rental properties in Leamington, Ontario.
Along with our rental listings module to help Wildwood Oaks show their availabilities, their new website is complete with a blog, FAQ module and testimonials, which they conveniently manage through The LIFT System.
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Airtel has launched extensive campaigns to promote its MyPlan for postpaid users. MyPlan offers the customers the flexibility to create their own plans.
"The new campaign is based on a simple consumer insight – that a lot of postpaid mobile users end up with plan benefits that they never fully utilize and end up wasting these benefits month on month. MyPlan addresses this problem by giving customers the freedom to choose what they actually need in their postpaid,"said Mr. Srini Gopalan, Director – Consumer Business, Bharti Airtel said.
With traditional postpaid plans offering pre-defined voice/data/SMS benefits, customers end up wasting some of these benefits as their actual usage/requirements may be very different. Airtel MyPlan intends to solve this issue. The Airtel 4G Girl Sasha Chhetri is the screen face for the campaigns.
For more information on plans, per your requirements, log on to www.airtel.in/myplan.
I don't know why I tried to check it. Now they are calling me and forcing me to migrate to postpaid.
Using jio…preety decent speeds and voice clarity is next to awsome.
Only drawback is using lyf mobile.


text:
Geezer Butler
English bassist
Butler performing with Deadland Ritual in 2019
Terence Michael Joseph Butler
(1949-07-17) 17 July 1949 (age 72)
GZR
Geezer Butler Band
Deadland Ritual
geezerbutler.com
Terence Michael Joseph "Geezer" Butler (born 17 July 1949) is a British musician and songwriter. He is best known as the bassist[1] and primary lyricist of the heavy metal band Black Sabbath. He has also recorded and performed with Heaven & Hell, GZR, and Ozzy Osbourne. Butler is currently the bassist of Deadland Ritual.
3 Style and legacy
5.1 Lakland basses
5.2 Signature Lakland basses
Early life[edit]
Butler received the nickname "Geezer" at approximately age eight, because he used to call everybody 'Geezer' at school. "It was just a slang term for a man", said Butler.[2]
Butler grew up in a working-class Irish Catholic family in Birmingham.[3] The Butler family had seven children and were poor, typically having "no money whatsoever".[4] Two of Butler's older brothers had been called upon to serve in the army, and in the Vietnam War era, Butler feared that he would be next. However, mandatory service was ended in England a couple of years before he was due to be conscripted.[4]
Butler was heavily influenced by the writing of Aleister Crowley as a teenager.[3] By his late teens, he had stopped attending Mass. He cited a loss of belief, and feels that everyone should sooner or later decide for themselves what to believe in. By the end, Butler was "going to Mass every Sunday just to take a look at all the nice girls that were going there", he recalled years later.[4]
Career[edit]
Butler in 1970
Butler formed his first band, Rare Breed, in late 1967, with John "Ozzy" Osbourne soon joining as lead vocalist. At that time, Butler was dating a girl who lived near Tony Iommi, and Iommi's earliest memories of Butler involved seeing him walking past his house every day to visit her. Later, Iommi and Butler became acquainted when their bands played at a nearby nightclub.[3] Separated for a time, Osbourne and Butler reunited in the blues foursome, Polka Tulk, along with guitarist Iommi and drummer Bill Ward, both of whom had recently left the band Mythology. They renamed their new band Earth, but a band already existed in the small-time English circuit with the same name, so they were forced to change the name yet again. Inspired by the popular Boris Karloff horror film of the same name, Butler suggested the name Black Sabbath in early 1969.[5]
Inspired by John Lennon, Butler played rhythm guitar in his pre-Sabbath days, including with Rare Breed. When Sabbath was formed, Iommi made it clear that he did not want to play with another guitarist, so Butler moved to bass.[6] According to Butler, "I'd never played bass until I was on stage at the first gig that we played. Borrowed the bass guitar off one of my friends and it only had three strings on it."[7] Butler lists Jack Bruce of Cream as his biggest influence as a bassist. Iommi described Butler as being "from another planet" in the band's early days; he took LSD, wore Indian hippie dresses, and was very peaceful.[3] At the time Black Sabbath was formed, Butler was studying to become an accountant, and this training resulted in him managing the band's finances in the early days.[3]
After Black Sabbath fired vocalist Ozzy Osbourne in 1979, Butler also briefly left the band to deal with the divorce from his first wife. The 1980 album Heaven and Hell was actually recorded with bassist Craig Gruber but Butler returned to the band at the last minute and re-recorded the bass parts prior to release.[8] He again left the band in 1984 after touring in support of their 1983 album, Born Again, though he returned months later as the band attempted a comeback with vocalist David Donato.
In 1988, Butler joined the backing band of his former Sabbath bandmate Osbourne to take part in the No Rest for the Wicked World Tour. He rejoined Black Sabbath in 1991 for the reunion of the Mob Rules line-up, but again quit the group after the Cross Purposes tour in 1994.[5]
In 1995 Butler again joined Osbourne's band to perform on the Ozzmosis album.[9] After recording Ozzmosis, he formed G/Z/R, issuing Plastic Planet in 1995.[10] His next solo album, Black Science, followed in 1997. Butler returned to Sabbath once more for the 1997 edition of Ozzfest, and has remained with the band since. In 2005 he released Ohmwork, his third solo album. In October 2006 it was announced that Butler, along with Tony Iommi, would be reforming the Dehumanizer-era Black Sabbath line-up with Vinny Appice and Ronnie James Dio, under the name Heaven & Hell to differentiate between the reunited touring band fronted by Osbourne, and the Dio-fronted version of the band.[11]
He rejoined Iommi and Osbourne to record 13 and toured in support of the album, which reached its conclusion in 2017.
Style and legacy[edit]
Butler performing with Black Sabbath in 1995
Butler is noted for his melodic playing, and as being one of the first bassists to use a wah pedal and to down-tune his instrument (from the standard E-A-D-G to the lower C#-F#-B-E), as exemplified on Black Sabbath's Master of Reality album, to match Iommi who had started tuning his guitar to C# (a minor third down).[6] During the band's Ozzy Osbourne era, Butler wrote most of the band's lyrics, drawing heavily upon his fascination with religion, science-fiction, fantasy and horror, and musings on the darker side of human nature that posed a constant threat of global annihilation.[5]
Butler is regarded as one of the most influential bassists in heavy metal. Billy Sheehan of Mr. Big said: "He's a founding father of a whole genre of music and a man who really set the bar early on to be such an integral part of the sound and song structure of Sabbath".[12] In Mick Wall's biography of Iron Maiden entitled Run to the Hills, founder Steve Harris recalls: "I distinctly remember trying to play along to Black Sabbath's "Paranoid" – at first I just could not get it. I threw the guitar on my bed and walked out in a huff, but the next day I came back, picked it up and played it all the way through note-for-note! Once I got going, I started getting into bass-lines with a bit more subtlety to them...".
Former Metallica bassist Jason Newsted, who defined him his "number 1 influence", stated: "All true metal bassists look up to Geezer as a pioneer and Godfather of our chosen instrument. The best, ever".[13] Rex Brown of Pantera and Kill Devil Hill asserted: "He's a legend. He's everything. Geezer is so much of an influence on me.[12] Other bassists such as Peter Steele,[14] Cliff Burton,[15] Les Claypool,[16] Steve DiGiorgio,[17] Alex Webster,[18] John Myung,[19] Johnny Lee Middleton,[20] Greg Smith[21] cited Butler as a significant influence on their style.
Personal life[edit]
Butler is married to Gloria Butler, who managed Heaven & Hell. He was divorced from his first wife in 1980. He also shares his Los Angeles home with several cats, of whom he has posted pictures on his website.[22] His oldest son, Biff Butler, was the frontman in the nu metal band Apartment 26. Butler says Biff is very religious and brings up his children in the Catholic faith.[4] Butler's other son James earned a degree in social sciences from Oxford University and resides in London. Butler describes him as "very politically minded". "My youngest is extremely left-wing, and I think it's because he was brought up knowing wealth and money, whereas I was brought up having no money whatsoever. That's where the church came in and made up for the lack of money because everybody knew each other in the street and everybody used to help each other out", Butler said.[4]
Butler is a lifelong supporter of Aston Villa Football Club, and during Black Sabbath's induction to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Butler is heard shouting "Up the Villa" as the members of the band left the stage. He has referred to football as his "religion"[4] and has stated that Villa legend Peter McParland is his "all-time hero".
According to Osbourne, Butler "never uses foul language".[23] He was raised on a vegetarian diet, largely due to his family being too poor to buy meat on a regular basis,[4] and has been a vegan since approximately 1994.[4][24] His mother was also a vegetarian.[4]
Butler appeared in a promotional ad for People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals in 2009[24] and later urged fans to boycott Fortnum & Mason until they remove foie gras from their shelves. Butler said, "I've seen some outrageous things in my time, but watching those poor birds suffer simply so that their diseased livers can be sold on your shop floor is horrific!"[25]
Over the years, Butler has become disillusioned with politics, saying "For me, it's almost pointless voting anymore because it seems to be the same no matter what party or politics you stand for. It all seems corrupted to me. It's all the same old people that rule the world."[4] He has also expressed concern over the increasing level of control government has in people's lives. "Every time I go back to England, there are things that totally surprise me that you never think would happen in England, just all the CCTV everywhere. There seems to be so much control over people these days", he said in 2014.[4]
In January 2015, Butler was briefly detained after a bar brawl in Death Valley, California and charged with misdemeanor assault, public intoxication and vandalism. He was released following detoxification and a citation.[26] In 2016 he opened up about the event: "This guy started mouthing off about something. He was, like, some drunken Nazi bloke. He [...] started going on about Jews and everything - Jews this, Jews that. My missus is Jewish and I'd just had enough, and me hand sort of met his chin. I whacked him one."[27]
Butler currently endorses Lakland basses and has his own signature model.[28] For amplification, Butler is endorsed by Hartke bass amplification, Kilo bass head and 4X10 HyDrive cabinet. In the past, he has been known to use Ampeg SVT and B-15 bass amps, and Fender, Dan Armstrong Plexi, Rickenbacker, Yamaha BB, Vigier and B.C. Rich Basses.
According to the Geezer Butler Bass Rig Rundown,[29] he used the following over the years.
Pre-CBS Fender Precision (x2)
Ampeg Dan Armstrong Plexiglass
John Birch (JB1 body style) in white (customised with a sticker in the style of a Coca Cola label but says "enjoy cocaine.")
John Birch (JB1 body style) in black
John Birch (JB1 body style) 8 string
Jaydee Roadie 2 (created by John Diggins)
BC Rich Eagle Deluxe
BC Rich Iron Bird
Spector NS-2 (in white)
Vigier Passion 5
Vigier Arpege
Vigier Excess
Bill Nash custom precision (recording 13)
Lakland basses[edit]
From early 2000s
Joe Osborn 44-60 (now called a Vintage Jazz)
In Seafoam green
In Black with tortoise pickguard
In Black with grey pickguard (Virgin Mary and Henry sticker)
Joe Osborn 55-60 (5 string Jazz bass)
Bob Glaub 44-62 Precision Jazz
In black with grey pickguard
In shoreline gold with grey pickguard (seen on Classic Albums: Black Sabbath)
44-51 Precision with (Vintage Single Coil pickup) Black with White pick guard as well as 3 small "Henry" stickers.
44-51M Precision with a Split Coil, White with Black pick guard and a GZR sticker in the bridge
44-64 Duck Dunn (Vintage P with J style Neck) Singe Precision (Gold sparkle with white pick guard. Jazz bass neck with pearloid block inlays.
Custom Lakland 51 style Precision in with the emblem of Aston Villa (Seen during "Paranoid" on The End of The End DVD)
Signature Lakland basses[edit]
Signature #1 Black with black and grey aluminum striped pickguard. Custom fret board inlays
Signature #2 Black with black and grey aluminum striped pickguard. Plain headstock, Henry sticker on 5th fret, rose gold inlays
Signature #3 Black with white pickguard, rose gold inlays. All black head stock.
Discography[edit]
1970: Black Sabbath
1970: Paranoid
1971: Master of Reality
1972: Vol. 4
1973: Sabbath Bloody Sabbath
1975: Sabotage
1976: Technical Ecstasy
1978: Never Say Die!
1980: Heaven and Hell
1981: Mob Rules
1982: Live Evil
1983: Born Again
1992: Dehumanizer
1994: Cross Purposes
1995: Cross Purposes Live
1998: Reunion
2007: Black Sabbath: The Dio Years
2016: The End
1995: Plastic Planet (as "g//z/r")
1997: Black Science (as "geezer")
2005: Ohmwork (as "GZR")
1990: Just Say Ozzy
1993: Live & Loud ("Black Sabbath")
1995: Ozzmosis
1997: The Ozzman Cometh ("Back on Earth")[30]
2007: Live from Radio City Music Hall
2009: The Devil You Know
2010: Neon Nights: 30 Years of Heaven & Hell
Non-album singles
2018: "Down in Flames" (with Deadland Ritual)
2019: "Broken and Bruised" (with Deadland Ritual)
1989: Stairway to Heaven/Highway to Hell (with Ozzy Osbourne)
1994: Nativity in Black (with Bullring Brummies)
2013: Device (guest appearance on the song "Out of Line")
^ Barrett, John. "The 20 Most Underrated Bass Guitarists". Paste Monthly. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
^ "The Geezer Butler Interview". Classicbands.com. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
^ a b c d e Iommi, Tony (2011). Iron Man: My Journey Through Heaven and Hell With Black Sabbath. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0306819551.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Geezer Butler Discusses Veganism, Religion, Politics, Surveillance, and Life Lessons". bryanreesman.com. 27 March 2014. Retrieved 1 September 2019.
^ a b c Ankeny, Jason. "Biography–Geezer Butler". AllMusic. Retrieved 22 January 2010.
^ a b "Artist profile-Geezer Butler". Ampeg. Archived from the original on 26 August 2010. Retrieved 22 January 2010.
^ "Black Sabbath goes back to its roots". Montrealgazette.com. 7 April 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
^ Hotten, Jon. "The Dio Years" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2009. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
^ "Overview Black Science". AllMusic. Retrieved 22 January 2010.
^ Jeffries, Vincent. "Overview Plastic Planet". AllMusic. Retrieved 22 January 2010.
^ Monger, James Christopher. "Biography-Heaven & Hell". AllMusic. Retrieved 22 January 2010.
^ a b "Black Sabbath's Geezer Butler Inspires Respect Among Peers at Bass Player Live Event". loudwire.com. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
^ "Hartke Brings Together Music's Finest For All-Star Tribute To Geezer Butler". blabbermouth.net. 14 November 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
^ "Peter Steele Type O Negative late interview (12:22)". YouTube. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
^ Joel McIver, To live is to die: The Life and Death of Metallica's Cliff Burton, p.86
^ "Les Claypool interview". jensmetalpage.com. Archived from the original on 28 August 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
^ "Interview with Bassist Steve Di Giorgio". bassmusicianmagazine.com. October 2011. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
^ "Interview: Cannibal Corpse". painkillermag.com. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
^ "John Myung: Exclusive interview with FBPO's Jon Liebman". Forbassplayersonly.com. 31 March 2014. Archived from the original on 5 April 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
^ "Interview with Johnny Lee Middleton". savatage.com. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
^ "Greg Smith interview". forbassplayersonly.com. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
^ "Photos :: The Official Geezer Butler Website". Geezerbutler.com. 5 December 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
^ Osbourne, Ozzy (2011). I Am Ozzy. I Am Ozzy. p. 134. ISBN 9780446573139. Retrieved 24 May 2013.
^ a b "Geezer Butler Appears in Peta Ad as a Confirmed Vegan". Guitar World. 28 April 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2011. [...] teamed up with peta2 [...] to shoot a brand-new pro-vegetarian ad featuring Butler [...] next to the tagline "I'm Geezer Butler, and I'm a Vegan."
^ "Black Sabbath's Geezer ButlerCalls for Foie Gras Boycott," Karrang Radio, 1 March 2013.
^ "Black Sabbath's Geezer Butler Arrested Following Bar Brawl". Loudwire.com. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
^ Graham Hartmann (8 June 2016). "Black Sabbath's Geezer Butler Reveals 2015 Arrest Was For Punching A 'Drucken Nazi Bloke'". Loudwire. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
^ "Artist profile-Geezer Butler". Lakland. Archived from the original on 2 February 2012. Retrieved 22 January 2010.
^ "Geezer Butler Bass Rig - "Know Your Bass Player" (1/3) | Which Bass". Which Bass. 6 November 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
^ "Ozzy Osbourne - Back on Earth - Encyclopedia Metallum: The Metal Archives". Encyclopedia Metallum: The Metal Archives. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Geezer Butler.
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Geoff Nicholls
Craig Gruber
Vinny Appice
Bev Bevan
Jeff Fenholt
Dave Spitz
Ray Gillen
Bob Daisley
Terry Chimes
Jo Burt
Cozy Powell
Bobby Rondinelli
Mike Bordin
Tommy Clufetos
Master of Reality
Sabbath Bloody Sabbath
Technical Ecstasy
Never Say Die!
Mob Rules
Seventh Star
The Eternal Idol
Headless Cross
Dehumanizer
Live at Last
Live Evil
Cross Purposes Live
Live at Hammersmith Odeon
Live... Gathered in Their Masses
The End: Live in Birmingham
We Sold Our Soul for Rock 'n' Roll
The Sabbath Stones
Symptom of the Universe: The Original Black Sabbath 1970–1978
Black Box: The Complete Original Black Sabbath 1970–1978
Greatest Hits 1970–1978
The Dio Years
The Rules of Hell
Iron Man: The Best of Black Sabbath
Unofficial albums
The Sabbath Collection
The Ozzy Osbourne Years
Under Wheels of Confusion
The Best of Black Sabbath
Club Sonderauflage
"Evil Woman"
"The Wizard"
"Paranoid"
"After Forever"
"Children of the Grave"
"Iron Man"
"Sabbath Bloody Sabbath"
"Am I Going Insane (Radio)"
"Neon Knights"
"Trashed"
"Psycho Man"
"God Is Dead?"
"End of the Beginning"
"Black Sabbath"
"N.I.B."
"War Pigs"
"Planet Caravan"
"Hand of Doom"
"Fairies Wear Boots"
"Sweet Leaf"
"Into the Void"
"Changes"
"Supernaut"
"Symptom of the Universe"
"Children of the Sea"
"Heaven and Hell"
The Black Sabbath Story, Vol. 1
Inside Black Sabbath - 1970–1992
Hangin' with Heaven and Hell
Black Sabbath: The End of the End
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Never Say Die! Tour
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Mob Rules Tour
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List of cover versions of Black Sabbath songs
Nativity in Black
Velvett Fogg
Live from Radio City Music Hall
Neon Nights: 30 Years of Heaven & Hell
"Bible Black"
Metal Masters Tour
Jørn Lande
Pedro Howse
Clark Brown
Deen Castronovo
Burton C. Bell
Mario Frasca
Lisa Rieffel
Plastic Planet (1995)
Black Science (1997)
Ohmwork (2005)
Rob "Blasko" Nicholson
Adam Wakeman
Blizzard of Ozz
Bark at the Moon
The Ultimate Sin
Ozzmosis
Live & Loud
Under Cover
Mr. Crowley Live EP
Just Say Ozzy
Compilations/box sets
Best of Ozz
The Ozzman Cometh
The Essential Ozzy Osbourne
Memoirs of a Madman
"Crazy Train"
"Mr. Crowley"
"Flying High Again"
"Over the Mountain"
"Bark at the Moon"
"Shot in the Dark"
"No More Tears"
"Mama, I'm Coming Home"
"Changes" (live)
"Gets Me Through"
"Dreamer"
"I Don't Wanna Stop"
"Not Going Away"
"How?"
"Under the Graveyard"
"Ordinary Man"
Featured singles
"Close My Eyes Forever"
"Shake Your Head"
"Shock the Monkey"
"Stillborn"
"Take What You Want"
"Suicide Solution"
"Hellraiser"
"I Don't Want to Change the World"
"Mississippi Queen"
"It's a Raid"
Concert tours
Blizzard of Ozz Tour
Diary of a Madman Tour
Speak of the Devil Tour
Bark at the Moon Tour
No Rest for the Wicked Tour
No More Tours Tour
Ozzfest lineups by year
Merry Mayhem Tour
Ozzy and Friends Tour
No More Tours II
Former band members
Bernie Tormé
Brad Gillis
Jake E. Lee
Alex Skolnick
Joe Holmes
Jerry Cantrell
Rudy Sarzo
Pete Way
Phil Soussan
Mike Inez
James LoMenzo
Robert Trujillo
Jason Newsted
Chris Wyse
Tommy Aldridge
Randy Castillo
Brian Tichy
Keyboardists
John Sinclair
Michael Beinhorn
Ordinary People: Our Story
I Am Ozzy
Trust Me, I'm Dr. Ozzy
Aimee Osbourne
Jack Osbourne
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame – Class of 2006
Geezer Butler, Tony Iommi, Ozzy Osbourne, Bill Ward
Clem Burke, Jimmy Destri, Nigel Harrison, Debbie Harry, Frank Infante, Chris Stein, Gary Valentine
Bob Burns, Allen Collins, Steve Gaines, Ed King, Billy Powell, Artimus Pyle, Gary Rossington, Ronnie Van Zant, Leon Wilkeson
Paul Cook, Steve Jones, Glen Matlock, Johnny Rotten, Sid Vicious
Herb Alpert and Jerry Moss
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geezer_Butler&oldid=1059955712"
20th-century Roman Catholics
21st-century Roman Catholics
Black Sabbath members
English heavy metal bass guitarists
English pacifists
English people of Irish descent
English rock bass guitarists
English Roman Catholics
GZR members
Heaven & Hell (band) members
Male bass guitarists
Musicians from Birmingham, West Midlands
The Ozzy Osbourne Band members
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text:
Six dead in DR Congo protest crackdown: UN
Kinshasa (AFP) – Six people were killed in the Democratic Republic of Congo on Sunday, the UN said, as the authorities cracked down on a banned protest against President Joseph Kabila.
Witnesses said security forces fired live rounds and tear gas in Kinshasa to disperse demonstrators who had gathered after Catholic church leaders called for a mass peaceful demonstration against Kabila's 17-year rule.
The UN peacekeeping mission MONUSCO said six people were killed in Kinshasa and 49 others injured nationwide in anti-Kabila rallies.
It added that 94 people were arrested across the country.
A spokesman for the national police told state television that "two people were killed" in the capital, while nine policemen were wounded, two of them seriously.
Of the two killed according to the authorities' toll, one was shot at close range by a police officer, the presidency's spokesman Yvon Ramazani said in a call to AFP.
"The policeman is under arrest and must be brought to justice," he said.
A 16-year-old girl died after shots were fired from an armoured vehicle at the entrance to a church in the Kitambo area of the capital, Jean-Baptise Sondji, a former minister and government opponent, told AFP.
Sunday's bloody crackdown comes three weeks after a similar march on New Year's Eve ended in deadly violence, during which organisers said a dozen people were killed.
"An armoured car passed in front of the church. They began firing live bullets, I protected myself," Sondji, who is also a doctor, said by telephone.
"A girl who was at the left side door of the church was hit by a bullet," he said, adding that she was already dead when she was taken by taxi to hospital.
Government minister Felix Kabange Numbi told AFP that "hundreds of people recruited by the parish priest of Saint-Christophe tried to enter" his residence.
"My guard fired warning shots before the arrival of reinforcements who arrested 145 people," he said.
Tensions were also reported by AFP journalists in the major cities of Kisangani, Lubumbashi, Goma, Beni and Mbuji Mayi.
– Calls for peace –
The internet, email and social media messaging networks were cut in the capital ahead of the march.
Security forces installed roadblocks on major routes and armed officers conducted ID checks.
The church had called for rallies around the country despite a government ban on all demonstrations since September 2016, when anti-Kabila protests turned violent.
The head of the Muslim community, Cheikh Ali Mwinyi M'Kuu had urged the authorities on Saturday to allow the march to take place.
"If they decide to repress, there will be no peace. But if they let the march take place, they will respect the constitution and peace will prevail."
The previous anti-Kabila march, on December 31, descended into a bloody crackdown after police and security forces opened fire on demonstrators.
Protest organisers said 12 people were killed, while the United Nations reported at least five dead. The authorities said no deaths that day were linked to the demonstration.
The country's powerful Catholic Church, one of the few institutions to nationally enjoy broad credibility, condemned what it called "barbarism". The UN and France also sounded their concern over the death toll.
– 'Save the Congo' –
A group of eight intellectuals have joined the church in calling for the march to be peaceful.
The so-called "secular committee of coordination" has called on people to march after mass "with our peace branches, our bibles, our rosaries, our crucifixes, to save the Congo".
Arrest warrants have been issued against at least five members of the committee, a magistrate told AFP, prompting them to go into hiding.
The committee has called for the release of political prisoners, to allow the return of exiled political opponents and, above all, a guarantee that Kabila will stand down and not seek a third term.
The president, 46, has been in power since 2001, at the helm of a regime widely criticised for corruption, repression and incompetence.
His constitutional term in office expired in December 2016 but he stayed on, stoking a bloody spiral of violence.
Under an agreement brokered by the Catholic Church, he was allowed to stay in office provided new elections were held in 2017.
The authorities later said organisational problems meant that the vote would be held on December 23, 2018 — a postponement that has angered Western nations, but one that they have reluctantly accepted.


text:
"The Night" is the debut single by the Italian singer Valerie Dore. It was a commercial success primarily in Europe.

The song is a mellow midtempo disco song about unrequited love, and its meaning is emphasized by the melancholy sound.

The song was remixed in 1992 by Oliver Momm for the compilation The Best of Valerie Dore on ZYX Records.

The song was sampled by Play Paul in his song called "Spaced Out 2".

Cover versions of "The Night" were released by Spanish singer Princessa in 1997, German band Scooter, and DJ Tonka.

Track listing

 Italian 12" single

 "The Night (Vocal Version)" – 5:46
 "The Night (Instrumental Version)" – 5:39

 Italian 7" single

 "The Night" – 4:00
 "	The Night (Instrumental)" – 5:39

 German 12" single

 "The Night (Special Remix)" – 6:45
 "The Night (Instrumental)" – 5:39

Charts

References

External links

1984 songs
1984 singles
Valerie Dore songs
ZYX Music singles

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The Lounge: it ate a post....stupid internet!
it ate a post....stupid internet!
Meet at 7:25 p.m. in the courtyard. Dress as nice as Wilson normally does or nicer.
We'll be going out to eat somewhere afterward--not Waffle shoppe but in our normal saturday evening fashion, we'll find something to eat that isn't SAGA and have lots of fun either amusing or worrying customers around us.
Bring money. Bring your ticket. Bring yourself.


TEAM (Tutoring to Educate for Aims and Motivation) is a one-on-one mentoring initiative for youth ages 12-18. Volunteer mentors meet with an assigned student once each week during the school year to provide academic tutoring. In addition, mentors provide socio-emotional support, assist with goal-setting and help their students explore college and career opportunities.
TEAM mentors work alongside middle and high school students to help them reach their potential. The extra layer of support mentors provide can make a lifelong impact on our youth, many of whom are first-generation college students.


text:
113 (2013-2014) — 116 (2019-2020) 101 (1989-1990) — 102 (1991-1992) Subject — Policy Area : Congress House Committee : House Administration House Committee : Rules Miller, John R. [R-WA]
1. H.Res.419 — 102nd Congress (1991-1992) Amending the Rules of the House of Representatives to provide for a chief financial officer for the House, and for other purposes. Sponsor: Rep. Michel, Robert H. [R-IL-18] (Introduced 04/03/1992) Cosponsors: (85) Committees: House - Rules; House Administration; Government Operations; Post Office and Civil Service Latest Action: House - 04/06/1992 Referred to the Subcommittee on Legislation and National Security. (All Actions) Tracker:
2. H.R.3734 — 102nd Congress (1991-1992) Congressional Accountability Act Sponsor: Rep. Dannemeyer, William E. [R-CA-39] (Introduced 11/07/1991) Cosponsors: (55) Committees: House - Education and Labor; Government Operations; House Administration; Judiciary; Rules; Ways and Means Latest Action: House - 11/26/1991 Referred to the Subcommittee on Employment Opportunities. (All Actions) Tracker:
3. H.R.5035 — 101st Congress (1989-1990) To make Federal elections more competitive, open, and honest by regulating the use of franked mail by Members of the House of Representatives, and for other purposes. Sponsor: Rep. Michel, Robert H. [R-IL-18] (Introduced 06/13/1990) Cosponsors: (86) Committees: House - Rules; House Administration Latest Action: House - 06/19/1990 Referred to the Subcommittee on Elections. (All Actions) Tracker:
4. H.Res.387 — 101st Congress (1989-1990) Establishing an allowance for official mail, reducing from 3 to 2 the factor used in limiting the amount of postal patron mail allowable in any year, and otherwise providing for controls on the cost of mailing by Members of the House of Representatives. Sponsor: Rep. Michel, Robert H. [R-IL-18] (Introduced 05/02/1990) Cosponsors: (31) Committees: House - House Administration; Rules Latest Action: House - 05/21/1990 Referred to the Subcommittee on Rules of the House. (All Actions) Tracker:
5. H.R.1624 — 101st Congress (1989-1990) Honest Compensation Act Sponsor: Rep. Kyl, Jon [R-AZ-4] (Introduced 03/23/1989) Cosponsors: (14) Committees: House - House Administration; Post Office and Civil Service; Rules Latest Action: 11/30/1989 See H.R.3660. (All Actions) Tracker:
Resolutions (H.Res. or S.Res.) [2]
Congress Remove
House Administration Remove
Rules Remove
Post Office and Civil Service [2]
Michel, Robert H. [R-IL] [3]
Dannemeyer, William E. [R-CA] [1]
Kyl, Jon [R-AZ] [1]
Miller, John R. [R-WA] Remove
Ireland, Andrew P. [R-FL] [4]
Packard, Ron [R-CA] [4]
Rhodes, John J., III [R-AZ] [4]
Shays, Christopher [R-CT] [4]


text:
Green-Door programme launched!
The Green-Door programme was launched last Tuesday at the Dock in Carrick-on Shannon. The programme was uploaded to the website and the brochure has gone to print. It is now available. Click here to request a brochure or to download the on-line version.
It was a lovely day for a photo-shoot. Thank you to everyone who turned out including th RTE Nationwide crew who were at the Dock filming.
For your turn to see the programme go to:http://www.inspirationalhomes.ie/events-open-homes-green-ho… and
start to plan your weekend 28th-30th August and to get the early tickets!
Copyright © Green Door Ireland. All Rights Reserved. | Privacy Policy


This New York style coffee cake is best served with a cup of coffee and glass of milk.
Oh my gosh. I don't even know where to start. Deep breath. Ok. Wooosaw. A month ago (ONE MONTH!) we took in a stray dog that was hanging outside out house. She was super cute and fit in well with the other dogs. She had a bad hip and we took her to the vet to have it checked out. After doing an x-ray the vet said she would probably need surgery because it was so bad.
Ok. We can do that. Surgery scheduled. Shots given. Going on with our happy little life.
I took her to the vet to have her surgery and one of the assistants commented that she was kind of pudgy. I said yea, she was a stray and has been eating a lot but my husband thinks she might be pregnant. Everyone looked at her and shook their heads yes. Yes, she is pregnant.
WHAT THE WHAT! No. No. She has just been eating really, really, really well.
The receptionists kind of snickered (not in a mean way) when I walked out with Penny. (The pregnant stray with a bum hip.) They didn't feel comfortable doing surgery on her since she was with puppy. Or puppies. We didn't know how many or what kind at this point.
Oh and I had to carry the dog out because she doesn't like the leash. They may have been laughing at that too.
I should have taken a video of my poor little pup with a bum hip and huge belly. When I let her out she would venture off a bit and then come running back in. Running. On 3 legs and with her belly swinging from side to side. It was super cute.
And then 10 days after our faithful vet visit, she had her puppies. I came home to one in the hallway looking for its momma. I picked it up and put it back with momma. I looked in her little nook area (she had created a little nest in the bottom linen closet the day before) and there were 2 more babies. Three! She had three puppies!
Oh how silly of me to think she was done. Her belly was HUGE and the puppies were so small.
Yall. Sit down. And don't have any sort of drink or beverage in your mouth. Because she had EIGHT puppies. EIGHT! (Sorry if you spit out your coffee. I totally understand.) The kids and I even got to watch one being born.
Whatever you drink with this New York style coffee cake you are in a for a treat. The crumb topping is oh so delicious and the cake itself is super moist. It's worthy of your finest coffee or your best whiskey if your dog just had 8 puppies. EIGHT!
Preheat oven to 325. Line a baking dish with foil, allowing it to overlap. Lightly spray the foil with cooking spray.
Mix the flour, sugar, baking soda and salt until combined in a stand mixer or with a handheld.
Add the buttermilk, egg, yolk and vanilla until light and fluffy. Scrap the bowl as needed.
Prepare the crumb topping by mixing the melted butter, sugar, brown sugar, cinnamon and salt. Slowly add the flour until a sort of dough forms.
Take the crumble and using your hands bread up the pieces over the cake batter. Make them about pea size and spread them evenly over the cake.
Bake for 35- 40 minutes or until crumbs are slightly browned and center comes out clean. Rotate the pan halfway through cooking.
Allow to cool on a wire rack and dust with powdered sugar before serving.
And sign up for our recipe updates! I'll send new recipes plus stories about our life right to your inbox!
This looks so seriously amazing! That crumb topping just makes this cake. Pinning!
Oh my gosh! As they say, no good deed goes unpunished! Enjoy those shots girl, you need them! 🙂 My Mom makes a similar coffee cake to this but I can't get her to cough up her secret recipe…. need to give this a shot!
Eight puppies! Holy cow! Yes, I would need a piece of this yummy cake after that!
RIGHT?! Gah. I still can't believe it!
Oh my gosh!!! Ship a puppy to Illinois and some coffee cake 🙂 How exciting for you and your kids, but I am sure it will be hard to see the puppies go!
You don't have to tell my twice. Puppy and coffee cake going your way!
Omg puppies! So exciting! But so much work!
This is my most favorite cake ever! I want a piece!
Great. You'll take 2 puppies with a slice of cake. One the way.
This looks SO SO good! Can I please send some my way! YUM!
YES! Sending you virtual coffee cake!
I used an 8 inch round baking dish. Thanks Teresa!
Coffee cake is my love! It's perfect for breakfast and dessert….yum!
It's been crazy for sure! haha. Hope you enjoy Crystal!
I remember you finding that stray but never saw this coming! I think you are in for at least four dogs now… Enjoy them while they are cute and the mom does most of the work. I hope you don't have a hard time finding homes for them! PS I love this coffee cake!
I didn't see it coming either! I just thought she was eating REALLY well! Ahh well. I'm just destined to be the crazy dog lady.
Going to try this just because of your story. We had 2 stray dogs and a third one showed up. A beautiful, fat Chocolate Lab. We too took her to the vet only to find out she was pregnant. When the time came, she got stuck in labor after having 6 puppies. We had to take her, at night, in labor, with her 6 puppies to an emergency animal hospital 45 miles away. There she had the rest of the litter. Went home with 9 puppies. All were full Chocolate Labs. We found great homes for all of them. Free to the new families. We are $3000 poorer because of it. Will dedicate this dish to people like us who love these little stray, pregnant pups!
Pure labs! How awesome that you found them all good homes! We found six of the eight good homes and kept two. I hope you enjoy the coffee cake! I should make it too because my mom called me this morning and said my dad found a stray. It's a boy though so no puppies but that will be 5 dogs for her!


text:
Barbara Erni, född 1743, död 1785, var en ökänd liechtensteinsk svindlare och tjuv. Hon bedrev lurendrejeri på värdshus genom hela västra Europa. Hon var den sista person som har avrättats i Liechtenstein.

Källor

Noter

Födda 1743
Avlidna 1785
Kvinnor
Personer i Tyskland under 1700-talet
Bedragare
Personer som blivit avrättade under 1700-talet
Personer i Liechtenstein under 1700-talet


Download 3DQuickPress 6.2.5 for SolidWorks Latest Version for Windows. It is full offline installer standalone setup of v3DQuickPress 6.2.5 for SolidWorks for 64.
3DQuickPress 6.2.5 is a handy add-on for SolidWorks for progressive die design. With the 3D solid model of the part a 3D strip can easily be created instantly and I can be communicated clearly throughout the whole work group by utilizing the eDrawings viewer of SolidWorks. Youc an also download SolidWorks 2018.
3DQuickPress 6.2.5 for SolidWorks has got Strip Layout Manager which will provide users with intuitive tools for completing the strip simply by the drag and drop command. It has also got a feature recognition technology known as Powerful Unfold which can handle SolidWorks sheet metal parts for imported data and it also provides a knowledge base for bend and spring back allowance. 3DQuickPress 6.2.5 for SolidWorks automatically creates all the punches which are defined in the strip design. It has got Production Ready Libraries (PRL) which will help you to insert home-made components into the die sets structure with the minimalistic manual operations. You can also download SolidWorks 2016.
Below are some noticeable features which you'll experience after 3DQuickPress 6.2.5 for SolidWorks free download.
Handy add-on for SolidWorks for progressive die design.
Can create a 3D strip easily and instantly.
Provides users with intuitive tools for completing the strip simply by the drag and drop command.
Got a feature recognition technology known as Powerful Unfold.
Automatically creates all the punches which are defined in the strip design.
Provides a knowledge base for bend and spring back allowance.
Got Production Ready Libraries (PRL) which will help you to insert home-made components into the die sets structure with the minimalistic manual operations.
Before you start 3DQuickPress 6.2.5 for SolidWorks free download, make sure your PC meets minimum system requirements.
Click on below button to start 3DQuickPress 6.2.5 for SolidWorks Free Download. This is complete offline installer and standalone setup for 3DQuickPress 6.2.5 for SolidWorks. This would be compatible with 64 bit windows.


Calling all lost teeth! Attention all wiggly teeth!
Most students are going to lose some baby teeth this year. We need your help to keep track!
For those of you whom I have not had the pleasure of getting to know, my name is Maurice Tome and I am the Math Instructional Coach at SWS. Mathematics is all around us. It is a "language" based in patterns, creativity, and joy. This year, I will be in touch about math learning happening throughout SWS, ideas and resources for enjoying math outside of school, and community math events. Which brings us to our school-wide data collection project: the SWS Lost Teeth Chart.
Your child loses a tooth.
Over time we will reflect on the chart. What will we notice? What will we wonder? What questions will our data bring to mind? What might we learn?
If your child loses a tooth over the weekend or vacation, make sure she/he fills in the chart upon returning to school. I am curious as to how many teeth students will lose by year's end. Any predictions?
Thank you for your help starting off a great year of math learning. I look forward to dialoguing with you again.


The Premier League has today launched the 'Premier League International Cup' – a four-group tournament involving some of the top Premier League U21 and elite development teams from England and other European leagues.
The English clubs involved in the tournament are Sunderland, West Ham, Chelsea, Everton, Fulham, Leicester City, Manchester City and Norwich City – with all eight of the clubs having Category One Youth Academies.
The international clubs taking part are Athletic Club Bilbao, Benfica, Borussia Monchengladbach, Celtic, Schalke, Porto, PSV Eindhoven, and Villarreal.
Group stage matches will be played between 15 October 2014 and 31 January 2015 with a full fixture programme due to be published shortly.
Clubs will play each team in their group once and all matches, including those between international teams, will be played in England. Upon completion of the group stages the winners and runners-up from each group will progress to the quarter-finals and semi-finals and final, all to be played as single-leg ties in England.
Teams competing in the Premier League International Cup will be filled with U21 players, save for three outfield players and the goalkeeper who can be over 21.
Premier League Director of Youth, Ged Roddy, said: "When we launched the Elite Player Performance Plan in 2012 we recognised that providing competitive opportunities for the 18-21 age group – against English and international opposition – was a key objective in order to prepare Academy players for Barclays Premier League football.
"Since then we are two seasons into a Barclays U21 Premier League that now sees each club play at least three matches at their main stadium, crowds in the thousands watching matches – including more than 10,000 at Norwich v Spurs – and several games broadcast live on Sky Sports and BT Sport.