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US9271333B2 - Demand side management control system and methods - Google Patents
Demand side management control system and methods Download PDF
power consuming
electrical device
consuming function
Eunhee Kim
Daryl Williams
Seog Tae Kim
Haier US Appliance Solutions, Inc.
General Electric Co
2012-07-26 Application filed by General Electric Co filed Critical General Electric Co
2012-07-26 Assigned to GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY reassignment GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: KIM, EUNHEE, KIM, SEOG TAE, WILLIAMS, DARYL
2016-06-13 Assigned to HAIER US APPLIANCE SOLUTIONS, INC. reassignment HAIER US APPLIANCE SOLUTIONS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY
H05B1/00—Details of electric heating devices
H05B1/02—Automatic switching arrangements specially adapted to apparatus ; Control of heating devices
H05B1/0227—Applications
G06Q50/06—Electricity, gas or water supply
H05B6/00—Heating by electric, magnetic, or electromagnetic fields
H05B6/64—Heating using microwaves
H05B6/66—Circuits
H05B6/68—Circuits for monitoring or control
Y02B40/00—Technologies aiming at improving the efficiency of home appliances
Y02B40/10—Technologies aiming at improving the efficiency of home appliances relating to domestic cooking
Y02B40/14—Microwave ovens
Y02B40/143—Control circuit or magnetron power supply
A demand side management control system and method for altering power consumption on an electrical device during specified periods of time (e.g., peak energy demand periods). The system includes a memory to store two or more power consuming function profiles corresponding to the one or more power consuming functions associated with the electrical device. The system also includes at least one processor coupled with the memory. The processor is programmed to receive a peak energy demand signal and access the power consuming function profiles associated with the electrical device. The processor identifies, based on the received peak energy demand signal, the one of two or more power consuming function profiles to be implemented in the electrical device. Finally, the processor periodically disables or operates at a reduced power level at least one power consuming function according to the identified power consuming function profile.
The field of the disclosure relates generally to altering power consuming functions on an electrical device, and more specifically to a system and method for altering power consuming functions on an electrical device during periods of peak energy demand.
In consideration of increasing fuel prices and high rates of energy usage at certain parts of the day (e.g., peak demand periods), electric utilities may be required to buy high cost energy (e.g., peaking energy) in order to supply their customers during these periods. Accordingly, electric utilities charge their customers higher rates during peak demand periods. By reducing energy usage during peak demand periods, utilities can achieve commercially significant cost savings by reducing their investment in peaking energy and overall generation.
More recently, various types of dynamic pricing, such as real-time energy pricing, have been introduced to the energy consumer. Dynamic pricing provides some market transparency that exposes consumers to demand-based variations in energy costs. Accordingly, consumers are encouraged to reduce their use of energy during periods of high demand, lowering their electric utility bill. The prevalence of dynamic pricing is growing as a means to mitigate power shortages. In this context, dynamic pricing is referred to as a "demand response". Utilities and their regulators have implemented demand response as programs, which provide incentives to reduce electrical demand during peak energy usage, when brownouts and power shortages are most likely. In some cases, these incentives are contingent upon a consumer maintaining energy usage below a threshold during certain hours or metering intervals. If the consumer fails to operate under this threshold, the incentives may be lost, penalties may be imposed, or both.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In one aspect, a system to alter power consumption of an electrical device is provided. The system includes a memory to store two or more power consuming function profiles corresponding to one or more power consuming functions associated with the electrical device. The system also includes at least one processor coupled with the memory and programmed to receive a peak energy demand signal. The processor is further programmed to access the power consuming function profiles associated with the electrical device and identify, based on the received peak energy demand signal, one power consuming function profile to be implemented in the electrical device to reduce energy consumption of the device. The processor is operative to periodically disable or operate at a reduced power level at least one power consuming function according to the identified power consuming function profile.
In another aspect, a method is provided. The method includes receiving a peak energy demand signal and accessing power consuming function profiles associated with an electrical device. The method also includes identifying, based on the received peak energy demand signal, one of the two or more power consuming function profiles to be implemented in the electrical device to reduce energy usage of the device. Finally, the method includes disabling or operating at a reduced power level, in the electrical device, at least one power consuming function according to the identified power consuming function profile.
In yet another aspect, an electrical appliance is provided. The electrical appliance includes a memory to store power consuming function profiles corresponding to one or more power consuming functions associated with the electrical appliance. The appliance also includes at least one processor programmed to receive a peak energy demand signal, access the power consuming function profiles associated with the electrical device, and identify, based on the received peak energy demand signal, the power consuming function profile to be implemented in the electrical device in order to reduce energy usage of the device. The processor is operative to periodically disable or operate at a reduced power level, in the electrical device, at least one power consuming function according to the identified power consuming function profile.
The present disclosure is described in detail below with reference to the attached figures.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an exemplary speedcook oven.
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the speedcook oven shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of heating sources in a speedcook oven.
FIG. 4 is a schematic system block diagram of an electrical energy measurement system.
FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of a speedcook oven when it is operating in the normal cooking algorithm.
FIG. 6 is an illustration of periodic disabling of certain heating elements in the speedcook oven when it is operating in the reduced peak power cooking algorithm.
FIG. 7 is a process flow diagram of a method for modifying power consumption of an electric device.
While embodiments of the disclosure are illustrated and described herein with reference to altering power consuming functions on an electrical device, and more specifically to a system and method for altering power consuming functions on an electrical device during periods of peak energy demand, aspects of the disclosure are operable with any system that performs the functionality illustrated and described herein, or its equivalent.
Dynamic pricing provides market transparency that exposes customers to time variations in energy costs, encouraging customers to shift their electrical energy usage into periods of lower demand, and therefore, lower prices. In recent years, a companion system to the dynamic pricing model has been introduced which provides an automatic means for customers to take advantage of dynamic pricing and electric energy utilities to more precisely manage energy demand. Typically, the total energy demand of a home or facility fluctuates markedly, due to many individual electrical loads turning on and off at irregular intervals. Thus, a utility's ability to refine load control to a higher degree of precision, for example, at an individual electrical device level, can produce greater accuracies and better performance in load control strategies. Referred to as "demand side management," ("DSM") this system uses a communication link from the utility to the customer's home to deliver a signal (e.g., a peak energy demand signal) indicating a peak demand period. Controllers in the customer's homes and facilities receive this signal, and act to eliminate certain electric loads automatically until the signal is no longer being received.
For example, on hot days, the air conditioning unit of a home HVAC system typically makes up the greatest portion of a customer's energy demand. During mid-afternoon hours, when air conditioning units may be operating constantly, the utility may reduce its overall energy demand by periodically sending a peak energy demand signal to customer's homes, causing their air conditioning units to temporarily shut down. Customers who allow the utility to install DSM controllers in their home are charged lower prices.
Dynamic pricing and DSM are being increasingly used to mitigate power shortages and, in this context, it is referred to as a "demand response". Utilities and their regulators have implemented demand response as programs, which provide energy consumers incentives to reduce electrical demand during power shortages. In some cases, these incentives are contingent upon a customer reducing their energy usage below a predetermined threshold during each hour or each metering interval. If the customer fails to observe these limits, the incentives may be lost, penalties may be imposed, or both. With DSM, customers are given incentives based not on adhering to an energy usage limit, but instead on allowing the electric utility to reduce energy loads as desired by the utility.
However, there may be times where a customer would like to use a high power (e.g., high wattage) DSM-controlled appliance (e.g., a speedcook oven) without a significant reduction in its performance due to the DSM control. Aspects of the present disclosure provide an electrical device which utilizes multiple power consuming function profiles to operate individual components for a normal cooking algorithm and a reduced power cooking algorithm (e.g., when the device is receiving a peak energy demand signal).
Referring now to the figures, FIG. 1 shows a speedcook oven 10, according to an exemplary embodiment. As shown in FIGS. 1 through 3, speedcook oven 10 includes a cavity 14, controller 16, a display 18, a control panel 20, a table 22, a table motor 24, a sensor 26, a vent 28, and a guide 30. The speedcook oven 10 further includes a generator 32 that generates microwaves (e.g., a magnetron), a front upper heating element 34, a rear upper heating element 36, a lower heating element 38, and a convection heating assembly (not shown). According to an exemplary embodiment, the convection heating assembly includes a convection heating element 40 and a heat distributing fan (not shown). In an alternative embodiment, any oven having at least one heating source can be employed in place of a speedcook oven 10.
The term "controller" as used herein is not limited to just those integrated circuits referred to in the art as controllers, but broadly refers to controllers, processors, microcontrollers, microcomputers, programmable logic controllers, application specific integrated circuits, and other programmable circuits, and these terms are used interchangeably herein. Examples of display 18 include a light emitting diode (LED) display and a vacuum fluorescent display (VFD). An example of generator 32 includes a magnetron that generates microwaves, as well as other dielectric heating elements. Examples of front upper heating element 34, rear upper heating element 36, lower heating element 38, and convection heating element 40 include conduction heating elements, radiant heating elements or convection heating elements. Controller 16 is communicatively coupled to display 18, control panel 20, table motor 24, sensor 26, generator 32, front upper heating element 34, rear upper heating element 36, lower heating element 38, and convection heating element 40. As used herein, the term "communicatively coupled," or variations thereof, refers to a link, such as a conductor, a wire, and/or a data link, between two or more components of speedcook oven 10 that enables signals, electric currents, and/or commands to be communicated between the two or more components. The link is configured to enable one component to control an operation of another component of speedcook oven 10 using the communicated signals, electric currents, and/or commands.
Speedcook oven 10 includes cavity 14 defined by a top wall 42, side walls 44, a bottom wall 46, and a door 48. A user places item 12 inside cavity 14 on table 22 for heating item 12. In the exemplary embodiment, table 22 is transparent or substantially transparent, as described in more detail below. The user uses control panel 20 to operate speedcook oven 10. Control panel 20 provides various options to the user to heat item 12. As one example, the user uses control panel 20 to enter an amount of time for which the user desires to heat item 12. As another example, the user uses control panel 20 to enter the type of item 12 that the user desires to heat. Display 18 shows the user one or all of the various options that the user selects using control panel 20. As an example, display 18 shows the time for which the user desires to heat item 12 and a countdown of the time as item 12 is being heated. As another example, display 18 shows the status of the heating elements of the speedcook oven 10.
During operation of speedcook oven 10, generator 32 may generates microwaves which are delivered to cavity 14 via guide 30. Also during operation, one or more of front upper heating element 34, rear upper heating element 36, lower heating element 38, and convection heating element 40 are activated, generating heat that is substantially maintained inside the cavity 14. A cooling fan (not shown) cools generator 32. According to an embodiment, item 12 is heated by energy of the microwaves and other heat sources. Microwaves specifically can cause moisture to leave item 12 into the air within cavity 14. Sensor 26 provides a signal, such as a voltage signal or a current signal, to controller 16. The signal corresponds to a level of humidity inside cavity 14, which is measured when moisture content of air inside cavity 14 is being exhausted via vent 28. Controller 16 receives the signal from sensor 26 and controls power level of generator 32 during operation of speedcook oven 10. Controller 16 can further control a rotation of table 22 via table motor 24. In the exemplary embodiment, table 22 rotates while item 12 is being heated. Further, controller 16 controls a lighting system 50 to illuminate cavity 14 when door 48 is open and/or when item 12 is being heated and/or in response to actuation by the user of a manually actuable light switch disposed on control panel 20.
With reference to FIG. 4, a schematic block diagram of an electric energy management system 100 is provided. System 100 includes a controller 102 communicatively coupled to a meter 104, which is configured to measure electric energy usage, and a home area network (HAN) user interface 106. Controller 102 is also communicatively coupled with one or more electrical devices 108 so that devices 108 can receive one or more signals outputted from controller 102 that adjust and/or enable or disable one or more power consumption modes or settings of devices 108. The signals outputted from controller 102 allocate energy to electrical devices 108, and may be based on one or more of: data outputted from meter 104 which is indicative of energy usage by electrical devices 108, a demand limit (e.g., an amount of energy available during a peak demand period, an off-peak demand period, a high demand period, a low demand period, and/or one or more intermediate demand); a prioritization of electrical devices 108 (e.g., certain electrical devices are allocated energy before other electrical devices and/or are allocated more energy than other electrical devices); and an energy need level of electrical devices 108 (e.g., a level each electrical device 108 requires to function at a desired state).
Controller 102 may be a portable computing device such as, but not limited to: a smartphone, a laptop, a computer tablet, a netbook, and/or a portable media player. Further, controller 102 may include any device executing instructions (e.g., application programs), or any group of processing units or other controllers. In addition, although controller 102, meter 104, and HAN user interface 106 are shown as being separate devices in FIG. 4, features of device 102, meter 104, and HAN user interface 106 may be combined into, for example, one or more devices. For example, electrical device(s) 108 may include HAN user interface 106 and/or controller 102. Further, controller 102 may include a user interface (e.g., HAN user interface 106).
Controller 102 may communicate with meter 104, HAN user interface 106, and electrical devices 108 via wired and/or wireless networks, for example, local area networks or global networks such as the Internet. In one embodiment in which controller 102 communicates using wireless networks, controller 102 is enabled with technology such as BLUETOOTH brand wireless communication services (secured or unsecured), radio frequency identification (RFID), Wi-Fi such as peer-to-peer Wi-Fi, ZIGBEE brand wireless communication services, near field communication (NFC), and other technologies that enable short-range or long-range wireless communication. In some embodiments, controller 102 communicates via a wireless cellular network providing Internet access.
Controller 102 includes a memory 110, a display 114 and at least one processor 112. Display 114 may be, for example, an LED or LCD that displays energy used. In one embodiment, display 114 performs the functionalities of HAN user interface 106. As discussed above, HAN user interface 106 may be separate from (as shown in FIG. 4) or integrated within controller 102 as display 114. HAN user interface 106 and/or display 114 act as a user input selection device providing user input functionality. In one embodiment, HAN user interface 106 and/or display 114 may be a capacitive touch screen display configured to be responsive to a user contacting a screen to selectively perform functionality. Thus, a user can operate the desired functions by contacting a surface of HAN user interface 106 and/or display 114 as well as other functions provided herein.
Memory 110 or other computer-readable medium or media, stores power consuming function profiles 116 (e.g., an overview of how much power each function of the electrical device uses over a period of time) corresponding to one or more power consuming functions associated with one or more electrical devices 108. According to an illustrative embodiment, a power consuming function profile of a speedcook oven includes the amount of power used by each heating element in the oven, including conductive, convection, and microwave elements. Using this information, the various elements can be selectively enabled so that the overall power usage of the speedcook oven doesn't exceed a desired threshold. While memory 110 is shown to be stored in controller 102, in some embodiments memory 110 is remote from controller 102 and is coupled with controller 102 and/or processor 112, for example, via a cloud service or other remote network. Such configurations can reduce the computational and storage burden on controller 102.
Processor 112 accesses and executes computer-executable instructions. In some embodiments, processor 112 is transformed into a special purpose microprocessor by executing computer-executable instructions or by otherwise being programmed. For example, processor 112 is programmed with instructions such as illustrated below with respect to FIG. 4.
Controller 102 is configured to selectively adjust and/or disable at least one of the one or more power consuming features/functions (e.g., disable a heating element in an oven or limit the amount of power a heating element can draw) of electrical device(s) 108 to reduce power consumption of electrical device(s) 108. With this arrangement electrical device(s) 108, and in particular speedcook oven 10, can be operated in an energy savings mode during peak demand.
It should be appreciated that controller 102 can be configured with default settings which govern a normal cooking algorithm (e.g., during non-peak demand periods) and a reduced power cooking algorithm (e.g., during peak demand periods). Such settings in each mode can be fixed while others are adjustable to user preference and to provide response to load shedding signals from meter 104.
If controller 102 receives and processes an energy signal (or data) indicative of a peak demand period (e.g., a peak energy demand signal) from, for example, meter 104 at any time during operation of electrical device(s) 108, controller 102 processes this signal (or data) to determine and identify which if any of the power consuming features/functions may be operated in an energy savings mode. Controller 102 outputs one or more signals to electrical devices 108. The signal(s) outputted from controller 102 cause the identified features/functions of electrical device(s) 108 to begin operating in the energy savings mode in order to reduce the instantaneous amount of energy being consumed.
In one embodiment, prior to entering an energy savings mode, controller 102 provides a user with a warning via, for example, display 114 indicating a start of an energy savings mode. At this time, or anytime thereafter, the user may override the energy savings mode of one or more of the power consuming features/functions of electrical device(s) 108 via user interface 106. In one embodiment, a manual or selectable override is provided on user interface 106 to enable a user the ability to select which of the power consuming features/functions are delayed, adjusted and/or disabled by controller 102 in the energy savings mode prior to or after controller 102 provides user with a warning. The user can override any adjustments, whether time related or function related, to any of the power consuming functions.
According to an exemplary embodiment, controller 102 in speedcook oven 10 (as shown in FIG. 3) can operate as few as one heating element at a time. Controller 102 is configured to energize at least one heating element to operate a cooking algorithm (e.g., power consuming function profile) selected by the user with control panel 20. Operation and modulation of the multiple heating elements of speedcook oven 10 is based on data entered by the user, food type, quantity to be cooked, and size or doneness desired. The memory 110 is configured to store at least two sets of cooking algorithms: a normal cooking algorithm to potentially utilize heating elements at their maximum designed load and a reduced power cooking algorithm to utilize a limited number of heating elements or reduced wattages to reduce total energy used for cooking. According to an embodiment, FIG. 5 is an illustration of speedcook oven 10 when it is operating according to the normal cooking algorithm, in which oven 10 is configured to operate at 240 Volts. According to FIG. 5, the normal cooking algorithm may use approximately 6,500 Watts of energy to perform a cooking task. FIG. 6 is an illustration of periodic disabling of certain heating elements in the speedcook oven when it is operating according to the reduced power cooking algorithm, in which oven 10 is configured to operate at 120 Volts. According to FIG. 6, the reduced power cooking algorithm uses approximately 1,800 Watts of energy to perform the same cooking task.
In one embodiment, the identification of which power consuming features/functions are operated in an energy savings mode for an electrical device depends on what "stage" the electrical device is currently operating. For example, an identification of which power consuming features/functions are operated in an energy savings mode for speedcook oven 10 may depend on whether speedcook oven 10 is currently operating in a cooking algorithm. In one embodiment, controller 102 includes functionality to determine whether activation of the energy savings mode for any power consuming features/functions would potentially cause damage to any feature/function of speedcook oven 10 itself or would cause speedcook oven 10 to fail to perform its intended function of cooking food to a particular level of doneness. Details of this functionality are further described below. If controller 102 determines that an unacceptable consequence may occur by performing an energy saving action, such as deactivating or curtailing the operation of speedcook oven 10, controller 102 may opt-out of performing that specific energy saving action or may institute or extend other procedures.
The duration of time that electrical device(s) 108 operates in the energy savings mode may be determined by information in a peak energy demand signal received from a utility provider directly when immediate load reduction is necessary or otherwise through meter 104. The energy signal may be indicative of a utility state (defined above), and may contain data that causes controller 102 to operate electrical devices 108 in an energy savings mode for a predetermined time, after which electrical device(s) 108 return to normal operation. In one embodiment, once transmission of the energy signal has ceased, electrical device(s) 108 returns to normal operating mode. In yet another embodiment, an energy signal is transmitted to controller 102 to signal electrical device(s) 108 to operate in the energy savings mode and a normal operation signal is later transmitted to controller 102 to cause controller 102 to output a signal that causes electrical device(s) 108 to return to the normal operating mode.
Referring now to FIG. 7, an exemplary flow chart illustrates the controller 102 and/or the processor 112 altering the operation of power consuming functions on an electrical device (e.g., electrical device(s) 108 in FIG. 1) during a specified period of time (e.g., a period of peak energy demand). The power consuming function profiles include parameters for each power consuming function of each electrical device(s) 108. For example, a power consuming function profile may indicate when a particular power consuming function is or is not to be disabled or operated at reduced power during a peak demand. At 201, a peak energy demand signal is received by processor 112, indicating a peak demand period. At 202, power consuming function profiles associated with electrical device(s) 108 are accessed by, for example, controller 102 (shown in FIG. 1), and more specifically, processor 112 (shown in FIG. 1). In one embodiment, power consuming function profiles are accessed when it is determined to place electrical device(s) 108 in an energy savings mode, for example, when a peak energy demand signal is received. At 204, processor 112 uses the accessed power consuming function profiles to identify, based on a received peak energy demand signal, one or more power consuming functions (e.g., collectively a power consuming function profile) that can be changed during the specified period of time, to reduce energy consumption by electrical device(s) 108.
At 206, processor 112 outputs the identified power consuming functions that can be changed during a specified period of time (e.g., a time of peak energy demand). During times of peak demand, processor 112 may automatically output one or more signals to electrical device(s) 108 that disable or operate at a reduced power level one or more power consuming functions of electrical device(s) 108. Processor 112 identifies the power consuming functions at the beginning of or during a specified period of time (e.g., during a period of a peak energy demand). Alternatively or additionally, processor 112 could be configured to identify the power consuming functions upon receiving a request from the user interface. For example, a user may request to see which power consuming functions of electrical device(s) 108 will be altered during a peak energy demand for the current system configuration.
According to an embodiment, processor 112 determines if a request to not change at least one of the identified one or more power consuming functions during a peak energy demand is received from the user interface. In one embodiment, a user may be informed via, for example, a message on display 114 that a particular power consuming function is either disabled or operating in a reduced power mode or is about to be disabled or operated in a reduced power mode due to a peak energy demand. In response to this message, the user may override the current settings that will otherwise disable or operate at reduced power the one or more power consuming functions by requesting that the identified power consuming functions be prevented from being modified during the specified time period (e.g., the peak energy demand period). In addition, the user may choose to delay the disabling or operating at reduced power of the one or more power consuming functions for a specified period of time.
At 210, processor 112 periodically disables or operates at a reduced power level, in the electrical device, at least one power consuming function according to the identified power consuming function profiles.
Exemplary Operating Environment
A controller or computing device such as described herein has one or more processors or processing units, system memory, and some form of computer readable media. By way of example and not limitation, computer readable media include computer storage media and communication media. Computer storage media include volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Communication media typically embody computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data in a modulated data signal, such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism, and include any information delivery media. Combinations of any of the above are also included within the scope of computer readable media.
The controller/computer may operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer. Although described in connection with an exemplary computing system environment, embodiments of the present disclosure are operational with numerous other general purpose or special purpose computing system environments or configurations. The computing system environment is not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope of use or functionality of any aspect of the present disclosure. Moreover, the computing system environment should not be interpreted as having any dependency or requirement relating to any one or combination of components illustrated in the exemplary operating environment. Examples of well known computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that may be suitable for use with aspects of the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, personal computers, server computers, hand-held or laptop devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, programmable consumer electronics, mobile telephones, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, distributed computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices, and the like.
Embodiments of the present disclosure may be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, executed by one or more computers or other devices. The computer-executable instructions may be organized into one or more computer-executable components or modules. Generally, program modules include, but are not limited to, routines, programs, objects, components, and data structures that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Aspects of the present disclosure may be implemented with any number and organization of such components or modules. For example, aspects of the present disclosure are not limited to the specific computer-executable instructions or the specific components or modules illustrated in the figures and described herein. Other embodiments of the present disclosure may include different computer-executable instructions or components having more or less functionality than illustrated and described herein. Aspects of the present disclosure may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote computer storage media including memory storage devices.
Aspects of the present disclosure transform a general-purpose computer into a special-purpose computing device when configured to execute the instructions described herein.
The order of execution or performance of the operations in embodiments of the present disclosure illustrated and described herein is not essential, unless otherwise specified. That is, the operations may be performed in any order, unless otherwise specified, and embodiments of the present disclosure may include additional or fewer operations than those disclosed herein. For example, it is contemplated that executing or performing a particular operation before, contemporaneously with, or after another operation is within the scope of aspects of the present disclosure.
When introducing elements of aspects of the present disclosure or the embodiments thereof, the articles "a," "an," "the," and "said" are intended to mean that there are one or more of the elements. The terms "comprising," "including," and "having" are intended to be inclusive and mean that there may be additional elements other than the listed elements.
Having described aspects of the present disclosure in detail, it will be apparent that modifications and variations are possible without departing from the scope of aspects of the present disclosure as defined in the appended claims. As various changes could be made in the above constructions, products, and methods without departing from the scope of aspects of the present disclosure, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description and shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.
This written description uses examples to disclose the claimed subject matter, including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the claimed subject matter, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the present disclosure is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal language of the claims.
1. A control system for an electrical device, said system comprising:
a memory configured to store power consuming function profiles corresponding to one or more power consuming functions and power usage of the power consuming functions over a specified period of time associated with the electrical device; and
at least one processor coupled with said memory and programmed to:
receive a peak energy demand signal,
access the power consuming function profiles associated with the electrical device,
identify, based on the received peak energy demand signal, one power consuming function profile to be implemented in the electrical device to reduce energy consumption of the device,
provide, prior to operating the electrical device in accordance with the given one of the power consuming function profiles, a warning to a user via a display associated with the electrical device, the warning indicating a start of an energy savings mode, and
operate the electrical device in accordance with the given one of the power consuming function profiles by periodically disabling or operating at a reduced power level at least one power consuming function according to the given one of the power consuming function profiles;
wherein said power consuming function profiles comprise a normal cooking algorithm and a reduced power cooking algorithm configured to perform the same user selected task during different specified periods of time.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein the electrical device is one of an oven, a microwave oven and a speedcook oven.
3. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is further programmed to:
receive a normal operation signal;
access the power consuming function profiles associated with the electrical device;
identify, based on the presence of the normal operation signal, one power consuming function profile to be implemented in the electrical device to operate the device without otherwise reducing its energy consumption; and
enable power consuming functions according to the another one of the power consuming function profiles.
receive no peak energy demand signal;
identify, based on the absence of the peak energy demand signal, another one of the power consuming function profiles to be implemented in the electrical device to operate the device without otherwise reducing its energy consumption; and
enable power consuming functions according to the another one of the power consuming function profile.
5. The system of claim 1, wherein when the presence of a peak energy demand signal is detected, the processor disables or operates at reduced power one of the power consuming functions.
6. The system of claim 1, wherein the power consuming functions comprise at least one of conduction heating, convection heating, radiant heating, dielectric heating, heating with a halogen lamp, heating with a ceramic lamp, heating with a sheath heater and heating with a magnetron.
7. The system of claim 1, wherein the reduced power cooking algorithm is configured to utilize less energy than the normal cooking algorithm.
8. The system of claim 1, wherein the peak energy demand signal is received from one of a meter, a power line and a utility provider.
9. The system of claim 1, further comprising a user interface coupled with said processor, said processor further programmed to receive a request from said user interface to enable or disable the peak energy demand signal.
10. A method of modifying power consumption of an electrical device comprising:
receiving a peak energy demand signal;
accessing power consuming function profiles associated with the electrical device and power usage over a specified period of time, wherein said power consuming function profiles comprise a normal cooking algorithm and a reduced power cooking algorithm configured to perform the same selected task during different specified periods of time;
identifying, based on the received peak energy demand signal, a given one of the power consuming function profiles to be implemented in the electrical device during the specified period of time to reduce energy usage;
providing, prior to operating the electrical device in accordance with the given one of the power consuming function profiles, a warning to a user via a display associated with the electrical device, the warning indicating a start of an energy savings mode; and
operating the electrical device in accordance with the given one of the power consuming function profiles by periodically disabling or operating at a reduced power level at least one power consuming function according to the given one of the power consuming function profiles.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein the at least one power consuming function comprises at least one of conduction heating, convection heating, radiant heating, dielectric heating, heating with a halogen lamp, heating with a ceramic lamp, heating with a sheath heater and heating with a magnetron.
presenting, via a user interface, the identified power consuming functions configured to be implemented in the electrical device; and
receiving, via the user interface, a request to not change the identified power consuming functions.
13. The method of claim 10, wherein the electrical device is one of an oven, a microwave oven and a speedcook oven.
14. An electrical appliance, comprising:
a memory to store power consuming function profiles corresponding to one or more power consuming functions associated with the electrical appliance and power usage of the power consuming functions over a specified period of time, wherein said power consuming function profiles comprise a normal cooking algorithm and a reduced power cooking algorithm configured to perform the same user selected task during different specified periods of time; and
at least one processor programmed to:
receive a peak energy demand signal;
access the power consuming function profiles associated with the electrical appliance;
identify, based on the received peak energy demand signal, a given one of the power consuming function profiles to be implemented in the electrical appliance in order to reduce energy usage of the appliance;
provide, prior to operating the electrical appliance in accordance with the given one of the power consuming function profiles, a warning to a user via a display associated with the electrical appliance, the warning indicating a start of an energy savings mode; and
operate the electrical appliance in accordance with the given one of the power consuming function profiles by periodically disabling or operating at a reduced power level at least one power consuming function according to the given one of the power consuming function profiles.
15. The appliance of claim 14, wherein the electrical appliance is one of an oven, a microwave oven and a speedcook oven.
16. The appliance of claim 14, wherein, when the presence of a peak energy demand signal is detected, the processor cycles between at least two of the power consuming functions.
17. The appliance of claim 14, wherein, when the presence of a peak energy demand signal is detected, the processor disables or operates at reduced power one of the power consuming functions.
18. The appliance of claim 14, wherein the power consuming functions comprise at least one of conduction heating, convection heating, radiant heating, dielectric heating, heating with a halogen lamp, heating with a ceramic lamp, heating with a sheath heater and heating with a magnetron.
19. The appliance of claim 14, wherein the peak energy demand signal is received from one of a meter, a power line and a utility provider.
US13/558,448 2012-07-26 2012-07-26 Demand side management control system and methods Active 2034-02-04 US9271333B2 (en)
US13/558,448 US9271333B2 (en) 2012-07-26 2012-07-26 Demand side management control system and methods
US13/558,448 Active 2034-02-04 US9271333B2 (en) 2012-07-26 2012-07-26 Demand side management control system and methods
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Owner name: GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, NEW YORK
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:KIM, EUNHEE;WILLIAMS, DARYL;KIM, SEOG TAE;REEL/FRAME:028642/0417
Owner name: HAIER US APPLIANCE SOLUTIONS, INC., DELAWARE
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY;REEL/FRAME:038969/0813


There is a lot of hype around cybersecurity today, but it is important to remember the importance of physical security for the banking industry. In 2015 there were 4,091 bank robberies1 in the United States alone.
While physical security deployments help with police forensics and identifying suspects, they can also provide valuable business intelligence to support operations and enhance customer service.
Storage is also a challenge. Many banks require 90 days of video storage. That's a lot when considering a multinational bank with hundreds of branches. Storage space is at a premium.
Aimetis uses a robust mixture of technology to help protect staff and customers, identify persons of interest, and deliver a lower total cost of ownership for security systems in the banking industry.
Protect employees and customers, and deter theft and fraud with a powerful, flexible security system. Collect valuable business intelligence to help improve customer service. Streamline IT operations in multi-site deployments with centralized IT management from the cloud to improve efficiency.
Aimetis Symphony, our highly scalable, easy-to-use video management software (VMS) also delivers a lower total cost of ownership (TCO). It integrates with existing infrastructure and grows with evolving needs as new branches open.
Symphony, with its native suite of powerful video analytics, and Aimetis Enterprise Manager, our IT management platform to monitor system health and update software from the cloud, can help fight fraud, prevent robberies and support business operations.
Typically, the upfront costs of cameras, IT hardware, and software only make up a fraction of the overall cost of a security system. The majority comes from installation, operations, energy consumption and end-user productivity.
The ability to respond to an incident in a timely manner increases the effectiveness of an entire security system, including staff who can apply their efforts where they are needed most. Alerts immediately notify security staff via email or text message if there is an issue that needs attention, increasing public and staff safety.
Face Recognition can identify known criminals before entering a building, reducing crime. Also, identify specific customers to deliver an exceptional customer service experience.
Track and classify an object as a person or vehicle with OPVT. Highly accurate and reliable, keep a close eye on all movement outside a location.
Optimize for busy times. Accurate counts ensure the right number of staff is available for peak hours throughout the year.
The Aimetis Thin Client is an efficient tool for displaying and reviewing surveillance footage. For example, it can provide video display in public spaces in branches to discourage robbery. With an easy, five-minute installation and access from a smartphone, it is a popular choice.
Don't have the space for a dedicated server farm or closet? Space-constricted branches still need an effective security solution. The Aimetis Physical Security Appliance (PSA) is ideal for branches and small operations that need up to 32 cameras. It has the option for video analytics, and no software installation is required. The PSA can also easily mount in space-constricted areas, making it powerful and convenient.
How can we help your bank security?


They need insurance. Bring in Jordy.
At least he didn't kneel amirite?
Nope, he's just going to go full Barstool troll on Brooke Pryor on Twitter.
Why haven't the Chiefs signed Shane Ray yet?
I think he's too small to be used as a 4-3 DE.
A week ago CBS Sports wrote that Jordy could go to 5 possible teams, the Chiefs being one of them.
I'm sure this is wishful thinking on my part and I'm sure I will be disappointed. However, I really want to see him in KC.
Super gut-punching if Jordy picks the Patriots.
Also if Jordy picks the Seahawks, they will easily become my 2nd favorite team.
Tonight NFL Network will be discussing if the Chiefs are America's team.
You are looking at a map of pending domestic violence cases against Chiefs players, no doubt. I keep them away from my property with a picture of a Super Bowl trophy in the lawn.
Tapatalk did it automatically because I replied to it once, but I keep subscribed because it's the only thread that actively talks about NFL football. Plus it's fun to watch you nerds pretend the Chiefs might actually win something sometime.
Plus, how else would I find out about you Sub-blogging me?


Ransomware is becoming more common—and more sophisticated. It is not easy to play perfect perimeter defense against every new strain. In the face of this challenge, organizations are looking to adopt a holistic, multi-level ransomware response strategy that integrates prevention and rapid recovery.
Thank you for your interest. Please click here for more info.


Forticrete's range of concrete roof tiles, cast stone, walling stone & architectural masonry are unrivalled in their field, having evolved over five decades through close collaboration with our customers in the UK construction industry.
By analysing the needs of an ever-changing market and adding our own considerable technical expertise we have developed products that provide an optimum balance of aesthetics, performance and value.
Forticrete has long been the driving force at the forefront of innovation in architectural masonry products development and this reputation now extends to the processes we use and the services we provide.
Our reputation as an innovator extends company-wide. Our Gemini concrete roofing tile was awarded the prestigious Millennium Products status by the Design Council and was subsequently honoured by a Queen's Award for Enterprise: Innovation.
The name Forticrete began as a brand during WWII and it was in 1959 when the company became part of Roadstone, that the company that exists today truly came into being.
The company continued to expand with the acquisition of Hardrow manufacturer, Robert Abraham in 1981. This was followed by Wath Concrete, Anchor Roofing and Newlay Concrete and then in 1999, Ibstock Brick became part of the same group as Forticrete which allowed it to incorporate the Walling and Cast Stone product range into the business. Today, Forticrete employs around 250 people across 7 manufacturing plants, offices and depots.
Forticrete has long been the driving force at the forefront of innovation in Architectural concrete block development and this reputation now extends to the processes we use and the services we provide to serve the UK construction industry as a whole.
Our reputation as an innovator extends company-wide: our roofing tile - Gemini - was awarded prestigious Millennium Products status by the Design Council and subsequently, was honoured by a Queen's Award for Enterprise: Innovation.
A philosophy of devolved management creates a culture of ownership enabling us to operate as a dynamic fusion of people, technology and services which enables us to continually push forward product and service boundaries and remain Innovators in Concrete.
Forticrete is part of Ibstock PLC, a group of companies which manufactures and distributes a wide range of products servicing a breadth of construction needs.
In the UK, the group owns a number of market leading businesses, including the well regarded brands of Ibstock Brick, Ibstock Kevington, Supreme Concrete and Anderton Concrete. Ibstock PLCis listed on the London Stock Exchange.
Follow the link below to check all our latest case studies, a selection of our finest work.


You want to stay alert to everything that's happening with your performance race car. That's why you use the QuickCar Digital 5-Gauge Panel. It's lightweight and expertly fitted to include reliable, precise gauges for your next competition. The 2-1/16" diameter gauges measure water, oil and fuel pressure plus water and oil temperatures. They feature built-in warning lights to alert you immediately when there's a problem. All panels come entirely wired, with appropriate senders for a simple installation.


text:
/* TEMPLATE GENERATED TESTCASE FILE
Filename: CWE665_Improper_Initialization__wchar_t_ncat_52c.c
Label Definition File: CWE665_Improper_Initialization.label.xml
Template File: sources-sink-52c.tmpl.c
*/
/*
 * @description
 * CWE: 665 Improper Initialization
 * BadSource:  Do not initialize data properly
 * GoodSource: Initialize data
 * Sink: ncat
 *    BadSink : Copy string to data using wcsncat
 * Flow Variant: 52 Data flow: data passed as an argument from one function to another to another in three different source files
 *
 * */

#include "std_testcase.h"

#include <wchar.h>

/* all the sinks are the same, we just want to know where the hit originated if a tool flags one */

#ifndef OMITBAD

void CWE665_Improper_Initialization__wchar_t_ncat_52c_badSink(wchar_t * data)
{
    {
        size_t sourceLen;
        wchar_t source[100];
        wmemset(source, L'C', 100-1); /* fill with L'C's */
        source[100-1] = L'\0'; /* null terminate */
        sourceLen = wcslen(source);
        /* POTENTIAL FLAW: If data is not initialized properly, wcsncat() may not function correctly */
        wcsncat(data, source, sourceLen);
        printWLine(data);
    }
}

#endif /* OMITBAD */

#ifndef OMITGOOD

/* goodG2B uses the GoodSource with the BadSink */
void CWE665_Improper_Initialization__wchar_t_ncat_52c_goodG2BSink(wchar_t * data)
{
    {
        size_t sourceLen;
        wchar_t source[100];
        wmemset(source, L'C', 100-1); /* fill with L'C's */
        source[100-1] = L'\0'; /* null terminate */
        sourceLen = wcslen(source);
        /* POTENTIAL FLAW: If data is not initialized properly, wcsncat() may not function correctly */
        wcsncat(data, source, sourceLen);
        printWLine(data);
    }
}

#endif /* OMITGOOD */

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Livewire + blade reusable component I have created a layout template using blade and then I implement that one in order to reuse a common component, but when it renders first it takes the first component value.
So, when I change my implementation in a single file it works, as it should
layouts/input-base.blade.php

  input example
  @yield('input')

text-input.blade.php
@extends('layouts.input-base')

  {{$value}}
  <input :wire:model="value">

main.blade.php
<livewire:text-input :value="$user->name" model="name"/> // All compoents render this value
<livewire:text-input :value="$user->age" model="age"/>
<livewire:text-input :value="$user->info" model="info"/>

A: You just need to assign keys to your livewire components example:
<livewire:text-input :value="$user->name" model="name" :wire:key="user_name">
<livewire:text-input :value="$user->age" model="age" :wire:key="user_age">
<livewire:text-input :value="$user->info" model="info" :wire:key="user_info">

Read more on nesting livewire components from: https://laravel-livewire.com/docs/2.x/nesting-components#introduction
Please keep in mind that:

Livewire components should NOT be used for extracting Blade snippets
into separate files. For these cases, Blade includes or components are
preferable.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
HomeJohn Polidori
Biography of John Polidori
John William Polidori was born in the Soho area of London in 1795. His father was Gaetano Polidori, an Italian writer and scholar who emigrated to London. His mother was an English governess named Anna Maria Pierce.
As a young boy, Polidori went to study at the Catholic Ampleforth College. Later his father sent him to study medicine at the University of Edinburgh. He obtained his degree as a medical doctor at the age of nineteen, after writing his thesis on sleepwalking.
In 1816 Polidori began working as a personal physician for the famous English romantic poet Lord Byron. He accompanied Byron on his travels through Europe, in exile from a messy divorce and multiple accusations of romantic affairs in England. Polidori was present at Geneva's Villa Diodati in the summer of 1816, along with Byron, Percy Shelley, Mary Godwin, and Claire Clairemont. It is during this time that Polidori wrote The Vampyre, based on a story that Byron told during the group's supernatural story contest.
Scholars say that Polidori sent the manuscript of The Vampyre to the Countess of Breuss, who sent the anonymous story to an editor. The New Monthly Magazine published The Vampyre in 1819, attributing the novella to Lord Byron. Both Byron and Polidori disputed the attribution in a protracted literary scandal. Polidori never received payment for the novella.
Polidori's diaries and historical accounts indicate that he and Byron had a tense and difficult relationship. Polidori is said to have accepted payment to keep a journal of his travels with Byron, much to the poet's dismay. Byron dismissed Polidori in 1819. Polidori returned to London in 1820 and died in 1821 at the age of twenty-five. Evidence suggests that he committed suicide by ingesting cyanide after a gambling binge, weighed down by health and financial problems.
Study Guides on Works by John Polidori
The Vampyre John Polidori
Published in 1819, The Vampyre is a novella of romantic, gothic, vampire fiction written by John William Polidori, a young physician who worked for the famous poet Lord Byron. In the novella, Aubrey, a young, wealthy orphan, watches his loved ones...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Header Link function not working. Problem with bloginfo() I'm writing a function to make all of my header images link to their respective home pages. I wrote this function:
    function get_category_location(){
    $header = get_category_header();
    $home = bloginfo('url');

    if ($header == 'wth') {
        $location = $home . "/wth/" ;
    }

    else if ($header == 'campus' || $header == 'tech') {
        $location = get_category_link();
    }

    else {$location = $home;}

    return $location;

}

so when you click a header in the wth section of our site $header should equal 'wth' and $home should equal 'http://dev.reesenews.org' and so location should be set to 'http://dev.reesenews.org/wth/'
as far as I can tell $header and $home are correct.

A: you are storing the value into a variable you need to use
get_bloginfo('url')

http://codex.wordpress.org/Function_Reference/get_bloginfo


text:
Blagojevich is guilty of lying but mistrial called on 23 counts
Wednesday August 18 2010, 1.01am, The Times
Rod Blagojevich and his wife Patti arriving at the court in Chicago
KIICHIRO SATO/AP
The high-profile corruption trial of Rod Blagojevich, the flamboyant former Governor of Barack Obama's home state of Illinois, ended in disarray last night with the jury deadlocked on all but one count.
Blagojevich, a Democrat, was convicted of lying to FBI investigators about whether he kept track of political contributions. A federal judge in Chicago declared a mistrial on the other 23 counts of racketeering, conspiracy, mail fraud and attempted extortion, opening the way for a retrial. The jury of six men and six women could not decide on verdicts after 14 days of deliberations.
After the trial, in which he declined to take the stand in his own defence and one of his own attorney's labelled him "not the sharpest knife", the ex-governor declared


text:
Piotr Tomasz Zalewski (ur. 29 czerwca 1970) – polski menedżer i urzędnik państwowy, w 2007 podsekretarz stanu w Ministerstwie Gospodarki Morskiej.

Życiorys
Syn byłego wiceprezydenta Szczecina Zbigniewa Zalewskiego. W 1994 ukończył studia na Wyższej Szkole Morskiej w Szczecinie. Później zdobył też podyplomowe wykształcenie z ekonomiki transportu na Uniwersytecie Szczecińskim i ukończył studia typu MBA. Po studiach pracował w dziale eksploatacji statków w Polskiej Żegludze Morskiej, a od 2000 roku jako kierownik działu handlowego w spółce obracającej paliwem dla statków.

25 sierpnia 2007 powołany na stanowisko podsekretarza stanu w Ministerstwie Gospodarki Morskiej. Odwołany z funkcji 28 listopada tego samego roku.

Przypisy

Absolwenci Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie
Polscy menedżerowie
Wiceministrowie i urzędnicy III Rzeczypospolitej
Urodzeni w 1970

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: tree will not descend into directories I just unpacked a tar file with a folder in it. I did a tree -F and saw asterisks popping everywhere. All of the files (even png, txt, etc) were marked as executable. So I did what any sensible human being would.
chmod 640 **

None of the files were supposed to be executable anyways...
But now, when I do tree -F, it won't descend into dirs anymore. It will only print the items in the current dir, even though there are items inside the folders.
Not sure why this is going on, any help is appreciated.
I'm using tree 1.7.0 installed with homebrew on OSX

A: The executable permission on a folder grants you the right to enter that folder. You need to add the executable permission back on all folders.


text:
Q: Do $r$-th root Harmonic numbers ever sum to integers? None of the Harmonic numbers $H_n = \sum_{k=1}^n 1/k$ are integers for $n>1$
(e.g., this MSE question and answer).

Q. Define the $r$-th root Harmonic number $H_n^{1/r} = \sum_{k=1}^n 1/{k^{1/r}}$.
  E.g., for $r=2$, $H_n^{1/2} = \sum_{k=1}^n 1/\sqrt{k}$.
  Is $H_n^{1/r}$ ever an integer for $n>1$ and $r \ge 2$ an integer?

Of course there are many close calls, e.g.,
$H_{202}^{1/2} \approx 27.0002$,
$H_{1132}^{1/3} \approx 162.00004$,
$H_{222}^{1/4} \approx 76.000003$.

Answered in comments by Vesselin Dimitrov: No.
In fact all these sums are irrational.


text:
Recognizing Involuntary Emo...
Recognizing Involuntary Emotional Expression Disorder
Robinson-Smith, Gale
Grill, Joshua D.
Involuntary crying or laughing are symptoms of a condition known as involuntary emotional expression disorder (IEED). This disorder is common among patients with stroke and other neurological disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and traumatic brain injury. Despite its prevalence, this condition is underrecognized and consequently undertreated in neurological settings. IEED can become disabling for patients who are not accurately diagnosed and treated. Differential diagnosis depends on recognition of the condition as an affective disorder and on its delineation from unipolar depression and other major psychiatric disorders. Clinical evaluation is essential for effective nursing care of this disorder. When the condition is found to be present, effective management must include education, pharmacological treatment, and teaching of self-care strategies. As patient advocates, neuroscience nurses are in a unique position to identify and assess such patients and to effectively guide patients and families in the management of this condition.
Involuntary emotional expression disorder (IEED) is a condition that manifests as episodes of crying, laughing, or both and is a result of structural brain damage (Cummings et al., 2006; Schiffer & Pope, 2005). It is common with several neuro-logical disorders, including stroke (Robinson, Parikh, Lipsey, Starkstein, & Price, 1993), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS; McCullagh, Moore, Gawel, & Feinstein, 1999), traumatic brain injury (Tateno, Jorge, & Robinson, 2004), multiple sclerosis (MS; Feinstein, Feinstein, Gray, & O'Connor, 1997), and dementias such as Alzheimer's disease (Starkstein et al., 1995). Although the prevalence of IEED is likely to be underestimated, approximately 1 million cases exist in the United States (Schiffer & Pope). Associated with undeniable distress for patients and family members, IEED can result in embarrassment and withdrawal from social and occupational situations (Choi-Kwon & Kim, 2002; Lantz, 2005).
The prevalence of IEED is underestimated because this disease is often confused with other mood or affective disorders, such as major depressive disorder (Arciniegas et al., 2005). Diagnosis is further complicated by lack of understanding about the specific etiology or underlying pathology associated with IEED. Given the significant effect IEED can have on a patient's quality of life (Choi-Kwon & Kim, 2002; Green, 1998), its differential diagnosis is a critical aspect of its overall management.
Although useful treatments for IEED exist (Brooks et al., 2004), misdiagnosis leads to improper treatment. The condition frequently comes to the attention of the nurse on inpatient clinical units by patient presentation, but family members and patients may report symptoms in inpatient or outpatient settings. Therefore, nurses must be well-educated regarding the presentation of IEED, the measures available to quantify it, and the interventions used as treatments. This article defines IEED as it presents in stroke and other neurological disorders and provides a brief review of the differential diagnosis and the various options available for appropriate treatment and nursing care of patients who suffer from this debilitating condition.
IEED is characterized by episodes of uncontrollable crying, laughing, or both that may be inappropriate and independent of mood (Dark, McGrath, & Ron, 1996). Various terms have been previously used to describe this condition, including pseudobulbar affect, affective and emotional lability, pathologic laughing and crying, emotional incontinence, and forced crying (Dark et al.; Feinstein et al., 1997). The term IEED is intended to unify and eliminate the confusion surrounding the varied nomenclature used in the literature (Cummings et al., 2006).
Regardless of the name used, understanding the distinction between mood and affect helps in the recognition of this condition. The American Psychiatric Association (APA), in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; APA, 1994), presents the useful analogy of climate versus weather; this analogy is also often used by Arciniegas and colleagues (Arciniegas et al., 2005; Arciniegas & Topkoff, 2000) to explain IEED. Mood is an emotional state that is sustained during a relatively long period of time; it may be compared to climate. In contrast, affect is the "emotional weather," relatively short in duration and superimposed on the prevailing mood. That is, mood is the underlying feelings of a patient, and affect is the outward appearance of the patient's mood. During episodes of IEED, affect and mood become dysregulated. The manifestations of emotional motor output that accompany this syndrome occur independently of mood, but they may or may not appear to correlate with mood.
Since episodes often result in response to specific stimuli, they may or may not be present during an office or clinic visit. Nurses must be aware of the potential appearance of this condition in neurological patients and actively pursue its diagnosis in a clinical setting. Patients report sudden and shortlived episodes, when they occur. Most patients report that they cannot resist, prevent, or inhibit the episodes of crying or laughing. Following the episode, the patient returns to the affective display observed previously, demonstrating no residual changes in mood or affect. Patients describe no mood change after an occurrence of crying or laughing, but the episodes often result in embarrassment (Arciniegas & Topkoff, 2000).
Although the classic example involves episodes of crying or laughing that are incongruent to mood, studies of stroke survivors have shown that an appropriate stimulus may provoke an episode that is congruent with mood but excessive in nature (House, Dennis, Molyneux, Warlow, & Hawton, 1989; Morris, Robinson, & Raphael, 1993). For example, patients may cry for longer than normal when they see a family member who lives in a distant state, or patients may cry when viewing an emotional television commercial that previously would not have affected them.
Nurses are in a unique position to identify and assess IEED because they have direct contact with patients in inpatient settings. Differential diagnosis relies heavily on documenting and monitoring clinical changes related to involuntary crying and laughing; nurses must ask about these symptoms because patients may not volunteer the information. Scales used to assess IEED include the Pathological Laughing and Crying Scale (PLACS; Robinson et al., 1993); the Center for Neurologic Study-Lability Scale (CNS-LS; Moore, Gresham, Bromberg, Kasarkis, & Smith, 1997); and the Affective Lability Scale (ALS; Harvey, Greenberg, & Serper, 1989). Initially, nurses may use scale items to educate themselves about how to ask about IEED. Although nurses may choose to not use these scales formally, items from the scales can guide the patient interview. PLACS questions include (1) "Have you recently experienced sudden episodes of crying or laughing?" (2) "Have these episodes occurred without any cause in your surroundings?" and (3) "Have these episodes been uncontrollable by you?" CNS-LS items include (1) "I find myself crying very easily," (2) "There are times when I feel fine one minute, and then I'll become tearful the next over something small or for no reason at all," and (3) "I find that even when I try to control my crying or laughter I am often unable to do so." ALS items include (1) "One minute I can be feeling OK and then I feel tense, jittery, and nervous," (2) "There are times when I'm so mad that my heart is pounding and then shortly afterwards I feel quite relaxed," and (3) "My sleeping patterns frequently shift from times when I have difficulty falling asleep to times when I don't have much of a desire to sleep at all."
During episodes of IEED, affect and mood become dysregulated.
A neuroscience nurse who is aware of IEED can use these scales to quickly and efficiently evaluate patients with diseases or injuries commonly associated with IEED. These measures also provide an excellent first step to properly diagnose IEED in the clinic. Regardless of the setting, care must be taken to not confuse IEED with other disorders that present with episodes of laughing and crying.
Delineating IEED
Although both depression and IEED may present with excessive crying, they are separate disorders. Robinson and colleagues (1993) found no significant correlation between results of the PLACS and the Hamilton Depression Scale when these instruments were administered to a group of patients hospitalized with acute stroke and referred for treatment of involuntary crying. Additionally, these authors reported that improvement in PLACS score after treatment with a tricyclic antidepressant was independent of improvement in depression, as shown by two-way analysis of variance. This finding was supported by successful treatment of IEED in traumatic brain injury patients without corresponding changes in depression (Tateno et al., 2004).
Many patients with serious neurological disorders experience reactive depression in response to their diagnosis. Reactive depression is self-limiting and most often abates as the patient copes with the illness. Unfortunately, patients also may develop major depression or dysthymic symptoms after being diagnosed with a neurological disorder (Ranga et al., 2002). The hallmark of major depression is a depressed mood that exists for most or all of every day. Changes in appetite and sleep also occur (APA, 1994). In addition, patients experience anhedonia, problems with motivation, and difficulty in carrying out daily work and activities (Ebert, Loosen, & Nurcombe, 2000). The onset of major depression is slow and insidious, and without treatment it becomes chronic. Suicide risk is a primary concern with patients who suffer from major depression. In contrast, although patients with IEED often describe embarrassment in social situations and decreased quality of life, they do not describe depressive or suicidal thoughts.
One primary distinction between IEED and major depressive disorder is duration. As a mood disorder, depression is characterized by symptoms that persist for weeks or months. As an affective disorder, IEED consists of shorter episodes of altered affect only. The patient's baseline mood is unaltered by these episodes. Table 1 compares IEED to major or unipolar depression.
Comparison of IEED and Depression
However, a single patient can suffer from both IEED and depression. Thus, assessment for both conditions is essential, using clinical interview questions and established tools such as the IEED tools previously discussed and depression tools including the Beck Depression Inventory (Beck, Ward, Mendelson, Mock, & Erbaugh, 1961), Hamilton Depression Scale (Hamilton, 1967), Center for Epidemiology Studies Depression Scale (CES-D; Radloff, 1977), and the Geriatric Depression Scale (Sheikh & Yesavage, 1986).
A further distinction must be made between IEED and bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorders I and II are diagnosed by the presence of both depression and mania or hypomania. Bipolar disorders are often mistaken for depression because of the prominence of the depressive phase in the illness and because symptoms of mania may be initially ignored. Diagnosis of bipolar disorder may not occur for up to 10 years after symptoms begin, and only one-third of patients are properly diagnosed (Lewis, 2004). Patients with mania display symptoms of elation, humorousness, flight of ideas, and grandiosity. Behavioral signs associated with mania include aggressiveness, increased motor or social activity, and inattentiveness to hygiene, sleep, and eating (Stuart & Laraia, 2005). Mood lability is a sign of bipolar disorder. Patients who experience four or more episodes of depression and mania in 12 months fit the criteria for rapid-cycling bipolar disorder (APA, 1994). Between 5% and 15% of patients with bipolar disorder have rapid-cycling episodes; these episodes are more common in women (Leibenluft, 1997). Because antidepressants can precipitate the rapid-cycling phase of bipolar disorder, proper diagnosis is essential (Goldberg, 2003). These patients may have periods of crying during the depressive phase of the illness and laughing episodes when mania is present. Correct diagnosis can be aided by asking family members to corroborate patient reports of major depression or bipolar disorder and by asking about family history of major depression or bipolar disorder. Many factors that distinguish IEED from major depressive disorder also apply to bipolar disorder, including the persistent nature of symptoms and the relation between affect and underlying mood.
Inappropriate laughing and crying may also be in response to the psychotic and disorganized thoughts present in schizophrenia, characterized by delusions and hallucinations. The possibility of substance abuse must also be evaluated, because patients may cry or laugh when under the influence of psychoactive drugs such as cocaine and other opiates, methamphetamines and comparable stimulants, or hallucinogens such as LSD and ecstasy. Episodes of crying and laughing when the patient is under the influence of such substances are likely to be appropriate in the mind of the patient, even if socially they are not.
Perhaps the single greatest distinction between IEED and the conditions described above is the nature of the underlying pathology. Although the primary effects of the conditions above are believed to be related to changes in neurotransmitter levels, IEED is precipitated by structural brain damage (Arciniegas et al., 2005; Schiffer & Pope, 2005). Neurotransmitter dysfunction as a result of cellular brain damage is likely to contribute to the etiology of IEED, but this dysfunction only occurs secondary to some underlying structural brain damage that occurs as a result of injury or disease.
The original description of pathological laughing and crying explained it as a behavioral phenomenon resulting from pseudobulbar palsy. In these patients, lesions to the corticobulbar motor pathways, rather than to the bulbar motor nuclei themselves, resulted in pathological affect. As currently defined, IEED includes lesions to several brain regions beyond the brainstem and even beyond the corticobulbar circuitry. Cortical, subcortical, and limbic areas of the brain are all involved in the generation of emotion (Mega, Cummings, Salloway, & Malloy, 1997), and lesions to any of these areas could in theory result in IEED. Some researchers have suggested that the right hemisphere is associated with negative emotions, such as crying, while the left hemisphere is involved with positive emotions, such as laughing (Arciniegas & Topkoff, 2000). Similarly, damage to the right hemisphere has been suggested as more likely to produce manic and euphoric states, and damage to the left hemisphere is more likely to produce depression and pathological affect (Sackeim et al., 1982). Examples of single-lesion patients, however, suggest that there are no absolute rules of lateralization in IEED (Arroyo et al., 1993; Garg, Misra, & Verma, 2000).
Traditionally, IEED has been described as resulting from a disconnection between the circuitry that produces emotion and the circuitry that controls motor expression (Moore et al., 1997; Wilson, 1924). As such, most cases describe lesions to the midbrain and pontine nuclei (Ceccaldi & Milandre, 1994; Kataoka, Hori, Shirakawa, & Hirose, 1997; Okuda, Chyung, Chin, & Waubant, 2005), and some report lesions to higher cortical regions (Arroyo et al., 1993). Finally, recent investigations suggest that both areas also receive cerebellar input and modulation; thus, damage to the cerebellum also may produce IEED (Parvizi, Anderson, Martin, Damasio, & Damasio, 2001). Regardless of the pathology, IEED does not occur as a primary disorder but only as a result of brain damage associated with neurological disease or injury. Because the type of brain damage involved seems to disinhibit static input to brainstem nuclei that regulate emotional motor output, treatment for IEED must reverse this lost inhibition and bring the emotional motor expression system back into balance.
Tailoring Treatment to Manage IEED Effectively
Diagnosis of IEED in patients with neurological disorders can be assumed when involuntary crying or laughing persists and other neurological conditions have been ruled out. Once diagnosis is confirmed, treatment should be focused on patient and family education, self-management skills, and pharmacological intervention. Evaluations must be repeated and interventions changed according to the results of the evaluations.
Education and Self-Management Skills
Education is essential to the clinical management of this condition. Patients and family members must be counseled about the general nature of IEED, and nurses are in a good position to teach patients about symptoms. Teaching that IEED is a discrete disorder, distinct from depression and other psychiatric disorders, can minimize the emotional stress on patients and family members.
Nurses can work with their patients to identify activities or factors that exacerbate the syndrome- such as excessive stress-and ways to avoid these factors, although astute patients and family members are likely to have already identified causative stimuli. Nurses must assess social withdrawal, because stress and embarrassment associated with episodes may result in isolation; in this case, nurses must explore alternatives for social interaction and support from others and emphasize quality relationships. Nurses should give careful thought to choosing the most effective coping techniques for each patient.
Patients who experience IEED may also be adjusting to a major illness such as ALS, multiple sclerosis, stroke, or traumatic brain injury. Working within a wellness model, nurses can focus on helping patients integrate physical, mental, and spiritual practices in daily life after diagnosis with these disorders (Dossey, Keegan, & Guzzetta, 2005). Because anxiety may increase when episodes occur, nurses may suggest or explore a variety of anxietyreducing techniques with patients. For example, a nurse might teach patients relaxation techniques such as breathing exercises, guided imagery, or distraction to decrease the worry. Likewise, spiritual practices may help patients deal with the impact of their condition.
Although educational efforts and behavioral modification can be useful, these strategies have no effect on the syndrome itself. The only documented mechanism to alleviate episodes of IEED is pharmacological treatment. Several treatment options have been examined. One small study reported clinical success with levodopa at doses up to 1.5 grams per day (Udaka, Yamao, Nagata, Nakamura, & Kameyama, 1984). Improvement has also been observed with multiple doses of tricyclic antidepressants (Robinson et al., 1993; Schiffer, Herndon, & Rudick, 1985). In addition, various selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have been examined as potential treatments for IEED, including fluoxetine at a dose of 20 mg per day (Seliger, Hornstein, Flax, Herbert, & Schroeder, 1992) and citalopram at 10-20 mg per day (Andersen, Vestergaard, & Riis, 1993). More recently, the combination of dextromethorphan and quinidine (DM/Q; Brooks et al., 2004; Panitch et al., 2006) has been used in a twicedaily compound, consisting of 30 mg of each component. Of these options, only DM/Q is likely to be approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for treatment of IEED. Large, well-controlled studies have confirmed this agent's safety and efficacy (Brooks et al.; Panitch et al.).
Involuntary emotional expression disorder is a condition that can severely affect a patient's quality of life. The impact of IEED often includes the family and caregiver. The neuroscience nurse is in a unique and opportune position to help patients afflicted by this underrecognized and often misdiagnosed syndrome and intervene for the benefit of the patient. Awareness and recognition of IEED are the first steps to improving quality of life for patients suffering from stroke, dementia, ALS, MS, and a variety of other neurological conditions.
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