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WHY BUFFET IS WRONG TO DISMISS THE BENEFITS OF GOLD / THE FINANCIAL TIMES MARKETS INSIGHT
| Etiquetas: Gold, Investment Strategies, Warren Buffett
Why Buffett is wrong to dismiss the benefits of gold
Yellow metal provides a useful indication of economic expectations
Paras Anand
Warren Buffett's group reported a staggering cash balance of $122bn © AP
Legendary investor Warren Buffett's much-quoted dismissal of the investment merits of gold is simple: the metal is "neither of much use nor procreative." But the Oracle of Omaha has got this wrong. Gold is constantly offering useful insights, if you look closely enough.
Gold as an investment yields nothing and generates no cash flow, so its price is largely determined by the secondary market. In other words, it is only worth what other people are prepared to pay for it. That price has risen by almost a fifth so far this year to about $1,470 per troy ounce.
In that sense, gold is the original profitless unicorn, summoning billions from investors well before tech start-ups arrived on the scene. The obvious difference between tech enthusiasts and goldbugs is that few of the latter get excited about industry-disrupting platforms. On the contrary, they see gold as the ultimate anti-disrupter — an insurance policy against asset price deflation.
Traditionally, gold prices have been given little airtime in discussions of "serious" investment strategy. But even if you have no intention of considering an allocation to gold, there is a value in keeping an eye on the price, as it can be an interesting signal amid the increasing noise of macroeconomic data.
The growth in passive and systematic investment strategies has brought sweeping changes to the structure of financial markets over the past decade. Meanwhile, central bank intervention and a much-changed regulatory landscape have increased the importance of "non-fundamental" investing — investment decisions that are not grounded in an analysis of the value of an asset based on business or economic fundamentals.
The result is that, increasingly, decisions to buy or sell securities are based less on notions of value and more on unrelated functional needs. There is less information in prices today, because there is far less wisdom in the crowds. In response, it is more important than ever that investors employ fundamental analysis, patient capital and wilfully ignore short-term price swings.
Amid all these shifts, the market structure that has arguably changed the least is gold. Given there was never a concept of fundamental value, and it was never bought and sold on that basis, its underlying price drivers have remained consistent. So, could it be that in today's market, gold is a rare source of wisdom?
If so, it is a contrarian wisdom. Gold's price action over the past decade has confounded the expectations of even its most devoted fans. In the years immediately after the financial crisis, many goldbugs geared up for a bull market that never arrived.
Given the widespread use of quantitative easing globally and a sovereign crisis in Europe, it would be hard to imagine a more favourable environment for gold as an inflation hedge. Given the fragile financial system, dysfunctional politics and an apparent threat to fiat money, how did gold not catch a bid? Because counter to conventional wisdom at the time, inflation did not pick up with quantitative easing. It collapsed.
Even when it is strengthening, the gold price is surprising. To the extent gold is an alternative store of value to the US dollar, it would be expected to move in the opposite direction to the currency. But recently it has been making material gains despite a strengthening dollar. Signs that the gold price is defying conventional wisdom suggest we should dig a little deeper.
What then is the message that gold prices are sending? There are two very different answers to this question.
The first is that gold's theoretical value — as an asset that yields nothing — should go up as the amount of negative-yielding assets increases. In this explanation, gold's rising price is a sign that negative real rates will persist and the recession already priced into many asset classes will be more severe than consensus expectations.
There are weaknesses in the argument. Yes, the amount of negative-yielding assets is at historic levels. But to the extent that these assets have been bought to provide liquidity or meet capital adequacy requirements, their yields arguably say less about future economic prospects than they do about the changes in market structure.
The alternative explanation is equally plausible, but more important. It is that gold prices could signal a pick-up in inflation. This feels less likely, even with looser fiscal policy. But as we pointed out, after the financial crisis gold prices did seem to predict that QE would not lead to the expected increase in inflation.
If gold proves correct this time in signalling higher inflation, investors take note, given the impact this would have on asset prices across markets.
It has always been wise to listen to Mr Buffett. But given the seismic shift in market structure in recent years, gold may yet prove to be an indicator not only of "bandwagon" investor behaviour but broader economic expectations.
The writer is head of asset management for Asia-Pacific at Fidelity International
RUSSIA´S OIL CONUNDRUM / GEOPOLITICAL FUTURES
| Etiquetas: Economics, Geopolitics, Oil and Energy, Russia
Russia's Oil Conundrum
Revenue from oil exports may be flowing into Russia, but Moscow can't decide how to spend the money.
Global oil prices jumped sharply after drone attacks on two Saudi oil facilities last weekend.
The two facilities produce about 5.7 million barrels per day – nearly half of Saudi Arabia's daily production. With that volume temporarily out of commission, global oil prices rose by between 12 percent and 15 percent.
That should be good news for Russia: Its economy depends on the oil and gas sector, with sector-related activities accounting for roughly half of the federal budget. And indeed, share prices for Russian oil companies as well as the price of Urals crude, which is based on the price of Brent crude, increased, meaning oil sales will be infusing the national budget with cash.
But the Russian state seems incapable of taking advantage of such a windfall, thanks in part to deep structural problems in the economy. Even when oil prices are lower, the government is unable to decide how to invest the money, leaving the Russian budget swollen with untapped funds.
Between January and August 2019, the country had a budget surplus of 2.56 trillion rubles ($39.8 billion), equivalent to 3.7 percent of gross domestic product. The recent increase in oil prices could further bloat both the surplus and Russia's National Wealth Fund. The government is required to put into the NWF profits from oil if the price per barrel of Urals oil exceeds $41.60. Once the NWF's liquidity equals 7 percent of GDP, the government can start investing the money.
With higher oil prices, the NWF could exceed the 7 percent threshold earlier than expected.
And while spending the excess funds is not required by law, it's in Russia's interest to invest the funds in things like government programs and infrastructure since the economy has been sluggish and there's been growing public unrest.
And yet the structural problems – including lack of domestic demand, poverty, rising inflation and a poor investment climate – are preventing the state from reaching a consensus on how the money should be spent. Investing in the national economy, namely through national projects, has drawbacks. For one thing, using the NWF can affect inflation in the medium term.
This would place the Russian population's real income, which has been declining for six years, under pressure once again. (In the first half of 2019, the real disposable cash income of Russians decreased by 1.3 percent.) Against the backdrop of falling incomes, consumer demand is stagnant and, accordingly, not a viable source of economic growth.
The government would therefore be risking growing dissatisfaction among its constituents over worsening living standards and its failure to follow through on promises to achieve economic growth rates above the global average.
Short-term public investment in the economy doesn't seem to be a viable option, either. It won't generate the kind of national projects needed, since these require private investment too, and investors aren't particularly eager to fund such projects. Neither will investing the additional funds abroad be helpful in stabilizing the Russian economy. Particularly with the fall in President Vladimir Putin's approval ratings, the government won't dare to pursue such avenues.
In any case, spending this money would only put more pressure on the budget and increase oil dependence. And using additional funds from the NWF, even with stable or rising oil prices, will make the ruble ever more vulnerable to oil price fluctuations. At present, the NWF investment rule somewhat reduces the ruble's vulnerability to changes in oil prices; if oil prices jump by 10 percent, the ruble changes by only 1 percent. (In the latest round of oil price increases, the ruble did react, but its fluctuation was, in the end, rather insignificant.)
Moreover, even as Russian oil companies benefit from rising prices, there's little they can do to change their positions in the world market. Russian oil exports are still limited by an OPEC+ agreement on production cuts, which stipulates that Russia reduce its oil production by 228,000 bpd, down to its October 2018 level of 11.4 million bpd.
In addition, its natural gas exports are governed by long-term contracts that can't be changed quickly.
Usually, high oil prices mean higher revenue for Russia, increasing the amount of money that could be used to improve the country's economic well-being. But the Russian state seems paralyzed when it comes to actually spending those funds. What's more, spending revenue from oil sales can undo any attempts to reduce the Russian economy's dependence on the oil and gas sector. Structural economic problems are becoming ever clearer – and even a sharp rise in oil prices is not enough to kickstart the Russian economy.
ARE NEGATIVE INTEREST RATES ON THE WAY IN THE U.S.? / KNOWLEDGE@WHARTON
| Etiquetas: Deflation, Inflation, Negative Interest Rates, Secular Stagnation, U.S. Economic And Political
Are Negative Interest Rates on the Way in the U.S.?
Wharton's Itay Goldstein and Peter Conti-Brown, along with Lisa Cook of Michigan State University, discuss the possible impact of negative interest rates on the U.S. economy.
First it was former Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan saying back in August that he sees "no barrier" for U.S. Treasury yields going negative. Then President Trump called on the Fed this month to drive interest rates negative in order to stimulate the economy. While negative rates have been a distinguishing feature of the Japanese economy and many European economies for some years now, the concept has not been a serious possibility in the U.S. until recently.
The concept basically involves a charge to banks for holding reserves. That cost would be intended to spur them to lend more, which — along with lower rates more generally — would presumably drive economic growth. Negative rates on government securities held by the public are another possible scenario. Greenspan told CNBC on September 4 that investors should watch the yield on the 30-year note to see if negative interest rates are in the offing.
Today, there are some $16 trillion in negative government securities worldwide, and the European Central Bank (ECB) on September 12 cut its interest rate 10 basis points to a record low of -0.5% and also ordered a new round of quantitative easing ($20 billion in bond purchases and other financial assets) in November. Such bond buying drives down yields and cuts borrowing costs. The ECB also recommended some spending stimulus for countries — to boost European Union economies.
But while lower interest rates generally can whittle down government debt, they also subtract from the returns earned by banks and individual savers. And when rates turn negative, it is not clear exactly what the bottom-line effects might be long term across the economy. Some observers say negative rates could lead to a slow-growth environment from which it would be difficult to escape. Others contend the overall effect would be to stimulate the economy.
Behind the Trend
But what is driving this trend, and what might it mean for the U.S. economy?
In addition to long-term trends, the immediate cause for the U.S. is likely trade tensions, which have touched off an investor flight to the perceived safety of U.S. government securities. That has pushed interest rates lower. And that all piles on to a longer-term drift downward for rates, long underway and led by a slowing economy. Japan, for example, has had negative rates since 2016.
The slowing of economic growth is sometimes blamed on "secular stagnation," said Wharton professor of legal studies and business ethics Peter Conti-Brown during a recent segment of the Knowledge@Wharton radio show on SiriusXM.
Secular stagnation has been defined as "a prolonged period in which satisfactory growth can only be achieved by unsustainable financial conditions." U.S. economic growth, while steady, has been lackluster at a time when the current expansion since the Great Recession is the longest on record. For reasons not well understood, Conti-Brown added, inflation is low despite very low unemployment.
Part of reason for the low-growth economy is demographics — an aging workforce — said Lisa Cook, a professor of economics and international relations at Michigan State University, who also joined the radio show. In agreeing with Greenspan on that point she added, "We have a population that is not only aging but leaving the workforce," and that is a drag on the economy.
Given the exodus from the workforce, retirees will depend more on their savings, and thus negative interest rates "will have tremendous implications for them," Cook added. Similar — even stronger — trends are at play in Europe and Japan.
Downward Pressure from Inflation
Typically, when interest rates remain low for a long period, inflation picks up, but this time that is "really not happening," noted Wharton finance professor Itay Goldstein, on the radio show.
It's time to challenge the "old paradigms" because something structural seems to have changed.
At the same time, cheaper money has flowed freely into boosting asset prices, from equities to bonds and real estate, he added. "So maybe this is where we see the effect. But we don't see it in prices of goods. We don't see it in inflation."
In any case, the Fed is left today with less power to influence financial markets given that rates are already so low. When rates hit zero, the so-called zero-bound, the Fed's potential influence is thought to be at the end. Negative rates could change that. Since the Great Recession, lowering rates has not been as effective at stimulating the economy as in the past, and QE has also lost some of its bite. "So, central banks are asking themselves, 'what can we do?'" Goldstein added. One tool is to cut rates to below zero.
Conti-Brown agreed. He pointed out that Fed chair Jerome Powell admitted that the Fed's key estimate of "one of the most important indicators — the unemployment rate, that is the so-called 'natural rate,' the rate that it should be targeting — has been wrong. And not just wrong, badly wrong." While unemployment rates kept slipping down, inflation did not budge, unlike what the models predicted. The relationship between inflation and unemployment "seems to be absent without leave."
Some observers argue that there is an explanation for inflation's disappearing act, and that is an overall lack of demand that keeps the economy below its full potential productive capacity.
Fiscal stimulus is called for, they contend. The problem with that is ideological and political.
With budgets deep in the red, and a prevailing mood against adding to debt, more spending would appear to be a non-starter for now.
Conti-Brown explained that one way to think about negative rates is to ask if they would have made any difference during the Great Recession. Had the Fed at the time cut nominal interest rates into "deep negative territory," he added, "is it conceivable that the recovery would have been much, much faster? Yes, it is. This could be a very potent tool."
Nevertheless, Conti-Brown added that there remains the question of whether or not the Fed has the legal right to move rates below zero and whether or not institutionally the Fed is capable at the moment of taking what could be viewed by some as such a drastic step. What's more, political resistance would be strong and the panelists agreed that politics is increasingly important in influencing the Fed's interest rate policies.
Ample Uncertainty
On top of that, there is a lot of uncertainty about the effect of negative rates. "How will individuals and firms react?" asked Cook. "Will they continue to wait for further rate cuts, will they continue to wait for lower mortgage rates or lower interest rates on their loans…? We don't know. This is completely new territory."
Regarding consumers, Cook noted that if banks can't "make money the traditional way, they're going to try to make money by [charging] more fees. … This will certainly raise some safety and regulatory issues related to consumers."
Conti-Brown agreed that it is very difficult to predict all of the results that negative rates would produce. "We simply don't know how markets in the world's largest economy would respond to this new world." Would it lead to "explosive economic growth" or "high inflation that we never expected or … something new that might just be coming our way that we didn't anticipate?"
Another consideration: the effect negative rates might have on the financial system. Banks are used to positive interest rates. "This is how they make their spread. They might face difficulties making money and generating profits in a new world like this," Goldstein said. If they are charged for putting money with the Fed, and "they can't necessarily transfer the negative rates to their depositors, that might cause big difficulties for banks."
Patrick Harker, president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, in a recent Knowledge@Wharton interview, made a related point: "We don't have a lot of room to move rates.… Moving rates 50 basis points is not going to have a demonstrable effect. Then, it also creates other risks, because there's a third component of the Fed, not in our dual mandate, but very important — financial stability. There is ample evidence that rates being this low for this long, start to create situations of financial instability…."
Nevertheless, the three panelists agreed that at this point, we are more likely to see negative rates than not.
COULD ULTRA-LOW INTEREST RATES BE CONTRACTIONARY? / PROJECT SYNDICATE
| Etiquetas: Economics, Global Economy, Negative Interest Rates
Could Ultra-Low Interest Rates Be Contractionary?
Although low interest rates have traditionally been viewed as positive for economic growth because they encourage businesses to invest in enhancing productivity, this may not be the case. Instead, extremely low rates may lead to slower growth by increasing market concentration and thus weakening firms' incentive to boost productivity.
Ernest Liu , Atif Mian, Amir Sufi
CHICAGO – The real (inflation-adjusted) yield on ten-year US treasuries is currently zero, and has been extremely low for most of the past eight years. Outside of the United States, meanwhile, 40% of investment-grade bonds have negative nominal yields. And most recently, the European Central Bank further reduced its deposit rate to -0.5% as part of a new package of economic stimulus measures for the eurozone.
Low interest rates have traditionally been viewed as positive for economic growth. But our recent research suggests that this may not be the case. Instead, extremely low interest rates may lead to slower growth by increasing market concentration. If this argument is correct, it implies that reducing interest rates further will not save the global economy from stagnation.
The traditional view holds that when long-term rates fall, the net present value of future cash flows increases, making it more attractive for firms to invest in productivity-enhancing technologies. Low interest rates therefore have an expansionary effect on the economy through stronger productivity growth.
But if low interest rates also have an opposite strategic effect, they reduce the incentive for firms to invest in boosting productivity. Moreover, as long-term real rates approach zero, this strategic contractionary effect dominates. So, in today's low-interest-rate environment, a further decline in rates will most probably slow the economy by reducing productivity growth.
This strategic effect works through industry competition. Although lower interest rates encourage all firms in a sector to invest more, the incentive to do so is greater for market leaders than for followers. As a result, industries become more monopolistic over time as long-term rates fall.
Our research indicates that an industry leader and follower interact strategically in the sense that each carefully considers the other's investment policy when deciding on its own. In particular, because industry leaders respond more strongly to a decline in the interest rate, followers become discouraged and stop investing as leaders get too far ahead. And because leaders then face no serious competitive threat, they too ultimately stop investing and become "lazy monopolists."
Perhaps the best analogy is with two runners engaged in a perpetual race around a track. The runner who finishes each lap in the lead earns a prize. And it is the present discounted value of these potential prizes that encourages the runners to improve their position.
Now, suppose that sometime during the race, the interest rate used to discount future prizes falls. Both runners would then want to run faster because future prizes are worth more today. This is the traditional economic effect. But the incentive to run faster is greater for the runner in the lead, because she is closer to the prizes and hence more likely to get them.
The lead runner therefore increases her pace by more than the follower, who becomes discouraged because she is now less likely to catch up. If the discouragement effect is large enough, then the follower simply gives up. Once that happens, the leader also slows down, as she no longer faces a competitive threat. And our research suggests that this strategic discouragement effect will dominate as the interest rate used to discount the value of the prizes approaches zero.
In a real-world economy, the strategic effect is likely to be even stronger, because industry leaders and followers do not face the same interest rate in practice. Followers typically pay a spread over the interest rate paid by market leaders – and this spread tends to persist as interest rates fall. A cost-of-funding advantage like this for industry leaders would further strengthen the strategic contractionary impact of low interest rates.
This contractionary effect helps to explain a number of important global economic patterns. First, the decline in interest rates that began in the early 1980s has been associated with growing market concentration, rising corporate profits, weaker business dynamism, and declining productivity growth. All are consistent with our model. Moreover, the timing of the aggregate trends also matches the model: the data show an increase in market concentration and profitability from the 1980s through 2000, followed by a slowdown in productivity growth starting in 2005.
Second, the model makes some unique empirical predictions that we test against the data. For example, a stock portfolio that is long on industry leaders and short on industry followers generates positive returns when interest rates fall. More important, this effect becomes even stronger when the rate is low to begin with. This, too, is consistent with what the model predicts.
The contractionary effect of ultra-low interest rates has important implications for the global economy. Our analysis suggests that with interest rates already extremely low, a further decline will have a negative economic impact via increased market concentration and lower productivity growth. So, far from saving the global economy, lower interest rates may cause it more pain.
Ernest Liu is a professor at the Bendheim Center for Finance at Princeton University.
Atif Mian is Professor of Economics, Public Policy, and Finance at Princeton University, Director of the Julis-Rabinowitz Center for Public Policy and Finance at the Woodrow Wilson School, and co-author of House of Debt.
Amir Sufi, Professor of Economics and Public Policy at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, is the co-author of House of Debt.
BRITISH AIRWAYS RISKS DOING PERMANENT DAMAGE TO ITS REPUTATION / THE FINANCIAL TIMES OP EDITORIAL
| Etiquetas: Airlines, British Airways
British Airways risks doing permanent damage to its reputation
The airline delivers profits, but its handling of the pilots' strike has been lamentable
Camilla Cavendish
© Jonathan McHugh 2019
"We've been trying to reach you," claims the email from British Airways. Maybe they sent a carrier pigeon. I've received several of these messages in the past year, when the airline has wanted to make late changes to my flight. Yet there are no missed calls. There is something about the insouciant tone of this message, the cynical contempt it expresses, that goes to the heart of this week's pilot strikes.
The grounding of 1,700 flights on Monday and Tuesday was catastrophic for BA, financially and in terms of reputation. The planned walkouts caused untold misery to passengers. Yet BA's management seem to be on autopilot. Their response of digging in, stripping pilots of their generous travel perks, has failed to head off the next planned strike on September 27 and seems unlikely to rescue the brand. The company may be delivering healthy profits, but it looks set to become a business school case study of reputational damage.
Even the stranglehold BA's parent company IAG has on 55 per cent of slots at Heathrow may not be enough to retain customers who have endured tired planes, penny-pinching and call centres so unresponsive that one American passenger has suggested setting up a support group for Executive Club members trapped in mindless waits. Personally, if I have to listen once more to BA's soothing "Flower Duet" theme tune, I fear I may spontaneously combust, leaving nothing but a smoking heap of Avios air miles.
The dispute would have been resolved by now had it been just about money. BA has offered an 11.9 per cent pay rise over three years, which it said would take some pilots to more than £200,000 a year. The problem is that staff feel as unappreciated as customers.
This is a far cry from 2009 when pilots helped the airline out by taking a pay cut, and BA's boss Willie Walsh committed to work a month without pay. But that spirit of solidarity has evaporated since BA returned to profit, Mr Walsh has ascended the ranks of IAG, and Alex Cruz was appointed BA chief executive to keep on cost-cutting.
We customers know that airliners are cattle trucks, disguised to distract us from the essential madness of flying in a tin can far above the world. But precisely for that reason, we need the experience to be good. We don't want to worry that the guy flying the plane might be tired and ratty because his employer has downgraded his layover hotel. We resent feeling simultaneously annoyed by having to pay for coffee that used to be free and sorry for the crew member who is having to apologise for it.
On a BA flight to Boston last year, a kind steward regularly nudged the seat of the snoring passenger in front of me, which kept over-reclining into my face. He was wonderful; but he was embarrassed by the poor service on the national carrier he used to feel proud of.
Airlines become dehumanised at their peril. At Heathrow recently, I couldn't get the BA check-in machine to accept my e-ticket. Looking around the shiny wastes, there was no human being in sight. Eventually I found a rather senior official who checked me in, and even found me a nicer seat. "Thank goodness you were here," I said gratefully. "I shouldn't be," he responded wryly. "I'm not supposed to come down here. They'd like to get rid of all of us."
I know that Ferrovial, the owner of Heathrow, is more interested in bombarding me with luxury handbags than in helping me catch my plane. But the airline itself ought to care.
Of course, BA faces challenges in a fiercely competitive industry. While the pension deficit is no longer the defining issue it was before BA merged with Iberia, it is still a burden. There is also a gulf between newer staff who don't have defined benefit pensions and whose pay and perks are substantially lower and their older counterparts. Plus there's the flag carrier factor, which means that even one lost bag out of a million can make headlines. But the strategy of running the business for cash to boost shareholder returns may ultimately prove self-defeating.
The complacency is staggering. Until now, the company has been able to rely on the inertia of corporates booking transatlantic business class, which account for the bulk of profits. But charging frequent flyers to change seats is a strange way to reward loyalty, and cramming more seats into business creates a level of intimacy you might not want even if your neighbour was George Clooney. Since admitting last year that the data of 380,000 customers had been hacked, BA has never provided reassurance that it won't happen again — or made me think that it minded.
Far from being "the world's favourite airline", BA shot down the Skytrax rankings of customer satisfaction between 2012 and 2018. Unless it starts to bother about people, its promised £6.5bn investment into new planes and lounges may come too late.
The most bewildering aspect of this whole saga is the company's repeated refusal to consider the union's demands for profit sharing. In cyclical industries, such arrangements can be a very positive way to align staff and shareholder interests. It has been a significant feature of labour settlements by US airlines in the past few years. It lets staff share in the good times, while acting as what HSBC analyst Andrew Lobbenberg calls a "shock absorber" in the bad.
All companies go through turbulence — the question is how they handle it. Right now, BA seems to be accelerating into crisis. I admire the professionalism of the pilots and like the cabin crew. But I no longer trust the company to look after them, or me.
The writer, a former head of the Downing Street policy unit, is a Harvard senior fellow
WHY BUFFET IS WRONG TO DISMISS THE BENEFITS OF GOL...
ARE NEGATIVE INTEREST RATES ON THE WAY IN THE U.S....
COULD ULTRA-LOW INTEREST RATES BE CONTRACTIONARY? ...
BRITISH AIRWAYS RISKS DOING PERMANENT DAMAGE TO IT...


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> 8 Malignant disease and immunosuppression > 8.1 Cytotoxic drugs > 8.1.5 Other antineoplastic drugs > Pembrolizumab with pemetrexed and platinum chemotherapy for untreated, metastatic, non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer - NICE TAG TA557
1.1 Pembrolizumab, with pemetrexed and platinum chemotherapy is recommended for use within the Cancer Drugs Fund, as an option for untreated, metastatic, non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in adults whose tumours have no epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)- or anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive mutations. It is only recommended if:
pembrolizumab is stopped at 2 years of uninterrupted treatment or earlier if disease progresses and
the company provides pembrolizumab according to the managed access agreement.
1.2 This recommendation is not intended to affect treatment with pembrolizumab with pemetrexed and platinum chemotherapy that was started in the NHS before this guidance was published. People having treatment outside this recommendation may continue without change to the funding arrangements in place for them before this guidance was published, until they and their NHS clinician consider it appropriate to stop.
Why the committee made these recommendations
Standard care in people with untreated, metastatic non-squamous NSCLC whose tumours have no EGFR- or ALK‑positive mutations is usually pemetrexed with carboplatin or cisplatin. For people who cannot tolerate this, docetaxel, gemcitabine, paclitaxel or vinorelbine with carboplatin or cisplatin can be offered. People on either of these combinations may also have pemetrexed maintenance therapy. Standard care for people whose tumours express at least a 50% tumour proportion score is usually pembrolizumab monotherapy.
Clinical-effectiveness evidence comes from an ongoing trial (KEYNOTE-189). Pembrolizumab with pemetrexed and carboplatin or cisplatin (pembrolizumab combination) is likely to improve how long people live but it is difficult to establish the size of the benefit in the long term, because the trial is ongoing. Therefore, the cost-effectiveness estimates are also very uncertain.
Pembrolizumab combination meets NICE's criteria to be considered a life-extending end-of-life treatment compared with standard care and chemotherapy but does not meet the criteria when compared with pembrolizumab monotherapy. Pembrolizumab combination has the potential to be cost effective, but more evidence from the trial is needed to address the clinical uncertainties. Therefore, pembrolizumab combination is recommended for use in the Cancer Drugs Fund for adults who have untreated, metastatic, non-squamous NSCLC whose tumours have no EGFR- or ALK-positive mutations.
Pembrolizumab should be stopped at 2 years of uninterrupted treatment or earlier if disease progresses because the clinical- and cost-effectiveness evidence was limited to 2 years of treatment and the best duration of treatment is unknown.
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta557

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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MATCHES RESULT STANDINGS
J1 Section 7
2019.4.13 (Sat) 15:00
YANMAR STADIUM NAGAI
Attendance:15,125人
Shindo (80')
キックオフまで
まもなくキックオフ! 今しばらくお待ちください!
A set piece thrashes Cerezo which resulted in 3 consecutive home loss in the league. Both goalkeepers shine through.
Cerezo Osaka have been in a good form since the last two away games, the 5th match with a draw and the 6th game with a win. They won at Nagoya Grampus in the YBC Levian cup recently. After two consecutive away games, Cerezo came back home to host the Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo game. The starting eleven were the same as the last game against Kawasaki Frontale, but a different formation, 4-4-2, was used. They started with a back 4 for the first time this season in a league game.
From early in the first half, both teams battled aggressively. In the 12th minute, Cerezo had a chance for a counter-attack. Yoichiro Kakitani broke down the left flank to deliver a shot, but it was saved by Sapporo's goalkeeper, Gu Sung-Yun, who started his professional career at Cerezo.
In the 22nd minute, Eichi Katayama, right back, dribbled past defenders and assisted Tokura who hit a shot at the front of the goal, but it was cleared by the defenders.
In the 24th minute, Anderson Lopes threatened Cerezo, exploiting a loose ball from a corner kick, but, fortunately, it went inches wide. In the 41st minute, Souza's free kick from outside the penalty box was saved by Gu Sung-Yun.
Cerezo attacked down the right flank for taking a chance, while Sapporo's focus was the left flank. Without any decisive moments, the first half finished with a 0-0 draw.
In the second half, Cerezo first took a chance like the first half. In the 46th minute, Souza fired in a middle-ranged shot outside the penalty box, but it was again nullified by Gu Sung-Yun. Meanwhile, Cerezo gradually increased possession of the ball, maintaining consistent vigilance for the opponents' sudden counter-attack. In the 62nd minute, Tokura dashed to meet Hiroshi Kiyotake's cross, but could not strike a shot.
Cerezo have struggled to press forward. In the 73rd minute, Anderson Lopes who cut through behind faced one-on-one with Kim Jin-Hyeon, the cherry blossom's guardian, but it was parried by the goalkeeper's body.
Afterwards, Cerezo were awarded a set piece continuously, but the team could not turn them into a goal. In the 80th minute, the flow of the game changed when Cerezo gave away a corner kick to the foes, following Kim Jin Hyeon's brilliant save of Anderson Lopes's decisive shot. Ryosuke Shindo met Akito Fukumori's kick with his header at the far side.
In the 84th minute, Manager Lotina sent on Jun Nishikawa as the third substitute and changed the formation to 3-4-2-1, deploying Toshiyuki Takagi and Kota Mizunuma as wing-backs, and positioning Nishikawa as a shadow striker, with the aim to strengthen their attack. In the 91st minute, Nishikawa, who made his league debut, cut it in and blasted a shot, which went straight at the goalkeeper.
Before Cerezo could equalize against Sapporo, the time was up. It was a disappointing loss for Cerezo in the midst of building up better play. Cerezo will have a fresh start from the next away game with Shimizu S-Pulse.
©2019 CEREZO OSAKA CO.,LTD.


The third installment of Big Bad Wolf's The Council is a successful midway point for the series. While some issues from the first two episodes persist, episode three really pushes the narrative forward. The quality of the storytelling only evolves, making the wait for the next episode even more painful.
Episode two ended on an intense cliffhanger, so there's an immediacy to the opening events of chapter three that feels similar to earlier chapters, but with higher stakes. The mystery of Louis's mother is resolved and many of the questions raised in the previous chapter are answered. Players learn more about where Louis's mother has been, how the Order functions, the truth about Mortimer, and the mystery of the occult. Episode three even resolves some of episode two's issues, in particular everyone's reaction to the death of Elizabeth Adams.
Originally, the way characters nonchalantly brush off Elizabeth's death seemed like a fault in the narrative. However, later in chapter three, players begin to understand more about the Order and just how motivating politics and world matters can be even when presented with mortal peril.
Like earlier chapters, Ripples is a combination of exploration, conversation, and puzzles, only this time the consequences of a player's mistakes are much higher. In chapters one and two, failing a puzzle once or twice hardly felt like it would affect the game's outcome. That is not the case for chapter three. The confrontations are more intense and the possibility of altering the story in a negative or irreversible manner is very real. Chapter three delivers stress inducing adrenaline rushes that leave the player wanting more.
While some of the puzzles are challenging and fault the player for mistakes—some punishments being harsher than others—the game doesn't force the player to redo puzzles or lead them to a "Game Over" screen. In some ways, the game does a great job handling agency. So long as players are willing to live with the consequences of their decisions.
While the narrative continues to grow and become more compelling with every chapter, chapter three's strength could very well be a weakness for some players. Ripples introduces a major plot twist that opens up the historical world of the game to more paranormal elements. Such a twist may not appeal to players who have come to enjoy the more realistic drama found in the game, but for those intrigued by the occult elements found in episode two, the twist is a refreshing and welcomed expansion to the adventure.
While the storytelling remains the strongest aspect of the series, some of the faults found in earlier chapters persist. At this point, players just have to accept that not all lines of dialogue are delivered with the same effort, especially where Louis is involved. There are occasional issues with the lip-syncing and frame rate, but the biggest issue is the same annoyance present in episode two, the never-ending hallway treks. A lot of it feels unnecessary because there's nothing to engage or investigate between rooms, minus a few items here and there. All the wandering around interrupts the tension and overall narrative pacing.
Minor frustrations aside, the height at which the stakes have been raised and the tension in this portion of the narrative adventure make it worth the annoyance. Chapter three is by far the most engaging chapter thus far in the series. It will be interesting to see how certain consequences play out in chapter four.


A couple of my recent Instagram posts of my species fairy series. Find me on Instagram at quirkykate65. #fairiesarereal #endangeredspecies #artistsofinstagram #illustration. A huge thanks to #64MillionArtists for getting me started.


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Okay so for my sociology class our task is to be an atacovde for change in a social behavior or attitude. I noticed that children have bad diets because they are always eating junk food and the parents bring home fast food often and/or go out to eat. The thing i am trying to prove is that we can change these habits by promoting healthy eating at a younger age. HOWWWW???????PLEASE BE SPECIFIC.
This is not my area of expertise however, some rules I know: Avoid sugar- especially refined sugar. Promote water over juice and soda. Protien serving (chicken, meat, beans, nuts) should be the size of your fist and fruits and veggies can take up the rest of the plate. When you are full, stop eating:). I hope this helps. Check out the Everyday Health website for more ideas.
I need help in eating hhtaley. I grew up in a family that cooked greasy fatty foods so i wouldnt even know where to begin to eating hhtaley. I go to the gym but I just cant eat hhtaley foods without it being nasty or starving myself. Any ideas on breakfast, lunch and dinner hhtaley meals that are actually good?
Thank you for asking. I know some of the healthier foods may taste bland to you if you are accustomed to processed, salty and sweet foods. Try giving yourself a week to eat the foods you think of as boring. Your body has probably become accustomed to high fat, processed foods. Think of this like an addiction to cigarettes. Once you break your body free from the habit of eating only high fat foods, the other foods start to taste better. Seriously! It would be a great idea to go to a nutritionist for a good, individualized start. If weight is an issue, you could try weight watchers and go to the groups where you will get good information about a healthy diet that is not boring.
Love this post! I'm happy to report that my son has a great relationship with lots of healthy foods and is an adventurous eater, but it's a difficult road and something that has to be modeled and reinforced consistently. We went through lots of "no's" to get to "yes"!
Wonderful 🙂 Thanks for commenting and sharing.
Your focus on what you want to accomplish rather than what you want to aviod translates beautifully to food. A great approach to overall more healthy, happy children.
With all the additives and GMO foods we are offered today it seems even more important to make deliberate food choices for ourselves and our children. I have had to modify my diet to eat a gluten-free diet due to a gluten intolerance and I understand that this is also a suggested treatment for many childhood syndromes such as ADD, Apraxia of Speech, and even Autism. Perhaps I will research this further and share on my blog.
I would love to read a blog post from you on that. I have found that a change in diet can help with a multitude of issues for the children that I work with- adults too :).
I'm always struggling to incorporate healthy foods into my kids' diets. We've come so far though – just a few years ago, they weren't even eating fruits and vegetables, now there are several they're willing to eat.
Grill and bake your fish and chicken.Eat vegleabets.Eat fruit.Eat whole grain breads.Drink plenty of liquids.Rule of thinmb. If it grazes and does not grow out of the ground do not eat it.When you eat eat in small portions three meals a day with snacks in between. Not: you should be eating every three hours.You will be surprised at what it makes your metabolism do!


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For relief and control of acne, pimples and blackheads.
Using other acne medications in conjunction with this product may cause added irritation.
if irritation continues or worsens.
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Sodium Palmate, Sodium Cocoate (OR) Sodium Palm Kernelate, Water (Aqua), Glycerin, Fragrance (Parfum), Sodium Chloride, Titanium Dioxide (Cl 77801), Butyrospermum Parki (Shea) Butter, Tetrasodium Etidronate, Pentasodium Pentetate, Tocopheryl Acetate, Green 8 (Cl 59040), Yellow 6 (Cl 15985), Yellow 10 (Cl 47005).
and Vitamin E to moisturize and strenghten skin.
Natural sulfur aroma will dissipate after use.
Trademark with US Pat and TM Officials.


text:
package ru.matevosyan;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;

/**
 * ConvertList was created convert from array to list and backward.
 * Created on 28.04.2017.
 * @author Matevosyan Vardan
 * @version 1.0
 */

public class ConvertList {

    /**
     * convert method convert list of an array to an array list.
     * @param list list with array inside.
     * @return converted array list.
     */

    public List<Integer> convert(List<int[]> list) {
        Iterator iterator = list.listIterator();
        ArrayList<Integer> arrayList = new ArrayList<>();
        int[] arrList;
        while (iterator.hasNext()) {
            arrList = (int[]) iterator.next();
            for (int anArrList : arrList) {
                arrayList.add(anArrList);
            }
        }
        return arrayList;
    }

    /**
     * toList method convert two-dimensional array to an array list.
     * @param array two-dimensional array.
     * @return converted array list.
     */

    public List<Integer> toList(int[][] array) {
        List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>();
        for (int[] anArray : array) {
            for (int j = 0; j < array.length; j++) {
                list.add(anArray[j]);
            }
        }
        return list;
    }

    /**
     * Convert list to array with passing amount of rows.
     * @param list list that to be converted to array.
     * @param rows amount rows.
     * @return array.
     */

    public int[][] toArray(List<Integer> list, int rows) {

        int column = list.size() % rows == 0 ? list.size() / rows : list.size() / rows + 1;

        int[][] array = new int[rows][column];

        Iterator<Integer> iterator = list.iterator();

        for (int j = 0; j < rows; j++) {
            for (int i = 0; i < column && iterator.hasNext(); i++) {
                array[j][i] = iterator.next();
            }

        }

        return  array;
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: How to clear texbox after submission Hi i wanted to know if there is any way that i can reset my form after the data has been added successfully into the database? Like after showing some message to the client the textbox should automatically clear out.
What should I write in this block:
protected void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
    {
        if (Page.IsValid)
        {
            Label2.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.DeepSkyBlue;
            Label2.Text = "Master added successfully";
        }

        else
        {

            Label2.Text = "Master not added";

        }

A: 2 ways :

*

*You can do it in server side :

TextBox.Text=string.Empty; (at PageLoad or PreRender). ( I'd choose Prerender cuz your form might use the old value...)

*

*You can do it using javascript/jQuery :

$(function (){$("form")[0].reset()});
or this.form.reset()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Perowsky's latest creation is a collaboration with a large selection of artists he has been working with recently. This combination of songsters and improvisors gives a unique blend of n.y.c.'s finest cream of the crop players, under the direction and manipulation of their - normally kicking out the beats - friend at the drums.
This recording captures the atmosphere of 2002 winter in Brooklyn, with nods to N.Y.C graffiti lore and noir film music.
Ben's first release on John Zorn's "Jewish series" (part of the world renouned Tzadik label). On this CD Ben borrows the extroardinary pianist Uri Caine's Trio, of which he is also a member, along with bass superhero Drew Gress. Here they explore melodies Ben and Uri remember from childhood and especially summer camp in upstate N.Y.
Also included are special guests from Elysian Fields and GoodandEvil.net AND a couple of originals penned by Ben.
Live debut CD from the Knitting Factory.
Own the song that got cut off on the juke box!!


text:
Tackling Absence From School: Every Lesson Counts
WEBWIRE – Tuesday, November 15, 2005
15 November 2005, Parents could obtain discounts and free child places on family breaks taken during the school holidays as the Government today joined forces with the travel industry to launch Every Lesson Counts, a new drive to tackle absence from schools.
The Government also confirmed it is expanding the 'Fast Track to Attendance' programme to target over 10,000 'serial truants' who account for 1 in 5 of all instances of truancy across the country, with their parents facing a penalty notice or court prosecution unless their child's attendance improves.
The Every Lesson Counts campaign will highlight incentives available to families who book their breaks early for the school holiday periods, rather than opting for a trip during term-time which can disrupt their children's education.
It will also underline the importance of regular school attendance, encouraging parents to avoid taking their children out of school where at all possible, for example, by planning ahead to book routine appointments outside school hours.
A dedicated website http://www.parentscentre.gov.uk/everylessoncounts will provide links to key early booking deals on domestic and overseas holidays as well as offers specially tailored for the campaign by major holiday companies such as Thomas Cook, Airtours, BA Holidays, Virgin Holidays, and the Co-operative Group.
Every Lesson Counts has been developed by the Department for Education and Skills, in partnership with the Association of British Travel Agents, the Federation of Tour Operators and VisitBritain. Offers will be updated as the campaign moves forward, however, among the inaugural deals for early booking for next year's summer holidays are:
• up to £100 saving per adult on BA Holidays' 2006 Florida Summer holidays with one child staying free;
• first child goes free at Butlins' holiday resorts; and family prices from £209 for selected three and four night breaks over the February half term, a saving of £69 per family;
• first child goes free for selected summer 2006 family holidays with Airtours.
Initially targeting 8,000 pupils, the 'Fast Track to Attendance' will now expand to target over 10,000 this year. Parents of the most persistent truants will be placed immediately onto the scheme where a penalty notice or court prosecution will be triggered unless their child's attendance improves over a 12-week period, which may result in a fine of up to £2,500 or three months' imprisonment.
National truancy sweeps are now also running across the country until the end of the month where teams of police and education welfare officers will be patrolling the nation's streets, challenging young people who are out of school to provide an authorised reason for their absence. Truants will be immediately returned to their schools or an agreed place of safety.
Under the Government's attendance drive, schools are taking a tougher line on authorising time away from school, leading to record levels of school attendance, with some 50,000 more pupils attending school each day than in 1997.
Estimated to account for up to one in six of all absences from school, many schools are now refusing permission for term-time holidays in all but the most exceptional circumstances. Schools are also less tolerant where term-time holidays are taken without permission, making sure that they are recorded as unauthorised, which can trigger sanctions such as penalty notice fines.
A typical local education authority saw the daily average number of pupils on a term-time holiday with the school's permission fall from 318 in 2003/04 to 276 in 2004/05. At the same time it saw the daily average number of pupils on a term-time holiday without the school's permission rise from 12 in 2003/04 to 15 in 2004/05.
Schools Minister Jacqui Smith said:
"Taking a holiday during term-time can mean that children miss important school time and coursework. A term-time holiday is all too often seen as the rule, when it should be the exception.
"I am pleased to have the support of the travel industry in encouraging parents to book early for the school holiday periods, so that they can take a break without disrupting their children's education."
Keith Betton, Head of Corporate Affairs at the Association of British Travel Agents, said:
"We are pleased to be working with the Department for Education and Skills on this important campaign. Although holidays bought in the UK are some of the most competitively priced in the world, supply and demand can lead to price difference in periods of peak demand. This campaign gives families an excellent opportunity to plan and book early to keep holiday costs down."
Ian Ailles, Chairman of the Federation of Tour Operators said:
"Tour operators recognise the importance of education for all children, and we welcome this opportunity to work with the Department for Education and Skills on this campaign to encourage customers to book holidays early to travel during the school holiday periods."
Sir Digby Jones, Director-General of the CBI said:
"Where families are booking their holidays well in advance, we would urge employers to consider requests from parents sympathetically where their business needs allow. Term-time should be almost sacrosanct. The UK economy needs significantly more young people to leave school with the skills required to succeed in the workplace - ensuring more children attend school is in the interests of tomorrow's business as well as today's."
This press notice relates to 'England'
1. Annual attendance data for 2004/05 shows that overall school attendance continues to rise and has reached a new record level, with 8,000 more pupils regularly attending school every day in the previous year - 50,000 more than in 1996/97.
2. Schools and local authorities are seizing new powers such as penalty notices and parenting contracts to tackle truancy. Since last September, 3,400 penalty notices have been issued, over 5,700 parents have entered parenting contracts and around 21,000 parents have been placed on the Fast Track to Attendance system to improve their child's attendance.
3. The Every Lesson Counts campaign follows trials last year with tour operators which partnered with over 80 local authorities to offer discounts to families for the school summer holidays 2005.
Department for Education and Skills
WebWireID5684
Household / Consumer / Cosmetics
Youth / Children


text:
Student website (1,292)
Staff website (1,333)
Dutch (1,099)
Events (1,476)
Research (1,078)
Humanities (2,816)
5,535 search results for "history of political thought" in the Public website
Syeda Shawkat PhD candidate
Islam, Politics and Change Research output
The Indonesian Experience after the Fall of Suharto
Le roi sublime. Overwhelming Politics and Performance under Louis XIV Research project
This project will clarify how these concepts operated in theoretical writings on performance ,this broadened conceptual framework will not only give us a clear view on how sublime effects in performance were theorized, it will also provide us a concrete apparatus to understand the cultural and political…
Civil Society against Corruption in Ukraine: Political Roles, Advocacy Strategies and Impact Research project
This project aims to provide evidence-based knowledge on the conditions for successful anti-corruption activism in Ukraine.
Reading and Transferring the Sublime. The Scholarly Reception and Political Relevance of the Sublime in the Dutch Golden Age Research project
This research will investigate which aspects of On the sublime received attention in the intellectual milieu of the seventeenth century and how the sublime found its way in the political and artistic discourse of that time. Thus I aim to shed light on the role of art in politics and society in this…
Start project A New History of Fishes News - 28 January 2015
The NWO just announced the results of the Vrije Competitie proposals. Paul Smith, professor at the French department is, as a member of LUCAS, one of three scholars within the Faculty of Humanities at Leiden University who has been awarded this grant.
Policing European Metropolises. The politics of security in city-regions Research output
This book focuses on policing in city-regions in Europe bringing together experts from across the continent to develop a sociology of urban policing and a unique methodology for comparing different metropolises in the same country.
Coping With the Gods Research output
Inspired by a critical reconsideration of current monolithic approaches to the study of Greek religion, this book argues that ancient Greeks displayed a disquieting capacity to validate two (or more) dissonant, if not contradictory, representations of the divine world in a complementary rather than…
Political Muslims: Understanding Youth Resistance in a Global Context Research output
An interdisciplinary collection of the best international scholarship on Muslim youth.
Nicolette Mout Professor emeritus of European History
Sam de Schutter PhD candidate
Paul Kloeg PhD candidate
Jeroen Duindam Academic director/ Professor of Early Modern History
Robert Ross Professor emeritus of African Studies
Robbert Striekwold External PhD candidate / Guest
Nadine Akkerman Senior University Lecturer
Philosophical Foundations of the Historiography of Science Research project
This NWO-funded research programme focuses on the assumptions and methodology of the writing of history of science. History of science is in many respects a flourishing discipline: it currently yields an impressive volume of studies. Systematic reflection about the ways in which history of science may…
Alexander Stöger Postdoc
'Parliamentary questions as strategic party tools' (West European Politics) Research output
How many written parliamentary questions does each party put to each minister? Political scientists Simon Otjes (University of Groningen) and Tom Louwerse (Leiden University) studied the practice in Dutch parliament and found that parties use parliamentary questions strategically as part of their 'permanent…
Larissa Schulte Nordholt Lecturer
African Activism at the UN Research project
Subproject of the ERC project 'Challenging the Liberal World Order from Within: The Invisible History of the United Nations and the Global South'.
Latin America and the UN Research project
10-12 December International Conference 'The General Labour History of Africa' News - 10 December 2015
The second authors' conference of the General Labour History of Africa (GLHA) project will be held from 10 to 12 December 2015 in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Globalising Migration History. The Eurasian Experience (16th-21st centuries) Research output
This volume edited by Jan Lucassen and Leo Lucassen aims to quantify and qualify cross-cultural global migrations and was published in the series 'Studies in Global Migration History'.
Plant ageing, rejuvenation and life history strategy Research project
What are key regulators of plant ageing that can reverse ageing in plants (rejuvenation), and how can we use this knowledge to improve crop plants?
Imperial Legacies in Early-Modern South India. Dynastic Politics in the Vijayanagara Successor States Research project
This research deals with the royal houses of the Vijayanagara Empire and four of its successor states: Ikkeri, Tanjavur (under both the Nayaka and Bhonsle rulers), Madurai, and Ramnad. This study is thus concerned with dynastic politics and imperial legacies in south India between the 14th and 18th…
Moral and Political Philosophy (MA)
The master's programme in Philosophy: Moral and Political Philosophy at Leiden University offers an excellent opportunity to explore fundamental issues in moral and political philosophy.
Asylum Policy, Boat People and Political Discourse - Boats, Votes and Asylum in Australia and Italy Research output
This book compares the policies of Australia and Italy towards boat people who have arrived in the two countries since the early 1990s.
The Global Politics of Confucianism Research output
The Global Politics of Confucianism, a monograph contracted with Columbia University Press, analyzes the interaction between Confucianism and globalism in past and present, using history to critically engage Confucianism's place in contemporary international relations and policy debates.
'War history of Eduard Meijers warrants place in memorial culture' News - 28 November 2017
A group of confidants including a former student of Meijers managed to avert his deportation to a death camp. In her lecture on 27 November, Cleveringa Professor Marjan Schwegman revealed the history of the persecution of the Jewish Professor Eduard Meijers.
Suzan ten Heuw PhD candidate
Shenghao Yue PhD Candidate
Thato Magano External PhD candidate
Qinggang Hao PhD candidate
Dirk de Vries Professor
Ako Tsujita PhD candidate
Zhengshan Jiao PhD candidate
Manfred Horstmanshoff Professor Emeritus History of medicine
The Routledge Handbook of Maritime Trade around Europe 1300-1600 Research output
This book explores the links between maritime trading networks around Europe, from the Mediterranean and the Atlantic to the North and Baltic Seas.
Robert Stein Senior University Lecturer in Medieval History
Congruence between voters and parties: The role of party‐level issue salience Research output
The level of congruence between parties and their voters can vary greatly from one policy issue to another, which raises questions regarding the effectiveness of political representation. We seek to explain variation in party–voter congruence across issues and parties.
Maartje Janse Associate professor
The Politics of Memory in the Low Countries, 1566-1700 Research project
This subproject offers a political and transnational perspective on the development and uses of public memories of the Revolt in the seventeenth century.
André Gerrits Professor of International Studies and Global Politics
Eduard van de Bilt Guest
Henk te Velde Professor of Dutch History
Herman Paul appointed Professor of History of the Humanities News - 11 December 2018
The Executive Board has appointed Herman Paul (Institute for History) as Professor of History of the Humanities. He will take up the role from 1 January 2019.
Influencing your health with your behaviour and thoughts Research Dossier: Taking care of your health
Psychological processes have a major effect on the course of a disease and the effects of medical treatment. Researchers in the field of Psychoneurobiology examine the interactions between body and mind. They investigate the effects of stress as well as the effect of placebos and nocebos, which can…
Rethinking African history Research project
This Collaborative Research Group acts primarily as a platform for discussion of historical issues related to the African continent, its place in the world and in African Studies.
Performing the Sublime. Theatre & Politics in Seventeenth-Century Amsterdam Research project
The project will clarify that in the search for these new means the treatise On the sublime of ps.-Longinus played a crucial role. However, the project will also place the theatre performances in a broader social and political perspective. These public events and the theatre performances suggest that…
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text:
Find a local QualitySolicitors branch
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When building work, repairs or improvements are carried out to a property, the work may impact on neighbours who share a wall or boundary. Therefore the Party Wall Act was introduced to minimise disputes between neighbours when work is being completed. The Party Wall Act covers work to shared walls but can also cover work being carried out close to neighbouring boundaries or buildings.
A property owner has a duty to inform neighbours about any work they intend to carry out. The neighbour then has the opportunity to agree or object to the plans. The rules of the agreement - such as time limits, compensation and temporary protection for buildings and property - should also be discussed. If a neighbour does not agree to the work, this does not necessarily mean it cannot go ahead as an independent surveyor can be appointed to decide what work can be done, and how and when.
At QualitySolicitors we advise on all matters involving party walls. We can explain what types of work are covered by the Party Wall Act; advise what to do if you've received a party wall notice, or help you issue a notice before undertaking your own work.
We offer a free initial assessment promise, meaning you can chat to us about your own particular case with no obligations. With our no hidden costs and same day response promises, getting answers to your questions is quick and straightforward, so give us a call on 08082747557 and find out how we can help you.
There are so many complex legal aspects relating to housing and property and, as they're such cherished and valuable assets, it's imperative that you make sure the law is giving you as much support and protection as possible. Is it really worth the risk of not speaking to a property solicitor when we're so accessible, efficient and friendly?
In a world where many of us live in close proximity to our neighbours, it's not uncommon for confusion regarding boundaries to arise. However, when handled correctly, a boundary dispute doesn't have to mean falling out with your neighbours. Many boundary issues can be resolved amicably and fairly.
Dealing with property issues can sometimes be complex - particularly when other parties are involved. That's why contracts exist to help things run smoothly. And whether you own or rent property, at some stage you will probably enter into a contract with another party.
Moving home isn't cheap, which is why it's important that you choose the right legal team to carry out your conveyancing.
If you're homeless or being threatened with homelessness, it can be a confusing and lonely time. And if your local council isn't providing the help you need, you may not know where to turn next. That's where QualitySolicitors can help.
Leasehold properties are a diminishing asset, which is why purchasing the freehold title of your house, terrace, maisonette or flat may be financially beneficial to you. It is more common for flats to be sold as leaseholds, but some new build houses can be sold as leaseholds too. Without owning the freehold title, it will cost each time you wish to extend the lease and you will have ongoing expenses to your freeholder for insurance, service charges and ground rent. In addition, some contract clauses may be unappealing to buyers, which could make your property unsellable.
All leasehold properties have an expiry date, meaning the ownership of the property will revert back to the freehold owner once the lease term comes to an end. To prevent that from happening and losing your asset, keep track of your lease length and don't let it get too low. The shorter the period left on the lease, the quicker the leasehold will diminish in value.
If you're looking for advice about leaseholds, we're here to help. Leasehold is a particular type of property ownership that comes with its own unique legal rights and responsibilities. Many flats in the UK are sold on a leasehold basis but leasehold can apply to other properties too.
In an ideal world, we would all get on with our neighbours all of the time. But in reality, living close to other people can sometimes be difficult and disagreements can arise. If left unresolved, minor annoyances can often turn into major disputes so it's always best to tackle issues as soon as they occur and try your best to stay on good terms with your neighbours.
Whether you're buying, selling, renting or leasing property or land abroad, there will be times when you need to present documentation to foreign authorities. And because every country has its own property laws, it's important to ensure your documents will be accepted. It may therefore be necessary to have the documents validated (notarised) by a Notary in the UK.
If you are looking to make changes to your home, there are planning laws that say what you can, and cannot do. There are also certain processes to follow. QualitySolicitors take away many of the worries as we know you have enough on your plate.
If you're a homeowner or tenant facing problems keeping up the repayments on your property, you may be concerned about the threat of eviction, or having your home repossessed. In these circumstances it's natural to feel worried but at QualitySolicitors we have expert property solicitors on hand to help. We can answer all the questions you may have and will help you do everything possible to remain in your home.
At QualitySolicitors we believe it's important for people to live in a home that meets the requirements of their family. Sometimes, for various reasons, your current home may not be suitable for the needs of you and your family. In these circumstances you may wish to be rehoused or transferred to another property.
Choosing to buy the freehold title of your property may prove too costly or lengthy, which is why you may consider taking over the management responsibilities of the property from the freeholder instead. While this won't grant you all of the benefits of owning the freehold, it will give you and your fellow leaseholders more control over the common areas of your property through a process known as Right to Manage.
Being forced to leave your home is upsetting and stressful whatever the circumstances. But if your landlord has evicted you without following the correct procedures, they may have broken the law and you may be able to take action against them.
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text:
Salix babylonica L.
Synonyms: S. pendula Moench
A tree usually under 40 ft high, but up to 60 ft or even more if it lives long enough, the rugged trunk branching low and supporting a wide-spreading head of branches, the very slender terminal twigs of which hang down perpendicularly; these are glabrous except near the nodes. Leaves lance-shaped, with long, slender points, narrowed to the base, finely toothed, 3 to 4 in. long, 1⁄2 to 3⁄4 in. wide, slightly silky when young, soon quite glabrous, light green above, glaucous beneath; petiole about 3⁄16 in. long, downy in the groove on the upper side, otherwise glabrous. Stipules usually present on strong shoots, obliquely ovate or lanceolate, soon deciduous. Catkins always female on the commonly cultivated form, dense, slender, about 1 in. long, appearing in April with the young leaves, almost sessile, with one to three small leaves at the base; scales persistent, lanceolate-ovate, with a blunt or acuminate apex, yellowish, hairy towards the base and at the edge. Ovary almost sessile, ovoid, glabrous; style very short, stout; stigmas spreading, more or less two-lobed. Nectary one, posterior (between the ovary and the axis of the catkin), very short.
S. babylonica, at least in its typical state, is known only as a cultivated tree, introduced to Europe from the Near East in the first or second decade of the 18th century, perhaps some years earlier (see further below). The weeping forms by which it is chiefly known are doubtless mutants from some species of normal habit, but no such species is to be found wild anywhere in western or central Eurasia at the present time. The nearest ally of S. babylonica is S. matsudana (q.v.) of northern China, which indeed is part of S. babylonica as understood by botanists of the last century, and with good reason, for no one has yet advanced any convincing reason for regarding them as distinct species. The most likely hypothesis is that S. babylonica was brought from northern China along the ancient trade route to south-west Asia. In Tadjikstan, through which this route passed, there are at least three cultivated clones of S. babylonica, one of them male (Skvortsov, Ivi SSSR, pp. 114-5). In N.W. India and bordering Tibet male trees are by far the commoner and may well belong to a single clone, judging from the great similarity of herbarium specimens from that region. From the Near East, all the specimens seen (with the exception of some probable hybrids) are very like the female form of S. babylonica originally brought to Europe, which is the type of the species. But the centre of variation of the S. babylonica-matsudana complex, as might be expected, is in the Far East, where several cultivated forms have been given specific rank.
The first European to record the existence of S. babylonica was Sir George Wheeler, Bt, who saw it near Bursa in western Anatolia in 1676; it has even been suggested that he introduced it to Britain, as he did Hypericum calycinum and H. olympicum. The earliest botanical mention of the weeping willow is to be found in Tournefort's Corollarium, in which that great French botanist recorded the plants he found during his journey in the Levant (1700-2); he too has been credited with its introduction. According to Peter Collinson, the original weeping willow was brought to England about 1730 by 'Mr Vernon, Turkey Merchant at Aleppo, from the river Euphrates, and planted at his seat at Twickenham Park, where I saw it in 1748'. It is, however, open to doubt whether this tree was the 'original' in the sense of being the only source of the plants cultivated in Europe. The London nurserymen were offering it in 1730, and may well have imported it on their own account. The most famous tree in the 18th century grew in the garden of the poet Alexander Pope at Twickenham. There is a story that he was one day in the company of Lady Suffolk, when she received a parcel from Spain tied up by willow twigs, and that, noticing one of the twigs was alive, he begged it and planted it at Twickenham, where it grew into the celebrated weeping willow of his villa garden. This was certainly not the first Salix babylonica to be grown in this country, and it is probable that the plant came from Pope's neighbour Vernon, or was simply bought from one of the London nurseries.
Linnaeus, author of the misleading name Salix babylonica, encountered the weeping willow in the Clifford garden at Hartecamp in the Netherlands, and described it in the Hortus Cliffortianus (1738). Unfortunately the tree there (and younger plants raised from it by layering) had not yet flowered, but there seems to be little doubt that Clifford's willow was the common female clone. Linnaeus evidently believed that the weeping willow came from the ancient Babylon and was the willow of the Psalmist: 'By the rivers of Babylon, there we sat down, yea, we wept, when we remembered Zion. We hanged our harps upon the willows in the midst thereof. But, as is now well known, the 'willows' of Babylon, which was situated on the lower Euphrates, south of Baghdad, were Populus euphratica. The confusion arose because the name 'gharab', which in biblical times meant poplar, later came to signify willow, and was so translated when the vernacular versions of the Bible were compiled at the time of the Reformation.
S. babylonica is now cultivated in many parts of the world, but in Europe, at least in the colder parts, it has become a very rare tree, for it is by no means hardy, and even where it survives the average winter it may be damaged by spring-frost. As early as 1869 the German dendrologist Koch referred to it as a fast disappearing tree, and Elwes and Henry, writing early this century, could find only two examples of any size in Britain, both of them nearing the end of their lives. The various hybrids that came gradually to take the place of the original S. babylonica are discussed under S. × sepulcralis.
The Napoleon willow, of which so much has been written, was planted by the grave of Napoleon on St Helena after his death in 1821. There were several plants, which gradually died out. There is no doubt that they were typical S. babylonica, but the name "Salix Napoleonis" was used by unscrupulous nurserymen for other willows, to profit from the extraordinary magic of Napoleon's memory in the decades following his death. For further information see the interesting article by U. Forskhufvud, Act. Hort. Gotoburg., Vol. 26, 5-18 (1963). The Napoleon willow that once grew at Kew was raised from a cutting brought home by the Kew collector Thomas Fraser in 1825. For an amusing account of the early history of this plant see the note by James Smith, a former Curator of Kew Gardens, in Gard. Chron. (1867), p. 105, or his book Records Roy. Bot. Gard. Kew (1880), pp. 261-2. This tree died in the drought of 1867, and no propagation from it has survived.
cv. 'Crispa' ('Annularis'). – A curious form whose leaves are twisted into rings or spirally curved. It has little beauty (S. babylonica var. crispa Loud.; S. annularis Forbes). This sport has been known since early in the 19th century, and was said to be even more tender than the normal form. It is possible that some plants grown under the name at the present time are of independent origin and do not derive from S. babylonica.
S. 'Lavallei'. – Very near to S. babylonica, but of less pendulous habit. It is a male clone, with slender almost sessile catkins about 1 in. long (S. japonica Lavallei Hort.; S. babylonica var. Lavallei Dode). The original tree in Lavallée's Segrez Arboretum was said to have come from Japan and may have been the male clone now known there as S. babylonica var. lavallei f. seiko Kimura. 'Lavallei' was introduced to Kew shortly before 1898 but is no longer in the collection. Its catkins are portrayed in Gard. Chron., Vol. 76 (1924), fig. 325.
'Salix babylonica' from the website Trees and Shrubs Online (treesandshrubsonline.org/articles/salix/salix-babylonica/). Accessed 2020-01-18.
S. pendula Moench
Infraspecifics
Salix babylonica 'Crispa' ('Annularis')
Salix aegyptiaca
Salix amygdaloides
Salix arbuscula
Salix arbutifolia
Salix arctica
Salix aurita
Salix bockii
Salix 'Boydii'
Salix caesia
Salix candida
Salix caprea
Salix cordata
Salix daphnoides
Salix discolor
Salix elaeagnos
Salix exigua
Salix fargesii
Salix fragilis
Salix glabra
Salix gracilistyla
Salix hastata
Salix herbacea
Salix hookeriana
Salix humboldtiana
Salix irrorata
Salix japonica
Salix jessoensis
Salix lanata
Salix lapponum
Salix lasiandra
Salix lindleyana
Salix lucida
Salix magnifica
Salix matsudana
Salix × meyeriana
Salix × mollissima
Salix moupinensis
Salix myrsinifolia
Salix myrsinites
Salix myrtilloides
Salix nakamurana
Salix nigra
Salix nigricans
Salix pentandra
Salix petiolaris
Salix phylicifolia
Salix purpurea
Salix pyrifolia
Salix rigida
Salix × rubra
Salix sachalinensis
Salix × sepulcralis
Salix × sericans
Salix sericea
Salix silesiaca
Salix starkeana
Salix × subalpina
Salix triandra
Salix uva-ursi
Salix wilhelmsiana
Salix scouleriana
nectary
Gland or surface from which nectar is secreted.
Lowest part of the carpel containing the ovules; later developing into the fruit.
acuminate
Narrowing gradually to a point.
(in Casuarinaceae) Portion of branchlet between each whorl of leaves.
Organism arising via vegetative or asexual reproduction.
glaucous
Grey-blue often from superficial layer of wax (bloom).
A collection of preserved plant specimens; also the building in which such specimens are housed.
lanceolate
Lance-shaped; broadest in middle tapering to point.
Egg-shaped solid.
petiole
Leaf stalk.
sessile
Lacking a stem or stalk.
'Crispa' ('Annularis')
A curious form whose leaves are twisted into rings or spirally curved. It has little beauty (S. babylonica var. crispa Loud.; S. annularis Forbes). This sport has been known since early in the 19th century, and was said to be even more tender than the normal form. It is possible that some plants grown under the name at the present time are of independent origin and do not derive from S. babylonica.S. 'Lavallei'. – Very near to S. babylonica, but of less pendulous habit. It is a male clone, with slender almost sessile catkins about 1 in. long (S. japonica Lavallei Hort.; S. babylonica var. Lavallei Dode). The original tree in Lavallée's Segrez Arboretum was said to have come from Japan and may have been the male clone now known there as S. babylonica var. lavallei f. seiko Kimura. 'Lavallei' was introduced to Kew shortly before 1898 but is no longer in the collection. Its catkins are portrayed in Gard. Chron., Vol. 76 (1924), fig. 325.


Boundaries are the limits a person can set on what they will accept and how people treat them. Knowing how to set boundaries for yourself is one of the most important life skills to learn. In an ideal situation, your parents and/or the other adults in your life showed you how to set boundaries through their actions and words. Unfortunately, a lot of the time, this doesn't happen. And setting boundaries becomes a skill that people spend most, if not all of their lives trying to figure out on their own. Basically like playing the same video game level over and over again, trying to learn this same lesson. Setting boundaries can be hard or even feel impossible. Especially if you are used to your boundaries being laughed at, ignored, pushed aside, or not even acknowledged (this is common in child emotional, physical, and/or sexual abuse, child neglect, intimate partner violence/domestic violence, systemic racism, etc.). People in these situations learn to live with the fear that if they set boundaries, even really small ones (like needing alone time or a safe space), they will be punished for it. In the face of danger and/or fear, people mainly talk about fight and flight, but another common response is not resisting. The person begins to belief that no resistance = no pain. This also happens on a society-level. Society sees marginalized people setting boundaries as rude. Having no boundaries allows people full access to you and oppressors feel entitled to the bodies, cultures, etc. of others. That's why setting a boundary like kneeling for the National Anthem can cause so much outrage. Laws and society's expectations respect the boundaries of certain people while dehumanizing others to many different degrees depending on race, gender, ability, etc. In this post, I'm going to talk about what boundaries do and how to start setting solid personal boundaries. Firm solid boundaries are so necessary for good mental and physical health, for interacting with the people in your life, and for community-building.
Setting boundaries is a way to take care of yourself and your emotional/psychological needs (Check out this post explaining self care). Firm boundaries protect people from emotional harm, burn out, feeling drained, etc. Like how the skin, skulls, rib cages, etc. protects important organs in our body. Setting boundaries is a part of having good mental health and living a more satisfying life. Making solid boundaries gives everyone involved the opportunity to make sure their emotional needs are taken care of and to continue to enthusiastically consent to dealing with a given person/situation. When you trust other people to respect your boundaries, there's a freedom there. You feel more comfortable being relaxed and being yourself because you don't need to worry about any threats. Also boundaries are not hard and fast rules. They change as you change and as your needs and the situation in your life changes. Boundaries are not about setting limits on other people's behaviors. You can't control other people. You can only change and control yourself. Boundaries are ultimately for you, not for other people. They are guidelines for yourself so you can figure out what's best for you in each situation.
I already said No. I'm not repeating myself.
I don't want to talk about this right now. Give me an hour.
If you keep doing this, I am going to leave/block you.
Notice that these boundaries focus on what you can do for yourself and your own behaviors. Again, boundaries aren't about other people's actions. Boundaries aren't "You can't say that so stop it". That's trying to control someone else's behavior. What you can do is separate yourself from people: block them, stop doing business with them, stop giving them money, etc. Setting boundaries requires a realistic awareness of yourself and compassion towards your own psychological/emotional needs.
Some people have a hard time with setting boundaries due to feeling guilty or anxious. Like I mentioned before, someone feeling guilt and/or anxiety when setting boundaries could come from trauma and/or multiple experiences of people and society telling you that you don't get to have respected boundaries. That right there is definitely grounds for self-reflection and/or working that out in therapy. Like I mentioned in the self-care post, taking care of mental and physical health is not selfish. You will be a stronger and happier person in the long run if you protect your whole body and self. And on the other hand, if you think other people setting boundaries is rude, it really says A LOT more about you than it does about the person setting the boundary. Self-reflection is important here. What is making you feel like you deserve access to this person in this way? Who are you really? Check that entitlement.
I've noticed that many conflicts and issues come up because at the end of the day, many people don't know how to set clear, firm personal boundaries. It can be hard for many people to know where to start. I'll help.
One place to start is coming to a place where you internalize and truly believe that you have just as much of a right to boundaries as anyone else. Trauma, etc. could have you feeling like you don't need or deserve protection, but everybody will burn out after awhile without taking care of themselves. Wearing a coat in cold weather doesn't make someone weak, lazy, or selfish and neither does taking care of your mental and emotional health.
Know yourself and your limitations. If you don't know yourself, you're not gonna be able to communicate that to someone else. For the record, having limits isn't a bad thing. It's a human thing. Nobody is limitless and knowing your personal limits is another way of taking care of yourself, prioritizing yourself, and helping yourself grow.
Being more mindful of yourself is very helpful in learning how to set firm boundaries. Finding the right mindfulness technique(s) for you can increase self-awareness, help you manage anger and/or cravings, make it easier to understand your own emotions, etc. Check out my post here on mindfulness for more information.
Individual or group therapy could help you work through the deeper things possibly going on for you. It isn't wrong to need professional help with figuring out how to make setting clear, strong boundaries easier and managing any related emotions, thoughts, and/or traumas that may come along. People need backup. That's real.
If I had a dollar for every time I've seen a situation turn sour between people because of paper-thin boundaries, my rent in NYC would be covered forever. For many people setting clear, firm boundaries is something that was never really taught. Boundaries don't always feel nice, but they're always necessary. Getting to a place where you really believe your mental, emotional, and physical health deserves to be protected and that you're not weak, rude, etc. for setting boundaries is a struggle for many. Using self-reflection, mindfulness techniques, and/or therapy can help you learn your personal boundaries and be able to communicate them clearly to other people. Firm, clear boundaries will completely change your life and the way you engage with people at school, work, home, etc. And you will be in less and less complicated, vague situations if that's not what you actually want.
Thanks for reading. The next post will be about the psychological impact of the War on Drugs on our communities.


G4E Cat Rescue Escape is another point & click escape game developed by Games4Escape. In this game, a cat entered a cage, but unfortunately the cage got closed. You must find the key to free the cat with the help of useful objects to interact with and by solving puzzles. Good luck and have fun!
hi all! I have a flag and a paper with 4 colors.. and i cant do anything, anyone help please?
Any help on the 4 directional colors would be appreciated.


Dream interpretations and re-imaginings in the films of Deborah Levy and Jane Thorburn, Mieke Bal and Michelle Williams Gamaker, Daria Martin, Catherine Yass.
With a reading by Deborah Levy.
'If the birth of psychoanalysis offered methods to investigate the unconscious mind, there is no doubt that personal and political conflicts, and above all rage and hopelessness, continue to speak through the body in our own century.' Deborah Levy.
In Freud's Lost Lecture, the writer Deborah Levy imagines a lost lecture written by Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, accompanied by the dream-like images of the film-maker Jane Thorburn. In One of the Things that Makes Me Doubt (2010-11), artist Daria Martin returns to her late grandmothers dream diaries, spoken through the voices of the actors and collaborators of Martin's films. The artist Catherine Yass shares her dream recollections as video diary in Waking Dream (2008).
Deborah Levy will give a reading relating to Freud's Lost Lecture, and will be in conversation with Jane Thorburn and Catherine Yass about the legacy of Freud's dream analysis for creative reinterpretations of the unconscious mind.
And we are pleased to present Michelle Williams Gamaker and Mieke Bal's Freud Museum collaboration Sissi in Analysis (2012).


I am now offering a family photograph album design and supply service…..
Families today take thousands of photographs with their cameras, and, particularly their phones. For many these photographs will sit forever on computer hard drives rarely viewed. Many of us, unlike our parents, never collate and present these pictures in albums for future generations to view and treasure. Our parents may have albums full of blurry bleached out photographs of people stood awkwardly in front of random places but their value is unquantifiable. It is only after loved ones pass away do we truly recognise the importance and role photographs have to play in our lives. We lead busier and busier lives and finding the time to organise family photographs and present them in albums is becoming increasingly difficult. Go online and there are countless companies offering do-it-yourself digital photo albums but they still rely on you doing all the time consuming leg work of preparing your photographs to lay out over the pages of an album.
The risk we run is our children will simply inherit hard drives full of thousands of images, and they too will be overwhelmed at the thought of sorting them into books. Family photo albums are a legacy, they are history, they provide us with a sense of belonging and help us understand who we are and where we came from.
Part of my job as a professional photographer is to design photo albums for my clients. I've done this now for almost 20 years. I've supplied literally thousands of books over that time. I am now expanding my service to offer families and individuals the opportunity to have their own precious photos designed into books. I will do all the hard work of ensuring the pictures look their best for printing and then lay them out so they sit well together and flow though an album.
The process is simple. You send me your digital pictures via Dropbox or Wetransfer, it could be 50 or 1000, it's entirely up to you They could be general family snaps from the last 10 years, or photographs from a special family occasion or holiday. Or you may be wishing to give a book of old photos to a grandparent as a present. Having received your pictures I'll get them looking great and then design a book with them all in. You can even ask to have your pictures with accompanying text. I'll then ask you to approve the design online, and once you're happy, the book is ordered and a few weeks later it arrives at your home. I offer a range of books to choose from, starting with the Digital Book. (See pictures below). These have a hard cover, premium print paper and durable traditional library binding ensuring longevity. They come in a range of sizes 7″ square, 10″x8″ landscape and 12″ square. If your budget can accommodate it you could choose a Picture Book with rigid lay flat pages and a leather or linen cover. (again please see examples below). It's not a problem if your photographs are not digital. Just post me your prints special delivery. We scan them and create a high quality digital copy for use in the book. If your old photographs require restoration work we can take care of that too.
For up to 100 digital photographs, optimised for print and presented over 50 sides (25 pages) in a 12″ square hard back digital book with premium paper, a picture cover and shipped to your address the inclusive cost is £285.00. Add additional images for .75 pence each. Add accompanying text for .30 pence per caption or sentence. Need extra copies of the album? Not a problem, a duplicate copy of this example book would be £85.00.
To scan prints there is an additional charge of £1.50 per print. For restoration work the price varies from £5.00, for minor scratch removal and colour adjustment to £75.00 for very complex work. We can even deal with torn photographs! Exact prices for photo restoration work can only be given after having sight of the prints. All corrected and optimised images, wether they be print scans or your digital files are also sent back to you so you can archive them safely.
The whole process can be easily managed via phone and email and you are always welcome to call here at the studio, nr Altrincham, Greater Manchester for a face to face consultation if you prefer.
I very much look forward to hearing from you should you have a any queries.