This entry was tagged ASD, asperger's, autism, communication, diagnosis, misdiagnosis, non-verbal, research, selective mutism, self-advocacy. Bookmark the permalink.
This is so well written. I think it really shows that you are taking this seriously and that you are being open, accurate, and honest. I sincerely hope the clinician you see can see that.
Thankyouthankyouthankyou. I hope so too!
I think this is excellent as well. I know how stressful this whole thing is. Hang in there!
I think all of your readers will recognize your Aspieness. Keeping my fingers crossed that the so-called 'professionals' will see it too.
I know that in Belgium and the Netherlands, Asperger's Syndrome (AS) will continue to be an official diagnosis until the DSM-5 gets translated into Dutch (and French I presume, but not sure when that will be) somewhere in 2014.
However, since the only clinical difference between Asperger's and Autism is early language delays, I prefer Autism. Asperger's does not make me "high functioning" more so than Autism (and besides, functioning labels are not very accurate anyway). And whenever I go mute (which is a thing likely to happen when I confront the diagnostician with this letter, hence why I wrote it all down in the first place), does that mean I'm not a proper Aspie because Aspies are so goddamn verbal? If I can lose my high functioning label at the drop of a hat, what do I have left to set myself apart from "real" Autism?
Nothing. I am autistic. Autistic people are my tribe, my people. We're all on the spectrum together. We get treated better or worse according to what others think of our functioning. Whether we are "normal" enough. And that's simply wrong and I will never willingly be a party to that kind of treatment. I will not set myself apart by arbitrary definitions of "normality" that get defined by people who have no idea what it's like to be autistic and who have been telling us our entire lives to SIMPLY TRY HARDER to fit in. Well, I'm 36 now, and it's still not working.
Sorry for the rant. I fully respect other people's rights to call themselves Aspies or Aspergians or whatever feels right for them, especially people who have been diagnosed under DSM-IV. (Why is it always DSM-IV and DSM-5? That mix of roman and arabic numerals drives me nuts). Anyway. I just don't want Aspie to become a synonym for "non-scary almost-normal autistic person". And that's why I choose to call myself autistic.
I believe the change from roman to arabic numerals was to facilitate the making of multiple revisions in each edition (5.1, 5.2 etc as opposed to what they did, which is DSM-IV-TR).
Sorry, I hope I didn't make you feel as if I was targeting you specifically, by the way. The only trigger was that you assumed I was looking for an Asperger's diagnosis, when in fact I am looking for an Autism diagnosis.
No harm done. 🙂 And sorry from my part too, I didn't intend to offend you.
I am quite new to the ASD-world and have noticed that Asperger and Autism are often used as synonyms, so I didn't really think before I replied. After thinking it trough, though, I agree that Autism is more suitable as a diagnose, as all people on the spectrum have some basic characteristics in common.
But… About your remark on loosing the 'high functioning label' when going mute… I'm using an example from the gited label here, because I've read more about it and I think this particular example fits here too. There has been a symposium on giftedness in the Netherlands (Hoogbegaafd, dat zie je zó!) where they came up with a definition of giftedness by joining the points of view of different gifted giftedness professionals. They only had one problem: What about prestation? If you can't show to the ouside world that you are gifted, are you really gifted? Is giftedness all about who you are and how you experience the world or is it a way for others to label you?
If you go mute, that doesn't mean that all of a sudden your IQ drops and you are not at the high functioning side of the spectrum anymore; it means you are currently unable to show in which way you are autistic and an outsider may give you a different label.
To resume, as the measurement methods for intelligence and verbal expression are very subjective and tied to the moment and therefore the observer may have the wrong perception, I think you are completely right to be looking for an Autism diagnose. When diagnosed, we should all be diagnosed with an Autism Spectrum Disorder, Autism in short. But you yourself can decide from the inside out which of the different types of Autism suits you best; if you usually are verbal (which I suppose you are, deducing from your ability to write long blog posts) you could say that you fit into the category of autist with Asperger Syndrome, I guess.
Yay! I'm glad you didn't feel attacked. I'm still learning a lot about autism and the autistic blogging community every day and I'm happy to hear you're curious and open to new insights! I hope you'll be willing to teach me some things along the way as well!
What you say about measurement methods being tied to the moment and observers maybe getting the wrong impression is actually precisely why I wrote this post. I've learned how to fit in SO WELL that it's actually tripping me up in getting diagnosed. Because the one thing that getting fired so often has taught me? IS TO BECOME REALLY OUTSTANDING AT INTERVIEWS. I have had more job interviews than ALL of my family, friends, and coworkers COMBINED. Not kidding. So yeah, interviews are not really a good way to assess my functioning.
Can I ask you a question if it's not too personal? You mention in your list several things that resonated a lot with me, like the poor spatial awareness and clumsiness, as well as what I can only assume are bouts of dizziness, also with not being able to tolerate bright fluorescent lights. Do you have hypermobile joints, as in do some or all of your joints invert or over-extend?
I'm not sure about hypermobile, although I'm definitely very flexible. I've started doing yoga again and the teacher also commented on the ease with which I executed some poses (although I had lots of trouble with some as well). My grandmother was a classic "refrigerator mother" (I adored her, but my father said she never showed him or his brother any maternal feelings) and she could bend her thumb so far back that it nearly touched the side of her hand.
I don't feel dizzy very often, although more often than most people I think? But the dizziness and cold sweats usually happen in classic hypotension situations (getting up too fast, yoga) so I'm not sure if that's related to my spatial awareness.
Yeah, I've read about that, thank you for offering some more information!
I always say, if it doesn't impair my day-to-day functioning, then it's not a disorder or a disease or a syndrome at all. I spend a lot of time online. It's not an internet addiction until I skip work or appointments in order to be online. That's the difference.
I mean, everyone will probably recognise several things here, which I've based on the clinical descriptions in the DSM. That's what gives rise to that awful phrase "but everyone is a little bit autistic really". Sure, but does it impair you? Does it get you fired from most of the jobs you've had, because your social skills are that bad? That's the difference.
You left "well organized" off your list! This is a great letter. I hope they listen and give it the attention it deserves because you've made a great case for ASD. Fingers and toes crossed for you.
Haha, well organised when I really force myself to be! This list took me 4 hours to write (and countless handwritten drafts in the MONTHS before that). Had to keep checking whether my things fit the diagnostic criteria (which was a really good tip from Mados by the way). Thanks for the compliment!
Thank you, that's a really nice compliment to get!
That is an excellent, very well organised list.
Also, a lot of it is like looking into a mirror! Except I'm not a walking encyclopedia or can memorise scripts and have certainly not taught myself electrical engineering or anything like that … but the sensory and social issues and many of the strengths sounds very similar.
Why are the sensory issues listed under "Restricted interests or behaviours"?
And I think you are right. Your listed points combine into what sounds like an autistic profile, and I certainly think the points are relevant pieces in the puzzle of your core problem.
However, they may focus on you saying "these things do not count as impairments" et.c several times and be like "Ok that's all cool then, don't fix what isn't broken". Their focus may be "What does she want from us, and why?" So they may want to know how a diagnosis would help you with your core problem, since you basically say that core problem is your only bad problem and the reason you contact them. They may look for the practical function of a diagnosis, such as: what do you need… Social skill classes? Career counseling specialising in persons with Asperger's Syndrome? and how will a diagnosis give you that so that you can better maintain yourself in work.
So maybe a good approach could be to have a list of the things you need and where a diagnosis would help you get that particular support to combine with your list.
I think I'm better off finding my own supports, but an official diagnosis will be important if for instance employers refuse to acknowledge some of my needs. I'm still the person who can do all the stuff they hired me to do, "capable of dealing with loud noises" is not a part of my job description. So with a diagnosis I can actually point that out and make a case out of it. One practical instance for example is my bank who "punishes" me for every overdraft by blocking my direct debit for 4 months. Overdraft is bad but once I've fixed that, there shouldn't be any additional hurdles. And taking away my direct debit severely impacts my life because I need it to pay my bills on time, it's my main crutch. I'm still clearing away the debt debris from my last overdraft in January.
Basically what I wanted to say is that with an official diagnosis, I can tell them that for an autistic person the "punishment" and the extremely severe consequences it has is in no way proportionate to the "offense". So hopefully I can not only self-advocate with my bank, but do some activisty stuff as well.
but an official diagnosis will be important if for instance employers refuse to acknowledge some of my needs. I'm still the person who can do all the stuff they hired me to do, "capable of dealing with loud noises" is not a part of my job description. So with a diagnosis I can actually point that out and make a case out of it.
OK. That may work, I would just be very cautious to not antagonise the employer though… To demanding accommodations and threaten with making a case of it with a diagnosis in hand may make them vary of you so that they actually would rather not have you in their company… thinking that you could start a case any time about something you needed that would cost them time, effort and/or money… that would probably worsen your core problem as you have described it elsewhere.
With the bank, I can't see the relevance of an autism diagnosis for overdrafts, and definitely not something a bank would need to recognise. Also, it sounds like an extreme overdraft penalty your bank has, it is obviously counter-productive to block people's direct debits for 4 months. That does not even make sense. Are all banks in Holland like that? Otherwise you could just change bank.
Protection. Not for use except in case of emergency.
And not for the overdraft. Overdraft means you don't have money. That's logical. What is not logical is not being able to use direct debit even when you DO have the money. That's the punishment. And it's disproportionate.
And I'm not even sure I would use a diagnosis for all of that I'm just flailing about for something that makes sense and that would give me just a little bit more credibility even though the more I say the more it sounds exactly like what my parents are scoffing at it's not a get out of jail free card but I just want people to LISTEN and take me seriously and that's never going to happen unless I have proof.
That's about it. I think.
Your strategy of self-reliance is good and has (highly likely) given you a much better and more productive life than you would have had otherwise.
It is just that from their perspective, they have a task description and limited resources which they obviously want to allocate to people who need help most . For you a diagnosis is about identity and validation and belonging in a subculture (please correct me if I am wrong). None of those "soft" parameters would mean anything for mental health professionals with a limited budget and "hard parameter" descriptions to operate within. Basically the real reason you want the diagnosis is probably not valid to them, and the reasons they find valid are lingering in the fringes of what you consider the core matter.
I know this is very frustrating for you, but at the core of it is a very good sign! That you've done really well working around your issues and building a life that suits you and where you thrive. You are basically having an autistic personality type without many of the really serious life-wrecking downsides and you also seems like a person who people like and connect with easily. That is all very good.
I think it's mostly how much energy it takes to keep functioning on this level and how I'm absolutely TERRIFIED of anyone figuring out how bad it can be. It's like balancing on a knife edge.
Oh well. I'm used to doing without the support. It's stressful but I've managed so far and I'll continue to manage, one way or another.
My main plan for work related issues was to explain to my supervisors about the things I have trouble with, like smiling at the wrong times and sounding overly sure of myself etc. But that depended on me being able to say I am autistic. I can't say I'm autistic when I'm not. And there's something inside me that says I need to give a damn good reason for not being able to do those things. So that's why I'm a bit stuck on the work front. This all needs to go into a new post.
My main plan for work related issues was to explain to my supervisors about the things I have trouble with, like smiling at the wrong times and sounding overly sure of myself etc. But that depended on me being able to say I am autistic.
That is a good reason. Did you explain that to the people who did the diagnostic interview?
I can't say I'm autistic when I'm not.
I think you are autistic, based on your list above and your childhood footage and some of the things you have written. I am not a professional of course, but I am quite good at patterns.
What they say doesn't make you autistic or not autistic. A diagnosis would give you "evidence" to show to support your explanation at work and I can see how that could be helpful, but it doesn't change who you are. Obviously the core of the matter – whether your mind operate in an autistic way, with all its aspects both strengths and problems – is about what you are. But what the health professionals focus on is degree of impairment – Their focus is on negative aspects only because that is what health profs are supposed to do – fix problems. Where there is no problem they'll see themselves as irrelevant for the matter and that they should focus their energy elsewhere.
I very much get that… It is sort of unfair. Like you work extremely hard to climb trees just to be like an average monkey when you are actually a fish and not designed to climb trees!
Sorry about all the typos… You're more than welcome to fix them.
Also, reading your reply to Goele above, I realise I might trigger the "Aspergers" button as well. I'm not much into the details of that. I don't perceive any significant difference between Aspergers/Pervasive Developmental Disorder/High-Functioning Autism et.c., but I can see from your perspective that you do, and respect that.
I used to see all the definitions as equal too until I realised NT people felt far more comfortable with the term Asperger's. And I'm a prodder. I like making people uncomfortable when that forces them to re-evaluate their prejudice and bias and unconscious thoughts. In short, I like making people think. And that's why I stopped saying Asperger's and starting saying "I'm autistic". But only as it applies to me. Aspergers and HFA and PDD-NOS, we're all in the same spectrum boat together and the sea is very wild and we need each other to keep us from drowning.
That is not my experience. Everything I have heard about Aspergers offline (not much) has been very negative. That has been from the few persons I have encountered who have had any exposure to persons with aspergers who they knew had it (not counting in a kid I know here in Australia, because in his case no one says he has it I just know he does) – my uncle and aunt about my uncle's former colleague who was sacked after outrageous stalking behaviour and then diagnosed with aspergers, a childhood friend who said she didn't see her brother much any more because of the behaviour of his young son with aspergers, and the staff member of a class for aspie kids on a school where I was cleaning long ago saying that most of the aspie kids would go on to live miserable lonely, disorganised lives when they finished school and were on their own (his point was that they needed ongoing support which they wouldn't get).
I think Aspergers, and the nickname aspie, even if it stops being an official diagnosis, is the most accurate description of persons in the "high" end of the autism spectrum where many are able to hit at least some of the Normality milestones such as job, education (with or without support), get married, have kids, and look normal in the eyes of society at least some of the time, but with social issues (and sensory and others … but these are usually not perceived by the surroundings). The social stir-up it causes when typical people's social expectations to someone who appear normal but isn't meet the person's failure to act in typical ways, is unique for aspergers I believe… and probably the source of many crises, meltdowns, depressions, anxiety, getting sacked, dropping out, being ostracised and bullied and low self-esteem.
I have worked with so called low functioning teenagers who can't speak wear diaper et.c. and I don't think many would be able to tell the difference between NT and Aspergers; both are too distant from the reality they live in. They don't have get opportunities aspies may get, but they most likely also don't face the same excruciatingly high social expectations from society and self-expectations to meet normal milestones.
I know it is politically popular to say that we are all in the same boat, but the view and the opportunities in the opposite ends of that boat are vastly different and I think it is useful to have language to label that reality difference. Cancelling language for political agenda reasons isn't useful IMO.
(You should post that on your blog! It's an interesting point of view and shouldn't be hidden in the comments here).
Wow, this is incredible! I've never felt so completely understood in my life. I've been struggling to find help for ever a year now, and with horrible consequences (7 hospitals and jail). I've been screamed at, called names, tied down, and shot full of drugs. All because each time I walk into a hospital I get so freaked out (lights, sirens, uniforms, Nurse Ratched, etc.) that I become nonverbal and confused. They charged me with criminal trespassing on account of being "un-cooperative." I've thought of writing notes, but I thought they'd accuse me of storytelling – lying – and throw me out.
Yesterday was the first day I was taken seriously. The last week for me has been filled with communications and meltdowns in the local mental health clinic. I finally called their 24 hr crisis line – which happens to be staffed by the same people as the clinic! Turns out,not having to look at a face meant I was actually able to explain myself for once. The on-call therapist was horrified at how completely destructive their "help" had been, and fully supportive of my seeking a diagnosis.
After I'm diagnosed and able to get some of my symptoms under control, I want to move on to start fighting for those who are overlooked and suffering in mental hospitals. I'm confused as to why they have to build handi-cap ramps for folks in wheelchairs and make braille signs for blind folks, but they don't have any sort of mental health evaluation that is accessible to those of us who have a hard time communicating face-to-face.
Cheers, Sweetheart. Here's to all those nights you and I laid awake fuming over what we should have said. If we have to suffer through the feeling of being completely paralyzed any time our heart rate exceeds 90bpm, we should at least get some freaking BENEFITS for it!
I am so glad to hear that you're finally being taken seriously! People never seem to listen to anything not said in THEIR language. You need to learn their language first before being able to ask for help. Which is a bit of a problem if you're non-verbal. So yes, I agree on creating a higher awareness of what accommodations can be made to make health care more accessible. It's really not that hard.
Isn't it unbelievable how hard you have to work to make people see this, when it is SO clear? After I got my diagnosis, I realized that I get randomly asked, "Are you okay?" ALL THE TIME. Evidently I don't compose my face the way I'm supposed to so people think something is wrong. I had never noticed that before.
I could have written this almost word for word with a few changes. Like for me it was 1940 movies and Judy Garland and Elvis songs as well as the Beatles. This was refreshing to read after my recent experience that you wrote back to me on Musings of an Aspie. Thank you for your refreshing perspective! This was encouraging to read. Sometimes I get really tired of self advocating. I was going to pursue self advocacy with this phyciatrist and write a list like this but I really dont trust her and I think you are right that I need to run. I just wont probably ever get the actual papers. Ah well. This was great! I appreciated the list and your strong advocacy!
You sounded like you could use some positive affirmation. I'm so glad my list could help you with that! It's absolutely dreadful to know that so many of us are stuck having to educate the professionals, instead of them helping us.


When I first came to Groningen in 2005 to study abroad, I decided I had to join a choir. That choir was Bragi, and it was one of the best decisions I made during that semester (dating my now fiancee was obviously the very best decision, which relegates Bragi to a slightly lower position in my decision-making). Every two years, the musical group - consisting of a choir, an orchestra and an a cappella group - goes on tour somewhere in Europe. In 2005, it was France and Belgium, and in 2013, our destination was Croatia.
Croatia felt like Italy in a parallel universe with more blond people. Like Italy, the largest religion in the country is Catholic, which was easy to see in the nuns crossing the street in Zagreb and the arches inside the sweltering cathedral in Pula. The Adriatic Sea was astoundingly clear and so salty that you have no choice but to float on the surface, hearing the Pop Rocks-crackle of the smooth white stones clicking against each other below. The beer and wine are good and cheap, the heat was dry and the sky was almost always cloudless. As a singer and as a photographer, getting to perform in inspirational settings and to take photos of those venues was about as good as it gets.
I also put together this promotional video for the musical group, for any students (and recent students/former students/grown ups) who would like to play with us.
Kom bij Bragi! from Traci White on Vimeo.


text:
You are here: Home / Entertainment / Florida Georgia Line Get Ready for the Summer
Florida Georgia Line Get Ready for the Summer
NEW YORK (AP) — Florida Georgia Line believe there's just something different about summer concerts. Singer Brian Kelley says the fans bring a different kind of energy in the summer, and so does Florida Georgia Line. He says it feels good to be in the sun, to be under the stars and to listen to music no matter what genre it is. Bandmate Tyler Hubbard puts it this way: "Suns out, guns out, awnings are out, chairs are out, we're having a party, man."

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Okay, Pack Up the Internet. We're Done Here.
Deepfakes are going to cause a lot of trouble down the line. The use of artificial intelligence deep learning to synthesise video and audio has so far been used mostly for amusing, niche purposes like putting Harrison Ford into Solo, or Donald Trump into Hocus Pocus; or for more nefarious, violating practices like grafting another woman's (because let's face it, it's usually a woman) face onto somebody starring in an explicit adult video. But as the technology spreads and becomes more available, we are going to see its influence seep into the delivery of news, and the barrier between reality and fiction online will erode even more than it has already. Video footage—now one of the main sources of verification for news stories—is going to become suspect, and truth will take another blow, continuing the long, gradual slide into informational dystopia.
Back in the day, newspapers lied to us. They were doing fake news before Trump popularised the term and it became a meme in and of itself. That's when information was slow, and yet still the speed of a lie was formidable. The erosion of trust between the news givers and the public has had a direct and catastrophic effect on public discourse, and on our ability to exercise our collective agency in the face of an oppressive elite. The public—overworked, ground down by an exploitative capitalist system, and jaded by a ceaseless tide of lies and distortions from the corporate media and a frothing sea of nonsense online—already has trouble gauging the veracity of news. Looking ahead, it's just going to get worse. The younger generations of digital natives may well be better equipped to handle the challenge of source-checking and verification, but once deepfakes become widespread it's likely that the public's adaptation will lag severely behind that of the deleterious effects of the tech. It'll only be a matter of time before some huge public incident is triggered by a deepfake. It'll be a handy tool for the AI uprising too. Our incoming AI overlords will surely make good use of it in turning our minds to sludge before their eventual planet-saving eradication of humanity. Don't say we weren't warned. If Pete Davidson's face on Ariana Grande's body isn't an omen, I don't know what is.


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Q: Autofac Factories with Named Bindings I come from an IoC background using Ninject, however, after needing to create portable code between Windows and Xam.Mac I chose to switch my container to AutoFac (mostly due to NancyFx providing an official Bootstrapper).
One of the extensions I relied upon in the Ninject ecosystem was Ninject.Extensions.Factory whereby I could inject an abstract factory to construct different possible concrete instances of a class. An example of what I mean can be found here in the extension documentation.
I understand that Autofac can have such factories implemented as delegates using a slightly different structure, but I have no way to differ the factory construction parameters depending on what I needed.
First of all, is this possible with Autofac? Additionally, I feel as if this practice reintroducing tight-coupling back into the codebase albeit in a slightly roundabout way. Could this "limitation" be a blessing in a disguise in breaking a hidden anti-pattern?

A: I don't like and i never liked the factory naming convention you referenced here. In a previous project i was working on we replaced part of the Factory extensions to handle attributes instead. For example, you could have an IFactory with a method Foo Create([Named] name). We also had other attributes like [MatchByType] or [MatchByName]. I like this approach much better because it is more verbose and requires less previous knowledge to understand what's going on.
I've come to like Autofac's delegate factories. However, my biggest concern is the same as with standard Ninject factories: it's not refactor safe as it's matching delegate parameter names to constructor parameter names (hence why we adapted ninject factories to match by type instead of parameter name by default). Creating a Factory extension for Autofac would not be that complicated - one could basically copy it from Ninjects implementation.
However, the cleanest approach for factories is probably as follows:
public class FooFactory : IFooFactory
{
    private readonly IDependency1 dependency1;
    private readonly IDependency2 dependency2;

    public FooFactory(IDependency1 dependency1, IDependency2 dependency2)
    {
        this.dependency1 = dependency1;
        this.dependency2 = dependency2
    }

    public IFoo Create(IParameter someParameter)
    {
        return new Foo(this.dependency1, this.dependency2, someParameter);
    }
}

This is refactor safe. Furthermore, if you employ FxCop you'll also be warned if you have unused variables.
However, you'll also have to consider whether this results in the correct "lifetime scopes" for the dependencies which are injected into the factory. Keeping things clean, this could introduce additional factories. Alternatively, you might choose to allow a tighter coupling to the DI container here to retrieve all dependencies directly from the container. If you're ever going to use Autofac's ILifetimescope (or Owned<T>) instead, you'll have tight coupling with the container anyway.
In the end I personally have chosen to stick with Autofac's delegate factories and use extensive spec testing to get some certainty that everything works as expected / safeguard against incomplete rename-refactorings.
EDIT: just had another issues with the "auto generated factories" today. Not the first time, too. It was an autofac delegate factory where the parameter did not match. I always found it not so nice that DI containers don't warn me if there's parameters which are not used. Usually that means there's an error in the code.
So if i could choose, i'd like something like:
public IFoo Create(IParameter someParameter)
{
    return new Foo(this.dependency1, this.dependency2, someParameter);
}

I think quite a few DI containers already support this syntax for constructor selection. Why not for late-resolution? An alternative would be to split resolution and binding up:
Bind<Foo>().ToConstructor(c => new Foo(c.Inject, c.Inject, c.FromParameter);

and then if the factory is missing a parameter, it could throw an exception.
But it'd still need some kind of matching logic, would still not necessarily be refactor safe,.. etc.

A: I wanted to actually answer your first question, which I think was "how to request a named registration by a factory" ;-)
As far as i know there's no way you can do this based on a (naming) convention or by attributes. Instead, you have to register a factory delegate which specifically does so.
(side-note: with Autofac, the basic-feature is named "keyed" services, with string-typed-key being a special case and called "named services" - see documentation)
Example:
// makes types FooLicious and FooMinable available as IFoo
// similar to ninject's Bind<IFoo>().To<FooLicious>().Named("delicious");
builder.RegisterType<FooLicious>().Named<IFoo>("delicious");
builder.RegisterType<FooMinable>().Named<IFoo>("abominable");

//factory delegate definition
public delegate IFoo FooFactory(string name);

builder.Register<FooFactory>(c =>
{
    var context = c.Resolve<IComponentContext>();
    return name =>
    {
        return context.ResolveNamed<IFoo>(name);
    };
});

FooFactory factory = container.Resolve<FooFactory>();
IFoo = factory("delicious"); // returns a FooDelicious

Note: i really don't know why one has to retrieve an IComponentContext from c - which is an IComponentContext itself. I think I've read this somewhere but I don't remember where. Maybe it's not needed after all...
Sadly Autofac's syntax needs getting used to and is not as straight-forward as Ninject's syntax...

Alternative: of course you could also use the DI container directly instead of a delegate-factory...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Corvus Glaive enters The Contest April 26th at 10AM PDT!
Corvus Glaive has 4 missions to accomplish. Whenever he completes a mission, he gains 1 Persistent Charge and a Cruelty Buff, increasing his Critical Damage Rating by 3000. Missions can be completed in any order.
Corvus Glaive starts the fight with a number of Cruelty Buffs equal to his Persistent Charge.
Mission 1: Eliminate Avengers: Knockout a member of the Avengers. Once this mission is complete, Corvus gains 10 additional Glaive charges when fighting against a member of the Avengers.
Mission 2: Sabotage Technology: Knockout a Tech Champion. Once this mission is complete, Tech Champions have 25% reduced Ability Accuracy.
Mission 3: Hunt the Uncanny: Knockout a Mutant Champion. Grants Safeguard against the opponent's Special 2 Attacks if the synergy with Wolverine, Wolverine (X-23) or Storm is active.
Mission 4: Challenge Defenses: Use a Heavy or Special Attack to knock down an opponent that used Evade or Auto-Block in a fight. Once this mission is complete, his True Damage Buff becomes a True Strike Buff if the synergy with Proxima Midnight is active.
Developer Note: You can complete more than one mission at the same time! If you find a Nightcrawler and he Evades, you can complete Mission 2 and Mission 4 in one fight. All bonuses coming from his Missions are Persistent.
Corvus Glaive does not take damage from Cold Snap, Bleed and Shock Debuffs while his Immunity is active. When Glaive's immunity reactivates or is disabled, all Debuffs listed above are Purified and Corvus Glaive takes 60.2 damage.
At the start of the fight, Corvus Glaive gains 20 permanent Glaive charges, granting him True Damage and guaranteed Critical Hits with his glaive as long as his Immunity is active. A charge is spent every time Corvus Glaive hits with Basic Attack using his glaive.
Corvus Glaive's blade is damaged after he uses all of his Glaive charges, disabling his Immunity for 50 seconds. Corvus Glaive cannot inflict Critical Hits while his Immunity is disabled.
When Glaive's Immunity reactivates and if he has 0 Glaive Charges, he regains all of them back.
Developer Note: Corvus Glaive is designed to deal a lot of damage from the start of the fight, making him great for players who are interested in the Legends title.
Corvus Glaive's blade is briefly damaged if he's knocked down by a Heavy or Special Attack, disabling his Immunity for 3 seconds.
Inflicts an Armor Break, reducing the opponents Armor Rating by 352 for 4 seconds. Additional Armor Breaks are inflicted for each active Armor Up effect on the opponent.
Special 1: Atomic Fissure – Corvus's glaive splits atoms in the air, launching a cosmic blast towards the opponent.
+842 Attack Rating if the opponent is suffering from an Armor Break Debuff.
Special 2: Piercing Slash – Corvus uses his glaive to cut through the opponent's defenses with exceptional speed.
When Glaive's Immunity is active, this Special Attack is Unblockable and instantly drains 20% of the opponent's Power if they are at max Power.
Developer Note: Players will be able to push the opponent to the Special 3 Attack and then push them back to a Special 2 if you finish a combo with this Special Attack. 20 Glaive charges provide just enough Power for Corvus to get to his Special 2 Attack!
Special 3: Glaive Toss – Corvus Glaive tosses his weapon, intercepting it right before it strikes the opponent and using the momentum to power a devastating close-range attack.
+1926 Attack Rating if Corvus Glaive has at least one Glaive charge. This amount is doubled if he is below 10% Health.
As long as Glaive's Immunity is active, he cannot die. Instead of dying, 4 Glaive charges are removed. If Corvus Glaive performed a Well Timed Block against that attack, 2 Glaive charges are removed instead.
If Corvus Glaive is able to spend all of his Glaive charges in less than 30 seconds since they were first activated, the cooldown to get them back is reduced by 35%.
Developer Note: An aggressive playstyle will enable users to reduce the cooldown time on Glaive's Immunity by a substantial amount.
Corvus Glaive: Knockout a Mutant Champion. Once this mission is complete, Corvus receives Safeguard against the opponent's Special 2 Attack if Glaive's Immunity is active, preventing him from losing more than 5% Health from a single hit.
Wolverine, Wolverine (X-23), Storm: +10% Attack Rating at the start of the fight.
Corvus Glaive: Use a Heavy or Special Attack to knock down an opponent that used Evade or Auto-Block in a fight. Once this mission is complete, his True Damage Buff becomes a True Strike Buff.
Corvus Glaive has really high damage output at the start of the fight, making him one of the best Champions in the game if you want to finish short to medium fights very fast. Pairing him up with those Masteries will enhance his ability to deal massive burst damage at the start of the fight.
Corvus Glaive does not take damage from Bleed effects as long as Glaive's Immunity is active, getting the benefits of Double Edge but not taking Bleed Damage.
Corvus Glaive does not take damage from Bleed, Shock and Coldsnap, but the Debuff will still be active on him, enabling Willpower to recover Health. Recovery will increase the amount of Health regenerated by Willpower.
Corvus Glaive's Signature Ability, Glaive of Immortality, allows him to stay at 1% health and not die while he still has his Glaive charges. Courage at max level will grant him 20% increase Attack Rating when he is below 50% Health.
Corvus Glaive can potentially defeat an opponent with 100% True Strike uptime when synergizing with Proxima Midnight. All players have to do is wait for the opponent to use Evade or Auto-Block just once and then after knocking them down, Corvus Glaive will get True Strike.
Corvus Glaive does not take damage from Cold Snap and Bleed when Glaive's Immunity is active making him a natural counter to Iceman's Coldsnap at the start of the fight and Morningstar's Bleed when taking hits.
Champions who have abilities that activate when they take a Critical Hit will be one of Corvus Glaive's weaknesses since he always inflicts Critical Hits with his Glaive attacks as long as he has Glaive charges.
Mephisto's Incinerate and Doctor Voodoo's Poison can inflict damage to Corvus Glaive even if his Immunity ability is active.


What is Native Nation Building?
Jorgensen, Miriam, and Jonathan B. Taylor. 2015. New Paths Home: The Impact of Four Directions Development Corporation on Indian Island, Maine, 2001-2014. Sarasota: The Taylor Policy Group.
Residence, Community Engagement, and Citizenship: How Do Non-Resident Tribal Citizens Connect with Native Nations?
Schultz, Jennifer Lee, Stephanie Carroll Rainie, and Rachel Rose Starks. 2015. Residence, Community Engagement, and Citizenship: How Do Non-Resident Tribal Citizens Connect with Native Nations? Tucson: Native Nations Institute.
The Native Nations Institute and The University of Arizona make efforts to ensure the information presented is accurate and up to date, but make no claims, promises, or guarantees about the accuracy, completeness, or adequacy of the content contained on this website. This website's content is the opinion of the specific author, not statements of advice, opinion, or information from The University of Arizona, and contains links to third party sites. The University of Arizona is not responsible for and neither approves nor endorses third party website content. Information presented on this website and the registered trademarks, service marks, wordmarks, and logos of the Native Nations Institute and the University of Arizona may not be reproduced without express written permission. The University of Arizona respects intellectual property and privacy rights. Please refer to The University of Arizona's Copyright Notice and Information Security & Privacy policies for more information.


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In 2002, the Council of Europe published the Green Book, in which conflict settlement regulations were discussed. Taking a proactive approach, the Belgian government drafted a domestic law based on the Green Book. Belgium notified the European Commission on time that its Law on Mediation complied with the EU Directive 2008/52/EC and, consequently, the law did not need any further amendments.
However, a few remarks should be made: Belgian law allows one of the parties to submit the settlement agreement for homologation before the competent court. The terms of the directive are quite different: the content of the agreement may be made enforceable on the request of the parties, or one of them with the explicit consent of the others. In addition, Belgian law specifies that settlement agreements may only be submitted for homologation before the competent court if mediation has been carried out by a mediator accredited by the Belgian Federal Mediation Commission (FMC). Most foreign mediators, even if they comply with the criteria of the FMC, are not accredited by the FMC, unless they specifically apply for it and the FMC grants the accreditation.
The present Belgian Law on Mediation of 21 February 2005 (Law on Mediation) applies to domestic as well as cross-border mediation. Additionally, the FMC issued a Code of Conduct for accredited mediators by its decision of 18 October 2007. The English translation of the Code of Conduct can be consulted in the Association for International Arbitration (AIA) book, European Mediation Training for Practitioners of Justice: A Guide to European Mediation (2012), and on the website of the Belgian Centre for Arbitration and Mediation (CEPANI).
Under the Law on Mediation, only disputes that can be the subject matter of a settlement agreement may be submitted to mediation. In the event of voluntary mediation, the parties and the mediator must arrange and sign a mediation protocol, setting up the rules for the conduct of mediation as well as its duration. It is not only the mediator who has the duty of confidentiality, but also the parties, as well as third parties and experts. Only in cases where mediation is conducted by the accredited mediator may the settlement agreement be submitted for homologation to the competent court. In court-instigated mediation, no appeal is possible against any court decision ordering mediation, extending its duration or putting an end to mediation.
Mediation is not obligatory in Belgium. Although the Law on Mediation regulates the court-instigated type of mediation, a court can order it only at the joint request of the parties, or on its own initiative but with the consent of the parties. The court may order mediation at any stage in the proceedings, even in summary proceedings, but not in the proceedings before the Supreme Court or before the Case Allocation Court, as long as the case has not been closed for the purposes of rendering a judgment. There are no sanctions or any incentives related to mediation under Belgian law.
The previous Law on Mediation of 19 February 2001 and the Belgian Judicial Code (BJC) provided for court-annexed mediation in family cases, which, if successful, would result in an agreement order. The current Law on Mediation highlights that the mediation process is a voluntary procedure. It provides that a court may, at the request of the parties or on its own initiative, but with the agreement of all the parties, order mediation in pending proceedings. However, the parties must consent to this.
Article 1735, section 3, of the BJC states that, during the mediation, the dispute continues to be laid before the court, which at any time may take such measures as it deems necessary. At the request of the mediator or any of the parties, the court may put an end to mediation even before expiry of the time limit that has been set.
Article 1736 of the BJC highlights that if mediation leads to a settlement agreement, even if the agreement is only partial, any party may ask the court to homologate the said agreement, in accordance with article 1043. The court may refuse the homologation of the settlement agreement only if it is contrary to public policy or, in the case of mediation in family matters, if the agreement is against the interests of underage children.
If mediation has not led to a full settlement agreement, the court proceedings are resumed at the date set, but the court has the right, if it deems it appropriate and with the consent of all the parties, to extend the term of office of the mediator for such a time as it determines appropriate.
Article 1737 of the BJC emphasises that it is not possible to appeal against any court decision ordering mediation, extending its duration or putting an end to mediation.
Thus, further to article 1729 of the BJC, which provides that either party may terminate mediation at any time, court-annexed mediation is not mandatory. This, however, might change with the introduction of a new Law on Mediation, as discussed in Update and trends.
There is still much room for the development of mediation in Belgium and it will take some time for mediation to become combined with arbitral proceedings. No cases have been found where a mediator would have acted in the same dispute as an arbitrator.
Article 6 of the 2013 Standard Dispute Rules (SDR) of the Institute of Arbitration expressly gives powers to the arbitral tribunal to propose mediation. This provision aims to open a door for the use of mediation in the course of arbitration proceedings. Article 9 of the SDR also explicitly mentions that the settlement agreement can be incorporated into the award.
Semi-online mediation is available via the online platform Belmed. It is designed specifically for disputes between companies and disputes between consumers residing in one of the 28 EU member states and a company that is registered in the Belgian register for companies (disputes between private individuals and non-business disputes are excluded). It is open to the entire EU, but a link with Belgium should always be maintained. In accordance with the Regulation (EU) No. 524/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013, an EU-wide online platform was set up in February 2016 for disputes that arise from online transactions.
The Belgian legislator has recognised that confidentiality is essential for successful mediation. Article 1728 of the BJC deals with details pertaining to confidentiality. This article states that all documents and communications made during and for the purpose of mediation are confidential. They cannot be referred to in judicial, administrative or arbitral proceedings or in any other dispute resolution procedure and are not admissible as evidence, not even as an extrajudicial testimony.
If one of the parties violates the duty of confidentiality, the judge or the arbitrator decides whether any damages can be granted. If confidential documents have been disclosed they are ex officio excluded from the proceedings. There is no specific sanction under article 1728 of the BJC, but a civil action under article 1382 of the Belgian Civil Code (BCC) can be initiated.
The mediator may not be called upon by the parties as a witness in civil or administrative proceedings relating to facts with which he or she has become acquainted in the course of mediation. If the mediator violates the duty of confidentiality, article 1728, section 1, of the BJC in conjunction with article 458 of the Belgian Criminal Code is applicable to the mediator.
Article 10 of the CEPANI Mediation Rules stipulates that all communications between the parties and the mediator are confidential. Pre-existing documents or documents obtained by a party outside of the context of mediation and that are communicated in the context and for the purposes of mediation between the parties, to the mediator or by the mediator to the parties or to one of the parties are not covered by this confidentiality rule. However, if certain documents were specifically communicated as confidential during the mediation process, they cannot subsequently be used by the parties for purposes outside mediation. The rules, therefore, reiterate and emphasise the importance of confidentiality in the mediation process.
In Belgium, suspension of the limitation period is only possible if mediation is conducted by an accredited mediator. Further, under article 2262-bis of the BCC the limitation period of a claim based on a contract is 10 years.
In accordance with the general principles of Part VII of the BJC, a judge or an arbitrator may stay the examination of the case if requested by any party, unless, in respect of the dispute in question, the mediation clause is invalid or has ceased to exist.
For voluntary mediation, the invitation to mediate suspends the limitation period relating to the claim of that right for one month. If parties reached the stage of preparing the mediation protocol, the signature of this protocol suspends the limitation period for the duration of mediation. Except for an express agreement by the parties, the suspension of the limitation period ends one month after notification by one of the parties, or by the mediator to the other party or parties, of the intention to terminate mediation.
In the event of court-instigated mediation, the time limits in relation to the proceedings are suspended when the parties jointly request mediation, as from the date on which they formulate their request.
In both types of mediation regulated by law, voluntary and court-instigated, the judge can only refuse the homologation of the settlement agreement if it is contrary to the public policy or if the agreement reached after mediation in family matters violates the interests of underage children. The homologation decision has the consequences of a judgment, in the sense of article 1043 of the BJC.
In both voluntary and court-instigated mediation, any party can ask the court to homologate the settlement agreement in accordance with article 1043. It seems that these provisions are not in line with article 6.1 of the EU Directive since the directive states that member states shall ensure that it is possible for the parties, or for one of them with the explicit consent of the others, to request homologation.
Nevertheless, the Belgian homologation process is in compliance with article 6.2 of the EU Directive, which states that the content of the agreement may be made enforceable by a court or other competent authority in a judgment or a decision or in an authentic instrument in accordance with the law of the member state where the request is made, unless the content of the agreement is contrary to the law of the member state where the request is made or the law of that member state does not provide for its enforceability.
Homologation of a settlement agreement has to be requested from the competent judge. In civil and commercial matters, depending on the case this can be the Justice of the Peace, the Court of First Instance, the Commercial Court or the Court of Appeal.
Further, according to Recital 20 of the EU Directive, the content of the agreement resulting from mediation that has been made enforceable in one member state should be recognised and declared enforceable in other member states in accordance with the applicable Community or national law, including the Brussels I Regulation. Thus, mediated settlement agreements resulting from voluntary and court-instigated mediation homologated in Belgium should be equally enforceable in other member states.
There are not many institutions that focus purely on mediation in Belgium. Quite often, mediation is offered among other dispute resolution means by centres providing alternative dispute resolution services. CEPANI is a prominent institution in the mediation field in Belgium. It was founded on the initiative and under the auspices of the Federation of Enterprises in Belgium and the Belgian national committee of the International Chamber of Commerce. CEPANI strives to appoint competent, diligent and independent arbitrators and mediators and to oversee the progress of the proceedings by resolving any legal and material difficulties that might emerge, so as to meet the expectations of the parties as much as possible.
Also, bMediation can be considered as a prominent institution specialised in mediation in Belgium. bMediation is an independent non-profit organisation located in Brussels with the mission of optimising the prevention, management and resolution of disputes. bMediation offers the services of accredited mediators and assists in organising a meeting with the other party and the mediator in a neutral environment. Before this meeting, the parties are encouraged to receive assistance from their legal and mediation advisers. bMediation also offers negotiation and mediation training. For more information, check the bMediation website (www.bmediation.eu).
Another institute with a focus on family mediation and mediation in social matters is Bemiddeling vzw.
Unfortunately, mediation is not yet well known in Belgium, which precludes making use of the advantages of this process. The media are not very helpful either in promoting the use of mediation.
In February 2016, the mediation centre bMediation, UGent and the FMC conducted a survey of the Belgian mediation market. The FMC forwarded a questionnaire to the mediators accredited by the FMC as well as to some of those who have recently completed a mediation training. The survey participants conducted cumulatively 5,000 mediations in 2015.
52.5 per cent of the participants have a legal background and 35 per cent are lawyers; participants also include people of other professions like communication specialists, criminologists and doctors.
international mediations constitute only 7 per cent of mediations conducted in Belgium.
On 4 April 2014, Belgium adopted an Act, introducing Book XVI on the Extrajudicial Settlement of Consumer Disputes in the Code of Economic Law. This law transposed provisions of the EU Directive 2013/11 on alternative dispute resolution for consumer disputes (C-ADR). One part of the law entered into force on 13 May 2014, while another part of it entered into force on 1 January 2015.
In order to establish a coordinating body for Consumer Dispute Resolution (CDR), a Service for Consumer Mediation has been created. This was a new step, as there had been no general policy on consumer dispute resolution in Belgium before this.
to mediate disputes if no other entity does so.
The Act not only introduces the service for consumer mediation, but also provides for requirements to be met by qualified mediation entities in order to provide extrajudicial CDR.
In the context of CDR, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) has recently ruled that member states may require recourse to mediation procedure as a condition for the admissibility of proceedings before the judicial courts, as long as that requirement does not prevent the parties from exercising their right of access to the judicial system (judgment of 14 June 2017, Livio Menini and Maria Antonia Rampanelli v Banco Popolare Società Cooperativa, C-75/16, ECLI:EU:C:2017:457). In other words, in light of the EU Directive 2013/11, a member state might establish that a dispute between a consumer and a trader concerning contractual obligations must be attempted to be settled by means of mediation before commencing any judicial proceedings.
In 2015, a new mediation bill was drafted by different mediation stakeholders in Belgium. It was anticipated that the bill would constitute part of the Potpourri IV that would introduce a new mediation law in Belgium in 2016. However, this did not happen because the draft of the Potpourri IV focused on commercial court proceedings instead. Eventually, the part on commercial court proceedings was not submitted to the Parliament due to concerns expressed by affected stakeholders.
The latest developments in respect of the new mediation bill are discussed in Update and trends.
Under the current Law on Mediation any dispute that can be the subject matter of a settlement agreement may be submitted to mediation. Therefore, the dispute must be between two or more parties who have the discretion to settle. In order to settle, one must be capable of disposing of the subject matter of the settlement. Thus, those who are incapable owing to their age or mental deficiency must involve a third person to enter into a settlement.
For public legal entities, there is a lex specialis provided in article 1724 of the BJC, since these entities can be parties to mediation only in cases expressly determined by law or a royal decree issued by the Council of Ministers. Unfortunately, there is no law or royal decree that would stipulate cases when public entities can be parties to mediation.
legal cohabitation (Book III, Title V-bis of the BCC).
Finally, disputes arising from factual cohabitation can also be subject to mediation.
The procedural requirements depend on the type of mediation. If it is a voluntary mediation then before commencing the procedure parties and the mediator must sign the mediation protocol. In this protocol, parties address issues like confidentiality, the mediator's fee rate and terms of payment and a brief summary of the dispute. It is good practice for the mediator to make parties aware of the importance of consulting other professionals, where appropriate, to help them make informed decisions. In the event of court-instigated mediation, the law requires that the court's decision ordering mediation expressly mentions the agreement of the parties, the name, the description and the address of the mediator and the initial duration of the mediator's term of office, which may not exceed three months and the date to which the case is postponed, which is the first useful day after the expiration of the time limit.
The Law on Mediation does not specify the steps that a mediator has to take in mediation proceedings. However, the decision of the FMC of 18 October 2007 regarding the Code of Conduct for accredited mediators provides guidance as to what the mediator is to do at each stage of mediation. To ensure the complete awareness of the parties regarding the procedure prior to engaging in mediation, the Code of Conduct prescribes the mediator, before accepting his or her appointment, to explain the mediation procedure to the parties and provide them with all the necessary information. The mediator is also required to check whether he or she can accept the assignment and whether such an assignment is based on the free choice of the parties. The mediator informs the parties about the fees and any other costs related to mediation, and that they can involve legal assistance, a counsellor or expert at any time. The parties and the mediator sign the mediation protocol. In the course of mediation, the mediator must observe that mediation takes place in a balanced and peaceful atmosphere and that the interests of the parties are taken into consideration. The mediator must ensure that each party knows and understands the consequences of the proposed solutions and should invite the parties to rely on external experts. At the stage of drafting the settlement agreement, the mediator ensures that it is a true reproduction of the will of the parties and every agreed point of negotiation is included. The mediator informs the parties about the consequences of the signing of the settlement agreement.
The primary mediation style used in Belgium is facilitative. A mediator is allowed to hold private sessions with the parties before or within the mediation sessions without the danger of losing his or her impartiality, if doing so helps the mediator to obtain important information. Any mediation participant can request a caucus with the mediator at any point in the process. However, it is the mediator who decides whether or not a caucus is appropriate at that moment, taking into account the emotional state of the parties. The information obtained through the caucus is strictly confidential and cannot be revealed by the mediator unless the party explicitly consents to this. Both private and joint sessions are commonly used in mediation in Belgium.
Unfortunately, co-mediation is rarely used in Belgium.
In practice, the counsel participate in mediation mainly in business disputes. Lawyers will rarely be involved in mediation if the dispute concerns family matters.
In respect to consumer disputes, it is noteworthy that CJEU has established that national legislation of member states may not require that consumers need to be assisted by lawyers in mediation (judgment of 14 June 2017, Livio Menini and Maria Antonia Rampanelli v Banco Popolare Società Cooperativa, C-75/16, ECLI:EU:C:2017:457 at para 64-65.).
Article 1728, section 2, of the BJC allows the mediator, with the consent of the parties, to examine third parties or call upon an expert specialising in the subject matter. However, experts and witnesses will seldom take part in mediation in practice.
On 6 April 2011, the Belgian Federal Public Service Economy (FPS Economy) launched an electronic platform for consumer dispute resolution called Belmed (Belgium + mediation). The available options of extrajudicial dispute resolution include arbitration, mediation, conciliation, ombudsman and services offered by the European Consumer Centre. The platform is aimed at handling disputes between consumers located in one member state of the EU and traders registered with the Belgian Crossroads Bank for Enterprises. With this instrument, the FPS Economy wants to help reinforce consumers' trust in the goods and services market and encourage SMEs to invest more money in cross-border electronic commerce. This policy supports the European Commission's desire to boost the single market.
Provision of mediation services through Belmed can be rendered by the Real Estate Conciliation, Arbitration and Mediation Board; an accredited mediator; Belgian Conflict Management Centre; and the Federal mediation service 'Patient rights'.
Multi-tiered clauses are valid under Belgian law and do occasionally occur in practice. If a clause containing an unequivocal obligation for the parties to take recourse to mediation prior to starting arbitration proceedings is raised before an arbitral tribunal, it should suspend the examination of the case (article 1725, section 2, of the BJC). In order to be valid such a request must be raised at the outset of the proceedings, prior to any defence on the merits.
the signature of the parties and of the mediator.
In court-instigated mediation, the decision of the court ordering mediation must mention the agreement of the parties, the name, the description and the address of the mediator and the initial duration of the mediator's term of office, which may not exceed three months, and the date to which the case is postponed, which is the first useful day after the expiry of the time limit.
The way a mediator is paid (the method by which the fees of the mediator are fixed, the fee rate and the terms of payment) must be set in the agreement between the parties and the mediator. Article 1731, section 1, of the BJC provides that unless agreed otherwise by the parties, the mediation costs and fees are payable in equal shares by the parties. Generally, mediators are paid at an hourly rate (€100 to €150), which makes mediation much cheaper than arbitration, where the amount in claim has to be taken into consideration. However, at CEPANI, the fees and expenses of the mediator are determined by the Secretariat in accordance with the amount in dispute and within the limits mentioned on CEPANI's website. The administrative fee of CEPANI is fixed at 10 per cent of the fees and expenses of the mediator.
Only where the dispute is treated by an accredited mediator will the federal government provide financial assistance, which means partial or complete exemption of payment to individuals with low income. However, no financial assistance is available if mediation is conducted by a non-accredited mediator.
Under the Law on Mediation, it is the FMC that accredits mediators. There are three categories of matters for which the FMC provides accreditation: family; civil and commercial; and social matters. A separate application is required for each of these three categories. The Law on Mediation sets the minimum conditions that individuals must satisfy in order to obtain the title of an accredited mediator. The requirements are further elaborated in the Commission's Guidelines of 21 February 2005 for the introduction of the file to become accredited as a mediator. The Law on Mediation does not require the candidate mediator to be a lawyer. The FMC issued a Code of Conduct for accredited mediators by its decision of 18 October 2007. Non-compliance with the Code of Conduct can result in penalties and a possible withdrawal of the accreditation. Foreign mediators can practise mediation in Belgium. However, the settlement agreement reached at the end of the mediation process cannot be homologated by the judge, which might be regarded as violation of the free circulation in Europe (further to articles 49 and 56 TFEU and the Services Directive), because the mediator accredited in Belgium has a privilege as compared with mediators from other member states, even if they meet similar requirements.
An institutional framework for accreditation of mediators, the FMC, created by the Belgian Parliament, consists of a General Commission and three Special Commissions. It is the General Commission that accredits providers of mediation training and their training. A FMC decision of 1 February 2007 established accreditation requirements and procedures for training centres and for training of accredited mediators.
The FMC has regulated mediators' training, but the training itself is provided by the private sector. The programme comprises a common core of 60 hours, divided into at least 25 hours of theoretical training and at least 25 hours of practical training. The common core covers the general principles of mediation (ethics and philosophy), study of the various ADR methods, applicable law, the sociological and psychological aspects, and the process of mediation. The practical exercises develop through role-play negotiation and communication skills. In addition to this common core, there are programmes specific to each type of mediation: family, civil and commercial, and social mediation (at least 30 hours, freely divided between theoretical and practical training time).
The AIA is an approved institution with a unique programme (European Mediation Training for Practitioners of Justice) focused on cross-border civil and commercial mediation (www.emtpj.eu).
Every October, the FMC, in cooperation with various partners, organises a Mediation Week, with the goal of promoting the use of mediation as an amicable dispute resolution method. This event is open to the general public and includes sessions for accredited mediators.
Further to the decision of 18 December 2008, modified by the decisions of 11 June 2009, 6 May 2010, 28 April 2011 and 9 June 2011, each mediator, regardless of the matter for which he or she was accredited by the FMC, has, among other responsibilities, to provide proof of continuing professional training of at least 18 hours spread over two consecutive years. The training may consist of theoretical training (conference or cycle of conferences, symposium, seminar, etc) or practical training. The programmes that are approved by the FMC, in accordance with its decision of 1 February 2007, are accepted as continuing professional education to the extent of the actual number of class hours without further examination of the content, provided they meet the requirement of at least 18 hours spread over two consecutive years. Each mediator may combine modules of training programmes offered in Belgium and abroad. These modules should have a direct benefit for the mediation practice.
Mediators' accreditations are regulated by part VII of the BJC and article 3 of the Code of Conduct for accredited mediators.
the candidate mediator has not incurred a disciplinary or administrative sanction that is incompatible with the practice of an accredited mediator, nor has his or her accreditation been withdrawn.
a statement in which he or she engages to respect the Code of Conduct established by the FMC, and to attend the training programme that is approved by the FMC.
The General Commission provides a list of the accredited mediators to the courts and tribunals. At the same time, it is possible to find the list of accredited mediators on the website of the FMC itself. Mediators accredited by the FMC can provide services in at least 15 different languages. Mediators who are not accredited by the FMC can still practise 'free mediation' in Belgium. However, the settlement agreement concluded at the end of mediation cannot be submitted to the court for homologation.
One of the conditions of becoming an accredited mediator is to present the guarantees of independence and impartiality necessary to practise mediation. The Code of Conduct for accredited mediators stipulates in section 3 (articles 4 to 7) that the mediator must be independent and impartial. If the situation of lack of independence or impartiality arises, the mediator is obliged to inform the parties about it. Failure to comply with this duty may lead to sanctions.
An accredited mediator is obliged to cover his or her mediation activity with professional liability insurance. This follows from the guidelines for the introduction of a file to obtain accreditation as a mediator, which the FMC drafted. In order to obtain accreditation, a mediator must submit a request with the FMC accompanied by a file that includes, inter alia, a certificate stating that the activity of the mediator is covered by professional liability insurance or a certificate issued by an authorised insurer, showing that professional liability will be covered from the date on which the approval to the mediator is granted.
Accreditation can be temporarily or permanently withdrawn if the mediator no longer meets the requirements of article 1726 of the BJC. There are specific sanctions for violation of the Code of Conduct for accredited mediators and a procedure for the imposition of such sanctions, which is regulated by the FMC decision of 25 September 2008.
As follows from the decision, the failure of a mediator to meet obligations under the law or decisions of the FMC can trigger his or her appearance before the civil or criminal courts. It can also lead to a procedure initiated by the General Commission of the FMC in accordance with article 1727, sections 6(4) and 6(7), of the BJC.
a permanent withdrawal of the accreditation.
The Law on Mediation provides that parties appoint the mediator either by mutual consent or call upon a third party to make the appointment. There is no official regulation regarding the appointment of mediators. Private institutions establish their own appointment procedures. For example, under article 4 of the CEPANI Mediation Rules, the Appointments Committee or the President of CEPANI shall appoint the mediator. The parties may nominate the mediator by mutual consent, subject to the approval of the Appointments Committee or the President of CEPANI.
if one of his or her colleagues or partners has acted for one of the parties in a capacity other than a mediator.
If circumstances arise or if there are doubts as to the mediator's impartiality and independence, he or she shall disclose the circumstances that may give rise to justifiable doubts to his or her impartiality and independence to the parties, prior to as well as during the course of mediation, or the mediator shall resign or shall obtain a written agreement from the parties that mediation can continue.
Although information regarding a number of mediation cases has become public in Belgium, none of the known cases presents any particular interest.
the new Law appears to make the structure of the FMC more complex than it is in the current Law.
Billiet & Co was founded by Johan Billiet in 1989. The fundamental aim of the firm is to ensure its clients benefit from business efficiency and high quality legal services. Clients look to Billiet & Co Lawyers for excellence, a creative and individual approach to solving problems, and a deep understanding of Belgian and European law.


He is also Not a Soprano. I've never seen Tosca, but I believe Opera Per Tutti is performing Tosca this April. Perhaps I will get to see it.
This is also at the Cleveland Museum of Art. I really admire the museum's decorative collection.


NAQT held its inaugural IPNCT yesterday with 6 Ohio players competing. I enjoyed the format and the opportunity to play against the best in the nation on college-difficulty questions (D2 ICT), and I think it was great preparation for nationals. Congrats to all competitors!
Joe Esposito from Aurora, Patrick Begley from Maplewood, and Henry Massey from University School also competed. The overall winner was Jack Lewis from Battle Ground Academy in Tennessee.
I thought it was really well run as well! The questions were very hard but that is probably the best way to separate the kids at this level. We talked about this a little at the tournament, but I feel like the big rounds with 8-10 players favor specialists a little bit. It all shook out in the end, but I still feel like it's true. I had a lot of fun and I hope to do it next year!
Congrats to William, John John and Pranav for their finishes. Joe, Henry and Patrick should also receive recognition for stepping up to the challenge, here.
Yeah, D2 ICT is supposedly hard. Like, really hard. But I think it was used for two reasons: a) it does separate the best from the rest; b) it's a set that is already produced. NAQT, for as great of work they do, doesn't have the manpower nor interest in producing a set exclusive to this event. It's going to be more cost-efficient, something passed down to the competitors anyways, to use a set that is already made than to create an entirely new one altogether.
As for format: well, I see what you're saying here, Joe. I won't say "you are wrong!", but consider this: if player A can notch the best buzzes (in terms of both quality and quantity) across one or two major topics versus player B, who can cover the topics generally well but maybe not well enough to consistently secure the bag against their competition, then who are ya gonna pick? When you play your friend a pickup game in NBA Street or, these days, 2K, are you picking Ray Allen (someone notably proficient in an area or two imperative to success) or Shawn Marion (someone who has good nights but whose skill set doesn't really set them apart ultimately from his peers)?
There's nothing wrong with being a generalist. But when you play a Detroit Catholic Central or even a Beavercreek/Scioto/Miami Valley, depth is what scores you buzzes (glorious ones, too!) against the Best of the Best. Breadth is good, but that can only take you so far.


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Yesterday was a BIG day for me in my weight loss journey – no pun intended. As many of you know, last month I hit my goal weight after two years, two months, and nine days of following Weight Watchers, and yesterday marked six weeks of maintaining that goal. That means I achieved Lifetime status – the ultimate goal of any Weight Watcher and something I never imagined myself being able to say! Outside of completing my first half marathon which was a big moment for me in feeling like I really had changed my life, hitting goal and achieving Lifetime have been two of the most monumental days in my life.
I found a big stack of photos in my apartment the other day when I was cleaning a drawer out, and I hadn't seen them in years and years. I was glad to have found them because at my meeting yesterday after weighing in, I was asked to give a speech about hitting Lifetime, what it means for me, and what I've learned along the way.
I remembered to bring some of these photos with me in anticipation of that speech, because a lot of people who aren't aware of how much I have struggled with my weight have no idea how far I've come.
They don't know how much I hid behind my obesity and stood on the sidelines of my own life. They don't know how hard it was for me to be the fat sister, daughter, friend, girlfriend, or coworker and how much I was hurting inside.
I am just not that girl anymore. Sure, that's ME in those photos somehow, but I am so different now that I can barely remember how I lived my life back then.
One question I get asked a lot is if I'm scared about gaining it back. And the truth is – no, I'm not. Sure, I may struggle with five or ten pounds here or there, in fact I'd be more surprised if I don't struggle with maintaining my goal weight within a few pounds. That said, I am SUCH a different person now than I was, and there is no way I'm going back there. Though the changes on the outside are easy to see, it's the changes on the inside that are the most important.
I feel like I've finally become an active player in my life instead of just letting life happen to me. I've created my own opportunities, I've challenged myself in ways I never had before, and I've learned to expect nothing but the best from myself. Developing that confidence in myself and my ability to do ANYTHING (Hell, I'm running a marathon this year!) is one of the biggest ways I've changed on the inside.
A Lifetime Pocket Guide, a Lifetime Membership card, and a key charm symbolizing my status as a Lifetime member.
To treat myself, I went and got a manicure afterwards with shellac, which is supposed to last 2 weeks with no chipping!
I'm planning on doing a few other things for myself to celebrate, but for now I'm just trying to enjoy the moment and let it all soak in.
Congrats Beth! I've really enjoyed following your blog since it was shared with me by a friend. You've come a long way and you are so inspiring! I really like what you said in this post about being, "more surprised if I don't struggle with maintaining my goal weight within a few pounds." You've found your healthy zone and it's clear you'll work to stay within it. Congrats on being Lifetime!
Congratulations Congratulations Congratulations!!! I can't wait until the day I can say those words!
So SO happy for you Beth. It is awesome that you are no longer on the sidelines of life.. because that is no way to live! You have truly changed your life.. and added years to your life. Celebrate your success…you have done something truly amazing!
Congratulations, I enjoy reading your blog and look forward to reading about your journey as you maintain your weight and healthy lifestyle.
Beth, This is HUGE!!! SO amazing. This actually is the first time I have ever commented, but I really am proud of you (without ever even having met you except your writing.) It's a huge deal, a huge accomplishment, and the symbol of a lot of hard work. Give yourself lots of treats like that manicure this weekend… you deserve it!
Congratulations! I just recently subscribed to your blog but have read past posts of yours, it's been quite moving. What a ride it's been for you. You're a great inspiration to everyone! Thanks for sharing your journey.
Congrats! You look fabulous and have worked so hard. Such an inspiration!
Congrats! What an amazing accomplishment that you'll always have. Love your story.
You look fantastic! you should be so proud of yourself! Congratulations!
You look so beautiful, but I especially love reading about the changes on the inside, about how you are a happier and healthier person not only physically but also mentally. Congratulations!
I'm so happy for you!!!! Congrats!
Congratulations Beth! You are an incredible inspiration 🙂 Enjoy your weekend!
I am going to go back and read this a few times. I need to remember what it really is that I am changing with this journey. Not just the pant size, but everything inside too.
Congratulations! You must feel so amazingly good about yourself!!! Nothing feels better than being proud of yourself!!! I look forward to sharing maintenance with you!!!!!!!
Congrats! I hit lifetime in October and so struggle with 5 to 10 pounds, but reaching lifetime is more than just the weight loss. enjoy every moment.
Congrats!! Such an achievement to have reached your goal and truly be living now.
congrats lady! so proud of you!
I loved seeing all those before photos, you look so amazing now. But, I love even more hearing the confidence in your words. Congratulations on just totally changing your life and making such wonderful choices. You are an inspiration to me – and I'm sure MANY others. Thank you for sharing your tips and the story of your journey!
Congrats again on reaching Lifetime! You've worked so hard and shared your journey with all your readers. It's so great to see you finally reach your goal. Enjoy all your celebrations!!!
I am, of course, proud of you for all that you have achieved.
But I'm especially thankful that you are sharing your struggle — because in the pictures, it would be easy to think that you were happy, and so many of us put on a brave face when we're feeling anything but confident inside.
You are an amazing role model and I know that you will just keep on inspiring people now that you have hit such a big goal!
Congrats! You are an inspiration!
Beth, you are an inspiration! Congratulations on reaching such an enormous goal. That's really something to be proud of!
You look absolutely fantastic and it's so exciting that you made lifetime 🙂 love your blog, keep up the good work!!!
YOU ROCK!! I can't wait to be able to say those same words. MUAH!
Congrats on reaching lifetime status!!! That is truly such an amazing accomplishment. You continue to inspire so many who reach out to read your blog to see another example of someone who's "been there".
I wanted you to know that I was inspired by your tuna burgers you posted about yesterday and so last night I created my own variation using salmon. Again something I would have never thought to do with fish until I saw your post. Stop over and check out the recipe if you get a chance!!
Way to go Beth! This is my first visit to your blog and what a great day to find it. I am a "serial" WW and this go 'round I'm at 56 pounds lost (appr. 60 to go). This time feels different to me and I too am gaining the self-confidence and shedding not only the visible fat, but the invisible issues that have kept me in a prison of self-defeat. I am so happy that you conquered this at a young age. I am almost 48 years old – but feeling younger every day. Thanks for the inspiration, your post brought tears to my eyes – tears of happiness for you!
Congratulations!!! I can't say it enough, you're amazing!!
Congrats Beth!!!!!!! How amazing for you, you should be SO proud of yourself. You've become an inspiration to me in my own weight loss journey, and I shed a tear reading your post today. Thank you again for your honesty every single day! You have no idea how much your blog helps its readers.
Well done Beth! You look amazing!
Congratulations!! I have been reading your blog for a long time, so it's very exciting to see you reach this goal that you have been working towards for so long!
You are an inspiration to me, and I thank you for being so honest about your journey. I hope you enjoy celebrating this milestone!
I also love the shellac manicures – they really do last longer.
Oh wow! Congratulations! I've dreamed so many times about what it would be like to achieve lifetime. You deserve it, and you definitely deserve to celebrate.
Congratulations! That is so wonderful and I am so incredibly happy for you.
Congratulations!!! What an amazing accomplishment!! Ps love the nail color!
Congratulations! That is a great achievement!
Congratulations! Your work and determination really paid off and you are quite an inspiration!
Beth, congratulations! I love the blog and it's such an inspiration to me as I continue on my journey.
And because it's worth repeating: Congratulations!!!!
From the bottom of my heart, I am truly so happy for you. You look amazing, but I think we both know that the changes made come from deep inside. Congratulations!
Ps.. bummed we didn't see eachother again at FitBloggin!! Are you going to HLS?
Congratulations! It is so awesome to see your hard work pay off!
Congrats. Last year, I remember feeling a little shy about going up to speak when I got my Lifetime key and stuff. I switched meetings about two thirds of the way through my WW process (about 16 months) and none of the people at the second meeting had known me when I first walked in 60 lbs heavier. I didn't bring photos, but that seems like a great idea to show people how far you've come.
I'm with you. Maintaining isn't easy. I easily gained back some and have been +5-10 for the last year. However, I can't see myself gaining it all back as long as I remain active and stick to the habits I've already learned.
Congrats Beth! Such a huge accomplishment. It is so hard to see you in those older photos – you look so much happier now.
I totally relate to your feelings on fear of gaining it back – while I may struggle with 5 or 10 pounds here or there, I will never go back to the 45+ pounds I have lost since my life is so drastically different, and it's not just about food and exercise.
Amazing! Congratulations, Beth, celebrate it up!
That is SOOO exciting!! A huge congrats to you! You've accomplished something that most people only dream of.
Congratulations! I love what you said about the changes on the inside being more important than the changes on the outside. You really are an inspiration.
Congrats on your accomplishment! That is so inspiring/amazing!
PS – Enjoy the manicure! They last forEVER and are so worth the extra $$! If I could, I would get these done alllllll the time!
YEAH!!!!!!!!!!!! that is so awesome. You are such an great role model for so many. Stay motivated and others will follow you.
Congratulations Beth!! I hope to be posting this same post some day. You should be very proud!
WTG Beth!!!! I'm so proud of you and glad we got to meet in person at FitBloggin'! You are such an inspiration!!
Congrats Beth! I just started reading your blog when you hit goal and am so excited to see you achieve lifetime. I have been doing WW for some time now but I am determined not to give up. The new Points+ program restarted my motivation and my weight loss. I can't wait till I hit lifetime too! Thanks for sharing your journey with us.
Congratulations, Beth!!! You have done an amazing job, and I've loved reading about it.
Congratulations!! I'm so proud of you and you look nothing less than AMAZING!! I heard of that 2 week nail polish. Tell me how it goes – my friend is doing it for her wedding.
Congratulations Beth!!!! You are an inspiration!
I have about 30 lbs. to go until goal (30 gone already!) and reading your blog keeps me inspired! Thanks!
7Pingbacks & Trackbacks on Lifetime!!!!!


The film's main character Jack Sparrow stands on a beach. He wears a red bandana, a dark blue vest with a white shirt underneath and black pants. Attached to his belt are two guns and a scarf. A ship with flaming sails is approaching from the sea. In the background, three mermaids are sitting on a rock. The names of the main actors are seen atop the poster, and the film credits are at the bottom.
↑ "Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides". British Board of Film Classification. 5 مئی, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20160306023607/http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/pirates-caribbean-stranger-tides-2011-6. Retrieved on فروری 7, 2015.
↑ Sylt, Christian (جولائی 22, 2014). "Fourth Pirates Of The Caribbean Is Most Expensive Movie Ever With Costs Of $410 Million". Forbes. https://web.archive.org/web/20141208004952/http://www.forbes.com/sites/csylt/2014/07/22/fourth-pirates-of-the-caribbean-is-most-expensive-movie-ever-with-costs-of-410-million/. Retrieved on 7 دسمبر، 2014. "Production costs: $410.6 million; rebate: $32.1 million"
↑ "Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides (2011)". Box Office Mojo. https://web.archive.org/web/20130425015645/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=piratesofthecaribbean4.htm. Retrieved on اگست 22, 2011.


I have SOO many senior shoots to share with you all…I am too excited to get them all out. Now that the busy season is slowing down (just a tad, before we pick right back up again) I am planning on sharing a lot of shoots from 2013! Since a big part of blogging is the writing, but really, what people care about are the photos…I'll be scaling my commentary down a bit, less of an excuse to share these sessions!
Shannon, good luck in college…I know you will do great things!
2015 SENIORS – summer sessions are going to book up FAST!! It's not too early to schedule your session…get in touch soon to get on the calendar. Also, details about our Senior Rep program coming soon!!


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