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Home/News/Shocking Ancient Greek origins of the Eugenics movement
Shocking Ancient Greek origins of the Eugenics movement
Ordo News EditorJune 11, 2022Last Updated: June 11, 2022
5,385 10 minutes read
(ORDO NEWS) — Eugenics, the science of selective genetic selection of human beings, is most synonymous with the modern world and the horrors of Hitler's "Final Solution" in which millions of Jews and other "undesirable" groups were gassed or by lethal injections in concentration camps during World War II.
However, eugenic practices can be traced back to ancient times, where they were first thought about by Plato and Aristotle and even put into practice by the Spartans.
Centuries after the publication of Charles Darwin's groundbreaking theory of evolution in 1859, eugenics regained popularity, primarily in the US, and influenced the Nazi Holocaust.
Ancient Greek eugenics
Plato believed that marriage should be abolished, and only men and women with the greatest intellect and the best physical characteristics should be allowed to reproduce.
He suggested that members of Athenian high society meet and mingle at specially organized festivals where potential spouses would temporarily marry and live together for one month.
Accompanied by poetry, dance and music, couples bonded for the sole purpose of childbearing, after which their unions were legally terminated and they re-entered celibacy until the next festival. Although relationships between parents and children were forbidden, unions between sisters and brothers were allowed.
The number of marriages was determined by the ruler, who could increase or decrease the number of short-term marriages according to the population. On the other hand, the lower classes had no limits on the number of children and could breed without limits.
Plato believed that marriage should be abolished, and those of the elite with the greatest intelligence and the best physique should be the only men and women allowed to reproduce
The first opportunity to marry was given to the upper class through a lottery system in which preference was given to the most intellectually capable and attractive.
Women of beauty and grace and men who have distinguished themselves in battle will be preferred candidates, while young men who are considered inferior will be especially unlucky in the lottery and will always be left without a mate.
Informal relationships between women aged 20 to 40 and men aged 25 to 55, i.e. of childbearing age were considered illegal because they started outside the jurisdiction of legislators. However, relationships between lovers who had reached the legal age were allowed.
After the birth of a child, Plato advised that he be sent to a special nursery to be raised by matrons, and family life, with all its distractions, was forbidden. If the child was handicapped, he should, according to Plato, "hide". Although the Greek sages did not openly speak of infanticide, it was ominously indicated.
The Greek scholar Aristotle, a contemporary of Plato, offered several criticisms. He argued that the community of wives and children was more suited to the lower classes, who would be more obedient to rulers and less likely to rebel if their family ties were weaker.
In addition, he foresaw problems if handicapped children who were supposed to be sent to the lower classes learn about their true noble origin.
In his opinion, tutelary classes should instead accept monogamous couples, with women ideally marrying at 18 and men at 37. He recommended that pregnant women go to the temple of Ilithyia every day for exercise, eat healthy food, and keep calm.
Finally, he saw the danger in the untapped reproduction of the lower classes, which he believed would lead to an increase in crime, and in their potential numerical superiority he saw a threat to the ruling elite, which, in the event of an uprising, would be outnumbered.
As a result, he believed that it was necessary to enact laws to prohibit unrestricted population growth. Women who gave birth to too many children were also to be aborted, and any defective or deformed offspring were to be killed immediately.
In Plato's later work The Laws, perhaps in response to Aristotle's answer, the scientist will change his mind on several aspects of his theory. Realizing the impracticality of the marriage feast, he instead spoke in favor of monogamous relationships, which were to be sanctioned by wise judges.
Men aged 25 and over were required to submit their marriage proposals to the state, and if accepted, they were required to marry their spouse before the age of 30. An unmarried man over 35 from the upper class had to pay an annual fine of 100 drachmas.
The newlyweds were expected to give birth to the best children, and each of them was assigned a matron for 10 years, who monitored the birth of healthy children. To do this, future mothers had to pray every day for 20 minutes in the temple of Ilithia and perform sacred rites to appease the goddess of marriage.
Spartan eugenics
One of the most famous examples of ancient eugenics came from the Spartans. This was an ancient Greek people who fought the Persians in the 4th century BC, who used the principles of eugenics to form from their citizens the strongest warriors, shrewd statesmen and spiritually pure priests.
For warriors, the weaker representatives of the Spartan aristocracy were removed from the gene pool and deprived of the opportunity to reproduce through various means.
Intense physical competitions, designed to test the fighting and physical prowess of Spartan youth, were a common way of identifying weaklings in the pack, who were stigmatized and stripped of their rights after being recognized as inferior.
If a Spartan man was considered unfit for childbearing, then his sisters also suffered, who were also forbidden to have children.
Spartan woman giving a shield to her son (1826), Jean-Jacques-Francois Le Barbier
On the contrary, the bravest Spartan warriors occupied a privileged position in society, and they were even allowed to have sexual relations with the wives of other Spartan nobles.
Deformed children were disposed of shortly after birth, and even children who were considered ugly or awkward met the same fate, as the Spartans were obsessed with the idea of maintaining perfect physical shape and beauty in the ranks of the nobility.
As a result, marriages with foreigners were illegal, as the Spartans condemned the mixing of foreign blood with their own.
Plutarch, the main source on Spartan society, described this Spartan hereditary law, which:
"… forbade the descendant of Hercules to give birth to children from a foreign woman and ordered to put to death anyone who left Sparta to settle among other peoples."
However, the Spartan selection process proved too exclusive and caused a dangerous demographic crisis in the 3rd century BC. Between 480 B.C. and the middle of the III century BC. the number of Spartan men dropped from 8,000 to 1,000.
Realizing the existential threat, King Agis IV and then Cleomenes III tried to address the problem, and although they reluctantly expanded the requirements for candidates who were allowed to become part of the higher nobility, their decisions were still infused with eugenics. thinking.
Agis IV's plan was to replenish the Spartan aristocracy with the highest-ranking periodikoi, the lower classes, and xenoi, foreigners, to revive the declining population.
The most handsome men and most charming women from these traditionally marginalized sections of the population were given a place in the Spartan hierarchy. Agis's decision received great support and divine approval from Pasiphae, a Spartan deity, as well as from Lycurgos, the original Spartan legislator, who was also considered a god.
The warrior statesman Leonidas, who himself was married to a Persian woman and had a semi-foreign child, became Agis's biggest critic and rather hypocritically disapproved of his leader's plan to admit foreigners into the ranks of citizens, citing the expulsion of foreigners in the 4th century by Lycurgus as evidence that the gods don't like his plan.
Agis responded by claiming that Lykourgos never had a problem with the physical forms of foreigners, only with their behavior:
"After all, he did not cast them out because he was hostile to their physical bodies, but because he was afraid of their way of life and behavior."
After their confrontation, Leonidas was arrested by Agis' staunch ally Lysandros for having a foreign wife. However, Leonidas was able to regain power by executing Agis in 241 BC. and forcing his beautiful widow to marry his son Cleomenes III, who continued the policy of Agis.
Cleomenes recruited 4,000 members of the periodicals class, selecting them not for intelligence or wealth, but solely for appearance. More benevolent than his father Leonidas, Cleomenes took a more moderate stance on the admission of foreigners, allowing only the "most powerful" to become members of the Spartan ruling order.
Modern eugenics
Inspired by Mendel's experiments with genetically modified peas in 1865, which established the basic principles of heredity, and Charles Darwin's revolutionary theory of evolution, the term "eugenics" was first coined by Francis Galton, Darwin's cousin, in 1884, deriving its meaning from the Greek word "eugenes". ", which means "good by birth".
Although Galton read the works of Plato and even derived the term from the Greek language, he did not think too highly of the theories of the ancient Greek, writing in a letter that he had read:
"Republic and Laws of Plato for eugenic passages; but they do nothing but purify the city by deporting all degenerates to the so-called colony!".
Thus the idea of modern eugenics, first attributed to Galton in his seminal work Inquiries Concerning Human Fertility and Its Development, which propagated the idea that intelligence is hereditary and that the "higher races" of mankind are destined for government, has very little in common with the doctrines of the ancient Greeks.
Following Galton's landmark publication, interest in eugenics skyrocketed at the turn of the century, and in 1904 the German biologist Alfred Plotz founded the first eugenics journal, The Archive of Racial and Social Biology, which emphasized the superiority of the Nordic and Aryan races and the notion of "racial hygiene."
With the founding of the Society for Racial Hygiene in Germany, the Society for Eugenics Education in Great Britain, and the American Breeders' Association, eugenics became a truly global phenomenon in the first decade of the 20th century.
A set of photographs depicting anthropometry (measuring people) at the Second International Eugenics Exhibition held in 1921
Eugenics was most enthusiastically received in the United States, and in 1910 Charles Davenport, with the financial support of well-known businessman John Harvey Kellogg, founded the Bureau of Eugenics Records.
This institution trained workers to collect information about US families, which were evaluated on such grounds as "dementia", "crime" and "alcoholism". The latest developments in the field of eugenics were collected in the magazine "Eugenic News", which was distributed throughout the country.
In 1912, the first International Eugenics Congress was held in London, bringing together over 400 of the most famous scientists and figures of the time, including Winston Churchill and Alexander Graham Bell.
Through his influence, by the end of World War I, eugenic societies sprang up all over the world, in countries such as Argentina, Mexico, Italy, France, and Hungary.
In the United States in the 1920s, Fitted Families Contests, sponsored by the Bureau of Eugenic Records, appeared. Families competed to become the most genetically perfect specimens in competitions held throughout the United States.
After a series of physiological and psychological tests and the presentation of medical records, families judged to be the most genetically exceptional and most often white were awarded medals and distinctions for their unsurpassed "eugenic merit".
Left: Winners of the Fit Family Contest stand outside the eugenics building at the Kansas Free Fair in Topeka, North Carolina. (Right: Best Child Contest at the 1931 Indiana State Fair
At the second International Eugenics Congress in 1922, this time held in New York and bringing together representatives from Central and Latin America, immigration became a central topic of debate.
Henry Laughlin, the country's most respected eugenicist, put forward the idea that immigrants from southern and eastern Europe were genetically defective due to higher levels of mental retardation and crime, and posed a threat to the Nordic race.
This prompted President Calvin Coolidge to pass the Johnson-Reed Act in 1924, which established a quota on the number of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe who were allowed to enter the US, while no restrictions were placed on immigrants from Northern Europe.
In 1927, Buck v. Bell became the dominant headline in Virginia as 18-year-old patient Carrie Buck fought against the state's ruling to sterilize her. In 1924, the Eugenic Sterilization Act was passed in Virginia, which allowed the forced sterilization of those who were considered "mentally retarded". This was not a new phenomenon.
In 1907, the first sterilization law was passed in Indiana in response to the intellectual discussions of the late 1800s that blamed bad genetic inheritance on criminality and mental defects. By the 1930s, 27 states in America had introduced similar sterilization laws.
Buck, who was admitted to a psychiatric clinic due to her "dementia," lost her case, as did many other unfortunate victims in the US and around the world. In the state of Indiana, about 2,500 people were forcibly sterilized before 1974, and in California, about 20,000 cases of sterilization were recorded from 1909 to 1979.
Oregon became the last state to repeal its sterilization laws in 1983, after 2,648 people were sterilized. Outside the US, sterilization laws have been enacted in countries such as Denmark, Switzerland, Germany, and Norway. In Sweden, from 1935 to 1976, 60,000 Swedish women considered mentally ill were sterilized against their will.
Death of a bad idea
As early as 1922, William Bateson, the founder of genetics, declined an invitation to the Second International Eugenics Congress, stating that: "The real question is whether we should not separate genetics (and eugenics)".
By the 1930s, the Third International Eugenics Congress drew fewer than 100 participants as eugenic ideas fell out of favor with American and European intellectuals.
Critics pointed to problematic experimental methods, insufficiently understood economic and environmental factors, and an overly simplistic approach to Mendel's theories viewed through the questionable lens of class and racist bias.
In addition, the troubling policies of Nazi Germany in the 1930s convinced many to distance themselves from eugenics.
Adolf Hitler and Nazi scientists were inspired by the Americans to forcibly sterilize Jews and minorities in Germany by passing the Prevention of Hereditary Offspring Act in 1933, which did not sit well with many American proponents of the theory.
In 1939, on the eve of World War II, the Eugenics Records Bureau was finally closed and funding was cut off. After the untold horrors of the Holocaust, eugenics became a taboo subject in the second half of the 20th century.
Now America's and the West's flirting with such a dangerous ideology remains a shameful reminder of the devastating consequences of a bad idea.
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Sandwitches Café is a quite haven in the heart of York beside the busy market. We serve an extensive menu of home made quality food and great Coffees in one of the oldest standing former houses in York.
According to York Conservation Trust " 12 Newgate is probably the second oldest dated house in York. The range Nos. 12 to 15 Newgate represents the surviving units of a row of timber-framed houses built in the churchyard of St. Sampson in 1337, facing south-east along Newgate. ". Sandwiches Café has two quirkily themed upper storey seating / dining areas where you can sit amongst original timbered walls and relax. As well as their extensive menu which is available daily they also cater for private parties of up to 26 guests. If you are looking for a quaint and cosy venue with a twist you and book here.


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#include <moveit/planning_interface/planning_interface.h>
#include <moveit/planning_scene/planning_scene.h>
#include <moveit/robot_model/robot_model.h>
#include <moveit_msgs/GetMotionPlan.h>
#include <chomp_interface/chomp_planning_context.h>

#include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>

#include <pluginlib/class_list_macros.h>

namespace chomp_interface
{
class CHOMPPlannerManager : public planning_interface::PlannerManager
{
public:
  CHOMPPlannerManager() : planning_interface::PlannerManager()
  {
  }

  bool initialize(const robot_model::RobotModelConstPtr& model, const std::string& ns)
  {
    // model->printModelInfo(std::cout);
    std::vector<std::string> groups = model->getJointModelGroupNames();
    ROS_INFO_STREAM("Following groups exist:");
    for (int i = 0; i < groups.size(); i++)
    {
      ROS_INFO("%s", groups[i].c_str());
      planning_contexts_[groups[i]] =
          CHOMPPlanningContextPtr(new CHOMPPlanningContext("chomp_planning_context", groups[i], model));
    }
    return true;
  }

  planning_interface::PlanningContextPtr getPlanningContext(const planning_scene::PlanningSceneConstPtr& planning_scene,
                                                            const planning_interface::MotionPlanRequest& req,
                                                            moveit_msgs::MoveItErrorCodes& error_code) const
  {
    error_code.val = moveit_msgs::MoveItErrorCodes::SUCCESS;

    if (req.group_name.empty())
    {
      ROS_ERROR("No group specified to plan for");
      error_code.val = moveit_msgs::MoveItErrorCodes::INVALID_GROUP_NAME;
      return planning_interface::PlanningContextPtr();
    }

    if (!planning_scene)
    {
      ROS_ERROR("No planning scene supplied as input");
      error_code.val = moveit_msgs::MoveItErrorCodes::FAILURE;
      return planning_interface::PlanningContextPtr();
    }

    planning_contexts_.at(req.group_name)->setMotionPlanRequest(req);
    error_code.val = moveit_msgs::MoveItErrorCodes::SUCCESS;
    return planning_contexts_.at(req.group_name);
  }

  bool canServiceRequest(const planning_interface::MotionPlanRequest& req) const
  {
    // TODO: this is a dummy implementation
    //      capabilities.dummy = false;
    return true;
  }

  std::string getDescription() const
  {
    return "CHOMP";
  }

  void getPlanningAlgorithms(std::vector<std::string>& algs) const
  {
    algs.resize(1);
    algs[0] = "CHOMP";
  }

protected:
  std::map<std::string, CHOMPPlanningContextPtr> planning_contexts_;
};

}  // ompl_interface_ros

PLUGINLIB_EXPORT_CLASS(chomp_interface::CHOMPPlannerManager, planning_interface::PlannerManager);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Nino Rota (December 3, 1911, Milan – April 10, 1979, Rome) was an Italian composer and academic who is best known for his film scores, notably for the films of Federico Fellini and Luchino Visconti. He also composed the music for two of Franco Zeffirelli's Shakespeare films, and for the first two films of Francis Ford Coppola's Godfather tril… Read More
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Another New Jersey Poll Shows Marijuana Legalization Passing By A Huge Margin
New Jersey voters support a marijuana legalization referendum that's on their ballots by a nearly three-to-one margin, according to a new poll released on Friday.
The Stockton University Polling Institute survey found that when likely voters were asked whether they "support or oppose a constitutional amendment legalizing marijuana in New Jersey," 66 percent were in favor, compared to 23 percent in opposition.
A separate poll released last week found that voters back the Garden State marijuana referendum by a similar margin of 61 percent to 29 percent. Another survey last month showed 65 percent of voters in support of the cannabis ballot question.
In a press release, the pollsters from Stockton emphasized that "margins in actual election results for ballot questions are typically less than found in the polls" and that "the reason may be that the number of voters who actually cast votes at the end of the ballot, where public questions are placed, are generally fewer than at the top of the ballot."
That could be a concern for cannabis legalization advocates since the New Jersey referendum is on the back of the ballot, where some voters may not see it. In light of that, activists have made a concerted effort to get voters to "turn the page" to make sure they weigh in on the marijuana question.
The university didn't publish demographic breakdowns from the poll in its release but did share them at Marijuana Moment's request.
"We found that support for the amendment to legalize steadily decreased as age increased," Alyssa Maurice, a research associate with the William J. Hughes Center for Public Policy, said. "Among 18-29 year old respondents, 88% said they supported it. Among 30-49 year-olds, 76% supported. 60% of 50-64 year-olds and 52% of those 65 and older did.
"There was also stronger support among those who identify as Democrats (76%) than Republicans (52%)," she said.
In terms of topline numbers, nine percent of respondents said they were neutral on the legal cannabis issue, one percent said they weren't sure and another one percent refused to answer the question. The poll involved interviews with 721 likely voters from October 7 to 13 and has a margin of error of +/- 3.7 percentage points.
Meanwhile, New Jersey isn't the only state that appears poised to approve cannabis reform this election cycle. Two polls released on Thursday show Arizona's marijuana legalization ballot measure with a solid lead. And a survey from earlier this week found that 49 percent of Montana likely voters are in favor of recreational legalization proposals on the ballot, with 10 percent still undecided.
In New Jersey, the marijuana referendum has the support of top state officials and a robust campaign operation.
NJ CAN 2020, one of two campaign committees working to pass the cannabis referendum, released a series of English- and Spanish-language video ads earlier this week. Meanwhile, campaign finance records compiled by the state this week show that legal marijuana supporters are out-raising opponents by a ratio of nearly 130:1.
Gov. Phil Murphy (D), who has been strongly campaigning for the legalization proposal and stressed at a fundraiser for the campaign that the state "can't fail" at enacting reform this round, also urged a "yes" vote in a separate ad released by NJ CAN 2020 this month.
The governor has said that the ongoing criminalization of cannabis in New Jersey wastes taxpayer dollars, and he's emphasized that prohibition is enforced in a racially disproportionate manner. Murphy similarly said in a recent interview that the marijuana reform proposal prioritizes social justice.
"I wish we could have gotten it done through a legislative process," he said at the time, referencing lawmakers' inability to advance a legalization bill last session. "We just couldn't find the last few votes, so it's on the referendum. I'm strongly supporting it—first and foremost for social justice reasons."
Last month, Murphy also called on voters to support the proposal in an email blast that was circulated by the New Jersey Democratic State Committee.
"Legalization would right those wrongs while also spurring massive economic development opportunities, job creation, and new tax revenue," the governor wrote. "Now, we have the opportunity to get this done and finally legalize adult-use marijuana here in the Garden State, and I need your help to make it happen."
He said in July that legalizing cannabis is "an incredibly smart thing to do" both from an economic and social justice perspective.
The governor isn't alone in his attempts to get out the vote for cannabis reform. Filmmaker Kevin Smith urged his Twitter followers earlier this month to "VOTE YES when you see State Public Question Number 1: Constitutional Amendment to Legalize Marijuana."
NJ CAN 2020 launched its first video ad promoting the legalization referendum last month.
Legislators attempted to enact the policy change during the last session, but when negotiations stalled, they opted to put the question to voters in the form of a referendum. If the measure is approved on Election Day, the legislature will then have to pass implementing legislation containing details for how the legal cannabis market will work.
In June, the state Assembly passed a cannabis decriminalization bill that would make possession of up to two ounces a civil penalty without the threat of jail time, though it hasn't advanced in the Senate.
Meanwhile, a key state senator said that legislative leaders are close to finalizing a bill to implement the details of a legal cannabis framework. He said it could be passed in the first week of November if voters approve the ballot referendum.
Watch The Oregon Drug Decriminalization Campaign's New TV Ads For Historic Ballot Measure
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Everything on earth is interconnected. Polar bears represent an important piece of our interconnected environment. Polar Bears International (PBI) is dedicated to assuring the survival of the polar bear. Pollution and climate change threaten this magnificent species, but there is still hope. PBI challenges you to reduce your school, household or community carbon footprint.
Essential Question: How can we change our habits to protect biodiversity.
These are only example questions. We encourage you to ask as many personal and contextual questions as possible. For help with developing quality questions check out this resource.
How do we impact biodiversity?
How does increased CO2 and/or climate change impact biodiversity?
These are a set of example activities and resources. The learners will need to evaluate the quality and applicability of the content. They are just meant to serve as examples. The ones that you choose should be in direct relationship to your specific guiding questions and context. Activities and resources for adults, adolescents, and younger children will be different. The goal is to develop solutions that mean something in your community and are sustainable.
Understand the vocabulary biodiversity, climate change, carbon footprint, etc.
Audit your personal, family, school and community use of resources.
Calculate your personal and family carbon footprints.
Research the most effective actions for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Explore the impact of local, state and federal laws on reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Research the environmental platforms of your local, state and federal representatives.
Explore the websites and if possible visit one of the Arctic Ambassador Centers.


Many of our Kashmiri youth have mistakenly crossed the border over the years. In spite of the fact that these youngsters are our citizens, no government has made any attempts to get them back from Pakistan. If we cannot support the rights of Kashmiri youth to repatriate to their mother country, why are we shedding tears over people who belong to Pakistan? Are these Hindus not Pakistani citizens? By allowing them to stay in India, do we not risk spoiling our relations with our neighbors?
These Pakistani Hindus will serve as ready manpower to serve in communal Hindu terrorist organizations such as RSS, Shiv Sena, Bajrang Dal, VHP etc. They will create disturbances between Indian Hindus and minorities. I think this is nothing but a Pakistani ploy to destabilize India.
Bangladeshi immigrants are more needy and deserving of our attention. Many of them come from one of the most impoverished places on this planet. They need our help and support in the form of houses, ration, cars, ACs etc. These Bangladeshis have never experienced even the basic luxuries, unlike Pakistani Hindus who come from Havelis and have historically been the landowning caste in Pakistan that has oppressed the economically weaker sections. Clearly, Bangladeshis need our assistance more.
Modi government is deliberately fanning the flames of communalism by trying to import Hindu foreigners to upset India's delicate secular balance. It is trying to inflate Hindu numbers artificially to buttress its claim that India is a Hindu nation.
These Pakistani Hindus have no sense of cleanliness and hygiene and create slums wherever they go. This is a blot on our nation's capital.
Azam Khan- Hindu terrorists beat up one minority member in J&K Assembly a few days ago. There was no outcry from media. Yesterday, the same minority member was attacked by Hindu fanatics in Delhi. This too has failed to get strong condemnation from the nation. That is why minorities are not safe in India. That is why I had to raise the issue of protection of minorities at the UN. And I stand by my decision. Minorities need protection from Modi government that is hell bent on straying us from our faith and converting us to Hinduism. That is why the whole brouhaha on Beef eating. I want to tell all my secular Hindu brothers that lies are being spread on the issue of Beef. It is only the RSS and VHP people who don't eat Beef.
From Vedas to Upanishads to Bhagwat Gita, all extol virtues of Beef eating. In fact, centuries ago, a piece of Beef used to be put in the mouths of new born Hindu babies as a sign of good omen. Cows used to be sacrificed during ceremonies and Beef used to be served openly. It is only in the recent times that Beef eating was made taboo by Brahmins of VHP and RSS. It is time that secular Hindus see through their nefarious designs and foil their motives.
I strongly recommend that every secular Hindu sacrifice a cow during Navratras to prove his loyalty to secularism. Not doing so would only embolden the government which may tomorrow ban even meat, chicken or even milk. All secular Hindus must unite in consuming Beef. This festive season, we must throw beeef parties to make our opposition to the government's plans clear.
Let us tweet #Cowisnotmymother till it reaches Modi's ears.


Royal Door Ltd is a leader in the Automatic entrance system industry. Founded in 1981 in Tracadie-Sheila, the company is now headquartered in the Moncton, New Brunswick area and has an office in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia to better serve Atlantic Canada's construction industry.
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Uganda participated in the 21st Commonwealth Games with 69 athletes and 34 officials. The team comprised of 11 sports disciplines; 9 individual sports and 2 teams. In addition to this, Government officials from Ministry of Education and Sports, National Council of Sports and Uganda High Commission in Australia as well as Members of Parliament attended the games.
Prior to departure for the games, the federations organized various training sessions for the teams.. Athletics team trained at 3 different venue; residential camp in Bukwo and Kapchorwa for Marathon and long distance. Non residential training for sprints and middle distance at Namboole in Kampala. Badminton athletes (3 local based) trained at the Kampala Club, Nakasero. Boxers underwent residential camp Kavumba recreation centre, Wakiso. Cyclists trained in Kenya and in Kampala.
Netball team had non residential training at Lugogo and Namboole. The athletes also toured the country for friendly tournaments in Northern, Eastern and Western parts of the country and travelled to Barbados for friendly matches.
Rugby team did residential and non residential training in Jinja and Kampala as part of training for the games. They also participated in a friendly tournament in Zimbabwe (22nd – 26th March) and World Rugby Series Hong Kong (4 – 8th April 2018) before they competed in the Games.
The lady shooter trained at Kigo shooting range, ,Wakiso. The 2 squash athletes had non residential training at Kampala Club, Nakasero and also traveled to Kenya for regional tournament and part of build up. The female swimmer trained in Kampala while the Male athlete based in Iowa USA had training from the university where he is studying. Table tennis athletes were in non residential training at Kololo S.S while the weightlifters were in non residential training camp at Kasubi, Kampala as the USA based athletes joined them later on.
The team performed well, best ever since the games came to be known as the Commonwealth Games in 1974. Overall the team was placed 15th out of 43 countries that won medals.


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Home Business News Cost Of Drilling A Borehole In Nigeria (2020) – Everything You Need...
Cost Of Drilling A Borehole In Nigeria (2020) – Everything You Need To Know
Johnson Olumide
Cost Of Drilling A Borehole In Nigeria 2020 – Everything You Need To Know
Portable water is one of the essential resources Nigerians don't enjoy, which has forced many to adapt Borehole drilling as an alternative which comes at a cost.
Over the last 40 years, the Nigerian government has failed to live up to its expectations despite allocating several budgets to the provision of water supply for Nigerians annually.
In 2018, via an interview with the press, the Minister of Water Resources,
Suleiman Adamu expressed his shock at the rate of borehole drilling across urban centers.
Adamu did say that such an issue could have been minimized if there were good
and sound workable water schemes in the country. (READ IT HERE)
The borehole has become the only source of potable water for Nigerians for years.
The rivers have been contaminated, the pipe-borne water from the ministry of water is not functional either, and Nigerians are left with no choice than to dig borehole for themselves.
This obviously doesn't come at a very cheap cost. But, in this article, I'll be showing you the most affordable way to get a borehole drilled in your house.
What Is The Cost Of Drilling A Borehole In Nigeria 2020
So many factors need to be considered before estimating the cost of drilling a borehole in Nigeria.
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The drilling process can be quite tasking.
Apart from the heavy machinery used in the process, it requires a large workforce too.
On average, the water borehole drilling in Nigeria cost between 100,000 to 700,000.
The primary determiner of the cost of a borehole is the type of drilling you want to use.
Factors That Determines The Cost Of A Drilling Process
These are things you need to consider before budgeting for a borehole.
They are just a few but are very important determinants in the final cost of the drilling process.
The factors are:
Types Of Drilling Process
There are two types of drilling processes;
Manual Drilling Process
Heavy Duty drilling Process
The manual drilling process is one that requires physical labor.
It involves hiring laborer to manually dig the ground until the water level is reached underground.
This process costs less, but it takes more time.
The digging might go on for days if not up to a week.
The heavy-duty drilling on the hand is a faster, more reliable process, involving use of machinery to dig the ground until the water level is reached.
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It lasts for just a few hours, unlike the manual drilling process and subsequently, costs more.
The part of the country you are goes a long way in determining the cost of the drilling
It cost more in places like Lagos, Abuja, Port Harcourt than other parts of the country.
Areas with a high cost of living are generally costlier than others.
This doesn't only affect the heavy-duty drilling but also the manual method.
It is important to note that borehole drilling is different from well digging.
Drilling is simply making a narrow, deep hole into the ground.
The depth of the borehole depends on how far water is to the ground in your area.
If you live close to a river or in a riverine area, the drilling won't be too deep before the
water level is reached.
In conclusion, if you're planning to drill a borehole for domestic use in your home
or commercial purpose, ensure that that you consider all the possible factors that will affect
the overall cost.
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White snow Christmas cake: It is actually a fruit cake covered with white cream, white snow is considered as a symbol of December holidays and Christmas.
Chocolate cake with red ornaments: Base of cake is red but it is covered with dark chocolate. For giving it a colour of Christmas, it is decorated with red ornaments.
Christmas tree cake: It is basically a white cream or chocolate cake but it is decorated with an ornamental traditional Christmas tree, as Christmas tree is a powerful sign showing Christmas event.
Dense butter Christmas cake: This cake is a tradition of British people. It is baked 4-6 weeks before Christmas which gives cake a much better flavour. The blend of this cake contains too much butter, raisins, molasses, candied orange peels, cherries and dry fruits. After baking it covered with ice frosting.
Irish Christmas cake: The base of this cake contains dried nuts, spices, citrus peels, and molasses. Then it is covered with icing and finally served with frozen yogurt.
For making these traditional Christmas cakes, one must need experience and patience, in equal abundance. Your cake cutting ceremony will be more delightful by these Christmas cakes.


Broadway. Times Square. Madison Square Garden. The name says it all: the Theater District is the entertainment hub of the city, and possibly the entire nation. The western half of Midtown Manhattan (to be distinguished from Midtown East), this is where you'll find Times Square, the streets packed with people taking in quite arguably the brightest entertainment district in the world. Despite its gaudy signage and superficial nature, a place where no local would want to be caught dead, it's hard not to be awestruck by it all. This is where the famous musicals of Broadway perform, where many famous TV shows are taped, and where the Knicks and Rangers play to sellout crowds.
It's easy to get distracted by Times Square; even in this city of giant skyscrapers and famed landmarks, the night glow of the Theater District overwhelms everything around it, making the rest of Manhattan look dark in comparison. It draws your attention away from anything else, much like a stage light focused on a theater set. But there is more to this area than bright lights and big-name shows, with revivified neighborhoods surrounding the core entertainment zone. To the south of Times Square lies the Garment District, center of New York's fashion scene, while to the north and west are more residential areas. West of Times Square is Hell's Kitchen, long the site of many smaller theaters and studios, less flashy than their counterparts on Broadway but no less active. There's much to see and do here — just try not to forget about the rest of Manhattan while you're here.
This district stretches from 31st St, through the heavily commercial West 30s up to 59th St (beyond which is Central Park), and lies west of 6th Ave. The West Side is home not only to the famed "Great White Way" (Broadway), but to the emerging business district centered on the now thoroughly Disneyfied Times Square. The Theater District centers on the outlandishly commercial "New" 42nd Street and heads up Broadway and 7th Avenues, melding to the west with the resurgent neighborhood of Hell's Kitchen and its commercial strip on 9th Avenue, and to the north with the newly-built Time Warner Center at Columbus Circle. South of Times Square is the Garment District, where most of the city's showrooms and many well-known designers occupy the area between Times Square and Madison Square Garden, the famous sports arena located atop Pennsylvania Station. The area becomes increasingly residential as you go north or west, and more commercial to the east and south. Many of Manhattan's largest hotels (including the Hilton and the Sheraton) are located on 6th or 7th Avenue in this area.
Broadway is one of the leading venues in the world for musicals on equal footing with London's West End with both musical scenes often influencing each other and shows from one side of the pond touring on the other or having sister productions quite often.
40.75072-73.989411 Official NYC Information Center at Macy's Herald Square, 151 W. 34th St. (between 7th Ave. and Broadway, inside Macy's), ☎ +1 212 484-1222. M–F 9AM–7PM, Sa 10AM-7PM, Su 11AM–7PM, closed Thanksgiving and Christmas. Multilingual FAQ stations, free WiFi, plenty of guides and maps, and a MetroCard machine.
The Times Square-42nd St. subway station is one of the major nerve centers of public transit in New York, with the 1, 2, 3, 7, N, Q, R, W and S (Grand Central Shuttle) lines all stopping there, while a pedestrian tunnel affords a free transfer to the 42nd St.-8th Av. station, which serves the A, C, and E lines. Nearby, though not connected to the Times Square-42nd St. station, the B, D, F, and M lines stop at 42nd St. and 6th Avenue.
South of Times Square, the 1, 2, and 3 lines run under 7th Avenue, the A, C and E lines run under 8th Avenue, the N, Q, R, and W lines run under Broadway, and the B, D, F and M lines run under 6th Avenue, with all lines stopping at 34th Street, near Penn Station. Additionally, the 7 line runs southwest to 34th Street and 11th Avenue, adjacent to the Javits Convention Center. From outside New York City, Penn Station, located underneath Madison Square Garden, is the east coast hub of Amtrak services and is the regional hub for Long Island Rail Road and New Jersey Transit commuter rail services. See the By train section on the main New York City page for more info. Also serving the neighborhood is PATH subway service to Hoboken and Jersey City, New Jersey, which runs under 6th Ave., stopping at 33rd St., 23rd St., and 14th St.
North of Times Square, the 1, 2, and 3 lines run under Broadway, with the 1 stopping at 50th St. and 59th St-Columbus Circle. The A, C, and E lines run under 8th Avenue, with the C and E stopping at 50th St., before the E branches east to head under 53rd St. to Queens, stopping at 7th Av, while the A and C lines continue north, stopping at 59th St-Columbus Circle. The N, Q, R, and W lines run under 7th Avenue, stopping at 57th St. (the ideal stop for Carnegie Hall), with the N, R, and W lines also stopping at 49th St. The F train continues along 6th Avenue, stopping at 57th St., while the B and D trains head northwest, stopping at 7th Av./53rd St. and 59th St-Columbus Circle.
Quite a number of city bus routes serve the area (see the MTA website for a map), but crosstown routes in particular can be subject to gridlock at peak times.
Manhattan's main long distance bus station is the Port Authority Bus Terminal, between 8th and 9th Avenues between 40th and 42nd Streets. Connections are available on commuter buses to New Jersey and Rockland County, New York, and to long-distance routes through the country and to Canada.
Taxis ply the area day and night but can slow to a standstill during rush hour, lunchtime, and even mid-afternoon. However, if you need a taxi and are unfamiliar with normal taxi fares, do not hail anything but a yellow cab. Drivers of black limos who offer to pick you up may try to cheat you.
Walking is the way you can see the most, but even walking can be a problem, particularly on Broadway and 7th Av. between 48th and 42nd Sts. Large numbers of tourists are liable to be standing still and looking up every few feet, and of course, you may be one of them. But if you prefer to take a walk at a steadier pace, take a side street and walk on another avenue.
40.75773-73.9857081 Times Square, Broadway and 7th Avenue, stretching from 42nd to 48th Streets. A place filled with video screens, LED signs, and flashing lights; a world wonder or a tourist nightmare depending on your perspective, the "new" Times Square is a family-friendly theme park of themed restaurants, theaters and hotels, as well as a developing business district. The lights and signs can be viewed anytime, but the most enchanting experience comes when one visits Times Square at night, as all the signs and screens are ablaze with color. Times Square is also well known for its famous New Year's Eve ball drop. Those looking for the seedy Times Square of years past will find it around the Port Authority Bus Terminal, and on Eighth Avenue to the west.
40.75915-73.984932 TKTS Booth, 1564 Broadway (at 47th St, at the north end of Times Square), ☎ +1 212 912-9770. Booth: tickets for evening performances Tu 2-8PM, M and W-Sa 3-8PM, Su 3-7PM; tickets for matinee performances W-Th and Sa 11AM-2PM, Su 11AM-3PM. A ticket booth selling discounted Broadway and off-Broadway shows. However, the cheaper tickets aren't the only attraction, as the back of the booth is a large, red-lit glass staircase facing Times Square, which serves as a set of bleachers and offers an excellent opportunity to get above the street and just watch the crowds and flashing signs. Above the booth is a video screen with a live feed of the top step, giving you a chance to appear (if only briefly) on one of the many signs in Times Square.
40.7564-73.98653 One Times Square, 1475 Broadway (at 42nd St). Originally the second-tallest building in the world when it opened in 1905, One Times Square was constructed to be the headquarters for The New York Times, a function it would serve for less than ten years. The annual Times Square ball drop is performed from the roof of this building. And you can't miss the famous Dow Jones news and sports zipper (the first news ticker in the world) attached to its lower facade.
40.758611-73.9791944 Rockefeller Center ( B D F M to 47th-50th St). The Christmas Tree, the Skating Rink, NBC studios, the shops and hubbub - you can't miss it. The Christmas Tree and the Skating Rink are naturally not year round, but in the summer, the complex is a hub for touristy operations. Within the striking Art Deco buildings of the complex are several dining establishments overlooking the area and many stores.
40.759722-73.9791675 Radio City Music Hall, 1260 6th Ave (between 50th and 51st Sts), ☎ +1 212 307-7171. Daily 11:30AM–6PM. See the Rockettes, another show, or just tour the famous Art Deco masterpiece.
40.758972-73.9793896 Top of the Rock Observation Deck, W 50th St (between 5th and 6th Aves), ☎ +1 212 698-2000, e-mail: info@topoftherocknyc.com. Daily 8:30AM-midnight, last elevator at 11PM. On the 70th floor of the GE Building (better known by some as "30 Rock") is this narrow observation deck, built to resemble the deck of a cruise ship. The deck affords uninterrupted views over Central Park to the north and across Midtown to the south. $25 adults, $23 seniors, $16 children.
40.761484-73.9776647 Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), 11 W 53rd St (between 5th and 6th Aves; Subway: E M trains to 5th Ave/53rd St or B D F trains to 47th-50th Sts-Rockefeller Center), ☎ +1 212 708-9400, e-mail: info@moma.org. Sa-Th 10:30AM-5:30PM, F 10:30AM-8PM, open until 8:45PM on first Thursday of the month and every Thursday Jul-Aug. One of the greatest and most popular collections of modern art, on a par with the Tate Modern in London or Paris's Centre Georges Pompidou. Exceedingly popular so be warned: queues for tickets start early and stretch long. To avoid the crowds, turn up at the door at least a half hour before opening, then take the elevator to the top floor and work your way down. The building is as much a draw as the outstanding collection; possessing arguably the best collection of modern masterpieces world-wide, MoMA houses important art works from Van Gogh, Picasso, Monet, Matisse, Salvador Dalí, Paul Cézanne, Frida Kahlo, Piet Mondrian, and works by leading American artists such as Jackson Pollock, Jasper Johns, Edward Hopper, Andy Warhol, and Chuck Close. MoMA also holds renowned art photography and design collections. In addition to being the crown jewel of modern art museums, MoMA puts on a terrific repertory program in a nicely renovated theater below the museum. $20 adults, $16 seniors, $12 students, free for children under 16. Free admission for all on Fridays 4PM-8PM.
40.7577-73.987288 Discovery Times Square Exposition (Discovery TSX), 226 West 44th St. An exhibition hall that caters to traveling exhibitions that are deemed "too large, too expensive, too nondisciplinary or too commercial" for local museums. Discovery TSX has been home to Harry Potter: The Exhibition, CSI: The Experience, Titanic: The Artifact Exhibition, King Tut NYC: Return of the King, and Pompeii the Exhibit.
40.764722-74.0008339 Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum, Pier 86 (12th Ave & 46th St), ☎ +1 212 245-0072. Apr-Sep M-F 10AM-5PM, Sa-Su 10AM-6PM; Oct-Mar Tu-Su 10AM-5PM. The aircraft carrier Intrepid is docked here and loaded with spacecraft and aircraft, including the very cool Blackbird spy plane and the prototype Space Shuttle Enterprise. On the other side of the dock is a guided-missile submarine and a Concorde, both of which you can tour also, and some tanks. $16.50 adult.
40.75636-73.9882510 Madame Tussauds New York, 234 W 42nd St, ☎ +1 212-512-9600. Get up close to over 200 lifelike wax figures of the biggest stars and icons in entertainment, sports and history.
40.760833-73.97611112 Saint Thomas Church, 1 W. 53th St (corner of 5th Ave.), ☎ +1 212 757-7013, e-mail: welcome@SaintThomasChurch.org. Monday-Friday: approximately 7:30AM until 6:30PM; Saturday: mornings and afternoons (hours vary week to week); Sunday: 7AM until 6PM (September - May) or 7AM until 1PM (summer). The interior of this Episcopal church is a peaceful place, and both the exterior and interior are architecturally harmonious and worth looking at if you are walking nearby. Free admission.
40.76057-73.9775913 The Paley Center for Media (formerly the Museum of Television & Radio), 25 W 52nd St (between 5th and 6th Aves; Subway: E M trains to 5th Ave/53rd St or B D F trains to 47th-50th Sts-Rockefeller Center), ☎ +1 212 621-6600. W,F-Su noon-6PM, Th noon-8PM, closed M-Tu. Dedicated to preserving and collecting television programs as a service to the public, the museum consists of two museum branches in Los Angeles and New York City; combined they hold over 100,000 television programs that are available to the public, providing a historical, artistic and cultural perspective to television and radio. You may use their library here for the price of admission. They have lots of old shows and a database so you can see if they have what you want. $10 adults, $8 students/seniors, $5 children under 14.
40.75678-73.98571 ABC Times Square Studios, 1500 Broadway (between 43rd and 44th Sts), ☎ +1 212 930-7700. Come here bright and early in the morning to be in the live audience of the network's famous morning news show, Good Morning America. Walkbys can view the show in progress from the studio's street level windows and catch up on the latest news scrolling away continuously on the building's lower two message zippers.
40.75667-73.989252 AMC Empire 25, 234 W 42nd St (subway to Times Square-42nd St), ☎ +1 212 398-3939. First showings begin around noon, last showings begin at around 11PM. This large multiplex cinema shows first-run, mainstream films on 25 screens. It also contains an IMAX cinema showing mainstream feature films. $6-$14.
40.762911-73.982853 Birdland Jazz Club, 315 W 44th St, ☎ +1 212 581-3080. This historic club (though not at the original location of W. 52 St.) — universally acknowledged as one of the top jazz venues in the city — features a great lineup of justly famous performers and has good acoustics. Expect to pay a fair price for that quality.
40.765-73.984 Carnegie Hall, 154 W 57th St. If you ask a New Yorker how to get to Carnegie Hall, you may get the answer "Practice, practice!" This elegant 19th-century hall is New York's premier venue for famous recitalists and visiting symphony orchestras. The complex also includes the more intimate Weill Recital Hall slightly further east and Zankel Hall, in the basement of the side of the building facing 7th Av. near 56th St, a medium-sized venue used by jazz groups and classical concert pianists, alike.
40.75697-73.984545 Hudson Theatre, 145 W 44th St, ☎ +1 212 768-4400. This theater is over 100 years old and remains the third oldest theater on Broadway. Located right next to the Millennium Broadway Hotel, it remained defunct as a theater for decades, acting as the hotel's event space. It is now slated to reopen in February 2017.
40.75944-73.991366 Kramer's Reality Tour, 358 W 44th St (at the Producers Club Theater), ☎ +1 212 268-5525, toll-free: +1-800-572-6377, fax: +1 212 465-9327. Sa Su noon. For Seinfeld fans. Kenny Kramer, said to be the inspiration for the character Kramer, tells about the show, in a fun way. And guides on a tour to places seen in the show. Stop for photo outside the restaurant seen in the show. $37.50.
40.76247-73.984997 Wicked the Musical, 222 W 51st St, toll-free: +1-888-842-5835. An incredibly popular show which has been on Broadway for roughly ten years, Wicked is one of the highest rated shows that has ever hit Broadway. It's based on the Wizard of Oz, but told from the witch's point of view instead of Dorothy's. The show runs about 2 hours and 45 minutes.
40.75794-73.9868 The Lion King, 200 W 45th St, toll-free: +1-866-958-9179. The highest grossing stage production of all time, this musical based on the 1994 Disney animated film has won numerous awards and has been going strong since its premiere in 1997. This show runs about 2 hours and 40 minutes.
40.76438-73.985699 Broadway Comedy Club, 318 W 53rd St, ☎ +1 212 757-2323. This is one of the most respected comedy clubs in all of New York City, one that has played host to the likes of Joe Devito, Scott McFadden, Jimmy Fallon, David Letterman, and many others who have gone on to make it big in television. Tickets generally run for about $20 a night, and include a free pitcher of beer. Shows run up until as late as 11PM and are a great way for you to end your evening.
40.7569-73.9883910 B.B. King Blues Club & Grill, 237 W 42nd St (between Seventh and Eighth Aves), ☎ +1 212 997-4144. A phenomenal place with one of the widest varieties of music in town, featuring cover bands and soul tributes which fill the gaps between big-name bookings such as Chuck Berry and Solomon Burke. Lately, the club has also shown an interest in extreme-metal bands such as Obituary and Dark Funeral and hip-hop acts such as the Lox and Kool Keith. For many shows, the best seats are at the dinner tables up front, but the menu prices can get pretty expensive and the food is not very good - best to stick to unmixed drinks and have only the simplest food, if necessary. On Sundays, B.B.'s has the Harlem Gospel Choir come in and has a buffet brunch.
40.76037-73.984981 Hershey's Times Square, 1593 Broadway (at 48th Street), ☎ +1 212 581-9100. You are able to purchase all types of chocolate goodies and Hershey-themed products at this store. A few dollars can also get you a personalized message scrolled across their zipper outside on the store's facade. Hershey stores are all over the country but this particular store is the largest Hershey's store in the world. It has three floors of pure chocolate, and Hershey's products.
Macy's - "The World's Largest Store"
40.75083-73.989112 Macy's, 151 W 34th St (between 7th Ave and Broadway), ☎ +1 212 695-4400. Billing itself as "The World's Largest Store" on the large signs outside, this is the flagship store of the national chain and covers an entire city block. Its holiday window displays are so popular that they usually have a corporate sponsor. One useful tip for visitors is to go to the Macy's guest center on floor 1 1/2 and they will give you a guest card that discounts virtually everything in the store by 11%.
40.75408-73.985063 Kinokuniya Bookstore, 1073 Avenue of the Americas (6th Ave) (between 41st and 40th Streets), ☎ +1 212 869-1700. A Japanese book dealer, carrying a huge selection of Japanese reading material. It also sells a number of books by Japanese authors in English translation. It is also known as a source of excellent Japanese anime and manga, much of which is difficult or impossible to find anywhere else in the United States.
40.76019-73.984374 M&M's World New York, 1600 Broadway (at 48th St), ☎ +1 212 295-3850. Daily 9AM-Midnight. You can purchase all types of M&M goodies and M&M-themed trinkets here.
40.75677-73.985676 Sephora, 1500 Broadway (between 43rd and 44th Sts), ☎ +1 212 944-6789, fax: +1 212 944-7503. Daily 10AM-Midnight. One-stop shopping for cosmetics.
40.76361-73.973797 Bergdorf Goodman, 754 5th Ave (at 58th St), toll-free: +1-888-774-2424. Very high-end designer clothing, jewelry and accessories store for women, men and kids.
40.75816-73.978888 Morrell Wine, 1 Rockefeller Plaza (49th St between 5th and 6th Aves), ☎ +1 212 262-7700. M-Sa 10AM-7PM. Perhaps the best wine selection in the city, this is the place to go if you want to find that unusual bottle to take home as a gift. They also ship all over if you want to take home more than you can carry!
40.75806-73.979469 Nintendo World Store (more commonly just referred to as the Nintendo Store), 10 Rockefeller Plaza, ☎ +1 646 459-0800. A two story specialty store that sells a wide variety of Nintendo merchandise, including videogames, t-shirts, and plushies of your favorite Nintendo characters. The most popular aspect of the store is their Pokecenter which has a wall dedicated to Pokemon videogames, DVDs, action figures and plush dolls. The plush dolls and action figures that are on sale change every week or so, so you need to be quick to find and buy your favorite pokemon's plush counterpart. The store has a large section devoted to Wiis and 3DS/DS's that are opened for customers to play and preview videogames before they purchase them. The store also sometimes holds tournaments and video viewings to promote upcoming releases of games.
Times Square can seem infested with glorified, tacky, and overpriced versions of chain restaurants like McDonalds, Bubba Gump Shrimp, Red Lobster, and Applebee's that you can find anywhere else in America. These restaurants are more expensive than their suburban counterparts (a Big Mac costs $6). However, there are better food options available in the area, especially if you get away from Times Square proper and explore other areas in the Theater District.
40.75724-73.983391 Cranberry Cafe, 115 W 45th St (1 block from Times Square), ☎ +1 212 730-9495. Always open. A huge variety of sandwiches, pizza, sushi, and udon. Hot and cold salad bars. Sandwiches are $4-$6. Very popular with local workers, so it gets very busy at breakfast and lunch time. There is ample seating upstairs.
40.76008-73.991752 Poseidon Bakery, 629 9th Ave (between 44th and 45th Sts), ☎ +1 212 757-6173. Serves wonderful Greek pastries, savory and sweet alike. There is no place to sit, but the staff are very friendly and helpful, and you can have a delicious, cheap meal for takeout.
40.76174-73.979283 The Halal Guys, corner of 53rd Street and 6th Avenue. M–Th 10AM-4AM, F–Sa 10AM-5AM. An extremely popular and affordable food stand that is probably the only Mediterranean stand in all of Manhattan that was actually given a name. This is the original location and since it started in 2008, it has begun a chain and opened 5 more throughout Manhattan and Bergen County, NJ. Delicious gyros, wraps, and falafel, and each dish comes with rice and pita bread. There's also an incredible white sauce that's worth trying. Note that if you want some on a weekend, you're going to have to get there early because there is guaranteed to be a long wait. Each meal costs about $7 with a drink being included.
40.7627-73.989897 Gazala Place, 709 9th Ave (between 48th and 49th Sts.), ☎ +1 212 245-0709. Sun-Fri: 11AM-11PM Sat: 11AM-midnight. Dependably delicious Israeli Druze cuisine. Their babaganush is categorically better than at most other places, with great smokiness. Their special meze platter, which is not on the menu but seems to always be available, is a fair deal at $20-something. The restaurant is a bit cramped, especially when you have to walk through the kitchen to the restroom, but for food this good at these kinds of prices this close to Times Square and helpful service, it's really worthwhile. Mezes: $5-$9.95; Soups: $4.50; Salads: $7.50-8:50; Breads and savory pies: $4.50-$5.50; Sandwiches: $3.50-6.00; Entrees: $8.95-$17.95; Desserts: $5.50-9.50.
40.75818-73.988438 John's Pizzeria, 260 West 44th St (just east of 8th Ave), ☎ +1 212 391-7560. Daily 11:30AM-11:30PM. A popular pizza option with a lovely and spacious atmosphere and brick oven, coal fired, thin crust pizzas. Whole pies, no slices. Many fans, however, observe that the pizza at this location is not nearly as good as at their original Greenwich Village location. Also, pre-theater, it can be absolutely mobbed, with wait times of an hour or more.
40.76037-73.989849 Ocha Sushi, 350 W 46th St (between 8th and 9th Aves), ☎ +1 212 581-3198. Japanese restaurant with good sushi.
40.76358-73.986710 Vice Versa, 325 W 51st St (between 8th and 9th Aves), ☎ +1 212 399-9291. Simple, but tasty Italian fare. $10-$25.
40.76496-73.9874812 Wondee Siam, 792 9th Ave (between 52nd and 53rd Sts), ☎ +1 212 582-0355. Small restaurant, so expect to wait on line at peak hours (e.g., Friday and Saturday nights); generally considered to be one of the best Thai restaurants in Manhattan. Food ranges in spiciness from mild to very spicy, not always consistent with what you ask for, but staff are happy to provide extra dried red pepper flakes on the side. Consistently tasty food, especially if you stick with the items on the "secret Thai" menu card on the table and ask for everything to be "very spicy and Thai style, not sweet." Lunch specials: $7; soups and small salads: $4; fried rice: $10.50; yum (Thai spicy salads): $9.95-12.50; mains: $10.50-22; noodles: $9.50-11.50; side order of rice: $1.50-2; beverages: $2.50.
40.76115-73.9754115 Hallo Berlin, 54th St and 5th Ave. M-F 11:30AM-3:30PM. A pushcart on a Midtown street corner that serves what is widely regarded as some of the best German sausages in the city.
40.76267-73.9759716 Joe's Shanghai, 24 W 56th St (between 5th and 6th Aves), ☎ +1 212 333-3868, fax: +1 212 397-1107. M-Sa 10AM-11PM, Su 1PM-10:30PM. Try their famous "soup dumplings" -- listed on the menu as "steamed buns", and their other delicious Shanghai specialties. Pricier than the Chinatown location. $10-$20.
40.7631-73.9758217 [dead link] Prime Grill, 25 W 56th St, ☎ +1 212 692-9292. Su 5-10:30PM, M-Th 12-2:30, 5:30-11:30PM.
40.75398-73.9873518 Abigael's On Broadway, 1407 Broadway #4 (at 38th St), ☎ +1 212 575-1407. Su 4:30-10PM, M-F 12-3PM, M-Th 5-10PM. Kosher. The main restaurant is downstairs, where the quiet atmosphere is a nice break from the vibrancy of the area. Service can be slow, but it's great for a long, relaxed dinner to end off an exciting day.
40.7556-73.9853219 Aureole, 135 West 42nd St (between 6th and 7th Aves), ☎ +1 212 319-1660.
40.76036-73.9888520 Barbetta, 321 W 46th St (between 8th and 9th Aves), ☎ +1 212 246-9171.
40.76051-73.9849822 Brasserie 1605, 1605 Broadway (between 48th and 49th Street; at The Crowne Plaza Times Square Manhattan), ☎ +1 212 315-6000.
40.76331-73.981331 The Irish Pub, 837 7th Ave, ☎ +1 212 664-9364. Great place to drink after a long day at work.
40.76493-73.983072 McGee's Restaurant and Pub, 240 West 55th St (Between Broadway and 8th Ave), ☎ +1 212 957-3536. M-Sa 11AM-4AM, Su Noon-4AM. Lunch 11AM-4PM; Dinner 5PM-Midnight; Late night menu: 11PM-1AM. This is an unpretentious pub in the middle of a pricey neighborhood. The prices are very inexpensive for the neighborhood, and the pub also provides downright good food. Service is pleasant and helpful. Cocktails: $8-11; Happy Hour specials (5PM-9PM, Mon-Fri): $3-6; Beer of the Month: $4 pints; Pitchers of beer: $18-20; House wine by the glass: $6.50; Coffee drinks (with alcohol): $8-8.50; Appetizers: $6-15; Soups: $5-6; Salads: $8-14; Sandwiches: $12-16; Burgers: $12-17; Mains: $14-20; Desserts: $6.
40.75738-73.983693 The Perfect Pint, 123 W 45th St (at Broadway), ☎ +1 212 354-1099. Two-story pub off of Times Square with good Irish beers on tap and pricey entrées. Definitely not typical pub-grub, but the price matches. $15-25 per entrée.
The Hotel Pennsylvania only returned to its original name in 1992, but it has always maintained the city's best-known phone number, immortalized in song by Glenn Miller's band in 1940. The PE6 telephone exchange wasn't named after the hotel, though; they were both named after nearby Penn Station.
40.75731-73.988321 Hotel Carter, 250 W 43rd St (between 7th and 8th Aves), ☎ +1 347 748-1309, fax: +1 212 398-8541. Offering 700 lodging accommodations all with private bath. Close-up view of the ball drop at New Times Square. $99+.
40.76037-73.987892 [dead link] New York Inn, 765 8th Ave (at 47th St), ☎ +1 212 247-5400, toll-free: +1-888-465-1140, fax: +1 212 541-4596, e-mail: newyorkinn@regencyhospitality.com. Check-in: 3PM, check-out: Noon. Affordable lodging accommodations offering double standard bed, color cable TV, telephone, AC/heating and private facilities. Refrigerators, ironing and ironing boards are available upon request. Safety box is available at no extra charge. Free wifi plus one internet kiosk are available in the lobby. Dorms from $29, private rooms from $69.
40.75648-73.98543 Casablanca Hotel, 147 W 43rd St (between Broadway and 6th Ave), ☎ +1 212 869-1212, toll-free: +1-888-922-7225, fax: +1 212 391-7585, e-mail: rooms@casablancahotel.com. Check-in: 3PM, check-out: Noon. Boutique hotel just off Times Square. High-speed Wi-fi and complimentary refreshments in Rick's Cafe 24 hours a day including breakfast in the mornings and wine and cheese receptions in the evenings except for Sunday nights. $183+.
40.76122-73.98655 Hilton Garden Inn, 790 8th Ave (between 47th and 48th Sts), ☎ +1 212 581-7000, fax: +1 212 974-0291. Check-in: 3PM, check-out: Noon. Completely remodeled in 2005 with flat-screen TVs, comfy bedding. Free wireless, business center and in-room fridge. $143-$400.
40.75638-73.984346 Hotel Mela, 120 W 44th St (between 6th Ave and 7th Ave/Broadway), toll-free: +1-877-452-6352, fax: +1 212 710-7399, e-mail: info@hotelmela.com. Luxury boutique hotel in Times Square. $161+.
40.7558-73.997497 36 Hudson Hotel, 449 W 36th St (between 9th and 10th Aves), ☎ +1 212 967-7206, fax: +1 212 967-7237. Check-in: 3PM, check-out: 11AM. $109+.
40.7651-73.978358 Salisbury Hotel, 123 W 57th St (between 6th and 7th Aves), ☎ +1 212 246-1300, toll-free: +1-888-692-5757, fax: +1 212 977-7752. Check-in: 3PM, check-out: Noon. King and double-bed rooms. Standard rooms are much larger than typical as the hotel was originally designed as a suite hotel. $109+.
40.7584-73.983279 Sanctuary Hotel, 132 W 47th St (between 6th and 7th Aves), ☎ +1 212 234-7000, toll-free: +1-800-388-8988, fax: +1 212 382-0684. Check-in: 4PM, check-out: 11AM. A Times Square-area hotel offering modern accommodations. $300+.
40.76018-73.9961710 Travel Inn Hotel, 515 W 42nd St, ☎ +1 212 695-7171.
40.76169-73.9880111 Belvedere Hotel, 319 W 48th St (between 8th and 9th Aves), ☎ +1 212 245-7000, toll-free: +1-888-468-3558. Art Deco hotel. $113.90+.
40.76065-73.9851312 Crowne Plaza Times Square, 1605 Broadway (between 48th and 49th Sts), ☎ +1 212 977-4000, toll-free: +1-800-593-5434, fax: +1 212 333-7393, e-mail: amernycmhsalescoordinators@ihg.com. Check-in: 3PM, check-out: Noon. Upscale hotel with 770 guest rooms, Manhattan's largest indoor lap pool, Brasserie 1605 Restaurant, meeting facilities. $189+.
40.75892-73.9844613 DoubleTree Suites Times Square, 1568 Broadway, ☎ +1 212 719-1600. Check-in: 3PM, check-out: 12PM. Actual suites with a reasonable amount of space for NYC. Free cookies at the front desk.
40.76241-73.9795614 Hilton New York Midtown, 1335 Avenue of the Americas (between 6th and 7th Aves), ☎ +1 212 261-5966, toll-free: +1-800-HILTONS (4458667), fax: +1 212 397-1597, e-mail: NYCNH_DS@hilton.com. Check-in: 3PM, check-out: 12PM. A massive, amenity-laden hotel tower. $199 -559+.
40.75963-73.9862615 Hotel Edison, 228 W 47th St (between Broadway and 8th Ave), ☎ +1 212 840-5000, e-mail: reservations@edisonhotelnyc.com. Check-in: 3PM, check-out: Noon. Art Deco hotel built in 1931, steps from Times Square, known for its mock-Art Deco murals on the ground floor. $119+.
40.75426-73.9930816 Homewood Suites by Hilton Midtown Manhattan, 312 West 37th Street, ☎ +1-212-244-0644. Extended stay NYC hotel. Complimentary Wi-Fi and wired Internet access. Free hot full breakfast each morning and evening dinner and drinks, Monday through Thursday.
40.76823-73.9848317 Hudson Hotel, 356 W 58th St (between 8th and 9th Aves), ☎ +1 212 554-6000, toll-free: +1-800-606-6090, fax: +1 212 554-6001. Check-in: 3PM, check-out: Noon. A fashionably trendy upmarket boutique hotel which is great for celeb spotting. Rooms are comparatively tiny with little storage space, so think again if you travel with a big wardrobe. Otherwise, the subdued lighting, designer fittings, and relatively lower prices tend to attract a younger vibey crowd, especially to the über-trendy bar at the foyer level. Standard double room from $199-$375.
40.75858-73.9895318 InterContinental New York Times Square, 300 West 44th St, ☎ +1-212-803-4500. Check-in: 4PM, check-out: Noon.
40.7663-73.9785619 JW Marriott Essex House, 160 Central Park South (between 6th and 7th Aves), ☎ +1 212 247-0300, fax: +1 212 315-1839. $299+.
40.76347-73.9804720 The London NYC, 151 W 54th St (between 6th and 7th Aves), ☎ +1 212 468-8856, toll-free: +1-866-690-2029. $279+.
40.76489-73.9811421 Manhattan Club, 200 W 56th St (between 7th Ave and Broadway), ☎ +1 212 453-8855, toll-free: +1-888-692-2121, e-mail: requestinfo@manhattanclub.com. Suites and first class services and amenities. Each suite features appliances, plush fabrics and elegant furnishings with marble baths. Timeshares available.
40.75708-73.9847922 The Millennium Broadway Hotel New York, 145 W 44th St, ☎ +1 212 768-4400, fax: +1 212 768-0847. Hotel near Broadway that features spacious rooms and suites, a conference center, wedding reception locations, event venues and an on-site restaurant.
40.75856-73.9859823 New York Marriott Marquis Times Square, 1535 Broadway, ☎ +1 212 398-1900. Gigantic in size with updated hotel rooms, high-speed elevators and six hotel restaurants and lounges. It is known for its revolving bar and the view from its clear-sided elevators.
40.76468-73.9811824 Park Central Hotel, 870 7th Ave (at 56th St). Right next to Carnegie Hall and close to the Theater District. Recently spent $65 million on renovations. While its renovations have significantly improved this hotel, it is, at best, a four-star hotel and clearly not one of New York's luxury hotels.
40.75972-73.9845625 Renaissance New York Hotel Times Square, 714 7th Ave.
40.75652-73.992726 Staybridge Suites Times Square, 340 W 40th St. An extended stay hotel offering pet friendly lodging accommodations and suites with fully equipped kitchens.
40.76436-73.9779327 West 57th Street by Hilton Club, 102 West 57th St (between 6th & 7th Aves), ☎ +1 212 379-0103. Check-in: 4PM, check-out: 10AM. Studios, one- and two- bedrooms suites with floor to ceiling views of New York City.
40.75751-73.9891228 Westin New York at Times Square, 270 W 43rd St, ☎ +1 212 201-2700, toll-free: +1-866-837-4183, e-mail: info@westinny.com.
40.76163-73.9753730 Peninsula Hotel New York, 700 5th Ave (5th Ave and 55th St), ☎ +1 212 956-2888. Has a rooftop bar.
40.76444-73.9744331 Plaza Hotel, 768 5th Ave (at Central Park South, in front of Grand Army Plaza), ☎ +1 212-759-3000, toll-free: +1-888-850-0909. Perhaps the most famous of New York's luxury hotels, the Plaza is an attraction in and of itself, having been used as a backdrop in numerous movies and TV shows and serving as the meeting place for many celebrities and politicians. The Plaza is also famous as a place to go for afternoon tea or cocktails, and of course you will pay dearly for that. This is one place where the truism is accurate: If you have to ask the price of a room, you can't afford it. Room rates are not posted on their website, but go into the thousands per night.
Too many travelers spend all or most of their time in the Theater District and other largely non-residential areas of Midtown Manhattan. From the viewpoint of many New Yorkers, the "real New York" is elsewhere, in the residential neighborhoods uptown, downtown, and even a couple of blocks west of Times Square and the bright lights of the Great White Way. If you want to find out how New Yorkers live, work, and party and feel the pace of the city, go to neighborhoods like Greenwich Village, the East Village, Chinatown, Harlem, the Upper West and Upper East Sides, or just walk to 9th Av.
This district travel guide to Theater District is a usable article. It has information for getting in as well as some complete entries for restaurants and hotels. An adventurous person could use this article, but please feel free to improve it by editing the page.
This travel guide page was last edited at 12:06, on 12 April 2019 by Wikivoyage user CommonsDelinker. Based on work by Wikivoyage users Andree.sk, Traveler100bot, ARR8, Ikan Kekek, Traveler100, Wauteurz, Renek78, Dale Arnett and Wrh2Bot and others.


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Sint-Niklaas (; , ) is a Belgian city and municipality located in the Flemish province of East Flanders. The municipality comprises the city of Sint-Niklaas proper and the towns of Belsele, Nieuwkerken-Waas, and .

Sint-Niklaas is the capital and major city of the Waasland region straddling the East Flanders and Antwerp provinces.  The city is known for having the largest market square in Belgium. At one point this square also boasted the largest Christmas tree, and the largest easter egg in Europe.

History

Thirteenth-century origins
Although some traces of pre-Roman activity have been found on the territory of Sint-Niklaas, the regional centre during Roman times was neighbouring Waasmunster, better located on the river Durme.  Belsele was already mentioned in a 9th-century document.  The history of Sint-Niklaas proper, however, starts in 1217, when the bishop of Tournai, following advice from the local clergy, founded a church dedicated to Saint Nicholas here. The new parish was to depend on the See of Tournai until the middle of the 16th century.  Politically, however, it was part of the County of Flanders.  The power of Flanders at that time favoured the rapid economic development of the city, which became the administrative centre of the region in 1241.  A document dated from 1248 records that Margaret II, Countess of Flanders, ceded additional territory to the parish of Sint-Niklaas with the proviso that it would remain bare, which explains the unusual size of the central market square today.

14th to 17th century

The city was never walled, which made it an easy target for conquest.  In 1381, it was engulfed by fire and plundered. However, the central location of Sint-Niklaas between Ghent and Antwerp, not far from the Scheldt, favoured further development. By 1513, Emperor Maximilian had granted the city the right to hold a weekly market. Around 1580, the church of Saint Nicholas suffered heavy damage from roving iconoclasts.  The 17th century was generally a period of prosperity that was marked by economic growth, mostly in the flax and wool industries.  This was also the time when Sint-Niklaas was endowed with administrative buildings and three cloistered communities (Oratorians, Franciscans, and Black Sisters), which provided educational, religious, and medical services to the region. On 25 May 1690 another fire destroyed most of the city. During this period the famous Spanish noble family Sanchez de Castro y Toledo resided in Sint-Niklaas.

18th century until now
In the 18th century, the Austrian regime was favourable to Sint-Niklaas.  The flagship textile industry adapted well to mechanization and added cotton products to its portfolio in 1764.  At the end of the century, the French Revolution brought its mixture of religious intolerance and modern administration to the city.  Napoleon came to visit Sint-Niklaas in 1803 and officially promoted it to the rank of city.  The 19th century witnessed a general decline in the textile industry.  Several new buildings were erected, including the current city hall and the Onze-Lieve-Vrouwekerk (Church of Our-Lady).  After World War II, the textile industry went through a crisis.  Today, the historic centre of the city has become mostly a shopping and services district.

Heritage

The main Church of Saint Nicholas was founded in the 13th century and gave its name to the city.  After heavy damage in the 16th century, the interior was redone in the Baroque style.
 St. Joseph Minor Seminary, catholic school.
The Church of Our Lady, built in the 19th century, famous for its Byzantine revival interior, and 6m tall statue of our lady on top, covered in fine gold.
 Town Hall, in gothical revival style was built after the old hall burned down.
 The largest market square in Belgium, founded by Margaret II, Countess of Flanders.
The Gerardus Mercator Museum traces the history of cartography back to its origins.  The museum also houses two original globes that belonged to the famous cartographer.
Other churches and museums include: Saint Joseph, Christ the King, Saloons of Fine Arts and Zwijgershoek.

Events
On the first weekend of September, Sint-Niklaas hosts an international balloon meeting ("Vredesfeesten") and a three-day music festival called "Villa Pace".
During the last week of the year, Sint-Niklaas is the host of the Flanders Volley Gala, an international volleyball tournament.
The city hosts seven processional giants:  Janneken, Mieke, Sinterklaas and Zwarte Piet, and the three Magi: Caspar, Melchior, and Balthasar.

Transportation
Because of its location on the vital axis from Ghent to Antwerp, Sint-Niklaas has excellent connections by train and car.  The E17, one of Belgium's busiest highways, passes the city; the N16 dual carriageway leads to Mechelen and Brussels.

Trains depart every half-hour to Ghent and Antwerp and hourly to Brussels, Mechelen and Leuven from the new railway station.  The city also has an extensive network of buslines, both regional and local.  Throughout the city's main thoroughfares, buses drive in designated lanes.

Sint-Niklaas was awarded the title of Most Pedestrian Friendly City in Flanders after the restoration of its central Market area.

Mayors
Mayors since the end of World War II:

 Henri Heyman (Catholic) (1933–1946);
 Romain De Vidts (CVP, now CD&V) (1947–1962);
 Frantz Van Dorpe (CVP, now CD&V);
 Paul De Vidts (CVP, now CD&V) (1977–1988);
 Lieven Lenaerts (CVP, now CD&V) (1995–1996);
 Jef Foubert (CVP, now CD&V) (1997–2000);
 Freddy Willockx (SP.A, now Vooruit) (1989–1994 and 2001 - June 2010);
 Christel Geerts, the first female mayor of Sint-Niklaas. (SP.A, now Vooruit) (July 2010 - 2012);
 Lieven Dehandschutter (N-VA) (2013 - ).

Famous citizens

International relations

Twin towns — Sister cities
Sint-Niklaas is twinned with:

References

External links

Official website - Information available in Dutch and limited information available in English and French
Flemish couples don't want to be wed by Wouter, The Observer article on racism in Sint-Niklaas

Municipalities of East Flanders
Waasland
Populated places in East Flanders

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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East Asia & the Pacific
Robert Spalding is a senior fellow at Hudson Institute. His work focuses on U.S.-China relations, economic and national security, and the Asia-Pacific military balance.
Spalding has served in senior positions of strategy and diplomacy within the Defense and State Departments for more than 26 years, and is an accomplished innovator in government and a national security policy strategist. As Senior Director for Strategy to the President, he was the chief architect of the framework for national competition in the Trump administration's National Security Strategy (NSS). He has earned recognition for his knowledge of Chinese economic competition, cyber warfare, and political influence, as well as for his ability to forecast global trends and develop innovative solutions.
Spalding's relationship with business leaders, fostered during his time as a Military Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, allowed him to recommend pragmatic solutions to complex foreign policy and national security issues, which are driving positive economic outcomes for the nation. Spalding's groundbreaking work on competition in Secure 5G has reset the global environment for the next phase of cyber security in the information age.
Spalding is a skilled combat leader, promoter of technological advances to achieve improved unit performance, and a seasoned diplomat. Under Spalding's leadership, the 509th Operations Group—the nation's only B-2 Stealth Bomber unit—experienced unprecedented technological and operational advances. Spalding's demonstrated acumen for solving complex technological issues to achieve operational success, was demonstrated when he led a low-cost rapid-integration project for a secure global communications capability in the B-2, achieving tremendous results at almost no cost to the government. As commander, he led forces in the air and on the ground in Libya and Iraq. During the UUV Incident of 2016, Spalding averted a diplomatic crisis by negotiating with the Chinese PLA for the return of the UUV, without the aid of a translator.
Spalding has written extensively on national security matters. He is currently working on a book concerning national competition in the 21st Century. His work has been published in The Washington Post, The Washington Times, Foreign Affairs, The American Interest, War on the Rocks, FedTech Magazine, Defense One, The Diplomat, and other edited volumes. His Air Power Journal article on America's Two Air Forces is frequently used in the West Point curriculum.
Spalding is a Life Member of the Council on Foreign Relations. He has lectured globally, including engagements at the Naval War College, National Defense University, Air War College, Columbia University, S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies in Singapore, Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory and other Professional Military Educational institutions. Spalding received his Bachelor of Science and Master of Science degrees in Agricultural Business from California State University, Fresno, and holds a doctorate in economics and mathematics from the University of Missouri, Kansas City. He was a distinguished graduate of the Defense Language Institute in Monterey, and is fluent in Chinese Mandarin.
Robert Spalding discusses a donation of drones to U.S. police by a Chinese company that are likely sending data back through Chinese servers.
WJLA
Rob Spalding discusses recent allegations of pro-China bias by the World Health Organization.
Robert Spalding discusses the WHO and the CCP.
Video Livestream | Taiwan's Strong COVID-19 Response: Remarks by Foreign Minister Joseph Wu
09 April 9, 2020 Hudson Institute, Washington, D.C. Headquarters
Competing Perspectives: How Does the U.S. Maintain a Competitive Edge in 5G?
Our Alarming Silence on China's Violations of Rights RealClear World
Heart to Heart: How the U.S. and Taiwan Can Save the Chip Industry From China RealClear Defense
Yes, We Can Win the Cold War With China — Here's How The Hill
Drones Donated to U.S. Police by Chinese Company 'Sending Data Back' to China WJLA
How U.S. Visas Can Help China's Intel Agencies to Spy on Us The Hill
World Health Organization Under Fire for Alleged Pro-China Bias Fox News
President Criticizes WHO Newsmax
China Must Be Held Accountable for the Wuhan Coronavirus Ravaging the World American Military News
Coronavirus Unmasks America's Real National Security Vulnerabilities The Hill
Data Security in a 5G World: Why It Matters More than Ever The National Bureau of Asian Research
What Coronavirus Reveals About Capitalism The Hill
What Could China Be Hiding About the Coronavirus Outbreak? Fox News
Stealth War: How China Took Over While America's Elite Slept Stratfor
Wake up Britain – Huawei Is a National Threat The Telegraph
The Grave Threat China Poses to U.S. National Interests Secure Freedom Radio
China's Stealth War: A Conversation with General Robert Spalding AEI
Tariffs Will Likely Go up Because China Is Not Ready to Deal, Policy Pro Says
Rivals, America's Endgame BBC
The Realignment - Ep. 16: Gen. Robert Spalding, China's Stealth War Hudson Institute
Former Presidential Advisor Shares Views on U.S.-China Policy ABC
China's 'Stealth War' Exposed Epoch Times
The Fight For 5G and the Real Threat to the US: Dependency on China For Innovation Innovation Calling
Vice President Mike Pence Dunks on the NBA
Tariffs on China Should Be Permanent CNBC
Bloody Crackdown May Be Unavoidable If Hong Kong Protests Persist Fox Business
'Stealth War: How China Took Over While America's Elite Slept' by Robert Spalding Fox News
Head-on Collision: Brigadier General Robert Spalding KMOX
What's Next for Hong Kong CNBC
The Hong Kong Protest, US-China Trade War & 'Parasitic' China Economy Epoch Times
Should the U.S. Get More Involved with Hong Kong Protests? Fox News
Chinese Military Will Eventually Break Up Hong Kong Protests CNBC
The Chinese Are Not Prepared to Make a Trade Deal CNBC
Bring Back America, Democracy and Freedom — Make China Tariffs Permanent The Hill
China Doesn't Want A Trade Deal with Trump Administration Fox News
Why We're Concerned About Huawei CNBC Squawk Box
The Huawei Security Threat CNBC Squawk Box
The Huawei Threat: China Considers Data to be Critical National Infrastructure The Hill
Why Huawei Has Become a Chess Piece in the US-China Trade Talk CNBC
Trump Reverses Course, Lifts Some Sanctions Against Chinese Telecom Firm Huawei NPR
Who Owns the Pacific Bravo? RealClear Defense
China's Strategy Against Trump and America: Trade War, Huawei, 5G Epoch Times
Here are Some of the Issues Facing 5G Security CNBC
Do Not Underestimate the Depth of US Concern Over Huawei The Telegraph
How U.S. Can Beat China on Infrastructure Real Clear World
Clash of Strategic Cultures NSI
5G - The 4th Industrial Revolution Newt's World Podcast
To Prevent Lethal 5G, We Need a Digital Second Amendment The Hill
Transcript: Taiwan's Strong COVID-19 Response: Remarks by Foreign Minister Joseph Wu Hudson Institute
Transcript: Competing Perspectives: How Does the U.S. Maintain a Competitive Edge in 5G? Hudson Institute
Robert Spalding was quoted in VOA News
Rob Spalding was quoted in CBN News about China's growing relationship with Iran.
Rob Spalding was quoted in the Washington Examiner about China's concerns about the possible removal of Hong Kong's special status.
Robert Spalding was quoted in the Washington Examiner about ongoing protests and political tensions in Hong Kong.
Rob Spalding was quoted in Bloomberg about the possibility of removing Hong Kong's special status.
Robert Spalding was quoted in the Washington Free Beacon about censorship of anti-China comments on YouTube.
Rob Spalding was quoted in Australian Broadcasting Corporation about coronavirus as an acceleration of U.S. desire to check China's power.
Rob Spalding was quoted in Washington Examiner about Huawei's coronavirus health tools and Chinese attempts at gathering personal data.
Rob Spalding was quoted in the Washington Examiner about fears that China will exploit the economic fallout of the coronavirus pandemic.
Rob Spalding was quoted in Washington Examiner about Xi Jinping's admission that China has handled the coronavirus outbreak poorly.
Rob Spalding was mentioned in Christian Broadcast Network about the ongoing threat of Coronavirus.
Rob Spalding was mentioned in CBN about the Chinese Communist Party's dishonesty about the reality of the Coronavirus outbreak.
Rob Spalding was mentioned in POLITICO about an expanding Racketeering charge against Huawei.
Rob Spalding was mentioned in Washington Examiner about what the coronavirus outbreak could mean for the Chinese Communist Party.
Rob Spalding was mentioned in The Epoch Times about the UK's decision to allow Huawei technology in its 5G network.
Rob Spalding was mentioned in KRBS News about China's influence on 5G.
Rob Spalding was mentioned in The Epoch Times about what the death of Iranian General Soleimani could mean for China.
Robert Spalding and Richard Weitz were mentioned in NSI about Chinese strategic intentions.
Hudson Institute and Rob Spalding were mentioned in Washington Times about growing momentum of dropping 'President' from the title of China's leader and China's skill at bending narratives.
Michael Pillsbury and Rob Spalding were mentioned in South China Morning Post about the perception of the China threat.
Rob Spalding is quoted in The Federalist on China's influence in US businesses and his new book, "Stealth War: How China Took Over While America's Elites Slept"
Rob Spalding is quoted in Epoch Times on the investment of US pension money in Chinese companies and his new book, "Stealth War".
Rob Spalding is quoted in Washington Times on the influence of Chinese censorship on the NBA.
Rob Spalding is quoted in Washington Examiner on how the Chinese Communist Party is pressuring corporations to take a firmer stance against the Hong Kong protests.
Rob Spalding is quoted in Washington Examiner on why he believes the protests in Hong Kong will lesson the chance of a trade deal happening between the U.S. and China.
Rob Spalding is quoted in The Washington Times on how the U.S. should respond to the Hong Kong protests.
Rob Spalding is quoted in Washington Examiner on how Hong Kong could impact the U.S.-China trade war.
Rob Spalding is quoted in Breaking Defense on the vulnerabilities that 5G upgrades could bring to military application.
Rob Spalding is quoted in Asia Times on the rising global challenge between the U.S. and China.
Rob Spalding is quoted in Epoch Times on Trump's most recent tariffs placed on Chinese goods.
Rob Spalding is quoted in Washington Times on Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin's upcoming trip to China.
Robert Spalding is quoted in The Times on why Britain may follow the U.S. in its restrictions against Huawei.
Rob Spalding is quoted in Japan Times on whether Trump is losing the fight against Huawei's global network development.
Robert Spalding is interviewed by Bloomberg on the battle against Huawei's 5G global network.
Robert Spalding is interviewed by Bloomberg on the U.S. strategy for 5G competition with China.
Rob Spalding is interviewed by Axios on the dangers ahead if China dominates growing 5G infrastructure and networks.
Josh Glancy is interviewed by The Sunday Times on why the U.S. is putting pressure on Britain to ban Huawei.