text:
/*  This file is ALSO:
 *  Copyright 2001-2004 David Abrahams.
 *  Copyright 2005 Rene Rivera.
 *  Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
 *  (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
 */

/*
 * fileunix.c - manipulate file names and scan directories on UNIX/AmigaOS
 *
 * External routines:
 *  file_archscan()                 - scan an archive for files
 *  file_mkdir()                    - create a directory
 *  file_supported_fmt_resolution() - file modification timestamp resolution
 *
 * External routines called only via routines in filesys.c:
 *  file_collect_dir_content_() - collects directory content information
 *  file_dirscan_()             - OS specific file_dirscan() implementation
 *  file_query_()               - query information about a path from the OS
 *  file_collect_archive_content_() - collects information about archive members
 *  file_archivescan_()         - OS specific file_archivescan() implementation
 */

#include "jam.h"
#ifdef USE_FILEUNIX
#include "filesys.h"

#include "object.h"
#include "pathsys.h"
#include "strings.h"
#include "output.h"

#include <assert.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>  /* needed for mkdir() */

#if defined( sun ) || defined( __sun ) || defined( linux )
# include <unistd.h>  /* needed for read and close prototype */
#endif

#if defined( OS_SEQUENT ) || \
    defined( OS_DGUX ) || \
    defined( OS_SCO ) || \
    defined( OS_ISC )
# define PORTAR 1
#endif

#if defined( OS_RHAPSODY ) || defined( OS_MACOSX ) || defined( OS_NEXT )
# include <sys/dir.h>
# include <unistd.h>  /* need unistd for rhapsody's proper lseek */
# define STRUCT_DIRENT struct direct
#else
# include <dirent.h>
# define STRUCT_DIRENT struct dirent
#endif

#ifdef OS_COHERENT
# include <arcoff.h>
# define HAVE_AR
#endif

#if defined( OS_MVS ) || defined( OS_INTERIX )
#define ARMAG  "!<arch>\n"
#define SARMAG  8
#define ARFMAG  "`\n"
#define HAVE_AR

struct ar_hdr  /* archive file member header - printable ascii */
{
    char ar_name[ 16 ];  /* file member name - `/' terminated */
    char ar_date[ 12 ];  /* file member date - decimal */
    char ar_uid[ 6 ];    /* file member user id - decimal */
    char ar_gid[ 6 ];    /* file member group id - decimal */
    char ar_mode[ 8 ];   /* file member mode - octal */
    char ar_size[ 10 ];  /* file member size - decimal */
    char ar_fmag[ 2 ];   /* ARFMAG - string to end header */
};
#endif

#if defined( OS_QNX ) || \
    defined( OS_BEOS ) || \
    defined( OS_HAIKU ) || \
    defined( OS_MPEIX )
# define NO_AR
# define HAVE_AR
#endif

#ifndef HAVE_AR
# ifdef OS_AIX
/* Define these for AIX to get the definitions for both small and big archive
 * file format variants.
 */
#  define __AR_SMALL__
#  define __AR_BIG__
# endif
# include <ar.h>
#endif

/*
 * file_collect_dir_content_() - collects directory content information
 */

int file_collect_dir_content_( file_info_t * const d )
{
    LIST * files = L0;
    PATHNAME f;
    DIR * dd;
    STRUCT_DIRENT * dirent;
    string path[ 1 ];
    char const * dirstr;

    assert( d );
    assert( d->is_dir );
    assert( list_empty( d->files ) );

    dirstr = object_str( d->name );

    memset( (char *)&f, '\0', sizeof( f ) );
    f.f_dir.ptr = dirstr;
    f.f_dir.len = strlen( dirstr );

    if ( !*dirstr ) dirstr = ".";

    if ( !( dd = opendir( dirstr ) ) )
        return -1;

    string_new( path );
    while ( ( dirent = readdir( dd ) ) )
    {
        OBJECT * name;
        f.f_base.ptr = dirent->d_name
        #ifdef old_sinix
            - 2  /* Broken structure definition on sinix. */
        #endif
            ;
        f.f_base.len = strlen( f.f_base.ptr );

        string_truncate( path, 0 );
        path_build( &f, path );
        name = object_new( path->value );
        /* Immediately stat the file to preserve invariants. */
        if ( file_query( name ) )
            files = list_push_back( files, name );
        else
            object_free( name );
    }
    string_free( path );

    closedir( dd );

    d->files = files;
    return 0;
}

/*
 * file_dirscan_() - OS specific file_dirscan() implementation
 */

void file_dirscan_( file_info_t * const d, scanback func, void * closure )
{
    assert( d );
    assert( d->is_dir );

    /* Special case / : enter it */
    if ( !strcmp( object_str( d->name ), "/" ) )
        (*func)( closure, d->name, 1 /* stat()'ed */, &d->time );
}

/*
 * file_mkdir() - create a directory
 */

int file_mkdir( char const * const path )
{
    /* Explicit cast to remove const modifiers and avoid related compiler
     * warnings displayed when using the intel compiler.
     */
    return mkdir( (char *)path, 0777 );
}

/*
 * file_query_() - query information about a path from the OS
 */

void file_query_( file_info_t * const info )
{
    file_query_posix_( info );
}

/*
 * file_supported_fmt_resolution() - file modification timestamp resolution
 *
 * Returns the minimum file modification timestamp resolution supported by this
 * Boost Jam implementation. File modification timestamp changes of less than
 * the returned value might not be recognized.
 *
 * Does not take into consideration any OS or file system related restrictions.
 *
 * Return value 0 indicates that any value supported by the OS is also supported
 * here.
 */

void file_supported_fmt_resolution( timestamp * const t )
{
    /* The current implementation does not support file modification timestamp
     * resolution of less than one second.
     */
    timestamp_init( t, 1, 0 );
}

/*
 * file_archscan() - scan an archive for files
 */
void file_archscan( char const * arch, scanback func, void * closure )
{
    OBJECT * path = object_new( arch );
    file_archive_info_t * archive = file_archive_query( path );

    object_free( path );

    if ( filelist_empty( archive->members ) )
    {
        if ( file_collect_archive_content_( archive ) < 0 )
            return;
    }

    /* Report the collected archive content. */
    {
        FILELISTITER iter = filelist_begin( archive->members );
        FILELISTITER const end = filelist_end( archive->members );
        char buf[ MAXJPATH ];

        for ( ; iter != end ; iter = filelist_next( iter ) )
        {
            file_info_t * member_file = filelist_item( iter );
            LIST * symbols = member_file->files;

            /* Construct member path: 'archive-path(member-name)'
             */
            sprintf( buf, "%s(%s)",
                object_str( archive->file->name ),
                object_str( member_file->name ) );
            {
                OBJECT * const member = object_new( buf );
                (*func)( closure, member, 1 /* time valid */, &member_file->time );
                object_free( member );
            }
        }
    }
}

/*
 *  file_archivescan_()         - OS specific file_archivescan() implementation
 */

void file_archivescan_( file_archive_info_t * const archive, archive_scanback func,
                        void * closure )
{
}

/*
 *  file_collect_archive_content_() - collects information about archive members
 */

#ifndef AIAMAG  /* God-fearing UNIX */

#define SARFMAG  2
#define SARHDR  sizeof( struct ar_hdr )

int file_collect_archive_content_( file_archive_info_t * const archive )
{
#ifndef NO_AR
    struct ar_hdr ar_hdr;
    char * string_table = 0;
    char buf[ MAXJPATH ];
    long offset;
    int fd;
    const char * path = object_str( archive->file->name );

    if ( ! filelist_empty( archive->members ) ) filelist_free( archive->members );

    if ( ( fd = open( path, O_RDONLY, 0 ) ) < 0 )
        return -1;

    if ( read( fd, buf, SARMAG ) != SARMAG ||
        strncmp( ARMAG, buf, SARMAG ) )
    {
        close( fd );
        return -1;
    }

    offset = SARMAG;

    if ( DEBUG_BINDSCAN )
        out_printf( "scan archive %s\n", path );

    while ( ( read( fd, &ar_hdr, SARHDR ) == SARHDR ) &&
        !( memcmp( ar_hdr.ar_fmag, ARFMAG, SARFMAG )
#ifdef ARFZMAG
            /* OSF also has a compressed format */
            && memcmp( ar_hdr.ar_fmag, ARFZMAG, SARFMAG )
#endif
        ) )
    {
        char   lar_name_[ 257 ];
        char * lar_name = lar_name_ + 1;
        long   lar_date;
        long   lar_size;
        long   lar_offset;
        char * c;
        char * src;
        char * dest;

        strncpy( lar_name, ar_hdr.ar_name, sizeof( ar_hdr.ar_name ) );

        sscanf( ar_hdr.ar_date, "%ld", &lar_date );
        sscanf( ar_hdr.ar_size, "%ld", &lar_size );

        if ( ar_hdr.ar_name[ 0 ] == '/' )
        {
            if ( ar_hdr.ar_name[ 1 ] == '/' )
            {
                /* This is the "string table" entry of the symbol table, holding
                 * filename strings longer than 15 characters, i.e. those that
                 * do not fit into ar_name.
                 */
                string_table = (char *)BJAM_MALLOC_ATOMIC( lar_size );
                lseek( fd, offset + SARHDR, 0 );
                if ( read( fd, string_table, lar_size ) != lar_size )
                    out_printf("error reading string table\n");
            }
            else if ( string_table && ar_hdr.ar_name[ 1 ] != ' ' )
            {
                /* Long filenames are recognized by "/nnnn" where nnnn is the
                 * offset of the string in the string table represented in ASCII
                 * decimals.
                 */
                dest = lar_name;
                lar_offset = atoi( lar_name + 1 );
                src = &string_table[ lar_offset ];
                while ( *src != '/' )
                    *dest++ = *src++;
                *dest = '/';
            }
        }

        c = lar_name - 1;
        while ( ( *++c != ' ' ) && ( *c != '/' ) );
        *c = '\0';

        if ( DEBUG_BINDSCAN )
            out_printf( "archive name %s found\n", lar_name );

        sprintf( buf, "%s", lar_name );

        if ( strcmp( buf, "") != 0 )
        {
            file_info_t * member = 0;

            archive->members = filelist_push_back( archive->members, object_new( buf ) );
            member = filelist_back( archive->members );
            member->is_file = 1;
            member->is_dir = 0;
            member->exists = 0;
            timestamp_init( &member->time, (time_t)lar_date, 0 );
        }

        offset += SARHDR + ( ( lar_size + 1 ) & ~1 );
        lseek( fd, offset, 0 );
    }

    if ( string_table )
        BJAM_FREE( string_table );

    close( fd );
#endif  /* NO_AR */

    return 0;
}

#else  /* AIAMAG - RS6000 AIX */

static void collect_archive_content_small( int fd, file_archive_info_t * const archive )
{
    struct fl_hdr fl_hdr;

    struct {
        struct ar_hdr hdr;
        char pad[ 256 ];
    } ar_hdr ;

    char buf[ MAXJPATH ];
    long offset;
    const char * path = object_str( archive->file->name );

    if ( read( fd, (char *)&fl_hdr, FL_HSZ ) != FL_HSZ )
        return;

    sscanf( fl_hdr.fl_fstmoff, "%ld", &offset );

    if ( DEBUG_BINDSCAN )
        out_printf( "scan archive %s\n", path );

    while ( offset > 0 && lseek( fd, offset, 0 ) >= 0 &&
        read( fd, &ar_hdr, sizeof( ar_hdr ) ) >= (int)sizeof( ar_hdr.hdr ) )
    {
        long lar_date;
        int lar_namlen;

        sscanf( ar_hdr.hdr.ar_namlen, "%d" , &lar_namlen );
        sscanf( ar_hdr.hdr.ar_date  , "%ld", &lar_date   );
        sscanf( ar_hdr.hdr.ar_nxtmem, "%ld", &offset     );

        if ( !lar_namlen )
            continue;

        ar_hdr.hdr._ar_name.ar_name[ lar_namlen ] = '\0';

        sprintf( buf, "%s", ar_hdr.hdr._ar_name.ar_name );

        if ( strcmp( buf, "") != 0 )
        {
            file_info_t * member = 0;

            archive->members = filelist_push_back( archive->members, object_new( buf ) );
            member = filelist_back( archive->members );
            member->is_file = 1;
            member->is_dir = 0;
            member->exists = 0;
            timestamp_init( &member->time, (time_t)lar_date, 0 );
        }
    }
}

/* Check for OS versions supporting the big variant. */
#ifdef AR_HSZ_BIG

static void collect_archive_content_big( int fd, file_archive_info_t * const archive )
{
    struct fl_hdr_big fl_hdr;

    struct {
        struct ar_hdr_big hdr;
        char pad[ 256 ];
    } ar_hdr ;

    char buf[ MAXJPATH ];
    long long offset;
    const char * path = object_str( archive->file->name );

    if ( read( fd, (char *)&fl_hdr, FL_HSZ_BIG ) != FL_HSZ_BIG )
        return;

    sscanf( fl_hdr.fl_fstmoff, "%lld", &offset );

    if ( DEBUG_BINDSCAN )
        out_printf( "scan archive %s\n", path );

    while ( offset > 0 && lseek( fd, offset, 0 ) >= 0 &&
        read( fd, &ar_hdr, sizeof( ar_hdr ) ) >= sizeof( ar_hdr.hdr ) )
    {
        long lar_date;
        int lar_namlen;

        sscanf( ar_hdr.hdr.ar_namlen, "%d"  , &lar_namlen );
        sscanf( ar_hdr.hdr.ar_date  , "%ld" , &lar_date   );
        sscanf( ar_hdr.hdr.ar_nxtmem, "%lld", &offset     );

        if ( !lar_namlen )
            continue;

        ar_hdr.hdr._ar_name.ar_name[ lar_namlen ] = '\0';

        sprintf( buf, "%s", ar_hdr.hdr._ar_name.ar_name );

        if ( strcmp( buf, "") != 0 )
        {
            file_info_t * member = 0;

            archive->members = filelist_push_back( archive->members, object_new( buf ) );
            member = filelist_back( archive->members );
            member->is_file = 1;
            member->is_dir = 0;
            member->exists = 0;
            timestamp_init( &member->time, (time_t)lar_date, 0 );
        }
    }
}

#endif  /* AR_HSZ_BIG */

int file_collect_archive_content_( file_archive_info_t * const archive )
{
    int fd;
    char fl_magic[ SAIAMAG ];
    const char * path = object_str( archive->file->name );

    if ( ! filelist_empty( archive->members ) ) filelist_free( archive->members );

    if ( ( fd = open( path, O_RDONLY, 0 ) ) < 0 )
        return -1;

    if ( read( fd, fl_magic, SAIAMAG ) != SAIAMAG ||
        lseek( fd, 0, SEEK_SET ) == -1 )
    {
        close( fd );
        return -1;
    }

    if ( !strncmp( AIAMAG, fl_magic, SAIAMAG ) )
    {
        /* read small variant */
        collect_archive_content_small( fd, archive );
    }
#ifdef AR_HSZ_BIG
    else if ( !strncmp( AIAMAGBIG, fl_magic, SAIAMAG ) )
    {
        /* read big variant */
        collect_archive_content_big( fd, archive );
    }
#endif

    close( fd );

    return 0;
}

#endif  /* AIAMAG - RS6000 AIX */

#endif  /* USE_FILEUNIX */


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text:
Son's 911 Call in Bell Gardens Mayor Shooting: 'It Wasn't My Mom's Fault'
by: Melissa Pamer, Kimberly Cheng
In an emergency phone call from the scene of the fatal shooting of Bell Gardens Mayor Daniel Crespo, his son told a dispatcher his mother had shot his father, but he insisted the gunfire was not his mother's fault.
A family photo shows Levette and Daniel Crespo, who died Sept. 30, 2014, after she shot him multiple times, according to investigators.
Audio of Daniel Crespo Jr.'s emotional 911 call to Bell Gardens police was released Tuesday, a week after the 45-year-old mayor was killed by his wife Levette Crespo, 43, according to authorities.
"My parents got in an argument and there were shots fired," Daniel Crespo Jr. can be heard saying on the Sept. 30 call. "It wasn't my mom's fault. She was defending herself."
The dispatcher asks Crespo, who is crying and only intermittently answering her questions, if "your mom shot your father."
"Yes," the son responds.
"He hurt me. He hurt me," Daniel Crespo Jr. says. "He's on the floor dying, OK? He hurt me."
At one point in the recording, a man can be heard telling screaming Crespo Jr. "You need to calm down and relax."
LISTEN: Raw Audio of Crespo Jr.'s 911 Call to Bell Gardens Police
The audio substantiated the information that the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department has released thus far in its investigation into Crespo's death.
Crespo Jr., 19, tried to intervene when the couple got into an argument, investigators have said. Then, as the son and father struggled, Levette Crespo fired on her husband multiple times, according to the Sheriff's Department.
The investigation was continuing Tuesday and the case had not been handed to prosecutors, Sheriff's Department spokeswoman Nicole Nishida said.
Levette Crespo was initially detained but later released and has not been charged in the shooting of her husband, who died at the hospital after being transported from the family's home on Gage Avenue.
After his death, allegations of infidelity and abuse surfaced. Attorneys for the wife and the couple's two children held a news conference, describing a difficult home life that belied appearances of normalcy.
The couple had been high-school sweethearts who married as teenagers in New York City. They came to Bell Gardens in 1987.
Crespo was elected in 2001 and was a longtime employee of the county probation department.
He was remembered at a vigil at City Hall Friday as a generous person who emerged from a tough childhood in Brooklyn to become the mayor of a small Los Angeles-area city.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


My former friend owes me a lot of money. He offered to pay a portion. He tells me, if I sue, I will have to pay my attorney's fees and they will not be included in the judgment. My attorney says the fees in this case can be more than $10,000. Will I get my fees paid by my dead beat former friend?
Attorney's fees are generally recoverable only if recovery is provided by the contract in issue or a statute. There is no statute providing for recovery of attorney's fees generally when attempting to collect a debt. If you have no paperwork with your former friend providing for recovery of attorney's fees as part of collection action, you may be out of luck. If you are attempting to collect under a contract and the contract provides that your former friend is entitled to an award of an attorney's fees in litigation you are the beneficiary of Florida Statutes. Some years ago, the legislature decided that a one sided of attorney's fees provision is unfair. In 1988, the legislature amended Section 57.105 Florida Statutes. That statutes now provides if a contract contains a provision allowing attorney's fees to a party when he or she is required to take any action to enforce the contract, the court may also allow reasonable attorney's fees to the other party when that party prevails any action. That statute makes attorney's fees provisions in contracts bilateral, which could be a big help to you.
If your debt is based on a bad check, you also might be in luck. Section 68.065 of Florida Statutes has special provisions for bad checks. If you follow the statutory requirements, attorney's fees can be awarded by the court.
First step under the statute is to notify the debtor the check was dishonored and that the debtor has 30 days to pay the amount of the check plus a service charge. If not paid within 30 days, you can then proceed with suit for the amount of the bad check, three times the amount of the check as damages plus reasonable attorney's fees and court costs.
If the bad check statute does not apply, you may still have an opportunity to get judgment for most of your fees. Section 768.79 of Florida Statues (Rule 1.442 of Florida Rules of Civil Procedures as adopted by the Florida Supreme Court)establish a procedure under which you can serve a demand for judgment on the defendant in which you, demand the defendant agree to entry of judgment in the said amount. If the demand is not accepted by the defendant within 30 days and you recover a judgment in an amount of at least 25% greater than the demand, you will be entitled to reasonable attorney's fees and costs incurred from the date of the demand. Drawback to this approach, when you are suing for a clear debt is that you have to offer to accept less than full payment as a tradeoff for possibility of recovering attorneys' fees. If the defendant accepts, judgment is entered for the lesser amount. Demands for judgment, almost often used where the amount of damages is less certain, as in personal injury cases. But, you might want to use it in your case. I suggest you discuss it with your attorney.
Other factors as may be appropriate, to determine the value of services provided or the necessity for incurring costs in connection with execution of the judgment.
Other factors generally considered by the Court all the prevailing hourly rate of attorneys in your area for debt collection, the expertise of your attorney and the efficiency of the collection effort.
There may be other provisions of Florida statutes, Common Laws or even procedures that will allow you to recover part or all of your attorney's fees. Before giving in to your friend's claim, I suggest you discuss the facts of your case with an experienced attorney. With good legal advice, you should be able to make the best of your situation.


text:
Hello American Idol fanatics! These 5 really brought it tonight didn't they!? Well, I guess I'd say for the most part it was a pretty solid show. I hate how they are content with keeping the show an hour and a half still. I don't think we ever had 2 songs each when we got down to the top 5. I thought it was top 3, maybe top 4 and they fit it in an hour. So we were treated to the judges talking on and on about who knows what? I love when they argued back and forth with Jacob about whatever and I was yelling at the TV "No one cares about him growing as an artist! We want him to go home!!!!" Anyway, so that's where we're at. THEN AND NOW the theme for tonight and the fabulous Sheryl Crow was there to guide these younglings along with Jimmy Iovine as always. Let's get to it!
James Durbin - Song 1: "Closer to the Edge" by 30 Seconds to Mars Song, 2: "Without You" by Harry Nilsson - Love both songs. And I have thought James has really brought it every night. But I was very very confused by the love from the judges tonight. Sure, it was an emotional night but was anyone else laughing when he walked out of the pre-performance clip and Sheryl crow made a "WTF" face? And then he was sitting on a blue parking stop away from the camera? Call me insensitive but it was cracking me up! Hey, I've had my share of a long distance relationship but dude keep it together on camera! His vocals were all over the place tonight. And I'm sure he'll be safe because Randy dubbed him as the one to beat. Normally, I'd agree, and based on his track record I still think he's on his way to the Top 2. But, come on, don't dismiss his vocals because he was emotional. I would have been impressed if he was that upset and STILL hit the notes!
Jacob Lusk - Song 1: "No Air" of Jordin Sparks and Chris Brown fame, Song 2: "Love Hurts" by Nazereth - I've made it no secret that I'm ready for Jacob to go home. Tonight's performances just solidified my stance on it! The one man duet, the oversinging of "Love Hurts" - Yes yes, amazing vocal range. The man can sing, but can we really call him a man with his girly hip thrusting and fist pumping of female empowerment during "No Air"? I mean, I felt bad for him it was so ridiculous! (may have laughed a whole bunch too) And it was no bowtie outfit from last week but outfit #1 of the night was totally a sailor's outfit, right? Insert Joke as you must. If I can't take the man seriously, then I can't want him to be our Idol. If I'm wondering where his RuPaul outfit is, then I can't want him to be our Idol. Call me insensitive or shallow. I don't care!!! You're all thinking it too!
Lauren Alaina - Song 1: "Flat on the Floor" of Carrie Underwood fame, Song 2: "Unchained Melody" by the Righteous Brothers - And here's sweet little Lauren Alaina that everyone wants to root for and waiting for her to come out of her shell. Sheryl gives her one piece of advice. Stand in one place and ROCK the hell out of that Carrie Underwood song! And that's exactly what she did. I thought she did an awesome job and this is exactly the type of performance she needed to keep encouraging her voters to vote. Song #2, I really thought we were in for a moment with that one. And it did turn out to be sweet and beautiful if not a little pageanty. She did hit some high notes but did not even attempt to go for THE high note of "Unchained Melody" and I just don't know if you can sing that song without going for it. But it was a nice compliment to her Carrie song. I think she'll be fine tonight and shall be entering the Top 4.
Scotty McCreery - Song 1: "Gone" by Montgomery Gentry, Song 2: "Always on My Mind" by Elvis Presley - Scotty was in his zone once again! Song 1, he was commanding the stage and the crowd. He played his flute once again but didn't get too carried away with it, and he showed more vocal range than normal. A seasoned vet up there at 16/17 however old he is. He toned it down for the Elvis ballad afterwards and while it wasn't as "stand-outish" of performance he reeled us all in and told his story beautifully. Scotty did a great job and is definitely, yes Randy, "IN IT TO WIN IT YOOOOOOOOOO!"
Haley Reinhart - Song 1: "You and I" unreleased by Lady Gaga, Song 2: "The House of the Rising Sun" by the Animals - Okay, picking the Gaga song for her was a bit bizarre but I didn't think it was as detrimental as the judges thought. I've even heard of the "You and I" song that Lady Gaga performs and I'm not the "monster's" biggest fan either. What else is there to say about Haley? She drives a lot of us crazy with the growling and her weird vocalizing of some notes. But there is no denying in her talent. She has an amazing voice and range when used properly. The judges will say that she had a huge moment with the Animals song. And hey, maybe she did! She definitely wasn't my least favorite and she has grown on me enough for me not to hope she's going home this week. Crazy Voice with a Hint of Cookie Monster. That's what you get with Haley! (Note: Okay, I listened to "Rising Sun" again. It was really good. I undersold it in this recap. I admit it!)
Well, looking back at my commentary you'd think I didn't enjoy the night! I guess I'm just being as critical as the judges attempted to be tonight! Time for the picks! There's only 5 people left so no need to get into our breaking it down. I have my Top 3 and the fat that needs to be trimmed still. I think Haley has spared herself an elimination this week. So that leaves one person!!
Bottom 3: Don't think they'll do one. Jacob would be there. Maybe James, maybe Lauren or Haley. I dunno!
Elimination Pick: Jacob Lusk - I will pick him until he leaves the show! I really don't think there is any way around it this time. There's nothing saving him this week! I think he'll have a great future singing in Vegas with Chandler Bing's dad one day!
That's all I got folks! Lady Antebellum and Jennifer Lopez take the stage at the results when Jacob will EXIT the stage! Tune in to see if American gets it right. Hope you enjoyed my ramblings and I'll see you right here in the comments after the results!
I think you and I agree for the most part. This isn't the first time they've gone to two performances in the Top 5 though. They did it that way in Seasons 2-5 and 7.
James' vocals weren't all that great on either song, but they were passable. He's pretty much a lock for the Top 2, so it won't matter.
I surprisingly thought Haley was pretty good in both her performances. I almost wonder if she could outlast Lauren, since she's been gaining momentum throughout her run. Not that I want her to, but at this point I wouldn't be shocked.
Speaking of Lauren, I wasn't as high on the Carrie Underwood song as the judges were, but it suited her well. I liked "Unchained Melody" except, as you said, for the fact that she wimped out on the high note. There she was, sounding great, the tension was building up to the climax and then suddenly...ah, faked you out. If she'd hit that note it could've been her best performance in the competition. Instead it was good-but-flawed.
I liked that Scotty really let loose on his first song, even though it sounded like all the movement was wearing him out. I wish I liked "Always on My Mind" more than I did, but his vocals sounded a little too low. It was a good song choice, but he probably could've done a better job with it.
As for Jacob, that "No Air" performance was definitely the worst of the night. Terrible song choice, all over the place vocally, just plain not good. "Love Hurts" suited him better, and he did justice to it, but America's probably seen enough of his over-the-top gospel style for one season. My guess is he's going home.
By the way, it's not looking good for your Flyers, is it? Of course, they were in the same situation last year, so maybe lightning can strike twice. My Blackhawks lost in the first round, and the Capitals, who I consider my second team, just got knocked out too, so these Playoffs have been disappointing so far. On the bright side, the Red Wings are currently on the ropes, so at least that's one thing I can enjoy as a Chicago fan.
Haley - Not a Haley fan, eh? I think she crushed everyone tonight. But what can I expect from the judges. If the votes are based on the judges critiques, Haley had gone home even before the top 13. Very Underrated.
Scotty - I liked Scotty, but I'm not a fan of his singing ability. Given I'm not into country music, I can't really tell whether he's amazing, average, or bad. Every single one of his songs sounds the same to me, I don't know. I guess he's good, because everyone's saying he's already got his thing in the bag. Quite boring for my liking.
Lauren - She won't be the next Carrie Underwood or Kelly Clarkson, that I can say. Maybe she'd sell some records but not like Kelly and Carrie. I don't think she can amount to a thing with her talent and personality. I don't want to sound mean, cos she really have a good voice, but almost everybody in that top 24 had good voices as well. I just can't see her as the next pop superstar. I actually can't see any of them being as famous as the other famous idols.
James - Scream here, Scream there, Scream everywhere. That's it. He needs serious polishing, vocally.
Jacob - Is this guy the next Stefano, having 9 lives and all. Just go the f*** home already!
By the way, I love that Chandler Bing's dad comment. I miss friends! Haha.
Ian - Cool to see we agree on mostly everything this week. Crazy that I forgot they did 2 songs in the top 5 before. Then again...I'm sure they fit it into an hour! I'm guessing it's more that FOX doesn't have another half hour program to fit between 9 and 9:30 so they just extend Idol and get big ratings. UGH. It's the worst part of this show being successful...they milk it for every minute they can get! You'd think I would have accepted it after 10 years! lol
As for the Flyers - ugh...Once I saw they were down a few goals, I didn't even bother checking back in during Idol. It's embarrassing! I don't think they can pull off that miracle twice but we'll see! That sucks for you with Chicago and Washington...
@iron - Thanks for sharing your comments! Hmmm....Haley. Yeah I haven't been a huge fan since the beginning, but I have noted over the past few weeks that she has been growing on me. And I was able to come around in the final moments of her recap and acknowledge that she did really well last night! lol Agree with Ian, she could possibly overtake Lauren in that top 3... Hard for me to believe but everyone loves a sleeper climbing through the ranks. She did less growling and cookie monstering last night which was good but every once in a while...I still hear it and it drives me bonkers! lol
Yeah if you don't like country you're not gonna like Scotty. (well that may not be true....he does have some sort of appeal about him) But rest assured...the entire SOUTH...LOVES this guy and will stop at nothing to make him the next idol. If you've noticed, the majority of Idol winners are from the South. (Jordin is the only exception that comes to mind) Having married into a Southern family, I can tell you where their loyalties lie in this idol race. Oh yeah...and they're big fans of Lauren too lol When they do badly, it's just more encouragement for votes.
I agree...I don't think Lauren has the star power that Carrie or Kelly had even during their Idol runs. They both made leaps and bounds AFTER Idol to become the successes they were...but you could see them becoming successful even during Idol. That's the issue with Idol in general...those were the only 2 seasons where they had ACTUAL stars on the show. People will argue that Adam Lambert was their equal...but he went and messed that up for himself losing half of his fans in his first public appearance after Idol. As for Lauren, there's just some appeal about her. People want to root for her. It probably goes all the way back to the auditions where she made a huge impression on the judges, America (and yes...Nigel Lythgoe)....and that personality you speak of? She used to have so much of it it was sickening and now it's almost non-existant. I think she's star-struck or something.
If anyone had a mass market appeal of who is left...I'd have to disagree with you and say that it's Lauren. She's pretty, has a good voice and people seem to like her. Does that mean she'll win? No Does that mean she'll have success like Carrie and Kelly? No It just means that people are inclined to like her in THIS season. Of course probably having said all this, she'll probably go home tonight! LOL
Glad you liked the FRIENDS reference. Having been an obsessive fan of the show, I definitely miss it too!
Oh, Mike, I think you're starting to hit a little below the belt with Jacob and his effeminate qualities. I agree with you that I'm sick of him and think it's past time for him to go home, but it has nothing to do with his gay mannerisms. He's a talented singer, and I do not agree that he belongs in a Vegas drag show.
I loved Haley tonight. Even her gramatically incorrect Gaga song, which I disagreed with the judges on. And House of the Rising Song, one of my fave songs, was FAB! Wow, I can't believe Haley is my favorite left in the competition. Good for her for changing my mind so dramatically.
Scotty was the only other one that I liked last night. I do think he's going to win this thing.
Ugh, I still think Lauren is SO mediocre. I don't get her draw. And Durbin, as I've said before, just doesn't have THE VOICE. Great performer, yes. Great singer, not by a mile. Jacob's Chris Brown song choice was fatal for him, I think. It was awful. I don't care that the second one was much better, it shouldn't save him.
"Call me insensitive or shallow. I don't care!!! You're all thinking it too!"
Nicole - I appreciate your advice, but I stand by my comment above (except maybe the "you're all" part. It's probably "most of you all"). Yes, maybe it's a little below the belt but I also think he's asking for the comparisons by his song choices and some outfit choices. And I've held my toungue (or fingers) this for a while. But the bowtie outfit last week was the straw that broke the camel's back. I have no doubt that it is partly the reason why he cannot be taken seriously. I have already commented and said he has a great voice and his range is ridiculous. But the other qualities he brings to the tune are just not that marketable. Maybe I was rude in the way I brought it up, but I'm writing this for entertainment. Sometimes entertainment can be offensive! But some people are laughing on the inside! I'll take back the RuPaul comment...but come on...any reference to FRIENDS is just funny! :-) lol
There is plenty to make fun of me with. You can't see me but I'm bald! Go with that :-)
love the grammar comment on the Gaga song lol So true! Haley was good...no doubt.
Scotty - yeah, I think he's probably good to go for the finale and the crown. But we'll see!
Lauren - I understand why some people don't get the appeal. She's definitely not the best in the competition...but I stand by the fact that people admire her perserverence and noted improvement over the weeks. That's the appeal.
Back to Jacob. I know what you're doing by calling the "no air" thing a Chris Brown song choice. But let's be real and honest. It was a Jordin Sparks song choice and that's part of the problem I was trying to address! http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Air
(A song by the artist Jordin Sparks "FEATURING" Chris Brown)
In Mike's defense, I will say that he isn't the first blogger I've read who's suggested that Jacob should perform in a drag show. Several people were saying the same thing about him back in Hollywood.
Thanks Ian. Oh yeah, there are TV critics tweeting all the time with no remorse about Jacob and his feminine tendencies. What I have done here is mild in comparison. Which is why I'm not very remorseful! lol
And let's not forget that even the other contestants have called Jacob a "DIVA" on the show. If that's not begging for this kind of attention to be drawn to him, then I don't know what is. Surely, they got Jacob's permission to air that stuff before they just went ahead and did it.
Yeah, I felt kind of bad for the criticism right after I posted it because I do find your writing funny and entertaining. And I totally think that people in the public eye are game for some sport. I don't disagree about Jacob's mannerisms, he is TOTALLY a diva, and his tendancies are sometimes comical when he wears things like that clown suit. I'm not SOOO PC that I don't poke a little fun at people (and he's obviously a good sport, because he heard all his colleagues calling him a diva). I mean, I'm obviously not too sensitive when I always loved what Simon had to say! I just take issue with just pegging him as someone that should be a drag show performer because of his mannerisms. Flamboyant character, funny as it may be at times, does not equal drag show! I think he's proven by making it to the Top 5 of American Idol that he is better than that.
Gotcha on the Jordin Sparks song correction. I just couldn't think of the name of the song, and Chris Brown was the first of the two dueters names that I thought of, so I said it for identification purposes only. Oh, and I'm leaving the bald thing alone - my husband is bald and beautiful :) Totally cool with the bald when you just let it happen! If you pull a Trump, on the other hand, you're definitely fair game for me.
@Nicole - Don't feel bad. I definitely expected to get some backlash for just going for those jokes! I appreciate the props but it's really okay to let me have it! Just be ready for me to defend myself or at least "justify" my actions lol
I agree I may have gone a little too far with the DRAG stuff. But once I had Chandler's Dad in my head...there was no going back lol I almost went one step further and referred to his show Viva Las Gaygas (Gegas??)....but I thought THAT was one step too far :-) Totally agree Jacob is very talented and my comments weren't meant to be slight against that. Really just a slight against my frustration that he's still on the show after so many weeks in the bottom 3. For the most part, the entire top 13 were very talented this year. But after weeks and weeks...certain contestants get on my nerves. Jacob is the big winner this year! I really thought it would be Haley or Scotty...but Scotty I'm actually happy for his success...and Haley has grown on me a bit. Crazy!
No prob on the Jordin Sparks thing...i was just on a roll had to keep going! lol BTW...how funny was it that Randy was listing names of artists Jacob shouldn't try to be like...and he said Rihanna and Chris Brown back to back? lol Ahhh good times.
The greatest thing about going bald (early too...I was 19 when it started so I've been living with it for awhile)....is much less maintenance! Take the clippers and chop it all off. It's a beautiful thing! I did used to try the combover back in the day but I was just in denial that I was losing the hair in my 20s! lol
Joe Clarkson said...
Sooo I just watched Jennifer's performance, I really wish she was a better singer, because I really like her.
Last night...
1. James- I appreciated the emotion that James put into his second song, but I wasn't crazy about either performances.
2. Jacob- If he doesn't leave tonight, I might not watch the rest of the season. No air was ATROCIOUS!
3. Lauren- I thought she had a really great night. She's got a great future ahead of her. She's still my frontrunner. I'm crazy about her.
4. Scotty- LOVED GONE! I thought it was his best performance. I was excited to see the entertaining side of Scotty. I don't think there's a way he can lose.
5. Haley- Best of the night! I don't care what the judges say. The Gaga song suited her well, and she tore the house down with her last song.
JACOB MUST LEAVE!!
Well, no surprises tonight. Jacob seems like a good guy, but it was his time to go.
Interestingly enough, this is only the second time in "Idol" history that the Top 4 have had an even gender split. The other was in Season 4.
Yey for Haley! Top 4. Who could've predicted she'd stay this long coming into the top 24. I sure didn't. I even thought that she didn't deserve being on that top 13 let alone the top 4. I stand corrected though. She deserve where she is now. She's the only contestant right now that's showing effort, everybody else seems comfortable and they're not even trying anymore. She knows that she's not a favorite so she had to work harder than everyone else.
Lauren and Jacob was the bottom 2, eh? I was relieved to see Jacob finally getting axed this week, which is a month too late, in my opinion. I have to be honest, I actually was hoping for a second there that it would be Lauren getting the boot. I thought it would be funnier to watch. Maybe next week?
I am really hoping for a Scotty-Haley finale. I think it's possible. Haley has a slim chance of winning, but it would still be nice if she ends up being the runner-up.
@Joe - Way to join the party during the elimination airing! LOL j/k Good quick critiques on each contestant. Looks like Lauren may be in a bit of trouble though. She could totally redeem herself next week though. We'll see.
@IAN, please tell me you look this stuff up and are not just a library of Idol information! LOL I used to be able to stay on top of it but once seasons 6 through 10 happened...there's just too many contestants to remember! lol
Yeah, Jacob was definitely a good guy and I'm sure a fun guy but it was definitely his time to go. But I'll get to that in my mini-recap.
@IRON - I never would have predicted Haley making it this far...but now that she has...she might be a threat. We'll have to see! As for Lauren, yeah things aren't looking too good for her. We'll see! Mini recap will be my next post!
Top 5 Results
YAY!!!! Jacob bit the dust! I know I know, that's mean but I think he was getting on most people's last nerve. Maybe I went a little too far in my recap and crossed the line into that "forbidden territory" but I do feel that in year's past, certain judges may have crossed that line in creative and analagous ways. Bottom line, Jacob was a good kid. The world can do with genuinely happy people like him and his excitement is probably infectious (if not a little annoying!). I wish him all the best, but as far as his Idol run goes....it was his time. No question.
Yes, I was scared that it might be Lauren, especially when Ryan utters those words "you MIGHT be surprised." Yes, he says it almost every week, but he's effective with it! What this showed is Lauren IS vulnerable. And maybe she doesn't have what it takes to win it all. I think we all have known for weeks that this is Scotty's to lose (despite what Randy says about James). We thought Lauren was somehow getting lots of those votes too. And maybe she is. The "Unchained Melody" must have hurt her more than I thought it would. Not going for that note is just a big NO-NO! Even Jimmy agreed with us!
So, the gradual shocker -> we're at the top 4 and Haley is still with us. CRAZY, right? And the craziest part about it is, I think we don't mind as much as we did back at the top 13. Can she win? Eh, I'm not so sure about that. But, I think she can ruffle a few feathers before this thing is over. She might be even able to take down Lauren and James in the process. But, we'll have to take that on a week by week basis. I think whatever the case, one of the girls goes home next week. Unless we're in for a Chris Daughtry or Tamyra Gray surprise next week and James goes home. Then again, I'd rank Tamyra and Chris over James's talent any day of the week! (and yes, I know Chris went home in the top 5 not top 4)
And of course, they did the infamous put a few contestants on one side and a few on the other side and put the top vote getter (though the never say that) in the middle. They changed it up this year and told Scotty he was safe first (of course, now that I'm thinking about it, maybe they do that every year too). And yes, Ryan cleared up that last week's results were in random order (thank you Nicole!) so Scotty has NEVER been in the bottom 3. They asked him to stand with the group he thinks is safe. I know they do it almost every year, but the year I remember most is when Taylor Hicks was asked to do the same challenge. The reason I'm reminded is because Taylor Hicks was far and above the most popular contestant on Idol in season 5. Regardless of if anyone else was more talented, there was no way he was going to lose. If you go by dialidol.com again this year, I don't think it's much of a spoiler to say that Scotty has been following the same path. Once he uttered the "Baby Lock dem Doors" on that audition platform, this competition was his to lose. If anyone told me he'd win back at the top 13, I would have laughed in their face. But, he definitely has grown in this competition into a confident young man and a polished performer. The voice? Well, no one can deny those low notes are hypnotizing. The rest of his voice works enough for him to get by. But it's his stage presence is just an amazing thing to see. And his off performance personality is entertaining too. I think he has the full package this year and we all know he'll be a successful country star. And I'm still calling it that Josh Turner will be at the finale to sing a duet with him. And you'll see what a REAL Low Voiced country crooner sounds like!
(continued in next post)
I hate to say it's 100% in the bag, so I'll give it a 90% so there's a chance for something to change in the final weeks. We'll see what happens! Here's my review of the rest of the night:
- Lady Antebellum revealed their new song. Sounds like it will be the Mrs. and my new Karaoke duet song. Love that trio, they put out some great music. I recommend the purchases if you haven't!
- Jennifer Lopez performed "On the Floor" and I believe the bald guy on stage with her is named Pitt Bull? I'm getting old. Anyway, the viewing party at my house (wife, mother in law, me) deduced that the J-Lo segment HAD to be pre-taped. There is no way she got changed and unglittered that quickly back into the same outfit she was wearing previously! It all seemed a bit shady and they've done it in the past with pre-taping performances and trying to fool us that it's live. Either way, she still put an amazing routine together for what it was. I don't commonly listen to dance music, but on occassion I'll rock out to it in my car with the windows closed (God forbid someone hears me!!)
- Hell's Kitchen stint was actually pretty funny with the omelette cook-off. Even the blind taste test was a good time. At least Lauren was able to win that!!
Okay, I think I've written enough for now. Look forward to hearing what everyone else has to say! And if not, then we'll continue the discussion after next week's performances. See you then!
I was laughing about our comments during the show last night when Jabob was jumping up and down and clapping and shrieking during the Gordon Ramsey bit :). Let me reiterate - I am TOTALLY down with making fun of these kids. Scotty looks like Alfred E. Newman, Haley sounds like cookie monster, etc etc. But I'm not going to say that Haley should only perform on Sesame Street. She's obviously more talented than that. Yep, Jacob is effeminate and comically so at times. But that doesn't mean he's only good for drag shows!
Anyway, the results were predictable, the bottom two were right on, and I would've been floored if Jacob hadn't gone home. And, I'll say again like last week - why isn't Jimmy Iovine a judge?!?
Nicole - don't worry, I got your message loud and clear. And I hope you know I didn't actually THINK that's all he was good for. It was just a joking comment out of frustration that he was still there. Bad taste or not, I thought it was funny so I went for it! lol All 13 kids were great talents this year but yes, they always beg to be made fun of!
Agree on Jimmy. He'd be a good addition next year if they decided to go that way. But then they shouuld eliminate a judge. I guess I'd have to vote Steven Tyler. While he is entertaining for all the wrong reasons, he doesn't add much value with his pre-written quips and phrases lol
Since I'm the library of Idol information, I think it's my duty to correct you and say that Chris Daughtry did in fact go home in the Top 4 rather than the Top 5. Therefore, your comparison to Tamyra Gray (who also left in 4th Place) works perfectly.
lol funny because I wasn't going to say anything but figured you'd correct me if I got it wrong. I should have let it be! lol thanks :-)


An investor can suffer significant financial losses when a broker or investment adviser commits fraud. If you suspect misconduct by your broker or investment adviser, you may be able to recover your losses under federal or state law. Securities fraud lawyer Steve A. Buchwalter is committed to helping clients throughout Los Angeles County and beyond assert claims against unscrupulous financial professionals. With over 20 years of experience, Mr. Buchwalter is a seasoned litigator and negotiator who can help you pursue compensation for your losses.
Securities fraud occurs when an investor is induced to purchase or sell a security based on false information. Investors rely on financial professionals, such as brokers and investment advisers, to help them facilitate and manage their investments. Given the nature of their relationship, brokers and investment advisers are expected to act with the utmost good faith, loyalty, and reasonable care when dealing with their customers. This fiduciary duty is breached when a broker or investment adviser commits fraud, which can take the form of a misrepresentation or omission of fact, or recklessness.
For example, a person can commit fraud by withholding key information, providing false or misleading information, or offering advice without regard to a customer's best interests. If you suspect that your broker or investment adviser engaged in unlawful conduct, you may bring a claim to recover damages under federal law, California law, or both.
Two main federal statutes govern securities fraud: the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The 1933 Act deals primarily with fraud in the registration of securities and disclosure requirements. The 1934 Act deals with fraud in the offer and sale of securities. Specifically, Rule 10b-5 of the 1934 Act makes it unlawful for anyone to make an untrue statement of a material fact (or omission), or to engage in any practice that would constitute fraud or deceit, in the sale or purchase of a security.
Loss causation, which is a causal connection between the misrepresentation or omission and the loss.
If the security was sold or purchased in California, you may have a claim under the state law, which does not require you to prove scienter, reliance or loss causation.
You can bring a state securities fraud claim if there was an offer or acceptance to purchase a security in California, even if the offer did not originate in the state. Similar to Rule 10b-5, Section 25401 of the California Corporations Code makes it unlawful for anyone to defraud, or make an untrue statement of fact or omission, in connection with the sale, offer, or purchase of a security. Section 25501 of the Code creates civil liability for violations of Section 25401. A person who violates Section 25401 is liable for damages unless he or she can demonstrate that either the plaintiff knew the facts were untrue, or that he or she exercised reasonable care and did not know of the untruth or omission.
Unlike the federal rule, a person alleging securities fraud in California only has to show that the defendant engaged in a material misrepresentation or omission of fact, in connection with the purchase or sale of a security. It is not necessary to show scienter, reliance or loss causation. This makes proving a securities law claim under state law comparatively easier than under federal law.
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Post-Nasal Drip: What Causes it & What Cures it?
If you experience a persistent cough and often feel mucous collecting in the back of the throat, you may be suffering from a common condition known as post-nasal drip or post-nasal drainage. The symptoms of post-nasal drip are annoying and can become chronic in some cases. When mucous drainage becomes chronic it can create other problems such as hoarseness and bad breath – not symptoms most people want to deal with. What causes post-nasal drainage and what can you do about it?
What are the Symptoms of Post-Nasal Drainage?
Most people who have post-nasal drip complain of the sensation of mucous sticking in the back of their throat. This can lead to a chronic, persistent cough that's most pronounced in the morning or when lying flat in bed at night. Post-nasal drainage can trigger sleep problems and snoring – making it difficult to get a good night's sleep. Some people also experience nausea when too much mucous builds up in back of the throat.
The most common cause is allergy which may be seasonal, such as hay fever, or non-seasonal type allergic reactions to dust, animal dander, or dust mites. Inflammation of the sinuses due to infection can also cause post-nasal drainage and the symptoms usually resolve once the infection is cleared - unless there are underlying allergies. Pregnant women are more susceptible to post-nasal drip because they experience a condition known as pregnancy rhinitis where the nasal passages become inflamed from hormonal fluctuations. In some cases, gastroesophageal reflux disease or GERD can cause symptoms of post-nasal drip. Post-nasal drainage is also more common in people who have nasal polyps or a deviated septum.
Causes of Post-Nasal Drip: What Can You Do About It?
The goal in treating post-nasal drainage is to thin the thick, mucous secretions. This can be done by drinking more water and using guaifenesin-based medications available over-the-counter such as Mucinex. Running a humidifier at night can improve hydration and help to thin out thick secretions that cause symptoms. Nasal saline sprays are also helpful for reducing post-nasal drainage. This approach should always be tried first since it's natural and doesn't involve use of medications.
If the symptoms don't resolve, an over-the-counter decongestant may help. If the symptoms fail to resolve within a week, medical evaluation may be needed to rule out a chronic sinus infection or nasal polyps. Nasal steroids or a prescription decongestant may be used to treat tough cases of post-nasal drip.
There are a variety of causes of post-nasal drip, but it's important to rule out nasal polyps or other anatomical problems if the symptoms are persistent.
► What's the Best treatment for Allergy Eyes?


Home » Windpower » Windpower Learning Centre » Can I increase wind speeds at the site?
Yes and no. Obviously wind is a naturally occurring phenomenon beyond humankind's manipulation, but there is one thing that can be done to increase wind speeds experienced by a wind turbine at a given location; go upwards by increasing the tower height.
As wind gets closer to the ground it loses some of its speed due to friction as it rubs against any 'surface roughness'. Surface roughness can be low in areas of wide open ploughed fields or short grassland, or higher over forested areas and more complex terrain with buildings, trees and hedgerows interspersed. A typical UK rural location with a mixture of open areas, some trees and hedgerows and some small buildings would have a 'roughness class' of 2. Compare this to open sea that has a roughness class of 0, and cities or dense forest with a roughness class of 4.
The impact of surface roughness on annual average wind speed reduces disproportionately with height, as shown in the figure below. The figure shows how the wind speed increases with height above the ground (based on a site with an annual mean wind speed of 6 m/s at 20 meters above the ground). Wind turbines on shorter towers benefit from tower height increase more than wind turbines on higher towers, though all turbines with hub heights less than 150 metres (which is all currently available wind turbines) will see a significant increase in annual mean wind speed.
Very roughly speaking, for each 1 m increase in the hub-height of a farm wind turbine the annual energy production increases by 0.5%. Therefore it is always financially better to opt for the highest tower available, provided you can get planning consent for the higher tower.
To use an example, a site that measured an annual mean wind speed of 6 m/s using a 20 metre high met mast would actually have an annual mean wind speed of 7.2 m/s at 59 metres and 7.45 m/s at 72 metres (these are the shorter and taller tower options for an Enercon E53 wind turbine). This would mean an increase in annual energy production of 6% by simply increasing the tower height by 13 m – well worth the modest increase in wind turbine cost!
In summary, an annual mean wind speed at 10 or 20 metres above the ground may not be great for a wind turbine, but when this is extrapolated to the actual operating hub height of commercially available wind turbines it may be much better, and in any case the additional cost of higher towers is always recouped in higher annual energy capture, and therefore income.


text:
Gonioterma is een geslacht van vlinders van de familie sikkelmotten (Oecophoridae), uit de onderfamilie Stenomatinae.

Soorten
G. aesiocopia Walsingham, 1913
G. algosa Meyrick, 1916
G. alsiosum Walsingham, 1913
G. anna Busck, 1911
G. argicerauna Meyrick, 1925
G. bryophanes Meyrick, 1915
G. burmanniana Stoll, 1782
G. collybista Meyrick, 1915
G. compressa Walsingham, 1913
G. conchita Busck, 1920
G. chlorina (Kearfott, 1911)
G. descitum Walsingham, 1913
G. dimetropis Meyrick, 1932
G. emma Busck, 1911
G. exquisita Duckworth, 1964
G. fastigata Meyrick, 1915
G. hectorea Meyrick, 1915
G. inga Busck, 1911
G. lysalges Walsingham, 1913
G. melema Walsingham, 1913
G. pacatum Walsingham, 1913
G. pauperatella Walker, 1864
G. stella Busck, 1911
G. symposias Meyrick, 1915

Sikkelmotten

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Well done to all the children in Year 6 for their fantastic performance of 'Darwin Rocks'.
You were amazing! All of the performances were thoroughly enjoyed by all the children and parents who came along to watch.


text:
Sawda bint Zam'a ibn Qayys ibn Abd Shams (en árabe سودة بنت زمعة) fue la segunda esposa del profeta Mahoma, y considerada por los musulmanes como "la madre de los creyentes".

Biografía
Su padre, Zam'a ibn Qays, era del clan Amir ibn Luayy clan de la tribu Quraysh de La Meca. Su madre, Al-Shamus bint Qays, era del clan Banu Najjarr, de la tribu Banu Khazraj de Medina.

Migración hacia Abisinia

Sawda fue la primera mujer en emigrar a Abisinia junto con su primer esposo As-Sakran ibn Amr, después de haber sido perseguidos por los politeístas de La Meca. Su marido falleció ya sea en el camino de regreso a La Meca o después de llegar. Sakran dejó Abisinia por mar junto con Waqqas para predicar el islam.

Sawda y Sakran tuvieron un hijo: Sakran ibn Sakran ibn Amr ibn Abd Shams, que falleció como un mártir luchando en la Batalla de Jalula en el año 637 d. C.

Matrimonio con Mahoma

Mahoma dio permiso a Khawla para hablar con Abu Bakr as-Siddiq y Sawda sobre el tema del matrimonio. Mahoma se casó con ella en el mes de Shawwal, en el décimo año de su profecía, pocos días después de la muerte de Jadiya. Sawda era mucho mayor que Mahoma.

Viudez

Después de la muerte de Mahoma, a Sawda le fue regalada una importante suma de dinero, que ella gastó en actos de caridad con la gente pobre. Muawiya I, el primer califa de la dinastía Omeya, compró su casa de Medina por 180.000 dinares. Sawda falleció en Medina en octubre del año 674.

Referencias

Bibliografía

 Vacca, V. " Sawda Bint Zamʿa." Encyclopaedia of Islam, First Edition (1913-1936). Brill Online , 2012.

Fallecidos en Medina
Personas de La Meca
Mujeres Compañeras de Mahoma
Esposas de Mahoma
Árabes del siglo VII
Mujeres del siglo VII


text:
Injury Epidemiology
December 2020 , 7:1 | Cite as
Incidence reporting via online high school concussion surveillance by certified athletic trainers and school nurses, 2015–2018
Lauren Gonzalez
Laura E. Jones
Maryanne Fakeh
Nimit Shah
Joseph A. Panchella
Derek G. Shendell
Original Contribution
Emerging topics in sports injury epidemiology
There is an increasing concern over adolescent concussions in sports due to risks of long-term negative effects. This study analyzed data over three school years on reported concussion incidence rates by season, high school grade levels and gender, and reported symptoms by school nurses versus athletic trainers, from New Jersey student-athlete concussion data available from an online school-based surveillance system.
School nurses and athletic trainers reported 300 concussions within five days from when each occurred over three school years, 2015–2018, in team sports and physical education in New Jersey high schools. Analysis was further conducted on symptoms and number of symptoms reported by school nurses versus school athletic trainers for each documented student-athlete concussion. Estimated concussion incidence rates were calculated using state agency verified school enrollment data.
Concussions most commonly occurred during fall, followed by spring, then winter. Concussion incidence rates ranged from 6.3/1000 (4.99, 7.55) – 9.1/1000 (7.27, 10.98) students over the three school years of the study. Athletic trainers completed 86% of the reports while nurses completed 11% (position or title of 3%, or n = 7, were not disclosed); the values were similar when considering only fall pre-season and regular season sports (88, 10, 2%, respectively). On average, across the three school years, athletic trainers reported about 3.5 symptoms per report while nurses reported 2.7 (values in fall seasons only were 3.7 and 3.1, respectively.)
Certified athletic trainers, compared to school nurses, more often completed concussion report forms and reported more symptoms per injured student, perhaps due partly to closer contact and immediate care provided after injury. Additionally, this study had a higher concussion incidence rate during fall sports seasons compared to winter and spring. Future research can further improve our understanding of concussions among adolescent student-athletes to better inform concussion identification, management and recovery protocols.
Adolescent health Athletic trainer Brain injuries Concussions Epidemiology Incidence New Jersey School nurse Surveillance Symptoms
Certified Athletic Trainers
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Concussion, also called mild traumatic brain injury, is of present concern in pediatrics and in sports medicine among adolescents (Halstead and Walter 2010). Concussions can cause acute and chronic adverse effects, as adolescent brains are still developing (Patel and Reddy 2010).
Using 2017 Youth Risk Behavior Survey data, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimated about 15% (2.5 million) of U.S. students had at least one concussion the prior year from either playing a sport or being physically active; 6% reported greater than one concussion (DePadilla et al. 2018). Adolescents and children, compared to adults, sustain the most sports-related concussions (Halstead and Walter 2010). Approximately 300,000 head injuries, 90% of which are concussions, occur among high school (HS) athletes every year (Patel and Reddy 2010). There has been an increase in visits to the emergency department for concussion in the past 10 years: between 2005 and 2009, there were also over two million outpatient medical visits for concussions sustained by U.S. children and adolescents (Lumba-Brown et al. 2018).
Concussion incidence among athletes is underreported for several reasons: signs and symptoms may not be recognized by athletes and coaches, and some athletes may not report head injuries or concussion symptoms to avoid exclusion from play (Patel and Reddy 2010). The ability to rapidly identify concussions in order to initiate care and treatment is crucial. Moreover, there is concern over repeat concussions (Covassin et al. 2013; Taylor et al. 2018; Bruce and Echemendia 2004). Recently, CDC published on the diagnosis and treatment of concussion in children (Lumba-Brown et al. 2018), the first evidence-based (Lumba-Brown et al. 2018; Covassin et al. 2013; Kontos et al. 2012; Merritt and Arnett 2014; Merritt et al. 2015; Lau et al. 2011) guidelines for treatment of concussion for U.S. children. The present study analyzed reported student-athlete concussion data from three consecutive school years (2015–2018), as reported by a certified athletic trainers (ATCs) and school nurses, employed full time, at public secondary or HS throughout New Jersey (NJ) to an online surveillance system (Shendell et al. 2018; Shendell et al. 2019). Numbers of post-concussion symptoms reported within a week of injury were also analyzed to initially compare symptoms reported by school nurses versus school ATCs. We estimated concussion incidence rates by school year and by season for three school years 2015–2018, to expand on previously published descriptive epidemiology (Shendell et al. 2018; Shendell et al. 2019).
A pilot study of online concussion reporting in NJ public HS was conducted over the 2015–2016, 2016–2017, and 2017–2018 school years. The study was approved by the Rutgers University Institutional Review Board (#Pro20150001455). Details of the community and school-based process to develop this school-based online surveillance form are available in previous publications (Shendell et al. 2018; Shendell et al. 2019). Consenting, voluntarily participating schools were part of a convenience sample throughout the state of NJ, representing northern, central, and southern regions of the state, for a total of 12 school districts in eight counties. There were at least two school districts per region in each school year of the study.
Concussion injury and incident surveillance data were collected using an online survey form (PsychData LLC). Forms were completed by school nurses or ATCs within five days of a confirmed concussion, which were identified and confirmed by staff or reported by students then verified by staff. Information on demographics, additional injury locations (neck, etc.), cause of injury (person-to-person collision, etc.), personal protective equipment worn (helmet, etc.), symptoms (dizziness, etc.) and activity type were collected. Activity type taking place at time of injury was specifically asked in the 2017–2018 survey, although we were able to infer activity type for all except eleven injuries among HS students in the 2015–2016 and 2016–2017 school years based on personal protective equipment worn and short answer responses by ATCs and school nurses, which provided details and nature of the injury. Details of the other variables, specifically for the 2015–2016 and 2016–2017 school years, are available in previous publications (Shendell et al. 2018; Shendell et al. 2019). Surveillance data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel (Microsoft, Inc.) and SAS (v.9.4, Cary, NC). Descriptive statistics were generated using Excel. Confidence intervals were calculated using SAS. Data were stratified by grade level, gender, school year, and by activity type, e.g., football vs. cheerleading etc.
Additional analysis was conducted to compare numbers of symptoms reported by school ATCs versus school nurses; our prior research documented these groups most often completed forms (Patel and Reddy 2010; Shendell et al. 2019).
Incidence rates and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using concussion data from the pilot study and publically available total school enrollment data from NJ Department of Education (New Jersey Department of Education n.d.). Data on total school enrollment was used as the denominator to calculate incidence rates and confidence intervals for each school year.
Seven HS with ten campuses participated in 2015–2016, seven HS with seven campuses participated in 2016–2017, and 13 HS with 13 campuses participated in 2017–2018. Overall, 300 concussions were reported over the three years of the pilot study, with 298 concussions among HS students and two concussions among male 8th graders. Concussions sustained by eighth graders were excluded from the incidence analysis but included in the symptom reporting analysis among ATCs and school nurses. There were 113 concussions among HS students and two among 8th graders in 2015–2016, 93 concussions in 2016–2017, and 92 concussions in 2017–2018; these are stratified by school year and grade in Table 1.
Annual school year reported student concussions during the 2015–2018 school years
Reported Concussions
Total (2015–2018)
2015–2016 school year only
Annual average # concussion injuries reported, 2015–2018
The average age of HS students at the time of concussion was approximately 15–16 years (15.6 for male students and 15.5 for female students). HS students were predominantly white (74%) and non-Hispanic (82%); 176 (59%) were male and 122 (41%) were female (Table 2).
Demographics of student-athletes with concussions in the 2015–2018 school years a
2015–2018 school years combined
Gender, n (%)
178b (59.7)
Race, n (%)
Otherc
Ethnicity, n (%)
Non-Hispanic/Latino
a Note: Some categories smaller due to non-response; some percentages do not add up to 100 due to rounding
b Two of the male concussions were sustained by students in 8th grade
c Other races include American Indian/Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, and any races defined as "other" by the respondent
Among HS students, the sport or activity in question was reported or able to be determined for 287 of 298 concussions (Fig. 1). There were 99 concussions (35%) which occurred during football play or practice; 29 concussions (10%) were sustained during girls' soccer; and 29 (10%) were sustained during cheerleading (although co-ed, concussions were only reported among girls). Additionally, 23 concussions (8%) occurred during boys' soccer, and 19 (7%) occurred during boys' lacrosse. The remaining concussions occurred during other sports, physical education, other activities, or when activity type was not reported. At least one concussion was reported for football, cheerleading, field hockey, boys' soccer, girls' soccer, volleyball, wrestling, boys' basketball, girls' basketball, baseball/softball, boys' lacrosse, girls' lacrosse, track and field, physical education including Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps (JROTC) Basic Training, golf, and other activities (Shendell et al. 2018; Shendell et al. 2019).
Reported concussions by activity type (of total of 298 for 9th–12th graders) during 2015–2018 school years. aNote "all other sports and activities" included wrestling, field hockey, girls' lacrosse, boys' basketball, girls' basketball, physical education, volleyball, golf, JROTC Basic Training, track and field, and instances where activity type data were missing
Overall, among HS male student-athletes, football contributed to 93 (55%) of the 170 concussions, for which activity type data were available. Additionally, boys' soccer contributed to 23 concussions (14%) and boys' lacrosse contributed to 18 (11%). When analyzed without football, the sport breakdown for male athletes (n = 77) included 23 concussions from soccer (30%), 18 from lacrosse (23%), and 11 from wrestling (14%). Among female student athletes, 29 concussions (25%) occurred during cheerleading, 29 (25%) occurred during girls' soccer, and 10 (9%) occurred during softball.
Over the three years of this pilot study, ATCs and nurses completed 300 concussion reports; 86% of reports were completed by ATCs (n = 259), school nurses completed 11% (n = 34), and 2% did not complete reporting form job title and symptom fields (n = 7). In total, 961 symptoms were reported among the 300 reported concussions, for an average of 3.1 symptoms reported per concussion. The ATCs reported, on average, more symptoms associated with reported student-athlete concussions than the school nurses, 3.5 versus 2.7, respectively; the values for the combined summer pre-season and fall regular season were slightly higher at 3.7 for ATC and 3.1 for school nurses, respectively (Table 3).
Number of symptoms reported per concussion injury by school nurses versus athletic trainers for 300 student-athlete concussions documented in the 2015–2018 school years
By Nurses
By Athletic Trainers
Number of Symptoms Reported
Nevertheless, both groups (ATCs and school nurses) had similar distributions of numbers of symptoms reported, with a range 1–7 symptoms reported for about 88% of report forms and about 22% of report forms noting either two symptoms or three symptoms per student-athlete, respectively. Dizziness, headaches, and sensitivity to indoor and/or outdoor lighting (artificial or via sunlight) were consistently documented on 20% or more of reported concussions. Although feeling disoriented, blurry vision, and balance issues were reported frequently among ATCs, (range 20–27% of reported concussions), school nurses did not report these symptoms as frequently (6–15% range); it should be noted, however, among school nurses, sensitivity to noise and sensitivity to indoor artificial lighting ranked co-third (21% each of reported concussions). Both groups reported fatigue and nausea in a similar proportion (12–15%). (See Additional file 1: Table S1).
Concussion incidence rates ranged from 6.3/1000 to 9.1/1000 enrolled HS students over the three study school years (Table 4, presented with 95% confidence intervals). Concussions most commonly occurred during fall, followed by spring, then winter. Given the 95% confidence intervals overlapped, overall rates varied slightly but were not statistically significantly different across the three study years.
Concussion incidence rates by season and by year
Season/School year
Number of concussions
Concussions/1000 enrolled HS students 95% confidence intervals
6.5 (5.12,7.87)
Winter 2015–2016
0.5 (0.14, 0.92)
Total in 2015–2016 school year
8.7 (7.10, 10.27)
In 2016, CDC proposed a national concussion surveillance system (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) n.d.). This study is one of multiple attempts to address gaps in youth concussion and symptom surveillance in the U.S. (Kerr et al. 2017; O'Connor et al. 2017) Also in 2016, a statewide registry based at the University of Texas – Southwestern was established to track concussions among student-athletes in Texas; it was the largest statewide effort to date to track concussions among student-athletes (UT Southwestern Medical Center 2018). Both NJ (Shendell et al. 2018; Shendell et al. 2019) and Texas (UT Southwestern Medical Center 2018) could serve as potential models for similar systems in other states as well as for the CDC's proposed national system.
Overall, there were more concussions during the fall sports seasons, likely because of the high proportion of male student athletes participating in freshman, junior varsity, and varsity football (Shendell et al. 2018; Shendell et al. 2019). Participating ATCs noted there were generally more students participating in fall sports and how, in general, there was no upper limit on the number of students able to join the sports teams during this season. Thus, there were likely more student-athletes during the fall sports season, and consequently more student-athletes at risk for concussion.
The present study's data suggested the most reported HS student-athlete concussions occurred during the fall, and reported in football, which was associated with 35% of total concussions for which activity type information was available. This information reinforces other work in the literature which demonstrated both HS and college football players become concussed at higher rates than players of other sports such as softball (Gessel et al. 2007). One of the important findings of the present study was how the sport of cheerleading, which is increasing in popularity and numbers of participants across the U.S. due to its athletic and energetic gymnastics, acrobatic, and dance-related components, ranked "top 3" in each study school year and in each fall and winter sports season (Cheer Safe 2019; UCA 2019; Varsity 2019). The present study thus informs ATCs and coaches in the state of NJ and across the U.S. about cheerleading concussions, and reinforces the message to be particularly vigilant during the fall sports season. In 2011, the State of NJ mandated public school districts, charter schools, and private schools adopt an interscholastic head injury training program for coaches, ATCs, school nurses, and other appropriate personnel (N.J.S.A. 18A:40–41.4 n.d.). The content of the program is at the discretion of the individual school districts provided it meets minimum requirements, including identifying the signs and symptoms of concussions and a graduated return-to-play protocol for concussed student-athletes. Further information on specific sports where student-athletes could be at higher risk of concussion, based on the present study, may enhance these training programs.
There were more reported concussions among 9th and 10th graders, i.e., underclassmen, as compared to 11th and 12th graders, i.e., upperclassmen. This finding may be due to how, in general, freshman and junior varsity teams often allow more and younger students to participate, and usually do not cut players, unlike typical varsity teams.
In New Jersey, a survey reported about 95% of public secondary schools had certified athletic training services, of which 91% served the school full time (Pryor et al. 2015). For comparison, 70% of U.S. public secondary schools had athletic training services, although only 37% of them served the schools full-time (Pryor et al. 2015; Adams et al. 2019), and among public and private U.S. secondary schools combined about 58% had athletic training services, with 28% full-time (in NJ, 68 and 36%, respectively) (Pike et al. 2017; Pike et al. 2016). The present study, which had a greater involvement by certified ATCs than school nurses, documented a small difference in reporting symptoms by school nurses versus school ATCs. On average ATCs reported more concussions compared to school nurses. Additionally, while dizziness and headaches, the top two reported symptoms, were the same, there was variation in the other symptoms reported, which may be attributable to many factors, including the symptoms which the nurse or athletic trainer were able to see at time of injury or time of reporting. It must be noted this study did not follow-up with these students over time.
Concussion incidence rates by gender were not calculated in this study due to the lack of gender-specific denominator data; however, current literature has suggested female student-athletes tended to have higher concussion rates than male student-athletes when playing similar sports (Halstead and Walter 2010; Kerr et al. 2017; O'Connor et al. 2017), although male student-athletes sustained more concussions overall (Halstead and Walter 2010; Resch et al. 2017). Therefore, analysis of concussion rates by gender, are worthy of further study, with more symptoms assessed.
This study had limitations. First, it was a pilot project with a limited sample size, i.e., a sample of participating, consenting school districts and HS. Second, only total school enrollment data were available, not team rosters, which allowed only for calculations of season-level and yearly estimated incidence rates. Third, the online reporting form was filled out by a school nurse or athletic trainer, meaning evaluations of reported concussions were, theoretically, more consistent based on the NJ-mandated training on sports-related concussions, plus personal professional experience. However, data were only collected by participants at one time point for each subject. Fourth, only the 2017–2018 school year questionnaire specifically asked what activity students were engaging in while they sustained a concussion. Information on activity type from 2015 to 2016 and 2016–2017 was obtained from the free-response sections where the respondent described what occurred when the student sustained a concussion. Finally, there was no way of determining if a concussion injury occurred at a participating HS but went unreported, and assessing any difference in concussion severity by who the injury was reported to/by (for entry into this study's online surveillance tool) was beyond the scope of this study..
It should be noted the first two years (2015–2017 school years) contained several free-response sections, which led to inconsistent data. For example, activity type at the time of the concussion injury was determined from the free-response narrative sections describing the concussion injury incident during the 2015–2016 and 2016–2017 school years. The reporting form for the final year (2017–2018 school year) included more multiple choice-style questions, which led to more consistent reporting and may have reduced the time necessary to complete the form.
This study had known strengths. This online surveillance form proved to be easy-to-use, low- or no-cost, and able to be completed rapidly (Shendell et al. 2018; Shendell et al. 2019). The NJ Department of Education's recent online public release of school enrollment data allowed for the calculation of estimated concussion incidence rates for the first time using this dataset. While there is always concern for underreporting of concussion by student-athletes themselves, concussion injury events in this study were identified by staff or reported by students. It is therefore unlikely the participating school nurse or certified athletic trainer would have deliberately completed a surveillance form incorrectly. When they logged into the online form, they were acknowledging the specific concussion injury assessed and documenting known circumstances surrounding the incident in question.
While many states (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) n.d.) and the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2015) have recently made efforts to monitor and address youth concussions, especially among student-athletes, more work remains to be done. Reporting is inconsistent, often university-based studies with variable sample sizes and which may not be representative of most student-athletes, e.g., only among male student-athletes (Long et al. 2018), or only among soccer players (Nevins et al. 2018).
This analysis suggested student-athletes sustained concussion injuries throughout the school year and while participating in various sports and activities sponsored by public secondary schools. An online reporting form was able to yield useful epidemiological data on concussion injury occurrence. In this study, football players comprised many of the total reported incidents, overall and particularly in fall seasons, but student-athletes participating in other sports such as soccer (fall seasons) and cheerleading (fall and winter seasons) also played a large part in these reported concussions. In future studies, the plan is to accurately determine sizes of the participating and most at-risk school teams to get sports-specific estimated concussion rates during practice and competition. Guidelines for concussion management in adults (ages 16 and older) have been available since 2008 from the American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP 2008); guidelines for youth concussion were released by CDC in 2018 (Lumba-Brown et al. 2018). Increased state-level and national surveillance of youth concussion to complement clinical guidelines is a public health priority.
The need for full- time and accessible school appointed health-care professionals to the student body, which includes the student athletes, is crucial. ATCs are commonly available after school hours when play typically takes place as opposed to school nurses, who may only be able to see the student during school hours.
Supplementary information accompanies this paper at https://doi.org/10.1186/s40621-019-0228-5.
Athletic directors, certified athletic trainers, and school nurses of the campuses of schools in school districts across three regions of NJ.
Brain Injury Alliance of NJ, Concussions in Youth Sports committee
Rutgers School of Public Health
LG managed data collection, carried out the initial analysis, and reviewed and revised the manuscript; LEJ carried out the data analysis, drafted the initial manuscript, and reviewed and revised the manuscript; MF managed data collection, and reviewed and revised the manuscript; NS assisted in data analysis, and reviewed the manuscript; JAP assisted in drafting and reviewing the manuscript; DGS conceptualized and designed the study, designed the data collection instrument, supervised data collection, and reviewed and revised the manuscript. Authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript, and agree with the order of presentation of the authors.
This project was funded by Kessler Foundation, Special Projects Program mechanism, with two rounds of funding during 2014–2017 (final report submitted winter 2018).
The study was approved by the Rutgers University Institutional Review Board (#Pro20150001455).
No financial disclosures were reported by the authors of this paper.
40621_2019_228_MOESM1_ESM.docx (4 kb)
Additional file 1: Table S1. School nurse versus athletic trainer symptom reporting for 300 student-athlete concussions documented in the 2015–2018 school years
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© The Author(s). 2020
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Email authorView author's OrcID profile
1.New Jersey Safe Schools ProgramRutgers School of Public HealthPiscatawayUSA
2.Department of Biostatistics & EpidemiologyRutgers School of Public HealthPiscatawayUSA
3.Department of Urban-Global Public HealthRutgers School of Public HealthNewarkUSA
4.West Deptford High School Athletics DepartmentWest DeptfordUSA
5.Department of Environmental and Occupational HealthRutgers School of Public HealthPiscatawayUSA
6.Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, RutgersThe State University of New JerseyPiscatawayUSA
7.Brain Injury Alliance of NJ-Concussion in Youth Sports CommitteeNorth BrunswickUSA
Gonzalez, L., Jones, L.E., Fakeh, M. et al. Inj. Epidemiol. (2020) 7: 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40621-019-0228-5
Received 20 September 2019
Publisher Name BioMed Central


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So beautiful Debra, I love feathers.
Beautifully done! I saw some goose feathers yesterday and my husband said I couldn't touch them for fear of disease! He's so silly sometimes! Wanted me to get a rubber glove to pick them up! LOL!!!


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