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Datasheet What is the role of pump control in chemical pilot plants?
What is the role of pump control in chemical pilot plants?
December 7, 2021 Ferdinand Luimes
A pilot plant is an important step from lab-scale to commercial-scale production. In the chemical industry, it is common to build pilot plants to minimise risks in the final plant, especially in advanced chemicals. In this 'step-in-between' it is essential to measure the critical fluids very accurately to draw the right conclusions in time.
Dosing pumps are often used in pilot plants to control the liquid flows, but the accuracy, fast & efficient data of the liquid flows is the key to your success. Therefore, in this blog, I will go deeper into the benefits of using a flow meter combined with your dosing pump for the best pump performance.
A Coriolis flow meter used in pilot plant built by Zeton (copyright: Zeton)
Based on market research and analysis, it became clear to us that customers from the chemical industry can use either industrial flow meters or laboratory flow meters in their pilot plants. Both are not ideal. For our product management team, this insight was our starting point. Thanks to the hard work of our technical colleagues, we have been able to develop a flow meter that is specifically suitable for pilot plants. But first let's start with analysing the situation…
Accurate, fast and efficient data for pilot plants is a need
When measuring critical fluids, the amount of highly accurate data – which is needed to make the right decisions for the final plant – need to be collected accurate, fast and efficient. If fluids cannot be measured accurately enough, tests must run for a very long time to finally collect the required data to build decisions on. Pilot plant tests usually cost a lot of money, especially when a long testing time is involved. However, when the system is equipped with accurate instrumentation, the test duration can be shortened dramatically.
Dosing of fluids – using a dosing pump
There are several solutions for you to choose from when dosing fluids in your process. Many users choose a volume-based dosing pump. A dosing pump is a typical solution to dose a certain amount of fluid into a process. This volume-based approach is good enough for non-critical processes. But if the process is critical, the operator needs to be sure that the dosing pump is dosing the correct amount. Dosing pumps cannot check themselves. Especially if a leak, a changing backpressure or a contaminated pump chamber occurs, the indicated flow is not reliable anymore. This is the point where an accurate flow meter is closing the gap.
Dosing solution with Coriolis flow controllers
Pump control – using a dosing pump with flow meter
If you decide to integrate a flow meter in your process as well, the flow created by a dosing pump (or metering pump) can be measured and corrected. How? The flow meter measures the mass flow and the measured value is used to correct the dosing pump directly (read: 'pump control'). So, a flow meter with (external or internal) controller functionality converts the dosing pump into an advanced closed-loop dosing system! This is how a dosing pump finally becomes part of an accurate dosing solution.
Using a mass flow meter for pump control in a pilot plant
But which type of flow meter should you choose to use in your pilot plant? As a dosing pump only measures the volume mechanically – and the volume of a fluid can be influenced by many parameters – a mass flow meter would be the preferred choice. It compensates for the weaknesses of the dosing pump. A Coriolis mass flow meter measures accurately and independently on fluid properties, so if you combine a dosing pump with a Coriolis mass flow meter, you get a very reliable and accurate dosing system.
Accuracy, dimensions and robustness of the flow meter
Many types of Coriolis mass flow meters are available on the market, but can all of these become a perfect fit?
In many cases, the application is special in one way or another. As previously mentioned, in pilot plants several things come together. That is why the following three specifications are particularly important when you select your Coriolis mass flow meter:
In laboratory applications, the flow meter should perform very accurate to enable scientists to find the real truth. Specifications from manufacturers are sometimes difficult to achieve in practice, which is why we recommend you to perform a practical test to measure the practical performance of such a flow meter. The written performance is not always the same as in practice.
At industrial applications, reliability and robustness are usually the most important assets. But this can come at the expense of other specifications, such as accuracy. Do not get me wrong, reliability and robustness are important, but truth-finding prevails in a pilot plant, as in the lab. So, is a typical industrial Coriolis mass flow meter the best choice in your pilot plant?
Besides, there is another important point that requires attention, namely the dimensions of all components in a pilot plant. Size matters, especially concerning the compactly built pilot plants. Most typical industrial Coriolis flow meters bring a serious amount of space and weight into the equation. Therefore, the skid or entire system must be scaled up significantly, which introduces the necessary costs and system inertia.
Dosing solutions for pilot plants
So, we can conclude that two worlds come together in a pilot plant: lab and industry. Dedicated instrumentation offers you the best pilot plant performance. An accurate dosing pump is a good solution for non-critical processes. But for critical processes in a pilot plant you should select the right mass flow meter, where practical accuracy is relevant, but compactness and robustness must also be of sufficient value.
Gas flow controllers in pilot plant
Industrial Coriolis flow meters, MI-series
Taken the conclusion into account, the Bronkhorst Coriolis MI-series mass flow meter addresses all relevant specifications. In the first place, it measures very accurate, but it is also compact and mounted in a very robust stainless-steel housing. In addition to these required specifications, it is also equipped with an integrated PID controller, so it can operate a pump or valve extremely fast on its own without the need for additional electronics. The MI-series are specially designed for your chemical pilot plant!
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Fast batch dosing in filling lines
Accurate flow meters for fast batch dosing in filling lines. Learn about our additive dosing solutions for flow meters in the food and beverage industry.
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ESPN.com - E-Ticket: Did Ali invent rap?
The ESPN documentary "Ali Rap" (airing Saturday at 9 p.m. ET on ESPN) is built loosely on the premise that Muhammad Ali unknowingly invented rap music, simply by being himself in public. If true, this would mean that rap did not originate (as commonly believed) in the South Bronx during the '70s; it would mean rap was invented in Kentucky during the '60s.
This is hard to accept, as there are very few memorable rap songs about competitive horse racing and/or Rex Chapman. But it's still an interesting (albeit specious) hypothesis, and it permeates the framework of "Ali Rap," even in the moments when the show itself seems bizarre.
Public Enemy front man Chuck D, the host of "Ali Rap," is a man who has always understood the relationship between rap and sports. Chuck claimed to have adopted his rapping style from Marv Albert (listen to the opening 15 seconds of "Rebel Without a Pause" if you need proof). Half of the documentary features an undefined collection of modern-day celebrities (James Earl Jones, Diane Sawyer, Al Sharpton, Adam Corolla, Ludacris, Bill Maher, etc.) reciting famous Ali quotations as spoken-word poetry. This almost never works; almost all of the stand-in participants sound ridiculous, particularly the ones who are Caucasian and named Charlie Gibson. However, the actual archive footage of Ali talking is amazingly watchable and mildly shocking, even if you've seen most of it before. Ali is arguably the greatest boxer of the 20th century, but he also might be one of the most charismatic conversationalists ever 1 (which — all things considered — is a far more rarified achievement).
While it's difficult2 to prove Ali invented rap music, it's almost indisputable that he spawned what is now referred to as "the modern athlete," a term that's generally used as coded, pejorative language. When someone complains about "the modern athlete," he or she is usually just saying, "This particular black athlete behaves like a rap star, even though I've never actually listened to rap music in my entire life." These perceived traits include overt self-promotion, indifference toward authority, and confidence that hemorrhages into arrogance. As such, the relationship among Ali, sport, and rap is latently omnipresent, and examples of that three-pronged relationship are everywhere: 50 Cent buys Mike Tyson's house, Master P tries out for the Toronto Raptors, Ron Artest releases "My World," dead-end kids in Houston drink cough syrup and wear McGrady jerseys, and Fort Minor's "Remember the Name" is used as bumper music for 90 percent of televised college football games that don't involve Notre Dame. You can see these connections without even looking for them. But the deeper (and more meaningful) correlation between hip-hop culture and sports is more opaque; it has less to do with what they tangibly offer and more to do with how they're similarly covered by the media.
Want to read more about the relationship between Ali and Rap? The new book, Ali Rap: Muhammad Ali, The First Heavyweight Champion of Rap, edited and designed by George Lois and published by Taschen/ESPN Books, is available in bookstores now.
Or download Chuck D's video the Ali Rap Theme on iTunes now.
(1.) Most athletes/artists are boring because all they do is repeat safe, meaningless clichés.
(2.) The few individuals within these idioms who do say provocative, controversial things are ill-informed media whores who should be more grateful that they are rich.
Within the context of his era, Ali was the most outspoken athlete ever. There is a clip in "Ali Rap" in which he's asked about his unwillingness to go to Vietnam, and he ultimately says, "I am ready to die." This was not a metaphor; he openly challenged the U.S. government to execute him. Over time, those kinds of inflammatory, unpopular statements made Ali an assailable figure. At this point, it's virtually impossible to find Ali detractors.
From a historical perspective, being political was the best move Ali ever made. Yet this is the one aspect of Ali's legacy that has not carried over to either sports or to hip-hop, at least not over the long haul. Because of the inherent dichotomy of how sports and music are reported — i.e., stars who say nothing are dull, but stars who say outlandish things are vilified — most athletes and artists try to fall somewhere in the middle. They adopt and reinvent the style of Ali, minus the substance. And this is conscious.
In his book "Hip: The History," journalist John Leland5 calls Ali a "trickster of hip" who used his narcissism as "an instrument of generational catharsis, not private need." What this means (I think) is that Ali was able to effectively construct a self-obsessed persona that fooled people into reconsidering a world outside of himself. This is what made him important. However, it would be hard to find a present-day example of this in either sports or rap. Terrell Owens is (perhaps) over-criticized for being precisely who the media wants him to be, but it's still impossible to suggest T.O. is using his narcissism as an instrument of anything; he's more apolitical than Jay Leno. America lost its collective mind when Kanye West suggested George Bush didn't care about black people, but that sentiment still seems pale to the actual rap music that was made during the '80s and '90s; in 1993, KRS-One compared police officers to plantation employees, and the video still got on MTV. Over time, rap music has become less incendiary. There is no longer any reward for being legitimately provocative. More often, there is a commercial penalty.
This — more than anything else — is the best reason for watching "Ali Rap." If you want to see Ali's influence on the modern world of sports and music, you will certainly see glimpses of that phenomenon. But what you'll mostly see (and hear) is something that only happened once (and probably won't happen again).
1. Someone who looked at this sentence prior to its publication brought up an interesting question: Who, exactly, would comprise the rest of this list? Who are the 20 most charismatic conversationalists of all time? It's a difficult quandary to address, mostly because it was impossible to record the human voice prior to 1857; as such, we don't know what people like Patrick Henry (or Joan of Arc, or Moses' brother Aaron) really sounded like when they spoke, even though we generally assume they must have been dynamic, transfixing orators. NONETHELESS, I think it's safe to say that some of the other individuals on this list would include Malcolm X, Spalding Gray, Camille Paglia, Paul Stanley, Howard Cosell, Lynne Thigpen, Brent Musberger, Paul Lynde, Marc Bolan, Thom Fladung, Mitch Hedberg, Shelby Foote, Chuck Yeager, that guy who built the Lava Machine, and Edward Norton (particularly when he portrays Nazis).
3. I am not including David Foster Wallace.
4. The exception being Eminem, who creates an entirely new set of problems.
5. It might be worth noting that Chuck D has said parts of the PE song "Bring the Noize" were written about Leland, who interviewed the group for SPIN magazine in 1988.


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Automated Border Control Market
HOME › Press Releases › Automated Border Control Market worth USD 1,577.7 Million by 2023
Automated Border Control Market worth USD 1,577.7 Million by 2023
According to the new market research report "Automated Border Control Market by Solution Type (ABC e-Gate and ABC Kiosk), Component (Hardware, Software, and Services (Installation and Maintenance)), Application (Airport, Land Port, and Seaport), and Geography - Global Forecast to 2023", the automated border control (ABC) market is expected to be worth USD 1,577.7 Million by 2023, growing at a CAGR of 17.45% between 2017 and 2023. The ABC market has a huge potential across various applications, such as airports, land ports, and seaports. The major factors driving the ABC market across the world are increasing passenger travel, rising security concerns, and enhanced traveler convenience in the border crossing process.
Browse 88 Market Data Tables and 50 Figures spread through 164 Pages and in-depth TOC on "Automated Border Control Market - Global Forecast to 2023"
https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/automated-border-control-market-24899883.html
Market for ABC e-gate expected to grow at higher CAGR between 2017 and 2023
The market for e-gate is expected to grow at a higher CAGR between 2017 and 2023. e-gate installation has helped border crossing authorities process large number of passengers and has enhanced security. Passenger traffic is more at airports than at land ports and seaports.
ABC market for seaport application expected to grow at highest CAGR between 2017 and 2023
The ABC market for seaport application is expected to grow at the highest CAGR between 2017 and 2023. This growth can be attributed to strengthened border integrity and increased passenger traffic at seaports globally. As per the Australian Government Department of Immigration and Border Protection, more than 35 million passengers travel through Australia's major airports and seaports every year, and the number of travelers at seaports is expected to double in the coming years.
ABC market for software component expected to grow at highest CAGR between 2017 and 2023
Software component in the ABC ensures efficiency and performance of biometric and document recognition database algorithms, along with risk assessment for travelers. The higher growth rate of the software component in the ABC market is owing to the increasing need for automation service to optimize efficiency at airports, land ports, and seaports.
Currently, Europe leads ABC market in terms of market size
Europe is currently leading the ABC market and is projected to be in a leading position for the next few years owing to the high adoption of ABC. The growth of the ABC market in Europe is because of high government funding and support, the presence of leading players, and strong technical base.
The major driving factor for the market growth in Europe is the presence of prominent vendors of ABC OT-Morpho (France), secunet Security Networks (Germany), Indra Sistemas (Spain), Arjo Systems (France), IER SAS (France), and Cognitec Systems (Germany), among others.
701 Pike Street,
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What are the Known and Unknown Adjacencies Impacting the Automated Border Control Market
Published Date: Aug 2017 | Report Code: SE 5525

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Sale of Real Estate Lawrence County Foreclosure Auction. Case# 22OC000095. New Rez LLC d/b/a Shellpoint Mortgage Servicing vs Jordan Clifton, et al. .The description of the property to be sold is as follows: Property Address: 2303 South 11th Street, Ironton, Lawrence, Ohio, 45638; Legal Description: Full Legal Listed on Public Website; Parcel Number:36-002-0500-000 Bidding will be available only on www.Auction.com opening on 02/14/2023 at 10:00 AM for a minimum of 7 days. Property may be sold on a provisional sale date should the third party purchaser fail to provide their deposit within the allotted time. Provisional Sale date: 02/28/2023 at 10:00 AM. Sales subject to cancellation. The deposit required is $5000.00 to be paid by wire transfer within 2 hours of the sale ending. No cash is permitted. Purchaser shall be responsible for those costs, allowances, and taxes that the proceeds of the sale are insufficient to cover. To view all sale details and terms for this property visit www.Auction.com and enter the Search Code 22OC000095 into the search bar.
Ironton Tribune:
Jan. 18, 25 and Feb. 1, 2023


National Powerline provides electrical construction services and electric infrastructure projects for distribution, transmission and renewables. From industry leading resources and teams to extensive quality controls and leading-edge equipment, we approach and build each project with the next century in mind.
Turnkey services for building the future in every project and community.
On the job when you need us.


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How To Connect To Our Game !!
When i download the client, and it finishes all extracting, its says "CANT FIND SETUP DS32DLL." or something like that, and after reinstalling it TWICE i get the same message?
the game closses when i push play then i wait white screen then it is gone like magic..... flyff.a deleting wont work PLEASE HELP!!!!
where can i find error code?
Code:3 Result: 6 problem...someone explain to me how to fix this?
Can anyone help me.. i follow all the instruction how to connect to this game..when i run the patcher the error still occur.. i refresh it for a several time.. but the error occur .. but when i patched the new launcher.. after i log on on the game , its said Its an OLD VERSION then it will closed. ANYONE HELP ME! please i want to play your server..
anyone know a solution to this problem>?
why cant i connect when i select channel it just says "connecting to the server please wait"
what do I do ? Do I open it ?
You extract it somewhere onto your Desktop/Documents/Folders/whatever.
2010/ 7/13 10:09:24 CModelMng::loadModel mdlObj/mdlDyna ¿¡ objtype=3 index=56 bpart=0 ÀÇ Á¤º¸°¡ ¾ø±º¿©.
You're not even trying your best. Installing Giolog isn't that hard, you're just making it complicated for yourself. You are the only one having that problem as of right now, there's no one else. Do whatever it is that's necessary, IF you wanna play Giolog that bad. Update the 19,000 files if you have to, it'll only take a few hours.
Then do that, see if you can get in game.
i'm not sure how to fix it so if someone could help me, that'd be awesome!
Download my client, it's fully patched; all you have to do is run the GioLauncher to play.
I had just made an account too.
I've tried many solutions but most of them end up with Error: 3 Code: 6 or Error: 0 Code: 9.
Somebody please tell me what to do.
Check here for Ferocious's "Code Error Guide".
Only problem now, every 10 minutes or so I get dced and I find myself back to when I started before the 10 minutes. These rollback dc's are giving me a headache.
08/03-11:30:05	The system cannot find the path specified.
Most likely your files are corrupted, just re-install the client again here.
If any error codes should happen again, then check here.
It's down atm so you can't fix it yourself.. gotta wait for 2bartz to fix.
I'm having problems too. I would use the launcher and everything would load up just fine but when i click on the start button the whole loader closes and nothing happens.
But im still having problems getting pass the loading menu.
What else should i or do i need to do?
Subject: Re: How To Connect To Our Game !!


Adjustable bed sides allow the use of mattresses of different heights.
Good to know: SKORVA midbeam is needed for this product. It is included in the price but is picked up separately.
Slatted bed base, mattress and bedlinens are sold separately.
We bought two of the full sized Nyvoll bed frames. The engineering was elegant, the instructions clear, the end product exactly what we were looking for.
Only one issue is the afterthought bag of parts obviously added in later as a fix. The idea is to strengthen the foot board corners with an angle bracket. The holes in the angle bracket were too large for the screws included in the bag so they fell through and wouldn't have held. Luckily we had screws with a bigger head and a drill to predrill the holes to make it fit. Also, You may want to have a tap available to thread the many tiny screws you put into the metal crosspieces.
Great product but need a better fix kit added in at the end.
I recently purchase the Nyvoll frame and had to pay an additional $10.00 for the Skorva mid beam even though it states that it is included in the price of the frame as listed above in the "Good to Know Section". Can anyone explain this?


Read also "Open Theism" for more information.
"This point, indeed, is not to be idly passed by, that the holy Scriptures have called the creation of the world by a new and peculiar name, terming it 'katabole,' which has been very improperly translated into Latin by 'constitution for in Greek 'katabole' signifies rather 'dejicere,' i.e.., to cast downwards,--a word which has been, as we have already remarked, improperly translated into Latin by the phrase 'constitutio mundi.'...From this it follows, that by the use of the word 'katabole,' a descent from a higher to a lower condition, shared by all in common, would seem to be pointed out."
Each of these passages at first glance seems to carry the concept of time, before the creation of the earth or world. However, not one of these passages contains any Greek word that specifically denotes the idea of time, except perhaps for the passage concerning Sarah (Heb. 11:11), which may refer to her old age. Some scholars suggest that the word "foundation" conveys the idea of "being rooted in the very being of God" but does not in any way convey the idea of time.
In addition, there is ample evidence that the phrase "from the foundation of the world" is mistranslated and should read, "because of the disintegration of the inhabitants." This was discovered upon an intensive study of the Greek words, apo (pro), katabole and kosmos, which make up the Greek phrase in each of the above passages (except Heb. 11:11). It is commonly translated "from (or before when the preposition pro is used) the foundation of the world." The key word in this phrase is katabole.
The study covered eight major areas: (1) The origin of these words; (2) the use of these words in Classical Creek and in Hellenistic Greek; (3) the Hebrew equivalents; (4) contemporary usage in non-Biblical literature; (5) words with similar meaning and which could be used interchangeably; (6) how the New Testament writers vary in the use of these words; (7) traditional use of these words by early church fathers; (8) and finally a study was made of the basic doctrines to which these words relate and how they relate.
When one begins to launch an intensive study on this phrase, one quickly discovers something that is absolutely incredible. Major theological works on apo (pro) katabole and kosmos tend to spend a great amount of time and space on apo (pro), and kosmos which have obvious meaning and agreement. Many works will devote page after page, five, ten, even over twenty-five pages to kosmos, yet no work or study was I able to find that devoted more than a half a page to katabole. Yet this tiny word (katabole) probably determines 80-90 percent of our present-day theology. It all starts with our present view of God. Certainly if we accept that God knows all of our future choices, if we accept that Christ was slain before the foundation (katabole) of the world, if we accept that the prophets were slain before the foundation (katabole) of the world, if we accept that we were chosen before the foundation (katabole) of the world, if we accept that we were written in the Lamb's book of life before the foundation (katabole) of the world–then we are guilty of allowing the small word katabole, of which we know little about, to determine most of our theology. Once we accept the traditional view of foreknowledge, this then colors our view of redemption (personal salvation), evangelism, prayer, eschatology, etc.
Let us take a closer look at katabole. In the biological sense, scientists speak of the catabolic (katabole) process, meaning the disintegration of food. They may also speak in terms of destructive metabolism. Catastrophe and catatonic are also related words.
We are not trying to say katabole has never been used for foundation, but we will prove that this is not its usage in the Bible. Katabole has also been used for the idea of payment. In addition to payment it has been used for an illness, such as an epileptic seizure. Thus we see, like many words, katabole has been used a number of different ways. Our purpose here is to find out its exact usage in the Bible.
As we look a little closer at katabole, we notice that its usage for foundation is quite limited. Let us first look at The Classic Greek Dictionary by Follet Publishing Company. This dictionary was prepared by George Ricker Berry, Ph.D., late professor of Semitic Languages at Colgate University and the University of Chicago. This dictionary has had over fifteen printings. It has both Greek to English and English to Greek. In the English-to-Creek section under the word "foundation" about thirteen Greek words for foundation are listed. Katabole is not even listed. Neither does he list it under founder or founding, of which he lists about twelve different words.
Themelion or themelios is the first word on his list for foundation. Themelios is also the most frequent word for foundation in the Bible. It is ironic that this word is used as the primary word for foundation, either figuratively or literally, and yet not once is it used in any of these ten phrases. Furthermore, outside of these ten phrases katabole is not once used for foundation in the Old Testament (LXX) or in the New Testament. The following is a list of verses in the Old Testament (LXX) where foundation is found. In each of these cases the Greek word is themelios, and not once is katabole found. If katabole means foundation, why is it not used at least once where it is obvious? (O.T.: Joshua 6:26, Ezra 3:6, 10, 11, 12, Job 22:16, Ps. 87:1, Is. 28:16, 16, 44:28, 48:13, Ezek. 13:14. N.T.: Luke 6:48, 14:29, Acts 16:26, Ro. 15:20, I Cor. 3:10, 11, 12, Eph. 2:20, I Tim. 6:19, II Tim. 2:19, Heb. 1:10, 6:1, Rev. 21:14, 21:19). (There are couple of other words for foundation; however, their usage is quite limited.) In Hebrews 6:1 we find both katabole and themelios in the same sentence. It is important to note that katabole is not translated foundation: rather, themelios is. Katabole is given the concept of disintegration or going backwards.
We have seen how themelios is used in the Old Testament (LXX) and the New Testament. Now let us look at katabole in the Old Testament (LXX). The LXX is the Creek translation of the Hebrew Old Testament and was the book the disciples read and studied. It makes sense that if they wrote in Greek they also read in Creek. In the LXX katabole occurs in the verb form, kataballo, about thirty times. Each time it is translated with the idea of: cast down, overthrow, felled, destroy, etc., and not once with the idea of foundation.
If you were an unlearned fisherman reading the Old Testament (LXX) and you came across this word katabole (verb form kataballo) over thirty times and not once used for the concept of foundation, but always with the idea of destruction, cut down, or disintegration, how would you use the word in the New Testament? Further, would it not only confuse matters to use a word for foundation in the New Testament that does not carry that meaning anywhere in the Old Testament? Would this not confuse the readers? Why not use themelios, which was the common word for foundation, if they really meant foundation? Why allow for confusion on such an important issue? The following is a list of the usage of katabole in its English translation (kataballo–verb form) in the Old Testament LXX and in the New Testament. (O.T.: II Sam. 20:15, cast or thrown down; II Kings 3:19, shall fall or cut down; 3:25, felled or cut down; 6:5, felling; 19:7, fall (by the sword); II Chron. 32:21, slew or cut down; Job 16:14, breaketh; Ps. 37:14, cast down, 73:18, cast them down; Ps. 106:26, overthrow; 106:27, overthrow; 140:10, cast; Prov. 7:26, cast down; 18:8, go down; 25:28, broken down; Jer. 19:7, fall; Ezek. 6:4, cast down; 23:25, shall fall; 26:4, shall destroy; 26:4, break down; 26:9, break down; 32:12, to fall; 33:4, take him away; 39:3, fall. N.T.: II Cor. 4:9, cast down; Heb. 6:1, not laying again or going back or disintegration; Rev. 12:10, cast down. How can anybody read through each of these verses and see the consistent usage of katabole (verb form kataballo) as cast down, break down, disintegration, etc., and then proceed to translate it in ten passages as foundation?
Some further thoughts on these all-important words apo (pro), katabole, and kosmos. We must remind ourselves, as has been stated, that whenever we find evidence that puts a passage or several passages in question, these passages cannot be used to interpret Scripture: rather, reoccurring evidence from other passages must be used to shed light on the passages that are in question. If we do this with these passages, we practically destroy the argument for the absolute foreknowledge of God as commonly taught.
Further studies on these words apo (pro), katabole, and kosmos ("from the foundation of the world") show that the word "apo" can be translated "from" or "because." Upon this there is no disagreement among scholars. "Kosmos" is generally known as the sum of creation with man at the center, and upon this there is no disagreement among scholars. But the problem arises when we discuss the interpretation of the meaning of "katabole." The overwhelming evidence supports the idea of destruction, downfall or disintegration as far as the Bible is concerned. Furthermore, when translators are deciding the usage of any given word, they must consider necessity, context and logic. After all, this is how any unknown language is broken down. Translators must look for reoccurring evidence and patterns and associations of words, etc. To translate katabole as disintegration fits, necessity, context, and logic. It fits into the harmony of its root word. It occurs over thirty times in the Old Testament (LXX) and not once is it translated foundation; always with the idea of disintegration. How then can it be translated foundation in the New Testament? A very weak argument is that the Old Testament (LXX) uses a verb form, while the New Testament uses a noun form. This is weakened by the fact that themelios is used as both in the noun and verb forms (foundation and founded). It is further weakened by the fact that the usage of katabole for foundation is extremely limited. Further, every author in the New Testament that used katabole also used the word themelios and knew their meanings. They knew the similarity between nouns and verbs. Why not pick an obvious word for foundation? Why not at least use themelios once in these ten phrases? Is there not a similarity between jumper and jumped? Still some Greek teachers teach as if the noun does not generally follow the verb, and vice-versa. As has been said, there are usually exceptions to most rules. The exception is not the rule, however. One need only go through every verb and noun form in the New Testament and he will be surprised to notice that there is great harmony between verbs and nouns. Several examples related to katabole and kataballo will be cited.
Kosmos is used in the Old Testament (LXX) about 25 times, and 8 different Hebrew words are used as synonyms or equivalents, which are in turn used about 793 times, all basically in harmony. Gee occurs about 2,760 times in the Old Testament (LXX) with 23 Hebrew equivalents which occur about 11,734 times in the Old Testament.
Katabole occurs about 30 times in the Old Testament (LXX) with 9 Hebrew equivalents which occur about 1500 times, always carrying the meaning of disintegration, fall down, cut down, destroy, etc. Themelios occurs about 40 times and has 8 equivalents which occur about 931 times with harmony. Apo is used along with its equivalents over 5,000 times and pro about 150 times. In the light of all of this evidence, how is it possible that we could mess up on such important passages?
We look for further evidence. Katabole is made up of two words. First let us look at kata. Kata is used as a prefix for over 130 different words in the New Testament. These words occur over 800 times. Kata as a prefix generally carries the idea of down, or a situation of intensity. Ballo occurs about 130 times in the New Testament. It carries the meaning of cast down or cast into 105 times; strike down – 1; thrust – 8; send or bring judgment – 3; to put (with relationship to destruction, intensity or burden)- 13. Bole occurs by itself in Luke 22:21 and is translated cast.
So much of our theology, as has been said, has been determined by our lack of understanding of this phrase. When you add up the sum total of facts and evidence, you have over 20,000 words, phrases and verses all in harmony that stand directly opposed to our present translation of these ten verses. In addition to this we have over 11,000 times in which there is an indication that God has changed His mind. Why do we still persist in translating katabole as foundation? Perhaps one clue is our translators. I was talking to a translator in Israel. I asked him what he would do if while in the process of translating a verse, he discovered the Greek or Hebrew contradicted his theology? He stated that he would go with his theology! I said, "What if you're wrong?" Here lies a serious problem. Do we accept the Bible as it was written and our authority or do we impose our ideas upon the Scripture and make God into the image we want?
Again we look at the Geneva Bible, and guess what? It almost sounds like a broken record. The King James boys were at it again, copying instead of translating. They were so lazy at this point that they plagiarized almost word for word, as you will soon see. I will list each of the passages that we are concerned with: first with the King James, then with the Geneva version, and finally how the Biblical evidence obligates us to translate apo (or pro) katabole, and kosmos.
"That it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the prophet, I will open my mouth in parables. I will utter things which have been kept secret from the foundation of the world. " (Note-kosmos or world does not occur in the Greek.) "That if might be fulfilled, which was fpoken by the Prophet, faying, I wil open my mouth in parables, & wil vtter the things which haue bene kept fecret from the fundacion of the worlde." "I will utter things which have been kept secret because of (apo) the disintegration* (katabole)."*Disintegration is a closer translation to the Greek. Moral decay, though not as accurate, could be used for the translation.
"Then shall the King say unto them on his right hand, Come, ye blessed of my Father, inherit the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the world. " "Then fhal the King fay to them on his right hand, Come ye bleffed of my Father: inherite ye y kingdome prepared for you fro the fundations of the worlde." "…prepared for you because of (apo) the disintegration (katabole) of the inhabitants (kosmos)…" Kosmos is translated inhabitant rather than world, since inhabitant describes both the habitat and the dweller.
 Hagenbach, K. R., History of Doctrine, trans. by Henry B. Smith, New York: Sheldon & Company (1861). Volume I, p. 72.
 Origen, De Principiis, Book III, Chapter V, from The AnteNicene Fathers, ed. by Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson, revised by Cleveland Core, New York: Scribner's & Sons (1902), VolumeIV,p.342.
Original title of Chapter 16: 'The Briers and The Thorns: Problem Verses – Part II'.
Exhaustive listing of Katabole in the Septuagint (LXX): appendix-a.pdf (by W Scott Taylor).
Additional information on Katabole: noun-a-verb-form-agreement.pdf (by W Scott Taylor).


His Excellency Faisal Naseem, Vice President of the Republic of Maldives has inaugurated the Internationale Tourismus-Börse (ITB) Berlin Fair for the Maldivian participants this afternoon, at MESSE Berlin.
After the inaugural ceremony, the Vice President visited the Maldivian Exhibits which showcased the unique qualities of the Maldivian tourism industry, as well as the variety of services and experiences on offer.
At the side-lines of the fair, His Excellency John A. E. Amaratunga, Minister of Tourism of Sri Lanka paid a courtesy call on the Vice President and both reiterated the two countries' mutual commitment to strengthen historically friendly relations, as well as ongoing and constructive international engagement on global issues of concern.
The tourism exhibition Internationale Tourismus-Börse Berlin 2019 is a B2B platform par excellence - an opportunity to meet with industry partners and do business. The Vice President is currently in Berlin as head of the Maldivian delegation, representing the Maldives at ITB Berlin, and is accompanied by His Excellency Ali Waheed, the Minister of Tourism of Maldives and Mr Mohamed Thoyyib, Managing Director of Maldives Marketing and Public Relations Corporation. This year's ITB Berlin Fair has over 270 representatives from 105 companies which caters for all types of tourism activities in the Maldives.


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text:
Tremble & Obey
Available: 1 x 45'
HOW THE CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY CRUSHED DEMOCRACY
Thirty years ago, in the centre of China's communist capital, millions of students and citizens staged weeks of protests calling for democracy.
The students and their fellow protestors stared down their government in the full gaze of the world's media, demanding an end to totalitarian rule.
Then, the People's Liberation Army turned its guns, and its tanks, on its own people.
Three decades on, Tremble and Obey vividly brings the story of these momentous times to life, drawing upon a trove of vision and audio captured by ABC reporters and crews in that astonishing spring of 1989. This incredible archive stored away by the ABC for 30 years has now been carefully pieced together to show how the shocking events unfolded.
A Four Corners Story
Producer/s Four Corners
Production Company Australian Broadcasting Corporation


My digital camera SX100 IS has lens error problem, whereby the lens just got stuck. what can i do to solve the problem?
I have the samsung L100 when i try to take a picture the lens is blurry it wont shut off and the lens gets stuck, i've already had a problem with this camera and got it fixed however my warranty has run out.
Sony Alpha DSLR-A100 lens got wet and now it does not focus. Will buying new lens solve the problem?


Apartment with large panoramic terrace overlooking the neighbouring islands and accommodation for a maximum of 6 guests.
Full of charm and character, this beautiful three bedroom home offers the perfect setting for a peaceful and relaxing holiday in the sun. Located close to the quiet village of Fiaiano in Barano, the apartment is surrounded by wildlife and boasts some of the most spectacular views on the island with the Italian mainland the backdrop to the Phlegrean Fields, the Sorrento Peninsula and Castello Aragonese in the foreground. The home is tastefully decorated with elegant ceramic tiles keeping the building nice and cool during Ischia's hot summers.
There are three double bedrooms each with double beds and their own entrances out on to the balcony. The main living area of the apartment is the lounge which is a magnet for light to flood the room and from its wide windows guests can enjoy the magnificent views from the comfort of an armchair or sofa. Next to the lounge is a large and well equipped kitchen full of all the facilities required to cook the meals which can be enjoyed either at the dining table in the lounge or out on the spectacular terrace to enjoy those incredible vistas.
The apartment comes with parking space for up to 2 cars and having a vehicle is highly recommended as a means with which to be able to enjoy exploring the island's many beaches and intriguing seaside towns. The nearest villages are Fiaiano and Piedimonte which come with basic amenities such as shops, banks and supermarkets while driving slightly further afield you can reach the port of Ischia within 15 minutes or be at Maronti Beach which is the largest on the island. There are also some great walking routes to enjoy around the area which is in the middle of the island and from the highest mountain peaks you can enjoy 360° panoramas.


text:
<?php

declare(strict_types=1);

namespace Sonata\PageBundle\Twig\Extension;

use Sonata\BlockBundle\Templating\Helper\BlockHelper;
use Sonata\PageBundle\CmsManager\CmsManagerSelectorInterface;
use Sonata\PageBundle\Exception\PageNotFoundException;
use Sonata\PageBundle\Model\PageBlockInterface;
use Sonata\PageBundle\Model\PageInterface;
use Sonata\PageBundle\Model\SnapshotPageProxy;
use Sonata\PageBundle\Site\SiteSelectorInterface;
use Symfony\Bridge\Twig\Extension\HttpKernelExtension;
use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response;
use Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\Controller\ControllerReference;
use Symfony\Component\Routing\Generator\UrlGeneratorInterface;
use Symfony\Component\Routing\RouterInterface;
use Twig\Environment;
use Twig\Extension\AbstractExtension;
use Twig\Extension\InitRuntimeInterface;
use Twig\TwigFunction;

/**
 * PageExtension.
 *
 * @author Thomas Rabaix <thomas.rabaix@sonata-project.org>
 *
 * @final since sonata-project/page-bundle 3.26
 */
class PageExtension extends AbstractExtension implements InitRuntimeInterface
{
    private CmsManagerSelectorInterface $cmsManagerSelector;

    private SiteSelectorInterface $siteSelector;

    /**
     * @var array
     */
    private $resources;

    private ?Environment $environment = null;

    private RouterInterface $router;

    private BlockHelper $blockHelper;

    private HttpKernelExtension $httpKernelExtension;

    private bool $hideDisabledBlocks;

    /**
     * @param CmsManagerSelectorInterface $cmsManagerSelector A CMS manager selector
     * @param SiteSelectorInterface       $siteSelector       A site selector
     * @param RouterInterface             $router             The Router
     * @param BlockHelper                 $blockHelper        The Block Helper
     * @param bool                        $hideDisabledBlocks
     */
    public function __construct(CmsManagerSelectorInterface $cmsManagerSelector, SiteSelectorInterface $siteSelector, RouterInterface $router, BlockHelper $blockHelper, HttpKernelExtension $httpKernelExtension, $hideDisabledBlocks = false)
    {
        $this->cmsManagerSelector = $cmsManagerSelector;
        $this->siteSelector = $siteSelector;
        $this->router = $router;
        $this->blockHelper = $blockHelper;
        $this->httpKernelExtension = $httpKernelExtension;
        $this->hideDisabledBlocks = $hideDisabledBlocks;
    }

    public function getFunctions()
    {
        return [
            new TwigFunction('sonata_page_ajax_url', [$this, 'ajaxUrl']),
            new TwigFunction('sonata_page_breadcrumb', [$this, 'breadcrumb'], ['is_safe' => ['html']]),
            new TwigFunction('sonata_page_render_container', [$this, 'renderContainer'], ['is_safe' => ['html']]),
            new TwigFunction('sonata_page_render_block', [$this, 'renderBlock'], ['is_safe' => ['html']]),
            new TwigFunction('controller', [$this, 'controller']),
        ];
    }

    public function initRuntime(Environment $environment)
    {
        $this->environment = $environment;
    }

    /**
     * NEXT_MAJOR: remove this method.
     *
     * @deprecated since sonata-project/page-bundle 3.14, to be removed in version 4.0.
     */
    public function getName()
    {
        return 'sonata_page';
    }

    /**
     * @param PageInterface $page
     *
     * @return string
     */
    public function breadcrumb(?PageInterface $page = null, array $options = [])
    {
        if (!$page) {
            $page = $this->cmsManagerSelector->retrieve()->getCurrentPage();
        }

        $options = array_merge([
            'separator' => '',
            'current_class' => '',
            'last_separator' => '',
            'force_view_home_page' => true,
            'container_attr' => ['class' => 'sonata-page-breadcrumbs'],
            'elements_attr' => [],
            'template' => '@SonataPage/Page/breadcrumb.html.twig',
        ], $options);

        $breadcrumbs = [];

        if ($page) {
            $breadcrumbs = $page->getParents();

            if ($options['force_view_home_page'] && (!isset($breadcrumbs[0]) || 'homepage' !== $breadcrumbs[0]->getRouteName())) {
                $site = $this->siteSelector->retrieve();

                $homePage = false;
                try {
                    if (null !== $site) {
                        $homePage = $this->cmsManagerSelector->retrieve()->getPageByRouteName($site, 'homepage');
                    }
                } catch (PageNotFoundException $e) {
                }

                if ($homePage) {
                    array_unshift($breadcrumbs, $homePage);
                }
            }
        }

        return $this->render($options['template'], [
            'page' => $page,
            'breadcrumbs' => $breadcrumbs,
            'options' => $options,
        ]);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the URL for an ajax request for given block.
     *
     * @param PageBlockInterface $block      Block service
     * @param array              $parameters Provide absolute or relative url ?
     * @param int                $absolute
     *
     * @return string
     */
    public function ajaxUrl(PageBlockInterface $block, $parameters = [], $absolute = UrlGeneratorInterface::ABSOLUTE_PATH)
    {
        $parameters['blockId'] = $block->getId();

        if ($block->getPage() instanceof PageInterface) {
            $parameters['pageId'] = $block->getPage()->getId();
        }

        return $this->router->generate('sonata_page_ajax_block', $parameters, $absolute);
    }

    /**
     * @param string $name
     * @param null   $page
     *
     * @return Response
     */
    public function renderContainer($name, $page = null, array $options = [])
    {
        $cms = $this->cmsManagerSelector->retrieve();
        $site = $this->siteSelector->retrieve();
        $targetPage = false;

        try {
            if (null === $page) {
                $targetPage = $cms->getCurrentPage();
            } elseif (null !== $site && !$page instanceof PageInterface && \is_string($page)) {
                $targetPage = $cms->getInternalRoute($site, $page);
            } elseif ($page instanceof PageInterface) {
                $targetPage = $page;
            }
        } catch (PageNotFoundException $e) {
            // the snapshot does not exist
            $targetPage = false;
        }

        if (!$targetPage) {
            return '';
        }

        $container = $cms->findContainer($name, $targetPage);

        if (!$container) {
            return '';
        }

        return $this->renderBlock($container, $options);
    }

    /**
     * @return string
     */
    public function renderBlock(PageBlockInterface $block, array $options = [])
    {
        if (false === $block->getEnabled() && !$this->cmsManagerSelector->isEditor() && $this->hideDisabledBlocks) {
            return '';
        }

        // defined extra default key for the cache
        $pageCacheKeys = [
            'manager' => $block->getPage() instanceof SnapshotPageProxy ? 'snapshot' : 'page',
            'page_id' => $block->getPage()->getId(),
        ];

        // build the parameters array
        $options = array_merge([
            'use_cache' => $options['use_cache'] ?? true,
            'extra_cache_keys' => [],
        ], $pageCacheKeys, $options);

        // make sure the parameters array contains all valid keys
        $options['extra_cache_keys'] = array_merge($options['extra_cache_keys'], $pageCacheKeys);

        return $this->blockHelper->render($block, $options);
    }

    /**
     * Forwards pathInfo to subrequests.
     * Allows HostPathSiteSelector to work.
     *
     * @param string $controller
     * @param array  $attributes
     * @param array  $query
     *
     * @return ControllerReference
     */
    public function controller($controller, $attributes = [], $query = [])
    {
        if (!isset($attributes['pathInfo'])) {
            $site = $this->siteSelector->retrieve();
            if ($site) {
                $sitePath = $site->getRelativePath();
                $globals = $this->environment->getGlobals();
                $currentPathInfo = $globals['app']->getRequest()->getPathInfo();

                $attributes['pathInfo'] = $sitePath.$currentPathInfo;
            }
        }

        return HttpKernelExtension::controller($controller, $attributes, $query);
    }

    /**
     * @param string $template
     *
     * @return string
     */
    private function render($template, array $parameters = [])
    {
        if (!isset($this->resources[$template])) {
            $this->resources[$template] = $this->environment->loadTemplate($template);
        }

        return $this->resources[$template]->render($parameters);
    }
}


text:
Staff & Interns
Careers/ Internship Opportunities
making an impact in public health
The Partnership for Public Health Board of Directors is composed of up to 30 diverse stakeholders reflective of the Lancaster Community. Members are representatives of organizations, business and institutions in the community that have a demonstrated commitment to addressing the health and well-being of Lancaster County. Each board member and representative organization serves on one or more of the issue-specific task forces pushing forward the work and public health agenda of the Partnership.
Susan Baldrige – Director of the Partnership for Public Health
Zoe Katz– PPH Intern
Zoe is a rising junior at Franklin & Marshall College from Boston, MA. At F&M she studies Public Health and French. Her main focus within the Partnership is lead exposure in Lancaster. Through research and collaboration with community partners, she aims to educate families about the dangers of lead.
Benjamin Roberts– PPH Intern
Benjamin Roberts is a member of the class of 2019 at Franklin & Marshall College. At F&M he is a Public Health major and Religious Studies minor. Benjamin is particularly interested in international health policy and enjoys learning about health initiatives in different parts of the globe. Within the partnership, Benjamin has focused on the growing opioid epidemic in the United States as well as lead exposure in Lancaster County.
Esther Verkouw–PPH Intern
Esther Verkoux is a rising senior at Millersville University. There she is double majoring in Spanish and International Relations and a minoring in linguistics. At the Partnership, Esther has focused on lead exposure and works to translate the Parthership's resources into Spanish.
Alma Felix–PPH Intern
Alma Felix is a rising senior at Albright College from San Luis, Arizona. At Albright, Alma studies Mathematics and Public Health. Within the Partnership, Alma organizes the PPH social media, as well as translates the Partnership's resources into Spanish.
Ajla Kokic– PPH Intern
Eckert@partnershipforpublichealth.org
Follow PPH


Prior to Saturday's music UC Berkeley Professor Thomas Laquer lectured on composer Arnold Schoenberg's Vienna, and the arts in the City's first decade after 1900. Mentioned during the talk, in addition to Schoenberg, were Klimt, Mahler, Schiele, Kokoshka, Freud, Anna Mahler and Kandinsky.
Mozart's F Major (K. 377) Violin Sonata opened the program in a deft performance by violinist Augusta McKay Lodge and pianist Eric Zivian. Mr. Zivian played his Mozart-era instrument copied from a piano of 1791, and produced a crisp bell-like sound throughout. The opening allegro with its repeated descending figures was light and fast, and Ms. Lodge's phrasing was exemplary in the second movement's Tema con Variazioni, and a lovely play of textures and moods.
Next was music with voice, and past Festival standouts soprano Nikki Einfield and tenor Kyle Stegall sang, beginning with two Schubert Duets, with Mr. Zivian switching to a Mendelssohn-era piano. The two Schubert works – Mignon unt der Harfner (D. 877) and Lichte unt Liebe (D. 352) - were sung with clear diction and elegant phrasing to audience acclaim.
Mr. Stegall continued solo with three Wolf Lieder and five songs of Brahms. His voice had ardor and lyricism and the poetry he conveyed, full of love and longing, was deeply affecting.
After intermission Wagner's Im Treibhaus (from the Wesendonck Lieder) for soprano and string quartet was presented, in an arrangement by Mr. Zivian. Joining Ms. Einfield was Anna Presler and Sarah Bleile (violin), violist Phyllis Kamrin and cellist Tanya Tomkins. It was a reading of sustained and ethereal beauty, darkly anguished in places that finally rose to a philosophical end. It was a gorgeous performance.
Each work on the program was greeted enthusiastically by the audience, with a final standing ovation that led to gratis finger foods and wine with the musicians on the auditorium's patio. One more weekend (of three) remains for this fourth VOM Festival, with concerts listed in the Calendar Section of Classical Sonoma.


When Ruger introduced the LCP in 2008, it sent the company to the head of the pack of designers of tiny, ultra-concealable CCW pistols. Twelve years later, the downsizing trend continues (in the best possible way) with the new, compact version of the Security-9: the Security-9 Compact. With an overall length of just 6.5 inches and weighing in at a trim 22 ounces, the Security-9 is perfect for those CCW permit holders who are looking for a "just right" balance between the tiniest micropistols (which are great for concealment, but punishing to shoot), and the larger carry guns (which need more work to conceal, but are much more pleasant to practice with).
The Security-9 Compact, like its big brother the Security-9, shares the same Secure Action that users have grown to love in Ruger's LCP II. This Secure Action combines the smooth trigger pull of the LCP II with the short, crisp feel and positive reset of a single-action trigger. Additional safety features include an integrated trigger safety; external manual safety; neutrally balanced sear with significant engagement and strong spring tension; and hammer catch to help prevent the hammer from contacting the firing pin unless the trigger is pulled.
The Security-9 Compact ships with two, 9mm Luger, 10-round, flush-fit steel magazines, which provide for greater concealability. Also included is one finger grip extension floorplate for added control. With an MSRP of $379, and dealer prices likely to be a bit lower, the Security-9 Compact is as friendly to your wallet as it is to your summer concealment strategy. For more, visit www.ruger.com.
Was pleasantly surprised with the weapon. Light, hid able and accurate plus fun to shoot. $s involved are also a surprise.
I HAVE NEARLY THE SAME PISTOL IN 380 AND I'M GLAD TO SEE RUGER OFFER THIS IN 9MM. I WILL CALL MY GUN DEALER AND ORDER ONE TODAY. THANKS GUNS & GADGETS AND RUGER.


Professional garage door services will surely astonish you every time you appoint them. Do you know where exactly the significance lies? Actually, it is their pure professionalism that combines knowledge, experience, and expertise to offer secure, effective and lasting solutions. In this post, you can learn the professional garage door repair tips and guidelines.
Check the metal tracks – The experts check the metal tracks inside the garage door. They check the brackets holding the tracks to the walls. If these parts are loose, the experts tighten them. Also, they check all the other parts of those are alright. Well, apart from garage door repair they also offer various garage door services.
Check the track – They check the alignment of the track. If these are not aligned properly, the professionals lose the screws and then set the tracks carefully. And when the tracks are back to their proper alignment, again the screws are tightened to fix the track in the proper position.
Clean the tracks and wipe them dry – The garage door professionals prefer cleaning the tracks with concentrated household cleaners to remove the dirt and unwanted grease. After cleaning the rollers they wipe both the rollers and tracks dry.
See the loose hardware – Then it comes to checking the loose hardware. If required the experts tighten them carefully. They check the plates, then hinges, and also check the wood on which the hinge is placed. If the wood has grown cracks, the professionals repair the crack and if required they replace it with new wood and place the hinges on it.
However, while repairing a malfunctioning garage door, the professionals make sure that proper safety measures are applied so that accidents can be avoided. The passages can help you to learn the safety tips that experts follow while repairing a garage door. For learning more regarding garage door repair, visit our 'Blog' page.
The professional service providers make sure that the garage door remote is out of children's reach.
According to the garage door experts, you should not regulate the garage door if it is not under your supervision.
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text:
class Greetings(val greeting: String, val ending: String)
object ImplicitNotFound1 {
  def greet(names: String*)(implicit greetings: Greetings) =
    println(greetings.greeting + " " + names.mkString(", ") + greetings.ending)
  def main(args: Array[String]) = greet("Peter")
}


text:
Tension in the Obvious to Try Test
Gilead Science Inc v Teva Canada Ltd / tenofovir (NOC) 2013 FC 1270 Barnes J
2,261,619 / 2,298,059 / tenofovir disoproxil / TRUVADA VIREAD ATRIPLA
Tenofovir is a drug used in the treatment of HIV/AIDS. The '619 patent claims tenofovir disoproxil, a prodrug of tenofovir, while the '059 patent claims the fumarate salt of tenofovir disoproxil [3]. The main issue in respect of both patents was invalidity for obviousness, and in particular whether the invention was "obvious to try." Barnes J held the '619 patent to be valid, and the '059 patent to be invalid. In my view, his application of the obvious to try analysis was correct, but the case reveals a tension in the obvious to try test which has emerged particularly since the FCA decision in Sanofi-Aventis v Apotex Inc / clopidogrel 2013 FCA 186 (blogged here).
In Sanofi 2008 SCC 61 the SCC held that an "obvious to try" test may be warranted as part of the obviousness analysis, and one factor to be considered is "Is it more or less self-evident that what is being tried ought to work?" [69]. This phrase contains an important ambiguity. Does "what is being tried" refer to the particular claimed invention? That is, to establish obviousness it is necessary that a posita could have predicted in advance of experimentation that the claimed invention would solve the problem at hand? Or does "what is being tried" refer simply to a solution to the problem? That is, it is more or less self-evident that a posita would be able to solve the problem at hand, even though it may not have been obvious prior to experimentation that the particular claimed invention would be the solution? For example, if the problem is to resolve a racemate into enantiomers, must it be predictable in advance that the claimed method would work, or it is sufficient if the claimed invention is one of three standard methods, and it is plain that one of them would work, even if not predictable which method in particular would be successful? The first, narrower, approach is more favourable to the patentee, while the broader approach is more likely to result in the invention being found obvious. (I should repeat that this question, whichever is correct, does not exhaust the obvious to try analysis; it is only one factor to be considered.)
In my view, the second, broader approach is correct. The obvious-to-try test is particularly applicable "[i]n areas of endeavour where advances are often won by experimentation" [Sanofi 68]. The whole point of the fact that advances are "won by experimentation" is that a priori prediction on the basis of theory is impossible. The theory may suggest certain avenues to explore, but success remains uncertain until the experiment is made. So, in the seminal decision of the EWCA in Johns-Manville's Patent [1967] RPC 479 the claim was to a flocculating agent (which causes separation of suspended solids) for use in production of asbestos cement. It was well known that a flocculating agent that would not weaken the cement would be desirable, but none had previously been found. The flocculating agent in question had recently been developed and used with success in other industries, so it was held to be obvious to try it in making asbestos cement. There is no suggestion in that decision that it could have been predicted with any particular expectation of success that the flocculating agent in question would work, apparently because the question of whether the agent would weaken the cement was a question that could only be answered by experiment. The patentee's argument was precisely that the invention was
only obvious if success could be predicted in advance (485), and this was the test that was rejected by the Court of Appeal (495): see my case comment "Restricted application of `obvious to try'" (2012) 7 JIPLP 304; doi: 10.1093/jiplp/jps030.
Nonetheless, in its Clopidogrel 2013 FCA 186 the majority of the FCA adopted the more restrictive approach to the obvious to analysis, saying (original emphasis):
[78] The focus of the obviousness analysis in Plavix [Sanofi SCC] was not the difficulty in seperating the racemates covered by the `875 genus Patent - which included PCR 4099 - but the unknown properties of the resulting enantiomers. :
The method to obtain the invention of the `777 patent were common general knowledge. It can be assumed that there was a motive to find a non-toxic efficacious product to inhibit platelet aggregation in the blood. However, it was not self-evident from the `875 patent or common general knowledge what the properties would be and therefore that what was being tried ought to work.
With respect, the SCC Sanofi decision is not entirely clear on this point. So, immediately after asking, "Is it more or less self-evident that what is being tried ought to work?" the Court elaborated by asking "Are there a finite number of identified predictable solutions known to persons skilled in the art?" [69]. This suggests the broader interpretation: if there are a small number of solutions, one of which is likely to solve the problem, this is enough. See Gauthier J's concurrence in Clopidogrel, suggesting a broader interpretation of Sanofi. But there are other passages in the SCC decision, relied on by the majority of the FCA in Clopidogrel which can be read to support the narrower position, as I discuss in my post on the Clopidogrel decision.
On the facts of the case at hand, tenofovir was known to be an effective antiviral agent useful to treat HIV/AIDS [8], but it had poor bioavailability [16]. It was well known that one way the bioavailability of an API can be improved is the development of a prodrug, which is a compound which is itself inactive, but has better bioavailability, and which is metabolized into the active drug once the delivery barrier are crossed [18]. Tenofovir disoproxil is a prodrug of tenofovir which uses the carbonate promoiety (the inactive half) disoproxil [22].
In setting out the law, Barnes J stated that "[t]he strength of the ability to predict success is the lynchpin to an obvious to try analysis" and he quoted extensively from the FCA Clopidogrel decision, including [78], in setting out the law [35]. This suggests that he was adopting the narrower question, which would ask whether it was self-evident that disoproxil would work to create an effective prodrug. It would be very difficult to establish obviousness on this basis. However, while Barnes J did hold that the invention of '619 patent was not obvious, he did not state the question in this precise form, nor did he rely on the fact that the properties of tenofovir disoproxil were not self-evident. Instead, he emphasized the uncertainty and difficulty involved in prodrug development generally. For example, he accepted the view expressed in a review article that "choosing a suitable bioreversible protective group for phosphates, phosphonates [a class including tenofovir] and phosphinates presents a major challenge," and "further and more innovative prodrug research" is required [57]. Barnes J's extensive analysis of the expert evidence, and Gilead's actual course of conduct, all supported the same conclusion. Consequently, it seems clear to me that if Barnes J had asked the broader question – is it self-evident that a prodrug could be created? – he would also have answered in the negative. So, while Barnes J formally accepted the narrow interpretation in Clopidogrel as the law, his decision with respect to the '619 patent is consistent with the broader approach to the obvious to try test.
Barnes J then turned to the '059 patent, which claims the fumarate salt of tenofovir disoproxil [70]. The question is whether the choice of the fumarate salt was obvious [71]. Barnes J initially posed the question as follows:
[72] The validity of the patent turns on whether using fumaric acid as a salt former with bis(POM)PMPA was "obvious to try" and whether it was more or less self-evident that a suitable pharmaceutical salt would result.
This suggests the narrower approach: the question is whether it could be predicted that fumaric acid in particular would result in a suitable salt. However, after determining that "that fumaric salt would be, at least, one of several obvious salt formers the person of skill would try," [78], Barnes J said:
[79] This does not end the inventiveness inquiry. I must also assess whether it was more or less self-evident that the inventors would successfully arrive at a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of tenofovir disoproxil.
This is a clear statement of the broader formulation of the obvious to try test; the question is not whether it was self-evident that the fumarate salt in particular would work, but whether it was self-evident that some salt would work. On the facts, Barnes J concluded that
[82] Although a person of skill may not have predicted with a high degree of certainty that fumaric acid could be used to produce an acceptable salt formulation for tenofovir disoproxil, there would still be an expectation that, with routine screening of a handful of acidic salt formers, one or more acceptable compounds would emerge.
Here, he expressly rejects the proposition that it must be predictable that fumaric acid itself would work. He nonetheless held that the '059 patent was invalid for obviousness. This is really only consistent with the broader approach to the obvious to try test, which, in my view, is the correct approach. Barnes J's conclusion on this point is consistent with Hughes J's Amlodipine decision 2009 FC 711, which arrived at the same conclusion on similar facts: see my discussion here.
In conclusion, while the obvious to try test is now well established in Canadian law, significant uncertainty remains. It now seems to be established that a salt form developed by a routine salt screen will be obvious, even if the particular salt which would be successful could not be predicted without experimentation. (This is not to say that all salt forms are obvious, as in some cases the screen or the choice of the candidate salt may not be routine.) In my view, these salt screen cases are paradigmatic of the proper application of the obvious to try test. The question is whether this will be seen as a special rule related to salts, or whether the broader principle underpinning the salt screen cases will get leveraged into a more general context.
Note: Bristol-Myers Squibb v Teva Canada Ltd 2013 FC 1271 [ATRIPLA] and Gilead Science Inc v Teva Canada Ltd 2013 FC 1272 [VIREAD] are companion cases arising because Gilead markets two drugs containing tenofovir disoproxil, and BMS markets a third, and three separate applications were commenced in respect of these drugs. The issues were identical, and it was agreed that the decision reported in 2013 FC 1270 would apply to these applications as well, which were therefore similarly decided [4]-[5].
Posted by Norman at 4:09 PM
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Prime Minister Dr. Ralph Gonsalves will be addressing the Vincentian Diaspora at a public meeting set to take place in High Wycombe.
On Wednesday, April 27, the Prime Minister will be the feature speaker at the event, which will be hosted by the High Commission for St. Vincent and the Grenadines in association with the Wycombe Multi-Cultural Association.
The venue is Bucks New University, High Wycombe Campus (The Gateway Building, Queen Alexandra Road, High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire HP11 2JZ).
Limited car parking is available on the campus. Visitors are asked to pull into a temporary 20 minute parking bay then proceed to reception to pay £2 for a parking permit. Escorts will then direct visitors to where they may park for the duration of the meeting.
The meeting will begin at 6:30 pm with light refreshments being served. For more information please call 020 7460 1256.
The Prime Minister will also be attending the Royal wedding of Prince William and Kate Middleton on Friday, April 29. His wife, Eloise, will accompany him.
Gonsalves is one of over 300 government officials who will attend the nuptials, scheduled to take place at Westminster Abbey.


text:
GOP senator's opposition likely sinks Trump judicial nominee
Thomas Farr
FILE - In this Sept. 20, 2017, file photo, Thomas Farr is sworn in during a Senate Judiciary Committee hearing on his nomination to be a District Judge on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of North ... more >
By KEVIN FREKING - Associated Press - Thursday, November 29, 2018
WASHINGTON (AP) - A second Republican senator, Tim Scott of South Carolina, has said he will vote against President Donald Trump's nominee to serve as a district judge in North Carolina, likely dooming the prospects of Thomas Farr filling the nation's longest court vacancy.
Civil rights groups such as the NAACP have heavily criticized Farr for his work defending state laws found to have discriminated against African-Americans. Farr is nominated to serve as a district court judge in North Carolina.
Scott announced Thursday that he would not vote for Farr, joining Sen. Jeff Flake of Arizona and 49 Democratic lawmakers in opposing the nominee.
Trump asks nation to pray over his impeachment, says he's done nothing wrong
Farr once served as a lawyer for the re-election campaign of Republican Sen. Jesse Helms in 1990. The Justice Department alleged that about 120,000 postcards sent mostly to black voters before that election was intended to intimidate them from voting.
The postcards targeting black voters said they could be prosecuted and imprisoned for up to five years if they tried to vote in a precinct in which they had lived for fewer than 30 days.
Farr told the Senate Judiciary Committee he was not consulted about the postcards and did not have any role in drafting or sending them. He said that after he had been asked to review the card, "I was appalled to read the incorrect language printed on the card and to then discover it had been sent to African Americans."
A 1991 Justice Department memo, first reported by The Washington Post, raised questions about Farr's claim that he was never consulted about the postcards. The memo said Farr had met with key campaign officials and had advised them "that a postcard mailing like the mailing conducted in 1984 would not be particularly useful" except as evidence in post-election challenges.
The 1984 mailing contained an endorsement of Helms from a black minister and included an address correction request so the card would be returned if undelivered, setting up a potential avenue to challenge the legitimacy of a voter.
Scott, who is African-American, cited the memo as to why he would vote against Farr.
"This week, a Department of Justice memo written under President George H.W. Bush came to light that shed new light on Mr. Farr's activities," Scott said. "This, in turn, creates more concerns. Weighing these important factors, this afternoon I concluded that I could not support Mr. Farr's nomination."
Scott has supported the overwhelming majority of Trump's judicial nominees, but in July, the nomination of Ryan Bounds to serve on the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals was withdrawn after Scott said he "had unanswered questions that led to me being unable to support him."
Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer had repeatedly criticized Republicans in recent days for moving forward with the Farr vote. He said Scott "has done a courageous thing."
"Thomas Farr has been involved in the sordid practice of voter suppression for decades and never should have been nominated, let alone confirmed to the bench. Thankfully, he won't be," Schumer said.
Earlier Thursday, senators had agreed to postpone the vote on Farr until next week. That decision came less than 24 hours after Republicans needed Vice President Mike Pence to cast a tie-breaking vote Wednesday to move Farr's nomination forward for a final vote.
The history of the judicial opening has contributed to the acrimony. President Barack Obama nominated two African-American women to serve on the court, but neither got a hearing.
Republican Sens. Thom Tillis and Richard Burr of North Carolina both supported Farr's nomination. Tillis said earlier in the week he believed that Farr was being treated unfairly.
Scott is the lone black Republican in the Senate. The NAACP and the Congressional Black Caucus had been highly critical of Farr for his work defending stay laws they said suppressed the black vote.
GOP leaders in charge of the North Carolina Legislature hired Farr and others at his firm to defend congressional and legislative boundaries that the legislature approved in 2011. A federal court eventually struck some boundaries down as racial gerrymanders and the Supreme Court affirmed that decision.
Farr also helped defend a 2013 law that required photo identification to vote, reduced the number of early voting days and eliminated same-day registration during that period.
North Carolina Republicans said that requiring voter ID would increase the integrity of elections. But the 4th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that the state provided no evidence of the kind of in-person voter fraud the ID mandate would address. The Richmond, Virginia-based court said the law targeted black voters "with almost surgical precision."
Farr told lawmakers that, as an advocate, he vehemently disagreed with the argument that the state's legislature sought to curtail the voting rights of people of color or any other voter. But, said, "I am obligated to follow the decision by the 4th Circuit and pledge that I will do so."
North Carolina Republican Party Chairman Robin Hayes said Farr is "fundamentally an honest, decent and honorable man, who did nothing to deserve the assault on his character. We will continue to work to see him confirmed."
Copyright © 2020 The Washington Times, LLC.


text:
Japan's Former Princess Mako Has Moved to New York with Her Husband
Mako gave up her royal status when she married commoner Kei Kumuro last month.
By Lauren Hubbard
PHILIP FONGGetty Images
Last month, Japan's Princess Mako, the eldest daughter of Crown Prince Akishino and Crown Princess Kiko and the niece of Emperor Naruhito, tied the knot with her fiancée of four years, Kei Komuro. In the process, Mako gave up her official royal status—Japanese law governing the royal family required her to do so in order to marry a "commoner"—and today, the newlyweds have embarked upon a brand new stage of their lives together as they landed in New York City, where they plan to live according to NHK.
While the couple have reportedly been living in an apartment in Tokyo since their October 26 wedding, they have now changed their base of operations to NYC, where Komuro clerks for a law firm while waiting to retake the New York bar exam next year.
Since their engagement was announced in 2017, the couple have been the center of some intense media scrutiny in Japan about the marriage. The stress of the situation even led to the former princess being diagnosed with PTSD prior to the wedding.
The public outcry over the marriage reportedly stemmed in part from a financial dispute involving a loan Mako's mother-in-law took out, and implications that Komuro was marrying her for money. Perhaps to allay such speculations, Mako turned down a dowry of around $1.4 million as well as ceremonies to which she was entitled upon leaving the royal family, making her the first female imperial family member since World War II to opt out of payment when marrying a commoner.
Lauren Hubbard Writer Lauren Hubbard is a freelance writer and Town & Country contributor who covers beauty, shopping, entertainment, travel, home decor, wine, and cocktails.
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