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Kraljeva kolegijska cerkev Bazilika svetega Izidorja ( ali kratko San Isidoro de León), je rimskokatoliška cerkev v mestu León v Španiji. Je ena najodličnejših arhitekturnih stavb v romanskem slogu v Španiji zaradi svoje zgodovine, arhitekture, kiparstva in ohranjenih romanskih luksuznih predmetov. Posebnost je, da ima ob vznožju cerkve kraljevi panteon z romanskimi stenskimi poslikavami in originalnimi kapiteli, kar je edinstven košček romanskega sveta tistega časa. Kompleks je bil zgrajen in razširjen v 11. in 12. stoletju.

Prvotno je bil to samostan posvečen sv. Pelaju, predvideva pa se, da je pred tem tukaj stal rimski tempelj. Poimenovanje tega templja se je spremenilo, ko so sem preselili posmrtne ostanke sv. Izidorja, seviljskega škofa.

V cerkveni stavbi je ohranjenih nekaj romanskih ostankov prve gradnje Fernanda I. in Sanche. Panteon in dvoje vrat na njegovi južni fasadi, imenovani Puerta del Cordero in Puerta del Perdón, ter Severna ali Kapitularna vrata, so prva manifestacija romanske umetnosti v leonskih deželah. Sčasoma so nastale gotske, renesančne in baročne spremembe in dopolnitve.

Bazilika sv. Izidorja je od 9. 2. 1910 priznana kot umetnostnozgodovinski spomenik ().

Umetnostnozgodovinski kontekst

Na začetku 11. stoletja so v kraljestvu León še vedno ohranjali stavbe s špansko tradicijo in kulturo, nespremenjene, medtem ko je v grofiji Barcelona in nekaterih delih Evrope romanska umetnost že začela veljati, skupaj z novimi teorijami in težnjami k rimski liturgiji, ki jih je iz Rima svetovala Cerkev. V leonskih regijah je Rimskokatoliška cerkev opravljala liturgijo, ki so jo razvili in opredelili v toledskih koncilih. Enako se je zgodilo v samostanih, katerih menihi so sledili pravilom očetov španske cerkve, čeprav so vsi, duhovniki in menihi, priznali oblast papeža v Rimu in se počutili tako kristjani kot preostala Evropa. Tudi samostani so se spreminjali, ker je bil namen, da bi v vseh sledili pravilu sv. Benedikta.

Dejstvo, da je bilo kraljestvo León vpleteno v boje Rekonkviste, je nekoliko pogojevalo način razmišljanja in delovanja, kar se je praktično razširilo na umetnost gradnje in krasitve, ki je ostala zvesta preteklosti in spominu njihovih bližnjih prednikov: Vizigotov.

Zgodovina

Izvirno je bila cerkev zgrajena na temeljih rimskega templja posvečenega bogu Merkurju. V 10. stoletju so leonski kralji na tem območju ustanovili red benediktinskih sester. Po osvojitvi Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamira je bila prva cerkev porušena in območje opustošeno. León je bil ponovno naseljen in v 11. stoletju je Alfonz V. na novo vzpostavil cerkev in samostan.

Hčerka Alfonza V., Sancha Leónska, se je poročila s Ferdinandom, grofom Kastilje. Sanchin brat Bermudo III. je napovedal vojno Kastilji in kastiljske čete so s pomočjo Navare ubile leonskega kralja in Ferdinand I. postane Leonski kralj. S kraljico sta razpelo, ki nosi njuno ime, podarila svetemu Izidorju. Cerkev je imela koristi tudi od položaja na znameniti romarski poti v Santiago de Compostella. Za samostan so se zbrali kiparji, kamnoseki in umetniki iz vse Evrope, da bi delali na samostanu. Kraljica Sancha je izbrala samostan tudi za kraljevo grobnico. Danes 11 kraljev, številne kraljice in mnogi drugi plemiči ležijo pod večbarvnimi oboki srednjeveškega kraljevega panteona.

Leta 1063 so bile relikvije svetega Izidorja prenesene v kapelo in ustanovljena je bila skupnost kanonikov za vzdrževanje samostana in varovanje relikvij.

Skozi stoletja vse do 21. stoletja se je fizično in duhovno preoblikovala, trpela čase velikega sijaja in čase pristne dekadence. Tu so različne faze, ki jih je preživela; to so faze z veliko zgodovinskega naboja, v katerih je bil v veliki meri opažen vpliv naslednjih kraljev in njihovega družinskega okolja. Apsida in transept stavbe sta v gotskem slogu, drugi deli stavbe pa so romanski ali iz obdobja renesanse.

Bazilika je še vedno kolegijska baza in kanoniki izvajajo obrede vsak dan.

Opis zgradbe
Bazilika ima tri ladje in tloris latinskega križa. Osrednja apsida je iz 16. stoletja, romaniko je nadomestila Izabelina gotika. Stranske apside so narejene v slogu romanike z oboki. Kljub razširitvam in obnovam v času princese Urrace in arhitekta Deustambena je končni rezultat harmoničen. Spremembe so se morale prilagoditi notranji zgradbi Fernanda I. in Sanche, zaradi česar apside nimajo enake širine in osi kot ladje.

Osrednja ladja je visoka in prekrita z banjastimi oboki, ki so se uveljavili v času romanike, stranski ladji pa imata šilaste oboke, ki so prišli v veljavo kasneje in so glavna značilnost gotske arhitekture, ki je značilna za 13. do 15. stoletje. Loki nad križiščem so večdelni, podrobnost preživetja iz mozarabskega obdobja.

Zunanjost zgradbe

Od zunaj se vidita samo južna fasada in južna apsida. Ostali deli zgradbe so obkroženi z drugimi konstrukcijami, zahodni del pa je skrit za obzidjem, z izjemo stolpa. Od zunaj se lahko občuduje višina treh ladij. Venec osrednje ladje je v obliki šahovnice in se naslanja na modiljone - majhne kvadratne konzole - pod vplivom mozarabske umetnosti.

Oba romanska portala pripadata južni fasadi. Jagnjeva vrata (starejša) in Vrata usmiljena (modernejša), sta primera polne romanike, najstarejše, ki se je zgradila v kraljestvu León.

Jagnjeva vrata so razdeljena na dva dela: zgornji, sestavljen iz baročnega zatrepa, na vrhu katerega je sveti Izidor na konju. Spodnji ima dva arhivolta (polkrožna loka), ki ju povezujejo stebri z zavitim robom. Tretji arhivolt, ki je sestavljen iz kamnitih kock, ima rob v obliki šahovnice in povezuje podboja. Kapiteli predstavljajo človeške figure v čepečem položaju in s kremplji namesto rok in nog.

Vrata usmiljenja nosijo takšno ime, zato ker so skozi ta vrata vstopali romarji na Jakobovi poti, da bi se spovedali in v tej cerkvi pridobili ustrezne odpustke in odpuščanje grehov. Odpirajo se na južni fasadi transepta in so zgrajena v romanskem slogu. Reliefe pripisujejo mojstru Estebanu, ki je deloval v stolnici v Pamploni in Santiago de Compostela. Bil je prvi, ki je izklesal serijo evangeličanskih tem, ki so bile kasneje ponovljene na fasadi stolnice v Santiago de Compostela, v stolnici Santa María v Pamploni in v Toulouški stolnici.

Rob v obliki šahovnice deli fasado na dva dela. V zgornjem delu so trije veliki loki. V sredini je okno, prekrito z romansko rešetko, stranska dva dela pod lokoma pa sta prazna. Spodnji del so vrata sama.

Severna vrata ali kapitular so v 12. stoletju služila kot vrata v križni hodnik. Ko je pozneje tam nastala kapela, vrata niso bila več uporabna in so bila vidna samo še iz kapele. Vrata so podobna Jagnjevim vratom, samo da imajo raven zgornji del, ki je bil včasih obarvan in izklesan kot pri drugih dveh vratih. Zanimivi so kapiteli, še posebej velja omeniti tistega, ki predstavlja sklonjeno golo žensko, zraven nje je gola ženska, ki ima v rokah kačo. Na istem kapitelu je še ena kača, ki grizlja oblečenega moškega. Simboli, ki privabljajo pozornost, so popolno delo klasicističnega in naravoslovnega kiparja, delo pripisujejo mojstru Leodegariusu, ki je poznan kot mojster kač.

Notranjost

Notranjost obiskovalca preseneti z neverjetno osvetljenostjo, ki nastane zaradi velikega števila oken v glavni ladji. Ima bogato dekoracijo v slogu šahovnice, ki se vidi tako na ravnih kot zakrivljenih ploskvah.

Glavna kapela izvira iz 16. stoletja, zanjo pa je zaslužen Juan de Badajoz Starejši. Oče Juan de Cusanza je to delo naročil leta 1513, da bi zamenjal starejši romanski oltar princese Urrace z modernejšim gotskim. Leta 1971 so na terenu izvedli čistilna in restavratorska dela, pri čemer so se pojavili temelji romanskega tlorisa. Še vedno gotska oltarna slika prihaja iz župnije Pozuelo de la Orden (Valladolid) in je bila premeščena v baziliko leta 1920, ko je to mesto pripadalo škofiji León. Oltar je bil izklesan med letoma 1525 in 1530, ob sodelovanju pri rezbarjenju in montaži mojstra Giralteja, morda Giralte de Bruxellesa in je sestavljen iz štiriindvajsetih slikarskih tabel, ki jih je Chandler R. Post pripisal mojstru iz Pozuela, glavna serija velikega števila del, katerih geografsko središče je v mestu Zamor Toro. Kasneje najdena dokumentacija je omogočila, da se je slikarska dela razdelilo med Lorenza de Ávila, privrženca Juana de Borgonje iz Tora, ki bi ga lahko poistovetili z Maestrom de Pozuelom, in dvema sosednjima slikarjema iz Valladolida: Antonio Vázquez, prav tako privrženec Burgonje in Andrés de Melgar, uradnik Alonsa Berrugueteja, ki mu pripisujejo eno slogovno najbolj napredno tablo. Monštranca je iz srebra, umetnik M. García Crespo in posvečeno hostijo dan in noč ohranja izpostavljeno zelo starodavnim papeškim privilegijem, ki ga deli s stolnico v Lugu. Pod skrbništvom in na prednostnem mestu je neoklasicistična žara, v kateri so shranjeni ostanki sv. Izidorja, delo, ki ga je leta 1847 izdelal leonski mojster Antonio Rebollo.

Kapela Svete Trojice ali sv. Martina je dal okoli leta 1191 izdelati kanonik sv. Martin, da bi shranil relikvije, ki jih je nakopičil tekom potovanj in da bi služil kot skupno pokopališče kanonikov. Oltar je bil majhen, pravokotne oblike s polkrožnim vrhnjim delom. Narejen je bil iz cenejših materialov.

V 16. stoletju se je ta kapela preoblikovala v slogu Izabeline gotike in se preimenovala v kapelo sv. Martina. Retabel je iz 17. stoletja, ki jo je izdelal mojster Pedro Margotedo in ima podobo lastnika. Tam je žara z ostanki svetnika.

Kraljevi panteon
Izvira iz časa kralja Alfonza V. Plemenitega. Panteon je bil kvadraten prostor omejen z zahodnim zidom cerkve, ki je imel vhodna vrata v tempelj, ki pa so bila kasneje zaprta zaradi novih razširitvenih del. Nadomestila so jih druga vrata na jugozahodnem delu. Prostor je nizek, kar daje občutek kripte, čeprav to ni. S tem, ko se zaprla prvotna vrata za vstop, se je ta del spremenil v oltar posvečen sv. Katarini Aleksandrijski.

Panteon ima obliko štirikotnika, razdeljenega na šest delov s stebri. Strop ima obliko kupol in je prekrit s poslikavami. Tema poslikav ustreza 2. polovici 12. stoletja. Poslikave so v beli, rumeni, oker, rdeči in sivi barvi.

Križni hodnik
Križni hodnik je bil zgrajen v 11. stoletju z izkoriščanjem portika ali galerije Panteona in ga podaljšal, dokler ni dosegel transepta. Bil je najstarejši znani romanski križni hodnik v Španiji, od katerega je ohranjen le opisani del galerije. Preostali del terase so traveje z rebrastimi oboki iz 16. stoletja, ki jih je naročil opat Fonseca. Pri tej reformi je bila galerija blokirana z opečnim zidom, ki je bil sredi 20. stoletja porušen v okviru obnove, ki jih je izvedel arhitekt Luis Menéndez Pidal. Takrat je bila izpostavljena romanska galerija s svojimi konzolami, oboki in kapiteli.

Od 16. stoletja dalje so bile različne kapelice križnega hodnika posvečene mrtvaškim kapelam družin, ki so prevzele pokroviteljstvo. Potem se je zgodilo veliko peripetij in prišlo je celo do uničenja, toda z obnovitvijo v zadnjem času so te kapele spet postale pomembne in so si povrnile naslov, po katerem so bile znane. Mnoge od njih so del muzeja bazilike, druge pa so posvečene drugim intelektualnim storitvam, kot je star refektorij, ki je danes sedež katedre sv. Izidorja.

Drugo nadstropje je baročno delo arhitektov Compostiza, Pabla de Valladolida in Santiaga Velasca.

Obstaja še en križni hodnik, baročni iz leta 1735, ki ga je zgradil opat Manuel Rubio Salinas.

Stolp
Tako imenovani Torre del Gallo, ki stoji ob vznožju cerkve, je delo iz 12. stoletja. Ima kvadratni tloris in poševno os glede na os cerkve; je del rimskega zidu, tako da prvo telo obdaja njegovo kocko. V času Ferdinanda I. sta imela prva dva korpusa obrambno nalogo. V drugem nadstropju je prostor s cevnim obokom in prečnim lokom, ki sloni na stebrih. Do tega se dostopa okrog stene.

Tretje nadstropje se dviga iz poševne fascije. Ima obokano sobo s tremi okni na vsaki strani, od katerih je odprto le srednje. Četrto nadstropje je zvon, z dvema odprtinama na vsaki strani, s trojnim polkrožnim lokom na dveh parih stebrov. V muzeju je eden od starih zvonov iz leta 1086. Stolp je okronan s sodobnim skrilavcem in vetrnico, ki je slavni petelin, simbol mesta León. Gre za zelo star kos, ki so ga pred kratkim preučevali arheologi, palinologi, entomologi in paleografi.

Stolp je bilo treba v drugi polovici 20. stoletja obnoviti pod vodstvom arhitekta Menéndeza Pidala, na začetku 21. stoletja pa popraviti in utrditi z novimi tehnikami. Drugo nadstropje je bilo namenjeno zakladniški zbornici.

Kolegijska cerkev v 21. stoletju
Kolegijska cerkev je prikazana v 21. stoletju v vsem svojem sijaju, tako fizičnem kot duhovnem. Cerkev je obnovila svoje funkcije, vsi drugi prostori, odprti za javnost, pa so obnovljeni. Uživa pa tudi izjemno intelektualno življenje.

Ograjeni del bazilike je veliko obsežnejši od tistega, kar opazovalec vidi s trga Plaza de San Isidoro. Obstaja vrsta stavb, nekaj zelo starih, ki so bile zaradi reform obnovljene za uporabo. V ta namen je bila stavba iz 16. stoletja zunaj križnega hodnika - z okni, ki gledajo na ulico Sacramento - sanirana kot rezidenca za kanonike, ki so bili do zdaj raztreseni po drugih lokacijah. Dve nadstropji vzhodnega krila drugega samostana sta bili nastanjeni za bivanje redovnic Jezusovih učencev, kjer so odprle tudi osnovno šolo. Za Višjo šolo sakralne umetnosti so bile obnovljene nekatere ruševine stare opatijske palače. Šolska delavnica je imela rezervirano mesto tudi v pritličje drugega križnega hodnika in sosednjega sadovnjaka.

Sklici in viri

 Bango Torviso, Isidro G. (1994). «Arte Románico». Historia del Arte de Castilla y León. II. Valladolid: Ámbito Ediciones. ISBN 84-8183-002-X.
 Pijoán, José (1949). «El arte románico siglos XI y XII». Historia general del arte. Summa Artis IX. Madrid: Espasa Calpe.
 Prieto Prieto, Alfonso (1993). El reino de León hace mil años más o menos. Universidad de León. ISBN 84-7719-360-6.
 Viñayo González, Antonio (2002). Enciclopedia del Románico en Castilla y León. León, 2002 V. Aguilar de Campoo: Fundación de Santa María la Real. Centro de Estudios del Románico. ISBN 978-84-89483-77-4.
 Viñayo González, Antonio (1995). San Isidoro de León. Panteón de Reyes. Albores románicos: arquitectura, escultura, pintura. Colección Esplendores del Arte. Edilesa. ISBN 84-8012-111-4.

Zunanje povezave

 Página oficial del Museo - Panteón de San Isidoro de León
 Visualización de Esculturas Arquitectónicas Románicas en el Contexto Arquitectónico - Plano en planta y galería de fotos

Bazilike v Španiji
León, Španija
Romanska arhitektura v Španiji


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You know when your kid gets to an age where all of a sudden they have super strong opinions on what their room should look like? Ari is 5 now and wanted rainbows and gold painted all over the walls with Harry Potter posters. This was not going to fly. BUT I think I pulled off a combination of rainbows, Harry Potter, and my love of black and white modern style. Now we're both happy!!
Besides decoration ideas, the BIG problem to tackle was organization and storage. This is where Land of Nod came in big time! Jenni and I both fell in love with the acrylic bookcase! It's just so clean and pretty and perfect for treasures. The Home Edit came over and styled with special books and toys to look like... you guessed it... a rainbow!


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package com.hungry.mouse.main;

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}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


One of the iconic images of the twentieth century is a tiny woman in a white and blue sari walking the slums of India, caring for the sick and dying. Blessed Teresa of Kolcata (August 26, 1910–September 5, 1997), or Mother Teresa of Calcutta as she is more commonly known, was proclaimed a living saint long before her death from heart failure.
As the foundress of the Missionaries of Charity, her work took her around the globe. Wherever she went, she brought attention to the plight of the least, the lonely, the impoverished, and the unloved. Many of her sayings, such as "Loneliness is the most terrible poverty" and "Love is a fruit in season at all times," have become bywords for those who work for social justice and compassionate treatment of the poorest of the poor.
One of the hallmarks of Mother Teresa's life was her almost constant smile. Virtually everyone who met her noticed the joy and peace that emanated from her. She seemed to have perfect faith and trust in God and his will throughout her entire life. Many openly talked about how they wished they could have the kind of faith that characterized her life.


Rwandan President Paul Kagame speaks at the United Nations.
The United Nations demonstrated hypocrisy in its decision to grant Rwanda a seat on its Security Council (UNSC) despite the country's well-documented history of destabilization in the eastern region of the Democratic Republic of Congo. The UN's actions are antithetical to the stated goals and vision of the UNSC to protect the weak and "take collective action against mass atrocities" by allowing a known aggressor country to sit in its ranks.
The UN has collected over 19 years of reports, cataloging crimes committed by Rwanda against the DRC including the UN Mapping Reporton the. Between 1993 and 2003, the UN reported that the violations of human rights and international humanitarian law committed by Rwanda, represented "one of the most tragic chapters in the recent history of the DRC… marked by a string of major political crises, wars and multiple ethnic and regional conflicts that brought about the deaths of hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of people." Rwanda's active involvement with the M23 rebel group demonstrates a continued effort to bring unrest to the Congo.
With a well-known commitment to destabilization, Rwanda's membership reflects a "flagrant conflict of interest," according to Human Rights Watch.
The UNSC appears to have given a seat to Rwanda out of guilt and sympathy over the 1994 genocide. As a result, Rwanda is using its power to reject unflattering reports of human rights violations and to contest new accusations against it based on paranoid claims of bias against Rwanda.
Thus far, Rwanda's most notable contribution to the UNSC is to deny any reports published against it by the Group of Experts, as well as to formally contest two new members on the Group of Experts by stating that they are "biased" against Rwanda.
In essence, Rwanda is governed by an autocratic regime run by its President, Paul Kagame, who has won two elections with over 96% of the vote each time. Theogene Rudasingwa, Kagame's former chief of staff (now in exile in the United States), recently published a book in which he described how the outcome of the first election had to be "re-fixed" because Kagame had won by more than 100%.
How can a country that silences journalists, jails political opposition members and is run by a dictatorial regime be entrusted to monitor peace thought out the world?
The 1994 genocide was a horrific event and Rwandan government officials justifiably point to the country's abandonment by the international community during their darkest hour. As recently as July 2013, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Louise Mushkiwabo, opened her remarks at the UNSC meeting on the situation in the DRC with such an argument. It is a signature move of Rwandan government officials to play up the "genocide guilt" in order to gain sympathy and development assistance. However, over the last two years this ploy has ceased to be so effective. Rwanda is now one quarter of the way through its two year appointment to the UNSC and the likelihood of its removal is slim, but how will Rwanda respond to the increased level of scrutiny brought by its current postion?
Many Rwandan government officials are active on social media and one in particular, Olivier Nduhungirehe, the Minister Counselor, Deputy Permanent Representative of Rwanda to the UN, is a very active Twitter community member. Yet, the majority of his tweets are either abusive to those who disagree with him, (this writer included) or are in strong support of the actions of the M23 in DRC. For a country that vehemently denies responsibility for backing the M23 why would one of its UN representatives so adamantly defend it in public?
Jennifer Fierberg is a journalist with a particular focus on Rwanda.
The eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo has been mired in violence perpetrated by various rebel groups in geo-strategic and ethnic wars for the last two decades. This area of the DRC is rich in mineral wealth that foreign countries seek to use in many electronic and travel innovations. Unfortunately, access to these minerals has wreaked havoc and devastation on the communities in this area.
Those most affected by these ongoing wars are women and children. Men also suffer from this horrific violence in many ways but when a woman is demoralized the community collapses. When a woman is raped in this region their men reject them, cast them out of their homes and often turn their children against them. Women become outcasts in their own communities and homes.
One way for these women to re-empower themselves is to have supportive groups come alongside them and assist them with re-establishing their lives. Two such groups have come together in order to provide an opportunity for these brave women.
Vision GRAM International has partnered with SowHope in order to better the lives of 50 women in Easter DRC who have been victims of physical and sexual violence. Vision GRAM International advocates on behalf of those who have suffered human rights violations, vulnerable populations, including survivors of armed conflict, women and child soldiers. SowHope is an organization that focuses only on the "holistic needs of women living in extreme poverty." The mission statement of SowHope reads, "To inspire women around the world by promoting wellness, education and economic opportunities." SowHope has assisted thousands of women since their start in 2006 and continues to reach out to women who earn less than $2 per day.
"It's exciting when you see those women smiling after receiving the financial support, but many challenges remain. Peace and protection must be a top priority from the DR Congo government, to help them to rebuild their lives" says Victor AMISI, the executive director of Vision GRAM- International. Women do not have access to credit, properties and are not considered to be a member of the community after being sexually assaulted. But this project seeks to help them to have access to credit, property and be useful in their community. By receiving financial support, they change their lives, the lives of their families and the women are able to contribute to the socio-economic life in their community. Vision GRAM-International and Sow Hope, together, help those vulnerable women, affected by armed violence in eastern Congo to rebuild life.
The women in this project were identified by their level of vulnerability to ongoing threats of violence as well as through an interview process. The women identified had experience in small business and other income generating activities. A needs based assessment was conducted and found that these women have few if any possessions and lack personal effects such as proper clothing, medical care, and resources for hygiene products. This project sought to improve the socio-economic conditions of these 50 identified women via a basic revolving credit program over a period of three months. Of the 50 women identified over 500 people benefited from this project by extension.
In March 2013 these 50 women attended training sessions organized by Vision GRAM International and these trainings were held in the Vision GRAM International offices in Cifunzi/Kalonge."From this project, children will attend school, but families need more to support education and wellness. "We believe that change will come because there is hope, declares Theophile Cishibanji, the coordinator of the project in DR Congo. The workshop focused on mechanisms of management of microfinance by a consultant of Vision GRAM with qualifications in business management. The women learned about capital preservation strategies and strategies for reimbursement. The women were educated about credit and that the support is not a gift but a supportive means for them to use in order to begin financing their businesses. They understood at this workshop that the credit would be repaid within six months from the time of receipt in April of 2013.
Each recipient chose to sell essential products used daily in the community such as rice, donuts, beverages, salt, yams and Cassava flour. With the profits made these women are able to fund daily food for their families, pay for school fees for their children and receive health care. The women underwent further training in proper daily nutrition in order to combat the problem of daily hunger. The women were also assigned a facilitator to monitor the activities and assist on a daily basis as needed.
The women continue in their business ventures with the assistance of Vision GRAM International and results so far have been positive. Thus far the women report being empowered to support themselves, their communities and their families. Further reporting will be available during the ongoing monitoring of the program and the women will continue to have the assistance of Vision GRAM staff. Assessments will be made along the way so that improvements can be made to the program for both the women already involved as well as being able to identify other women in the community who can benefit from this micro-finance program.
Foreign Policy is a complex labyrinth of balancing local needs with international interests. This act requires awareness of one's population, needs of the community, financial and peaceful stability as well as serving the interests of the greater good. These are all signs of a mature and aware politician. The key here is being able to look beyond the individual interest to the needs and to focus and serve the needs of the great good.
Recently, James Baker stated that, "America must be prepared to act unilaterally when necessary, but also appreciate the use of allies in foreign engagement." This statement can be applied to government worldwide who are seeking to be a part of the greater global community in a positive and contributory way. These skills are not easily mastered nor are they universal. In place of America in Mr. Bakers statement one could substitute any nation, including Rwanda.
Recently Rwanda has come under much scrutiny by its neighbors who are asking President Kagame to negotiate with the FDLR. President Kikwete of Tanzania recently suggested that Rwanda negotiate with the FLDR and end the 19 year standoff. Kagame rebuffed this advice and instead asked for an apology from President Kikwete for such a recommendation. Now the SADC has also urged Rwanda to also engage in these peace talks as well. Mr. Ban Ki Moon, Security General of the UN, has also made a statement supporting President Kikwete in his call for negotiations.
With these powerful neighbors and world leaders who have stable countries and democratic processes one has to wonder why President Kagame won't heed the advice of such nations.
The U.S. Department of State announced today that a new special representative to the Great Lakes Region has been appointed with the goal of finding a solution to lasting peace to a region that has been overly involved in war for nearly twenty years. It appears that since President Kagame will not engage in peace talks other nations have decided to intervene and urge him to do so.
RWANDA : POLITICAL OPPOSITION COMMENDS SADC POSITION ON TALKS FOR LASTING PEACE IN THE GREAT LAKES REGION.
On 17 June 2013, the extraordinary summit of the Heads of State and Government of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) held in Maputo (Mozambique) urged Rwanda and Uganda to consider peace talks with the armed opposition for a lasting peace in the Great Lakes region. During the last African Union Summit, Tanzanian President Kikwete advised Rwanda to talk peace with its opposition.
On 2 June 2013, in Yokohama (Japan) during his meeting with H.E. Mr. Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete, The United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki Moon, commended his stand for comprehensive peace in the region, the deployment of Tanzanian forces for the International intervention brigade in Eastern DRC, and his advice for peace talks. He promised to deepen this issue of lasting solutions engaging all stakeholders during the September 2013 meeting in New York.
The Rwandan political opposition, FDU-Inkingi, RNC, PSI-Imberakuri and Amahoro People's Congress commend SADC recommendations for lasting peace in the DRC, Rwanda, Uganda, and the whole Great Lakes region. We, the undersigned, express our readiness to fully contribute to any peace efforts in the region and to take part in talks under the facilitation of SADC leaders and the international community.
The decision will remain with President Kagame and his government as to whether or not he will begin discussion and negotiations with the FDLR. This is not an easy move for Mr. Kagame since he has maintained that he will not negotiate with them under any circumstances. The United States government has announced it will engage in bilateral talks with the Taliban after years of ongoing sever conflict. Mr. Kagame should take note of this move and reconsider his decision for the sake of peace in Eastern DRC.


text:
Q: how to achieve this in array key and value conversion in php i have one array like this.i want to convert my first array to 2nd array.
Array
(
[0] => Array(
             [East] => 13
            )
[1] => Array
           (
           [North] => 9
           )
)

how to change this array to like below array.
Array
(
[0] => Array
        (
         [0] => East
         [1] => 13
        )
[1] => Array
       (
        [0] => North
        [1] => 9
       )
)

here East and North is not fixed.It is possible next time here West or south will come.so can not check key is East or not.

A: You can do something like this:
// $multiarray is your original 2-D array

$array = array();
for($i = 0; $i < count($multiarray); ++$i){
    foreach($multiarray[$i] as $key => $value){
        unset($multiarray[$i]);
        $array[] = $key;
        $array[] = $value;
        $multiarray[$i] = $array;
        unset($array);
    }
}

var_dump($multiarray);

Output:
array (size=2)
  0 =>
    array (size=2)
      0 => string 'East' (length=4)
      1 => int 13
  1 =>
    array (size=2)
      0 => string 'North' (length=5)
      1 => int 9

A: Have you tried two-dimensional arrays?
 $arr = array
      (
      array("East",13),
      array("North",9)
      );

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text:
Warwickshire Avon / Irish Sea / French Haute Alps and not forgetting the mighty Nene…
Looking back at the canoeing adventures of the spring of 2007, the underlying theme was rain and plenty of it. The Doggy paddle held in May was in aid of Guide Dogs for the Blind. The course was 19 miles first on the River Leam and then on to the Avon down to Stratford. We made our fashionably late arrival and checked in at Leamington. By the time we had driven down to the finish, left one car and got back to the start everyone had gone! Sarah and Mike were paddling their tourers whilst Mike Fitz and I were in the wild water racing boats. There were fewer entries than last year, however I met some work colleagues who took 5 hours to finish the course. We were aiming to get down in less than 3 hours.
The day started off with drizzle, which was pleasant down to Barford. Here we split into two groups. After the drought of April, the flow was building and we sped through the twisty section after Barford, gradually hauling in the slower boats as we fell in to a rhythm. By Hampton Lucy the rain was getting noticeably heavier. A pause at Charlcote as we literally jumped the boats over the links holding the buoys that formed a river barrier upstream and then downstream, to keep the deer herd in the park.
A determined paddler kept with us on the approach to Stratford which was full of activities. A calypso band were giving it plenty under the bandstand, triathletes doing their final run and dragon boats racing opposite the Theatre. There were no event officials to see us finish but a spectator reckoned we were in the top ten. So after two hours and fifty minutes of downstream paddling we wearily turned to go back up to the Fishermans car park and our dry kit or so we thought?. One drenched runner pounding through the puddles on the river bank saw us and commented that she "didn't like water sports!" Unfortunately we didn't have the keys to Mike Sharman's car so we took limited shelter under the tree until Mike and Sarah appeared half an hour later out of what was by now a deluge. We made the mistake of getting changed but by the time all the gear was loaded we were as wet as when we had been on the water!
Many of you will have heard of the adventures Coventry school kids have at Dol-y-moch in North Wales. Now it was our turn. John, Sarah, Mike, Nigel and myself jumped on a coach and headed off to North Wales with a bunch of teachers and partners. The Manor Park crew had the bottles open before we were on the A45. Mike even had to come to the rescue when they struggled with a cork screw. What a great way to travel, no worries about Friday evening traffic.
On arrival we found our bunkbeds and kitted out ourselves with P&H plastic sea kayaks and gear. A massive breakfast was on offer and then Phil took us through a briefing. Very strong winds with clearing skies meant the first session was to be on tidal estuary, getting used to the equipment. This included a demonstration of Phil's deep water rescue technique. In a nutshell, turn the capsized boat back up, help the swimmer in to the boat, in 15 seconds or less and then pump like mad with his water pump. It worked well, getting the swimmer out of the water rapidly avoiding any dangers and the risk of hypothermia whilst doing the usual x-rescue.
In the afternoon we went to Black Rock Sands, trying the long boats out in the surf. The hard part was turning before the next set came in and trashed you, sending you back sideways to the soup. The sky was blue, the wind still strong and the surf pounding in. Good fun, with lashings of hot chocolate to boot! We loaded up and went straight back to the centre in our wet kit to wash off the salt and dunk Mike in the outdoor bath.
Sunday was calm and we loaded up the trailer for the one hour drive to Abersoch at the end of the Lleyn Peninsula. As we paddled out in to the bay the mountains stood clear on our left. No more than 100m ahead, two dolphins surfaced and swam for a few minutes, an adult and young. Gauging our speed by reference to a marker buoy and a mountain top, we headed out round the Tudwell Islands. The first of which was owned by Carla Lane. On the more exposed side the sea was lumpy . Sea birds were nesting and seals popped up to monitor our progress. A large ferry glide took us between the islands and across the tidal flow eventually to the mainland. Here we had a go at paddling backwards into sea caves and round rocks, timing our movements to the swell. Stacey got it wrong and briefly ended stuck on a rock. To finish, we found a small sandy beach for lunch and hot chocolate, had a go at rolling and rescues and then headed home. A cracking weekend.
Whitsun bank holiday and it was off to France. Sunshine, wine, smelly cheese (if you like that sort of thing), big water, sounds good! Mike and myself left Coventry in the afternoon stopping en route to leave my daughter at Grandparents. We arrived at Dover with time to spare and took a walk along the promenade, Waterloo Crescent and the small boat harbour, including a Severn Series RNLI lifeboat, the biggest they have. This is the bit you don't see when you head straight for the docks. Bob, Ryan and Kyle drove past as walked back to the car.
The ferry swallowed coach after coach of school kids and despite being near the end to load, we found ourselves at the front of the starting grid for the other side. Ryan and Kyle loaded up with Beer, freeflow and bottled. We left the ferry at 12.10 a.m. and 630 miles later including many litres of diesel, tolls, cups of tea, lots of CD's, a few roadworks, an amazing laser display in the middle of nowhere, 20 centigrade at one point in the night and Ryan driving one leg, we crawled in to St Jean Les Pins campsite in Guillestre, at mid day. Tired, we pitched tents, shopped, cooked and slept soundly.
Sunday, and we woke to find rain clearing away! A local paddle was in order, so we found the boulangerie and then a small track out the back of the village, which descended precipitously to the Lower Guil near Mont Dauphin. A straight forward paddle out onto the larger Durance and finish. The helpful German at the kayak shop got his table out for us to use, which he claimed was from the beer festivals! Sausage with hazelnuts got a mixed reception but the sun was out so we headed off down the lower Durance to Embrun and the Rabioux wave. Ryan and Kyle paddled well in the hole until Kyle got grabbed and it wouldn't let him go. It was't a wave! With the headwind and rain coming on it turned cold and we were glad for our fleeces when we got off to settle in for a wet evening. Fortunately the campsite building had a clothes hanger next to the boiler room. This was to be our saviour over the next few days, as the rain clung to the mountains.
Monday and we woke with surprise to see a fresh layer of snow, dusting the trees and mountains around the valley. We headed high up the Guil valley to Aiguile, where the winter ski lifts start. We passed cars with several inches of snow on their roof! The worrying thing was the temperature outside the car. Just 4.5 centigrade and snow in the wind blowing up the valley. This was like the Dart in January, not the southern French Alps in early summer. It was too much for Kyle, being below his limit of 7 centigrade and he opted to sleep in the car, whilst we wrapped in as many layers as we had. Dipping our hands in the icy water as we set off was quite a shock. The little gorge was entertaining and tight in places. Mike managed two ends over one drop! As we approached Chateau Queyras and the fortress, with Guardian Angel cliff in the background, Kyle had woken up in time to see us off the water. We then went down the valley for a cool river bank lunch. The next section, known as the Middle Guil was more powerful. The water was at 83cm on the gauge, a good level with plenty to keep you alert. Bob boofed to safety, over the rock next to Perry's hole, the scene of much drama two years before. The river was continuous and Mike carefully negotiated a route through the hazards. We got out and portaged the Staircase, a steep section with few clear lines, which was a grade harder again. We got in round the corner, as we set up for the run into Le Tunnel. Anticipation of the get out, before the next nasty drop, was too strong and when combined with a lack of clear landmarks from the river, meant we got out far too early. In the process Ryan managed to drop his paddle in the river which Bob saw and Kyle fished out in time. A close shave, if we didn't have a spare set of splits. We saw a German kayaker on the bank, who said they had lost a boat at the end of the section. A sharp cut left was necessary to avoid a sticky hole. Easy when you knew about it! After inspection, we opted to portage the last hole before the river piles into the dam controlled lake. As we got changed, happy after an excellent paddle, knackered after 2.5 hours intense paddling, with the temperature rising, we watched another group sail through the same hole. Easy when you know about it!
That night, after another exploration of Mike's culinary skills, Bob tried raw garlic, much to our amusement because he reckoned he couldn't taste the cloves in the meals. The starry sky meant it was really a cold night. Those Asda sleeping bags weren't quite up to the weather and altitude.
Tuesday we headed back towards Briancon but despite the warmer weather there was very little water in the Onde and Gyronde. We had a picnic at the pretty spot at the get out of the Onde and watched the Germans bounce down the rocks. Having never paddled the Gyr we walked up the river bank. Apart from two sections, it looked fast and tight. The two sections were on more unstable river bed and probably changed regularly with the meltwater and storm run off. As an alternative we went to the slalom course so the boys could show their stuff with less rocks around. A French safety course was being run at the same time.
The evening tea included various beans, corgette and asparagus. The boys had never eaten so much veg. But we still hadn't had a croissant!
Wednesday we headed south to the Ubaye, one hour to the south past the dammed Lake Serre Ponchon. From Le Lauzet to Le Martinet, another classic paddle with good water levels. Unfortunately Kyle managed to find one those rocks early on and there was plenty of blood, made to look worse by the water. He carried on despite allegedly losing his good looks and a thumping headache. An ice cream was the reward at the lake.
Thursday and there was no water on the Guisane above Briancon, so we walked through the old town and across to the bridge, high above the gorge. With the cloud and showers there was no water here either and the barrage was letting little water through. We headed back to the Lower Durance, thankful we had chosen by chance and because our usual campsite had not opened for the season, to base ourselves in this area. Again it was a cold wind that greeted us. The Durance was lower and the Rabioux more of a hole. No one played today. We passed the "Danger falling rocks" sign (unusual on a river) and Bob now led the way back! Another very wet evening and the boys planned to place the table football under the awning until they realized there wouldn't be any tea!
The last days paddling and we went back to the lower Guil. There was a bit of a scare when big cat footprints were found on the riverbank but I thought the boys showed through. We loaded Bob's boat up with all the safety gear we could find, when he wasn't looking. A change from leaving the kit in the car! The river had dropped to 68 on the gauge. Climbers hung on to the rocks through Mont Dauphin. The sun even allowed us to finally dry out our kit before we loaded up with wine, chocolate and cheese from the supermarket. A final game of table football before an early start for home the next morning.
The Lauteret pass, the next day, gave us a final reminder of winter, with snow blowing at the top, before a steady drive home to a warmer dry climate! Or so we thought!

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