text:
Fire Watchers Post
Sep 4, 2019 Images
Unlike many of the buildings around Fort Halstead, this structure was not built for any unique testing or evaluation purpose, but for the protection of the site. Constructed in the early years of the Second World War, this firewatchers post stands on the highest point across the site; on top of a rampart within the
The Old Fort, building use in the 1990s
Aug 13, 2019 Curators Blog
With a large number of plans and documents available in the archive, it's possible to piece together the use of the site throughout the decades. Combining a site plan from 1986 and a building schedule from 1975, it's possible to give a snapshot of how the site has changed use. As with many military sites,
N17 Optical Test Range
Aug 13, 2019 Images
Located outside the wire on Crow Drive, building N17 was constructed as an optical test range. The building was erected by the Ministry of Supply (MoS) for High Explosive Research (HER) who were engaged in Operation Hurricane to test high speed cameras.* Most likely originally constructed entirely from wood, the later edition of a brick
Early Computing in Britain
Aug 13, 2019 Books about the Fort
Early Computing in Britain examines the interactions and influences between the important computing innovators on both sides of the Atlantic during the seminal period 1945 to 1949. This unique book presents the story of the pioneering manufacturing company Ferranti Ltd. – producer of the first commercially-available computers – and of the nine end-user organisations who
Star Hill Camp
A curious Saturday evening online search revealed a postcard for sale. Neither the subject or the recipient were or particular interest, but the address from which the postcard was sent piqued my interest: Dear EJH, Having a fine time.Fun day Sunday.Today Monday practically a cold day.Hope all are well.430 here Sunday130 Monday The postcard was
Wartime bomb damage to the fort
In browsing the National Archives, I came across an interesting reference to a work request concerning Fort Halstead. A request in May 1945 for six small building schemes had been submitted for the expansion and development of the site at Fort Halstead, but interestingly was a seventh item – "Bomb damage repairs to East Casemates."
Navvies Constructing the Fort
Constructed as part of the London Defence Scheme, the fort at Knockholt (also known as the Polhill Fort and latterly Fort Halstead) was part of an extensive earthwork defensive system constructed on the North Downs. There were a total of thirteen mobilisation centres (also known as redoubts or forts) constructed in the late 19th Century.
Test Of Greatness: Britain's Struggle for the Atom Bomb
Apr 28, 2019 Books about the Fort
In the aftermath of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Clement Attlee realized at once that the nature of security and strength in the world had changed irrevocably. He ordered a superhuman effort to make Britain a nuclear power. He ordered a superhuman effort to make Britain a nuclear power. Although Britain had been a junior partner in
Boundary Stones
Apr 21, 2019 Curators Blog
Military boundary stones, not to be confused with Ordnance Survey datum points, are somewhat of an enigma. Historically they delineate boundaries of military sites, however their use is not consistent – some sites have them, others do not, and as for design, there are many different styles. Their use appears to extend as far back


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Has a streaming service of Jay Z been tampered with?
Has Tidal, the streaming service of Jay Z, tampered with the figures? In Norway a research was started. The accusations are not new. Last year, I went into allegations that the number of streams of the Beyoncé album, Lemonade and Life of Pablo Kanye West would be aware of bogus. The figures are weird. 250 million streams on ten days for one album, while Tidal for 3 million subscribers.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
/**
 * ACL manipulation
 */

'use strict';

/**
 * Module dependencies.
 */

var errors = require('./errors');
var utils = require('./utils');

/**
 * Initialize a new `Acl` client.
 */

function Acl(consul) {
  this.consul = consul;
}

/**
 * Creates a new token with policy
 */

Acl.prototype.create = function(opts, callback) {
  if (!callback) {
    callback = opts;
    opts = {};
  }

  opts = utils.normalizeKeys(opts);
  opts = utils.defaults(opts, this.consul._defaults);

  var req = {
    name: 'acl.create',
    path: '/acl/create',
    query: {},
    type: 'json',
    body: {},
  };

  if (opts.name) req.body.Name = opts.name;
  if (opts.type) req.body.Type = opts.type;
  if (opts.rules) req.body.Rules = opts.rules;

  utils.options(req, opts);

  this.consul._put(req, utils.body, callback);
};

/**
 * Update the policy of a token
 */

Acl.prototype.update = function(opts, callback) {
  opts = utils.normalizeKeys(opts);
  opts = utils.defaults(opts, this.consul._defaults);

  var req = {
    name: 'acl.update',
    path: '/acl/update',
    query: {},
    type: 'json',
    body: {},
  };

  if (!opts.id) {
    return callback(this.consul._err(errors.Validation('id required'), req));
  }

  req.body.ID = opts.id;

  if (opts.name) req.body.Name = opts.name;
  if (opts.type) req.body.Type = opts.type;
  if (opts.rules) req.body.Rules = opts.rules;

  utils.options(req, opts);

  this.consul._put(req, utils.empty, callback);
};

/**
 * Destroys a given token
 */

Acl.prototype.destroy = function(opts, callback) {
  if (typeof opts === 'string') {
    opts = { id: opts };
  }

  opts = utils.normalizeKeys(opts);
  opts = utils.defaults(opts, this.consul._defaults);

  var req = {
    name: 'acl.destroy',
    path: '/acl/destroy/{id}',
    params: { id: opts.id },
    query: {},
  };

  if (!opts.id) {
    return callback(this.consul._err(errors.Validation('id required'), req));
  }

  utils.options(req, opts);

  this.consul._put(req, utils.empty, callback);
};

/**
 * Queries the policy of a given token
 */

Acl.prototype.info = function(opts, callback) {
  if (typeof opts === 'string') {
    opts = { id: opts };
  }

  opts = utils.normalizeKeys(opts);
  opts = utils.defaults(opts, this.consul._defaults);

  var req = {
    name: 'acl.info',
    path: '/acl/info/{id}',
    params: { id: opts.id },
    query: {},
  };

  if (!opts.id) {
    return callback(this.consul._err(errors.Validation('id required'), req));
  }

  utils.options(req, opts);

  this.consul._get(req, utils.bodyItem, callback);
};

Acl.prototype.get = Acl.prototype.info;

/**
 * Creates a new token by cloning an existing token
 */

Acl.prototype.clone = function(opts, callback) {
  if (typeof opts === 'string') {
    opts = { id: opts };
  }

  opts = utils.normalizeKeys(opts);
  opts = utils.defaults(opts, this.consul._defaults);

  var req = {
    name: 'acl.clone',
    path: '/acl/clone/{id}',
    params: { id: opts.id },
    query: {},
  };

  if (!opts.id) {
    return callback(this.consul._err(errors.Validation('id required'), req));
  }

  utils.options(req, opts);

  this.consul._put(req, utils.body, callback);
};

/**
 * Lists all the active tokens
 */

Acl.prototype.list = function(opts, callback) {
  if (!callback) {
    callback = opts;
    opts = {};
  }

  opts = utils.normalizeKeys(opts);
  opts = utils.defaults(opts, this.consul._defaults);

  var req = {
    name: 'acl.list',
    path: '/acl/list',
    query: {},
  };

  utils.options(req, opts);

  this.consul._get(req, utils.body, callback);
};

/**
 * Module exports.
 */

exports.Acl = Acl;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Research is under way on the Acqua Vergine, one of Rome's oldest aqueducts, to discover the amount of radon in its water.
It is thought that radon may have caused some of the illnesses suffered by ancient Romans rather than the lead in the pipes of the old city as previously thought.
Radon is an odourless, colourless gas that occurs during the process of decay of radium and thorium into lead. Radion can accumulate in high concentrations in building basements, as well as springs and thermal waters. Links have been found between radon and cancer, and research in the United States puts inhaling high levels of radon as the second cause of lung cancer after smoking.
According to a report in the free newspaper Metro, the research on Acqua Vergine is being carried out by the department of geology at Roma Tre University and the city's water utility ACEA with the help of the Centro Ricerche Speleo Archeologiche-Sotterranei di Roma.
Acqua Vergine is the Renaissance reconstruction of Aqua Virgo built by Agrippa in 19 BC. It runs from Villa Ada through Villa Borghese to Trinità de' Monti and then into Rome's historic centre. It supplies the Trevi Fountain, and the fountains in Piazza Navona and Piazza del Popolo.
Results of the research will eventually be compared with similar research on a less ancient aqueduct, the 16th-century Acqua Felice.


VeinWave is a new FDA approved method to painlessly eliminate spider veins in the office without anesthesia or lasers. This new technique uses radio-frequency energy to erase spider veins as you watch. First used in England, The Vein Clinic at Albany Surgical is proud to bring this new technique to South Georgia. VeinWave was recently featured on the national TV program, The Doctors. Please watch the brief video below to learn more about VeinWave.
If you suffer from spider veins, contact us today to schedule a free introductory screening exam to discuss VeinWave treatment.


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The Stephen Lawrence Documentary That Revisits The Crime 25 Years On…
Laura Jane Turner April 17, 2018 2:00 pm
A new BBC documentary about Stephen Lawrence's murder starts tonight at 9pm. It will look at the original crime, flaws in the investigation and questions of racism within the police...
Stephen Lawrence's name will not be unknown to you.
The tragic story of how the teenager, aged just eighteen, was murdered by a group of white men in a racially motivated attack played out in the media, putting a spotlight on a lot of societal issues.
Now, a new three-part documentary series – set to air on Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday of this week – is bringing it back to the forefront of people's minds.
Stephen: The Murder That Changed A Nation will take a look at the circumstances that surrounded the murder and everything that happened in the run-up, as well as exploring the police investigation that followed.
The handling of the crime brought up questions about institutional racism, leading to a public enquiry into the workings of the police. Many believe that it sparked a fundamental change in British society.
When will the Stephen Lawrence documentary air?
The first episode will hit BBC One at 9pm on Tuesday 17th April, with the second and third instalments airing on Wednesday 18th and Thursday 19th April at the same time.
Stephen: The Murder That Changed A Nation Trailer
Who is Stephen Lawrence?
Stephen lived with his family in Eltham, south east London, and was studying for his A-Levels. On the 22nd April 1993, he was stabbed twice at a bus stop whilst making his way home with his friend Duwayne Brooks. The group of five white men shouted racist abuse at them before the attack.
What is the Stephen Lawrence documentary about?
As well as documenting the day of the murder, the three-part series – created by award-winning film makers Asif Kapadia and James Gay-Rees – will take a hard look at the failings of the justice system as well as the impact Stephen Lawrence's case has had on Britain.
'We are living in the era of Black Lives Matter and the #MeToo movements,' director James Rogan told Newsbeat.
'Stephen's murder is an early example of how people challenged huge establishments to change the way they were treated or viewed by society.'
Rogan also explained that he wanted viewers to feel the emotions of the Lawrence family, giving an 'insight into what it felt like to be caught up in such difficult and tragic events.'
'It would be a wonderful outcome if the series helped Doreen and Neville get more justice,' he said.
Stephen: The Murder That Changed A Nation starts on BBC One at 9pm.
Love Island 2018: Absolutely Everything You Need To Know
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Acquisition of 730,000 SF of land subject to long term leaseholds at LAX.
Acquisition and development of 28 acres of land into contractor storage yards adjacent to the Brooks Institute Campus in Ventura County, CA.
Redevelopment of 187 acres of vacant land in Santa Clarita, CA being entitled for 100 equestrian single family residential homes.
Entitlement of 20 acres of land overlooking the Pacific Ocean in Avila Beach, CA. The land will be entitled to build 50 visitor serving cottages.
Re-Sale and entitlement of 93 acres of land located in McKinney, TX. The land will be re-sold and entitled for mixed-use and class B office spaces.


text:
Invited Sessions
Our Invited Sessions
Using technology to understand children and adolescents' development in a digital world.
Samuel E. Ehrenreich, Ph.D. (chair)
Amy Bellmore, Ph.D.
Candice L. Odgers, Ph.D.
Ellen Selkie, Ph.D.
Children and adolescents are increasingly using new technologies to interact with their family and friends and consume media. Although the constantly evolving technological landscape can create challenges for social scientists attempting to understand the role of technology in child development, it also presents new opportunities to capture a variety of data and gain new insight into children and adolescents' lives. This symposium will describe a variety of methods for using technology to understand child development. The first presentation will describe how researchers can use mobile phones to obtain daily diary responses from adolescents to measure health and behavior. The second presentation will describe a technique for capturing adolescents' social media communication exchanged on a variety of platforms (e.g. Facebook, Twitter, Instagram). The third presentation will present a hand-coding system for analyzing images exchanged by adolescents on Facebook and Instagram. Finally, the fourth presentation will present a machine-learning method for analyzing very large datasets of Twitter communication. All presentations will include illustrative examples of the data that can be collected using these technological methods, and highlight how social scientists can implement these methods in their own research. Each of the presentations and the subsequent panel discussion will highlighting specific procedures, opportunities, and challenges these methods entail.
Presentation 1: Studying adolescents in "the wild": leveraging mobile technologies to capture adolescents' health in daily life
Candice L. Odgers, Ph.D., Duke University
Adolescents are constantly connected to their mobile devices. Close to 90% of adolescents now have access to a mobile phone and they are using them to connecct with each other and the online world frequently. Our research team has been using mobile devices over the last decade to capture the daily experiences, health, and behaviors of children and adolescents. In this talk we share the promise, and the pitfalls, of using mobile and wearable devices as tools in research with adolescents and provide a list of reliable data collection resources and tools for those interested in beginning to work in this area. New opportunities for future research, intervention efforts, and engagement with the latest generation of "digital natives" are discussed, alongside cautionary notes and lessons from the field. Information about ongoing research projects, including an expanded version of this presentation, can be found at adaptlab.org.
Presentation 2: Capturing and coding the content of adolescents' text message and social media communication.
Samuel E. Ehrenreich, Ph.D., The University of Texas at Dallas
Many adolescents use digital forms of communication, such as text messaging and social media as their primary means of interpersonal communication; often communicating with friends and family daily, over a variety of platforms. These forms of communication provide a unique opportunity for researchers to directly observe adolescents naturalistic communication about a wide variety of topics such as peer relationships, romantic partners, substance use, academics, and sexual behaviors. This presentation will discuss techniques for capturing Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram communication and present illustrative examples of how the captured textual data can be micro-coded. Digital archive services used to capture social media communication will be described, and illustrative examples will be presented.
Presentation 3: Observing and Interpreting Adolescents' Health-Related Content on Image-Based Social Media
Ellen Selkie, MD, MPH, University of Michigan
Social media platforms that are popular among adolescents often use images and videos in addition to text to display health-related content. This presentation will include discussion of methods for directly observing and quantifying such content using iteratively developed coding schemes. Using hand coding to analyze image-based social media can provide unique depth and context that may be missed by automated methods. Development and application of a coding scheme will be described using the social media platform Instagram as an example, and the advantages and challenges of the methodology will be discussed.
Presentation 4: Searching for Traces of Bullying on Twitter
Amy Bellmore, Ph.D., University of Wisconsin-Madison
Social media are large-scale, near real-time, dynamic data sources that hold the promise to enrich the study of social relationships. In this talk I will discuss the use of Twitter as a data source for studying bullying and to illustrate the applicability of machine learning methods as a method for understanding the large amount of data generated with social media. Novel insights about bullying that are afforded by this approach will be discussed. These include learning about bullying episodes in out of school settings, identifying how bullying is distributed across time and geography, and hearing directly from multiple bullying role-players such as bullies, victims, and witnesses. Limitations of the methodology, including a reliance on key words and sampling text from populations about whom basic details such as age and gender are missing, will also examined.
Diversity and Access in Children's Use of Technology and Media
L. Monique Ward (chair)
Kevin Clark, George Mason University
Kimberly Scott, Arizona State University
S. Craig Watkins, The University of Texas at Austin
Brendesha Tynes, University of Southern California
Media hold a central spot in the lives of modern youth. Data indicate that youth use media for 7.5 hours a day, and these numbers are even higher for African American and Latino youth. Although a good deal of this time is spent with traditional media, such as television, music, and movies, newer media genres (e.g., reality TV) and platforms (e.g., social networking sites) have changed how youth experience media. Although the media serve many benefits, and are often used for relaxation, peer bonding, and personal expression, there may be some unintended consequences stemming from stereotypical portrayals or encounters with online discrimination. What are the media use patterns and concerns for today's youth of color? In this symposium, we address this question with four presentations representing a range of methods and constructs. In the first talk, the focus is on portrayals of Black women and men in traditional media (TV, movies, music), and their influence on the gender beliefs and self-conceptions of Black youth. The second presentation shifts to digital media, offering findings on the nature of digital technology use via a national survey of African American families. The third presentation looks more closely at in-school and out-of-school use of digital media via an ethnographic study of lower-income youth. The final presentation shares findings from a longitudinal study of online racial discrimination and adjustment among adolescents. We conclude with discussions of limitations of existing methodologies and approaches, and indicate avenues for future research.
Presentation 1: The nature and impact of portrayals of Black women and men in TV, movies, and music
L. Monique Ward, Professor, Psychology Department, University of Michigan
Black youths' heavy media exposure coupled with the media's marginalized and often stereotypical treatment of African Americans have caused concern about the media's possible impact on Black youth. One particular domain of concern are portrayals of masculinity and femininity. Analyses of television, music, and movies indicate a narrow portrait of Black masculinity and Black femininity. Here, Black men are frequently presented as hyper-masculine, violent, or criminal, and portrayals of Black women continue to reflect historical stereotypes of them as angry Sapphires or hypersexual Jezebels. In this talk, I share content analyses, survey data, and experimental results that document the nature of media portrayals of Black men and women, and their effects on the gender beliefs and self-conceptions of Black youth.
Presentation 2: A National Survey of African American Families Online
Kevin Clark, George Mason University and Kimberly Scott, Arizona State University
This report provides the results of a national study of digital technology use among African American teens and their parents, including the use of computers, smartphones, and tablets. Until now, most data we have had about digital media use among African American youth have come from relatively small samples that have been part of broader studies comparing behaviors among young people from different racial and ethnic groups. The primary purpose of this study is to understand to what degree and in what ways African American families are using and learning with technology in their homes and communities, and to examine African American tweens and teens as digital learners and innovators.
Presentation 3: Beyond the Digital Divide: Exploring the Digital Media Practices of Black and Hispanic Youth
S. Craig Watkins, The Moody College of Communication, The University of Texas at Austin
This talk draws from a recent ethnographic study of lower-income youth and their digital media practices. Specifically, the presentation compares and contrasts how the students in our study used technology in-school and out-of-school. The former practices were often school-driven, individual, and regimented while the latter practices were largely peer driven, collaborative, and creative. Whereas educators and policy makers continue to focus on the question of access to digital media, this study illuminates why access to high-quality learning environments, informal networks, and social support are just as crucial to enhancing young people's engagement with media and technology. More broadly, the presentation offers some perspective on how we should be thinking about youth, digital divides, and formations of social and educational inequality.
Presentation 4: Online Racial Discrimination, Adjustment and the Design of Empowering Digital Tools for Adolescents
Brendesha Tynes, Associate Professor, University of Southern California
Though scholars originally believed the Internet would erase race and associated social ills, racial discrimination is now one of the most common experiences online. This presentation will outline the most recent findings from the Teen Life Online and in Schools Project, an NIH-funded, longitudinal study of online racial discrimination and adjustment among adolescents. Results show that being denigrated because of your race online is related to depressive symptoms, anxiety and problem behavior as well as decreased academic motivation over and above offline discrimination. Findings will be discussed within the context of a broader increase in negative race-related messages online that corresponds with the election of America's first African American president. The presentation will also describe the design of digital tools that empower youth to critique and cope with these messages.
Born Digital: Looking at Young Children and Adolescents' Media Use with a Developmental Lens
Rachel Barr
Dan Anderson
Brad Brown
Kaveri Subrahmanyam
Nowadays, children are raised surrounded by digital media - from television programs and tablet apps designed for very young children to social media platforms that are essential communication tools for teens' friendships and romantic relationships. With this proliferation of media in children's lives, developmental science is needed to consider how children at different ages think, learn, and utilize these new technologies. This session brings together four developmental scientists who will focus on the application of theories of child development to media research, with particular focus on early childhood and adolescence.
Presentation 1: The digital divide: How developmental constraints on memory influence transfer of learning from media.
The use of touchscreen devices among 2 to 4 year olds in the U.S. increased from 39% to 80% from 2011 to 2013 (Common Sense Media, 2013). Despite frequent engagement with these devices, it is widely recognized that children exhibit a transfer deficit, a term coined to denote children's consistently poorer learning from television and touchscreens relative to face-to-face interaction (see Barr, 2010, 2013). I will use imitation methods to discuss the role of child experience, perceptual and cognitive constraints, transfer distance and social scaffolding on the transfer deficit and will conclude with lessons for parents and early educators regarding the strategies that may enhance learning across the dimensional divide.
Presentation 2: Toward an Online Processing Theory of Young Children's Screen Media Use
It is clear that very young children go through an acquisition process whereby they learn to pay attention, navigate, and comprehend screen media. Differences in the moment by moment perceptual and cognitive processes in which they engage may help explain differences between types of screen media, e.g., television versus interactive mobile devices. In this speculative talk I outline possible ways of thinking about media platforms in relation to young children. In particular, I discuss activation of the default neural systems during TV viewing, versus neural preparation for action during interactive media use. Differential patterns of brain activation may also cast light on issues such as the transfer deficit from media exhibited by very young children.
Presentation 3: Conceptualizing Adolescent Peer Relations in the "Social Media" Era
Traditionally, adolescence has been regarded as a time of major transformations in peer relations: Attention to popularity, peer pressure, and peer group membership waxes, then wanes; intimacy with and dependence on friends grows steadily, as does involvement in romantic and sexual relationships. Social media seem to have become more central to peer interactions and relationships, but scholars debate whether social media use is tangential to developmental trends in peer issues or serves to enrich or even transform the nature of peer relations. Evidence for each of these claims will be reviewed before turning attention to how theories of adolescent peer relations can adjust to the blurring of adolescents' online and offline worlds and the rapidly changing social media environment.
Presentation 4: Studying Digital Communication to Inform Our Understanding of Adolescent Well-Being in the "Social Media" Era
Digital media and digital communication have become an important social context for youth. They also offer adolescent researchers an unfiltered and unique window into adolescents' lives. I will show how researchers have capitalized on the technological affordances of digital contexts from chat rooms and blogs to social media such as Facebook and Instagram. These studies reveal that adolescents' offline and online lives are closely connected. But, to better understand the developmental implications of digital peer communication, we need to study the longer-term associations between their well-being and offline as well as online interactions. I will use data from a retrospective study and a daily diary study to show how we can study digital communication to advance our understanding of adolescents' lives.
Brown Johnson (Moderator)
Rosemarie T. Truglio
Mindy Brooks
Laura Gatto
Alice Wilder
Brown Johnson Moderator
Executive Vice President and Creative Director, Sesame Workshop
Brown Johnson is the Executive Vice President and Creative Director at Sesame Workshop. Johnson is responsible for the development and production of the Workshop's domestic television content, as well as creative services. Johnson is an award-winning producer of some of the most successful children's programs. Before joining the Workshop, she served as President of Animation and Preschool Entertainment at Nickelodeon where she managed development and production of more than 200 episodes of programming each year. Johnson pioneered the interactive format of the groundbreaking preschool programs Dora the Explorer and Blue's Clues. She also conceived and oversaw the development of the Nickelodeon preschool block featuring hit shows including Go Diego Go!, Yo Gabba Gabba!, Team UmiZoomi, The Backyardigans, and Ni Hao Kai Lan. Johnson led the creative development to extend the preschool block online and through retail. Many of the programs she created and managed showcase characters of diverse ethnicities. Her focus on the development of multi-ethnic children's media spurred Johnson to create fellowships in writing and art to grow the next generation of diverse creators. In Johnson's more than 20 years with Nickelodeon, she received multiple Emmy awards, Television Critics Awards, Peabody Awards, Imagen and NAACP Image Awards. Johnson serves on the advisory board of Peter Gabriel's WITNESS foundation, the board of governors of We Are Family Foundation, the Ambassador Council of the Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media and is a graduate student mentor for the USC John C. Hensch Division of Animation and Digital Arts. Johnson resides in New York and has one daughter.
Mindy Brooks Panelist
Mindy heads up the research arm of Google's kids and family initiative. Her team is focused on helping teams design and create the best products for kids and families. They focus on bringing to life the needs of kids around the world and helping teams understand learning theories and developmental principles that impact product design and vision. Prior to Google, Mindy at Netflix as the first kids and family researcher. Before that Mindy spent over 6 years at Sesame Street with her most recent role being the Director of Content & Innovation Research. She has a masters from NYU in Educational Psychology.
Laura Gatto Panelist
Laura has more than 15 years of experience as a multimedia producer and editor, with an extensive background and expertise in production, design, and instruction. Her passion for creating thoughtful, interactive learning experiences for children informs her role at BrainPOP, where she serves as Instructional Product Designer. In that capacity, she oversaw the development of one of the company's most popular new features, the concept mapping tool Make-a-Map. Currently, she is working on a tool that will enable students to make their own BrainPOP-inspired videos. Laura holds a graduate degree in Digital Media Designs for Learning from NYU's Steinhardt School of Culture and Education, where she focused on Games for Learning. She earned a bachelor's degree in Film & Television from NYU's Tisch School of the Arts, and an Associate's degree in Early Childhood Education from Norwalk Community College in CT. Her two sons, ages 7 and 9, continue to be a prime source of inspiration.
Michelle Lee Panelist
Michelle leads the Design for Play Team, an integrated team of researchers, designers, and developers bringing engaging, interactive and playful experiences to market. Their work includes beloved children's apps Balloonimals and Monster Moves as well as partnering with respected brands like Sesame Workshop, Fisher-Price and Leapfrog to co-create favorite apps such as the top-ranking Elmo Calls. She is a huge proponent for integrating playful elements not only in toys and apps, but also in the broader context of our daily experiences, regularly contributing to IDEO consulting projects that span industries ranging from education to transportation. Throughout her career, Michelle has been driven by a desire to bring thoughtful solutions to fruition through user-centered design. Designing toys at VTech and University Games fueled her passion for play, while lead product roles at thredUP and ShopWell – a health and nutrition IDEO spinout – ignited her spirit of entrepreneurship. Her IDEO tenure includes design research and product design roles, influencing products and services across food and beverage, consumer products, education, entertainment and retail. Michelle holds a BS in Mechanical Engineering and an MS in the Joint Program for Design from Stanford University, where she's also served as an instructor.
Rosemarie T. Truglio Panelist
Rosemarie T. Truglio is the Senior Vice President of Curriculum and Content at Sesame Workshop. Dr. Truglio is responsible for the development of the interdisciplinary curriculum on which Sesame Street is based and oversees content development across platforms (e.g., television, publishing, toys, home video, and theme park activities). Previously, Dr. Truglio managed an interdisciplinary global content team responsible for all global co-productions and content development across all media platforms, including digital media. From 1997 to 2013, she oversaw all educational research pertaining to program development, the results of which informed both the production and creative decisions for how to enhance the entertaining and educational components of linear and interactive content. Before joining Sesame Workshop in 1997, she was an Assistant Professor of Communication and Education at Teachers College, Columbia University. Dr. Truglio has written numerous articles in child and developmental psychology journals and presented her work at national and international conferences. Additionally, she is co-editor of "G is for Growing: Thirty Years of Research on Children and Sesame Street" (2001) published by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Dr. Truglio has appeared on numerous broadcast, cable, and radio news and talk programs, including "The Today Show," "Good Morning America," "CNN's Headline News and Sanjay Gupta. MD," "Showbiz Tonight," NPR's "Morning Edition," and has been interviewed by reporters from a variety of national newspapers and news agencies. Dr. Truglio currently serves on several advisory boards: the NSF REESE grant entitled Collaborative Research: Using Educational DVDs to Enhance Preschooler's STEM Education; and Lego Foundation Research & Innovation Network on Learning Through Play. She previously served on the National Advisory Child Health and Human Development Council (NICHD); the PBS KIDS Next Generation Media; the Children's Digital Media Center Advisory Board; the National Association for Media Literacy Education; PlayAbility Scale Board/Parent's Choice Foundation; and The Ultimate Block Party/Learn Now. Dr. Truglio received a Ph.D. in Developmental and Child Psychology from the University of Kansas, and a B.A in Psychology from Douglass College, Rutgers University. She received distinguished alumni awards from Douglass College (2005), University of Kansas (2013) and Rutgers University (2014).
Alice Wilder Panelist
Dr. Alice serves as the educational advisor responsible for developing the Amazon Kids Original Programming learning approach and is helping implement Amazon's unique educational point of view into the development of new series. In this role, she is also an Emmy Award winning Co-Executive Producer and Head of Educational Development for Tumble Leaf, Co-Executive Producer and Head of Educational Development for The Stinky and Dirty Show, Co-Creator and Executive Producer of Creative Galaxy on Amazon Instant Video. In addition, she is the Chief Learning Officer for Speakaboos, a kid-centric, cross-publisher literacy platform. She also is the Co-Creator and Executive Producer of Cha-Ching Money Smart Kids the "School House Rock" of financial literacy for 7-12 year olds, airing in Asia on Cartoon Network. Dr. Alice is co-creator and head of research and education for Super WHY! on PBS Kids, and served as a Producer and the Director of Research and Development for Nick Jr.'s Blue's Clues. And she is a senior fellow at the Fred Rogers Center for Early Learning and Children's Media. She continues to advise the Kids & Creativity group in Pittsburgh, bringing kids and their point of view to help support educators, technologists, and makers as Kidsburgh creates a model and movement around the integration of the arts, sciences, and technology to inspire creative learning and play. Her groundbreaking work in formative research was cited in The Tipping Point by Malcolm Gladwell. Alice bases her work in formative research on the philosophy that 'the only way to understand what children are capable of doing, what appeals to them, and what they know, is to ask them!'


Concorde's first supersonic flight, Jumbo Jet goes into service, Isle of Wight Festival, Chicago Seven found guilty, Aswan High Dam completed, US and the UK lowers the voting age to 18, 100,000 demonstrate in Washington DC against the Vietnam War, First Earth Day, Beatles disband.
Hi to Ross Mayfield, Neil and Dale Overbay, Greg Mayfield, Tom Landis, Dave Smith, and all the other band nerds I used to hang with.
Ross Mayfield directed me to this site ("Thanks Ross"!). I hope it's successful. I have a lot of great memories of my days at Azusa High School!
Great site! Thanks to sister Roberta for turning me on to this. Been out of touch for years but still remember those days. Atleast one or two of them.
Hey julie! Some new looks, and I tried to right click on the photos and it didn't work! That's good!!
Great Website!!!! Azusa High was the Best time of my life 67′-70′.


text:
Q: ggplot dodge not grouping bars Why isnt the dodge parameter creating multiple bars for each group? I was going for a grouped bar plot, not the stacked one I got.
df<-data.frame(c(40,23,18,41,15,14,38,21,1),c(rep("Do you agree with \nthe 'Hands Up' protestors ?",3),rep("Have the Police alienated themselves\n from the Public?",3),rep("Are the public ignoring the\n dangers Police face everyday?",3)),c("49%","28%","22%","59%","21%","20%","63%","35%","2%"),c(1,1,1,2,2,2,3,3,3))
colnames(df)<-c("values","names","percentages","group")

ggplot(df,aes(names,values,group=group))+
  geom_bar(stat = "identity",position = "dodge",fill=rep(c("green","red","orange"),3))+
  geom_text(aes(label=percentages))+
  ylab("number of votes")+
  xlab("")+
  ggtitle("Police Opinion polls")

My results:

What I want:

A: I think you need a column in your dataframe that actually distinguishes what the different values are (I've made a guess). Then map that column to the fill aesthetic within an aes() call for ggplot to properly dodge the values:
df$response = rep(c("Yes", "No", "Unsure"), 3)

dodger = position_dodge(width = 0.9)
ggplot(df,aes(names,values, fill = response))+
    geom_bar(stat = "identity",position = dodger)+
    geom_text(aes(label=percentages), position = dodger)+
    ylab("number of votes")+
    xlab("")+
    ggtitle("Police Opinion polls")

The dodger = position_dodge(width = 0.9) line is needed because geom_text has to be dodged manually with a specified width.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Day 75 in Beijing: Shopping Logic.
The local Wu-Mart has about 50 to 75 people working the floor, selling stuff, folding stuff, talking to each other, talking to customers, allowing you to test things, and, in general, doing everything humanly possible to keep themselves, and you, the customer busy. It truly is a consumer's dream.
The lines stretch well into the distance.
The check out line, on the other hand, is always understaffed. When I arrived, the two cashiers had about 6 people waiting at each check out stand. By the time I checked out, it was up to about 20 people in each line. No one had called for another check out clerk and numerous employees had walked up, looked at the line, and then smiled and walked away. There were four more check out stands waiting to be used.
I'm guessing that people are trained to do specific jobs and that they stick with them. They are probably not allowed, or taught, how to do the check out and they only have a limited amount of people working the check out areas.
This leads to a lot of long lines and it can be fairly frustrating to most the people in line as they seem to be asking the employees to bring more people to work the cashier area but the employees don't seem to have any idea what to do about the problem.
This is not a one off event or I wouldn't bother posting about it. It seems to be fairly common and yet there is little, if anything, being done about it.
It does, on a positive light, make one really decide if what they are buying is worth the time, money and effort.
And, maybe, just maybe, people won't buy as much and be less consumer oriented.


text:
Schirmers Erbschaft (englischer Originaltitel: The Schirmer Inheritance) ist der Titel eines Romans des britischen Schriftstellers Eric Ambler aus dem Jahr 1953. Als zweites Werk nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg gehört er zu Amblers zweiter Schaffensperiode. Es ist die Geschichte einer Erbschaft in den USA, für die ein junger Anwalt im Auftrag seiner Kanzlei einen Erbberechtigten suchen soll und mit seinen Recherchen immer tiefer in die politischen Ereignisse Europas von 1807 mit der Schlacht bei Preußisch Eylau bis in die späten 1940er Jahre im Griechischen Bürgerkrieg eintaucht.

Historischer Hintergrund
Wie bei Ambler in jener Zeit üblich, verteilt sich das Geschehen auf mehrere historische Ebenen. Der Prolog des Buches spielt zur Zeit der napoleonischen Kriege in Preußen und erzählt die Geschichte eines in preußischen Diensten stehenden Sergeanten, der nach der Schlacht bei Preußisch Eylau in aussichtsloser Lage desertiert, um zu überleben. Der zweite Handlungsstrang berichtet von der Recherche eines alten angesehenen amerikanischen Anwalts im Nazideutschland des Jahres 1939, der sich massivem Druck seitens der deutschen Regierung, die das Millionenerbe für sich beansprucht, ausgesetzt sieht, aber mit seinen Nachforschungen sehr weit gekommen ist. Doch nach dem Beginn des Zweiten Weltkrieges muss er seine Suche aufgeben. Die dritte Handlungsebene erzählt dann von einem jungen aufstrebenden Anwalt aus den USA, der für seine Firma, eine für Erbschaftsfälle spezialisierte und bekannte Kanzlei, weiterhin möglichst einen Berechtigten für ein Millionenerbe finden soll, denn der Staat Pennsylvania beansprucht aufgrund eines neuen Gesetzes das Erbe, wenn kein Berechtigter gefunden wird. Also setzt er die Arbeit seines Vorgängers im Europa der Nachkriegszeit fort. Die Suche führt ihn schließlich bis in das nördliche Griechenland, wo immer noch Reste der kommunistischen DSE als Partisanen gegen die konservativ–rechte Regierung in Athen ihren hoffnungslosen Bürgerkrieg (1946–1949) führen. Als es 1949 auf Grund von Josip Broz Titos Abkehr von der Sowjetunion keine Rückzugs- und Reorganisationmöglichkeiten in Jugoslawien und Albanien mehr für die DSE gab und die Auflösung begann, findet er unter ihren letzten Kämpfern und versprengten Söldnern, die aus verschiedenen Ländern stammten, letztendlich den rechtmäßigen Erben.

Aufbau und Inhalt
Der Roman besteht aus einem Prolog und zwölf Kapiteln. Der Prolog handelt von Sergeant Franz Schirmer, einem Dragoner aus dem Fürstentum Ansbach, der nun mit seinen Leuten in preußischen Diensten steht. Er ist durch und durch Söldner und für unterschiedliche Herrscher tätig, wie das in jener Zeit für Soldaten üblich war. Doch als die Schlacht bei Preußisch Eylau unentschieden ausgeht, sieht er sich in einer hoffnungslosen Lage. Geplagt von Schmerz und Kälte sowie durch eine schwere Verwundung geschwächt kann er sich nur mit Mühe auf seinem Pferd halten. Ihm wird klar, dass er einen geordneten Rückzug nicht überleben wird und fasst den Entschluss zu desertieren. In der von durchziehenden Truppen völlig ausgeplünderten, verwüsteten und entvölkerten Landschaft trifft er auf das letzte noch bewohnte Bauernhaus des verlassenen Dorfes Kutschitten und steht einer jungen halb verhungerten Frau, Maria Dutka, gegenüber, die entschlossen ist, ihn zu töten. Doch er verspricht ihr und ihrem entkräfteten Vater Nahrung, wenn sie ihm hilft. Er lässt sich aus dem Sattel fallen und tötet mit letzter Kraft das Pferd mit einem Schuss aus seinem Karabiner.

Als sich die äußeren Verhältnisse nach dem Frieden von Tilsit wieder normalisiert haben und der Vater der Frau verstorben ist, verlassen die beiden diese Gegend und ziehen im November 1807 in das thüringische Mühlhausen, wo sie heiraten und ihre beiden Söhne geboren werden. Als Mühlhausen 1815 wieder preußisch wird, sieht sich Schirmer veranlasst, seinen Namen in Schneider zu ändern, um nicht zufällig als Deserteur der preußischen Armee entdeckt zu werden. Nach dem Tod seiner Frau Maria heiratet er erneut und lebt unbehelligt bis 1850 als angesehener Bürger. Eine solche Namensänderung war jedoch nicht für seinen erstgeborenen Sohn Karl möglich, denn der war kurz zuvor von den preußischen Militärbehörden registriert worden.

1938 stirbt in den USA die in unauffälligen Verhältnissen lebende Witwe Amelia Schneider-Johnson und hinterlässt ein Millionenvermögen, für das es offenbar keinen Erben gibt, denn ein Testament hat Amelia nicht verfasst. Der Fall macht in der Presse Schlagzeilen und führt zu tausenden unberechtigten Forderungen. Amelia ist die Tochter des 1849 aus Deutschland eingewanderten Hans Schneider, dem jüngeren Sohn des alten Sergeanten Schirmer. Sein älterer Sohn Karl blieb in Deutschland. Einer von dessen Nachfahren, Franz Schirmer, war im Zweiten Weltkrieg Feldwebel der deutschen Wehrmacht in Griechenland, der beim Rückzug der demoralisierten deutschen Besatzungstruppe im Oktober 1944 nach einem Partisanenangriff verwundet zurückblieb und keine Möglichkeit mehr sah, irgendwie nach Deutschland zurückzukehren. Er schließt sich der kommunistischen DSE an und wird schließlich von dem amerikanischen Anwalt George Carey und seiner Übersetzerin Maria Kolin, einer kühlen distanzierten Frau, unter abenteuerlichen und gefährlichen Umständen als rechtmäßiger Erbe ausfindig gemacht.

Ambler erzählt die Story in vielen Verästelungen, die sich quer durch das Nachkriegseuropa ziehen, und mittels Rückblenden und Interviews mit Zeugen rückt er das Geschehen in die jeweiligen historischen Zusammenhänge. Am Ende der Geschichte mit ihren zahlreichen tragischen, gewalttätigen und auch komischen Szenen eines Krieges, wiederholt sich die Geschichte in einer neuen Version. Der Ansbacher Dragoner von 1807 traf nach einer wohlüberlegten rational begründeten Entscheidung eine mutige Frau und konnte ein neues Leben beginnen. Auch der deutsche Wehrmachtsoldat von 1944 triff mit der von George Carey engagierten Übersetzerin Maria Kolin eine solche Frau und wird mit ihr unter einem neuen Namen und dem Verzicht auf das Erbe ein neues Leben beginnen.

Rezeption
Im Jahr 1957 kam eine sechsteilige Fernsehserie mit dem Titel The Schirmer inheritance mit jeweils 30-minütigen Episoden heraus, bei der Philip Dale die Regie führte und Kenneth Hyde das Drehbuch schrieb. Produziert wurde die schwarz-weiß−Verfilmung von ABC Television für das britische Fernsehen; die Ausstrahlung begann am 3. August 1957. Darsteller in allen sechs Teilen waren William Sylvester (George Carey), Vera Fusek (Maria Kolin) und Jefferson Clifford (Robert L. Moreton).

Ein Hörspiel unter der Regie von Cläre Schimmel produzierte im selben Jahr der RIAS Berlin, zusammen mit dem Süddeutschen Rundfunk. Mitwirkende waren unter anderem Heinz Drache als Anwalt George Carey und Horst Niendorf als Franz Schirmer.

Ausgaben

 Eric Ambler, Harry Reuss-Löwenstein, Theodor Knust: Schirmers Erbschaft (= Fischer Bücherei. 78). Fischer, Frankfurt/M./ Hamburg 1955, .

Weblinks

 Schirmers Erbschaft von Eric Ambler auf krimi-couch.de (Kurzinfo zum Inhalt und Leserkommentare)

Einzelnachweise

Literarisches Werk
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (Englisch)
Kriminalliteratur
Koalitionskriege in Kunst und Literatur
Zweiter Weltkrieg in Kunst und Literatur
Kalter Krieg in Kunst und Literatur
Politthriller
Werk von Eric Ambler

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Though Mother Nature took her time coming to the London region, spring has sprung just in time for young Londoners to spring to action as they traded their monkey bars for shovels and dug in for Earth Day.
Grade 6 pupils from Lester B. Pearson School for the Arts headed Monday into nearby South Branch Park to plant apple and chestnut trees, along with current bushes, at the Carolinian Food Forest started in 2012.
When completed, the one-acre forest will include about 1,000 plants representing more than 40 species of edible or medicinal natural plants.
Not far away, pupils at St. Pius X school took to their playground, working in groups to clean up garbage from the bushes and fences.
Though not a planned Earth Day activity, workers hired through a temporary-work program at Goodwill and employees from the city's waste-management department collected garbage along the side of Highbury Ave. south of Hamilton Road.
They sorted the garbage from any recyclables that had either blown into the area or had been discarded by passing motorists.
Earth Day, celebrated every year on April 22, was launched as an environmental-awareness event in 1970 in the United States, and has grown to include more than 1 billion people in 170 countries worldwide.


text:
The Penny Antics
Moonraker below The Lamb & Lion
Westcliff-on-sea, Southend-on-Sea, Essex
Saturday 23rd of July 2022
The Penny Antics are a two piece Grunge/Punk band from Essex. The band was founded in 2015 and has been going from strength to strength since. They're known for their unpredictable and energetic live performances and play each set as though it were their last.
Tuppenny Bunters/Umble Cum Stumble Club night supporting 'Palooka Five'.
Downstairs, 270 Station Road,
Westcliff-on-sea,
Southend-on-Sea,
SS0 7SD.
Contact Venue / Act
Other Events at
Ignition presents: Helix
House Heaven


TDDDMOOMDDOOOO! Oggi è di magro, baccalà a tutto spiano! E ALBERI per tutti solo da @todomodolibri #todomodo #todomodolibri #script #font #typography #newspaper #magazines #books #bookshelf #wood Posted @withrepost • @elitismflorence Where to go in Florence | @todomodolibri Via dei Fossi 15r Florence libreria @todomodo.com www.todomodo.org/ Todo Modo is a magic indipendent library in Florence with 15.000 titles. It's also bar, resturant and much more.
Together we create stories to inspire and entertain. Follow us @triplehelixmedia and read our stories on our website. Link in the Triple Helix bio.
Together we create stories to inspire and entertain. Check out our website to see more of what we do - link in the bio.
Q is for...Ive got nothing for Q. Q is tough! Do you have a Q thought today?


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text:
Home / A.C.W. & E.C.W. / A.C.W. / Mounted personality figures / Confederates / ACP 15
ACP 15
Major-general braxton bragg (see main description for short history)
ACP015
General braxton braggbragg was born in warrenton, north carolina, the younger brother of future confederate attorney general thomas bragg. He was often ridiculed as a child because of his mother's stint in prison. She had in fact murdered a free negro for impertinence but was never charged and, released before braxtons birth. He graduated fifth in a class of fifty from the united states military academy in 1837 and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the 3rd u.S. Artillery. Bragg served in the second seminole war in florida and took part in the occupation of texas. He won promotions for bravery and distinguished conduct in the mexican-american war, including a brevet promotion to captain for battle of fort brown (may 1846), to major for the battle of monterrey (september 1846), and to lieutenant colonel for the battle of buena vista (february 1847). Bragg was also promoted to captain within the regular army in june 1846. His conduct in mexico had gained the respect of his commander, general zachary taylor.Bragg had a reputation for being a strict disciplinarian and one who adhered to regulations literally. There is a famous, perhaps apocryphal, story about him as a company commander at a frontier post where he also served as quartermaster. He submitted a requisition for supplies for his company, then as quartermaster declined to fill it. As company commander, he resubmitted the requisition, giving additional reasons for his requirements, but as the quartermaster he denied the request again. Realizing that he was at a personal impasse, he referred the matter to the post commandant, who exclaimed, "my god, mr. Bragg, you have quarreled with every officer in the army, and now you are quarreling with yourself!" it is alleged that some of his troops attempted to assassinate him on two occasions in august and september 1847, but he was not injured either time. In the more serious of the two incidents, one of his soldiers exploded a 12-pound artillery shell underneath his cot. Although the cot was destroyed, somehow bragg himself emerged without a scratch. In january 1856, bragg resigned from the united states army to become a sugar planter in thibodaux, louisiana. He also served as commissioner of public works for the state. Before the start of the civil war, bragg was a colonel in the louisiana militia and was promoted to major general of the militia on february 20, 1861. He commanded the forces around new orleans, louisiana, until april 16, but his commission was transferred to be a brigadier general of the confederate states army on march 7, 1861. He commanded forces in pensacola, florida, and the department of west florida and was promoted to major general on september 12, 1861. His command was extended to alabama, and then to the army of pensacola in october 1861. His time spent training the confederate recruits was a great success and, along with friend richard taylor he turned his men into some of the best disciplined troops in the confederate army.Bragg brought his forces to corinth, mississippi, and was charged with improving the poor discipline of the confederate troops already assembled. He commanded a corps at the battle of shiloh and attacked the hornet's nest with piecemeal frontal assaults. After the confederate commander, general albert sidney johnston, was killed at shiloh, general p.G.T. Beauregard assumed command. On that day, april 6, 1862, bragg was promoted to full general, one of only seven in the history of the confederacy. Bragg was assigned to command the army of mississippi. The next day the confederates were driven back to corinth. After the siege of corinth, beauregard departed on account of illness, although he failed to inform president davis of his departure and spent two weeks absent without leave. Davis was looking for someone to replace beauregard because of his poor performance at corinth, and the opportunity presented itself when beauregard left without permission. Bragg was then appointed his successor as commander of the army of tennessee in june 1862.In august 1862, bragg invaded kentucky, hoping that he could arouse supporters of the confederate cause in the border state and draw the union forces under major general don carlos buell, beyond the ohio river. Bragg transported all of his infantry by railroads from tupelo, mississippi, to chattanooga, tennessee, while his cavalry and artillery moved by road. By moving his army to chattanooga, tennessee, he was able to challenge buell's advance on the city. Once his forces had assembled in chattanooga, bragg then planned to move north into kentucky in cooperation with lieutenant general edmund kirby smith, who was commanding a separate force operating out of knoxville, tennessee. He captured more than 4,000 union soldiers at munfordville, and then moved his army to bardstown. On october 4, 1862, he participated in the inauguration of richard hawes as the provisional confederate governor of kentucky. The wing of bragg's army under maj. Gen. Leonidas polk met buell's army at perryville on october 8 and won a tactical victory against him. Kirby smith pleaded with bragg to follow up on his success: "for god's sake, general, let us fight buell here." bragg replied, "i will do it, sir," but then displaying what one observer called "a perplexity and vacillation which had now become simply appalling to smith, to hardee, and to polk," he ordered his army to retreat through the cumberland gap to knoxville. Bragg referred to his retreat as a withdrawal, the successful culmination of a giant raid. He had multiple reasons for withdrawing. Disheartening news had arrived from northern mississippi that earl van dorn and sterling price had been defeated at corinth, just as robert e. Lee had failed in his maryland campaign. He saw that his army had not much to gain from a further, isolated victory, whereas a defeat might costnot only the bountiful food and supplies yet collected, but also his army. He wrote to his wife, "with the whole southwest thus in the enemy's possession, my crime would have been unpardonable had i kept my noble little army to be ice-bound in the northern clime, without tents or shoes, and obliged to forage daily for bread, etc." the invasion of kentucky was a strategic failure, although it had forced the union forces out of northern alabama and most of middle tennessee; it would take the union forces a year to regain the lost ground. Bragg was criticized by some newspapers and two of his own generals, polk and william j. Hardee, but there was plenty of blame to spread among the confederate high command for the failure of the invasion of kentucky. The armies of bragg and kirby smith suffered from a lack of unified command. Bragg can be faulted for moving his army away from munfordville, out of buell's path, a prime location for a battle to confederate advantage. Polk can also be blamed for not following bragg's instructions on the day before and of the battle.In december, bragg fought the battle of stones river, and nearly defeated union maj. Gen. William s. Rosecrans, but withdrew his army from the field to tullahoma, tennessee, after the urgings of corps commanders hardee and polk. The attacks upon bragg started anew and several of his supporters now turned against him. Stones river was also another in which blame can be spread beyond bragg alone. Bragg has to be faulted for the ground on which the battle was fought, which offered few advantages to the attacking confederate army and offered more advantages to the defending union army. He also selected his military objective poorly, resulting in a union defensive line that became more concentrated and stronger as bragg's became spread out and weaker. The ill-advised assaults he ordered john c. Breckinridge to make on january 2, 1863, weakened his army without gain. But his subordinates were at various degrees of fault. The inexperienced major general john p. Mccown was found guilty by court-martial of disobedience to bragg's orders, which diluted the force of his division's attack and possibly cost the confederates a victory. The charge of drunkenness pressed against division commander b. Franklin cheatham was merited, as there were claims that he was so drunk during the battle that he fell off his horse while leading his men forward. Both polk and hardee can be faulted for not coordinating their attacks, but instead choosing to attack en echelon, which led to much of the confusion. Fault is also given to jefferson davis, who sent major general carter l. Stevenson's division to the defense of vicksburg. The loss of these troops weakened bragg's army and if bragg had had these troops victory might have been possible.Many members of bragg's army sought to get him transferred after the battle, citing the failure of the kentucky invasion and the recent defeat at murfreesboro, as well as the lack of faith the army had in bragg, as reasons to remove him. Polk became the ringleader and tried to influence his friend jefferson davis through a series of letters explaining to davis about why bragg needed to go as the commander of the army. Hardee became polk's second-in-command, so to speak, as he went about trying to influence the officers in the army against bragg, while presenting a friendly face to him. Davis was unwilling to choose between bragg and polk, so he empowered general joseph e. Johnston, commander of all confederate forces in the western theater, to relieve bragg of command. Johnston visited bragg, found general morale in the army to be high, and decided to retain him. Bragg was then driven from tullahoma to chattanooga and into georgia during rosecrans's tullahoma campaign in late june 1863, during which he constantly outflanked the confederate army out of their positions.After william s. Rosecrans had consolidated his gains and secured his hold on chattanooga, he began moving his army into northern georgia against bragg's army. Bragg began to suffer from inattention to his orders on the part of his subordinates. On september 10th 1863, major generals thomas c. Hindman and d.H. Hill refused to attack the outnumbered federal column under brigadier general james s. Negley, as ordered. On september 13, bragg ordered leonidas polk to attack the forces of major general thomas l. Crittenden's corps, but polk ignored the orders and demanded more troops, insisting that it was he who was about to be attacked. Rosecrans used the time lost in these delays to collect his scattered forces. Finally, on september 19 and september 20, 1863, bragg, reinforced by two divisions from mississippi, one division and several brigades from the department of east tennessee, and two divisions under lieutenant general james longstreet from robert e. Lee's army of northern virginia, turned on the pursuing rosecrans in northeastern georgia and at high cost defeated him at the battle of chickamauga, the greatest confederate victory in the western theater during the war. After the battle, rosecrans's army of the cumberland retreated to chattanooga, tennessee, where bragg laid siege to the city. He chose to use the victory to rid himself of his enemies within the army and managed to get polk and d.H. Hill transferred. Bragg blamed polk for the numerous occasions on which he disobeyed instructions. Hill, one of the many generals who were allies of polk, spoke out against bragg so much that jefferson davis removed him from command and canceled his endorsement of hill's promotion to lieutenant general.Things came to a head in the confederate high command in the aftermath of chickamauga. Some of bragg's subordinate generals were frustrated at what they perceived to be his lack of willingness to exploit the victory by driving the union army from chattanooga and pursuing them. Polk in particular was outraged at being relieved of command. The dissidents, including many of the division and corps commanders, met in secret and prepared a petition to the president. Although the author of the petition is not known, historians suspect it was simon buckner, whose signature was first on the list. Longstreet wrote to the secretary of war with the prediction that "nothing but the hand of god can save us or help us as long as we have our present commander." nathan bedford forrest, dissatisfied after a long association with bragg, and bitter about his failure to pursue the defeated union forces after chickamauga, refused to serve under him again. He told bragg to his face, "you have played the part of a damned scoundrel. … If you ever again try to interfere with me or cross my path it will be at the peril of your life." with the army of tennessee literally on the verge of mutiny, jefferson davis reluctantly traveled to chattanooga to personally assess the situation and to try to stem the tide of dissent in the army. Although bragg offered to resign to resolve the crisis, davis eventually decided to leave bragg in command and denounced the other generals and termed their complaints "shafts of malice".Finally reinforced and now commanded by major general ulysses s. Grant, the union army broke the siege by driving the confederates from their commanding positions on lookout mountain (the famous "battle above the clouds") and, missionary ridge the following day. The battle of chattanooga at missionary ridge resulted in a rout, with the confederates narrowly escaping total destruction and retreating into georgia. The loss of their hold on chattanooga is partially attributed to poor placement of artillery; instead of locating the guns on the military crest, they were placed on the actual crest of the ridge, allowing the approaching infantry to remain in defilade. Bragg, on the advice of davis, sent james longstreet and his divisions, as well as simon b. Buckner and his division, to knoxville, tennessee, to lay siege to major general ambrose burnside and his forces in the city. This move was gladly accepted by longstreet, and bragg believed he could prevent burnside from marching to grant's aid. Only after the confederate collapse at chattanooga did davis accept bragg's resignation and replace him with joseph e. Johnston, who commanded the army in the atlanta campaign against sherman.In february 1864, bragg was sent to richmond, virginia; his official orders read that he was "charged with the conduct of military operations of the confederate states", but he was essentially davis's military advisor without a direct command, a post once held by robert e. Lee. Bragg used his organizational abilities to reduce corruption and improve the supply system. He reshaped the confederacy's conscription process by streamlining the chain of command and reducing conscripts' avenues of appeal. Later he commanded in turn the defenses of wilmington, north carolina, the department of north carolina and southern virginia, the defenses of augusta, georgia, the defenses of savannah, georgia, the defenses of charleston, south carolina, and in january 1865, the defenses again of wilmington. His performance in the second battle of fort fisher caused the loss of the latter city, but he managed to escape with the bulk of the garrison and win a small victory at kinston. Near the end of the war he served as a corps commander (although his command was less than a division in size) in the army of tennessee under joseph e. Johnston in the carolinas campaign against sherman and fought at the battle of bentonville. After lee's surrender at appomattox court house, bragg accompanied jefferson davis as he fled through south carolina and into georgia.After the war bragg served as the superintendent of the new orleans waterworks and later became the chief engineer for alabama, supervising harbor improvements at mobile. He moved to texas and became a railroad inspector. Bragg was walking down a street with a friend in galveston, texas, when he suddenly fell over dead. A local legend holds that there is a mysterious light near the place of his death, which is called bragg's light. He is buried in magnolia cemetery, mobile, alabama.Bragg's shortcomings as an army commander included his unimaginative tactics, mostly his reliance on frontal assault (such as the hornet's nest at shiloh, breckinridge's assault at stones river, and numerous instances at chickamauga), and his lack of post-battle follow up that turned tactical victories or draws into strategic disappointments (perryville and chickamauga). His sour disposition, penchant to blame others for defeat, and poor interpersonal skills undoubtedly caused him to be criticized more directly than many of his unsuccessful.However; his skills as an organizer and that his defeat in several battles can also be partially blamed upon bad luck and incompetent subordinates, notably polk. Of his troublesome subordinates, hardee was considered to be a solid soldier even by bragg. Polk, although personally brave and charismatic, was simply an average tactician known for insubordination and piecemeal attacks. Unfortunately, he was a close friend of davis, who was unwilling to relieve him. Bragg also never got the support davis gave to robert e. Lee and sidney johnston. That his abilities were only properly utilized in 1861 and 1864 also shows the inability of the confederacy to make proper use of many of its generals. Despite his faults, bragg was able to impress on occasion his superiors, such as taylor, davis, beauregard, and sidney johnston.Historians grady mcwhiney and steven woodworth have pointed out that, contrary to popular belief, davis and bragg were not friends, having bitterly quarreled during the antebellum years. Davis was impressed with bragg, but was willing to relieve him in early 1863. He did not relieve him, in part because no suitable replacements could be found, a consistent problem for davis. Even bragg's harshest critics have generally failed to suggest a suitable replacement.
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