The President is having a very successful campaign against suspected drug dealers and drug users. The killing of a 17-year old Grade 11 student, Kian Loyd delos Santos, by police in an anti-drug operation last week during which as many as 94 people were shot dead by police was just one too many. The police claim that all the dead, including the boy, resisted arrest and fought back. However, witnesses and CCTV footage of the incident show that the boy was dragged and shot dead.
Whatever the truth of it is, the evidence that these 94 people were all drug dealers and had resisted arrest is woefully lacking. Many in the Philippines are shocked at the news that as many as 31 minors have been shot dead during the past twelve months of the President's war-on-drugs. The tough-talking and feared President strengthened his determination to pursue the war-on-drugs and said that it would continue relentlessly and warned drug pushers that they will face "either jail or hell." "Illegal drugs are the root cause of much evil and so much suffering that weaken the social fabric and deters foreign investment from pouring in," he said.
Caloocan Bishop Pablo Virgilio David spoke out against it and condemned the killing of Kian Loyd Delos Santos. "This is one very specific case where an innocent individual, who happens to be just a boy, a Grade 11 student, you snuff out the future of a child," David said in a phone interview with Rappler on Friday, August 18. "That really crushes my heart as bishop. I cannot possibly keep quiet about this," said David, the incoming vice president of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines (CBCP). He is one of the most outspoken bishops against the extrajudicial killings (EJKs).
The targeting of children is not unusual. The authorities look down upon them. The move by the authorities to change the juvenile justice and welfare law and reduce the minimum age of criminal liability to nine years old is still pending in the congress. In a speech to the Boy Scouts, the President said children in conflict with the law have criminals minds.
Without evidence against the suspects, they are listed by local officials and are judged guilty and arrested, jailed or even executed. The President praised the big "success" of the operation. The rule of law and due process is ignored and for many Filipinos of conscience, it is extrajudicial killing. The police vigorously deny it.
Some commentators say that as many as ten thousand suspects have died in the war on drugs killed by police and vigilantes. The vigilantes, some say, are police in disguise and they are paid a bonus for every killing. This cannot be confirmed. The owners of the funeral parlors where the bodies are brought pay the police to bring them more bodies, some reports say. The families of the victims have to borrow heavily to pay for the expensive funeral. A report by Reuters last June 29 revealed that some police bring the dead bodies to hospitals as part of a cover up.
The amazing thing is that for a so-called Catholic country that is the Philippines, surveys say the tough talking president has approval ratings as high as 80 percent of those polled. Some say many Filipinos give approval in a survey out of fear. The president who apparently enjoys wide popularity said he would kill human rights advocates too to show them what human rights violations were. Later his communications officials said he didn't mean it.
"The sounding of the bells is a call to stop approval of the killings," Villegas said in a statement read last week in churches in his archdiocese in Pangasinan province. "The country is in chaos. The officer who kills is rewarded and the slain get the blame. The corpses could no longer defend themselves from accusations that they 'fought back,'" he said. "Why are we no longer horrified by the sound of the gun and blood flowing on the sidewalks? Why is nobody raging against drugs that were brought in from China?" Villegas asked, referring to a huge drugs shipment that managed to pass through Manila's ports under the watch of customs officials appointed by Duterte.
This is a time for people of conscience to know and speak the truth, to be prophetic, to proclaim the value of every life, to stand for the truth, justice, human dignity, due process and the rule of law so that all people will be protected and safe from home invasion and the arbitrary killing of innocent people.


CALGARY — WestJet Vacations' new brochure will be released earlier than ever, at the end of this month, to "support the travel agent community".
Along with vacation packages to the Caribbean, Mexico, Central America and the U.S., the new brochure will also feature more than 850 hotels, new WestJet Vacations properties, flight information, details on WestJet's in-flight experience as well as destination overviews including maps and valuable travel tips.
Travel agents can pick up a copy of the brochure (available in English and French) at any of the 2018 WestJet Travel Trade Expos. It will also be available for order from envoynetworks.ca at the end of April.
In other news, two new routes have been added to WestJet's domestic network, but only for a limited time.
Starting June 29, the airline will launch service between London, Ontario and Vancouver, as well as between Quebec City and Calgary. These limited-edition flights will be offered only during the peak summer travel season.
Quebec City-Calgary will run from June 29 through Sept. 9, four times weekly, nonstop. Service will be reduced to three weekly, nonstop from Sept. 8 through Oct. 26. According to WestJet, the service opens up 18 new destinations via Calgary International Airport, including Saskatoon, Edmonton, Fort McMurray, Vancouver, Kelowna, Victoria, Comox, Nanaimo and its new WestJet Link service to Medicine Hat, Lethbridge and Cranbrook.
London, Ontario-Vancouver will run from June 29 to Sept. 7, three times weekly, nonstop. The service arrives in London in the evening and departs in the morning, opening up six new WestJet destinations including Calgary, Edmonton, Victoria, Fort St. John, Prince George and Kelowna via Vancouver International Airport.
For more information go to westjet.com/flight-schedules-new.


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The team of SCHNEIDER GROUP consists of about 500 experts who combine a western management mindset with local know-how. We are there for you in Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Ukraine, Poland, and Germany, speaking your language. Feel free to get in touch.
Ulf Schneider
Ulf Schneider founded SCHNEIDER GROUP in 2003, and is currently the CEO and President of SCHNEIDER GROUP, and also CEO and Publisher of the OWC Foreign Trade Publishing House, whose print and online media focuses on Eastern European markets, China, Iran, and Central Asia.
Before founding SCHNEIDER GROUP, he worked as CFO in the Moscow office of Allianz Insurance Company.
After studying economics in Kiel and at the University of Illinois he worked for 5 years with Procter & Gamble in financial management at different offices in Germany and in Brussels, Belgium.
Mr. Schneider regularly gives presentations and speeches on the following topics:
Economic development and Business Set-up and Development in Russian speaking countries
Global trends in foreign trade
Common Economic Space from Lisbon to Vladivostok and the New Silk Road project
Ulf Schneider is also co-chair of the working group on the creation of a common economic area from Lisbon to Vladivostok. He is a longtime member of Rotary, held the presidency of the Metropol Club Moscow, and supports the Charity Service of the Order of Malta in Russia.
In 2018 he was listed in the ranking of the 1000 most influential managers in Russia, was among top 250 most influential personalities in the "General Directors" category, and was one of only two Germans.
Lars Flottrong
Lars Flottrong is the Partner of the Moscow office of SCHNEIDER GROUP. With his knowledge in economics and the expertise he gathered during his extensive work experience, Mr. Flottrong provides all of SCHNEIDER GROUP's services to our clients and consults them in Russian, English, or German.
Before joining SCHNEIDER GROUP, Lars Flottrong worked as Finance Director in the Moscow office of ED&F Man, one of the world's largest physical commodity trading companies. During that time he was responsible for accounting, tax, and finance aspects of the Russian operations, including production.
After studying economics at the Moscow State University of International Relations, Lars Flottrong worked with international companies in both Russia and Germany at a senior level.
Lars Flottrong has made many presentations and held workshops all over the world on the following topics:
Market entry in Russia
Business Set-up and Development
Economic development and chances for exporting companies and investors
Finance structuring of business
Accounting and taxes in Russia
Kirill Afanasyev
Kirill Afanasyev is the Partner of our SCHNEIDER GROUP office in Almaty. Together with his team of more than 40 experts, he provides our services to more than 60 multinational companies operating in Kazakhstan in various industries, such as construction, telecommunication, FMCG, subsurface use, logistics, consulting, renewable energy, pharmaceuticals, and others.
In 2009, Mr. Afanasyev started as a Senior Tax Expert at SCHNEIDER GROUP after having worked in numerous companies, most recently Ernst & Young.
After his development within SCHNEIDER GROUP, he continues to share his expertise in the tax sphere with professional tax presentations, speeches, articles, and at our SCHNEIDER GROUP events.
Furthermore, Mr. Afanasyev uses his strengths to build and manage effective client relations and develop our business on the market in Kazakhstan. With his knowledge of the peculiarities regarding business in Kazakhstan, he has also supported the Canada-Eurasia-Russia Business Association (CERBA) as a Board Member since 2014. In representing CERBA in exhibitions, round tables, forums, and organizing events, he is working on devloping relations between Canadian and Kazakh businesses.
Yuri Donets
Yuri Donets is the Partner of the Ukrainian office of SCHNEIDER GROUP and responsible for providing our services to clients in Ukraine and Armenia. With his extensive business experience, including setting up operations, crisis management, and successful implementation of world-class financial controls, he is especially skilled in Commercial, Finance, and G&A matters.
Before joining SCHNEIDER GROUP and after his economic studies, Mr. Donets climbed the corporate ladder through several finance and general management positions within well-known multinational businesses, the most recent being SC Johnson.
Mr. Donets has experience in the commercial activity of Ukrainian operations, customer leadership, growth benchmarks, and SAP projects, including multi-tier production, exports, imports, and local trade. His expertise additionally includes the areas of
Implementation of anticorruption procedures
FCPA-related documentation
Furthermore, Mr. Donets has given several presentations and speeches on behalf of SCHNEIDER GROUP on the following topics:
Risk mitigation solutions
Adrian Branny
Adrian Branny is Partner and head of the Polish office of SCHNEIDER GROUP in Warsaw and responsible for both Poland and Belarus. He is a certified tax advisor with more than 15 years of professional experience.
Before joining SCHNEIDER GROUP, Mr. Branny was an associate in the tax department of Sołtysiński Kawecki & Szlęzak Legal Office and worked as a tax manager for Deloitte in Poland in the Corporate Tax and Litigation team for more than 8 years. In addition, Mr. Branny was a World Bank consultant for corporate income tax in Poland.
He studied at the Law Faculty of Warsaw University, where he also lectured in public finance and tax law.
Natalia Shulzhenko
Natalya Shulzhenko is the Director at SCHNEIDER GROUP's Minsk office, and holds a Diploma in International Financial Reporting Standards "DipIFR-Rus АССА". She has substantial experience advising clients in Belarus on:
Current regulations for permanent establishment
Practice of double tax treaties
After her Diploma in Accounting, Controlling, Analysis and Audit at the Moscow State University of Economics, Statistics & Informatics, Ms. Shulzhenko gained experience as a Chief Accountant in different western companies and representative offices across a wide range of industries, including energy, construction, manufacturing, distribution, and the service sector.
Ms. Shulzhenko joined SCHNEIDER GROUP in 2009 and has made many presentations at seminars and conferences on the following topics:
Peculiarities of Belarusian taxation
Things to consider when importing into Belarus
Accounting, taxes, and reporting – differences between subsidiaries and representative offices
Yuliya Sudnik
Yuliya Sudnik is a Project Manager and the Chinese Country Desk Manager of SCHNEIDER GROUP and is based out of the Moscow office. She has been the primary point of contact for many of our clients since 2013 and communicates with them in English, German, Chinese, and Russian.
As the Chinese Country Desk Manager, Ms. Sudnik helps SCHNEIDER GROUP participate in meetings with current and potential Chinese clients, developing our business direction, and providing communication support during negotiations and cooperation. As a Project Specialist, Ms. Sudnik provides our clients with consulting services in the area of payments, invoices, and other documents.
Before joining SCHNEIDER GROUP, Ms. Sudnik gained a significant amount of knowledge over more than four years of studying abroad for her Master's Degree and getting to know the peculiarities of the cultures she lived in. With her experiences in Germany, China, and Belarus, she helps to provide SCHNEIDER GROUP's services for German, Russian, and Chinese clients.
Sergey Odintsov
Sergey Odintsov is currently responsible for our Tax and Legal Department at SCHNEIDER GROUP's Minsk office, where he provides all of SCHNEIDER GROUP's services to Western companies. He has a particular proficiency in practical support in legal entity set-up, restructuring, investment consulting, taxation, and tax advisory.
Odintsov is a tax and legal expert with more than 13 years of extensive experience in:
Tax and legal advising
Business set up and restructuring
Foreign investments
Corporate and indirect taxation
International taxation and tax structuring
Before joining SCHNEIDER GROUP, Mr. Odintsov worked at numerous professional service companies, including one of the Big Four in Belarus. He advised international and local clients working in such economy sectors as engineering and construction, oil and gas, transportation and logistics, retail and consumer, pharmaceuticals, IT, and others.
Since 2006 Mr. Odintsov has been closely working with the IFC and World Bank on the Doing Business project by contributing his expertise to Paying Taxes Surveys for Belarus. Furthermore, he has participated in a number of promotional events and business conferences in Belarus and abroad that focus on foreign investments and market entry, corporate taxation, and transfer pricing.
Odintsov holds a degree in international law and has been admitted by the Ministry of Justice as a Tax and Legal Advisor (license No 471).
Daria Shelkova
In her 5 years at SCHNEIDER GROUP, Daria Shelkova has progressed from Senior Accountant to Finance Director, responsible for financial management. She has led several major projects in finance, accounting, and taxation, including projects with staff located at our clients' offices and projects in IFRS.
Before Ms. Shelkova started working for SCHNEIDER GROUP she worked as Chief Accountant in a large research institute in the machinery industry and in a company developing banking software. Furthermore, she has experience in finance accounting within the fuel industry,the economics and accountancy side of machine-building, and metallurgical factory operations.
Shelkova graduated from the State Chuvash University as an economist with a qualification in Finance, Audit & Accounting, and has certificates as a Professional Chief Accountant, Tax Consultant, and a diploma in IFRS.
Shelkova's work experience at SCHNEIDER GROUP and her previous experience in accounting and finance covers the following areas:
Construction and premises renting
IFRS accounting (transformation from RAS to IFRS; provisions on onerous contracts according to IAS 37)
Additionally, Ms. Shelkova has held seminars on the following topics:
Taxation – property, land and vehicle taxes
Taxation – profit tax
Artem Barinov
Artem Barinov is the Head of the Legal Department in SCHNEIDER GROUP's Kyiv office and is responsible for providing legal and tax services to our clients in Ukraine. He mainly assists our clients with solving complex issues of corporate, tax, labor and, migration law. In addition, Mr. Barinov has proven experience in the areas of transfer pricing regulations and anti-corruption legislation in Ukraine.
Barinov graduated from the Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University with a Master's degree in Law, and has since gathered work experience for more than 9 years with international companies in the area of professional consulting services, insurance, and production.
Before joining SCHNEIDER GROUP, Mr. Barinov worked as a Legal and Tax Consultant with KPMG, focusing on projects in the area of tax law, M&A, labor law, migration law, and foreign investment structuring.
He has given many presentations at different seminars and events on the following topics connected with business activities in Ukraine:
Taxation rules
Employment of foreigners
Migration requirements
Investments and financing
Anti-corruption legislation
Christopher Schagerl
Christopher Schagerl heads the interim management department in the Moscow office of SCHNEIDER GROUP and is responsible for the following areas:
Management of the Interim Management service line, providing management resources for the general director, branch, or representative office manager functions.
Organisation of business processes in interim management in cooperation with local companies and owner representatives.
Acting as the authorised representative for bank authorisations
Support and promotion of business services in the Chambers of Commerce and Industry of Russia, Austria, Germany, and Australia
Contact for Austrian and Australian service desks at SCHNEIDER GROUP.
Before joining SCHNEIDER GROUP, Christopher Schagerl worked for 7 years as representative, branch manager, and financial manager at an Austrian engineering and construction company in Moscow. His tasks included the commercial administration and control of subsidiaries, branches, and projects in plant construction. He was also involved in the liquidation of legal entities. He was able to develop and improve his management skills and acquire deep knowledge in budgeting, financial planning and controlling, and HR management.
He graduated from the University of Applied Sciences in Eisenstadt (Austria) with a master's degree in international business relations, specialising in international finance, accounting, and controlling. He is currently an ACCA student. In addition, he studied at the ESCE in Paris, supplemented his education with practical work in the city of Kazan (Russia), and attended courses at Moscow State University and the Academy for Labour and Social Relations in Moscow.
His mother tongue is German. He is also fluent in English and Russian and has a basic knowledge of French.
Katharina Barthel
Katharina Barthel as a director leads SCHNEIDER GROUP's marketing and event management department, and is responsible for its activities in Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Poland, Germany, and target markets.
Barthel leads the event team, which organizes events on the premises of SCHNEIDER GROUP and in other venues. She has experience in developing concepts and organizing different formats from exclusive discussion rounds, seminars, and conferences, to large events and corporate outings.
SCHNEIDER GROUP rents out its state of the art facilities and takes over the organization of clients' events via turn-key concepts and complete coordination.
Barthel has more than nine years of experience in marketing, procurement, and event management. In the past, she has worked in retail, for service providers, and hotels.
Katharina Barthel has a diploma in Business Administration, with a major in Marketing. She has studied in Berlin and Istanbul and has been living in Moscow for over four years. She is a native German, speaks fluent English, has good Russian skills, and a basic knowledge of Turkish.
Alexander Nuzhny
Alexander Nuzhny is the Partner Accounting, Financial Management in the Moscow office of SCHNEIDER GROUP and has been with the company since 2007. With over 10 years of experience in financial economics, a Master's in Finance, and knowledge of three languages (German, English, and Russian), Mr. Nuzhny is a highly skilled professional who furthered his development while working as an Associate Professor at the National Research University, Higher School of Economics in Financial accounting and IFRS.
Before SCHNEIDER GROUP Mr. Nuzhny worked as Chief Accountant at an oil and gas trading and manufacturing company.
Presently, Mr.Nuzhny is dedicated to sharing his expertise with his colleagues and SCHNEIDER GROUP clients. Among his professional activities are the following:
Commercial and tax accounting
Preparation of annual financial statements and audits in accordance with German GAAP and IFRS standards
Preparation of managerial reports in accordance with IFRS standards
Development of internal instructions for accounting record-keeping purposes
Preparation of tax statements (income taxes, turnover tax, net worth tax, property taxes, vehicle tax, and social security contributions), separate VAT-detection, holding of import transactions, preparation of all accounting reports, relations with Russian tax authorities, and Non-Appropriated Funds
Managing of Due Diligence projects
Execution of General Director functions in international companies' subsidiaries
Ekaterina Lozhkova
Ms. Lozhkova has a more than 12 years of experience in Accounting and Finance. Prior to entering SCHNEIDER GROUP, she started her career as accountant in a Russian IT company, with further promotion to chief accountant. She also has experience as a finance controller in a French company specializing in recruiting services. She started as an accountant at SCHNEIDER GROUP in 2009.
Ms. Lozhkova graduated from the Government University of Management with a degree in economics and from Moscow State University with a diploma in International Financial Reporting Systems. She is a member of the Chamber of Tax Advisers, and an ACCA student with more than 11 passed exams.
Her business expertise is in the wholesale, trade, services, and logistics fields. She also leads SCHNEIDER GROUP's starsacademy and account outsourcing departments. She has special experience in accounting in SAP and Microsoft Dynamics AX 2012 and Management reporting in IFRS and US GAAP.
A native Russian speaker, Ms. Lozhkova also speaks English fluently and has intermediate skills in German.
Alex Stolarsky
Alex Stolarsky is a German lawyer (Rechtsanwalt) and Partner of SCHNEIDER GROUP in Moscow. He has been advising German and international investors on their activities in Russia and Russian investors in Germany for almost 15 years. Before joining SCHNEIDER GROUP in 2017, he worked in the Moscow offices of the major international law firms Beiten Burkhardt and Dentons.
He has been advising German and international investors on their activities in Russia and Russian investors in Germany for almost 15 years. Before joining SCHNEIDER GROUP in 2017, he worked in the Moscow offices of the major international law firms Beiten Burkhardt and Dentons.
Mr. Stolarsky's practice covers a broad range of corporate and legal matters with a particular focus on M&A, joint ventures, commercial and corporate law, and compliance. He primarily represents foreign investors in all phases of their business activities in Russia – from market entry, expansion, and production localization to liquidation. His work also includes advising Russian investors in the German market.
Mr. Stolarsky is a regular guest speaker at conferences in Germany and Russia on current legal issues and German-Russian economic relations.
Ljubomir Karadshow
Ljubomir Karadshow is the IT Director and a member of the board at SCHNEIDER GROUP.
The IT services of SCHNEIDER GROUP, for which he is responsible, include consulting and the implementation of projects in KLR, accounting, financial management, and high-availability IT services such as business process outsourcing, cloud computing, and software-as-a-service (SaaS).
Prior to joining SCHNEIDER GROUP, Ljubomir Karadshow worked in senior management for several consulting firms in Germany, including Accenture and "Partnerships Germany". There, he assisted with modernization projects in federal ministries and authorities.
Ljubomir Karadshow studied computer engineering and computer technology at the Technical University of Ilmenau.
Ljubomir Karadshow gives presentations on ERP and IT systems in Russian speaking countries and leads a team of more than 50 experts.
Dr. Mathias Weber
Dr. Mathias Weber is the Partner of our SCHNEIDER GROUP office in St. Petersburg. Together with his team of about 40 experts, he guarantees the best quality services to our clients in St. Petersburg and northern Russia. In particular, he strives to strengthen and extend our IT services, legal, and tax consulting.
Before joining SCHNEIDER GROUP, Mr. Weber worked as an audit partner at EY CIS in Moscow. He also worked as a finance director for a GSA distributor of IT equipment. He worked as a licensed German auditor and tax advisor, as well as a CPA.
He has strong experience in
External and internal audits
IFRS, HGB, and Russian Accounting Standards
Leading project teams
Implementing different accounting systems in midsized companies
Dr. Weber shares his rich experience with the St. Petersburg business community.
Nodir Ayupov
Nodir Ayupov is the Director of SCHNEIDER GROUP's Office in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, providing consulting services to Western companies with a major focus on practical support in such areas as Legal Entity Set-Up, Accounting Outsourcing, Import, Internal Audit / Due Diligence, Interim Management, Taxation, and IT-/ERP-Systems.
After studying Finance, Consulting and Venture Management at Emory University (Atlanta, GA, USA) and International Business at Tashkent State Economic University, he joined Uzbekistan Airways where he was promoted to the Chief of Foreign Relations Department. During his 18 years of experience in Uzbekistan Airways, Mr. Ayupov successfully managed the airline's foreign offices in Kazakhstan, Greece, and Spain.
His extensive experience in a western business environment and with the government – private sector interaction process plays a key role in the efficient implementation of his projects.
Mr. Ayupov has taught courses on Managerial Accounting in Tashkent State Economic University.
Diana Movsesyan
Diana Movsesyan has extensive experience in advising Armenian as well as international companies and foreign investors on various aspects of tax, labor/migration, civil law, including contract law. She supports preparation of all types of contracts under Armenian law as well as their negotiation with the contract parties. Diana Movsesyan focuses also on aspects of the company's operations, including, but not limited to business, financial, procedural, staff and legal matters including business with government agencies and other authorities as required, as well as presentation in courts. Her sphere of competence covers many industries, including IT, telecommunication, pharma, automobile and banking.
Tax, labor/migration, civil law
Telecom and IT
Providing legal support in fluent Armenian, English and Russian
Legal studies at the Moscow Academy of Business
LLB in common law, International Programmes, University of London, United Kingdom
In-house experience with a large telecommunication and pharmaceutical company
Arvato Bertelsmann
Medice

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I was searching for a Property and found this listing (MLS® #1993468). Please send me more information regarding 3 East Main Street, Alexandria, TN, 37012. Thank you!
I'd like to request a showing of 3 East Main Street, Alexandria, TN, 37012 (MLS® #1993468). Thank you!


Bullying and harassment have become big topics in the judicial and legal profession of late, highlighted by accusations of sexual harassment of young women summer clerks and a survey conducted by the Criminal Bar Association which claimed that a majority of those surveyed had witnessed or complained of bullying from the Bench.
Allied to them is the topic of gender equity, which has received some impetus because of the fact that by a majority of one there are now more women practising lawyers than men in New Zealand. And yet, it is said, women remain in the minority in terms of partners in large law firms, Queen's Counsel and Judicial appointments. The fact that 3 of the 5 Judges on our Supreme Court are women might be regarded as an Inconvenient Truth but the statistics otherwise bear out the fact that women lawyers do not have an equal footing at the senior levels of the profession with their male counterparts. I undertook a survey of the 6 largest law firms and found that only 1 firm had 30% or more female partners. That firm incidentally was Russell McVeagh.
Among those firms, Russell McVeagh also led the way in developing a gender equity policy aimed at ensuring that women lawyers achieved a higher proportion of senior work, transactional as well as litigation. Both the New Zealand Law Society and the New Zealand Bar Association, initially independently but in the latter stages co-operatively with each other and with Russell McVeagh, also initiated and developed gender equity schemes. The net result was a scheme to which subscribers (corporate clients, legal firms and large sets of barristers' chambers) commit to a policy which requires annual reporting of the efforts made to provide a degree (expressed as a target) of reverse discrimination (my words) to the allocation, briefing or instructing of new work.
Not all women lawyers were entirely happy with the scheme. A courageous article appeared in Law Talk for March 2018 by Joanna Trezise – courageous because, as its title ("Gender and Equality: an alternative view of the new policy on equitable engagement") stated, it dared to stand up against the tsunami of prevailing wisdom of how inequality should be addressed.
Ms Trezise made a number of points that warrant reflection in our enthusiasm (of which I too have been guilty by virtue of my membership of the Bar Association's Gender Equity Committee) for giving added impetus to a development that is already occurring naturally. She says, first, that "eventually, and without interference, the gender percentages in the senior ranks will equalise just as those of the profession overall have equalised" and, after acknowledging that this will take time and that "people don't want to have to wait", asks the question: "Is it necessary (or equitable) to attempt to artificially accelerate this progression?" For herself, she adds that she does not welcome a situation where she may never know that her selection to undertake a senior role in a case was because of her own perceived merit or because "it was necessary to meet a quota".
Ms Trezise does strike a chord with me when she points out that it is not only women lawyers who have been disadvantaged by factors unconnected with merit: "Those from lower socio-economic groups, Maori and other racial or cultural minorities, those who didn't attend the 'right' schools, those from the LGBTIQ community, and those with disabilities … are also under-represented in the senior ranks of our profession" [and one might add the Judiciary]. Then comes the killer question: "… why the focus on women? Is it truly equitable to rank disadvantage and find one category more deserving of assistance than another?" Even more controversially, she then asks: "… is it fair for the male practitioners who may now be passed over for opportunities purely for being a man".
These would be dangerous questions for a man to ask in the current climate. I repeat that Ms Trezise (who I have never met) is one courageous lawyer.
Allied to that is the pressure of recording time and billable hours targets. This raises the issue of the value that is put on a lawyer's contribution to his or, more particularly, her firm. When I was a partner at Russell McVeagh in the 1970s, there were no budget or budgetary targets. The only person in the firm who knew each partner's annual billings was the firm's accountant (if he chose to isolate them, which I doubt that he ever did).
There were older partners then who, if we thought about it, probably didn't achieve the same level of fees as younger partners but they were valued, first and foremost, for their maturity, wisdom and experience and for the fact that, though not legal technocrats or having a fashionable specialty, they set an example as lawyers who had high ethical and professional standards to whom we could always turn for guidance and counsel.
Budgets and billable hours probably do impact on women with families more than men but the reality is that to a greater or lesser extent all lawyers are pressured by this phenomenon. I know a number of male lawyer partners, in large firms especially, whose goal – forced on them by this business model – is to earn enough money by the time they are in their mid to late 40s to be able to "get out of the law" and lead a more satisfying life doing something else. That is a terrible loss of talent and experience to the firms, as is the women lawyers who leave earlier, and shows the short-sightedness of a business model that creates burn-out of the firm's talent.
A wonderful example of this, in the present context, was exposed in a piece in the Sunday Star Times on 4 March of this year by Damien Grant. Referring to the condemnatory statement by the Deans of New Zealand's six law schools relating to the Russell McVeagh situation and to the separate announcement by the Dean of the Auckland Law School that that Law School was suspending its association with Russell McVeagh (despite having strongly encouraged the summer clerk programme of the big firms for many years), Grant says that the "truth is that the ensemble of timid deans can read the prevailing winds and are desperate to be on side with whatever chanting rabble currently holds sway in the public square". This they have done, he adds, "in a public fashion that almost looks designed to damage the firm's reputation and, by contrast, burnish the deans' own standing".
The usual meaning of "bullying", or the one that is most relevant to the present discussion, is to use superior strength or influence to intimidate someone, typically to force them to do something. It is that power imbalance which should provide the distinction between improper sexual harassment (for example, Harvey Weinstein) and truly consensual sexual activity.
Bullying exists also other than in relation to sexual misconduct. Thus, a young lawyer (male or female) succumbing to employer pressure to be seen in the office from early in the morning to late in the evening and at weekends2 is, in my view, the victim of bullying, although those inflicting the pressure on that lawyer (and others in the same position) will undoubtedly see that as a virtue imposed for the good of the victims as well as for themselves. Such pressure may not be explicit. Overloading a lawyer employee or associate with excessive work or condoning or encouraging, through holding out the prospect of advancement in the firm, excessively long hours of work as part of the firm's culture is no different. Part of the problem is that of partners in law firms over-promising their clients – "we can turn this around overnight" – and passing the delivery problem on to the associates and more junior lawyers.
In these ways, in the terms of the great Greek philosophers, is social reality re-defined in a self-serving and instrumental manner.
What of bullying by Judges?
Judges are undoubtedly in a position of "superior strength or influence" with the power to intimidate counsel. The response by the Chief Justice to the Criminal Bar Association's survey was to urge practitioners who had been subjected to judicial behaviour of that kind to complain to the Head of the relevant Court – Chief District Court Judge, Chief Judge of the High Court, President of the Court of Appeal, the Chief Justice in the case of the Supreme Court and presumably the Heads of the specialist Courts such as the Employment Court and the Environment Court. There is also the possibility of a complaint to the Judicial Complaints Commissioner.
It would be interesting to know how many complaints of that kind have been made since the Chief Justice's direction. I would hazard a guess and say very few, if any.
I would think myself that the first responsibility must be with the Judges themselves, both individually and collectively. One would hope, first, that someone who was thought to have the qualities to be appointed as a Judge would have sufficient responsibility and insight into his or her own behaviour to understand when he or she is crossing the line between legitimate and valuable testing of the propositions being advanced by counsel, on the one hand, and discourtesy and intimidation on the other. One would hope also that where Judges observe (in an appellate court) or hear of rudeness by a colleague they would raise it themselves with the Judge concerned.
Mutual respect and courtesy is, or should be, the hallmark of exchanges between Judges and counsel. This requires counsel to be fully prepared for a hearing and to present submissions in a way that is free of hyperbole and that genuinely "assists" the Judge, even if it is to a particular point of view. On the other side, it requires a fair degree of patience by the Judge to allow what may be a complex or difficult argument to be developed in a logical way.
As to the first of these responsibilities, I was hugely impressed by the reaction of the (very) senior Bar in New South Wales, when I was practising there, when a new Judge threatened two young counsel with committal because of a view that he had formed that they may have breached an undertaking (a view that was disputed). He directed them to appear before him in a week's time "to show cause why I should not commit you for contempt". At the appointed time, the Judge entered the Court to find 4 of the most senior Queen's Counsel in the State at the Bar table representing the two counsel who had been summonsed. More than that, the Court room was packed with other barristers (all wearing wigs and gowns). (Because the two counsel concerned were in my Chambers, I was among them.) Roddy Meagher QC, a man of enormous reputation who was later appointed directly from the Bar to the New South Wales Court of Appeal, said to the Judge: "I understand that Your Honour wishes to hear about the law of contempt and I am here to instruct you." He then launched on a submission that outlined the origins and development of the inherent jurisdiction of the Court, its objectives and its limitations. The embarrassment of the Judge was evident.
In that situation, it is an interesting question as to who was bullying whom. The great former Chief Justice of Australia, Sir Owen Dixon, provided a clue to the answer many years before when he said that the role of the independent Bar was greater than the vitally important constitutional role performed by Judges. That role is to act to protect against abuse of power, whether for their own clients or Judges who have been subjected to it, but also on those thankfully very rare occasions when a Judge may also be guilty of abuse of judicial power.
And now back to some serious, fee-earning, work.
1 I am grateful to Graham Hill, lawyer from Nelson, for starting me down this track by referring me to Thucydides.
2 Reference is made to a number of pieces I have written here on the virtues of living a balanced life style, a model that is not consistent with the business models adopted by many law firms, which partly explains the exodus of both junior lawyers and even relatively senior litigation partners in firms who find the continuing pressure of "meeting budget" increasingly less appealing than practising at the independent Bar.
"Our efforts to prosecute gun crimes and reduce Richmond's homicide rate was bitterly resisted by some of the federal judges in Richmond, who saw those kinds of cases as unbefitting a "federal" courtroom. I didn't care and my team in Richmond didn't care. We were trying to save lives, so we plowed ahead, infuriating one senior judge. He responded by issuing an order holding Helen Fahey, our U.S. Attorney, in contempt for some minor administrative error: failing to put in a request to have the U.S. Marshals bring a prisoner to a scheduled court date. Fahey had nothing to do with the little pieces of paper we filled out to schedule prisoner movements. She typically came to Richmond once a month, and there was no conceivable basis for involving her personally. But the judge did it to rattle us and her.
He didn't know Helen Fahey.
The day of her contempt hearing, the courtroom, courthouse hallways, and street outside were packed with dozens of police officers and federal agents, including police horses and motorcycles on the street. Fahey walked calmly to the "defendant's" table in the courtroom and waited. The judge came out and was so rattled himself by the show of law enforcement community support that he began ranting about what a problem I was, ignoring Fahey entirely and directing his venom to the audience, where I sat. He then dismissed the case against her. She thought it was hilarious, and told us we were doing the right thing and to press on."


Up to 3.5 million motorists in the UK are driving on illegal tyres according to research released this week.
The study revealed one in ten drivers have tyres below the legal minimum tread depth, forty one percent have never checked their car tyres and a third admitted to not knowing how to check tread depth and tyre pressure.
The minimum legal limit of tyre tread is 1.6mm; the research revealed that seven in ten people did not know the legal limit. The majority of motorists think about replacing tyres only after failing an MOT.
It takes less than three minutes to check tyre tread depth and tyre pressure. A new website can educate drivers on how to perform simple tyre checks and other guidance on safe motoring.


text:
The Transition of Zidane from master to mentor
exc-5cc9ad514785d307eac479ad
BY ONUR BILGIC
July 9th, 2006. Berlin's Olympic Stadium. The 110th minute of the World Cup final.
A short dialogue takes place between Zinedine Zidane and Marco Materazzi. Zidane then strikes Materazzi'S chest hard with his head. While referee Horacio Elizondo does not see the event first-hand, he shows Zidane the red card upon being warned by his assistant and the French star has to leave the field. The photo capturing Zidane walking past the World Cup trophy as he leaves the field makes for one of the most striking sporting images of that year or indeed any other.
Zidane headbutts Marco Materazzi in the 2006 World Cup final
For the great Zidane, the last professional game of his career had begun well. In just the seventh minute he put France ahead against Italy, giving hope that he could emulate the heroics of eight years earlier and the 1998 World Cup final in Paris, where the post-match cheers of "Zizou" accompanied his image being beamed onto the city's famous landmarks. However, he only saw red – literally and figuratively – and the fairytale ending to one of the game's great stories was cut from the pages before it could be written.
10-man France made it to the penalty shoot-out of course, but once Fabio Grosso scored the decisive spot-kick, the generation that had brought France the 1998 World Cup and Euro 2000 triumphs had run it's race. Time was up for Fabien Barthez, Lilian Thuram and Patrick Viera. But most importantly, there would no longer be Zinedine Zidane.
The following day, as the Italian players celebrated with their ecstatic fans in Rome, the French players were received quietly by Jacques Chirac in Paris. The president held a private meeting with Zidane and said about him: "He is a true footballing genius and decides with his heart. This is why the French people love him so." On the morning of July 10th a new chapter began in Zidane's life. From then on, others would pull on the number 10 shirt for the French national team. Just like they did after Michel Platini called it a day. And at his club, Real Madrid, a new superstar would have to fill the void in the hearts of the Bernabeu's adoring fans.
That exchange with Materazzi has often been talked about. Lip reading experts agreed that Materazzi had insulted Zidane and his family. To the provocateur went the spoils while Zidane was cast as the man who would not take an insult lightly. Match lost but honour preserved? Maybe. While Materazzi later apologised to Zidane, it was not accepted. His words had cost Zidane and France the World Cup.
Zidane spent his first few years after professional football kicking about in amateur tournaments, indoor football and charity matches. These events were generally for the benefit of international organisations like UNICEF and the United Nations and Zidane was one of the biggest draws at them.
Many believed that someone of the calibre and experience of Zidane would be a loss to the game just doing this and for a while at least, he refused to get involved seriously with coaching, preferring instead to devote his time to other things.
Zidane turning out in a charity match with former Real Madrid teammate, Ronaldo
When Florentino Perez conceived the first Galacticos project in 2000, Zidane was the second player to join Real Madrid after Luis Figo, and arguably made the biggest contribution of that stellar group to the club's fabled history. The president must have identified qualities in Zidane other than merely those of a great football player and so he was offered a role as one of his consultants in 2009 during the building of the second iteration of the Galacticos. It seemed a natural fit.
After 2009/10 – the first season of the new project – ended without success, Real Madrid appointed Jose Mourinho, a Galactico manager if you like, as head coach. During Mourinho's period in charge Zidane continued to work as an advisor both for the team and to the club. He was present at the game day meetings, training and club negotiations; as it turned out it was an unofficial apprenticeship for the top job.
Mourinho managed the team for three years, but failed to meet expectations. The Portuguese was let go after the 2012-13 season brought no silverware and unseemly disputes with senior dressing personalities Sergio Ramos and Iker Casillas. He was replaced by Carlo Ancelotti, who was significant for Zidane, the pair having worked together briefly at Juventus some years earlier.
When the experienced Italian was introduced to the press as the new manager of Real Madrid on June 26th, 2013, Zidane was present. Ancelotti commented, "I'm sure he'll make a good assistant. He'll be with me at the club. The only problem is he won't play." As for Zidane, he said about his new position: "I've done many different things after I stopped playing, but I began to feel the need to do what energised me throughout my life. What I love: football."
While things did not go well in the league, winning the Copa del Rey and obtaining La Decima (a tenth European Cup/Champions League victory) ensured that Zidane once more played a significant hand in Real Madrid's history. The way he directed the players during the Champions League final against Atletico Madrid, with Ancelotti's approval, illustrated that Zizou had been ready for the job since the beginning.
After the 2013-14 season it was decided that Zidane would coach Castilla, Real Madrid's reserve team, while Fernando Hierro would replace him as assistant to Ancelotti. He had gone through his time as consultant and assistant manager and was now in full charge of the team at Castilla. This was a significant challenge and a new beginning for Zidane. Pep Guardiola and Luis Enrique had first coached Barcelona B, before going on to become some of the best managers in Europe. If he could prove himself at Castilla, the next stop would likely be Real Madrid.
During his first six weeks at Castilla, the team won just once. After a change of tactics, and helped by the transfer of Guillermo Varela, the team managed to win 37 points in 16 weeks, going top of the league. However, Zidane faced a problem: his coaching licence was not adequate for managing Castilla. The harsh rules of the Spanish Football Federation had similarly caused problems for Johan Cruyff when he first arrived at Barcelona. After a period of controversy, Zidane was suspended for three months and could not be involved with the team. Without him, Castilla lost momentum, finishing 6th and outside of the play-off zone by two points. However, a new opportunity presented itself to Zidane.
Zidane holding the Champions League trophy aloft after a third successive win in 2018
Following a barren 2014-15 season for the first team, Florentino Perez decided that Real Madrid needed to turn another page and replaced Ancelotti with Rafael Benitez. The Spaniard had a history of success in La Liga and the Champions League, but came with baggage – and question marks – attached.
He became controversial as early as August with poor performances in friendly games and unsatisfactory transfers. Although September and October went well for Real Madrid, problems on and off the field that began in November would gradually spell the end of Benitez. The 0-4 loss to Barcelona at Santiago Bernabeu, the scandal during the Cadiz game, the loss in form of Cristiano Ronaldo and the ensuing shipping of league points meant an early departure for Benitez. It was one of the longest drawn out sackings in modern football. The Marca newspaper, the closest source to Real Madrid, ran a survey on December 24th 2015 and asked the readers who they would like to see coaching the team. Although Jose Mourinho – who by then was at Chelsea – was a possibility, fans wanted to see a new man. The survey revealed 53 per cent support for Zinedine Zidane. The supporters had spoken and once Benitez was finally put out of his misery a couple of weeks later, it seemed only one man would suffice if they were to salvage something from a dismal situation.
During his term as club president, Florentino Perez worked with many players, managers and administrators. Luis Figo, David Beckham, Jose Mourinho, and Jorge Valdano were just some of them. However, the signing of Zidane in 2001 was perhaps the most significant of them all, and when he was given the responsibility of reviving Real Madrid in January 2016, Perez gushed to a press conference at Santiago Bernabeu: "Zidane, this is your club and your stadium. You always have our confidence and support."
Speaking after Perez, Zidane said: "Today is an important day for me. I'm even more excited than on the day I signed for Real Madrid as a player. I will put my soul and heart out to succeed."
He did just that.
Falling in love, breaking an ankle, antagonising bouncers: Football's medical staff in the headlines


Investigation of residual stress in lead-free BNT-based ceramic/ceramic composites.
Size-dependent fracture toughness of tungsten.
Multiaxial-Cyclic Compression ''MAXStrain'': Influence on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cu-based Alloys.
Fracture toughness evaluation of NiAl single crystals by microcantilevers—a new continuous J-integral method.
Finite element modelling of fracture behaviour of hard coatings on ductile substrates.
Development of a new method to map plastic flow during metal forming using a tracer gradient.
Microcantilever bending experiments in NiAl - Evaluation, size effects, and crack tip plasticity.
Assessment of stress relaxation experiments on diamond coatings analyzed by digital image correlation and micro-Raman spectroscopy.
Nanoforming behaviour and microstructural evolution during nanoimprinting of ultrafine-grained and nanocrystalline metals.
Stress evolution and cracking of crystalline diamond thin films on ductile titanium substrate: Analysis by micro-Raman spectroscopy and analytical modelling.
In-situ tensile testing of crystalline diamond coatings using Raman spectroscopy.
Local deformation of glasses is mediated by rigidity fluctuation and granularity.
Annealing behavior of severely cold rolled ARMCO iron.
Constitutive modeling of indentation cracking in fused silica.
Thermally activated flow in soft and hard regions: Getting information on work hardening strain and recovery strain from rate change tests.
Randschichtmodifikation von integral verzweigten Blechprofilen mit UFG Gradientengefügen.
Impact of severe pre-straining via different routes on the age hardening behavior of Al-Mg-Si alloys.
In: International Conference on Strength of Materials (ICSMA 16), 19-24 August 2012, Bangalore, India.
The effect of deformation texture on the thermal stability of UFG HSLA steel.
In: Journal of Materials Science, 47 pp. 7751-7758.
Limits of grain boundary strengthening in a nanostructured gradient microstructure.
Macro- and nanomechanical properties and strain rate sensitivity of accumulative roll bonded and equal channel angular pressed ultrafine-grained materials.
Severe Plastic Deformation of Sheet Metal by Linear Flow Splitting.
Severe Deformation by Linear Flow Splitting of Low Alloyed Steels.
Stability of ultrafine-grained Cu to subgrain coarsening and recrystallization in annealing and deformation at elevated temperatures.
The correlation between the internal material length scale and the microstructure in nanoindentation experiments and simulations using the conventional mechanism-based strain gradient plasticity theory.
Particle hardening in creep-resistant Mg-Alloy MRI 230D probed by nanoindenting atomic force microscopy.
In: Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 40 (2) pp. 257-261.
Formation of ultrafine-grained microstructure in HSLA steel profiles by linear flow splitting.
In: Journal of Materials Science, 43 pp. 7307-7312.
Properties of UFG HSLA steel profiles produced by linear flow splitting.
In: Nanomaterials by Severe Plastic Deformation IV, Pts. 1 and 2, Materials Science Forum Vol. 584-586 pp. 661-666.
Determination of plastic properties of polycrystalline metallic materials by nanoindentation: Experiments and finite element simulations.
Influence of heat treatment on chip formation in high speed milling.
In: Scientific fundamentals of HSC. Hanser, München , pp. 43-52.
Gefügeeinfluß auf die Spanbildung beim Hochgeschwindigkeitsfräsen.
Charakterisierung der Spanbildung bei Kurzzeitbelastung während des Hochgeschwindigkeitsfräsens.
In: Spanen metallischer Werkstoffe mit hohen Geschwindigkeiten. Deutsche Forschungsgem., Bonn , pp. 23-35.
Influence of processing parameters on the mechanical properties of nanocrystalline Nickel.
Enhancement of strain-rate sensitivity and shear yield strength of a magnesium alloy processed by high-pressure torsion.
Carbide precipitates in dissimilar metal welds.
Dynamic nanoindentation testing for studying thermally activated processes from single to nanocrystalline metals.
Chracterization of the mechanical properties of braized joints for development of new braizing alloys.
Comment to paper "penetration depth and tip radius dependence on the correction factor in nanoindentation measurements" by J.M. Meza et al.
Designing bulk metallic glass and glass matrix composites in martensitic alloys.
Indentation size effect in Ni-Fe solid solutions.
Indentation size effect in metallic materials: Modeling strength from pop-in to macroscopic hardness using geometrically necessary dislocations.
Ermüdung und Korrosion nach mechanischer Oberflächenbehandlung von Leichtmetallen.
Determination of plastic properties of poly crystalline metallic materials by nanoindentation - Experiments and finite element simulations.
In: Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, 841 (11.4) pp. 311-316.
Indentation size effect in metallic materials: Correcting for the size of the plastic zone.
Micromechanical characterisation of the influence of rhenium on the mechanical properties in nickel-base superalloys.
Nanoindentations as a local probe for the mechanical properties and alloying influences in nickel-base superalloys and aluminide coatings.
In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Superalloys pp. 467-476.
Finite element study for nanoindentation measurements on two-phase materials.
Finite element simulation of spherical indentation in the elastic-plastic transition.
In: Materials Research and Advanced Techniques, 93 (9) pp. 857-861.
Quantitative microstructural characterisation by atomic force microscopy and electron microscopy - A comparative study on the superalloy Waspaloy.
In: Praktische Metallographie, 38 (4) pp. 197-215.
Effects of microstructure on wear of aluminium bearing alloys with systematic variation of hard and soft phases.
In: Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik, 31 S. 215-224.
Titan in der Gelenk- und Zahnprothetik: Verschleiß und Ermüdung als lebensdauerbegrenzende Faktoren.
In: Thema Forschung pp. 112-124.
Dynamic nanoindentation of articular porcine cartilage.
In: Materials Science and Engineering C, 31 (4) pp. 789-795.
Nanoindentation investigations to study solid solution hardening in Ni-based diffusion couples.
Microstructure and local mechanical properties of Pt-modified nickel aluminides on nickel-base superalloys after thermo-mechanical fatigue.
Developing a methodology in order to evaluate the effect of bitumen ageing in asphalt mixes performances.
Magnetic hardening of Fe 50 Co 50 by rotary swaging.
Anistotophy of fatique properties in severrely plastic deformed ARMCO iron.
Einfluss von a-C:H-Schichten auf das Ermüdungsverhalten von Al-Substraten.
Nanoindentation of viscoelastic solids: A critical assessment of experimental methods.
Influences of residual stresses on the serrated flow in bulk metallic glass under elastostatic four-point bending – A nanoindentation and atomic force microscopy study.
Strain-rate sensitivity (SRS) of nickel by instrumented indentation.
In: MEMS and Nanotechnology. Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series, 6. New York , pp. 47-52.
Failure mechanisms of a tungsten-modified hydrogenated amorphous carbon coating in load-scanning tests.
Failure mechanisms of a hydrogenated amorphous carbon coating in load-scanning tests.
Investigation on the tribological-mechanical behaviour of amorphous carbon coatings by load-scanning tests.
The corrosion of tungsten carbide based cemented carbides.
In situ micro-cantilever tests to study fracture properties of NiAl single crystals.
Stress-driven grain boundary movement during nanoindentation in tungsten at room temperature.
In: Materialia (1) pp. 99-103.
Indentation size effect and dislocation structure evolution in (001) oriented SrTiO3 Berkovich indentations: HR-EBSD and etch-pit analysis.
3D Dislocation Structure Evolution in Strontium Titanate: Spherical Indentation Experiments and MD Simulations.
Effect of strain-rate on the deformation response of D0 3 -ordered Fe 3 Al.
Nano-mechanical testing in materials research and development.
SiC ceramic micropatterns from polycarbosilanes.
Untersuchung der Mischristallverfestigung in Multikompenentenlegierungen.
Effect of elastic anisotropy on strain relief and residual stress determination in cubic systems by FIB-DIC experiments.
Einfluss der Mischkristallhärtung auf Größeneffekte in Cu-X Legierungen.
Comparison of implicit and explicit hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin methods for the acoustic wave equation.
Synthesis and high-temperature evolution of polysilylcarbodiimide-derived SiCN ceramic coatings.
Korrelation von Mikrostruktur und anisotropen Materialkennwerten für die Crrashberechnung.
Chrakterisierung von Kupfer-Chrom-Verbundwerkstoffen für die Schalttechnik.
A simple method for residual stress measurements in thin films by means of focused ion beam milling and digital image correlation.
Formation of UFG-surface layers on a HSLA steel by a continuous Surface-SPD-Process.
In: Materials Science and Engineering A, 535 pp. 1-5.
Umformverhalten von Spaltprofilen mit ultrafeinkörnigen Oberflächenschichten.
Revealing deformation mechanisms with nanoindentation.
Einfluss eines Deformationsgradienten auf Rekristallisation und Kornwachstum in Titan Grad 2.
Herstellungsprozeß und Mikrostruktur von aktivierten Nickelkatalysatoren.
Influence of dislocation density on the pop-in behavior and indentation size effect in CaF2 single crystals: Experiments and molecular dynamics simulations.
Study on the embrittlement of flash annealed Fe85. 2B9. 5P4Cu0. 8Si0. 5 metallic glass ribbons.
Study on the embrittlement of flash annealed Fe85.2B9.5P4Cu0.8Si0.5 metallic glass ribbons.
Mikromechanische Charakterisierung von dünnen metallischen Systemen.
Influence of solid solution strengthening on the local mechanical properties of single crystal and ultrafine-grained binary Cu–AlX solid solutions.
Advanced nanoindentation testing for studying strain-rate sensitivity and activation volume.
Annealeing behavior of ultrafine-grained microstructures poduced by HPT.
Composition and cooling-rate dependence of plastic deformation, densification, and cracking in sodium borosilicate glasses during pyramidal indentation.
Microstructure-dependent deformation behaviour of bcc-metals – indentation size effect and strain rate sensitivity.
Experimental and theoretical confirmation of the scaling exponent 2 in pyramidal load displacement data for depth sensing indentation.
Focused ion beam in situ lift-out of 2% Al-doped ZnO (AZO) thin films fabricated by pulsed laser deposition with a JEOL-JIB 4600F System.
An improved long-term nanoindentation creep testing approach for studying the local deformation processes in nanocrystalline metals at room and elevated temperatures.
Experimental determination of the effective indenter shape and ε-factor for nanoindentation by continuously measuring the unloading stiffness.
Crack propagation and its computation in graded microstructures of a near-alpha-Titanium alloy.
In: World Conference on Titanium <10, 2003, Hamburg>: Proceedings ... .
Influence of Shot Peening on the Fatigue and Corrosion Behavior of the Die Cast Magnesium Alloy AZ91 hp.
Corrosion and Fatigue Behavior of the Magnesium Die- Cast Alloy AZ91 hp after Surface Treatment.
Methode zur Berechnung der Rissausbreitung in Gradientengefügen.
Influence of heat treatment and cutting speed on chip segmentation of age hardenable aluminium alloys.
In: Materials science and technology, 17 pp. 651-654.
Corrosion of the Magnesium Alloy AZ91 and its Influence on Fatigue Properties.
The effect of a deformation gradient on the recrystallization behaviour of titanium grade 2.
In: Fortschritte der Metallographie: Vortragstexte der 34. Metallographie-Tagung, Sept. 2000 in Saarbrücken. Sonderbände der praktischen Metallographie, 32. Mat Info, Frankfurt , pp. 117-120.
Influence of loading frequency on fatigue life of TIMETAL 1100.
In: Microstructure and mechanical properties of metallic high-temperature materials. Hrsg.: H. Mughrabi (u.a.). Wiley-VCH, Weinheim , pp. 122-133.
Influence of silicide precipitates on microstructure and fatigue of TIMETAL 1100.
In: Microstructure and mechanical properties of metallic high-temperature materials. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim , pp. 134-143.
Silicides as barriers for grain growth in TIMETAL 1100 (Silizide als Barriere für Kornwachstum in TIMETAL 1100).
In: Praktische Metallographie, 35 pp. 424-437.
Influence of a grain size gradient on the profile and propagation of fatigue cracks in titanium.
In: Zeitschrift für Metallkunde, 89 pp. 338-342.
Mechanische Eigenschaften von kaltgezogenem und gegossenem Titan Grad 2.
In: Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik, 29 pp. 714-719.
Influence of nitriding on microstructure and fatigue behaviour of a solute-rich titanium alloy.
In: Fatigue and fracture of engineering materials and structures, 20 pp. 1665-1676.
Einfluß eines Verformungsgradienten auf das Rekristallisationsverhalten von Titan Grad 2.
In: Praktische Metallographie, 34 pp. 606-616.
HIP-Nitriding of a Solute-Rich Beta Alloy Surface Microstructural Changes.
Notch Fatigue Behavior in Aged Ti-38-644 after Mechanical Surface Treatments.
Effect of Surface Rolling and Shot Peening on Notched Fatigue Strength in Al 2024.
Ndlovu, S.N. and Durst, Karsten and Göken, M.
Deformation of WC-Co Hardmetals During Scratch Testing.
Material characterization in flexible flow splitting.
Research on the influence of the band edge processing on the process of linear flow splitting.
Effect of Zr-addition on Carbide Precipitation in Ti-Nb Processed by Metal Injection Moulding.
Quantification of local and global elastic anisotropy in ultrafine grained gradient microstructures, produced by linear flow splitting.
In: Materials Science and Engineering A, 560 pp. 273-277.
Microstructural and micromechanical characterisation of a Pt-Al-Cr-Ni-Re alloy by means of transmission electron microscopy and nanoindentation.
Study on the local damage mechanisms in WC-Co hard metals during scratch testing.
In: Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1049) pp. 75-81.
Investigation of the sliding contact properties of WC-Co hard metals using nanoscratch testing.
Characterisation of local deformations in deep-drawing sheet steel.
In: Fortschritte der Metallographie: Vortragstexte der 34. Metallographie-Tagung, Sept. 2000 in Saarbrücken. Sonderbände der praktischen Metallographie, 32. Mat Info, Frankfurt , pp. 65-68.
Investigation of induction heating and ist influence on the properties of AlSi-coated boron alloyed steel for press hardening.
Optimierung von Haftung und Lebensdauer von EBVD Wärmedämmschichten auf neuartigen thermisch gespritzten MCrAlY Haftvermittlerschichten.
Temperature-Dependent Deformation and Dislocation Density in SrTiO3 (001) Single Crystals.
Study of martensitic transformation during isothermal heat treatments.
On the temperature dependent strengthening of nickel by transition metal solutes.
Nanoindentation studies of the mechanical properties of the μ phase in a creep deformed Re containing nickel-based superalloy.
Finite element and experimental investigation of the influence of residual stresses on the indentation behaviour.
Study on the deformation mechanics of hard brittle coatings on ductile substrates using in-situ tensile testing and cohesive zone FEM modeling.
Studies on the origin of dropwise condensation of steam on ion implanted metallic surfaces.
In: Chemie-Ingenieur-Technik, 83 (4) pp. 545-551.
Nanoforming behaviour during nanoimprinting of ultrafine-grained and nanocrystalline nickel on different substrates.
Untersuchung des Bruchverhaltens diamantartiger Kohlenstoffschichten (DLC).
Austempered ductile iron heat treatment for machine hammer peening of milled tool surfaces.
Measurement of fracture toughness by nanoindentation methods: Recent advances and future challenges.
Mechanical properties of copper infiltrated steels.
Dynamic recovery in nanocrystalline Ni.
Untersuchungen zur Eigenspannungsmessung mittels FIB/DIC an Hartstoffschichten.
Schädigungsverhalten von Diamant- und DLC-beschichteten metallischen Werkstoffen.
Tailored Mechanical Properties and Residual Stresses of a-C:H:W Coatings.
Kugelstrahlen von Spaltbiegeprofilen mit ultrafeinkörnigen Gradientengefügen.
In: Mat.-wiss. u. Werkstofftech., 44 pp. 340-345.
Coating of deep rolled and hammer peened deep drawing tools.
In: Advanced Materials Research, 769 pp. 245-252.
Plasma nitriding of steels with severely plastic deformed surfaces.
In: Journal of Materials Science, 47 pp. 7908-7913.
Ermüdung randschichtmodifizierter Profile mit UFG Gefüge.
Determination of the interfacial strength and fracture toughness of a-C:H coatings by in-situ microcantilever bending.
The influence of hydrogenated amorphous carbon coatings (a-C:H) on the fatigue life of coated steel specimens.
In: 7. Fachtagung Walzprofilieren, 29.-30.09.2010, Darmstadt.
Quantification of dislocation structures at high resolution by atomic force microscopy of dislocation etch pits.
In: Philosophical Magazine Letters, 89 (6) pp. 391-398.
Study on the indentation size effect in CaF2: Dislocation structure and hardness.
In-situ investigation on the deformation and damage behaviour of diamond-like carbon coated thin films under uniaxial loading.
Casting and characterization of Fe-(Cr,Mo,Ga)-(P,C,B) soft magnetic bulk metallic glasses.
The mechanical properties in the vicinity of grain boundaries in ultrafine-grained and polycrystalline materials studied by nanoindentations.
In: Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (819) pp. 79-84.
Modelling of recrystallization after inhomogeneous pre-deformation.
In: Metallurgical and materials transactions, 32A pp. 2199-2206.
Seigerungsbildung und Konvektion bei gerichteter Erstarrung von Aluminiumlegierungen.
Concentration gradients in aluminium alloys generated by directional solidification and their effects on fatigue crack propagation.
In: Functionally graded materials. Materials Science Forum (308-311). Trans Tech Publ., Uetikon , pp. 211-216.
Aufbau und Verschleißverhalten von ionenimplantiertem Ti6Al4V.
Strain Rate and Notch Effects of the Ductile-Brittle Transition Temperature in Molybdenum.
Prediction of local strain and hardness in sheet forming.
In: Zeitschrift für Metallkunde, 92 pp. 830-833.
Solid Solution Strengthening and Diffusion in Nickel- and Cobalt-based Superalloys.
Methode zur Dimensionierung von T-_Profilen aus Faser-Kunststoff-Verbund.
Vergleich von metallografischen und ultrasschallunterstützten Untersuchungsmethoden zur Bestimmung der bauteilgebundenen Verteilung von Dross im Bereich von Grossgussbauteilen.
Activation parameters for deformation of ultrafine-grained aluminium as determined by indentation strain rate jumps at elevated temperature.
Local fracture toughness and residual stress measurements on NiAl bond coats by micro cantilever and fib-based bar milling tests.
In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Superalloys. Hobroken Seven Springs, PA , pp. 93-102.
Local Fracture Toughness and Residual Stress Measurements on NiAl Bond Coats by Micro Cantilever and FIB Based Bar Milling Tests.
Development of new 11%Cr heat resistant ferritic steels with enhanced creep resistance for steam power plants with operating steam temperatures up to 650 °C.
Impact of n-type versus p-type doping on mechanical properties and dislocation evolution during SiC crystal growth.
Schädigungsverhalten der einkristallinen Superlegierung CMSX-4 bei Hochtemperaturbelastung.
Einfluß des Gefüges auf das Verschleißverhalten technischer Aluminiumlegierungen.
Anodische Polarisation und Korrosionsverschleiß von ionenimplantierten Titanlegierungen.
Analytical evaluation and experimental study of roughness-induced crack closure.
In: Fatigue '99. EMAS Ltd., West Midlands, UK , pp. 539-544.
A model for roughness-induced fatigue crack closure.
In: Metallurgical and materials transactions, 29 A pp. 1933-1939.
A study on the change of fatigue fracture mode in two titanium alloys.
Fracture surface roughness and roughness-induced fatigue crack closure in Ti-2.5 wt% Cu.
Fatigue crack closure and crack growth behaviour in a titanium alloy with different microstructures.
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Preparation of dense SiHf(B)CN-based ceramic nanocomposites via rapid spark plasma sintering.
FIB based fabrication of an operative Pt/HfO 2 /TiN device for resistive switching inside a transmission electron microscope.
FIB Based Fabrication of an Operative Pt/HfO2/TiN Device for Resistive Switching inside a Transmission Electron Microscope.
Influence of Cooling Rate on Cracking and Plastic Deformation during Impact and Indentation of Borosilicate Glasses.
Evaluation of the Ductile to Brittle Transition Temperature and Strain Rate Senitivity of Molybdenum by Indentation, Impact and Compression Testing.
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Experimentelle und rechnerische Bestimmung von Gleichgewichten in hochkomponentigen Phasendiagrammen.
This list was generated on Sun Apr 21 01:17:35 2019 CEST.


On October 7, 2011 we started renovating the old farmhouse. The first thing we had to do was open up the entire first and second floors, which we completely gutted. The original layout of the house consisted of a veritable rabbit warren of small spaces.
After demolishing the many partition walls, all the plaster was chipped off the inside of the outer walls to reveal the beautiful warm, honey-coloured stonework.
The next phase involved removing the old floor boards and the roof, which had borne the brunt of the weather for centuries. Steel beams were then inserted to form the new floors.
Next, the outer walls were raised to increase the overall height of the building. Many new materials were used in the rebuilding of the house to provide a solid, new foundation, but wherever possible the original materials were reused, such as the ancient stones and wooden beams above the windows of the house.
In July 2013 the renovation will finally be over and we shall be able to open the doors of Casa La Sonrisa and welcome our first guests.


Camelot roster Director/Cinematographer Joe Grasso directed and shot this warm and funny Broadcast spot for AD Agency Chemistry in Pittsburgh, as part of a mult-spot package for their highly successful "Marketplace" Campaign for client UPMC Health Plan. Creative team Robert Bupp and Chuck Barkey created this spot that highlights "the full access to UPMC Doctors that is available, at an affordable price" when switching to UPMC Health Plan. The spots showcase Grasso's dialogue and storytelling Directorial talents. Executive Producer: Louis LaRose, Producer; Diane Sunderlin. The spot was edited at M2 in NYC; Lee Umphred, Editor.


1 of 1 Cut packaging from ice cream. Slice ice cream crosswise into 6 slices, and place on 2 small baking sheets. Freeze 1 hour.
1 of 4 Heat oven to 375 degrees F. Line two large baking sheets with nonstick foil. Mix flour, baking powder, baking soda and salt in bowl. Beat butter and sugar in second bowl until creamy. Beat in eggs and vanilla. On low speed, beat in cocoa. Beat in flour mixture and milk in 3 additions, beginning and ending with flour.
2 of 4 Drop 2 heaping tablespoons batter per cookie onto prepared sheets, spacing 3 inches apart. Spread into 2-1/2-inch rounds with the back of a spoon (keep size equal since they will be sandwiched).
3 of 4 Bake at 375 degrees F for 12 to 13 minutes or until cookies spring back when lightly touched in center. Cool on sheets 5 minutes. Remove cookies to rack to cool completely.
4 of 4 Remove one sheet of ice cream from freezer. Working quickly, cut circles of ice cream with 3-inch cookie cutter. Sandwich two cookies and one ice cream round. Save ice cream scraps for snacking. Repeat with all cookies and ice cream. Wrap in plastic and freeze assembled whoopie pies at least 1 hour or until ready to eat.
Per Serving: 7 g pro., 461 kcal cal., 25 g Fat, total, 55 g carb., 2 g fiber, 466 mg sodium, 15 g sat. fat, 106 mg chol.


text:
L'Infantry Tank Mk III "Valentine" era un carro armato per fanteria prodotto dal Regno Unito durante la seconda guerra mondiale. Il Valentine era concepito come carro d'appoggio per la fanteria. Sviluppato dalla Vickers-Armstrongs, si rivelò particolarmente affidabile; il principale problema era rappresentato dal debole cannone 2 libbre, che armava la maggioranza delle versioni prodotte. Ne furono costruiti più di , in 11 diverse versioni più numerose varianti: un quarto dell'intera produzione britannica di carri armati durante gli anni della guerra. Il Valentine fu uno carri protagonisti durante la Campagna del Nordafrica. Fra il 1941 e il 1943, un grande numero di esemplari fu venduto all'Unione Sovietica. Lo scafo del Valentine fu utilizzato come base per la produzione dei semoventi d'artiglieria Bishop e dei cacciacarri Archer.

Storia

Sviluppo
Il carro Valentine fu sviluppato nel 1938, dalle fabbriche Vickers-Armstrongs, a partire dai modelli A9, A10 e A11, conosciuti rispettivamente come Cruiser Mk I, Cruiser Mk II e Mk I Matilda. L'obiettivo principale del progetto era di mantenere un'elevata corazzatura, coniugandola a basso peso, ridotte dimensioni e torretta biposto dotata di cannone 2 libbre. L'intenzione era di sfruttare al massimo componenti (motore, trasmissione, sospensioni) già provate e collaudate, provenienti dai carri A9, A10, A11.

Il War Office inizialmente espresse delle perplessità, poiché considerava necessario una torretta abitabile da tre persone, per meglio suddividere i compiti e lasciare il comandante libero dalle mansioni legate all'utilizzo del cannone. Tuttavia, l'evolversi della situazione politica in Europa rese indispensabile una rapida accelerazione nello sviluppo degli armamenti; le perplessità furono accantonate e il progetto del veicolo fu accettato nell'aprile 1939. I primi prototipi furono testati nel maggio 1940; i test diedero esito positivo e il modello fu rapidamente mandato in produzione con la denominazione di Infantry Tank Mk III "Valentine". Non fu necessario costruire modelli pre-serie, poiché la maggior parte della meccanica derivava direttamente dal collaudato carro Cruiser Mk II. I primi esemplari entrarono in servizio nel luglio 1940.

Produzione
Il Valentine fu prodotto da tre diverse industrie:
 Vickers-Armstrongs Ltd., stabilimento di Elswick, vicino a Newcastle upon Tyne. 2515 esemplari prodotti.
 Metropolitan-Cammell Carriage and Wagon Co. Ltd., una consociata della Vickers. 2135 esemplari prodotti.
 Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Co. Ltd.. 2205 esemplari prodotti.
Il primo Valentine fu consegnato dalla Vickers nel maggio 1940; le altre due industrie completarono i loro primi esemplari nel luglio dello stesso anno. La produzione della sola Vickers fu di 10 carri nel giugno 1940; un anno dopo era salita a 42 esemplari al mese. Nel 1942 la produzione continuò ad aumentare fino a toccare le 20 unità alla settimana nel 1943.
Complessivamente, nel Regno Unito, furono costruiti 6855 esemplari, compresi alcuni veicoli speciali basati sullo scafo del Valentine.

Il Valentine fu inoltre prodotto in Canada, a partire dal 1940:
 Canadian Pacific Railway, stabilimento di Montréal. 1420 esemplari prodotti
Il primo esemplare canadese fu consegnato nel giugno del 1941; nell'autunno dello stesso anno la produzione era a pieno regime e raggiunse gli 80 esemplari al mese. L'ultimo esemplare fu costruito a metà del 1943.

Complessivamente furono prodotti 8275 esemplari; il Valentine risulta essere il carro prodotto in maggior numero dal Commonwealth durante la seconda guerra mondiale.

Impiego operativo
Il Valentine era stato sviluppato come carro di supporto alla fanteria; i primi esemplari prodotti furono distribuiti fra le brigate corazzate dell'esercito. Tuttavia nel 1940-41 la crescente necessità di formare nuove divisioni corazzate obbligò a riconsiderare il ruolo del carro, che divenne parte integrante della 6ª, 8ª e 11ª divisione corazzata. Fra queste unità furono distribuiti circa 900 Valentine. La 23ª brigata dell'8ª divisione venne dislocata sui campi di battaglia africani, in appoggio alla divisione Neozelandese e alla 9ª divisione Australiana. Nel 1942, durante la prima battaglia di El Alamein subì pesanti perdite. Nell'agosto dello stesso anno raggiunse l'Egitto anche la 24ª brigata, sempre equipaggiata con carri Valentine. Altre unità britanniche dislocate in Medio Oriente furono equipaggiate, completamente o parzialmente, con i Valentine.

Sui campi di battaglia europei del 1944, il Valentine raramente comparve in prima linea, sostituito dai carri britannici Mk IV Churchill e americani M4 Sherman. Fu utilizzato invece come carro comando o da osservazione, al servizio delle unità di artiglieria semovente.

Uno squadrone di Valentine fu dislocato per la difesa di Gibilterra. Alcuni esemplari parteciparono all'invasione del Madagascar, controllato dalla Francia di Vichy, inseriti in unità di Special Service Tank Squadrons. Un certo numero fu utilizzato in India, a scopi difensivi e per l'addestramento delle truppe. Fu altresì utilizzato dalle truppe neozelandesi nel 1943, sulle Isole Salomone.

Un grande numero di Valentine, fu spedito in Unione Sovietica, fra il 1941 e il 1943. Il Valentine, era apprezzato dai sovietici per la sua semplicità e affidabilità. Il principale problema, oltre alla scarsa potenza del cannone 2 libbre, era legato ai cingoli delle prime versioni: la neve, in certe condizioni climatiche, si accumulava nei cingoli, rendendo difficile l'avanzamento del carro. Il modello era talmente apprezzato che la commissione sovietica responsabile per l'acquisto di materiale bellico, nell'agosto 1942, scrisse al governo britannico richiedendo un maggiore invio di carri Valentine. Complessivamente furono spediti in URSS 2690 esemplari, in tutte le versioni tranne la Mk. I. Di questi, 1300 veicoli erano di produzione britannica e 1390 di produzione canadese. Quasi tutta la produzione del paese nordamericano fu venduta all'Unione Sovietica; solamente 30 esemplari furono trattenuti per l'addestramento delle truppe.

Tecnica
Il Valentine fu uno dei veicoli protagonisti della campagna del Nord Africa. In questo teatro di guerra si dimostrò un veicolo estremamente affidabile, in grado di percorrere lunghissime distanze senza gravi problemi meccanici. Il principale problema del Valentine, ad eccezione delle versioni III e V, era la torretta a due posti: questa caratteristica obbligava il capocarro a svolgere anche i compiti di radiofonista o di servente all'arma.

Il cannone 2 libbre, installato sulla maggior parte degli esemplari, aveva uno scarso raggio effettivo; inoltre era privo di proiettili esplosivi dotati di sufficiente potenza. Lo spostamento in elevazione era manuale, tramite appoggio per la spalla. Nel corso della guerra questo cannone di modesta potenza divenne presto insufficiente. La torretta di ridotte dimensioni, tuttavia, ostacolava l'installazione di cannoni di maggiore potenza. Versioni del veicolo dotate di cannoni 6 libbre o Ordnance QF 75 mm furono sviluppate successivamente, al costo, però, di riprogettare l'intera torretta.

Lo scafo del Valentine era di semplice costruzione. Le fiancate erano costituite da due piastre per lato, mentre altre due piastre di dimensioni maggiori creavano il fondo e la parte superiore del carro. Due ulteriori piastre chiudevano il muso del veicolo e il retro. Le piastre erano unite fra loro tramite rivettatura. All'interno dello scafo erano presenti tre paratoie trasversali: una anteriore (in questa paratoia era ricavata la finestrella per il pilota), una subito dietro la posizione del pilota e una tra il compartimento da combattimento e il compartimento del motore.

La torretta era costituita da piastre rivettate. La rotazione della torretta era azionata da un meccanismo elettrico; tramite una leva all'interno del carro era possibile modulare la velocità di rotazione. In caso di emergenza era disponibile il classico sistema di rotazione manuale. Nel retro della torretta era installata la radio: nei primi modelli un wireless set N°11, mentre nei modelli di tarda produzione un wireless set N°19.

Il pilota era ospitato nel compartimento anteriore dello scafo, separato dal compartimento di combattimento. La posizione di guida era centrale. Il pilota manovrava i due cingoli tramite due leve, - una per ogni cingolo - una alla sua sinistra e una alla sua destra; ogni leva comandava, tramite un cavo che scorrevano lungo tutto il veicolo, il freno o la frizione di pertinenza. Quando la leva veniva spinta tutta avanti al cingolo era trasmessa la potenza; se invece veniva spinta tutta indietro, la frizione veniva sollevata ed entrava in azione il freno. La frizione era comandata tramite un pedale, posizionato a sinistra. A destra era posizionato il pedale dell'acceleratore. La leva del cambio era situata alla destra del pilota. Alla sinistra erano posizionati vari comandi, fra cui l'accensione del motore e delle luci, e gli strumenti di navigazione, fra cui il tachimetro e l'indicatore dell'olio. Fra le ginocchia del pilota era posizionata una bussola. Il compartimento di guida era accessibile tramite due portelli, situati superiormente, a sinistra e destra della testa del pilota; una botola di emergenza era situata sotto la seggiola di guida.

Il motore era posizionato nel compartimento posteriore insieme alla trasmissione; queste due componenti erano saldate insieme e formavano una singola unità. Alla sinistra del motore erano posizionati i due serbatoi, in grado di contenere, complessivamente, 36 galloni (163 litri circa).

Le sospensioni erano costituite da due gruppi da tre ruote. Nel gruppo, le due ruote più interne erano di dimensione minore (19.5 pollici - 49,5 cm), mentre la ruota più esterna era di dimensione maggiore (24 pollici - 61 cm). La ruota motrice era disposta posteriormente. Tre rullini di ritorno sostenevano il rinvio del cingolo. I cingoli dei primi esemplari erano costituiti da 73 elementi; successivamente furono introdotti dei cingoli costituiti da 103 elementi.

Versioni
Il Valentine fu costruito in 11 diverse versioni, più svariate varianti adattate per scopi speciali.

Valentine I
Il modello originale assunse il nome di Valentine I a partire dal 1941. Esso era dotato di motore a benzina A.E.C., derivato direttamente dal carro A10. La torretta era a due posti, dotata di cannone 2 libbre e mitragliatrice coassiale Besa.

Valentine II
Il Valentine II era dotato di motore diesel A.E.C. di tipo commerciale, usato comunemente per altri veicoli stradali. Questo nuovo motore era a 6 cilindri. Il cambio era dotato di 5 marce più una retromarcia.

Valentine III e V
Il Valentine III fu dotato di una torretta a tre posti. Esternamente essa appariva praticamente identica al modello di torretta precedente, di cui conservava la dimensione dell'anello di inserzione sullo scafo. L'aumento di spazio interno era ottenuto spostando in avanti le piastre frontali, insieme al cannone, e allargando la zona posteriore. Il peso della nuova torretta era superiore di circa 500 kg rispetto a quella del Valentine II. La torretta a tre posti liberava il capocarro dalle mansioni di artigliere o servente, ottimizzando la distribuzione del lavoro all'interno del mezzo.

Il Valentine V era identico al III, ma dotato di motore diesel GMC.

Valentine IV
Il Valentine IV era simile al II, di cui conservava la torretta a due posti, ma era spinto da un motore americano GMC diesel. Questo motore 6 cilindri da 130 hp si guadagnò presto una buona reputazione, per la sua ridotta rumorosità e la buona affidabilità. Esso era montato in un unico blocco insieme alla frizione ed era dotato di 5 marce più una retromarcia. Il raffreddamento era garantito da 6 ventole disposte nella parte posteriore dello scafo; l'aria veniva immessa nel compartimento del motore, spinta attraverso il radiatore ed espulsa tramite delle aperture situate sopra il cambio.

Valentine VI e VII
I Valentine VI e VII erano le versioni di produzione canadese. Svariati accorgimenti furono apportati per adeguare gli standard di produzione dal tipo britannico al tipo nordamericano, migliorando semplicità e velocità di produzione. Per le feritoie di ventilazione corazzate del motore e il muso del veicolo fu adottata la tecnologia della fusione. Entrambe le versioni erano dotate di torretta a due posti ed utilizzavano il motore GMC. Dopo i primi 15 veicoli prodotti, la mitragliatrice Besa inglese fu sostituita dalla Browning.30 statunitense. Nella versione VII il set radio No. 19 fu sostituito dal No.11. Una sottovariante, denominata VIIa, era dotata di ulteriori modifiche: un serbatoio aggiuntivo, un sistema di raffreddamento dell'olio, cingoli modificati e fari per gli spostamenti in convoglio.

Valentine VIII e IX
Queste due versioni erano caratterizzate da una torretta a due posti, riprogettata per ospitare un cannone 6 libbre. Il principale difetto di questi modelli era l'assenza di una mitragliatrice coassiale. Il Valentine VIII era dotato di un nuovo motore A.E.C; il Valentine IX era invece dotato di nuovi motori della GMC, inizialmente da 130 hp e in seguito da 165 hp.

Valentine X
Questa versione aveva una torretta nuovamente riprogettata, sempre a due posti, ma capace di ospitare sia il cannone 6 libbre sia una mitragliatrice coassiale. Il motore era il GMC da 165 hp.

Valentine XI
L'ultima versione era dotata di cannone 75 mm e mitragliatrice coassiale, entrambi ospitati in una torretta a due posti. Il motore era ancora il GMC da 165 hp. Il muso costituito da piastre unite per rivettatura fu sostituito da uno ottenuto per fusione, come già previsto nelle versioni canadesi VI e VII.

Varianti

Self Propelled 6 pdr., Valentine
Il S.P. 6 pdr., Valentine era un veicolo cacciacarri basato sullo scafo del Valentine. La torretta era sostituita da una sovrastruttura in grado di ospitare un cannone 6 libbre. Questa versione rimase allo stadio sperimentale: lo sviluppo fu interrotto poiché dal Valentine VIII in poi la medesima arma fu montata in torretta.

Bishop

Il Carrier, Valentine, 25 pdr gun, Mk. I, altrimenti conosciuto come Bishop, era un semovente d'artiglieria sviluppato a partire dallo scafo del Valentine II. La torretta originale era sostituita da una grande sovrastruttura in grado di ospitare il cannone 25 libbre. Fu prodotto nel 1942 in 100 esemplari. Fu utilizzato in Nord Africa e in Sicilia.

Archer

Il Self Propelled 17 pdr., Valentine, meglio conosciuto con il nome di Archer, era un veicolo cacciacarri basato sullo scafo del Valentine. La torretta era rimossa e sostituita da una sovrastruttura in grado di ospitare un cannone 17 libbre, orientato verso la parte posteriore del mezzo. Fu sviluppato a partire dal 1943 e prodotto in 665 unità. Fu utilizzato in Italia e sul fronte occidentale.

Close support
Questa versione fu sviluppata per la 3ª Divisione Neozelandese, operante nel teatro del Pacifico, a partire dal Valentine III. Per il ruolo di supporto ravvicinato alla fanteria era necessaria un'arma più potente rispetto al 2 libbre del Valentine III; il cannone fu quindi sostituito con un mortaio da 3 pollici. Contemporaneamente, si risistemò la strumentazione di tiro al servizio della nuova arma e si reimpostò la stiva di munizioni per adattarla alle nuove munizioni (21 HE e 14 fumogeni ). Nove Valentine III furono trasformati; nel 1955 alcuni di questi erano ancora in servizio nell'Esercito Neozelandese.

Versioni speciali

Gettaponte
Versione adattata come veicolo gettaponte. Ogni brigata corazzata aveva in dotazione 6 di questi veicoli. Il ponte era normalmente portato richiuso al di sopra del carro; quando veniva esteso raggiungeva la lunghezza di 10 metri circa e poteva portare fino a 30 tonnellate. Questo modello operò sul fronte italiano e sul fronte occidentale.

Rampa
Questa versione speciale fu costruita per la guerra in Estremo Oriente. Il modello era privo di torretta; al di sopra dello scafo era installato un ponte inclinato, dotato di rampe mobili incardinate alle estremità. Lo scopo di questo mezzo era creare delle rampe per il passaggio di altri mezzi corazzati o motorizzati attraverso ostacoli altrimenti insuperabili. La fine della guerra arrivò prima che questo veicolo potesse essere mai utilizzato in combattimento.

Valentine DD

I primi esemplari prodotti in serie di carro armato Duplex Drive furono dei Valentine, modificati a partire dalle versioni V, IX e XI. Il sistema Duplex Drive fu inventato da Nicholas Straussler e permetteva di trasformare dei normali carri armati in veicoli anfibi. Il sistema si basava su due modifiche fondamentali: la prima era l'installazione di un'elica nella parte posteriore del carro, per l'avanzamento nell'acqua. La seconda era un telone, installato sui parafanghi e sollevabile tutto attorno al carro. Sia il telone che la giunzione con lo scafo erano impermeabili. Lo scopo del telone era permettere un certo affondamento del carro nell'acqua, fino a raggiungere il punto di galleggiamento. Il telone si sollevava grazie ad un sistema ad aria compressa e poteva essere abbassato rapidamente. Una volta che il telone era abbassato il carro poteva combattere normalmente. Queste modifiche furono applicate a 625 Valentine, dalle fabbriche Metropolitan-Cammell Carriage and Wagon; il primo Valentine DD fu consegnato nel marzo 1943 e l'ultimo verso la fine del 1944. Il Valentine DD fu utilizzato perlopiù per l'addestramento delle truppe, nel Regno Unito, in Italia e in India. Operativamente fu utilizzato solo un piccolo numero di esemplari, sul fronte italiano.

Lanciafiamme
Il Valentine fu utilizzato come base per testare due diversi prototipi di lanciafiamme. La prima versione fu sviluppata dalla A.E.C, in collaborazione con il Petroleum Warfare Department; questo modello prevedeva l'uso di idrogeno compresso per proiettare il liquido infiammabile. Da questo sistema fu derivato il lanciafiamme installato sul Churchill Crocodile.
Una seconda versione fu sviluppata dal Ministry of Supply e prevedeva l'utilizzo di cordite. Entrambi i sistemi utilizzavano un serbatoio ausiliario a rimorchio per ospitare il liquido infiammabile.

Sminamento
Il Valentine fu utilizzato come banco di prova per vari sistemi di sminamento. Il più importante fra questi fu lo Scorpion Mk. III: il sistema prevedeva un rullo rotante dotato di flagelli, mantenuto ad una certa altezza davanti al carro grazie a due bracci. Furono prodotti 150 di questi veicoli, a partire da Valentine II e III. Per installare questo meccanismo era necessario rimuovere la torretta: al suo posto veniva posta una sovrastruttura corazzata, contenente due motori Ford V8 per l'azionamento dello Scorpion. Nella sovrastruttura trovava spazio anche il capocarro e l'operatore dello Scorpion. Questi veicoli furono utilizzati per l'addestramento degli equipaggi, poi forniti dei più moderni Sherman Crabs (Sherman dotati di sistema Scorpion).
Un altro sistema di sminamento utilizzato sul Valentine fu l'Anti-Mine Roller Attachment Mk IB (AMRA), composto da rulli borchiati spinti dinnanzi al carro. Questo sistema fu adoperato da alcuni Valentine in Medio Oriente. Infine, rimasto solo allo stadio sperimentale, un altro equipaggiamento prevedeva l'utilizzo di una sorta di rastrello installato davanti al veicolo.

Mortaio

Questa versione rimase solo allo stadio sperimentale. Prevedeva la rimozione della torretta e l'installazione di un mortaio da 24,8 cm, in grado di lanciare granate incendiarie.

Curiosità
Per spiegare il nome "Valentine" sono state proposte varie interpretazioni. La più popolare afferma che il progetto del modello fu presentato al War Office il giorno di san Valentino, il 14 febbraio 1938, anche se altre fonti sostengono che il progetto fu presentato il 10 febbraio. Un'altra versione sostiene che il nome fu scelto in onore di Sir John Valentine Carden, l'uomo che guidò lo sviluppo di molti veicoli della Vickers, morto tre anni prima. Una terza possibilità vede in "Valentine" l'acronimo di Vickers-Armstrong Ltd. Elswick & (Newcastle-upon) Tyne. Infine, alcune fonti affermano che il nome era solamente un codice identificativo utilizzato dalla Vickers, senza particolare significati..

Note

Bibliografia

Voci correlate
 M2 Medium Tank
 Panzer IV
 Char B1
 L6/40
 Type 91 (carro armato)

Altri progetti

Veicoli militari britannici della seconda guerra mondiale
Carri armati per fanteria

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Our Myrtle Room offers places from 18 months to 3 years. These formative years for your child are closely monitored by our Myrtle Room team of educators. We ensure that your child is engaged as we offer opportunities for growth in accordance with their needs.
We work closely with you to ensure we are aligning interests and routines from home – structuring our curriculum to provide experiences that enhance the cognitive capabilities, emotional regulation, social interaction and physical development of your child. Myrtle Room experiences are fun and interactive and allow for independence and inclusion.
With our qualified Bachelor Kindergarten teacher leading the way, our Bottlebrush Room caters for 3 – 5 years. As your child is preparing for the next stage in their education, our Bottlebrush educators ensure that they are aligning the curriculum to cater for your child's unique abilities and encouraging children to become highly involved in decisions that affect them.
Intentional teaching offers opportunities for children to extend their knowledge and develop an increasing love of learning that will set the foundations for confidence and involvement in their transition to school. Discovery Tree has a strong relationship with Clayton South Primary School and our children enjoy participating in excursions to the school to also assist their school readiness.
Our Kindergarten Room, Banksia, is scheduled to open in January 2019 and will cater for 4-5 years. With a dedicated Early Childhood Teacher, the Curriculum will be tailored to strengthen children's love of learning and engagement with problem solving, exploration, resilience, and socialisation.
The room looks out onto Clayton South Primary School, engaging your child with the excitement that waits for them in 2020!
Spaces are filling fast for the Kindergarten program – Please call the office for enquiries or a Tour.