text:
\section{Introduction}

The system and its surroundings have unavoidable interactions,
therefore realistic quantum systems are essentially open systems \cite{Breuer2002}.
In recent years, the study of the dynamics of open systems becomes active again due to the rapid development
of quantum experimental technologies as well as the possible applications in quantum information science
\cite{Cirac3221,DiVincenzo113,Knill46,Duan032305}.
Meanwhile the features of the non-Markovian quantum process has attracted significant attention in
both theoretical and experimental studies \cite{Reich12430,Chru070406,Xu100502,Liu931,Chin233601,Deffner010402}.
The reliable description of the non-Markovian dynamics depends on the knowledge of the reservoir
as well as the system-reservoir interaction, which may often not be possible to acquire.
Therefore, simplifying assumptions had been made for describing the environment,
which is often attributed to the property of the spectral density \cite{Leggett1987,Breuer2012}.
If the crucial property of the spectral density is known,
then the system dynamics can be fully determined \cite{Breuer2002,Rivas2011}.
In realistic situations, however, due to the interaction with distinct physical environments,
an open system is often affected by different decoherence mechanisms.
In this case, the spectral density function that based on theoretical assumptions,
may not give a reliable description of the environments,
as it is often limited to several classes of functions (i.e., Ohmic or Lorentzian spectral density).

Measuring the spectral density thereby becomes an important task,
and various schemes have been proposed in two-level systems, where the qubit is used as the noise probe,
e.g., pulse sequences \cite{Yuge170504,Alvarez230501,Bylander565},
correlations of single-shot measurement \cite{Fink2013}, waveguide-QED-based measurement \cite{Ciccarello062121},
spontaneous synchronization \cite{Giorgi052121}, open-loop control protocols \cite{Norris150503}, and dynamical evolution detection \cite{Xu032108}.
Recently, the non-Markovian nature of the mechanical heat bath has been revealed experimentally \cite{Groblacher7606},
and the reservoir spectral density is reconstructed by monitoring the mechanical motion with high sensitivity.
This can be achieved in optomechanical systems, which offer an attractive approach to engineer interactions of light and mechanics
that can achieve rather high sensitivity on the displacement measurement via the radiation pressure force \cite{Aspelmeyer1391,Motazedifard023815}.
Optomechanical systems are widely exploited to detect small quantities for sensing purposes,
including gravitational wave detection \cite{Pang124016,Miao211104},
ultra-sensitive force detection \cite{Motazedifard023815,Zhang083022},
adsorbed nano-mass detection \cite{Li141905} and rotating mechanical quantum gyroscopes \cite{Li090311}.
Therefore, with the help of radiation pressure force, the mechanical resonator can hence be used as an ultrasensitive probe measuring the reservoir spectral density.

Due to the experimental progress \cite{Groblacher7606},
the non-Markovian effects of the optomechanical system has been studied extensively \cite{Cheng23678,Zhang063853,Mu012334,Zhang083022,Xiong6053,ZhangWZ063811,Cheng385,Zhao29082,Li1363,Jiang033804}.
The results of these studied are affected by the shape of the spectral density, which is often based on theoretical assumptions.
In this work, we propose a method for measuring the spectral density via the optical transmission rate of the optomechanical system without additional assumptions.
By examining the non-Markovian dynamics of the system related to the output field,
we can reconstruct the spectral density in low frequency regions with high consistency.
For the spectral density interval that far from the mechanical oscillation frequency,
we can still complete the full reconstruction of the spectral density by using the numerical fitting method if the specific form of the spectral density functions is given.
Moreover our method can be also applied to the case when the mechanical resonator has multiple decoherence channels.

The paper is organized as follows.
In Sec. II, we describe the model and derive the optical transmission rate.
In Sec. III, we demonstrate the application of the scheme with some given examples, including experimental non-Ohmic spectrum, Lorentzian spectrum, Ohmic spectrum,
as well as the case of multiple decoherence channels.
Finally, we conclude in Sec. IV.

\section{Mechanical resonator as the reservoir probe}

We consider a typical cavity optomechanical system consisting of a Fabry-P\'{e}rot cavity with frequency $\omega_{c}$ and a mechanical resonator with frequency $\omega_{m}$.
The mechanical resonator is coupled to a non-Markovian reservoir, which is experimentally achievable \cite{Groblacher7606}.
The corresponding Hamiltonian can be written as $\hat{H}=\hat{H}_{S}+\hat{H}_{EI}$, where
\begin{subequations}
\begin{align}
\hat{H}_{S}&=\hbar\omega_{c}\hat{a}^{\dag}\hat{a}+\frac{\hbar\omega_{m}}{2}(\hat{p}^{2}+\hat{q}^{2}) \notag\\
&~~~-\hbar g_{0}\hat{a}^{\dag}\hat{a}\hat{q}+i\hbar E(e^{-i\omega_{0}t}\hat{a}^{\dag}-e^{i\omega_{0}t}\hat{a}), \label{Hs} \\
\hat{H}_{EI}&=\sum_{l}\frac{\hbar\omega_{l}}{2}[\hat{q}_{l}^{2}+(\hat{p}_{l}-\gamma_{l}\hat{q})^{2}].
\end{align}
\end{subequations}
$\hat{H}_{S}$ is the Hamiltonian of the system \cite{Law2537,Giovannetti023812,Genes033804,Xiong151},
where $\hat{a}^{\dag}$ and $\hat{a}$ are the creation and annihilation operators of the optical mode,
the quadratures $\hat{q}$ and $\hat{p}$ are the dimensionless position and momentum operators of the mechanical mode.
The optomechanical interaction is described by the third term in Eq. \eqref{Hs} with the single-photon coupling coefficient $g_{0}=(\omega_{c}/L)\sqrt{\hbar/2m\omega_{m}}$.
The cavity is driven by a coherent laser with driving strength $E$ and center frequency $\omega_{0}$.
$\hat{H}_{EI}$ is the Hamiltonian of the reservoir as well as the system-reservoir interaction,
which describes a mirror undergoing Brownian motion with the coupling through the reservoir momentum \cite{Giovannetti023812,Ford4419}.
Here, $\omega_{l}$ is the reservoir energy of the mechanical mode, and $\gamma_{l}$ stands for the mirror-reservoir coupling strength.

In the frame rotating at the laser frequency, by eliminating all the environmental degrees of freedom, we can obtain the following Heisenberg-Langevin equations \cite{Cheng23678,Zhang063853}
\begin{subequations}
\begin{align}
\dot{\hat{a}} &=-(i\Delta_{c}+\kappa)\hat{a}+ig_{0}\hat{a}\hat{q}+E+\sqrt{2\kappa}\hat{a}_{in}, \\
\dot{\hat{q}} &=\omega_{m}\hat{p}, \\
\dot{\hat{p}} &=-\Delta_{m}\hat{q}+g_{0}\hat{a}^{\dag}\hat{a}+\int_{0}^{t}d\tau f_{m}(t-\tau)\hat{q}(\tau)+\hat{\xi}_{in}, \label{2c}
\end{align}
\end{subequations}
where $\Delta_{c}=\omega_{c}-\omega_{0}$ is the cavity detuning, and $\Delta_{m}=\omega_{m}+\sum_{l}\omega_{l}\gamma_{l}^{2}$ is the reservoir-induced energy shift.
$\hat{a}_{in}$ is the input noise operator of the cavity, which satisfy the autocorrelation relation $\langle\hat{a}_{in}(t)\hat{a}^{\dag}_{in}(\tau)\rangle=\delta(t-\tau)$.
While $\hat{\xi}_{in}=\sum_{l}\omega_{l}\gamma_{l}[\hat{p}_{l}(0)\cos\omega_{l}t-\hat{q}_{l}(0)\sin\omega_{l}t]$ is the input noise operator of the mechanical resonator.
The non-Markovian effect is fully manifested in the non-local time correlation function $f_{m}(t)=\int\frac{d\omega}{2\pi}J_{m}(\omega)\sin\omega t$,
where $J_{m}(\omega)$ is the mechanical spectral density to be measured.
In the presence of a strong driving field, the intracavity photon number are large enough, thus the quantum fluctuations can be ignored,
we then focus on the classical part that describing the classical phase space orbits of the first moments of operators
\begin{subequations}
\begin{align}
\dot{\alpha} &=-(i\Delta_{c}+\kappa)\alpha +ig_{0}\alpha q+E,  \label{classicala}   \\
\ddot{q} &=\omega_{m}[-\Delta_{m}q+g_{0}|\alpha|^{2}+\int_{0}^{t}d\tau f_{m}(t-\tau)q(\tau)]. \label{classicalq}
\end{align} \label{classical}
\end{subequations}
Eq. \eqref{classicalq} can be formally integrated by utilizing the modified Laplace transformation \cite{Zhang170402}.
For convenience, we set $\omega_{m}=1$, so that Eq. (\ref{classical}) contain only the dimensionless parameters
$g_{0}/\omega_{m}$, $\Delta_{c}/\omega_{m}$, $\Delta_{m}/\omega_{m}$, $\kappa/\omega_{m}$ and $E/\omega_{m}$,
then the solution is
\begin{subequations}
\begin{align}
q(t)&=\dot{Q}(t)q(0)+Q(t)p(0) \notag\\
&~~~+g_{0}\int_{0}^{t}d\tau Q(t-\tau)|\alpha(\tau)|^{2}, \label{solutionq} \\
Q(t)&=\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\frac{d\omega}{2\pi}\frac{-e^{-i\omega t}}{\omega^{2}-\Delta_{m}-K_{m}(\omega)+\frac{i}{4}\tilde{J}(\omega)}, \label{solutionQ}
\end{align}
\end{subequations}
where the Green's function $Q(t)$ is subjected to the initial conditions $Q(0)=0$ and $\dot{Q}(0)=1$.
$K_{m}(\omega)=\mathcal{P}\int\frac{d\omega^{\prime}}{2\pi}\frac{\omega^{\prime}J_{m}(\omega^{\prime})}{\omega^{2}-\omega^{\prime2}}$
and $\tilde{J}(\omega)=J_{m}(\omega)-J_{m}(-\omega)$ are the real and imaginary part of the Laplace transform of the self-energy correction, respectively \cite{Zhang170402}.
Substituting Eq. \eqref{solutionq} into Eq. \eqref{classicala}, and assuming the mechanical resonator is initially in thermal state, we then have
\begin{align}
\dot{\alpha} &=-(i\Delta_{c}+\kappa)\alpha +E \notag\\
 &~~~+ig_{0}^{2}\alpha(t)\int_{0}^{t}d\tau Q(t-\tau)|\alpha(\tau)|^{2}. \label{Ca}
\end{align}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=8cm]{Fig1.eps}
\caption{
(color online).
Illustration of the probing scheme.} \label{fig1}
\end{figure}

In realistic situations, the experimental realizable cavity optomechanics are still in the single-photon weak coupling limit \cite{Chan89,Teufel359,Kleckner19708,Arcizet71,Groblacher724}.
We thus can perform a first order perturbation solution \cite{Cheng23678} of Eq. \eqref{Ca}, i.e., $\alpha=\alpha_{0}+g_{0}^{2}\alpha_{1}$, where
\begin{subequations}
\begin{align}
\dot{\alpha}_{0}&=-(i\Delta_{c}+\kappa)\alpha_{0}+ E,  \label{Ea0}\\
\dot{\alpha}_{1}&=-(i\Delta_{c}+\kappa)\alpha_{1}  \notag\\
&~~~+i\alpha_{0}(t)\int_{0}^{t}d\tau Q(t-\tau)|\alpha_{0}(\tau)|^{2}. \label{Ea1}
\end{align} \label{Ea}
\end{subequations}
The output field can be obtained by using the input-output relations $\mathscr{E}_{out}+E=2\kappa\alpha(t)$ \cite{Walls1994,Agarwal2010}.
Here we define the modified optical transmission rate $\bar{\eta}=\frac{|\mathscr{E}_{out}|^{2}-E^{2}}{E^{2}}$.
If the cavity field is initially prepared in coherent state with $\langle\hat{a}\rangle=\frac{E}{i\Delta_{c}+\kappa}$.
The transmission rate reduce to $\bar{\eta}=\frac{2\kappa}{E}g_{0}^{2}(A\alpha_{1}+A^{*}\alpha_{1}^{*})$, where $A=\frac{\kappa+i\Delta_{c}}{\kappa-i\Delta_{c}}$.
Utilizing the modified Laplace transformation and together with Eq. \eqref{Ea}, we have (see appendix A)

\begin{figure}[tp]
{\includegraphics[width=8cm]{FigA.eps}}\\
{~\includegraphics[width=8.2cm]{FigB.eps}}
\caption{
(color online).
Numerical simulation of the probing scheme.
We compare the given (purple dot) and reconstructed (blue line) spectral density.
In (a), we consider the experimental spectral density reported in Ref. \cite{Groblacher7606}, with $k=-2.3$, $C=6\times10^{-3}$,
while in (b), the Lorentzian spectral density is used and we choose $\Gamma=10^{-2}$, $d=2\times10^{-2}\omega_{m}$.
The other parameters are $E=4\omega_{m}$, $g_{0}=6\times10^{-5}\omega_{m}$, $\Delta_{c}=-7.5\times10^{-3}\omega_{m}$, $\kappa=1.5\times10^{-2}\omega_{m}$.
} \label{fig2}
\end{figure}

\begin{subequations}
\begin{align}
\bar{\eta}(t)&=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}}\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}d\omega\bar{\eta}(\omega)e^{-i\omega t}, \label{Sluetat} \\
\bar{\eta}(\omega)&=\frac{4\kappa\Delta_{c}g_{0}^{2}E^{2}}{\sqrt{2\pi}(\Delta_{c}^{2}+\kappa^{2})^{2}[\Delta_{c}^{2}-(\omega+i\kappa)^{2}]}  \notag\\
&~~~\times\frac{1}{\omega^{2}-\Delta_{m}-K_{m}(\omega)+\frac{i}{4}\tilde{J}(\omega)}. \label{Sluetaw}
\end{align}  \label{Slueta}
\end{subequations}
Using the solution \eqref{Sluetaw}, we can easily obtain the expression of the spectral density
\begin{align}
\tilde{J}(\omega)=\frac{16\kappa\Delta_{c}g_{0}^{2}E^{2}}{\sqrt{2\pi}(\Delta_{c}^{2}+\kappa^{2})^{2}}
\frac{\mathrm{Im}\{\bar{\eta}(\omega)[(\omega+i\kappa)^{2}-\Delta_{c}^{2}]\}}{|\bar{\eta}(\omega)[(\omega+i\kappa)^{2}-\Delta_{c}^{2}]|^{2}}. \label{Jw}
\end{align}
Apparently, Eq. \eqref{Jw} provide us a straightforward way to extract the spectral density profile from the transmission spectra,
which is easy to record via optical intensity measurements without additional assumptions about the spectral shape.
This is different from the traditional method which detect the undetermined parameters of an assumed spectral structure.
The detected signal, according to Eq. \eqref{Sluetaw}, is proportional to $g_{0}^{2}E^{2}$.
Meanwhile, by solving Eq. \eqref{Ea1}, the applicable condition of the perturbation method can be estimated, i.e., $g_{0}E\ll\sqrt{\Delta_{c}^{2}+\kappa^{2}}$.
This means the accuracy of the solution and the intensity of the signal are constrained by each other.
As a result, our scheme requires the optimization and selection of parameters that balance signal strength and the validity of the derivation.
The strategy of this scheme is based on tracking the system dynamics in time.
The environmental modes that far away from the system center frequency may have negligible impact on the system dynamics due to the rotating-wave approximation.
Eq. \eqref{Sluetaw} describes the dependence of output signal on the spectral density, such dependency reduces rapidly for high-frequency environmental modes.
In other words, the detection effect is inversely proportional to the frequency difference $|\omega-\omega_{m}|$.
To be specific, for $\omega>\omega_{m}$, $\omega^{2}-\Delta_{m}-K_{m}(\omega)+\frac{i}{4}\tilde{J}(\omega)\approx\omega^{2}-\omega_{m}+\frac{i}{4}\tilde{J}(\omega)$,
the ratio $\frac{\tilde{J}(\omega)}{\omega^{2}-\omega_{m}}$ can then be used to evaluate the effectiveness of spectral density detection for specific frequency.

\begin{figure}[tp]
{\includegraphics[width=8.15cm]{FigC.eps}}\\
{\includegraphics[width=8.2cm]{FigD.eps}}\\
{\includegraphics[width=8.2cm]{FigE.eps}}
\caption{
(color online).
Numerical simulation of the probing scheme with the Ohmic spectrum.
In (a-c), we consider the environment is sub-Ohmicm ($\eta=6\times10^{-3}$, $s=0.5$, $\omega_{c}=10\omega_{m}$), Ohmic ($\eta=6\times10^{-3}$, $s=1$, $\omega_{c}=10\omega_{m}$)
and super-Ohmic ($\eta=9\times10^{-3}$, $s=1.25$, $\omega_{c}=5\omega_{m}$). The other parameters are the same as given in Fig. \ref{fig2}.
} \label{fig3}
\end{figure}

\section{Spectral density reconstruction}

We are now going to discuss the key feature of our scheme.
To simulate the actual experimental process, we use a double-blind method to simulate the system evolution and protocol implementation.
In the actual case, we do not know the dynamics of the system directly, so we use a black box to represent the system.
We assume that, the basic parameters of the system can be detected before we implement the protocol, which has been widely demonstrated in experiments\cite{Aspelmeyer1391}.
As show in Fig. \ref{fig1}, the black box module is used to represent the dynamic evolution of the system in unknown environment.
The spectrum generator is used to generate the environment structure randomly for dynamic simulation.
Our protocol is implemented in the observer module.
In the whole dynamic process, the detector can only get the output signal of the optical field from the black box.
The measurement method is described by four steps.
First, the cavity and mechanical resonator are prepared in coherent and thermal state respectively.
Then, the intensity of the output signal $\bar{\eta}$ is measured through standard intensity measurements.
Third, using the Fourier transform, the detected signal (denote as $S_{\bar{\eta}}$) is transformed to the frequency domain,
i.e., $S_{\bar{\eta}}(\omega)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}}\int_{0}^{T}dt S_{\bar{\eta}}(t)e^{i\omega t}$.
Finally, using Eq. \eqref{Jw}, the information of the spectral density is extracted (denote as $S_{\tilde{J}}$).
However, as discussed in the previous section, the intensity of the signal and the accuracy of the solution are constrained by each other.
This set a limit to our detection scheme, but it can still be improved by adding a symmetric detection process (see appendix B).
The reconstructed spectral density can then be written as $R_{\tilde{J}}(\omega)=\frac{S_{\tilde{J}}(\omega,-\Delta_{c})+S_{\tilde{J}}(\omega,\Delta_{c})}{2}$.

\begin{figure}[tp]
{\includegraphics[width=8.2cm]{FigF.eps}}
\caption{
(color online).
The boundary of the detection scheme for Ohmic-type spectrum. The detection accuracy is negatively correlated to the frequency.
} \label{fig4}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Single Decoherence Channel}

For an experimental demonstration of this scheme, we consider a mechanical resonator with frequency $\omega_{m}=914kHz$.
Experimental study found that, the spectral density is highly non-Ohmic $J_{m}(\omega)=2\pi C\omega^{k}$ and with narrow bandwidth $d\approx0.07\omega_{m}$ \cite{Groblacher7606},
where $C$ is a dimensionless coupling constant.
Due to the rotating wave approximation, the environmental modes that far away from the system central frequency may have negligible impact on the dynamics.
Therefore, we also assume that the spectral density is a local distribution in the vicinity of $\omega_{m}$.
Simulating Eq. \eqref{classical} with the given spectral density, the output field can be determined, and the spectral density can be reconstructed.
Results are plotted in Fig. \ref{fig2}(a), where the calculated spectral density shows a random fluctuation outside the given spectral regions, and it tend to get larger when $\omega>\omega_{m}+\frac{d}{2}$.
This phenomenon could be attributed to the effect of sharp frequency cutoff.
For comparison, in Fig. \ref{fig2}(b) we choose a Lorentzian spectral density with no cutoff, i.e., $J_{m}(\omega)=2\pi\frac{\Gamma d^{2}}{(\omega-\omega_{m})^{2}+d^{2}}$,
but has approximately the same spectral width as the former one. Where $\Gamma$ is the coupling strength and $d$ is the bandwidth of the reservoir spectrum.
The results are obviously improved as expected, but for $\omega\gtrsim1.4\omega_{m}$, the deviation increases evidently.
For spectral density with narrow bandwidth, $\frac{\tilde{J}(\omega)}{\omega^{2}-\omega_{m}}$ decreases rapidly when $\omega>\omega_{m}$.
In this case, our method still works as the main part of the spectral density has been determined.

\begin{figure}[tp]
{\includegraphics[width=8.2cm]{FigG.eps}}
{\includegraphics[width=8.2cm]{FigH.eps}}
{\includegraphics[width=8.2cm]{FigI.eps}}
\caption{
(color online).
Numerical simulation of the probing scheme when the mechanical resonator is under two decoherence channels:
(a), the non-Markovian damping with the sub-Ohmic spectrum and the Markovian damping.
(b), the non-Markovian damping with the Lorentzian spectrum and the Markovian damping.
(c), the non-Markovian damping with the Lorentzian-like random spectrum and the Markovian damping.
} \label{fig5}
\end{figure}

\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}
\begin{table*}[htbp]
\centering

\caption{The numerical fitting results: the given parameters (G) and the fitting parameters (F).}   \label{T1}

\begin{tabular}{p{4cm}|p{1cm}p{2cm}p{1cm}p{1.2cm}p{2cm}p{2cm}p{2cm}}

\hline\hline\noalign{\smallskip}

\makecell[c]{Spectral Density}                                & \makecell[c]{G/F} & \makecell[c]{$\eta$}              & \makecell[c]{$s$}     & \makecell[c]{$\omega_{c}/\omega_{m}$} & \makecell[c]{$d/\omega_{m}$}      & \makecell[c]{$\Gamma$}            & \makecell[c]{$\gamma_{m}/\omega_{m}$}   \\

\hline

\makecell[c]{\multirow{2}{*}{Ohmic}}                  & \makecell[c]{G}   & \makecell[c]{$6\times10^{-3}$}    & \makecell[c]{$1$}     & \makecell[c]{$10$}                    &                                   &                                   &                                         \\

                                                      & \makecell[c]{F}   & \makecell[c]{$6.21\times10^{-3}$} & \makecell[c]{$1.01$}  & \makecell[c]{$9.99$}                  &                                   &                                   &                                         \\

\hline

\makecell[c]{\multirow{2}{*}{super-Ohmic}}            & \makecell[c]{G}   & \makecell[c]{$9\times10^{-3}$}    & \makecell[c]{$1.25$}  & \makecell[c]{$5$}                     &                                   &                                   &                                         \\

                                                      & \makecell[c]{F}   & \makecell[c]{$9.20\times10^{-3}$} & \makecell[c]{$1.26$}  & \makecell[c]{$4.73$}                  &                                   &                                   &                                         \\

\hline

\makecell[c]{\multirow{2}{*}{sub-Ohmic$+$Markovian}}  & \makecell[c]{G}   & \makecell[c]{$6\times10^{-3}$}    & \makecell[c]{$0.5$}   & \makecell[c]{$10$}                    &                                   &                                   & \makecell[c]{$5\times10^{-2}$}          \\

                                                      & \makecell[c]{F}   & \makecell[c]{$6.54\times10^{-3}$} & \makecell[c]{$0.524$} & \makecell[c]{$10.63$}                 &                                   &                                   & \makecell[c]{$4.83\times10^{-2}$}       \\

\hline

\makecell[c]{\multirow{2}{*}{Lorentzian$+$Markovian}} & \makecell[c]{G}   &                                   &                       &                                       & \makecell[c]{$2\times10^{-2}$}    & \makecell[c]{$10^{-2}$}           & \makecell[c]{$5\times10^{-2}$}          \\

                                                      & \makecell[c]{F}   &                                   &                       &                                       & \makecell[c]{$1.91\times10^{-2}$} & \makecell[c]{$9.93\times10^{-3}$} & \makecell[c]{$5.03\times10^{-2}$}       \\

\noalign{\smallskip}\hline\hline

\end{tabular}

\end{table*}

To test our method in the case of a general bosonic environment, we consider the Ohmic spectrum, $J_{m}(\omega)=2\pi\eta\omega(\frac{\omega}{\omega_{c}})^{s-1}e^{\frac{-\omega}{\omega_{c}}}$.
Where $\eta$ is the coupling strength, $\omega_{c}$ is a high-frequency cutoff.
The parameter $s$ classifies the environment as sub-Ohmic ($0<s<1$), Ohmic ($s=1$), and super-Ohmic ($s>1$), corresponding to Fig. \ref{fig3}(a), (b) and (c).
The given and reconstructed spectral density in Fig. \ref{fig3}(a), agrees well in the light green regions for $\omega<1.3\omega_{m}$, which indicates an unconditional reconstruction region.
When $\omega>1.3\omega_{m}$, the reconstructed curve shows a random oscillation around the theoretical curve, which correspond to a partial reconstruction of the spectral density,
as the specific form of the spectral density functions should be assumed in this case.
Similar results can be also found for Ohmic and super-Ohmic spectrum, they are not present in this paper.
From Fig. \ref{fig2} and Fig. \ref{fig3}(a), we can see that the reconstructed spectral density can be divided into three regions.
The optimal detection region appear at the interval around $\omega_{m}$, which has the highest detecting accuracy.
On the left side is the low frequency region, where our detection scheme is still valid, e.g., see Fig. \ref{fig2} and Fig. \ref{fig3}(a).
However for $\omega>\omega_{m}$, the term $\frac{\tilde{J}(\omega)}{\omega^{2}-\omega_{m}}$ dropped rapidly, followed with the decline of the detecting accuracy.
Now we consider the Ohmic and super-Ohmic spectrum.
Utilizing the explicitly shape of $J_{m}(\omega)$ obtained in low frequency region, we may complete the full reconstruction of $J_{m}(\omega)$ through numerical fitting method.
Fig. \ref{fig3}(b) and (c) show the comparison of the given (solid blue line) with the fitted (dashed purple line) spectral density lines, where a good agreement over the whole range of frequency can be seen.
The detailed parameters are presented in Table \ref{T1}.
In Fig. \ref{fig4}, we mark the points (black points) at which a distinct deviation between simulation and theory occurred for Ohmic-type spectrum.
The unconditional reconstruction region of our detection scheme for Ohmic spectrum therefore can be approximately estimated, i.e., $\frac{\tilde{J}(\omega)}{\omega^{2}-1}\gtrsim0.2$ (above the dashed purple line).
Although in high frequency region, where $\frac{\tilde{J}(\omega)}{\omega^{2}-1}\ll0.2$, our technique is not suitable for the determination of spectral densities with unknown shape.
But obtaining the explicitly shape of $J_{m}(\omega)$ in low frequency region still offer us a way to fully reconstruct the spectral density.

\subsection{Multiple Decoherence Channel}

In realistic situations, the intrinsic decoherence mechanism of the Micro- or nanomechanical resonators is still an unknown issue that been the subject of intense research \cite{Wilson245418,Unterreithmeier027205}.
Apart from the case in which only a single decoherence channel is present,
here we assume that the mechanical resonator is affected by different decoherence mechanisms due to its interaction with distinct physical environments.
To be specific, we first consider the interaction between the resonator and it's reservoir that induces strong non-Markovian features.
Meanwhile the resonator is also exposed to the influences of a completely memoryless channel that could be described by Markovian evolution.
Then Eq. \eqref{2c} is modified by adding a Markovian dissipation term $-\gamma_{m}\hat{p}$.
The general spectrum, in this case, can be expressed as $J^{'}_{m}(\omega)=J_{m}(\omega)+4\gamma_{m}\omega$, where $J_{m}(\omega)$ and $\gamma_{m}$ are unknown quantities to be measured.
The results plotted in Fig. \ref{fig5} show that $J^{'}_{m}(\omega)$ can be also measured with high precision when $\omega<1.5\omega_{m}$.
Meanwhile, numerical fitting is performed by utilizing the measured data if the specific form of the spectral density functions is given.
In Fig. \ref{fig5}(a), we consider the sub-Ohmic spectrum with additional Markovian dissipation.
In Fig. \ref{fig5}(b), we consider the Lorentzian spectrum with additional Markovian dissipation.
The detailed parameters are shown in Table \ref{T1}.
Obviously, the detection accuracy for spectral density with local distribution is higher than the one with wide range of frequencies, even when the mechanical resonator has multiple decoherence channels.

In the example discussing above, the given spectral densities are functions of definite form.
However, in realistic cases, the information about the spectral density is probably unknown.
To simulate this feature in our scheme, we consider a Lorentzian-like random spectrum: $J_{m}(\omega)=2\pi\sum_{i=0}^{4}\frac{\Gamma_{i} d_{i}^{2}}{(\omega-\bar{\omega}_{i})^{2}+d_{i}^{2}}$.
The parameters $\Gamma_{i}$, $d_{i}$ and $\bar{\omega}_{i}$ are randomly generated in our simulation (see appendix C for the detailed parameters).
As shown in Fig. \ref{fig5}(c), the simulated spectrum $J^{'}_{m}(\omega)$ agrees well with the random spectrum.
Thus our scheme can simultaneously determine the unknown spectral density as well as the Markovian dissipation rate with high accuracy.

\section{Conclusion}

We have developed a method for determine the spectral density generated by the environments.
It is based on probing the output field of the cavity, which is affected by the shape of the mechanical spectral density with the help of radiation pressure force.
We have obtained an analytic expression describing the relation between the output light spectrum and the reservoir spectral density,
which enable us to reconstruct spectral densities with unknown shape.
Our method can be easily generalized to the case when the system has multiple decoherence channels.
Furthermore, our results have shown that, the spectral density as well as the dissipation rate can be determined simultaneously.
As the output field detection technology are well established \cite{Langford478,Ourjoumtsev474,Mallet220502,Kapfinger8540}, experimental implementation should be feasible.

\begin{acknowledgments}

We would like to thank Dr. Wen-Lin Li for helpful discussions.
This work is supported by the NSF of China under Grant No. 11704205, No. 11704026, No. 11874099, No. 21773131 and 12074206.
This work is also sponsored by the Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo City (Grant No. 2018A610199) and K.C.Wong Magna Fund in Ningbo University.

\end{acknowledgments}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


*Currently unavailable* I'm a Bangkok based, self-taught illustrator working in digital medium. I like to paint with muted colors and low contrast, usually a portrait with vintage… Show more.
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*Currently unavailable* I'm a Bangkok based, self-taught illustrator working in digital medium. I like to paint with muted colors and low contrast, usually a portrait with vintage inspiration like J.C. Leyendecker. I also enjoy seeing beautiful food from different cultures and painting them.
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text:
DC Motors in Forklift Applications
Forklifts are manufactured with varied designs, power sources, load capacities, and lifting configurations for both industrial moving and material handling applications. 1 Forklift trucks are classified into two broad categories: indoor and outdoor use. Outdoor-use forklifts are powered by an internal combustion engine fueled by either gasoline, diesel, LP gas or CNG gas. Indoor-use forklifts 2 are powered by an electric motor (12, 24, 36, or 48 VDC) and typically use large lead-acid batteries (10-75KWh capacity) for traction, steering and lifting power; the batteries also function as a counterweight to provide a counterbalancing force to oppose the lifted load in order to maintain stability of the forklift. 3. The forklift's lifting mechanism is electro-hydraulically powered and consists of a fork, mast and lift/tilt jacks or cylinders. A hydraulic pump driven by an electric motor "forces hydraulic fluid through control valves. Hydraulic pressure raises the lift jack, which raises the fork by means of a system of chains and rollers. The forks raise on a mast. Heavy loads can be tilted backward by the tilt jacks to aid in stability. The lifting capacities of electric forklift tracks range from 1,000 to 10,000 pounds." 4
Types of Electric Forklifts
Electric forklifts typically include walkie/rider pallet trucks and sit down, counterbalanced forklift trucks. There are two main types of electric, motorized pallet trucks: walkies and riders. Walkies can handle heavy loads for short distances. They are less expensive than riders. Since they move at walking speed, collisions when they do occur are less severe. Riders are used for long distances that would make a walkie impractical. Due to their fast speeds, they can pose a safety hazard to both the operator and pedestrians within the vicinity of operation. High lift pallet trucks are a variation of walkies and riders. They are used to move material on warehouse shelving that's beyond the reach of most workers. High lift pallet trucks can be unstable since the center of gravity changes as the load height is increased, so it is critical to only lift loads within the manufacturer's specifications. 5
Sit-down, counterbalanced forklift trucks are the most popular type of industrial & material handler. Similar to the fork-mast design of most pallet trucks, sit down forklifts have a place for the operator to sit that's located between the lifting mechanism and the battery located in the rear of the machine. Fast speed and instability are the two main safety hazards of sit-downs. Order picker forklifts are used to obtain material on shelving while straddle forklifts are used to carry long material typically used in construction (pipers, boards, etc.) 6
Uses of DC Motors in Forklifts
Permanent magnet DC (PMDC) Motors 7 use a strong, permanent magnets to produce the motor's magnetic field. Due to this constant magnetic field, PMDC motors are characterized by a consistent speed-torque response over the motor's operating range (up to base speed). They are more compact and efficient with better thermal characteristics than wound-field DC motors so they can be used for continuous duty applications. But they have lower horsepower ratings than wound-fields; therefore, they are used in functions such as the steering (motor-pump) system and some lifting pump drive applications. In addition, PMDC motors have a lower stall torque than wound-field DC motors. Wound-field DC motors 8 use electromagnetic excitation to produce the motor's magnetic field. When used in a series-field configuration, they have very high starting torque. They have high horsepower ratings so they can be used for high load applications at much higher speeds than PMDC motors. Typically, they will be used to power the traction drive, steering systems or the lifting system's hydraulic pump drive. Their thermal characteristics make them most suitable for intermittent duty applications. DC motor control in electric forklifts is usually a voltage control, chopper system (DC-to-DC converter) using a buck/boost chopper circuit. 9
John L. Ryan, L. D. Ryan. Forklift Manual. Donegal Bay Inc. Publishing. 2006. Page 7 ↩
L.M. Deshmukh. Industrial Safety Management. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. 2005. Page 136 ↩
Gianfranco Pistoia. Electric and Hybrid Vehicles: Power Sources, Models, Sustainability, Infrastructure and the Market. Elsevier. 2010. Page 496 ↩
Marshall Cavendish Corporation. Growing Up with Science. Marshall Cavendish. 2006. Page 635 ↩
Ohio Electric Motors. Permanent Magnet DC Motors. Ohio electric Motors. 2011. ↩
Ohio Electric Motors. DC Series Motors: High Starting Torque but No Load Operation Ill Advised. Ohio electric Motors. 2011. ↩
J. David Irwin. The industrial electronics handbook. CRC Press. 1997. Page 290 ↩
What is the average AC induction motor life expectancy?
What is the difference between an AC motor and a DC motor?
What are thermistors and how do they limit inrush current?
What is electrical torque and mechanical torque?
A General Guide to DC Motor Maintenance

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Diamondbacks Farm System
Diamondbacks Prospects
Diamondbacks Farm Report: August 12, 2022
By Michael McDermott@MichaelMcDMLB Aug 13, 2022, 9:21am EDT
Share All sharing options for: Diamondbacks Farm Report: August 12, 2022
Photo by Rob Tringali/MLB Photos via Getty Images
The Diamondbacks Minor League affiliates combined for a 3-0 record
Top Prospects Performances
Hillsboro SS Jordan Lawlar (#2): 1-for-2, 2 BB, 2 SB (9), RBI, R
AAA: Reno Aces 0, Albuquerque Isotopes 1 (Susp. Bottom 1st)
The game was suspended in the bottom of the first due to the wet field creating a hazard.
AA: Amarillo Sod Poodles 10, Springfield Cardinals 7; 50-56
Despite falling behind 5-1 early, Amarillo was able to score six runs in their final two trips to the plate. Ross Carver got knocked around for five runs in four innings, surrendering a pair of home runs in the third inning. Kenny Hernandez got touched up for two runs in the 6th inning, but the rest of the bullpen delivered three scoreless innings to set the stage for the comeback. Amarillo was able to work their way back into the game in the fifth, scoring three times to make it a one-run game. A four-run seventh gave the Sod Poodles the lead for good, with Nick Dalesandro's RBI single plating the go-ahead run. Home runs by Andy Yerzy (#10) and Jorge Barrosa (#11) provided some insurance in the eighth, although the Blake Rogers still had very little issues retiring the side in the ninth thanks to a double play ball on the final hitter.
High-A: Hillsboro Hops 8, Spokane Indians 1; 46-58
Scott Randall's quality start combined with a terrific offensive attack allowed Hillsboro to cruise to an easy win. Randall allowed just one run in seven and two-thirds innings, holding the Indians to four hits and two walks while striking out five. Hillsboro's fast lineup ran over the field, recording six stolen bases versus one caught stealing. Jordan Lawlar filled up the stat sheet with a single, two walks, two steals, an RBI, and a run scored in four trips to the plate. A.J. Vukovich doubled twice and walked, scoring all three times he reached base.
Low-A: Visalia Rawhide 4, Modesto Nuts 3; 37-69
Jose Cabrera coughed up three runs in the bottom of the first, but managed to salvage a quality start by putting up five more zeros. Cabrera struck out seven Nuts and allowed just six hits and one walk in his start to pick up his second win in three starts with Visalia. The Rawhide were able to immediately answer in the second with a three-run inning of their own, thanks to RBI doubles by Alvin Guzman and Manuel Pena. Brett Johnson's single brought home Pena to tie the game 3-3. Visalia took the lead in the fifth thanks to some sloppy pitching and defense that included an infield hit, a fielding error, a hit batter, and a two-out walk with the bases loaded. The bullpen locked things down for the final two innings, with Alfred Morillo and Listher Sosa combining for three hitless innings and struck out six hitters.


Ashley Mady, president of Brandberry, is a brand builder with a proven track record in design, marketing, licensing and merchandising. Ashley is a creative hybrid who blends innovation and business. Follow her at @kickashmady.
Goals are dreams with deadlines. Set them and stick to them.
Not hiring employees sooner. For a while I tried to keep the overhead low and do everything myself. It only lead to not being able to grow, bandwidth issues and exhaustion. If you're in a position to pass off the work, I'd start sooner rather than later.
Organize my to-do list and then work on one project or task that inspires me. The first helps to ensure the urgent tasks are completed, the second keeps me motivated.
Create a budget and then plan for the unexpected. You always need more than you think!
Look for loopholes! Set your goals, lay out the path and then look for loopholes. There's always a way to accomplish something more quickly; you just have to be creative.
Success is something you always work towards. I'm not sure you ever fully achieve it, the bar just keeps getting set higher.
For me, it's more about the journey than the destination. I guess I'll always feel successful as long as I feel inspired to continue.


text:
Cédric Lengacher (* 25. Dezember 1963) ist ein ehemaliger Schweizer Eishockeytorwart.

Karriere
Lengacher verbrachte seine Juniorenzeit beim HC La Chaux-de-Fonds, für den er von 1981 bis 1984 in der zweitklassigen Nationalliga B auflief. Zur Saison 1984/85 erfolgte der Wechsel zum HC Davos in die Nationalliga A. Mit den Bündnern gewann der Linksfänger auf Anhieb die Schweizer Meisterschaft. Lengacher blieb bis 1986 beim HC Davos. Seine Karriere liess er beim Amateurverein SC Rheintal ausklingen.

International
Für die Schweiz nahm Lengacher als Juniorenspieler an der U18-Junioren-Europameisterschaft 1981 teil. Ausserdem stand er im Einsatz bei der Junioren-Weltmeisterschaft 1982, bei der er mit den Eidgenossen den Abstieg in die B-WM hinnehmen musste. Ein Jahr später, bei der B-Junioren-Weltmeisterschaft 1983, gelang der direkte Wiederaufstieg.

Erfolge und Auszeichnungen
 1985 Schweizer Meister mit dem HC Davos

Weblinks

Eishockeytorwart (HC La Chaux-de-Fonds)
Eishockeytorwart (HC Davos)
Schweizer Meister (Eishockey)
Schweizer
Geboren 1963
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Rick Downs and I had quite a few battles over the backgammon board Thursday night 11/10/04 after karate class. We had so much fun, I invited he and his brother Galen over Sat the 13th at 3 for more. And then I put the notice out to invite everyone! I figured, what the heck: make it a party: An early Thanksgiving party!
Amazingly on such short notice, 8 showed up to battle it out. And what a great time it was! We played a lot of backgammon, I fixed a stir fry Chinese dish of great import, we drank too much beer and wine, and we watched some movies (Rick Downs brought Van Helsing and that was a great hit). Nothing special, but it was great fun!
At the last backgammon event that we had - The Great 2004 Halloween Backgammon Party And Pizza Bash 10/31/04 - we just kept score on the percentage of games won. However, this time I wanted to get everyone using the cube. So, from now on score will be based on points won rather than games. I will keep track of our play standings on a new Thoughts On Backgammon page on my website.
Galen Downs looks on as Mike Houdek and Rick Downs go at it over the board.
Bruce Vinciguerra and David Houdek pause in their game to smile for the camera.
Bruce and Dawn Vinciguerra in side by side over the board action. Dawn, is there really an opponent across from you or are you just toasting to your last victory?
That's me starting to chop up the vegetables for the stir fry. Braced with knife in one hand and glass of wine in the other, I am prepared for battle with the wok. Actually, I just made it up as I went. I had gone to the store earlier in the day and got red, yellow, and green sweet peppers, 1/2 pound of snow peas, a small red onion, leaks, scallions, bean sprouts, several pounds of chicken, a large box of mushrooms, and some fresh tomatoes. Julie Anna Knoettner contributed some fresh ginger root which I combined with 4 huge cloves of garlic some light soy sauce as a base and BOOM!: a great Chinese stir fry was had by all.
Dawn Vinciguerra helps Galen Downs learn the game. Galen had never played before but had been over with his brother Rick many times to watch and party. I talked him into sitting down with me to learn the moves. He did great and then went on to play 2 games during the tournament, which he got credit for on the club stats. You're on your way to screaming and talking bad at each other like the rest of us, Galen!
Oh, oh: here it comes... Bruce, you really don't want to take that double I just threw at you, do you? Both Rick and Galen Downs kibitz from the cheap seats egging him on to take the double - which he did.
Ah, see what happens, Bruce! You shouln't have taken that double. You doubted the magic chair roll and now you point the finger at me? Naaaaaaawwwwwww - won't do you any good at all.


Bill and Daphne have been together for 48 years. They are a single entity: totally interdependent, with a whole lifetime of shared experience and adventure. Their 2 children were raised in a secure and supportive home, and have flourished. One lives and works in London, and the other moved with her family to Canada.
Now Bill and Daphne live in a small cottage just inside the city bypass, and they are both in their 79th year. They have their hearts set on a huge family reunion to mark their Golden Wedding Anniversary in 15 months time.
Unfortunately, Daphne's health has not been good over the last 3 or so years. She has suffered a number of heart problems, which has left her with an irregularity of the rhythm of the heart, feeling short of breath, and with limited mobility. On top of this, she then suffered a stroke at the turn of the year that has left her with poor function of her right hand side. Since her discharge from hospital, Bill has had to care for her every day, helping with bathing, transferring, and preparation of food and drink. They remain entirely free from social services whilst in this arrangement, and are fiercely, and rightly, proud of this status.
As is often the case, life attempts to throw a spanner in the works, and when Bill trips whilst doing some gardening one Tuesday morning, the slightly precarious situation has potential to unravel.
Bill is unable to get up from the path where he fell, due to pain in his hip. He manages to crawl and drag himself back to his back door, where he can shout to Daphne to let her know he is hurt. He knows this is a bad injury, and He is able to call for an ambulance from his house phone.
The ambulance arrive, check that Daphne has access to something to drink and eat, and transport Bill to the Emergency Department at the RIE.
When Bill arrives, he is met by our triage team, who quickly realise that not only is it likely that Bill has broken his hip, but that there is also a remote patient who has just lost her main carer.
This now precipitates 2 streams of activity, one for Bill and one for Daphne.
For Bill, we start our newly introduced Hip Fracture Fast-Track protocol. This aims to provide rapid and consistent pain relief, Xrays, blood tests, nursing and medical assessment, as well as review by one of the Emergency Department senior clinicians and admission to a bed in the orthopaedic service all within 2 hours of arrival. This requires all the components of the system (including the teams in the ED, XRay, and orthopaedics) to be geared up to achieve this effectively, and is being regularly reviewed to ensure compliance. It should greatly improve the experience of patients with hip fractures, of whom we see 2-3 per day at the RIE (the highest in Scotland).
Daphne's situation is, if anything, more difficult to solve – not least because she is not present in the ED. However, we do our best to reassure Bill that his other half will be looked after while he is being treated and rehabilitated in hospital.
We rapidly contact our in-house Occupational Therapist, who has excellent links with the community services that may be available, and is able to arrange rapid home assessments and reviews for patients. We also contact our colleagues in Social Care, who, together with our OT, are able to put together a package of care that will be able to support Daphne in her own home whilst Bill is in hospital.
The importance of achieving this is not because we wouldn't want to care for Daphne in a hospital setting, but because we know that hospitals are, by their very nature, often not the best places for people. Being admitted to hospital has traditionally been regarded as safe and risk-free, but we are understanding more now that, especially for frail and elderly patients, being admitted to hospital can make it more difficult for people to manage at home in an independent fashion. It can be the first step on a pathway towards institutionalisation that can be difficult to reverse no matter what the motivation of the patient or the staff who are caring for them. It also opens the door for increasing medical investigations and treatments, all of which have their drawbacks, complications and side-effects.
Bill has his hip fracture operated on and fixed soon after admission, and is back at home within 10 days of his fall, where he is re-united with Daphne. She has been cared for over that short time by a crisis care team, and whilst Bill gets his mobility fully back to normal, they allow some extra help in the house to tide things over. Their planning for their Golden Wedding is now back at full steam ahead.


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Discussion: The team members shared their individual drawings with each other, and a decision was made for the design of the AEV. Jarred and Rachel worked on the programming commands for exercise 4, and Molly and Matt built the AEV. The constructed AEV was tested on the desktop track. It was discussed that next week would see the team finish exercise 4 and make progress on exercise 3 in the meantime between labs.


If you were to list all the things a woman might want to do on her 50th birthday, trudging her way through the Wyoming wilderness would probably rank somewhere between taking boxing lessons and getting cavities filled. But my mother, faced with my father's tantalizing promise of whatever she desired for that milestone, chose to spend a week hiking in remote back country. With llamas.
When my mother first informed me about the birthday outing, I wasn't completely surprised. After all, she had spent her summer vacations doing things like digging up dinosaur bones and attending an Outward Bound course in Colorado. Still, as far as I knew, llamas either lived in zoos or made unusual pets for eccentric rich people like Michael Jackson. The last time I had seen one was at Madison Square Garden, in a circus. It looked more like a child's cuddly bedtime companion come to life than a stalwart beast of burden capable of hauling enough tents, food and fishing poles to keep a group of city dwellers happy in the middle of nowhere for a week.
But now, having trekked through the Shoshone National Forest and the Popo Agie wilderness in the company of six llamas, I can report that these animals might be the best thing to have happened to back country travel since the invention of bug repellent and instant coffee. Climbing steep, snowlined passes, with only a day pack on my shoulders, I often speculated on why anyone would want to haul 75 pounds of equipment when a llama is happy to do it.
Two days into the trip, we are camped at approximately 11,000 feet above sea level in a stretch of the Wyoming Rockies called the Wind River Range. To get to this remote patch of solitude, our motley crew-me, my parents, my wife, Stephanie, and Sam the dog-have hiked miles of serpentine trails, every step taking us farther from the world we know. The hiking has not been easy: Adjusting to the altitude is difficult for my mother, and for those of us who haven't been to the gym in a few weeks, the constant climbing is more grueling than any StairMaster. Even my father, a tough ex-Marine, makes oblique references to boot camp as he tramps through a gurgling creek. But our initial hardships are soothed by the patience of our guides, Scott and Tim Woodruff of the Lander Llama Company, and the inspiring determination of our porters: Luke, Tall Tim, General Patton, Starburst, Cope Red, and Hot Shot.
When he first came to Lander, Wyoming, in 1985, Scott Woodruff had a few hundred dollars, no job and a big dream. "I wanted a business where I could be outdoors, a part of nature," he says. "I heard about llamas, and thought, This is it. This is what I've got to do." It took him several years to establish a herd and obtain a special-use permit from the U .S. Forest Service. In 1989 he was finally able to start doing what he loves. It shows. Burly and bearded, the Wisconsin native looks every inch a mountain man.
My mom says choosing Lander Llama was easy. Of the dozens of llama outfitters throughout Washington, Oregon, Colorado and Wyoming, Lander Llama was the only one she found that provided all meals and gear (including sleeping bags, tents and rainwear), charged a reasonable rate, and had a toll-free number to boot. Besides, she thought the terrain pictured on the brochure looked spectacular. She figured "even if it turned out to be half as beautiful I'd still be amazed."
Standing on a ridge two miles above sea level, surveying our progress, the family agrees: This is better than the pictures. On our trek to this spot, we've encountered almost as many mule deer, moose and bighorn sheep as people. The vista looks very much like one of the scenes the man on PBS's Joy of Painting likes to slap together in less than 30 minutes: in the background, impossibly majestic peaks poking into the clouds; in the middle ground, patches of conifers and wildflowers; in the foreground, streams and lakes, shimmering in the sun like a inspired mirage. As in the paintings, the view has a feel of dreamy unreality.
Perhaps that's because in wilderness areas no planes, helicopters, motorcycles or mountain bikes are allowed-only people and their gear carriers, including horses, goats and mules. Even the rangers travel on foot. Much to the chagrin of traditional outfitterscowboys who've been taking greenhorns through the wilderness on horseback for decades-a new breed of guides have discovered that of all pack animals, llamas are the most efficient and have the least impact on the environment. They weigh between 300 and 400 pounds and can carry up to 120 pounds of equipment, almost as much as a horse twice the size. They graze lightly, leaving virtually no scars on a meadow that horses would mow bare in one evening. Like dogs, they have soft, padded feet, which makes them sure climbers that leave barely a trace, whereas the hoof of a horse creates an indelible impression wherever it lands, especially when the ground is wet. And llamas, unlike their prodigious equine cousins, leave small, pellet-like droppings similar to a deer's or sheep's. They are ecologically ideal for a journey into the mountains-in their native Peruvian Andes or Wyoming's Wind River Range.
For those with neither the stamina nor the desire to hike rugged, boulder-filled trails, the only drawback of trekking with llamas is that you can't ride them. They do, however, transport enough of the comforts of home to make you forget the minor hardships of wilderness travel. Instead of oatmeal and freeze-fried casseroles ( the staples of traditional backpacking), our family dined on steak and shrimp, fresh mango and melon, and desserts like strawberry shortcake with whipped cream. This was all consumed courtesy of Tall Tim, who hauled two coolers packed with dry ice.
Even if we hadn't been equipped with enough wine and meat to start a back country restaurant, we would hardly have gone hungry. The fishing in the Wind River Range is stupendous, almost foolproof. At daybreak and sunset, when fish pop above the surface of the water to snare insects, the lakes look as if someone has turned on hundreds of underwater toasters. Scott tells us that our camp at one of the Ice Lakes (so named because they are frozen until late summer) is visited by about a half-dozen anglers all year. We catch close to 100 trout, including brookies, cutthroats and the elusive, highly prized goldens. The water here is so clear you can stand on a boulder and see fish 20 feet away, just waiting for an enticing lure to float along.
We have plenty of time to fish. Much to our slothlike delight, we discover that Scott and Tim do everything: setting up and breaking down the tents, collecting fresh water for drinking and impromptu bathing, preparing meals and doing dishes as well as packing up the llamas when it's time to move on. We're free to bask in back country luxury-and if we collect an occasional piece of firewood or stuff a sleeping bag into its sack, it's only because we feel like roughing it. Most evenings are spent sitting around a crackling campfire, telling jokes and recalling the day's highlights. When it gets dark enough, we crane our necks toward the sky and watch meteors streak across the blackness.
Hiking from the Ice Lakes to our ultimate campsite, Pinto Park, a grassy plateau known for its nightly elk and moose visitations, we must cross a series of slow-moving creeks created by the recent snowmelt. Those of us with two feet easily hop from one rock to the next; the llamas must slosh through. Occasionally Starbust, the youngest animal, emits a high-pitched hum that sounds like a cross between a bleating sheep and an inquisitive baby: Hmmmmm? Scott tells us that this can signify anything from anxiety to curiosity. For a better indication of what's on a llama's mind, he says, look at the ears, which normally stand erect, twitching at attention, but quickly wilt 45 degrees when a llama is displeased or nervous.
After several days on the trail, leading my charge, the General, by a guide rope attached to a halter on his head, I have developed an understanding with him. If I don't walk too fast or too slowly, he'll follow with no argument. If either of us moves at what the other deems an unacceptable pace, we let each other know about it. For my part, a sharp tug or soft pat on the nose gets the message across. For his part, the General usually resorts to a blank stare and a burp. Conversely, when I'm especially pleased with his performance, I have the urge to hug his neck or make air kisses on his protuberant lips.
Sometimes he acquiesces, often not. Spend a few days with a llama and you discover that it has the demeanor of a cat: aloof, independent, yet highly social. The General reluctantly lets me pet him on his throat but never the head; he seems indifferent to physical contact with either humans or llamas yet grows agitated when the rest of his buddies are out of sight. Contrary to what I had previously heard, trained llamas, unlike their close relative, the camel, do not spit or kick, unless, of course, precocious dogs like Sam try an ill-advised nip at their ankles. They do, however, try to wander away every now and then. In these cases a handful of grain seems to bring them around to your way of thinking.
With a quarter-mile to go until we reach Pinto Park, Scott assembles us around him and asks us to raise our right hands. "Repeat after me," he says. "I, being a loyal llama packer, do solemnly swear to look straight ahead and not turn around until Scott says I can." We take the oath and expectantly commence to hike. "Trust me," Scott says with a conspiratorial smile. Fifteen minutes later we are in Pinto Park, which, true to its name, is home to 15 ponies, peacefully grazing in the meadow. "Okay," Scott announces. "You can turn around!"
Behind us, perhaps a mile in the distance, we behold the view: a steel-gray chunk of the Himalayas transplanted to America. "That's Lizard Head Peak," Scott says. "What you're looking at is probably the most dramatic scene in all of the Wind River Range."
We look, we shake our heads. We say things like "phenomenal," "magnificent." But we all know there really are no words for what we are seeing, only memories.
In one day and 10 miles of mercifully downhill cruising, we will be back to everyday living. Mom will cry with joy as we congratulate her on completing the long journey; Dad and Steph will gush about the film they're going to develop; Sam will finally be too tired to chase another chipmunk. We'll give the llamas one last pat and one last glance before they're loaded on their trailer, and as Scott and Tim drive them away, we'll imagine the humming we hear is the llamas' way of saying goodbye.


I decided to interview Morgan Morrison, Program Director for Barns of Rose Hill in Berryville first in my series of venue interviews because this is one of my favorite venues in the Blue Ridge area.
Tory Gallery (TG): What types of events are held at Barns of Rose Hill?
TG: Why is it important to hold these types of events for the community?
TG: What is the capacity?
TG: How did you get started being a music presenter?
TG: How did turning the barns into a cultural and community center come about? When did it become a music venue?
TG: What should people know about Barns they might not know?
TG: What does becoming a member of Barns entail?
TG: What got you into booking shows?
TG: who have been some of the best performers you have booked?
TG: How does being a musician yourself help you with running a venue?
TG: Is it a good place to dance? Take a date? Meet people?
TG: What makes the space unique?


text:
Q: How to take the date when the button is clicked I am trying to have a calendar with javascript. You can see it in the picture below:

So as soon as the date is clicked, it should be added to the purple side on the left which I could manage to do. But my question is as you see the date is static and I want it dynamic. So if the user selects 08.08.2021, it should be added to the purple are with an extra div with 08.08.2021.
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    }
    for (var c = 0; c < 43 - r; c++) {
      if (c >= e.length) {
        l.append('

');
      } else {
        var v = e[c].day;
        var m = g(new Date(t, n - 1, v)) ? '
' : '
';
        l.append(m + "" + v + "
");
      }
    }
  }
  function h() {
    var e = [];
    for (var r = 1; r < v(t, n) + 1; r++) {
      e.push({ day: r, weekday: s[m(t - 1, n, r)] });
    }
    return e;
  }
  function p() {
    f.empty();
    for (var e = 1; e < 7; e++) {
      f.append("
" + s[e].substring(0, 1) + "
");
    }
    f.append("
" + s[0].substring(0, 1) + "
");
  }
  function d() {
    var t;
    var n = $("#calendar").css("width", e + "px");
    n.find((t = "#calendar_weekdays, #calendar_content"))
      .css("width", e + "px")
      .find("div")
      .css({
        width: e / 7 + "px",
        height: e / 7 + "px",
        "line-height": e / 7 + "px",
      });
    n.find("#calendar_header")
      .css({ height: e * (1 / 7) + "px" })
      .find('i[class^="icon-chevron"]')
      .css("line-height", e * (1 / 7) + "px");
  }
  function v(e, t) {
    return new Date(e, t, 0).getDate();
  }
  function m(e, t, n) {
    return new Date(e, t - 1, n).getDay();
  }
  function g(e) {
    return y(new Date()) == y(e);
  }
  function y(e) {
    return e.getFullYear() + "/" + (e.getMonth() + 1) + "/" + e.getDate();
  }
  function b() {
    var e = new Date();
    t = e.getFullYear();
    n = e.getMonth() + 1;
  }
  var e = 640;
  var t = 2013;
  var n = 9;
  var r = [];

  var u = $("#calendar");
  var a = u.find("#calendar_header");
  var f = u.find("#calendar_weekdays");
  var l = u.find("#calendar_content");
  b();
  c();
  a.find('i[class^="icon-chevron"]').on("click", function () {
    var e = $(this);
    var r = function (e) {
      n = e == "next" ? n + 1 : n - 1;
      if (n < 1) {
        n = 12;
        t--;
      } else if (n > 12) {
        n = 1;
        t++;
      }
      c();
    };
    if (e.attr("class").indexOf("left") != -1) {
      r("previous");
    } else {
      r("next");
    }
  });
});

function addRow() {
  document.querySelector("#content").insertAdjacentHTML(
    "afterbegin",
    `

    25.05.2021

        <select>
          <option value="0">IS</option>
          <option value="1">IS 1</option>
          <option value="2">IS 2</option>
        </select>

`
  );
}

function removeRow(input) {
  input.parentNode.parentNode.parentNode.remove();
}

So, how can I write the selected date into this area: 25.05.2021 ?
Thanks for your helps.

A: This should be easy

 // format your date here, this you could do by your self. eg 01-05-2021
var formatedDate = new Date(t, n - 1, v);
var v = e[c].day;
var m = '
';
l.append(m + "" + v + "
");

// and here you get the formatedDate so you could display it.
function addRow(formatedDate) {
  document.querySelector("#content").insertAdjacentHTML(
    "afterbegin",
    `

    ${formatedDate}

        <select>
          <option value="0">IS</option>
          <option value="1">IS 1</option>
          <option value="2">IS 2</option>
        </select>

`
  );
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Being Gluten Free and feeding kids that are GF AND dairy-free is not always easy. This site is dedicated to help others going through the same thing! Scroll our pages for great help with recipes, tips, and more.
Help! This is all so overwhelming. Where do I even begin?! Don't worry. We've done all the work so you don't have to. Click here to begin.
Looking for something yummy and gluten free? We add great recipes to our site weekly. Click here to see what's cooking today.
Ready for a good read? We highly recommend this book. It'll help you understand a little better the WHY behind going Gluten Free.
Celiac vs. Gluten Sensitivity- Not sure of the difference? Check out this great ARTICLE written by my husband Dr. Brandon Nielsen for more information.
Learning about ALL the different varieties of Gluten-Free options can be overwhelming. Check out our "Gluten-Free Flour" page to learn more.
Gluten-Free but want to eat out? Check out our compiled list of great Gluten-Free Restaurants HERE.
Do I think wheat is BAD? No. Wheat is for man. But what man has been DONE TO IT is pretty bad. And what it can do to our bodies is pretty scary too! My husband (Dr. Nielsen) explains more.
Then whenever we post new recipes or share a new gluten free restaurant, you'll be first to know!
We pin our new recipes every week along with other great gluten free recipes we find!
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text:
art in public space
Billboard Series #19: David Shrigley
Written on July 2, 2020 by artlead.
art in public space,
David Shrigley (UK)
Look at this!
David Shrigley is a British artist who questions what brings people together. He is best known for his drawings, but also makes sculptures, animated films, and photographs. The starting point for his work is everyday life in all its strange forms, often with an absurd or surrealistic touch, and a sharp, somewhat dark edge.
The core of Shrigley's practise is drawing. These are immediate translations of his ideas. He draws quickly and spontaneously, and so his drawings sometimes contain spelling errors or strikethroughs. Shrigley doesn't rework an image until it is perfect, he doesn't make a new version to correct a mistake in perspective or text. The drawings are like a stream of thoughts – exploring ordinary, everyday life. It is as if the artist is looking at our hopes and fears, our uncertainties, emotional traumas, heights and lows, and all the other small humanities that define our daily lives. His drawings remind us of what brings us together, and what makes us and human.
Shrigley has a style of drawing in which he combines image and text in a humorous, often colourful, and chaotic way. The drawings are mostly presented in groups – as a multitude of thoughts. Some drawings appeal directly to the viewer - with text like NEWS: Nobody Likes You; Be Nice and Please do not show this to anyone. Other drawings philosophise, with statements like This will not be here tomorrow. Other drawings sketch absurd and strange interactions between characters or show a character who loses himself completely in an unclear environment. The multiplicity of drawings inevitably leads to a dialogue between the images - a universal and at the same time surprisingly intimate conversation full of humour about what it is that man confesses to being.
In addition to drawings, Shrigley is also known for his sculptural work. In 2016, for example, he will be making a seven-metre-high bronze sculpture entitled Really Good at Trafalgar square in London, in the form of a long, raised thumb. Another sculpture, entitled Beginning, Middle and End, was made by Shirgley with the help of a large number of volunteers. The temporary work consists of a four hundred meter long sausage of two tons of unbaked clay. For the artist, this is a metaphor for life: 'a very shot beginning, a very short end, and a huge middle bit where lots of stuff seems to be happening'. Shrigley's sculptures are very diverse, although humour always plays an important role. With I'm Dead, Shirgley made a series of cute stuffed animals that indicate to be dead with a pancarte, and his Giant Inflatable Swan-things is just like the title suggests: giant inflatable swans that fill a room and then slowly deflate again - and then take up space again. And for Live Model, Shrigley made a giant naked boy - who occasionally urinates in a bucket - as part of an installation that invites the viewer to draw the boy.
For Billboard Series, David Shrigley made a drawing that brings together many of his typical characteristics. It's a work that combines text and image - a naked man's behind with the commanding call Look at this. It's a funny and strange image, especially when you see it so tall on the street. At the same time, it also has sharp edges - figuratively speaking, because it is a nice round ass.
As often, David Shrigley plays with a shift of meaning that an image can have. Inevitably you link this billboard to the many street ads full of half-naked women you see everywhere. Why does a naked man have a different connotation than a naked woman? What does it say that the world view imposed on us by marketing and advertisements? And about our consumer behaviour? Or maybe it should be read as a more provocative image, as someone who pulls down his pants - but to whom or what? To politics? To globalized neo-liberal economics? Or perhaps to you as a spectator and reader? At the same time, it could also a perverse image - a vulnerable naked man, put in front of everyone from a kind of sadistic schadenfreude. Or is it all much more innocent? Is this a naked man, a streaker, who walks through your life with no other purpose than to conjure up a short smile on your lips?
All images courtesy of the artist
Installation photography: Michiel De Cleene
Billboard Series is a long-term art project in public space, for which every three months an artist is invited to create a new, site-specific work for a 50 m2 billboard on Dok Noord, Ghent. Through changing presentations, Billboard Series wants to build a sustainable and productive dialogue with the surrounding neighbourhood and urban landscape, reflect on the changes that this neighbourhood is currently undergoing, and introduce a broad audience to different visual languages and ways of looking at the world.
Billboard Series is a project of artlead, together with the non-profit organizations artlead offline and 019. Billboard Series takes place within a scenography by architect Olivier Goethals, and is being developed with the support of the City of Ghent and the Flemish Community.
BILLBOARD SERIES SUPPORT EDITION
keep me informed on Shrigley's upcoming edition
back to overview Billboard Series
Billboard Series #20: Rinus Van de Velde
Van de Velde made a monumental drawing in charcoal, depicting a detail of dancing waves at sea, with the caption "Everything will be like it is now, ...
Billboard Series #18: Rodrigo Hernández
Rodrigo Hernández is interested in simple materials and in manual and artisanal ways of processing them. At first glance the works he makes may seem ...
Billboard Series #17: Nora Turato
In her work, Nora Turato plays with the speed of language and the ready-made vocabulary of the Internet to ...
Billboard Series #16: Sharon Van Overmeiren
The work of Sharon Van Overmeiren reflects on the images with which we surround ourselves, and on how a specific image or a complete visual language is ...


Note that the ones in yellow I really don't like, the ones in red are actually bad games.
Best in italics, the rest are in no specific order.
If I ever played Fire Emblem: Awakening, that would surely be first.
Strange that I only have 3 3DS games. Although I'm getting Pokemon XY and probably A Link Between Two Worlds soon.
Here's some text that's very personal.
I don't really feel like ranking them since I have so many, but Awakening is my favorite and Ridge Racer is my least favorite.
The only one on that list I disliked was Sims, which I hated and Puzzle Bobble was lacking in contemt bit was still decent.
I'll list mine in a minute, just as soon as I go get them.
PMSS (I like to drop the last S because I think Nintendo was on its period).


Как найти настоящую любовь? По стуку сердца, запаху или поступкам человека? А если ты влюбился впервые и тебя предали? Забыть и уйти или простить и жить дальше? Каждый выбирает сам.
Alpha chanyeol's got a bit of a short temper, its a trait he hates about himself, but its okay.
Cause his omega is always there to calm him down, soothe him.
His omega is forever ready to take care of his alpha.
In his own, /special/ ways.
Baekhyun is not entirely sure why, but everyone he knows seems to have the need to hold some sort of expectation of him.
Baekhyun never thought he'd find his muse in front of another artist's lens.
There was always the curiosity to what was behind that sealed door next to Baekhyun and Chanyeol's room...now, it was the wish that the secret had never been revealed.
Baekhyun thinks things would go smoother, when he snatches an internship interview for JC Corp.
things happen when chanyeol and baekhyun least expect it.
chanyeol helps baekhyun but not in the "right" way.
Baekhyun was the only omega in his pack. He was raised by his father, taught to learn the nurturing ways of an omega. His pack lived deep in the forest, prosperous and peaceful. He was content. That is, until his father tells him that as the only omega in their pack, he must be offered to the King - an alpha who does not show mercy or love.


text:
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Home GDPI Resources Why is everyone going gaga over Raghuram Rajan ?
Why is everyone going gaga over Raghuram Rajan ?
Raguram Rajan has taken over from Subbaro as the Governer of the Reserve Bank fo India. But did you know why is India going gaga over him.. atleast the media is…. Simply because this man is too good to be true!
He graduated from the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi (won the Director's Gold Medal for best all-round achievement) in 1985 with a bachelor's degree in Electrical Engineering, and completed the Post Graduate Diploma in Business Administration at the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad (gold medalist) in 1987. He received a PhD in management from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1991 for his thesis titled "Essays on Banking".
Inaugural recipient of the Fischer Black Prize awarded by the American Finance Association for contributions to the theory and practice of finance by an economist under age 40 (2003).
Awarded the 5th Deutsche Bank Prize in Financial Economics for highly influential contributions in a remarkably broad range of areas in financial economics by Center for Financial Studies.
Back then, people were not very kind to his "seemingly impractical" claims. For instance, former U.S. Treasury Secretary and former Harvard President Lawrence Summers called the warnings "misguided" and Rajan himself a "luddite". However, following the 2008 economic crisis, his views came to be seen as prescient. In fact, he was extensively interviewed on the global crisis for the Academy Award winning documentary film Inside Job.
Since November 2008, Rajan has been actively involved in Indian economy, playing a variety of important roles, including the honorary economic adviser to the Planning Commission, Chief Economic Adviser to the Ministry of Finance and now RBI Governor, for a period of three years.
He is a suave, unflappable economist who took office at a time when Indian economy is facing a big crisis. Keen to lower unrealistic hopes of what he can achieve, Mr. Rajan has stressed that he has no "magic wand" to solve India's multiple economic ills. The country has the world's third-largest current account deficit of about $90 billion, high inflation and an economy projected by private economists to grow at about 4 per cent this fiscal year, half the rate it was in 2008. But it is acknowledged that like his predecessor, he would likely try to assert his independence. This can be evidenced from the fact that before becoming Mr. Chidambaram's adviser, it was reported that Mr. Rajan was sharply critical of the government for failing to drive ahead with economic reforms.
Amidst all the challenges that lay ahead of him, he continues to radiate a strong sentiment of hope. May the force be with him!
Previous articleIs Smartwatch the next smart gadget??


These beautiful writing stationery papers are good choice to write a letter, calligraphy and graffiti. They also can be used to send business invitations, party invitations, bless message, thanks note.
These writing papers can be printed. Please double check the sizes before purchasing.
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text:
require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/test_helper.rb'

class LookUpFieldTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
  load_schema
  def test_look_up_field
    assert_kind_of LookUpField, LookUpField.new
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
New Report Seeks to Clarify 'Blended Learning' Confusion
Policies recommended for mixing face-to-face and online learning
By Katie Ash
What exactly does "blended learning" mean?
Experts often concede that the term—which describes a mix of face-to-face and online learning—is defined numerous ways by different organizations and people.
A new report published by the Mountain View, Calif.-based Innosight Institute seeks to clear up the confusion and provide a working definition of blended learning, along with a framework for mapping and defining blended-learning models.
The report also profiles 40 different blended-learning organizations that are currently supporting 48 different models of blended-learning environments, and it describes six different models that such programs fit into.
Policy recommendations at the end of the report say that all programs, including online-only and blended models, should receive equivalent funding provided that students are successful, and that if a program yields cost savings, those should be reinvested in education savings accounts for students.
The report also draws on the policy guidelines from the Digital Learning Now! framework spearheaded by former Florida Gov. Jeb Bush and former West Virginia Gov. Bob Wise, which recommend, for example, eliminating caps on enrollments for online or blended-learning environments, lifting rules that dictate class-size and pupil-teacher ratios, and moving away from models based on "seat time" in favor of ones based on competency.
Visit this blog.
"This report really added a lot because people have struggled with what exactly blended learning means," said Matthew Wicks, the vice president of strategy and organization development for the Vienna, Va.-based International Association for K-12 Online Learning, or iNACOL. "Having those six specific models and types of blended learning are really helpful along with the definition."
Blended learning, according to the report, is a model in which a student learns, at least in part, at a supervised physical location away from home and through online delivery where the student has control over the time, place, path, and/or the pace of the curriculum.
The report was written by Heather C. Staker, a senior research fellow for Education Practice at the Innosight Institute, a nonprofit think tank that aims to apply theories of "disruptive innovation" to various social challenges in the United States. The report received support from the Charter School Growth Fund, based in Broomfield, Colo., which invests in high-performing charter school operators to support their expansion in serving K-12 students.
The 40 profiles, which are based on data from the 2010-11 school year, survey blended-learning models in 21 states, but should not be read as a comprehensive list nor as an endorsement of the chosen programs, the report says.
The concept of disruptive innovation was coined by Harvard Business School professor Clayton M. Christensen and suggests that innovative shifts occur when simple, more affordable, and more convenient alternatives crop up in a sector with expensive, complicated, and inaccessible products and services.
This theory, argues the Innosight Institute, applies to online learning in K-12 education.
Prescriptions Questioned
Some education observers took issue with the report's prescriptions.
"If the policy recommendations in [the report] were taken seriously, ... half a dozen large private companies like K12 Inc. would have a clear path toward hundreds of millions of dollars of public education funding," said Gene V. Glass, a senior researcher at the National Education Policy Center, the University of Colorado at Boulder's policy-research organization. "The 'blend' we see lobbied for here is a blend of public monies and private profit-seeking."
"If the policy recommendations in [the report] were taken seriously, ... half a dozen large private companies like K12 Inc. would have a clear path toward hundreds of millions of dollars of public education funding."
Gene V. Glass
Senior Researcher, National Education Policy Center
Leonie Haimson, the executive director of Class Size Matters, a New York City-based nonprofit group aiming to gather information about class size in schools, echoed Mr. Glass' concerns.
The push toward blended learning is motivated by two factors, said Ms. Haimson: "There's a huge industry out there that's dying to make money, and there's the idea that in the long run this will save money on teachers"—a claim that so far does not have research to substantiate it, she said.
"There should be small-scale, careful pilots before foisting this on the school systems throughout the country," said Ms. Haimson. "Otherwise, this is a very costly, large-scale experiment on our children."
Online-learning experts, however, praised the report's findings and information.
"The report provides an important overview of the emerging field of how online and blended learning are beginning to provide personalized learning experiences in a range of 40 different settings," said Susan D. Patrick, the president and chief executive officer of iNACOL.
The profiles in the report include a chart of information that details how each organization is managed (through a charter or through the state education department, for example), where it is based, what grades it serves, how much it costs, what content providers it uses, and its enrollment, among other factors.
Next, the report goes into detail about the history and context of each organization, how exactly the program fits into the "blended" learning model, the results it has achieved so far, and where the program is likely to go in the future.
Propelled by budget concerns and the prospect of teacher shortages, blended learning has the potential to transform K-12 education, the report argues.
"Online learning has the potential to be a disruptive force that will transform the factory-like, monolithic structure that has dominated America's schools into a new model that is student-centric, highly personalized for each learner, and more productive," it says.
Published in Print: May 18, 2011, as New Report Seeks to Clarify 'Blended Learning' Confusion
"Curricula All Over the Map for 'Blended' Classes," January 12, 2011.
"Schools Factor E-Courses Into the Daily Learning Mix," April 28, 2010.


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Latinos Do Not Trust Media: Study Finds Distrust Amongst Hispanic News Consumers
Susmita Baral | Sep 22 2014, 03:00PM EDT
New study finds that Hispanic news consumers do not trust the way the media represents their community. Shutterstock/Rawpixel
A new study released by the Media Insight Project found that Hispanic news consumers (along with African-American news consumers) do not trust the media for portraying their communities accurately. The findings of this study are troubling, considering that there are 54 million Hispanics in the United States -- that's 17 percent of the nation's population -- which makes Latinos the largest growing minority group.
The study found that two-thirds of Hispanics doubt the mainstream media, reports the Associated Press. A whopping 66 percent of Hispanics responded with "moderately" or "slightly/not at all" when asked if they thought news about their communities were accurate. According to Tom Rosenstiel, executive director of the American Press Institute, people of color are "seeking out news about their communities, they can't find it. And what they see, they don't think is accurate."
Tia C. M. Tyree, a Howard University professor and the assistant chair of the university's department of Strategic, Legal and Management Communications, told the Associated Press that the underlying causes behind the distrust is the stereotyping of minority groups and the distrust in the United States due to racism.
"Many will believe there is embedded racism in many of America's systems: the media system, the legal system, the educational system," said Tyree. "Many will believe that minorities aren't treated fairly in those systems, and because of that, any products that come out of it will be problematic."
Tags: U.S.
Susmita Baral
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