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What Was Entertainment Like in...
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What Was Entertainment Like in the 1800s?
Entertainment in the 1800s consisted of activities associated with urban and country areas. People in urban areas began to find department stores ripe for enjoyment. Those who lived in country areas, mostly out west, relied on more modest forms of entertainment like reading.
Affluent people found satisfaction in the ability to buy goods in spaces designed specifically for the experience of purchasing. Department store architecture and interior design influenced and enhanced the way people felt as they spent their money. Shopping areas became popular as they reflected the new and exciting life that existed in the city, a new kind of geographical experience that those who lived more rural lives had not yet experienced.
In rural areas, especially those in the western part of the United states, reading remained a prime form of entertainment. Some experts attribute the joy of reading to the labor involved with living a rural life. Reading contributed to an escape from the difficult, laborious life that these men and women lived. The ongoing narratives provided the readers a way to become engrossed in the troubles of fictional characters rather than focusing on their own hardships. In addition to narratives, publications like catalogues also provided a means of escape and entertainment for those living in this area of the country.
What Were Some of the Primary Crops Grown in the New England Colonies in America?
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what were the 1800s like
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Our Austrian bio-estate Geyerhof continues to gather many kudos from wine critics. In their July edition the Wine Enthusiast awarded 90+ points to two Gruner Veltliner: Steinleithn and Gaisberg, both from premier cru vineyards: 93 Points Geyerhof 2010 Steinleithn Erste Lage Reserve Grüner Veltliner (Kremstal): Steely and mineral in character, this is a taut, nervy wine. It has great acidity and balance, with green fruit and sliced apple flavors. Keep for 3–4 years. Screwcap. 92 Points Geyerhof 2010 Gaisberg Erste Lage Reserve Grüner Veltliner (Kremstal): While the wine is technically dry, its richness gives it a sweeter sensation. The ripe apricot and pineapple fruit is cut with knife-like acidity, allowing this concentrated wine to remain poised, with a crisp finish. The Kirchensteig Vineyard was a cellar selection, online exclusive: 93 Points Geyerhof 2010 Kirchensteig Erste Lage Reserve Riesling (Kremstal): One of a series of great single-vineyard wines from Geyerhof, this is as impressive as the rest. It has weight, complexity and richness. Its perfumed fruits provide a delicate counterpoint to the acidity, taut minerality and herbal edge. For aging over at least five years. And Jon Bonné of the San Francisco Chronicle marvels about the Geyerhof 2010 Gaisberg Reserve Grüner … Continue reading Kudos for Geyerhof!


Since the Outriders turned out as well as they did I figured the Drakhun could use a chocobo mount as well.
That being said much of the methods used building those apply when building this one.
I may or may not shamelessly copy/paste content from that post where applicable.
DISCLAIMER: Some of my methods MAY/WILL be questionable to some/most (lack of pinning for one) but ideally some stuff shown here will be helpful.
This project is starting from a previously painted model that was done back in the Mark 1 days.
I think that fact shows.
one of many words to describe the above: garish.
Standard procedure here is to introduce THAT to a vat of Simple Green to remove the paint and have a "clean slate".
I didn't do that. Probably should have, moving on.
Removing the horse bits we're not using: Face, front legs, tail.
The pose of this guy is much better suited to becoming a chocobo than the outriders.
Building their feet. Mostly just rolling some GS into sausages and cover up the hooves.
I had a leg up on this one as I've already made the "cloning vats" while building the Outriders before.
Here's how much of each part was cloned.
Taking our cloned bits we apply them to the body and aside from the legs cover horseflesh in plumage via Greenstuff.
Priming, Basecoat, drybrushing then detail. After the Outriders this was pretty formulaic. Just happy it's only one this time.
Either is good by me.
Made out of Dryer Sheet, White glue mixed with water.
Cut the Dryer sheet into appropriate size (double layered as shown. Super glue the edges to the model.
Next create a mixture of white glue and water. Brush it on the Dryer sheet with an expendable brush. Manipulate the cape into a shape you like, you will probably need props to keep in place as it dries. Add 2-3 more layers of glue water about an hour apart until it can maintain it's shape.
With that done, prime and paint the capes.


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Our company holds the specialization to offer the specialized requirements of the various interiors finishing. All the resolutions which are catered by our company are widely used for both type of needs and demands such as retail, hospitality, hospitals, offices, business venues, small business offices, corporate and multinational companies etc. Our organization has the skillful designers who are able to give you charm furnishings which aids the beauty to the all type of finishing. Our organization is able and well known firm to provide you the finishing of the all kind of corporate and office furnishing within the given timeline.


Once the most famous and commercially successful snack in Germany, Berlin-born Currywurst had to make way for its successor some years ago. The Doener (Kebab) took over, also originated in Germany's capitol or the true capital of Turkey how Berlin is often referred to. The mainly skeptical and generally not adventurous German loves her Mediterranean import and poor Currywurst has only been second since then. Yet, many still regard the Currywurst (and all Bratwurst derivatives for this matter) to be the only true German fast-food.
It has not been recorded in the history of New York City whether the Currywurst received its adequate celebration throughout the decades-long German dominance of immigration. But some 150 years after the East Village was know as Kleindeutschland (or Little Germany) the Queen of snacks made it back to a place full of worthy legacy and tradition. Andre Wechsler, already referred to as the Kaiser of Currwurst recently opened Wechsler's Currywurst & Bratwurst, a small but cozy hole in the wall on 1st Ave and 7th Street. Here, the great-grandson of a German butcher puts the grilled wurst front and center, and right next to a fine selection of German beers. The Curry sauce is freshly made by the Chef on premises and the fries are also cut from Idaho potatoes, never frozen. I must say, hands down, I have never had a better Bratwurst or Currywurst outside of Germany and even there you hardly find anything that can match this culinary experience. Now Andre is a friend and I might be biased but don't take my word for it: Google Wechslers Currywurst and you already find numerous reviews on blogs and Yelp, nothing less than 5 stars.


We often discuss how fickle sentiment can be on equity markets. The developed equity markets of America, UK and Europe have all rallied approximately 10% from the lows of mid September. They do however remain below the heights from earlier in the year. The reason for the sell-off, the US would raise rates just as the fears were growing of a Chinese economic hard landing leading to a global economic recession, are well documented.
These fears appear to have subsided for now, the US did not raise interest rates, the Chinese economy may be slowing but perhaps not as fast as feared and this week Mario Draghi intimated that the ECB might add further stimulus. The bears will continue to argue their case, however the equity market picture remains finely balanced.
Equity markets were not the only risk asset class to have a good week. High yield debt saw inflows with the performance positive as risk outperformed quality. The top performing asset classes were emerging market equity followed by US high yield.
The big move in the currency market was post the ECB meeting on Thursday as the euro weakened about 3%. The question is now has this move by the ECB strengthened the case for a rate rise by the Fed in December or weakened it? On the one hand it could be said the ECB have done the Fed's work as the dollar rallied, on the other the additional liquidity the ECB could provide may soften the blow any move the Fed might make.
We have covered earnings in our mid week blogs, the picture was improved at the end of the week by Microsoft, Amazon and Google after the disappointment of Caterpillar. Factset records that with about one third of the S&P 500 companies having reported, the blended earnings decline is 3.8%, slightly ahead of expectations.
Looking to the week ahead earnings will remain in focus, as more blue chips will report. BATS, BP, Comcast and Ford on Tuesday will make some headlines.
Macro will be dominated on Tuesday by the US durable goods orders data for September, as well as the latest consumer confidence report. Wednesday will be the big day as the Federal Reserve decides whether the timing is now right to move on interest rates. A move this week would definitely take the markets by surprise. On Thursday q3 GDP for the US economy, expectations are for the economy to grow by 2.5% for the third quarter year on year. Likewise on Tuesday we get the preliminary estimates for UK Q3 GDP, expectations are similar for a similar growth number than that of the US, around 2.5%. For Europe the focus will probably be Thursday and Friday. Thursday we get business and consumer confidence as well as economic sentiment. On Friday we get the latest employment and inflation rate for the eurozone, these figures may have some bearing on what the ECB do in September.
Posted on October 25, 2015 by Paul Sedgwick.


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Transfer Reform Demands More From All of Us
Eye on Strategy by Lynn Alvarez, Vice President, Programs & Strategy
In early 2021, ECMC Foundation announced the launch of the Catalyzing Transfer Initiative (CTI) to increase successful transfer of postsecondary credits and timely bachelor degree completion among marginalized racial and ethnic groups. Including an initial investment of nearly $4.5 million in grants to five projects with national reach, CTI has become an active player in an effort that requires a holistic approach to produce real change. Time has shown the transfer landscape is still rife with equity gaps, and innovative solutions are crucial — now more than ever.
In fact, a new report by the National Student Clearinghouse Research Center details the detrimental effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on transfers at all institution types, with particular declines in enrollment among Black and Latinx students, as well as women. In the last two years, transfer enrollments grew only among students aged 18 to 20 and those transferring between four-year institutions. That means that every other category of student and every other type of transfer program saw declines — some as much as 20%. Further, a report published in June 2022 by the Research Center found that one in four college freshmen do not return for the second year.
Such sobering numbers point to the critical nature of ongoing work to address the issue at the national, state and institutional levels alike. That's why ECMC Foundation remains committed to exploring and funding actionable reforms with grantees and partners who are paving the way for a new generation of students to transfer unburdened by the systems that should be designed to enable their success.
A year and a half in, CTI's grantees have done great work, from collecting essential data to expanding different types of transfer partnerships. The grantees also continually learn from one another during meetings convened by ECMC Foundation to share innovative practices in the field. Each project is addressing key pain points in the transfer pipeline, and thousands of students are already seeing the impact of this work. We look forward to the opportunity ahead for even greater impact as our grantees address the structural and systemic challenges surrounding the transfer process.
It's also important to note that students in career and technical education (CTE) programs face credit loss challenges similar to those endured by students moving from one institution to another in pursuit of a bachelor's degree. For many, the postsecondary experience is a non-linear one, and it's easy to get stuck in the misalignment between non-credit and credit pathways. A term like transitions, uplifted by the Education Commission of the States and Sova, might be more inclusive of today's students, especially those enrolled in postsecondary CTE programs which often incorporate stackable credentials — a sequence of credentials that can be accumulated over time to help individuals learn new skills, add additional qualifications and increase wage gains. Change is needed in this arena as well.
However and wherever students choose to learn, we endeavor to help them persist seamlessly through postsecondary education and complete their academic goals so they can go on to realize careers that pay family-sustaining wages and achieve upward mobility. Through our grantmaking and program-related investments, the Foundation is working to streamline transfer and advance equitable student success strategies so all learners can unlock their fullest potential.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


"I never met her in real life, we just talked on the Internet.
Above is a work of fiction that describes the current situation of this so-called "Developed" world. We judge others by their actions, but ourselves by our intentions. Everyone who just scroll down; likes or support one of those negative comments becomes a part of it; part of the crime, that hurts a person's mind. We also know it by the name: Yes! It's a part of it and most the time it develops a base for the bullies to attack the victims. And according to the studies, Cyber Bullying victims are 2 to 9 times more likely to consider the idea of committing suicide.
This might be the first question that comes to your mind after reading the lines above on Cyber bullying. There are some ways that will even cost your useful mind, you just need some common sense and a little bit of attentiveness and you can change the scenario of Cyber Bullying.
Report, Block or Ask: You already know how you can report anything on Facebook, Twitter or G+, but do you use that feature? From now whenever you see a crappy comment (Cyber bullying) on your or even someone else's post report it. You can even block that person or contact him or website's owner to take action about it.
Support the Victim: If you know that someone is attacking your friend and he/she is becoming a victim of cyber bullying, you have to help your friend. It can be as simple as a back-fire comment or as powerful as a full debate; you just need to raise first (don't worry others will be there soon).
Ignore: When you know that these people don't matter to you then why to react on such a thing. Just keep on ignoring and they will stop when they will fail to gain attention.
Don't Ignore: The title may sound Ironical if compared to the above one, but you should know what are the limits and what you should do when someone crosses them. Ignorance may give a push to cyber bullying.
Review the post: See what you are posting; it should not be offensive to someone (if you want to stay away from the fight). And if your post wasn't offensive and even then someone is acting wrong then try the steps above.
Ask for Help: If you're the one suffering try asking for help instead of thinking about options including killing yourself. Talk to your friends, family trusted relatives or experts. You can even get all the related support information online using website like this one.
Just imagine that you are driving a car and you see someone lying half dead on the road, will you stop or pass by? (You don't have any important work) Now, that car is your mouse, that road is your social site and that person is the victim of Cyber bullying, you can easily scroll down or use your keyboard to spread some positivism and save a life. We all are responsible for every act of crime that we didn't try to stop, so PLEASE stand up and at least try to save a life.
You might also like Reasons to be fit.


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Counselling Program Continues to Grow
Thursday, August 9, 2012 —
With enrollment up again this year, Tyndale's counselling program is poised to grow for the fifth year in a row. Enrollment in Tyndale's M.Div. (Master of Divinity) in Counselling has grown every year since 2008. Last year enrollment increased by nearly 20 percent. Incoming student, Noah Mugenyi says he was drawn to Tyndale's counselling program because of "the need in my family, community and church here in Canada and Africa . . . where issues like abuse, addiction and forgiveness among others have weakened potentials and remains a struggle for young men and women, families and communities." Noah is the Founder and Executive Director of a not-for-profit called, the CanAfric Community Initiative (CACI). "Through theological teachings and knowledge acquired from Tyndale Seminary I will feel more confident and well positioned to face the days ahead and ready to serve the increasing number of challenges in the counseling field and other related areas of need."
There are over 120 students currently enrolled in Tyndale's counselling program. The program has continued to develop in its more than 25 year history. It offers preparation for accreditation in several counselling and psychotherapy associations, including the American Association of Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT), the Canadian Association for Pastoral Practice and Education (CAPPE), the Ontario Society of Psychotherapists (OSP) and the Ontario Association of Consultants, Counsellors, Psychometrists and Psychotherapists (OACCPP).
"The most important aspect of this program is that it is integrated," says Dr. Susan Ellfeldt, Assistant Professor of Counselling. "Our goal is not to just to produce counsellors but to produce Christian counsellors; people who not only feel the call of God but feel the call of God through counselling."
M.Div. Counselling Alumnus, Ben Porter has recently started-up his own not-for-profit organization called The Love Movement. He credits the counselling program with giving him many of the ideas that got him started. "A lot of that inspiration just came through the courses at Tyndale and the actual practice of counselling through the curriculum and the internship. I had a lot of dialogue around this idea years before the love movement existed with other counsellors out of Tyndale and professors out of Tyndale. They were very supportive of me."
» View more news


Here are a few assorted photos from the Toga Party…. Petey's belt buckle lights up and its is a programable LED scrolling marquee! INSANE!! Sorry I didn't get any of me in my blue clouds toga…perhaps Mark did. I'll let you know.
Rumor has it that there is a toga party at the Ave. on Saturday night. I have seen the fliers. Wow, there hasn't been a toga party at the Ave since 2001!!! I bet it will be fun…..


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Škeblice asijská či škeble asijská (Sinanodonta woodiana) je velký druh sladkovodního mlže z čeledi velevrubovití, jehož domovinou jsou řeky východní Asie. Těžiště přirozeného výskytu se nachází v povodí řek Amur a Jang-c'-ťiang, kde škeblice představují dominantní druh mezi velkými mlži. Lastura je elipsovitého až skoro kulatého tvaru o délce až 25 cm. Barva povrchu lastury se liší podle lokace, nejčastěji bývá černošedá s odstíny hnědé, zelené či tmavě fialové barvy. Vnitřní části lastury jsou narůžovělé. Živí se řasami a bakteriemi, které přefiltrovává z vody. Škeblice jsou odděleného pohlaví. Rozmnožují se tak, že samec vypustí spermie do vodního sloupce a samice nasaje spermie do sebe. Vajíčka jsou oplozena v žaberních lupenech samice, odkud jsou po dozrání vypuštěna jako larvy (glochidia) do vody, kde se přichytí na hostitele (rybu), na němž parazitují po dobu cca 4–10 dní, než se vyvinou do juvenilního stadia škeble. Rozmnožují se již v druhém roce života, mohou se dožít až 15 let.

Druh se na přelomu 50. a 60. let 20. století rozšířil do řady zemí Evropy, střední Ameriky a jihovýchodní Asie, kde se stal úspěšným invazivním druhem. K rozšíření patrně došlo ve formě glochidií přichycených na importovaných chovných rybách z východní Asie. V Česku byla škeblice asijská poprvé zaznamenána v roce 1996, od té doby se rozšířila do mnoha českých a moravských povodí. V místech postižených invazí škeblic dochází ke konkurenci s původními druhy velkých mlžů, a to jak ve stadiu glochidií, tak v dospělém stadiu. V krajních případech může dojít k úplnému nahrazení místní populace škeblí tímto invazivním druhem.

Vzhledem k tomu, že se jedná o hostitelského generalistu s vysokou biotopovou tolerancí, rychlým růstem i rozmnožovacím cyklem, jedná se o nebezpečný invazní druh, který může potenciálně způsobit rozsáhlé hospodářské škody i poškození ekosystémů.

Taxonomie
Druh popsal americký koncholog Isaac Lea v roce 1834. Škeblice se řadí do řádu tzv. velkých mlžů (Unionida), konkrétně to čeledi velevrubovití (Unionidae) a rodu Sinanodonta. Rod Sinanodonta sdružuje několik druhů velkých mlžů s původním areálem rozšíření ve východní Asii.

Z taxonomického hlediska je škeblice asijská druhový komplex, tzn. zahrnuje řadu geneticky odlišných linií, které jsou však z morfologického hlediska od sebe k nerozeznání (jedná se o tzv. kryptické druhy). Podle neúplných genetických dat z roku 2018 se v rámci druhového komplexu škeblice nachází nejméně 8 druhů (nepočítaje v tom linie z Japonska). Zmatek do taxonomické situace kolem škeblice dodávají i desítky taxonů (druhů a poddruhů), které byly v průběhu let popsány a časem synonymizovány se škeblicí asijskou.

Popis

Lastura je široce oválného, takřka kulatého tvaru s výrazně vystouplými vrcholy. Stěna lastury je silná, povrch je pokryt hrubými valy. Zámkové zuby nejsou přítomny. Barva povrchu lastury se liší podle lokace, nejčastěji bývá černošedá s odstíny hnědé, zelené či tmavě fialové barvy. Vnitřní strana lastury je nápadně narůžovělá. Samčí a samičí lastury vypadají identicky. Délka schránky může dosáhnout až 25 cm, šířka se pohybuje kolem 12–20 cm, výška 3–4,5 cm. Škeblice může vážit až 1,5 kg. Glochidia škeblice tvoří dvě miniaturní trojúhelníkové lasturky se zaoblenými okraji o velikosti pouze 360–400 µm.

V českých vodách je možné škeblice asijské zaměnit za některé jiné škeble jako je škeble říční nebo škeble rybničná, od nichž lze škeblici asijskou rozlišit pomocí kulatějšího tvaru lastury s hrubými valy a s výrazně vystouplými vrcholy.

Biologie

Potrava
Živí se mikroskopickými řasami, zooplantkonem a bakteriemi, které filtruje při dně. V Číně se živí např. řasou Scenedesmus obliquus. Experimenty v Číně prokázaly, že škeblice se dokáže bez problémů živit i toxickou sinicí Microcystis aeruginosa, takže by ji patrně bylo možné využít pro kontrolu nebezpečných sinic rodu Microcystis. Dospělá škeblice dokáže přefiltrovat necelých 60 litrů vody denně.

Reprodukční cyklus

Drtivá většina škeblic asijských je odděleného pohlaví, kolem 0,3 % populace je hermafroditní. Poměr samic k samcům je kolem 60:40. Zatímco samec disponuje vyvinutou gonádou po celý rok, tzn. je potenciálně připraven k rozmnožování v kteroukoliv část roku, samice vstupují do reprodukční připravenosti na jaře. Dá se tedy předpokládat, že dobu páření určuje samice. Jakmile dojde k vegetační sezóně (na jaře či počátkem léta), samec do vody začíná vypouštět spermie, které samice nasaje pomocí svého filtračního systému. K oplození vajíček tedy dochází vnitřně, konkrétně v suprabranchiální komoře (dutina nad žaberními lupeny), odkud jsou vajíčka přesunuta k žaberním lupenům (dýchací orgány). V žaberních lupenech vajíčka postupně zrají v malé larvy zvané glochidia. K produkci glochidií dochází během vegetační sezóny opakovaně.

Jakmile glochidia uzrají, samice je začne postupně po desetitisících vypouštět do vody (cca červen až září). Glochidia nedisponují žádným pohybovým orgánem a jen se volně vznášejí na hladině. Žijí pouze několik dní a pokud v této době nenajdou hostitele, hynou. Pokud dojde ke kontaktu s tkání hostitele (ryby), glochidia zaklapnou svou lasturku a zuby při jejích okrajích se zakousnou do hostitele, z jehož tkáně se kolem glochidií vytvoří cysta. I když nejčastěji dochází k přichycení na žábrách nebo ploutvích, glochidia se mohou přichytit i na ostatních částech ryby jako jsou ústa, nozdry nebo skřele. Glochidia uvnitř cysty parazitují na hostiteli po dobu 4–20 dní v závislosti na teplotě vody (v teplejších vodách rostou rychleji), načež dojde k prasknutí cysty, ze které vypadává juvenilní škeblice na dno vodního toku, kde se začíná živit řasami a bakteriemi.

Růst lastury je relativně rovnoměrný v rámci roku, avšak v letních měsících mezi červnem až říjnem se zpomaluje. S věkem roste čím dál pomaleji. Pohlavní dospělosti dosahuje již v druhém roce života při  velikosti lastury kolem 31–40 mm. Může se dožít až 15 let.

Parazitismus

Škeblice asijská je hostitelský generalista. Za hostitele tak může využívat širokou škálu ryb včetně v Česku se vyskytujících druhů jako je amur bílý, tolstolobik bílý, kapr obecný, parma obecná, hořavka hořká, jelec tloušť, hrouzek obecný, střevlička východní, karas stříbřitý nebo plotice obecná. Dá se tak předpokládat, že invaze druhu ve vodách střední a východní Evropy bude pokračovat i nabírat na intenzitě. Parazitické stadium negativně ovlivňuje hostitelský druh ryby. U infikovaných jelců tloušťů byla zaznamenána snížená tělesná kondice a u kapra obecného byla zase pozorována větší spotřeba energie oproti neinfikovaným kaprům.

Poměrně unikátní je vztah mezi škeblicemi asijskými a kaprovitými rybami hořavkami hořkými. Hořavky jsou známy tím, že parazitují na evropských populacích mlžů z čeledi velevrubovití, jelikož jikry hořavek tráví prvních 4–5 uvnitř mezižaberní dutiny velevrubovitých. Evropští mlži přitom neparazitují na hořavkách. Škeblice asijská na hořavkách nejenže parazituje, ale dokáže se i zbavit jiker hořavek ze své mezižaberní dutiny, takže v případě vytlačení místních druhů mlžů může být ohrožena populace hořavek, které tak přijdou o všechny vhodné hostitelské druhy.

Největší zaznamenaná hustota škeblic byla kolem 30 jedinců na 1 m² a 25 kg biomasy na jediném čtverečním metru.

Rozšíření a populace

Přirozený výskyt a stanoviště
Škeblice asijská se přirozeně vyskytuje ve stojatých a tekoucích vodách mírného a subtropického pásu východní Asie. Těžiště výskytu se nachází v povodí řek Amur a Jang-c'-ťiang, kde se jedná o nejběžnější druh mlže. Přesná hranice přirozeného výskytu v jihovýchodní Asii je nejistá. Patrně se nativně vyskytuje ve Vietnamu a možná i v Kambodži, avšak thajská populace je patrně invazivního původu. Vedle přirozeného výskytu se škeblice ve východní Asii chová na maso.

Nativní populaci škeblic asijských nehrozí žádné akutní nebezpečí, nicméně v místech jejího přirozeného výskytu patrně dochází k lokálním úbytkům populace následkem urbanizace, degradace biotopů a lidských zásahů do vodních toků. I když dokáže přežít v široké škále biotopů, různých kvalitách vod o různých teplotách, preferuje teplé vody s měkkými substráty dna s dostatkem živin.

Invazní rozšíření ve světě
Škeblice byla introdukována do řady nepůvodních oblastí, a to patrně ve stadiu glochidií přichycených na žábrách importovaných asijských ryb. Škeblice disponuje několika adaptivními charakteristikami, které z ní činí velmi úspěšného invazivního živočicha. Je to biotopový generalista, tzn. může obývat širokou škálu biotopů od stojatých rybníků přes vodní nádrže a jezera až po řeky a zavlažovací kanály. Nevadí jí ani znečištěné řeky nízké kvality. Ke svému vývoji může využívat širokou škálu hostitelských druhů. Růst škeblice je velmi rychlý, stejně jako její reprodukce. I když je škeblice primárně termofilní druh (tzn. vyhovují jí hlavně teplejší podmínky), v severním Polsku škeblice přežívají v dlouhodobě zaledněných rybnících. Zdokumentováno je přežití škeblic v rybníce zaledněném 104 dní s teplotami klesajícím při povrchu rybníka až k −31 °C. Na druhou stranu dokáže přežít ve vodách sahajícím k 38 °C.

V rámci Evropy se škeblice dostala nejdříve do Rumunska počátkem 60. let 20. století, následovalo Maďarko (1963–1965) a poté mj. Rakousko, Francie, Polsko, Nizozemí, Itálie, Německo, Srbsko nebo Ukrajina. Na Slovensku byla škeblice nalezena poprvé v roce 1990 poblíž Číčova v záplavové oblasti řeky Dunaj. Škeblice si na některých místech (např. na maďarských řekách Kriš a Tisa) již dokázala vydobýt dominantní postavení mezi sladkovodními mlži. V Evropě se jedná o vůbec nejrozšířenějšího introdukovaného mlže z řádu Unionida. Vedle Evropy byly škeblice zavlečeny i do jihovýchodní Asie (Indonésie, Filipíny, Malajsie, Singapur aj.), Střední Ameriky (Kostarika, Hispaniola, Dominikánská republika), asijské části Turecka, Iráku a Spojený států amerických. V USA došlo k zavlečení škeblice pouze do jednoho rybníka ve státě New Jersey a v roce 2019 patrně došlo k eradikaci těchto škeblic. V roce 2016 byla škeblice zdokumentována na ruské řece Jenisej, kde byly škeble objeveny v části řeky ohřívané teplým odtokem z tepelné elektrárny u Krasnojarsku.

Jak už bylo řečeno, škeblice asijská představuje druhový komplex, přičemž invazivní populace pochází ze dvou linií. Ta evropská pochází z povodí řeky Jang-c'-ťiang, odkud byly od roku 1958 importovány do Evropy asijské druhy ryb jako je tolstolobik bílý, amur bílý a tolstolobik pestrý. Tropické invazivní populace ze střední Ameriky a jihovýchodní Asie pocházejí patrně z taiwanské linie.

Výskyt v Česku

Škeblice asijská byla poprvé zaznamenána v Česku v roce 1996 u Břeclavi v meandrech řeky Dyje. Do Česka se škeblice dostala patrně ve stadiu glochidií přichycených na chovných rybách dovážených z Asie jako je amur bílý či tolstolobik asijský, kteří jsou do Česka dovážení již od 60. let 20. století. Následoval nález škeblic ve středočeském Žehuňském rybníku v roce 2001. Od té doby byla škeblice spatřena na řadě dalších míst v různých oblastech Čech a Moravy včetně např. Labe nebo povodí Odry (2014). Největší koncentrace škeblic se nachází ve střední a na jižní Moravě, tedy v nejteplejší oblastech Česka, což koresponduje s preferencí škeblic pro teplé klima.

V Česku škeblice obývá hlavně bahnité sedimenty rybníků, meandrů, pomalu tekoucích řek, vodních kanálů a údolních niv. Je velmi pravděpodobné, že v českých vodách škeblice konkurují původním českým vodním mlžům. K této kompetici patrně nedochází pouze mezi dospělci, ale už v larválním stadiu, jelikož i larvy potřebují tytéž hostitele.

Invazivní povaha škeblic
Škeblice asijské mají přímý, negativní vliv na místní populace mlžů. Např. v některých vodních kanálech v severní Itálii škeblice asijská už takřka zcela nahradila místní nativní populace škeblí rybničných. Na Balatonu byly škeblice asijské poprvé zaznamenány v roce 2006. Při terénním výzkumu z roku 2011 bylo zjištěno, že škeblice asijské stihly negativně ovlivnit místní populace škeblí rybničních i škeblí říčních. V západních částech Balatonu škeblice asijské utvářely 50–80 % biomasy. V českém prostředí byl zjištěn negativní vliv glochidií škeblic asijských na glochidia škeblí říčních. U ryb infikovaných glochidii škeblic asijských dochází k výraznému snížení úspěšnosti vývoje glochidií škeblí říčních. Podobný efekt lze očekávat i u dalších nativních druhů škeblí.

Dalším potenciálně problematickým faktorem škeblic z hlediska vlivu na životní prostředí je jejich poměrně efektivní filtrace. Ta nemusí být problém v menších hustotách výskytu, avšak pokud invazivní populace dosáhne extrémních hodnot, může dojit ke změně celého vodního ekosystému. Průhlednější voda způsobuje hlubší průnik světla, čímž může dojít např. k růstu ponořených vyšších rostlin, nárůstu řas, snížení biochemické spotřeby kyslíku či ke snížení koncentrace fytoplanktonu, zooplanktonu a chlorofylu. Konkrétní dopady se budou nicméně lišit podle biotopu a jeho místních charakteristik.

Úplné vymýcení škeblic v pokročilé fázi invaze, jako je ta evropská, je fakticky nereálné, a tak se snahy ochranářů soustřeďují hlavně na prevenci a omezení dalšího šíření. K metodám omezení šíření patří např. sběr škeblic, nicméně hrozí nebezpečí záměny škeblic za lokální populace přirozeně se vyskytujících škeblí. Opatrnosti je potřeba hlavně při transferu ryb mezi povodími. Důležitá je též eliminace škeblic v odchovných zařízeních ryb nebo určení druhu při záchranných transferech jiných škeblí – typicky při vypuštění rybníka může dojít k záměně škeblice asijské za místní druh škeble, a škeblice asijská je v dobré víře "zachráněna" tím, že je přenesena do jiné vodní nádrže. Dalším problém je, že škeblice asijská je běžně nabízena v obchodech jako "filtrátor" zahradních jezírek. Hrozí tak, že dojde k úniku škeblic do volné přírody. Alternativou může být nahrazení těchto škeblic místními mlži, v Česku např. škeblí říční. Škeblice se nachází na černém seznamu invazních druhů Česka.

I přes částečná ochranná opatření se předpokládá další nárůst invazní populace, a to zejména v souvislosti s globálním oteplováním. Škeblicím více vyhovují teplejší vody, které naopak mohou znevýhodnit některé místní druhy z chladnějších oblastí, takže tlak škeblic na místní populace nadále poroste.

Odkazy

Reference

Literatura

Externí odkazy

 Škeblice asijská – černý pasažér mezi jinak ohroženými mlži

Velevrubovití
Invazní druhy

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Bajadasaurus pronuspinax és l'única espècie coneguda del gènere extint de dinosaures sauròpodes dicreosàurids, Bajadasaurus, que va viure fa aproximadament 140 milions d'anys, a principis del període Cretaci (Berriasià), en el que és, actualment, Sudamérica.

Descripció
Malgrat les poques restes trobades s'ha pogut estimar la mida gràcies a la comparació dels elements del crani que inclou el sostre dèrmic i els ossos palatins, una base de cervell i una mandíbula inferior gairebé completa, amplia el coneixement sobre la morfologia del crani d'aquesta espècie. Els elements del crani conservats, inclosa la mandíbula inferior completa, permeten la primera inferència fiable de la mida i la forma d'un crani dicreosàurid. La mida completa s'ha estimat en 12 metres de llarg, 3 d'alçada i 4 tones de pes. Era de mida petita per a un sauròpode, fet que podria explicar la necessitat de defenses per a protegir-se i dissuadir els depredadors. El tret anatòmic més notori de B. pronuspinax el constitueixen les espines neurals summament allargades orientades cap endavant de les vèrtebres del coll. Alguns autors (Gallina et al) van suggerir que aquestes estructures poden haver servit com un sistema de defensa passiu contra alguns depredadors. S'han registrat amb anterioritat espines allargades en les cervicals d'un altre dicreosàurid: l'amargasaure; la principal diferència entre les espines d'aquestes dues espècies és que, en el cas de l'amargasaure, les espines podien doblegar-se cap enrere.

Crani
El crani inclou la part superior del crani, la base del cervell, parts del paladar i les mandíbules, i és per tant és el més complet d'un dicreosàurid conegut fins a la data. No es conserven parts de la secció mitjana del crani. Es conserven també tots els ossos que envolten l'òrbita, l'obertura de l'ull, excepte el conjugal, que hauria format el pis de l'obertura. El lacrimal, que formava el marge frontal de l'òrbita, tenia una cresta recta en la meitat superior que és similar a la dels dicreosaures. Presenta una perforació formada per un petit foramen, a diferència del foramen més gros que presenten els dicreosaures. L'extrem frontal superior de l'òrbita està formada pel prefrontal. La contribució del prefrontal a l'òrbita és, però, més petita que en els dicreosaures i els amargasaures. Els ossos també són menys petits i robusts que en aquests últims gèneres.

La vora superior de l'òrbita està formada pel frontal, que es fusiona amb el parietal posterior; junts, aquests ossos formen la part superior del crani. Vista des de dalt, la vora lateral del frontal té forma de S i s'estreny de darrere cap endavant. Com a resultat, l'òrbita és visible des de dalt, a diferència dels gèneres relacionats, excepte en el gènere Lingwulong. A la part posterior, el frontal també forma una petita part de la finestra supratemporal, una obertura important en la part posterior del crani superior. El marge posterior de l'òrbita està format pel postorbital. Típicament en els dinosaures, aquest os presenta un procés que s'estén cap enrere, el procés posterior. En els Bajadasaurus, Dicraeosaurus i Amargasaurus, aquest procés és reduït i indistint. El procés de projecció descendent de l'escamós, un os que forma la cantonada superior posterior del crani, estava ben desenvolupat. Això suggereix que es va connectar a l'os jugal en la vora posterior inferior del crani, tot i que l'articulació en si no es conserva. Aquesta possible articulació està absent en els diplodòcids, i no s'ha documentat prèviament en els dicreosàurids. Darrere de l'òrbita i emmarcat per l'escamós, el postorbital i el jugal es troba la finestra temporal lateral, una altra obertura important del crani. En els Bajadasaurus, aquesta obertura és estreta i orientada obliquament. El cuadrat jugal forma un angle obtús que forma la cantonada posterior inferior de la finestra lateral temporal, diferent a la condició observada en els diplodòcids.

L'os més alt de la regió occipital és el supraoccipital, que en els Bajadasaurus està completament fusionat amb el exoccipital-opistòtic baix i presenta una cresta del clatell diferent i estreta. Les finestres posparietals, un parell d'obertures entre la regió parietal i la regió occipital, s'estenen medialment, més cap a la línia mitjana del crani, que és una autopomorfia dels Bajadasaurus. El còndil occipital, que s'articula amb la primera vèrtebra del coll, era més ample que alt. La seva superfície posterior no és pas més ampla que el seu coll, al contrari del que passa amb els Amargasaurus i els Dicraeosaurus. La basefenoide, que formava part del pis de la base de cervell, tenia un parell d'extensions òssies gràcils, els processos basipteriosgoides, que s'estenien cap endavant i cap avall per articular-se amb el pterigoideu del paladar, reforça la base de frens contra aquest últim. Una autopomorfia del gènere, aquests processos van ser més llargs que en els Dicraeosaurus i Amargasaurus, sent més de sis vegades més llargs que amples. Els pterigoideus esquerre i dret, els únics elements conservats del paladar, compten amb una cresta suau per rebre els processos basipteriosgoides.

Les dents estaven restringides a les parts davanteres de les mandíbules i tenien forma de llapis, amb les seves corones estretes gairebé rectes o lleugerament corbades cap a dins. De la mandíbula superior, només es conserva la secció frontal del maxil·lar esquerre, l'os més gran de la mandíbula superior. Preserva 8 alvèols dentals, un nombre similar al dels Suuwassea, però menys que en els Dicraeosaurus, que tenien 12 dents a cada maxil·lar. Aquest recompte correspon a les dents de la mandíbula inferior, on les dents encara estan ancorades dins dels dentaris esquerre i dret, els únics ossos que tenen dents de la mandíbula inferior. Els Bajadasaurus per tant probablement tenien 44 dents en total. El dentari era prim, similar als Suuwassea però diferent del dentari profund dels Dicraeosaurus. A la vista superior, els dentaris no formen el musell en forma de caixa que es veu en els diplodòcids, sinó que són més arrodonits amb una curvatura en forma de J, com és típic dels dicraeosàurids. La part frontal del dentari presentava una "barbeta" amb forma de ganxo que es projectava cap avall, com es veu en altres flagellicaudads. L'os angular de la part posterior de la mandíbula inferior era molt allargat i més llarg que l'os surangular, a diferència dels diplodòcids.

Vèrtebres cervicals
Tots dos proatlas, ossos petits i triangulars situats entre la primera vèrtebra cervical i el crani, es van conservar en articulació amb el crani. De la primera vèrtebra cervical, l'atles, només els elements superiors, les neuroapofisis de l'atles, es conserven. Aquestes eren triangulars i semblants a ales en Bajadasaurus. La segona vèrtebra cervical, l'axis, està gairebé complet. Com en Dicraeosaurus, és dues vegades més alt que llarg, mentre que el seu centre, o cos vertebral, és dues vegades més llarg que alt. Els diapófisis, processos de projecció lateral, eren petits i es dirigien cap enrere com en Suuwassea en lloc de cap avall com en Dicraeosaurus i Amargasaurus. L'espina neural de l'eix és estreta i no està bifurcada, es diferencia d'altres saurópodos en la seva orientació vertical, una autopomorfia del gènere, triangular en secció transversal, i estrenyent cap a la seva àpex.

Només es coneix una única vèrtebra de la resta del coll. Aquesta vèrtebra té la característica més prominent del gènere, una espina neural profundament bifurcada i extremadament allargada que fa que la vèrtebra sigui quatre vegades més alta que llarga. Aquest parell d'elements en forma de vareta mesura 58 centímetres de longitud i només són comparables als del proper Amargasaurus. A diferència d'aquest últim, l'espina neural de Bajadasaurus està corbada cap al front. La seva base era triangular i comprimida lateralment, la seva secció transversal al llarg de la major part de la seva longitud era en forma d'ou. Els seus puntes es van ampliar lleugerament, a diferència de les puntes agudes en Amargasaurus. En Amargasaurus, les espines mostren estries en la seva superfície que indiquen que una beina de banya era present. Tot i que no es poden observar estriacions similars a les espines de Bajadasaurus causa de la mala conservació, Gallina i els seus col·legues en 2019 van trobar probable que també estiguessin coberts per un. No obstant això, la posició exacta de la vèrtebra al coll no està clara. La seva morfologia és comparable a la cinquena cervical de Dicraeosaurus, probablement la sisena de brachytrachelopan mesai, i la setena de Amargasaurus, basat en aquestes comparacions, va ser descrit tentativamente comla cinquè cervical. El centre d'aquesta vèrtebra és dues vegades més llarg que alt i s'estreny en una quilla longitudinal a la part inferior, aquesta quilla era més ampla i còncava en altres dicraeosários.

Història
Les seves restes s'han trobat en roques del Cretaci Inferior de la Patagònia, en Argentina. El nom del gènere deriva de la paraula en espanyol "baixada" en referència al jaciment de Baixada Colorida combinada amb el terme en grec "saurus", per llangardaix. El nom de l'espècie es deriva del llatí pronus, inclinat cap endavant i la paraula grega spinax, espina, que es refereix a les apófisis neurals corbes en forma d'espina orientades cap endavant de les vèrtebres cervicales.1

L'espècimen holotip, MMCh-PV 75, consisteix d'un crani gairebé complet, tots dos proatlas, les neuroapófisis de l'atles, l'axis, i una vèrtebra cervical que tentativamente s'interpreta com la cinquena, va ser excavat el 2010 per paleontòlegs del CONICET, l'agència científica del govern argentí. El lloc de descobriment, la localitat de Baixada Colorida, es troba a 40 quilòmetres al sud de la ciutat de Picún Leufú, a prop de les ribes occidentals del riu Limay, a la Patagònia. L'espècimen, del qual inicialment només estaven exposats algunes dents, va ser trobat pel paleontòleg argentí Pablo Gallina. Els fòssils en aquesta àrea són abundants però sovint fràgils. Per tant, l'espècimen no va ser excavat os per os, sinó com un sol bloc gran de roca i os embolicat en guix. La preparació del bloqueig al laboratori va revelar la major part del crani, així com les dues primeres i probablement la cinquena vèrtebra de coll d'un nou género.del dinosaure saurópodo.3 1 El lloc de descobriment és part de la Formació Baixa Colorida , una successió de gresos i conglomerats fluvials a la conca de Neuquén que es remunta a les etapes Berriasià i Valanginià del Cretaci Temprano.4 1 l'espècimen és mantingut pel Museu Municipal Ernesto Bachmann a Vila el Chocón, província de Neuquén, amb el nombre d'exemplar MMCh-PV 75.En 2019, l'espècimen va ser descrit formalment com l'holotip d'un nou gènere i espècie, Bajadasaurus pronuspinax, per Gallina i els seus col·legues.

Classificació
En la seva anàlisi filogenètic, Gallina i els seus col·legues de 2019 van recuperar Bajadasaurus com a membre intermedi de dicreosàurid, més derivat que Suuwassea i Lingwulong, però menys que Pilmatueia, Amargasaurus, Dicraeosaurus i brachytrachelopan mesai. Bajadasaurus bé niat dins de la família dicreosàurid, compartint 06:00 sinapomorfias amb tots els dicraeosauridos, més cinc sinapomorfies compartides amb Lingwulong, Pilmatueia, brachytrachelopan mesai, Dicraeosaurus i Amargasaurus, els gèneres més avançats. En l'anàlisi es recupera com el taxó germà d'un clado que consisteix en la Pilmatueia, més un grup derivat no resolt que inclou el Amargasaurus, brachytrachelopan mesai i Dicraeosaurus.

Filogènia

Paleobiologia

Funció de les espines neurals
Les espines neurals allargades i profundament bifurcades són comuns en els dicraeosauridos. En Dicraeosaurus i brachytrachelopan mesai, estan inclinats cap al front però són molt més curtes que en Bajadasaurus. Les espines es desenvolupen en un grau similar a Amargasaurus, on van ser dirigides cap enrere. Les espines extremadament allargades en Amargasaurus van portar a moltes especulacions sobre la seva possible aspecte i funció en vida. Segons la hipòtesi d'autors independents, podrien haver donat suport a una vela o banyes córneos, i es podrien haver utilitzat per exhibició, defensa o termoregulació. Daniela Schwarz i els seus col·legues, el 2007, van trobar que les espines neurals bifurcades dels dicraeosáuridos tancaven un sac d'aire, l'anomenat diverticle supravertebral, que estava connectat als pulmons. En Dicraeosaurus, aquest sac d'aire hauria ocupat tot l'espai entre les espines, mentre que s'hauria restringit al terç inferior de les espines en Amargasaurus. Els dos terços superiors probablement haurien estat coberts per una beina còrnia, com ho indiquen les estries longitudinals en la seva superfície.

Gallina i els seus col·legues, el 2019, van considerar que aquesta és la interpretació més raonable que també es pot aplicar a Bajadasaurus. Aquests investigadors van argumentar a més que la banya és més resistent a les fractures relacionades amb l'impacte que els ossos, i que una beina còrnia hauria protegit les delicades espines del dany. La fractura de les espines podria haver estat una amenaça crítica, ja que les bases de les espines cobrien el cordó espinal. La protecció de la beina s'hauria millorat encara més si s'hagués estès més enllà del seu nucli ossi. Schwarz i els seus col·legues van reconstruir Amargasaurus amb beines còrnies que no van arribar més enllà del seu nucli ossi. El mateix és cert per a la majoria dels rèptils moderns. En alguns artiodàctils moderns però, la beina còrnia pot ser el doble de la longitud del nucli banya, i el exquisidament conservat anquilosáurido Borealopelta es va trobar amb embolcalls còrnies que s'estenien de la longitud de les seves espines en un 25%, el que demostra que les extensions còrnies substancials poden ocórrer en dinosaures també. Gallina i els seus col·legues van suggerir que les espines de Amargasaurus i Bajadasaurus podrien haver estat un 50% més llargues que el que indica el seu nucli ossi. La seva flexió hauria augmentat encara més la seva resistència, com és el cas de les ovelles de borrego cimarrón modern.

Sentits
L'orientació dels canals semicirculars al relacionat Amargasaurus indica que el cap se sostenia habitualment amb el morro cap avall. [6] Suposant una orientació de cap similar a Bajadasaurus, Gallina i els seus col·legues en 2019 van plantejar la hipòtesi que l'exposició de les obertures dels ulls a la vista superior podria haver permès a l'animal mirar cap endavant mentre s'alimentava, mentre que la vista de la majoria dels altres saurópodos es limita als costats. Aquests investigadors a més van especular que aquesta característica podria fins i tot haver permès la visió estereoscòpica.

Paleoecologia
Bajadasaurus va ser recuperat de la Formació Baixada Colorada.1 Aquesta formació es troba a la conca Neuquina de l'Argentina i pertany al Grup Mendoza. La formació es compon de gresos de gra fi a mig vermelles i verd-marró, amb bandes prominents d'argiles vermelloses i limolites de color marró clar. Paleosoles són presents. La Formació Baixada Colorida representa un ecosistema fluvial i deltaic, 7 i conserva alguns fòssils de rèptils terrestres.8 Entre ells es troben el sauròpode Leinkupal laticauda, i diversos teròpodes, inclosos els tetanuranos basals, a més de restes possiblement pertanyents a Abelisauroidea i Deinonychosauria .9

Referències

Sauròpodes del Cretaci
Espècies descrites el 2019


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Her apprehension was assuming a reduced priority.
The silver eyes were fiery, and apprehension fluttered through her.
He felt a wave of apprehension and accelerated heart beat as the door opened.
Reflection shows that our apprehension of the tree is conditioned by the sense-organs with which we have been endowed, and that the apprehension of a blind man, and still more the apprehension of a dog or horse, is quite different from ours.
Sensation, as Aristotle said, is not of itself: it is the apprehension of a sensible object in the organism.
Her apprehension grew as the vamp led her down a maze of hallways through scores of other vamps and past multiple doorways.
The tsar himself lived in an atmosphere of apprehension, imagining that every man's hand was against him.
The establishment of the Hatti at Carchemish not only made them a commercial people and probably sapped their highland vigour, but also brought them into closer proximity to the rising North Semitic power of Assyria, whose advent had been regarded with apprehension by Hattusil II.
For a time the Roman propaganda in England, which drew to itself High Churchmen like Newman and Manning, was viewed with apprehension; but though the Roman Catholic Church has grown greatly in influence in the country, the number of its adherents, in proportion to the growth of population, has not very greatly increased.
The claim of positive religion to be something more than the intellectual apprehension of the reason in the universe is thus acknowledged.
It is not always a true apprehension of essence, but often, especially in physical matter, such as sound or heat or light, takes superficial effects to be the essence of the thing.
Wellington's intimate association for several years with the sovereigns and statesmen of the Grand Alliance, and his experience of the evils which the Alliance existed to hold in check, naturally led him to dislike Canning's aggressive attitude towards the autocratic powers, and to view with some apprehension his determination to break with the European concert.
His exegesis owes its interest to his subjective resources rather than to breadth of learning; his power lay in spiritual vision rather than balanced judgment, and in the vivid apprehension of the factors which make the Christian personality, rather than in constructive doctrinal statement.
The popes were under the constant sway of two contrary influences - on the one hand, the seducing prospect of subduing the Eastern Church and triumphing over the schism, and, on the other, the apprehension of seeing the Normans of Sicily, their competitors in Italy, increasing their already formidable power by successful expeditions into the Balkan Peninsula.
In the same month, twenty-five years afterwards, the execution of his mistress, according to the verdict of her contemporaries in France, avenged the blood of a lover who had died without uttering a word to realize the apprehension which (according to Knox) had before his trial impelled her to desire her brother "that, as he loved her, he would slay Chastelard, and let him never speak word."
Apprehension filled her at the thought of facing Jonny or Others.
The defects of Descartes lie rather in his apparently imperfect apprehension of the principle of movements uniformly accelerated which his contemporary Galileo had illustrated and insisted upon, and in the indistinctness which attaches to his views of the transmission of motion in cases of impact.
Replying on the 9th of April 1878 to interpellations by Visconti-Venosta and other deputies on the impending Congress of Berlin, he appeared free from apprehension lest I Italy, isolated, might find herself face to face with a change of the balance of power in the Mediterranean, and declared that in the event of serious complications Italy would be too much sought after rather than too niuch forgotten.
Persian literature after that date, and especially Persian poetry, is full of an ardent natural pantheism, in which a mystic apprehension of the unity and divinity of all things heightens the delight in natural and in human beauty.
Though nearly alone I am under no apprehension of defeat."
He now entered, unaided save by his own unerring tact and vivid apprehension, upon a course of study which, in two years, placed him on a level with the greatest of his contemporaries.
He was reporter of the committee which drew up the constitution of the year III., and his report shows keen apprehension of a return of the Reign of Terror, and presents reactionary measures as precautions against the re-establishment of "tyranny and anarchy."
"I will guide you immediately to the dhjan," Talal said with apprehension and another bow.
His seeming inconsistencies are reconciled to apprehension, not by a formula of the intellect, but by the many-sidedness of a highly impressible nature.
It broke the men around her from their frozen apprehension, and several of them moved away.
The report, issued in 1902, showed apprehension to be well founded.
7), the cause of his apprehension " on the ground that he was a descendant of David and a Christian " (Hegesippus ap. Eus.
And of this elemental mode of apprehension and root-truth, the Johannine Gospel is the greatest literary document and incentive extant: its ultimate aim and deepest content retain all their potency.
Again, it is surely plain enough that the apprehension by individuals of the evils of poverty, or a sense of duty to their possible offspring, may retard the increase of population, and has in all civilized communities operated to a certain extent in that way.
Much apprehension had been caused by the establishment of a permanent committee for foreign affairs in the Bundesrat, over which the Bavarian representative was to preside; but the clause remained a dead letter.
So far as a coherent body of theistic doctrine exists, it did not grow out of the great systems, but out of the lesser men who stood nearer to the apprehension of practical citizens.
It was said that persons of high position were concerned in the crime; but although the government offered rewards for the apprehension of the perpetrators, and although General Moyle wrote to the duke of Newcastle that the criminals were "well-known by many of the inhabitants of the town," no one was ever convicted of participation in the murder.
She could not fathom whether it was curiosity, devotion, gratitude, or apprehension and distrust--but the expression on all the faces was identical.
This incident inspired Itagaki with an apprehension that the country was about to pass under the yoke of a bureaucratic government.
There can be no doubt that he looked with apprehension on the growing power of the British; but he wisely avoided any serious collision with them.
The more he considered the devastation this would wreak on this woman he cared for, the more apprehension he felt about finding the man.


Home Animals USA: Political parties, not voters, choose their presidential nominees.
"The media has created the perception that the voters choose the nomination. That's the conflict here," Curly Haugland, an unbound GOP delegate from North Dakota, told CNBC's " Squawk Box " on Wednesday. He even questioned why primaries and caucuses are held.
Haugland is one of 112 Republican delegates who are not required to cast their supportfor any one candidate because their states and territories don't hold primaries or caucuses.
Even with Trump 's huge projected delegate haul in four state primaries Tuesday, the odds are increasing the billionaire businessman may not ultimately get the 1,237 delegates needed to claim the GOP nomination before the convention.
House Speaker Paul Ryan , who decided not to run for the White House this year, said in a CNBC interview Tuesday he won't categorically rule out accepting the GOP nomination if a deadlocked convention were to turn to him.
Haugland said he sent a letter to each campaign alerting them to a rule change he's proposing, which would allow any candidate who earns at least one delegate during the nominating process to submit his or her name to be nominated at this summer's convention.
If the GOP race continues at the same pace, Trump would likely have a plurality of delegates. So far, he's more than halfway to the 1,237 magic number.
Trump split Tuesday's winner-take-all primaries in Florida and Ohio.
But Trump lost Ohio to the state's governor, John Kasich . Trump also won Illinois and North Carolina. He held a slim lead over Texas Sen. Ted Cruz in Missouri early Wednesday.
Previous articleEgba Nations told Awujale of Ijebuland to go back to school and study history.


Colorado youth are vaping nicotine at twice the national average and at the highest rate of 37 states surveyed, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Studies also show vaping is a predictor of future cigarette smoking. A study of 12th grade-students who had never smoked a cigarette found those who reported recent vaping were nearly five times (4.78) more likely to take up smoking one year later.
The health department has launched a statewide public education campaign to help parents and other trusted adults, such as teachers, coaches and counselors, talk to youth about vaping. The campaign's comprehensive TobaccoFreeCo.org site contains free materials, including tips on starting the conversation and a Vaping 101 fact sheet. It also includes information meant to destroy the myth that vaping is safe and raise awareness about the health risks of using nicotine.
For more information and complete survey data, visit healthykidscolo.org.


For members who have purchased untutored hours for use during the holiday period, the workshop is currently unavailable on the following dates due to organised bookings, so please avoid these times.
To take advantage of this offer print the page on the link below and take along to the show.
I have been approached by a new gallery to be opened in Yateley to select artists and ceramicists who would be interested in hiring space on a monthly basis.
I am a member of Farnham Art Society and am familiar with the standard of pottery and ceramics accepted for exhibition in their main exhibition at WSCAD and it is this quality I am looking for. The ceramics/pottery would be complemented with paintings by one or more artists. Only 10% commission will be taken from any sales and the gallery will be manned every day by the gallery staff. The opening of the gallery is programmed for late September with a Private View at the beginning of October. I hope your members will be interested to find out more about this venture and I should be very pleased to meet you to give you more information. Look forward to hearing from you.


text:
FAO calls for joint action to ensure sustainability of tea sector
Posted: 22 May 2020 | Sam Mehmet (New Food) | No comments yet
Marking International Tea Day, FAO led a virtual event attended by tea exporters, producers, experts and advocacy organisations to highlight the need to prioritise the sustainability and prosperity of the tea sector.
The Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has marked the first International Tea Day (21 May) by stressing the crucial need to ensure the sustainability of tea production, especially at a time when the world economy enters a recession and incomes decline as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.
"Tea, as a source of employment and revenue, can help alleviate some of the hardships resulting from the current economic downturn", said FAO Director-General, Qu Dongyu.
Highlighting its contribution to fighting hunger, reducing extreme poverty, empowering women, while safeguarding ecosystems and biodiversity, Dongyu encouraged all stakeholders to forge partnerships and concrete projects to further sustainably develop the sector.
He stressed the need for better policies, more innovation, increased investments and greater inclusiveness in tea production and processing, as well as highlighted the social, cultural and health dimensions of tea.
The virtual event brought together representatives from the world's top exporting and importing countries as well as major producing countries where tea cultivation is a considered an important source of jobs and income, including Argentina, China, India, Indonesia, Kenya and the Republic of Korea.
In addition to the tea's socio-economic benefits, the speakers highlighted its importance as cultural heritage and discussed its health and nutritional aspects including the beverage's anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and weight loss effects.
To achieve greater sustainability in the sector, the panellists agreed on the need to develop strategies for climate change adaptation and mitigation, promote market transparency and sustainability of the tea value chain and develop policies for sustainable tea production benefiting, first and foremost, smallholder farmers.
Environment, Supply chain, Sustainability
Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
Qu Dongyu
By Sam Mehmet (New Food)
Related industry sectors
Agriculture & Fresh Produce, Beverages
"Farming needs to become more fashionable"
US responsible for 60 percent of global cultivated meat investment
Horizon Europe invests €25 million for sustainable protein research
By Grace Galler
UK pork production is on the rise
EU beverage industry SMEs demand fairer access to recycled PET
By Grace Galler (New Food)


text:
Leonard Bernstein's Search for Faith
Kenneth LaFave
"I'm no longer quite sure what the question is, but I do know that the answer is Yes."
Thus did Leonard Bernstein famously conclude his Norton Lectures on the nature of music at Harvard University, 1973. This year we commemorate the 100th anniversary of Bernstein's birth Aug. 25, a good time to unpack his statement.
As conductor, as composer, and as mass-media music educator, Bernstein made Western art music more than accessible: He made it understandable. And at the root of this understanding was his idea of faith.
"There are far more than one 'central theme' within my body of works," Bernstein wrote in reply to an inquiry from a fan. "But if I had to choose one, perhaps the most significant, it would be our search for a solution to the 20th century crisis of faith."
This could be taken to mean that Bernstein spent his life searching for confirmation in the religion of his birth, Judaism, and in some sense that is true. Many of his compositions – among them the first and third symphonies (subtitled Jeremiah and Kaddish, respectively), the Chichester Psalms, the ballet The Dybbuk and his tone poem, Halil – address Jewish subjects and themes. Judaism was of course central to the life of a man raised in the Torah, but as an adult Bernstein was not an observant Jew. His religion became instead the frame of a wider search for faith itself.
What, then, is faith? If not certainty based on revealed dogma, what could it be? Bernstein's remarkable introductory essay to his book, The Infinite Variety of Music (1966) provides a clue. In it, he addresses the crisis in music that was at that precise moment approaching climax. In 1923, composer/theorist Arnold Schoenberg had reconceived the twelve tones of the Western chromatic scale as "equals." Previously, classical music – like all music, worldwide, throughout all of history – had treated some notes in a scale as having greater weight than others, forming a web of dissonance and consonance that birthed songs and symphonies. To illustrate this phenomenon for yourself, sing the major scale ("do, re, mi," etc.) stopping on "ti," the next-to-last note, and the pull you will feel to sing that last note is the hierarchy of musical pitch at work. This is called "tonality," and a great deal of ink has been spilled misunderstanding the term. What Schoenberg did by positing the flattened array of pitches called "twelve-tone" music was to assert the belief that it was possible to experience a single pitch as an isolated phenomenon, unrelated to any other pitch, and to build a musical system founded on this belief. Twelve-tone music dominated Western art music in the mid-20th century.
There is one rather serious problem with twelve-tone music, says Bernstein: There can be no such thing. He does not say that twelve-tone music is inferior to other music, or that people shouldn't write twelve-tone music. He claims that true twelve-tone music cannot exist. Why? Because the ear hears pitched sound as belonging to a harmonic series; the ear automatically infers tonal relations even when the composer intends otherwise. Every pitch stands in relation to other pitches, because it cannot be otherwise to a hearing human. All music is necessarily tonal, not in the sense of conforming to the specific rules of the Western system of tonality, but in the larger sense that every note will inevitably be heard as suggestive of some kind of pitch hierarchy. "We cannot hear two isolated tones…without immediately imputing a tonal meaning to them," Bernstein wrote, not because our culture gives them a meaning, but because meaning is there in how we, as humans, hear pitched sound.
This condition of trusting our experience to reveal meaning through connectedness is what Bernstein meant by faith. Faith is trust in our finitude. It is the understanding that, despite ourselves, meaning is present. All we have to do is recognize it.
Faith is not just one question among many; rather, it is the return of all questions to the fundamental single question underlying them: What is the nature of questioning? And we can answer that in one of only two ways: 1) To question is a pointless endeavor that reveals the essential meaninglessness of our existence; or 2) To question is to search for meaning, confident that an answer is forthcoming.
To give the latter answer is to proclaim our condition for understanding, the foundation of all faith. It was Bernstein's Yes to the question of life.


text:
Washington Gov. Jay Inslee announces presidential bid with focus on fighting climate change
Sean Rossman
Washington Gov. Jay Inslee announced in a video Friday morning that he is running for president.
Inslee, a Democrat, is hinging his candidacy on the message of fighting climate change. In the one-and-a-half-minute video he posted to Twitter on Friday morning, he said fighting climate change is "the most urgent challenge of our time."
"We're the first generation to feel the sting of climate change and we're the last that can do something about it," he said.
Inslee, 68, a former congressman from 1998 to 2012, was elected Washington's governor in 2012 and re-elected in 2016. While governor, he's pushed for clean energy, information technology and life sciences industries and recently backed Washington lawmakers' efforts pass a carbon fee to limit pollution.
Inslee joins a growing field of Democratic candidates eager to challenge Republican President Donald Trump in the 2020 election. Other Democratic candidates who have entered the race include U.S. Rep. Tulsi Gabbard, senators Kirsten Gillibrand and Elizabeth Warren, as well as Julian Castro, former secretary of the Department of Housing and Urban Development in the Obama administration.
Who is running for president?:A list of the candidates who have declared so far
Beto O'Rourke:Texan will make announcement 'soon' on presidential run


text:
module P

  class NotExpr < Expr
    def evaluate( environment )
      if P.true?( first.evaluate( environment ) )
        P.false
      else
        P.true
      end
    end

    def to_s
      "(! #{first})"
    end
  end

end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
CNS Drug Target Validation
CNS Drug Target Discovery
Professor Maurice Curtis
Associate Professor Maurice Curtis is a biomedical scientist and Deputy Director of the Neurological Foundation of New Zealand Human Brain Bank who has published more than 60 peer reviewed publications and has experience in making tissue microarrays, immunohistochemistry, brain banking, autoradiography and cell based assays. Maurice is involved day-to-day in running the human brain bank and is responsible for ensuring high quality, well characterized (genetically and neuropathologically) brain tissue is available for research studies. Maurice has run a large research group since 2007 focused on human brain cell migration and plasticity in the brain in response to neurodegenerative diseases. His laboratory also studies the early brain changes that occur before an individual is symptomatic for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.
Professor Sir Richard Faull
Sir Richard Faull (KNZM) is a Distinguished Professor at the University of Auckland. He is a scientist, medical doctor, Director of the Neurological Foundation of New Zealand Human Brain Bank and Director of the Centre for Brain Research who has published more than 260 peer reviewed publications in the field of neuroanatomy and neuroscience. Richard founded the human brain bank and has overseen the collection, processing and characterization of brain tissue to ensure the high level of consistency and quality found in brain bank tissue. Richard has established a successful multidisciplinary laboratory studying the changes in the human brain and related these changes to clinical symptom profiles in human neurodegenerative disorders.
Professor Mike Dragunow
Professor Mike Dragunow is a neuropharmacologist and neuroscientist and heads up a large academic laboratory at the University of Auckland. Mike developed the human brain tissue microarray, human brain cell culture and high content analysis techniques used by Neurovalida scientists and founded and Directs the Human Brain Tissue Microarray, the High Content Analysis/Screening and the Human Brain Cell Culture Facilities at the University of Auckland. His research focuses on studying the causes of human brain disorders and on developing novel drug treatments for these disorders using adult human brain material, tissue microarray, primary adult human brain cell cultures, molecular pharmacology, high throughput devices and high-content analysis. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand and has had significant biotech experience as a neuroscience consultant and Scientific Advisory Board member. Mike has an H-index of 85 and has published more than 294 peer reviewed publications which have been cited over 27,000 times (Google Scholar).
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In this module we're going to expand your brand.
we've got a broader palette to work with.
it gives us a little more range and flexibility in the identity.
The first thing that we're going to do is think about adding color.
Most identities have some kind of corporate color or commonly used color.
and there's various different ways about thinking about what's the right color.
think about reasons for why your company might use a certain color.
And it might be something that just feels very appropriate.
of snail shells, but also of the snails when they're cooked.
is to go back to your research.
you can see if there are any colors that fit those adjectives.
see if there's a way to pull colors out of the images that you've already got.
red orange color that looks like the protest posters from 1968 in Paris.
find a color that's commonly used for that car.
you can put them into a digital context, and pull them around on screen.
this will give you a chance to see your logo type, actually in the finished color.
So you'll be able to judge, fairly accurately, whether it's working or not.
it's also very useful to look at it in both a positive and a negative way.
the color of the logo type, and when it's the ground, the background color as well.
Sometimes this makes judging the colors a little bit easier.
it becomes a little more apparent when it's working and when it's not.
One other thing to think about, is how your color is going to appear.
Is it going to be printed?
Is it a Pantone color?
in which case you really want it to look good in RGB.
might look on screen and how they might look in print.
you can still see a little difference.
a little bit brighter and cleaner when they're being produced as RGB colors.
close in both its RGB and its CMYK or Pantone iterations.


text:
Kayk es una localidad del raión de Aparan, en la provincia de Aragatsotn, Armenia, con una población censada en octubre de 2011 de .

Se encuentra ubicada al este de la provincia, cerca de la frontera con la provincia de Kotayk'.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Armenia
Provincia de Aragatsotn


text:
la pivampicillina è un estere pivaloilossimetilico dell'ampicillina. È un profarmaco, pensato per migliorare la biodisponibilità orale dell'ampicillina grazie alla sua maggiore lipofilia rispetto a quella dell'ampicillina.

Utilizzo
La pivampicillina è impiegata nel trattamento di infezioni al tratto respiratorio (tra cui bronchiti acute e polmoniti), otiti, faringiti e laringiti. Viene anche utilizzata nel trattamento di infezioni ginecologiche e del tratto urinario. I batteri sensibili a questo antibiotico sono sia Gram-positivi (streptococchi, pneumococchi, stafilococchi) sia Gram-negativi (Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis).

Farmacodinamica
La pivampicillina è un profarmaco inattivo che dopo l'assorbimento nel tratto gastrointestinale subisce una conversione da parte di esterasi non specifiche presenti nella maggior parte dei tessuti corporei che produce ampicillina (la forma microbiologicamente attiva del farmaco) insieme a formaldeide e acido pivalico. Più del 99% della pivampicillina assorbita viene convertita in ampicillina entro 15 minuti dall'assorbimento.

Controindicazioni
I profarmaci che rilasciano acido pivalico quando metabolizzati dall'organismo (ad esempio pivampicillina, pivmecillina e cefditoren pivoxil) sono da tempo noti per la loro capacità di esaurire i livelli di carnitina. Questa azione non è dovuta al farmaco stesso, bensì al pivalato, che viene principalmente rimosso dal corpo tramite la formazione di un complesso coniugato con la carnitina. Anche se l'uso a breve termine di questi farmaci può causare una marcata diminuzione dei livelli ematici di carnitina è improbabile che tale riduzione sia di rilevanza clinica; l'uso a lungo termine, tuttavia, appare problematico e non è raccomandato.

Note

Penicilline


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Curtis Compton/Atlanta Journal-Constitution
LSU coach Ed Orgeron shared his thoughts on Georgia football.
LSU coach Ed Orgeron's scouting report on Georgia football schemes, personnel
Mike Griffith
@mikegriffith32
ATHENS — LSU coach Ed Orgeron has seen the best of college football from coast to coast, from his days with Pete Carroll's USC dynasty, to the SEC's dominance the past 10 years.
Orgeron took time at his Monday press conference to break down Georgia football, providing a look at the Bulldogs' from an opposing coach's point of view.
Georgia has been so dominant against the first half of its schedule that a team hasn't been within 10 points of the Bulldogs in the second half of a game all season. That could change at LSU on Saturday when the teams meet in a 3:30 p.m. clash at storied Tiger Stadium.
Georgia coach Kirby Smart talked about his No. 2-ranked Bulldogs anticipating a physical matchup from the No. 13 Tigers, and LSU "Coach O" in turn provided his scouting report on Georgia football.
WATCH: Kirby Smart raves about LSU football game day environment
Here's what Orgeron had to say about the Bulldogs' coaching, schemes and personnel, from the press conference transcript provided by LSU:
Familiarity with Georgia OC Jim Chaney
"Before I mention their offense, I want to say this, this is a very good team as we know, very talented, very well coached by Kirby Smart and they have done a tremendous job at Georgia.
"On offense they're scoring 42 points a game. I know Jim Chaney, the offensive coordinator, I worked with him at Tennessee (2009). A lot of the things that we did at Tennessee he's doing there, very familiar with his offense."
LSU coach Ed Orgeron and Georgia OC Jim Chaney were on Lane Kiffin's 2009 Tennessee football staff. Photo courtesy UTsports.com
Making note of Georgia center Lamont Gaillird
"This is the best offensive line that we have seen so far. That (number) 53 center, Lamont Gaillard is the best center that I've seen in a while. I think he's an outstanding player. He's a dominant blocker. We got our hands full."
Orgeron assesses Bulldogs' backfield
"Obviously their quarterback, Jake Fromm is excellent. They have a slew of running backs, they just keep on bringing them in, bringing them in, bringing them in. They look different, but they're all great players. They have great skill players, averaging 42 points a game. This is going to be another tremendous challenge for us.
"(Fromm is) smart, can throw the deep ball, play action pass, he's protected well, he is surrounded by great athletes, he can move in the pocket, bootlegs, nakeds, waggles, all that stuff. Can run if he has to. And then if they want to go dual threat quarterback they will bring in Justin Fields, so they have got it all."
Impressed by D'Andre Swift
"(He's) able to change direction — he reminds me of (former LSU back Derrius) Guice in a lot of ways. He's five-nine, 215, he runs inside, they run what we call the down play, he runs on the inside leg of the center behind a good offensive line. He's going. He can change direction east and west just like that and he can run you right over. And can catch the ball. And plus he has a lot of backup. He can stay fresh. Those guys come in, you just can't tell the difference. It looks like they have about five or six backs that can play in the NFL. Very, very impressive."
Breaking down Georgia defense
"Great defense, three-four defense, Kirby is a defensive guy. (They're allowing) 13 point per game, (and) only giving up 283 yards total yards. This is going to be a tremendous challenge for us. They have great talent on special teams, very well coached.
"He plays base defense a lot. He doesn't have to blitz. They don't have a lot of sacks. They do affect the quarterback. They stop the run. They're big. He's a three-four team. They tackle well, they have big impressive personnel and their corners lock up. They can play eight men in the box and they can play man coverage with anybody they want to.
"I know they lost a couple of guys to first round draft choices, they don't have that speed off the edge. But they're still dangerous, they're physical, they're one of the best defenses in the country. I think their philosophy is more or less affecting the quarterback, pass rush lanes, make you get rid of the ball quick."
Orgeron's view of Bulldogs offensive identity
"Georgia is not as much a quarterback run except when they put that No. 1 in. They're more traditional run with a great offensive line and some great backs, a zone team. They're going to line up and try to maul you and run right at you. And then they have speed sweeps, they can get around the edge to bunch toss. They're very much a pro style running team. They're very good at it."
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Hyderabad To Delhi: Why Can't Our Cities Combat Rains?
The monsoon continued to ravage India's premier cities - seven were killed in Hyderabad due to rain-related accidents. Up north, Delhi and Gurgaon braced for massive traffic jams as unusually heavy rain came pouring down again, reminding residents of the July deluge. As commuters complained of waterlogged roads and poor connectivity, the Gurgaon police issued advisories asking commuters to avoid waterlogged roads. Opposition politicians protested on the roads in boats, accusing Arvind Kejriwal and his government of leaving the city to fend for itself. The Delhi High Court minced no words too, with judges stating, "There is no justification for clogged drains. We cannot tolerate this year after year."
Why Do Rains Catch India Off-Guard Every Year?


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TLI Partners with South African Provider
Transportation Logistics Int'l, Inc. (TLI) has announced the formation of a joint venture in South Africa with PicPack Logistics Pte., which will operate under the Translogistics banner. The company will be headquartered in Johannesburg with subsidiaries in Capetown, Port Elizabeth and Durban. PicPack Logistics' clients include most of the high value consumer manufacturers who export to South Africa
FleetOwner Staff | Feb 16, 2001
Transportation Logistics Int'l, Inc. (TLI) has announced the formation of a joint venture in South Africa with PicPack Logistics Pte., which will operate under the Translogistics banner. The company will be headquartered in Johannesburg with subsidiaries in Capetown, Port Elizabeth and Durban.
PicPack Logistics' clients include most of the high value consumer manufacturers who export to South Africa and have entrusted their goods to PicPack because of its sophisticated security systems. Its 62 delivery vehicles are all satellite tracked against a pre-determined route with an armed rapid reaction force on constant stand-by in case of an attempted robbery.
Translogistics will not handle low end volume goods or accept any client who will not allow them to use their own systems and security techniques.
"We have the best record in South Africa and we are not prepared to jeopardize our pole position by short term expansion at the expense of inferior service quality," said Translogistics director Peter Walter. "We have managed to control our own cargo far better than any of our competitors."
Despite a very high level of high-jacking and general theft in South Africa, PicPack is listed in the high tech forum amongst the top ten in the world for the lowest shrinkage rate.
TAGS: Fleet Management
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Joel Helmes reviews three car care products from Tri Nature.
Tri Nature Carma Car Care Review.
The Australian owned company Tri Nature has sent us these products from their car care range.
A little different to most other car products in that you can't buy them from your regular auto accessories retailers – Tri Nature sells its products (which also include personal, and animal and pet care products) via their website and by local distributors.
Their point of difference is also that the car care products are made in Australia and contain 100% plant based cleaning agents.
So, how did they perform? Well, generally pretty good.
The car we tested the products on was particularly dirty! The CarSmart Blade Dryer was again put to good use.
Car wash is pretty much car wash, you pop into the bucket, get some soap suds and away you go.
The Tri Nature product however has a pleasant, sweet smell and one 500ml bottle promises up to 50 car washes. I popped a cap full into a bucket and had more than enough suds to get the vehicle clean.
The end result was a residue-free clean car.
The end result was a clean and shiny dashboard.
This is an interesting one. Normally interior cleaner comes in a ready-to-spray formula; this one however is a concentrate. So, you need a second spray bottle and you dilute the interior cleaner in a 1 parts to 4 parts water mixture.
Unfortunately, I didn't have a second spray bottle and thus mixed the concentrate/water together in a bucket and then soaked a clean rag in the solution. Removing the excess I wiped the rag over the interior surfaces and the end result was a clean and shiny finish.
You simply spray-on and hose-off the tri Nature Carma Wheel Wash.
You can tell straight-off that the wheel wash is citrus based, the smell is reminiscent of typical orange-based cleaners. You dilute this product 1 part wheel wash and 2 parts water and then simply spray onto the wheel.
It worked well, while the wheels I tested the product on weren't overly brake dust affected, they did have a fair bit of dirt and dust on them. With no scrubbing the wheels ended up nice and clean.
I think I may have made the concentrate just a little strong though and noticed some soap residue even after a good hosing. Perhaps 1 parts wheel cleaner and 3 parts water might be the way to go – experiment and see how you go.
Summing them up: With a promise of being environmentally friendly and easy to use I was generally quite impressed with the Tri Nature products.
The products also smell quite nice and the coverage each 500ml bottle promises looks generous.
Tri Nature Carma Wheel Wash, Carma Interior Cleaner and Carma Wheel Wash cost $14.95 each, you can order them on the Tri Nature website.