text:
The role of the ABC in Australian culture
by Mina Vanessa Kitsos on December 13, 2012
ABC Chairman James Spigelman AC QC addressed the 30th anniversary of Conversazione in Melbourne.
I have been invited to address you on the same topic as my predecessor, as Chair of the ABC, addressed the first Conversazione 30 years ago. Dame Leonie Kramer was one of the most formidable women it has been my privilege to know. She was, in so many ways, a pioneer, notably of the teaching of Australian literature. She broke through more glass ceilings than any other woman of her generation – as a professor, as chair of NIDA, as chair of the ABC, as Chancellor of my own university, as a director of Western Mining and of the ANZ Bank.
Her political and social persuasions were not such that she sought, or received, recognition from the feminist movement as the first woman to occupy a range of significant positions in our society. Indeed, during her tenure at the ABC she insisted on being called "Chairman". I am very pleased to reprise her topic after three decades.
It is necessary in an address such as this to adopt a confined approach to a topic as broad as "Australian Culture". I intend to focus on the sphere of discourse often referred to as "the Arts", rather than on any anthropological concept of "culture".
Such a topic must be approached with sensitivity. There has never been a time in the history of the ABC, and I suspect there never will be a time, when one or other aspects of the arts does not feel that it is not receiving its fair share of ABC funding or broadcast time, a standing complaint which it shares with virtually every other sphere of discourse. In our first year of radio broadcasting, 80 years ago, a controversy arose because the ABC offered a fee for radio dramatists which was about half what was then offered to music composers. There have been many such since.
Every change of programming has always attracted complaint from those who have appreciated those programs. Artists and art lovers appear to be more ready to take offence and to fear the worst than some other communities with similar complaints, for example scientists. I must tread warily, remembering the instruction of Sir Thomas Beecham as to how to conduct an orchestra: "Never smile encouragingly at the brass section".
I believe it would be generally accepted that the ABC, throughout its 80 year history, has been, and remains, one of the most important cultural institutions in this nation. Indeed, a case can be made that it is our most important, single cultural institution. Its capacity to make this contribution has dramatically expanded since Dame Leonie's address. She spoke in the ABC's 50th year in radio and 25th year in television.
In 1982 there was one national analogue television station. Today, ABC 1 has been joined by three additional digital channels: ABC 2, ABC 3 and ABC News 24, providing a second general channel, a specialist children's channel and a 24 hour news channel.
Thirty years ago ABC radio had 110 radio transmitters providing limited national coverage. There were two "national", in name, radio services–Radio National, available on AM in the six state capitals and two regional centres, and ABC FM, broadcasting to the six capitals and eight regional centres. There were 38 local radio stations. The rock music station, triple j, was available only in Sydney.
Today the ABC has 700 radio transmitters providing extensive national coverage. There are 60 local radio stations. Radio National, ABC Classic FM and triple j are available nationwide, as is a new service, ABC News Radio. Furthermore, all four national networks are available on digital radio in the mainland capitals, and there are five digital stations for specialist audiences in jazz, country music, and contemporary music for the over 30s, triple j Unearthed for amateur "garage" bands and an additional " pop-up" station for special events like writers' festivals and solar eclipses.
Technology has enabled all of these programs to be accessed in ways that could not have been predicted 30 years ago. A wide range of radio programs are available as podcasts and numerous television programs are available as vodcasts. Many television programs are accessible on our highly successful iview service, online and via mobile devices – on your computer, iPad, iPhone or Android phone or gaming console. iview has about 250 hours of TV content for on demand streaming about two weeks after broadcast. There have been 2 million downloads of the iview app on iPad and iPhone.
The four national radio networks, the digital stations and ten local stations are also streamed online, and are accessible on ABC Radio's iPhone and Android Apps. There have been over 2 million downloads of the ABC iPhone app, almost 1 million downloads of the ABC iPad app and 120,000 downloads of the Android app. The triple j app has been downloaded almost a million times.
Accessibility is also extended on the hundreds of websites that have been created by the ABC to service the full range of its audiences. These include general website gateways for the ABC as a whole, for television and radio, as well as individual station sites and topic or program specific sites. Although many offer only a short program synopsis, others offer rich art and artist related content, cultural news, features and events, to view, to listen online or to download.
Furthermore, by the use of social media – particularly Facebook and Twitter – ABC programmers have new tools for interacting with their audiences, both to receive and provide information about art news, events and programs. triple j has over 500,000 Facebook "friends"– an extraordinary number in a nation of our size. It tells you most of what you need to know about the comparative demographics of two of our national networks, when I tell you that Radio National has struggled past 10,000 "friends".
However, when it comes to time shifted listening, the "oldies" hold their own. triple j has about 1 million podcast downloads per month, whereas Radio national has almost 2 million. That may reflect the greater range of access to particular music tracks, rather than to whole programs, used by younger listeners. Nevertheless, I find the comparison reassuring.
Of particular significance for our cultural heritage is the ABC's audio and audio-visual archive. Digitising this extraordinarily rich resource is proceeding, despite the expense, particularly in collaboration with other institutions like the National Library and the National Film and Sound Archive. Next year, the richness of that archive will be revealed on our new educational portal, linked to the national education curriculum. The unlocking of our archives has barely commenced.
An example of what the future holds for the arts is our co-production with the Sydney Opera House Trust of a multi media documentary website telling the story of the Sydney Opera House from inception through design, construction and the past forty years of performances. It draws on the extraordinary reach of the ABC archive, with separate chapters on design and architecture, events and performance, including by Dame Joan Sutherland and the Bell Shakespeare Company. The Opera House Project will be launched online tomorrow and will be added to in the following months.
None of this was available 30 years ago. These developments also represent challenges, and perhaps threats, to all broadcasters. It may well be that our most robust competitor in television will be You Tube and in radio will be iTunes.
The availability of information of all kinds over the internet, almost without limit, including in the form traditionally broadcast on radio and television, has exploded the range of choices available to all audiences beyond comprehension. We all luxuriate in this expansion of the options available to us. Nevertheless, the very profusion makes choosing more difficult. If you Google the words "information overload", in quotes, you get the self satirical answer of 3.8 million hits.
When you need a quick fix Google is a good place to start, and we all do it. However, if you want depth of any kind and quality, then you need intermediation by a real person who has applied a mind, not an automatic algorithm, to screen and select from the extraordinary profusion of available content. Perhaps most significantly, if you want the selection to be trustworthy, then you need institutional structures which have a justified reputation as a reliable and intelligent source. Neither algorithms nor the blogosphere can give you that.There remains a critical role for the performance of editorial or curatorial functions by broadcasters of training and experience, to select and organise the super abundance of material.
In this address, I will attempt to summarise the range and diversity of the ABC's cultural programming. I do so because, whilst most persons interested in such programs are aware of some of what the ABC delivers, I do not believe there are many, including many full-time employees of the ABC, who appreciate the depth and range of what we do.
The ABC contribution can be analysed in terms of two interconnected but distinct themes: promoting and presenting. Of course, presenting performances and other forms of cultural expression, is itself a form of promotion. However, by "promoting" I intend to encompass news, interviews, criticism and analysis. Because of the ephemeral quality of much broadcasting, no one knows how much is done in this regard. However, I am quite confident that without the ABC's contribution, Australian cultural life would be greatly impoverished.
I begin with music.
Historically, music has been the most pervasive of the ABC's contributions to Australian cultural life, particularly through radio. Although there has always been, properly, considerable emphasis on performance by Australian musicians and of works by Australian composers, this is not a context in which one can be parochial. Music and mathematics are the only two global languages. Exposure to the best of world music is as important for our music makers as it is for our audiences. It has always been thus, and it remains so.
Despite all the technological changes of recent decades, radio broadcasting remains central in the lives of musicians and music lovers. This is so for both the promoting and the presenting roles of the ABC.
Every day, on every distinct program on ABC Classic FM – such as Breakfast, Mornings, Midday and Drive – in varying proportions, listeners hear, not only performances, but also news, stories and interviews from the world of classical and jazz music, including background, features on music history and the careers of musicians and composers, as well as information about concerts and other music events throughout Australia.
Every one of the ABC's 60 local radio stations promotes and discusses local music events and receives calls from or interviews participants in those events, particularly on Breakfast, Mornings and Drive programs. In the capital cities, this occurs virtually every day.
Radio National programs like Into the Music and The Music Show broadcast conversation and analysis about the history, practice and experience of music makers and musicians. Furthermore, there are discussions and announcements throughout the other music shows on Radio National such as the Daily Planet, The Inside Sleeve, Music Deli, Sound Quality, Rhythm Divine and Quiet Spot.
Similarly, triple j promotes every aspect of contemporary youth music on every one of its daily programs, featuring interviews with musicians and other artists together with news, analysis and discussion of music events and concerts. The digital music stations–DIG Music, Jazz and Country Music–perform similar functions for more specialised musical tastes.
The promotion of music, covering recent as well as future events, is accessible at the time of any listener's choosing on the specialist music station websites – perhaps, particularly those of ABC Classic FM and triple j – which are wide ranging, detailed and in some respects, comprehensive. For those wedded to the print format ABC Classic FM's monthly magazine Limelight and the bimonthly triple j Magazine are similarly wide ranging, the latter also being available in digital format, accessible on your IPad or android device.
The breadth and depth of ABC Radio's engagement with the Australian music community is such that it is impossible to imagine Australian musical culture without it. However, it is the role performed in presenting international and Australian music across the full spectrum of kinds of music that is our primary contribution.
ABC Classic FM broadcasts at least one Australian concert for, every day of the year, as well as many international concerts and operas. Last year the network recorded for broadcast almost 600 performances. This included performances by all the capital city orchestras – orchestras which were originally incubated within the ABC and with each of which we maintain a close relationship, especially in Melbourne and Brisbane where we share premises. The broadcast of musical events extends to specific partnerships, such as with the Sydney International Piano Competition and the Wangaratta Jazz Festival.
This contribution is reinforced by programs on the digital "pop up" station, for example the Musica Viva Festival, and on each of the specialist digital stations.
Radio National presents a wide range of music on Daily and Weekend Planet and The Inside Sleeve, with live music from festivals, gigs and concerts on Music Deli, experimental music on Sound Quality, spiritual music on Rhythm Devine and music to relax by on Quiet Spot. Last year Radio National recorded 55 live concerts and 20 studio performances for broadcast.
triple j's playlist covers the full range of contemporary youth music. Its specialist programs include new Australian music, heavy metal, punk, rock, blues, folk, DJ mixes and electronic. Last year triple j recorded 116 live concerts and 49 studio performances.
Local radio stations, in addition to broadcasting music, also frequently invite small music ensembles to come into the studio to perform live for the radio audience.
There is nothing parochial about music on ABC radio. Nevertheless, Australian music is actively promoted. On the latest available figures, Australian music constitutes about 46% of music on Radio National, 33% on Local Radio, 30% on Classic FM, 47% on triple j, 41% on Dig Music, 30% on Jazz and 32% on Country, including recorded or live concerts. Furthermore, ABC classic FM has a target of 10% work from Australian composers and last year achieved 9%.
Perhaps the most innovative programming, with 100% Australian music, is the digital station triple j Unearthed, which broadcasts undiscovered Australian bands. triple j Unearthed commenced life as an annual competition, then became a website and then a radio station as well. This is where "garage" musicians can upload their music. Unearthed allows unsigned and undiscovered, young Australian musicians to establish an audience.
An invitation to perform at a triple j-organised concert, or Unearthed High, for high school musicians and, by selection, to be included on the website archive, accessible online or via the Unearthed app and broadcast on the digital station, is now an established part of the career path of young Australian musicians. That website now hosts 84,000 tracks from 45,000 artists and has 340,000 registered users. The Unearthed app has been downloaded 850,000 times.
The confidence of the Australian music industry in the curatorial ability of triple j staff is manifest in the fact that the record labels no longer feel they need to attend gigs in pubs to discover new talent. They can simply listen to tracks on triple j Unearthed.
ABC music programming on television is not as comprehensive as on radio. Music features often in the two scheduled arts slots on ABC 1: Artscape at 10 pm on Tuesdays and Sunday afternoons from 3-5 pm, which, recently, has featured Lang Lang and the SSO, the Sydney International Piano Competition, the Art of Chopin and the Last Night of the Proms.
In addition there are occasional documentaries, sometimes in prime time, e.g. Mrs Carey's Concert but more often in late night timeslots. The program Rage plays music videos, both new release and from the archive and, after midnight, guest programmers on ABC 1 present specials featuring a particular band or genre. Although perhaps not everyone's choice of time, the facility with which programs can be time shifted means that timing does not matter, except for sport and so-called big budget "reality" TV shows, of the latter of which, I am pleased to say, the ABC has none.
ABC2:Live features musical events and triple j Live on ABC2 presents filmed concerts, for example, the Nick Cave triple j Tribute. ABC2 is also the network to broadcast the product of our partnership with Australian Opera, under which fifteen operas will be broadcast in full over three years. This year featured Lakmé, Don Giovanni and La Boheme.
The ABC's involvement with music extends beyond broadcasting to producing, for sale, music by Australia's leading orchestras and artists. ABC Classics is Australia's premier producer of classical music. Since the inception of the ARIA awards 25 years ago, ABC Classics has won 23 of the Awards for Best Classical Album, including this year, when the ABC won all four Fine Arts ARIA Awards.
Last year ABC Music released 238 titles, including 101 ABC Classics, 105 ABC Contemporary and 32 ABC for Kids CDs. Furthermore, ABC Music Publishing represents a number of Australian songwriters and composers, as well as commissioning screen music for ABC programs and platforms.
ABC Classic FM is one of 6,000 radio stations available on iTunes and 50,000 stations on the Tunein site, both accessible on the internet. I have no doubt it can hold its own with any other classic music station, to so many of which our listeners now have access.
Let me conclude this overview with a specific example of how modern technology brings us to the world. Earlier this year, when the Australian soprano, Greta Bradman (incidentally the granddaughter of Sir Donald) sang Gorecki's Third Symphony with the Adelaide Symphony Orchestra in a live broadcast, she arrived home that evening to fan mail from a listener in the composer's hometown of Cracow in Poland. Music is truly an international language and the quality of our cultural offering, like ABC Classic FM and the cultural content of Radio Australia and the Australian Network, is a form of soft diplomacy enhancing our international reputation.
I move on to the ABC's contribution to the Australian cultural landscape beyond music. Again, I will divide my remarks into the two broad themes of: promoting culture and presenting culture.
On television, on radio and over the internet, the ABC presents a range of general and specialist programs, some exclusively devoted to the arts and others of which the arts are a component.
The most comprehensive coverage of Australian and international culture is to be found on Radio National, one of the jewels in the ABC crown. There are more than 20 individual arts programs–some 30% of the network's weekly schedule. In addition to specialist music programs, to which I have already referred, RN provides dedicated coverage of literature, film and poetry, together with general programming covering these and other forms of artistic expression.
Programs such as Books and Arts Daily and its companion Weekend Arts, together with other programs such as By Design, broadcast interviews, debates, news, documentaries, stories and features on the life and work of artists and do so every day of the week. Other general interest programs on RN, such as Big Ideas, often feature cultural topics.
As with the other ABC radio networks, Radio National programs are available to Australian and international audiences through live streaming and podcast downloads on ABC websites, including Radio National's own website, and ABC Apps for iPad, iPhone and android phones, as well as on third-party services such as Tunein radio and iTunes.
As I have mentioned, presenters on every one of the 60 stations in the Local radio network promote local arts events, in many cases on a daily basis, encompassing every aspect of Australian culture – literary, performance, screen, visual, design as well as music. They cover news, events, interviews with artists and broadcast live and recorded performances, including from regional festivals such as Capricornia Arts in the Park and the Tamworth Country Music Festival, where performers will visit the studio to perform live. These programs are also available on the 54 ABC Local Radio websites, both as podcasts and as live streams.
Furthermore, electronic newsletters are available by e-mail about many of our arts programs, not only the national networks, such as triple j, Radio National and Classic FM, but also local programs, such as the Perth Book Club and the Adelaide Book Club.
In the case of television, there has been a long, and not always happy, history of successive program formats. The cancellation of the magazine program, Art Nation a year ago, caused controversy, the last of a number of such transitions. This difficult history is in large measure a function of the expense of television production and the size of the audience. The balance the ABC must find between its statutory obligation to present both programs of general appeal and of specialist appeal, is necessarily different in the case of television compared to radio.
In terms of promotion, ABC TV programming includes:
Artscape, a half hour documentary program focusing on different art forms with themes such as "In Conversation" and "Artists at Work".
The Sunday afternoon arts slot from 2-5 pm, features a range of documentary-type programs across the full range of art forms, e.g. Tropfest, The Sydney Theatre Company Wharf Revue.
A new slot for this summer on Sundays from 10 pm will include feature length arts documentaries, short run series and one-off specials.
The Movie Show, the classic forum of cinema criticism on ABC 1, is repeated on ABC 2 and accessible by vodcast and on iview. Its program website is the second most popular ABC website, after Gardening Australia.
First Tuesday Book Club, Jennifer Byrne hosts a panel focusing on literary themes.
Jennifer Byrne Presents, features interviews with literary figures.
Big Ideas, broadcast on Tuesday and Wednesday at 11 am on ABC 1, repeated on ABC News 24, available online and on its website, features lectures and interviews and debates, often on arts and culture topics, for example, recently, on Francis Bacon, on the film industry, The New Yorker and a range of events from the Melbourne Writers Festival.
Special documentaries are broadcast from time to time, e.g. Art and Soul, a 3 x 1 hour series on indigenous art.
Reports appear on ABC News and current affairs programs, including two programs on ABC News 24: The Arts Quarter and Extraordinary Curiosities.
Finally, there is the promotional content of the programs which I will discuss under the heading of "presenting".
Specialist programs to highlight and celebrate the arts of indigenous Australians are presented on both radio and television. Awaye! on Radio National, Speaking Out on local radio and, until recently, Message Stick on ABC 1. These programs promote all aspects of indigenous music, art, dance literature and theatre.
Finally, with respect to the promotion theme, a special website, entitled ABC Arts, is an edited, curated space that gives access to ABC content and information about arts events. The website also commissions magazine type three to four minute videos about artistic events. This feature has recently included several stories from the Melbourne International Arts Festival and the red carpet opening of The Sapphires at the Cannes Film Festival, which was rebroadcast on the 7 PM News, News Breakfast and ABC News 24. This Arts gateway or portal needs further work to fulfil its potential, work which is in train.
A large number of station and program specific websites, many of which are rich in content, provide information and analysis. Some program sites, e.g. for Mabo, have downloadable pages that teachers and students can use in an education context.
I turn now to the presentation of cultural expression. The most significant development for the ABC in recent years is the major expansion of first release Australian drama on television. In this, as in every other respect, ABC capacity is in the gift of the Commonwealth government. Four years ago the government made available significant additional funds, the product of which is only recently appearing on the nation's television and computer screens, both fixed and mobile.
Successive funding constraints imposed over a period of time had reduced the ABC's capacity to commission Australian drama to something like 20 hours a year. Now we are able to produce about 70 hours a year.
The impact in terms of our ability to tell Australian stories, has already been dramatic in programs like The Slap, Rake, The Straits, Crownies, Miss Fisher's Murder Mysteries, Paper Giants, Mabo, the stories of Betram Wainer and of Bernie Banton. Of particular social significance is the series Redfern Now, the first television series produced, directed, edited and acted by indigenous Australians.
Furthermore, television drama expands the readership of Australian writing when a program is based on a published work, for example, The Slap or Miss Fisher's Murder Mysteries. The Slap, like Rake and a number of our recent narrative comedies, is under consideration for an adaptation in the United States.
In terms of the development of Australian literature, an exciting program in development is based on Tim Winton's collection of short stories "The Turning". The series will bring together some of Australia's most talented visual, theatrical and performance artists to create an anthology of seventeen films that will be screened theatrically, on television and online.
In the past, and again now, the ABC slate of television drama, narrative comedy and entertainment programming, including specialist children's programs on ABC3 and ABC4Kids (broadcast during the day on ABC2), has engaged a wide range of Australian creative talent including directors, editors, actors, cameramen, musicians, writers, visual artists, choreographers etc . The ABC's capacity in this respect has historically been central to the development of new creative talent. ABC's unique range of original children's programming is particularly significant for new, young talent.
This contribution is continuing via partnerships with other cultural institutions. I have already referred to the presentation of music performances. To give a few other examples: a series of half hour short, prime-time films is being prepared for the ABC, entitled "Opening Shot", in partnership with Screen Australia. Pursuant to our partnership with The Australia Council – to present the full range of art genres and practice on television and digital platforms – a number of programs have been broadcast on ABC 2, including live performances by the Sydney Dance Company and the premiere of the joint Sydney Dance Company and Australian Chamber Orchestra performance of "The Reef". Our partnership with the Adelaide Film Festival and the Australia Council in the Hive, cross pollinates artists and filmmakers to create new works for the screen.
In addition to live and recorded music programs, already referred to, the two hour Sunday afternoon arts slot on ABC1 has this year shown a three-part series on the art of Germany, another three-part series on the art of Russia and programs on Australian, African and Indian art and on Manet, van Gough, Margaret Olley, William Kentridge and Daniel Liebskind. It will be supplemented this summer with an additional two hour slot on Sunday night, permitting more adult arts programming to be shown.
ABC2 programming manifests the benefit of a second network for serving specialist audiences. ABC2Live presented performances by the Sydney Dance Company and the Sydney Theatre Company's Wharf Revue. It also presents Good Game, a popular series devoted to the new forms of gaming, a growing part of our creative community. The ABC partnership with Screen Australia has supported the development of games, some of which can be played on the website of ABC3, our children's channel.
Radio National has long been, and remains, the ABC's provider of the most diverse range of arts related content. It has a loyal and articulate audience and, to some extent, an audience that resists change. That is in part a reflection of what, in the argot of the industry which I have recently joined, is called the target demographic. In the case of RN, that is my own age group, sometimes unkindly referred to as God's waiting room.
The changes in RN programming last year and this year have, to a significant degree, been driven by a long standing policy to target, in part, a younger demographic. By "younger", they mean down to 40 years old. I am not entirely sure why, but it is a policy that can reasonably be pursued and about which reasonable people can have different opinions. It does, however, mean that programs with a loyal, generally older following, may change. It does not mean any "dumbing down" or even a reduction in the number of arts programs. In fact there has been an increase.
As recently announced, the traditional programming on Radio National of radio drama and book reading will not continue. They will be replaced by new forms of narrative programming on radio, prepared by a new team of producers and presenters in the program time slots of two of the discontinued programs. Other niche programs, such as poetry reading, are not affected. Understandably, these decisions are controversial among persons who listen to them or have received the benefit of participating as artists in the course of their own creative development. However in this business, if you do not change, you die.
I conclude with an outline of the arts related programming that has or will appear this month, November 2012, on the ABC:
This is Australian Music Month on both ABC Classic FM and triple j. Both these national networks will feature Australian musicians and composers on an almost continuous basis throughout the month.
On classic FM, there will be programming celebrating the music of teacher and composer Miriam Hyde and a season of concerts by young musicians from the Australian Academy of Music. Christopher Lawrence's Mornings program will feature an Australian composer every week and New Music Up Late will focus on contemporary Australian composers.
On triple jand triple j Unearthed, the full range of specialist shows like Home and Hosed, Roots N All, The Hip Hop Show, Soundlab, Friday Night Shuffle, The Racket and Short. Fast. Loud will feature Australian Music specials. The network will also present special events, including live broadcasts of concerts at South Bank Piazza in Brisbane, of the J Awards in Melbourne, celebrating the musical output of Australian artists, and an Unearthed ARIA showcase from the Oxford Arts Factory in Sydney.
All of the Radio National programs, which I have mentioned, will continue to feature arts programming several times on every day of the month.
The 50th anniversary of the Australian Ballet was presented as an historical review documentary on Artscape, and the 50th Ballet Gala was broadcast on Sunday afternoon, with a live feed provided to the Australian Ballet for screening in Federation Square, in Martin Place and in a number of select cinemas.
The collaboration between the Sydney Dance Company and the Australian Chamber Orchestra, The Reef, was broadcast live on ABC2 and was the subject of an Artscape feature.
Artscape also featured a special on Eddie Perfect, last night.
The Sunday afternoon television spot will broadcast the Young Performers Awards.
Peggy Glanville-Hicks' hitherto unperformed 1963 opera, Sappho, written with Lawrence Durrell, was broadcast on ABC Classic FM and her life and work was surveyed on Keys to Music.
Patrick White's centenary will be marked with a broadcast of the opera Voss on ABC Classic FM.
ABC Classic FM's Jazztrack program will broadcast from the Wangaratta Jazz Festival .
Michael Harvey delivered the annual Peggy Glanville-Hicks' address, broadcast on Big Ideas on Radio National and on television.
The special pop-up station, ABC Extra, will feature Pacific Break, showcasing musical talent from across the Pacific, presented by Radio Australia.
Regional arts programming this month includes the Northern Territory Short Film Festival on the Stateline program; new work by John Rodgers, recorded at the Four Winds Festival, featured on Bega local radio, which also supported the local Film Festival; in Tasmania local radio supported the Tasmanian Craft Fair and the Works Festival in Glenorchy; in Western Australia regional radio supported the regional simulcast of the Black Swan Theatre's Managing Carmen; ABC Classic FM supported the Huntington Music Festival from Mudgee, New South Wales and 612 ABC Brisbane is supporting the Ipswich Art Gallery's new exhibition.
I realise that listening to lists is not the most endearing form of a speech. I've done so on this occasion to highlight the scope and depth of ABC arts programming. It is the case, as it was for me before I acquired this role, that ABC listeners and viewers will not generally be aware of programming beyond their own areas of interest.
Changes in programming are, and must always be, a frequent occurrence. That will inevitably disappoint someone. ABC funding is finite. Its allocation will also inevitably disappoint someone. ABC broadcasting hours are also finite. Their allocation will also necessarily disappoint someone. The making of these decisions calls for professional judgment in contexts where there is ample scope for differences of opinion and approach. That is plainly so in the context of arts programming. In this context in particular, the statutory obligation of the ABC, to balance programming of wide appeal and specialized programming, does not lead to a single, correct answer.
These are all matters on which reasonable persons can and will differ. Accordingly, every change in ABC arts programming has given rise to some level of controversy. There are, however, certain repetitive themes which I have discovered in my recent, perhaps limited, research for this address which require correction.
The absolute size of, and trends in, the audience for a specific program is a relevant factor in the decision-making processes. To take such matters into account is not a manifestation of a preoccupation with ratings. The resources required for a particular program, in comparison with those required for other kinds of programs, is also a relevant factor to be taken into account in these decision-making processes. To do so is not a manifestation of managerialism or of an accounting mentality. Nor is every reallocation of resources a "cut". Nor is every change a "dumbing down".
The ABC exists to provide broadcasting and related programming for audiences. Some of the critics of ABC decision-making processes in the past do not begin with this perspective in mind. Some critics appear to believe that ABC audiences exist for the purpose of providing jobs to creative Australians. The reverse is true. Those jobs exist to provide programs for audiences. Once we get the perspective right, the significant contribution that the ABC has always made to Australian cultural life becomes less a matter of controversy and more a matter of congratulation.
My Music: Mark Humphries
The resident satirist for ABC's 7.30 tells us how a falling chandelier changed his life, triggering an obsession with musicals and cast recordings, and how he established the UTS Disco Society.
New miniseries created by and starring Cate Blanchett announced
She joins an all-star cast for Stateless, a drama about Australia's immigration system.
Thousands of Australian children to benefit from donated instruments
The Don't Stop the Music campaign, a national appeal for unused or unwanted instruments launched by the ABC, Salvation Army and Musica Viva, has seen astonishing results.
ABC abruptly drops Michelle Guthrie
The Managing Director, who took up the position in late 2015, will leave effective immediately.
ABC Shop Online and ABC Centres to close
ABC Commercial's General Manager Andrew Lambert described the retail business as "increasingly unviable" due to a drop in physical sales.
Emily Sun has been named Young Performer of the Year
The violinist has taken out the grand prize in a thrilling finale to the 2018 ABC Young Performers Awards at the Sydney Opera House.
2018 ABC Young Performers Awards Finalists Announced
The three outstanding performers will go on to perform concertos with the Sydney Symphony Orchestra and conductor Nicholas Milton.
ABC Classic FM denies rumoured proposal to close the station
Content Manager Toby Chadd has hosed down speculation about severe cuts or closure of the classical music station as a result of the 2018 Budget cuts to the ABC.
Semi-Finalists announced for 2018 ABC Young Performers Awards
The 12 musicians will go on to perform at City Recital Hall in July, competing for a chance to perform in the Finals with the Sydney Symphony Orchestra.
Craig McLachlan suing media companies and actor for defamation
The actor, who is being investigated by Victoria Police, is suing the ABC, Fairfax and one of his accusers, Christie Whelan Browne.
ABC to "cull" CD collection, cut staff, in Sound Libraries consolidation
Sound and reference libraries will be centralised in Melbourne, while a small classical music collection will remain in Sydney.
Craig McLachlan to sue Fairfax and ABC for defamation
The actor intends to launch proceedings against the organisations following their investigation into allegations of sexual misconduct.
Listeners dismayed at aspects of Classic FM's new plans
New digital roles come at the cost of redundancies, as a handful of favourite broadcasters are forced out of the lineup.
Carl Vine defends his comments on ABC live broadcasting
Musica Viva's AD counters criticisms of factual inaccuracy from the ABC while continuing to focus on the bigger picture.
ABC celebrates a millennium of music
A new multi-year project, presented across the broadcaster's networks, will explore 1000 years of classical music.
Classical Music, Instrumental, Orchestral
Symphony Australia defends decision to discontinue YPAs
The decision to discontinue the prestigious national award was made by the six CEOs of Australia's major State orchestras.


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The Togolese insurance market is subjected to the rules of the CIMA (Inter-African Conference on Insurance Markets) zone.
Regarding intellectual property, Togo relies on the African Organisation for Intellectual Property (OAPI).
Most of the legislation and guidelines applied in these various legal and administrative spaces are available on www.droit-afrique.com, under the Togo section.
At a global level, Togo is a member of the United Nations (UN), the World Trade Organization (WTO) or the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA).
In Africa, the nation is also member of the Conseil de l'Entente, the Electric Community of Benin (CEB), the African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM), the Co-Prosperity Alliance Zone (COPAZ) and obviously the African Union (AU).
Code des investissements
Code de sécurité sociale
Code minier
Code forestier
Code de l'eau
Code de la marine marchande
Loi portant statut de zone franche industrielle
Loi relative aux entreprises d'investissement à capital fixe
Modalités de mise en œuvre de l'audit environnemental
Agrement pour les entreprises de BTP
News from the presidence
www.republiquetogolaise.com
www.primature.gouv.tg/fr
http://www.finances.gouv.tg/fr
http://commerce.gouv.tg/fr
http://mines.gouv.tg/fr
http://infrastructure.gouv.tg/fr
http://numerique.gouv.tg
http://travauxpublics.gouv.tg
http://www.fonctionpublique.gouv.tg/fr
http://www.diplomatie.gouv.tg/fr
http://www.environnement.gouv.tg/fr
http://justice.gouv.tg/fr
http://www.sante.gouv.tg/fr
Office Togolais des recettes
https://www.otr.tg/index.php/fr/
Régulation des marchés publics
http://armp-togo.com
Autorité des Postes et des Télécommunications
http://www.artp.tg
Haute autorité de l'Audiovisuel et de la communication
http://www.haactogo.tg
Administrative guide
Centre de Formalités des Entreprises (CFE)
http://cfetogo.com/cfe/
http://jo.gouv.tg
Guide e-regulation pour les entrepreneurs
https://togo.eregulations.org
Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques et Démographiques
http://www.stat-togo.org
Administration des Zones Franches
http://www.zonefranchetogo.tg/info/
Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie
http://www.ccit.tg
Commission anti-corruption
http://www.cac.tg
Conseil National du Patronat
https://www.cnp-togo.org
Agence nationale pour l'emploi
https://www.anpetogo.org
From only two in 2016, Togo now has 13 tech hubs, according to Briter Bridges (Survey)
Togo: ISP Teolis SA now covers 80% of Grand Lomé
Lomé reduces amount it aims to raise via coming Eurobond
Gozem launches tricycle reservation service in Lomé and Cotonou
Togo and Khalifa fund ink $15 million deal to boost agriculture in the West African country
Togo: GVA-Togo launches "Start", a new home broadband offer that costs XOF15,000
After S&P, Moody's also delivers Togo's first ratings
Togo cashes in XOF22 billion for its first bond issuance on the regional market in Q3 2019
Togo: Government to impose minimum quota of local products in dishes offered by hotels and restaurants in the country
Togo will ratify protocol 1988 on load lines in order to boost maritime trade and security
Togo adheres to London international maritime transport convention
Togo: National Health Insurance Institute provides health insurance to artisans
Should we encourage young togolese toward agriculture?
Don't have opinion
Total	102 Votes
Togo : Government officially bans import, sale and use of bromate
AFD disburses XOF3 billion to expand health insurance coverage across WAEMU
Luxembourg-based Kara Fund eyes Togolese market
Water utility company TDE digitalizes bill payment by adopting mobile money solution
Togo: World Bank satisfied with Economic Governance Support Project
Togo: A B2B platform launched to enable close monitoring of projects selected at the recent Togo-EU economic forum
Togo prepares for a Women Entrepreneurship Forum
Togo : India injects $1M in biodiversity preservation project at the Fazao-Malfakassa national park
Lomé will host West Africa's first investment forum next October
Togo: A new XOF100 million guarantee fund available for SMEs/SMIs
Togo plans to clear all its domestic arrears in the next 10 years
Togolese claim the police, judges and magistrates are the most corrupt (report)
Africa Global Recycling joins IFC's Local Champion Programme
Property transfer : Number of submissions grow significantly while processing period reduces to 6 days
Togo: Local startup New Road Company reveals its made in Togo chocolate drink, Choco Noor
To contact us: c o n t a c t [@] t o g o f i r s t . c o m

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Parenting is the most important role a person can fulfill in their lifetime.
Parenting is one of the most important roles a person can fulfill in their lifetime so it may seem absurd to claim that there are no bad parents. Sure, there are some parents who are more prepared for the rigors of parenting, parents who have the means to provide a good life and the diligence needed to ensure their child has a proper moral upbringing. As long as a parent takes the job of parenting with the utmost seriousness and humility it doesn't matter who they are, where they come from, or how much money they have.
Even if we never agree on whether we should define certain parents as bad, maybe the answer lies in the direction of helping parents before they can be negatively defined for how they do their job as a parent. If there was a better road map for parents to follow that helped them be better at their job it might make it easier to actually do the job. I believe a parent is someone who provides for their child, who nurtures and looks after them. It is not simply someone who has a child. Just bringing a child into this world does not a parent make. Parenting is about committing to provide for your child, to put them above all else, until they can fend for themselves.
It can be easy to underestimate the difficulties and importance of parenting, after all any couple capable of having or adopting children is able to "apply" for the job of "parent". The bar actually seems to be set higher for parents who want to adopt a child since they have to go through an interview process. And if they fail the interview, they aren't getting a child. The parents who choose to procreate do not have to meet any standard to get the job as "parent". They get the job by just showing up. And, they only lose the job of "parent" if they repeatedly prove themselves incapable, and by the time the authorities intervene and remove a child from an unhealthy home, the damage has often already been done.
We need to find a way to reach and encourage all new parents to approach parenting as a lifelong commitment they are making and make the tools readily available to help them do that job well. It's easy to sit on the sidelines and criticize how others are doing their job. And when we define something as "bad" we are throwing that label on without any understanding of how it got that way or how it might have been prevented. Education and emotional support for parents to help them be successful would be far more productive, and would potentially save countless numbers of children from becoming a story because they became victims of parents who didn't do their job.
Our award winning documentary film License to Parent is now available for viewing right here on Films For Action. We hope you'll visit our website to learn about upcoming projects from Move the World Films.


text:
Johnson Newlon Camden, Jr., född 5 januari 1865 i Parkersburg, West Virginia, död 16 augusti 1942 i Kentucky, var en amerikansk demokratisk politiker. Han representerade delstaten Kentucky i USA:s senat 1914–1915. Han var son till senator Johnson N. Camden från West Virginia.

Camden gick i skola i Phillips Academy i Andover, Massachusetts. Han studerade vid Virginia Military Institute och Columbia Law School. Han bedrev sedan fortsatta juridikstudier vid University of Virginia men arbetade aldrig som advokat. Han flyttade 1890 till Kentucky och var verksam inom jordbrukssektorn.

Senator William O'Connell Bradley avled 1914 i ämbetet och efterträddes av Camden. Han efterträddes 1915 av J.C.W. Beckham.

Camden avled 1942 och gravsattes på Frankfort Cemetery i Frankfort.

Externa länkar
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
Political Graveyard

Ledamöter av USA:s senat från Kentucky
Amerikanska demokrater
Amerikanska politiker under 1900-talet
Personer från Parkersburg
Födda 1865
Avlidna 1942
Män
Alumner från Virginia Military Institute
Alumner från Columbia Law School
Alumner från University of Virginia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


His so referred to as horsed-experience are; Study the subject, Seek contrasting factors, Create a experience of depth, Wait for the mild, Know your gear's obstacles, Study your pix and in the end, Shoot what you love.
1. Study the situation. When you have decided on a topic, do what Bill has encouraged, take you time to look at and compose it. Move around the concern, take the concern at numerous angles, unique exposures and composition. Composition refers to what you want to include in the pics. Is it simply natural building, or you want to add an detail of human etc..
2. Seek contrasting elements. Look out for both mild and darkish regions or instantly and curve styles.
3. Create a experience of intensity. Depth of subject refers to that quarter in front and/or in the back of the focused difficulty that is rendered in sharp element. This will make certain that the snap shots will seem in 3 dimensions. Depth of discipline is any other method you need to gather.
5. Know you gears' obstacles. Having stated all of the above, your camera have to be able to do the job. You were given to study though your manual first and see its issue. After which, test out the restrictions and you may be in a better function while you point and shot the subsequent time.
6. Study your image. With the development of software program, you may easily edit the photos you have taken. You can alter the comparison, crop it etc until you are satisfy.
7. Shoot what you like. This is some thing non-public. It is probably that you'll give more getting to what you adore.


HONG KONG, April 16, 2018 /PRNewswire/ — Golden Meditech Holdings Limited (SEHK stock code: 00801) ("Golden Meditech" or the "Company", together with its subsidiaries, the "Group"), a leading integrated healthcare enterprise in China, announced that its associate, Cellenkos, Inc. ("Cellenkos") has appointed Alick Sun as Senior Vice President ("SVP") for Corporate & Business Development of Cellenkos, further strengthening Cellenkos' executive team as Cellenkos continues reinforcing the foundation for long-term growth. He will be responsible for leading all business and corporate development activities of Cellenkos. Alick Sun is the SVP of Golden Meditech, and holds a concurrent position in Cellenkos. Golden Meditech is a major shareholder of Cellenkos.
"Alick is a strong leader with an established track record of successful strategic planning and business development in the clinical and life sciences space," said Dr. Simrit Parmar, Chief Medical Officer of Cellenkos. "The proven critical thinking he brings to Cellenkos coupled with his comprehensive understanding of the technology and its application will help us achieve our goals."
In his role, Alick will be responsible for raising capital and global business development activities, including strategic commercial deals, mergers and acquisitions; licensing and partnerships. Alick brings with him 4 years of pharma experience at Managing Director level at Exceltis and 16 years of animal health experience at General Manager/Regional Director level at global pharmaceutical companies including Schering Plough and Merck Sharp & Dohme. Alick has shown extraordinary strength in building up new business and improvement of existing infrastructure. He has unique and extensive experience in working with local and central government for registration of new products and also possesses strong passion in developing talents, team and culture.
"As Cellenkos prepares itself for USA FDA IND application and clinical trial roll out, we are very fortunate to have Alick Sun join our company leadership which will strategically position Cellenkos for success," said Tara Sadeghi, Senior Clinical Director of Operations, Cellenkos.
Golden Meditech (www.goldenmeditech.com) is a leading integrated-healthcare enterprise in China. It is a first-mover in China, having established its dominant positions in several markets including the medical devices market and the hospital management market in the healthcare industry, thanks to its strengths in innovation and market expertise and the ability to capture emerging market opportunities. Going forward, Golden Meditech will continue to pursue a leading position in China's healthcare industry both through organic growth and strategic expansion.
Cellenkos, a clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on developing universal donor cell therapeutics derived from cord blood for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and inflammatory conditions, and owns GMP (good manufacturing practice) compliant, stand-alone, manufacturing facility registered with U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Cellenkos' lead product, CK0801, delivers clinically meaningful doses of cord blood regulatory T cells to overcome immune dysfunction.


text:
Don Quixote és un cràter de l'asteroide del tipus Amor (433) Eros, situat amb el sistema de coordenades planetocèntriques a -57.7 ° de latitud nord i 250.8 ° de longitud est. Fa un diàmetre de 0.9 km. El nom va ser fet oficial per la UAI l'any 2003 i fa referència a Don Quixot (Alonso Quijano), cavaller errant de la novel·la El Quixot, de Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (Espanya, 1605).

Referències

Cràters de (433) Eros


text:
The Destructive Idol of Statism in America: The Takers and the Givers
David Whitney June 16, 2016
There are two types of people in this world: the takers and the givers. The takers give no thought to the effect their decisions have on others. Consider, for example, the transgendered bathroom insanity. The elite in Washington don't care one iota for how it impacts the families of America. Well, an interesting development in the world of the elite took place in Georgia this week. The head of Georgia's ACLU, an organization committed to and powerfully promoting the transgender insanity, had never considered the impact this would have on families. Then it happened to her.
Dillard Smith said her daughters had experienced trauma over the issue.
"I have shared my personal experience of having taken my elementary school age daughters into a women's restroom when shortly after three transgender young adults over six feet with deep voices entered," she said in a statement reported by Atlanta Progressive News.
"My children were visibly frightened, concerned about their safety and left asking lots of questions for which I, like many parents, was ill-prepared to answer …
"Maya Dillard Smith said Thursday she resigned because she was met with hostility when she questioned the organization's stance on the policy, adding that she risked being branded a homophobe by even raising her critique. There are real concerns about the safety of women and girls in regards to this bathroom debate," Dillard Smith said in an interview. "It seems to me that instead of stifling the dialogue, we want to encourage a robust debate to come up with an effective solution."[1]
Very interesting, in my view, that she had no qualms about it: she lead an organization supporting it until her own daughters were visibly frightened and began to ask questions she could not answer. The children have more common sense? They understand that it is an insane policy and they have to be the ones to persuade the adults? That's what appears to be the case.
When the tyrants are in control, your needs are never considered. They toss off decisions daily that are ruinous to millions of those suffering under their hob nailed boots. We can see there is no mercy from these evil beasts. Yet people continue to bow and worship this worthless idol of Statism – the idea that civil government will provide cradle to grave, that any and every problem that comes up in life can and will be solved by this idol called civil government. Yet the facts belie that belief. This idol is incompetent in almost everything it does, it consumes enormous resources, impoverishing the people thereby and enriching itself. It is an unmerciful beast, cruel and evil beyond compare, and it is turing our land into a police state.
Consider the stark contrast between that evil idol with the one true God.
Just look at God's Invitation to the Children of Israel – Exodus 25:1-2,
"Then the Lord spoke to Moses, saying: "Speak to the children of Israel, that they bring Me an offering. From everyone who gives it willingly with his heart you shall take My offering." The One True God invites His people to give, willingly, freely, without any compulsion. He, unlike the idol of civil government, does not hold a gun to your head and demand you hand over the fruit of your labor, hand over your wealth, hand over your children, and hand over your future. Instead, He invites you to give.
This magnificent structure was unlike any other in many ways; not only in its beauty, structure, purpose and design;
This tabernacle would not be built by slave labor – all those working on the project would choose to do so. Consider where Israel had spent the past 400 years; they were slaves in Egypt. And the great buildings and monuments that remain in that land today just give us a hint and the grandeur and glory of Egypt in its heyday as the world's superpower. Most of those buildings were constructed with slave labor. The Israelites were on many of those slave projects. They knew what it meant to be forced to build a project conceived by the tyrant. He got the glory and honor while they shed blood, sweat, and tears. Now we think we live in the land of the free; we are told it is the freest country in the world. As you well know, that is a myth.
Did you know that the White House and the Capital building in Washington were built in part by slave labor. The Federal government did not actually directly own those slaves, but it rented them from their owners and paid their owners for the labor of their slaves. Slavery built essential parts of the palatial city at the heart of a world wide empire.
The second thing we see about the tabernacle is that …
It would not be built with materials forcibly taken from the people
The people would choose to give. What a stark contrast with the idol in our land called civil government. We could talk about taxation, as there is a whole lengthy study on the subject of Biblical taxation – what is just and unjust. But let's consider an altogether different area: "Civil Asset Forfeiture." As practiced today, the police can pull you over and essentially at gun point take all the cash you have in your wallet. They can do this without you being charged with any crime whatsoever, and no evidence necessary that you even committed a crime at all. They claim in their wicked scheme that the money itself has committed a crime, and that money is guilty until proven innocent. The only way to get it back is to go to court to attempt to prove your money is innocent. Then the kicker is that the police department that stole your money gets to keep 80%, as long as they give a tribute of 20% to Washington. This outrageous practice has netted billions of dollars to the cops in our once fair land.
Among the police departments themselves, however, there is one that completely takes the cake.
"Police in Oklahoma are now able to seize money from motorists even if they don't have physical cash on them" – and even if those people are merely suspected of a crime.
Using a new device called an ERAD, or Electronic Recovery and Access to Data machine, Oklahoma Highway Patrol officers can now swipe debit or prepaid cards if they suspect a driver of obtaining money contained in their bank accounts illegally.
Officers say they're instituting new procedures to assess peculiar behavior, and may conduct roadside interrogations to spot motorists who may have to fork over their bank funds."[2]
So the police in America have trans morphed from highway patrol to highway robbers. The civil government has no qualms about robbing its citizens in broad daylight and claiming it is lawful. That's what the Statist idol looks like. In contrast, the one true God invites us to give to the work of building His Kingdom.
[1] http://www.newsmax.com/Newsfront/ACLU-maya-dillard-smith-quits-transgender/2016/06/02/id/731990/#ixzz4B7QJEYAb
[2] http://www.infowars.com/state-police-swiping-motorists-debit-prepaid-cards-to-seize-money/
david whitney
Previous FBI Told the Orlando Shooter's Wife Not to Tell This to the American Media
Next From Serfs to Sovereigns
Rev. David Whitney has been teaching the Christian heritage and history of our country with Institute on the Constitution for over a decade where he serves as Senior Instructor, and Radio show host on Dr. Stan Monteith's Radio Liberty.
David is an Honors Scholar graduate from Rutgers University with a Masters Degree from Denver Seminary. A minister for 32 years he is currently the Pastor of Cornerstone Evangelical Free Church of Pasadena, Maryland.
As an member of Clergy, Activist and Radio personality David has appeared in Washington Times, on Voice of America, Fox, ABC, NBC, CSPAN, BBC, and more…


About Us « DevLinks, Ltd.
DevLinks, Ltd. is an automation manufacturer offering manufacturers in North America a complete range of innovative automation technology.
Our company is comprised of a strong, cohesive group of experienced professionals in the automation field. We can provide an innovative yet practical solution to your automation challenges.
We specialize in automation, design and integration that add value at each step in the process and will enable your business to achieve and exceed its production goals.
Our 25,000 square feet facility is custom built for heavy machinery. It has a 22-foot high workshop with two loading docks and a 16-foot drive in-door to facilitate moving large machinery. DevLinks, Ltd's headquarters is based in Arlington Heights, Illinois.
Our office is conveniently located, 5-minutes off the I-90 interstate and 10-minutes from O'Hare Airport, enabling us to service manufacturing companies in the Mid-West and throughout the United States.


Definition: Outfolding of enamel from the occlusal or incisal surface of a tooth. There may be a small pulp horn in this outfolding of enamel. This is less common than dens invaginatus.
Location: Most commonly found associated with lateral incisors and premolars.
Internal: Radiopaque, radiopacity of enamel.
Number: Singular with each tooth, may be multiple in the mouth.
An excellent resource with clearly explained information and well complied data. thanks for sharing!


text:
Campylocephalus is a genus of eurypterid, a group of extinct aquatic arthropods. Fossils of Campylocephalus have been discovered in deposits ranging from the Carboniferous period in the Czech Republic (the species C. salmi) to the Permian period of Russia (species C. oculatus and C. permianus). The generic name is composed of the Greek words καμπύλος (kampýlos), meaning "curved", and κεφαλή  (kephalē), meaning "head".

It was a member of the hibbertopterid family of eurypterids and probably looked much the same as the other members of the family, Hibbertopterus and Vernonopterus, in that it was a large, broad and heavy animal quite different from the famous swimming eurypterids (such as Pterygotus and Eurypterus) which had been common during earlier periods. Like all other stylonurine eurypterids, Campylocephalus completely lacked swimming paddles.

Hibbertopterids such as Campylocephalus were, as many other families within the stylonurine suborder, sweep-feeders. Sweep-feeding food strategies involve specialized appendages with blades that could be used by the animals to rake through the substrate of their living environments in search for small prey items.

The species C. permianus, known from deposits of Late Permian age in Russia, is the only species of Campylocephalus preserved well enough to allow for size estimates, published estimates putting its size at potentially 1.4 metres (4.6 feet) in length. This species was among the last known surviving eurypterid, living just before or during the Permian–Triassic extinction event 251.9 million years ago. Before the extinction event, eurypterids had been declining in numbers and diversity for millions of years; Campylocephalus had been the only known genus of living eurypterids for more than 20 million years since the extinction of the related genus Hastimima.

Description

Classified as a member of the hibbertopterid family of eurypterids, Campylocephalus was overall similar to the other members of the family. It was a large, broad and heavy creature quite unlike most earlier and more famous swimming eurypterids such as Pterygotus and Eurypterus. As a member of the stylonurine suborder, Campylocephalus completely lacked swimming paddles.

Several distinguishing features separate Campylocephalus from other genera in its family, in particular from the closely related Hibbertopterus. Campylocephalus had a subelliptical (almost elliptical) prosoma (head), which was subsemicircular (almost shaped like a semicircle) and strongly convex, being at its broadest in the midsection. The compound eyes of Campylocephalus were laterally placed (on the sides of the head) and were separated from each other by inflated lobes in the middle. Behind the eyes on the carapace (the exoskeleton segment covering the head) there were some further lobe-like structures referred to as palpebral lobes.

As with the prosoma, the tergites (segments on the upper side of the body) of the abdomen were convex in shape, and possessed articular processes (projecting structures that helped the segments to fit together). The appendages (limbs) of Campylocephalus are only very rarely preserved and are as such almost completely unknown.

Due to just how incomplete the fossil remains referred to Campylocephalus are, determining its size is difficult and as of yet, no formal published size estimates exist for either the type species C. oculatus or the species C. salmi. The sole known fossil remains of C. permianus, a massive incomplete carapace, suggests a very large eurypterid, potentially reaching lengths of 1.4 metres (4.6 feet).

In C. oculatus, the eyes were semilunar in shape (almost moon-shaped) and placed near the middle of the carapace, with small ocelli (light-sensitive simple eyes) between them. Its carapace had small irregular prominences, a rounded anterior edge and an indented posterior edge. The thoracic segments (segments of the thorax) of the species were straight and narrow. The eyes of C. salmi were similar, being placed very close together. The eyes were also a distinguishing feature in C. permianus, where they were placed more posteriorly than in the other species.

History of research

Fossils today recognized as belonging to Campylocephalus were first described in 1838 as belonging to a species of the genus Limulus, the same genus as the modern atlantic horseshoe crab, by Russian paleontologist Stepan S. Kutorga. Citing similarities with members of the modern genus in the appearance and anatomy of the somewhat incomplete fossil, Kutorga named it Limulus oculatus.

Scottish naturalist John Scouler described the genus Eidothea in 1831 based on a single fossil prosoma from Scotland, but did grant it any specific name. Creating a genus with no species goes against orthodox zoological nomenclature, specifically conflicting for instance with Opinion 65 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature;

Any taxonomical difficulties implied with Scouler's designation were easily avoided, however, by the discovery that the genus name was preoccupied by a genus of molluscs described in 1826. Nevertheless, the name Eidothea would be associated with the Scottish eurypterid species Eurypterus scouleri, with a near identical prosoma, described in 1836.

In 1860 French paleontologist Edouard D'Eichwald recognized that the carapace and thoracic segments which had been described by Kutorga were quite distinct from Limulus, and thus a new genus was named to contain Limulus oculatus, dubbed by D'Eichwald as Campylocephalus. This generic name is composed of the Greek words καμπύλος (kampýlos), meaning "curved", and κεφαλή (kephalē), meaning "head".

The second species of Campylocephalus to be described, C. salmi, was named as a species of the quite distantly related Eurypterus by the Slovak geologist and paleontologist Dionýs Štúr in 1877. Štúr's description was based on two incomplete fossil carapaces. The first fragmentary carapace only preserved the lower part of the head, ending in two pointed and concave arches. The eyes of this carapace were close together, in the middle of the carapace, and on a triangularly shaped elevated portion similar to some specimens of the related Hibbertopterus scouleri. In the second carapace specimen, the carapace began to stretch forward above the eyes. Both of these fossils also possessed protuberances of different sizes across the exoskeleton, showing vague forms and shapes not seen in other specimens of the genus.

Fossils of Eurypterus scouleri were compared to the carapace described by Kutorga in 1838 by Norwegian paleontologist Leif Størmer in 1951, who concluded that the two were clearly congeneric. At this point, D'Eichwald had already recognized the fossils designated as "Eidothea" by Scouler as representatives of Campylocephalus. As such, E. scouleri was classified as Campylocephalus scouleri. Though the legs of Campylocephalus were still unknown at the time, even with the addition of the Scottish species, any grouping with other genera would have to be made using features of the carapace. Comparing the ornamentation of the carapace to other eurypterids, Størmer found it to be similar to the genus Tarsopterella (where the legs were also more or less unknown) which allowed Campylocephalus to be firmly placed within the family Stylonuridae (which would later be raised to become the suborder Stylonurina, not to be confused with the presently recognized eurypterid family Stylonuridae).

English paleontologist Charles D. Waterston was the first to suggest that C. scouleri perhaps shouldn't be considered as congeneric with Campylocephalus, raising the issue in a 1958 paper. He posited that though the dorsal anatomy of the prosoma was quite similar between C. scouleri and C. oculatus, the designated type species, multiple well-preserved fossils had allowed for detailed research into the ventral anatomy and appendages of C. scouleri since the two had been placed in the same genus, whilst the ventral anatomy and appendages of C. oculatus remained unknown. A year later, in 1959, American paleontologist Erik Norman Kjellesvig-Waering created the new genus Hibbertopterus to contain C. scouleri (now Hibbertopterus scouleri) and placed both genera within the family Hibbertopteridae.

Described by Russian paleontologist Alexey G. Ponomarenko in 1985, C. permianus was originally named as a species of Hibbertopterus. The only known specimen of this species is the holotype, PIN N1209/2, an incomplete carapace, but Ponomarenko could list several features that distinguished it from other species referred to Hibbertopterus. Among these were most prominently the posterior position of the lateral eyes and said eyes not being circular in shape. In 2012, American paleontologist James C. Lamsdell could demonstrate that these unique features were actually diagnostic features of the genus Campylocephalus and thus reclassified it as its current combination. Though Ponomarenko had mentioned several features that also distinguished C. permianus from the then currently recognized species of Campylocephalus, including a different carapace shape and some thickening of the exoskeleton around the eyes, Lamsdell determined that these distinctions were not valid. In the view of Lamsdell, specimens of the type species C. oculatus are not well preserved enough to determine the precise structure of the eyes and because fossils of its carapace are either flattened or incomplete, its shape can not be ascertained with complete accuracy.

Classification
Campylocephalus is classified as part of the family Hibbertopteridae, a family of eurypterids within the superfamily Mycteropoidea, alongside the genera Hibbertopterus and Vernonopterus. The genus contains three species; C. oculatus and C. permianus from the Permian of Russia and C. salmi from the Carboniferous of the Czech Republic. The classification of C. salmi is considered somewhat uncertain, with C. salmi being fragmentary (as all other species of the genus) and possessing some unique features (e.g. the differently sized protuberances around the carapace).

The hibbertopterids are united as a group by being large mycteropoids with broad prosomas, a hastate (e.g. shaped like a gladius, a Roman sword) telson (which was the posteriormost division of the body) with paired keels on the ventral side, ornamentation consisting of scales or other similar structures on the exoskeleton, the fourth pair of appendages possessing spines, the more posterior tergites of the abdomen possessing tongue-shaped scales near their edges and there being lobes positioned posterolaterally (posteriorly on both sides) on the prosoma.

The features of Campylocephalus and Vernonopterus makes it clear that both genera represent hibbertopterid eurypterids, but the incomplete nature of all fossil specimens referred to them make any further study of the precise phylogenetic relationships within the Hibbertopteridae difficult. Both genera could even represent synonyms of Hibbertopterus itself, though the highly incomplete nature of their remains again makes that hypothesis impossible to confirm.

The cladogram below is adapted from Lamsdell (2012), collapsed to only show the superfamily Mycteropoidea.

Paleoecology
Hibbertopterids such as Campylocephalus were sweep-feeders, having modified spines on their forward-facing prosomal appendages that allowed them to rake through the substrate of their living environments. Though sweep-feeding was used as a strategy by many genera within the Stylonurina, it was most developed within the hibbertopterids, which possessed blades on the second, third and fourth pair of appendages. Some species of the closely related Hibbertopterus had specialized comb-like rachis (shafts) that were able to entrap small prey and other organic food particles.

Though they would have been slow owing to their massive size and robust form, studies on Hibbertopterus footprints discovered in Scotland have demonstrated that hibbertopterids would have been able to walk on land for at least short periods of time. The tracks discovered indicate that they would have utilized a lumbering, jerking and dragging movement and that the keeled belly and the telson left a central groove behind. Some studies suggest that eurypterids possessed a dual respiratory system, which would have allowed for this kind of occasional terrestrial movement.

C. salmi is known from the Ostrava Formation of the Czech Republic and would have lived during the Arnsbergian age (326.4–318.1 million years ago) of the Carboniferous period. The deposits were the eurypterid fossils were found are lacustrine, meaning that they formed on the bottom of an ancient lake. Spiders of the genus Eophrynus, part of the extinct arachnid order Trigonotarbida, are known from the same location and age, and numerous anthozoans (the group that contains animals such as corals and sea anemones) are known from the same age within the Ostrava Formation.

It is difficult to make any statements on the paleoecology of the type species, C. oculatus, as the precise location and dating of the fossil specimen remains somewhat unclear. Most accounts place the fossil as having been found at a location named Dourasovo in Russia and being from the Guadalupian epoch (272.3–259.8 million years ago) of the Permian period.

The species of C. permianus is one of the latest known surviving eurypterid species. The sole fossil representing the species was discovered in the Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of the Soviet Union (the modern Komi Republic of Russia) in deposits of approximately the age of the Permian–Triassic extinction event 251.9 million years ago. In the Permian, Komi would have been a coastal region of the supercontinent Pangaea. Though no other fossils of the exact same age have been reported, other Permian-age life known from the region include bryozoans and bivalves.

By the beginning of the Permian, the eurypterids were already in decline relative to what their numbers and diversity had once been. The group was one of many heavily affected by the Late Devonian extinction, which rendered all but a single genus of eurypterine (those with swimming paddles) eurypterids extinct (Adelophthalmus). Of the 16 eurypterid families that had lived during the beginning of the Devonian period, three families survived and persisted into the Carboniferous period, all of which contained only non-marine species. By the Permian, only four genera were still alive; Adelophthalmus (a adelophthalmid), Hastimima and Woodwardopterus (mycteroptids), and Campylocephalus itself. Both Adelophthalmus and Hastimima went extinct during the Early Permian, which left Campylocephalus as one of only two living genera of eurypterids for more than 20 million years until its own extinction in the Permian–Triassic extinction event. Woodwardopterus also went extinct around this time.

See also
 List of eurypterid genera
 Timeline of eurypterid research

References

Stylonurina
Fossils of the Czech Republic
Fossils of Russia
Permian eurypterids
Carboniferous eurypterids
Eurypterids of Europe
Permian genus extinctions
Eurypterids of Asia


Hudson Mohawk, recently referred to as HudMo, had a beginning in 1958. Mr. Atkins started attainment of the Charter in September, 1961, and unveiled the Charter at the January 1962 Business Meeting. The HudMo Section encompassed the eastern half of New York State. The city of Albany became the center of club business and activities with memberships as far south as Westchester County, east to western Massachusetts, north to the Canadian border, and west including Syracuse, Elmira and Ithaca.
Active since 1972, the Finger Lakes Section in the western half of New York State included the Buffalo and Rochester areas, south to Dunkirk, Fredonia, and the Pennsylvania State Line, and north to the Canadian Border with some members coming from Ontario, Canada.
In 1974, Mr. Everett E. Splatt became a member of the Hudson Mohawk Section and the following year accepted the office of President, a position held until 1986. Business meetings failed filling a full slate of officers, scheduling activities slowed, attendance became low, new membership dropped and the Charter was at risk. Change came in late 1986 when President pro-temp Splatt offered a warm welcome and encouraged replacement to his office.
Finger Lakes Section Secretary/Editor moved east to the Richfield Springs/Cooperstown area and changed membership to the Hudson Mohawk Section under her remarried name, Sally Suffolk.
A core group planned an organizational business meeting to reactivate the Hudson Mohawk Section on March 29,1987 in Fly Creek/Cooperstown. Members from near and far attended and a new slate of officers was elected: President/Editor: Sally Suffolk, Vice-President: Ann Fisher, Treasurer: Johnathan M. Newman, Secretary: James T. Santer. The National Business Office held a timely 'Name Your Newsletter Contest' that encouraged the title "Benz Bericht" created by the editor, and Honorable Mentions were received. New membership grew and monthly meetings were held at the Bavarian Chalet west of Albany although club events covered widespread locations throughout the Section.
Sally became obsessed with Mercedes in 1982 when she and her mother answered an ad for a 1975 model 235, known as the German taxicab. She became practical and hesitated buying it, but her mother insisted she buy it. Her MBCA membership started in 1982 with the Finger Lakes Section which included western NYS and Ontario, Canada. She organized a number of events including rallies and was elected secretary, newsletter editor and president. The region was too large and ultimately HudMo was formed in Eastern NY. She received the award "Officer of the Year in 1985". Sally donated many of her records, newsletters and history to us to keep. ... Another past president of the club and friend of Sally's, Ann Fisher, joined us also. They both had many stories of past activities to tell us.
This page last updated at 18:55:56 EDT on September 26, 2018.


My resumé online, a brief description of the places I've worked, my skills, etc.
I am a technologist, I do code, Systems Administration, database debugging, and am always thinking of new ways to do things. One of the best perks of being a technologist is that I get to be lazy, and because I am lazy I am prone to think of easy, fast and efficient ways to get the job done, I will sometimes obsess over ways to automate the most superficial tasks and to improve those processes that I will take almost the time it would've taken me to do the task itself, with the advantage that next time I would finish in a fraction of the time.
These are some of the places where I've worked at and what I've done there.
Providing support for all the IT services to the office clients locally and remotely.
Hardware and software installation, maintenance, troubleshooting and inventory management.
Maintaining and servicing computers, networks ,printers ,scanners and other computer peripherals.
Diagnosing Problems and repairing or replacing malfunctions parts.
Liaising with 3rd parties where necessary.
Conducting training for users, in some instances.
Wifi Router and access point management.
Windows Servers and VM management.
Managing email services such as email accounts, groups and office 365 subscriptions.
Managing phone system, including creating users, extensions, permissions, voicemail, etc.
Keep track of the hardware and software necessities of the office employees and purchase the necessary equipment/software.
Caliente Interactive is a place base of customers, created from the union of Playtech and Caliente Online Division we can summarize our mission in two words: "Creating Winners". Caliente Interactive provides online gaming of the highest caliber created in a positive environment.
Test environment setup, which includes setting up a VM, configuring pre-requisites, installing software components, etc.
Testing on Windows, Linux, Mac, HP-UX, AIX and Solaris.
Creating reports of test results.
Tiempo offers a unique and very successful combination of a nearshore business model, agile methodology, deep expertise, and advanced talent management.
Monitoring and maintaining different application infrastructures.
Configuring application infrastructures, this includes web servers, DB servers, DNS routing and access control.
Automating the creation of new servers and linking services.
Troubleshooting issues with the automation.
Creating scripts for software deployment automatically.
Sonata Services is an IT services provider specialized in helping our global clients get the most out of the human and monetary resources.
Monitoring and maintaining the client's many applications.
Monitoring and managing Windows, Solaris and Linux servers.
Backend support for all the applications.
Process improving by designing test cases amd suggesting changes to scripts, database jobs, packages and stored procedures.
Softtek is a global provider of process-driven IT solutions with more than 30 offices in North America, Latin America, Europe and Asia. With 12 Global Delivery Centers in the US, Mexico, China, Brazil, Argentina, Spain and India, Softtek helps improve time-to-business-solution, lower costs of existing applications, deliver better engineered and tested applications, and produce predictable outcomes for top-tier corporations in over 20 countries.
Making tests to several web-based systems that involved testing specific functions and overall testing of the application and the different modules that it is made of.
Creating reports based on the testing results.
Creating test cases based on customer's requirements.
Monitoring and maintaining the company's network, authorizing and monitoring access to several users to the company servers as well as their services.
Ensuring that the network is always working and that no connectivity problems arise.
Monitoring and maintaining the work stations of the employees.
Setting up new working stations and removing old ones.
Monitoring and maintaining the company's several servers.
Creating test environments on the servers for other developers.
Implemented a virtualization solution to create testing servers on demand.
ArteDigital is an organization providing nearshore Software, WEB and Mobile development services from Mexico. Our goal is to provide a superior alternative to overseas outsourcing.
Provide technical support over the phone and via email to customers with a dedicated server from the company or hosted on shared servers.
Help customers with problems dealing with their servers and/or notifying them of possible issues with them.
Scripting and automating tasks that required monitoring on the servers.
Grupo Domain Gurus were a company dedicated to resell and provide support for dedicated servers and web services.


text:
Great Reads: Grief
As a person who has been, and continues to be, bereaved, reading books that represent the emotions I'm going through is really important to me. Finding works of literature, songs or even films that put into words exactly how you're feeling are just priceless, and so these are my top five favourites that deal with the subject of grief.
Please note that these books and further content of this post may contain triggers for grief and bereavement.
Looking for Alaska by John Green
Loss: Best Friend / Love Interest
Miles "Pudge" Halter is abandoning his safe-okay, boring-life. Fascinated by the last words of famous people, Pudge leaves for boarding school to seek what a dying Rabelais called the "Great Perhaps." Pudge becomes encircled by friends whose lives are everything but safe and boring. Their nucleus is razor-sharp, sexy, and self-destructive Alaska, who has perfected the arts of pranking and evading school rules. Pudge falls impossibly in love. When tragedy strikes the close-knit group, it is only in coming face-to-face with death that Pudge discovers the value of living and loving unconditionally. – from Goodreads.com
This was the first grief related book I ever read and was struck about how honest and raw Pudge's account of bereavement was. It makes a point of addressing the fact that although Pudge didn't know Alaska for very long, she still made a huge impact on his life, which really validates those grieving for friends.
The Sky is Everywhere by Jandy Nelson
Loss: Sister
Lennie Walker spends her time tucked safely and happily in the shadow of her fiery older sister, Bailey. But when Bailey dies abruptly, Lennie is catapulted to centre stage of her own life – and, despite her nonexistent history with boys, suddenly finds herself struggling to balance two. Toby was Bailey's boyfriend; his grief mirrors Lennie's own. Joe is the new boy in town, with a nearly magical grin. One boy takes Lennie out of her sorrow, the other comforts her in it. But the two can't collide without Lennie's world exploding. – from Goodreads.com
Although there is a lot more to this book than just the death of Bailey, Lennie has a lot that she must accept which is the biggest struggle for her. Lennie must continue with her life without her sister, and paints a very real picture of life after someone passes.
Far From You by Lisa Schroeder
Loss: Mother
Years have passed since Alice lost her mother to cancer, but time hasn't quite healed the wound. Alice copes the best she can by writing her music, losing herself in her love for her boyfriend, and distancing herself from her father and his new wife. But when a deadly snowstorm traps Alice with her stepmother and newborn half sister, she'll face issues she's been avoiding for too long. As Alice looks to the heavens for guidance, she discovers something wonderful. Perhaps she's not so alone after all. – from Goodreads.com
Not only is this a book on grief, it's also written in verse! It also tackles the topic of the afterlife which is something I haven't really seen done in many novels about grief. It truly is one of a kind. This book also means a lot to me because I lost a parent, just as Alice did, and so it paints a very real picture of life without a parent and having a step-family.
PS I Love You by Cecelia Ahern
Loss: Husband
Holly couldn't live without her husband Gerry, until the day she had to. They were the kind of young couple who could finish each other's sentences. When Gerry succumbs to a terminal illness and dies, 30-year-old Holly is set adrift, unable to pick up the pieces. But with the help of a series of letters her husband left her before he died and a little nudging from an eccentric assortment of family and friends, she learns to laugh, overcome her fears, and discover a world she never knew existed. – from Goodreads.com
Like some of the previous books in this list, PS I Love You deals with letting go, moving on and accepting the loss. Holly is eased back into life with the help of her husband Gerry who leaves letters for her posthumously.
The Secret Year by Jennifer R. Hubbard
Loss: Girlfriend
Colt and Julia were secretly together for an entire year, and no one? Not even Julia's boyfriend knew. They had nothing in common, with Julia in her country club world on Black Mountain and Colt from down on the flats, but it never mattered. Until Julia dies in a car accident, and Colt learns the price of secrecy. He can't mourn Julia openly, and he's tormented that he might have played a part in her death. When Julia's journal ends up in his hands, Colt relives their year together at the same time that he's desperately trying to forget her. But how do you get over someone who was never yours in the first place? – from Goodreads.com
This novel is similar to Looking for Alaska but presents the story of grieving for a girlfriend/boyfriend in a different way. It tackles the similar themes of Green's piece too, as well as presenting a death due to accident rather than illness, and puts some mystery around the death too, which makes it even harder for Colt to deal with.
These are my choice picks for books with themes of grief. I hope that people looking to read books that deal with bereavement will find this list helpful. Do you have any to add to the list? Let me know in the comments!
Tags bereavement, blog, blog post, blogger, blogging, blogpost, blogs, book, book addict, book blog, book blogger, book geek, book hoarder, book junkie, book life, book love, book lover, book lovers, book nerd, book porn, book reader, book store, book worm, bookaholic, bookblog, bookgasm, bookish, books, books in verse, bookshelf, bookshelves, bookshop, bookstores, cecelia ahern, Clare Holman-Hobbs, clarebearhh, clareholmanhobbs, creative, creative writing, creative writing blog, creative writing blogger, creative writing blogs, creator, death, far from you, grief, grieving, jandy nelson, jennifer r hubbard, john green, lisa schroeder, looking for alaska, loss, love poem, love poetry, poem, poems, poet, poetry, poetry blog, poetry blogger, poetry blogs, poets, ps I love you, the secret year, the sky is everywhere, themes, verse, write, writer, Writing, writing blog, writing blogger, writing blogs, writing poetry, writing progress, written word
My Unpopular Bookish Opinions
Quick Reads: Under 200 Pages


text:
Q: how to implement logging methods? Create an ILogger interface that should provide methods

*

*LogInfo (string message)

*LogWarning(string message)

*LogError(string message, Exception ex)
Create an implementation of this interface, a generalized Local File Logger class.
Requirements

*

*The class should be generalized by one type

*The class constructor must contain a string argument taking the path to the file (the value must be stored in a private variable inside the class for future use)

*The essence of method implementations is writing a message passed in arguments to a file from a new line,
Log Info - write a string like $"[Info]: [{Generic Type Name}] : {message}" to the file
Log Warning - write a string like $"[Warning] : [{Generic Type Name}] : {message}" to the file
Log Error - $"[Error] : [{Generic Type Name}] : {message}. {ex.Message}"
where Generic Type Name is the name of the type passed in the generalization (for example, typeof(T).Name)
Ps. Here are immediately interpolated lines

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The dates that students are going on the Year 7 Residential have now been finalised. Parent/Carers will be receiving a letter over the Easter break with details.
All remaining monies must be paid in full to the finance office by Friday 28th April. The trip costs £67 and the deposit was £35, so £32 is due.
Students that have not paid up by this date risk losing their place on the trip.
We will be having a Parents' Meeting about this trip on Thursday 11th May 5pm to 6pm in the Main Hall. This is an important meeting so please make every effort to attend.
Reserves will be told if they have a place by Wednesday 3rd May.
All students on the reserve list that do not get a place will have their deposits refunded.