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International Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2012, 3, 361-367
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijcm.2012.35069 Published Online September 2012 (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/ijcm) 1
Active Hexose Correlated Compound (AHCC) Alleviates
Gemcitabine-Induced Hematological Toxicity in
Non-Tumor-Bearing Mice*
Daisuke Nakamoto, Kota Shigama, Hiroshi Nishioka#, Hajime Fujii
Amino Up Chemical Co., Ltd., Sapporo, Japan.
Email: #nishioka@aminoup.jp
Received May 16th, 2012; revised June 17th, 2012; accepted July 16th, 2012
Active hexose correlated compound (AHCC) is known as a dietary supplement derived from an extract of a basidiomy-
cete mushroom. The present study was conducted to evaluate the role of AHCC in alleviating the side effects, particu-
larly hematological toxicity, in non-tumor-bearing mice receiving monotherapy with gemcitabine (GEM). The results
from the GEM treatment groups with and without AHCC administration were compared to control group that received
vehicle alone. The GEM alone treatment reduced peripheral leukocytes and hemoglobin, and bone marrow cell viability
in spite of no influence on body weight, food consumption, and renal and hepatic parameters. Supplementation with
AHCC significantly alleviated these side effects. The colony forming assay of bone marrow cells revealed that AHCC
improved reduction of colony forming unit-granulocyte macrophage (CFU-GM) and burst forming unit-erythroid
(BFU-E) related to GEM administration. However, when mRNA expression of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimu-
lating factor (GM-CSF) and erythropoietin (EPO) was examined using a quantitative reverse transcription polymerase
chain reaction (RT-PCR), AHCC showed no effect for the mRNA levels of their hematopoietic growth factors. These
results support the concept that AHCC can be beneficial for cancer patients with GEM treatment through alleviating the
hematotoxicity.
Keywords: Anticancer Drug; Bone Marrow Suppression; Colony Formation; Hemoglobin; Mushroom Extract; White
Gemcitabine (2',2'-difluoro-2'-deoxycytidine, GEM), a
pyrimidine based nucleoside analog, [1] is metabolized
to gemcitabine diphosphate and triphosphate inside the
cell by nucleoside kinases [2]. Gemcitabine diphosphate
is a potent inhibitor of ribonucleo tide reductase, which is
associated with de oxyribonucleotide pools [3]. A r educe-
tion of deoxyribonucleotide concentration leads to the
inhibition of DNA synthesis. Gemcitabine triphosphate
competes with deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP) in
binding to replicating DNA polymerases and then is in-
corporated into DNA to prev ent further elongation of the
replicating strand, resulting from increase in the ratio of
cellular concentrations of gemcitabine triphosphate to
dCTP [4]. Thus, the major mechanism of action of GEM
is the direct or indirect inhibi tion of DN A synthesis.
In cancer therapy, GEM is commonly used as a com-
ponent of adjuvant chemotherapy for advanced pancre-
atic cancer [5]. Additionally GEM is also used for the
treatment of various other carcinomas such as non-small
cell lung cancer [6], ovarian cancer [7], breast cancer [8],
and biliary tract cancer [9]. The limited toxicity associ-
ated with GEM therapy compared to other cytotoxic
anticancer drugs is one of the major reasons for the
widespread use in chemotherapy. Although hematologi-
cal toxicity and flu-like symptoms caused by GEM are
the most common side effect, they are mild and short-
lived [10]. However, these toxicities related to GEM can
lower the quality of life in cancer patients an d often trig-
ger reductions in the dosage, frequency and duration of
chemotherapy, ultimately decreasing potential for opti-
mal therapeutic outco mes.
An approach to relieve the side effects of anticancer
drugs including GEM leads to the use of complementary
and alternative medicine (CAM) that has attracted great
attention. Many cancer patients are currently using CAM
in order to reduce the side effects and obtain additional
chemotherapeutic effects through boosting the immune
system [11]. In Japan, 44.6 percent of cancer patients
*No competing financial interests exist.
#Corresponding author.
Copyright © 2012 SciRes. IJCM
Active Hexose Correlated Compound (AHCC) Alleviates Gemcitabine-Induced
Hematological Toxicity in Non-Tumor-Bearing Mice
reported using CAM with the most frequently used treat-
ment being dietary supplements of mushrooms such as
agaricus (Agaricus blazei Murill) and active hexose cor-
related compound (AHCC) [12].
AHCC is a mixture of polysaccharides, amino acids,
lipids and minerals derived from mycelial culture of the
basidiomycete, Lentinula edodes. The predominant com-
ponent of AHCC is oligosaccharides, which contain
-1,4 glucans and partially acetylated
-1,4 glucans with
a molecular weight of around 5000 Daltons. AHCC has
been shown to increase the number and function of den-
dritic cells in healthy adult humans [13] and enhance
both the activation and proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T
cells in tumor-bearing mice [14]. AHCC also strength-
ened the chemotherapeutic effects of UFT (tegafur and
uracil in a 4:1 molar concentration) for mammary ade-
nocarcinoma SST-2 cells in rats [15] and cisplatin for
Colon-26 tumor cells in mice [16]. Furthermore, two
human clinical studies in liver cancer patients showed a
significant increase in survival rate among those taking
AHCC. [17,18] Several studies have explored the allevi-
ating effects of AHCC for chemotherapy-related side
effects. In cisplatin-treated tumor-bearing mice, AHCC
improved food consumption, renal damage and myelo-
suppression [16]. The role of AHCC in attenuating vari-
ous side effects was also explored in non-tumor-bearing
mice receiving monotherapy with paclitaxel, or multi-
drug chemotherapy including cisplatin plus paclitaxel,
cisplatin plus 5-fluorouracil, 5-fluorouracil plus irinote-
can, cyclophosphamide plus doxorubicin, and 6-mercapto-
purine plus methotrexate [19,20]. In newborn rats, the
AHCC-treated group was protected from cytosine arabi-
noside-caused hai r loss [20].
We investigated the influence of AHCC on some of
the side effects associated with GEM as an initial study
in preparation for a human clinical trail. Non-tumor-
bearing mice, but not tumor-bearing mice, were chosen
so that the intrinsic alterations related to the anticancer
agent could be assessed independent of oncological
variables. In the present study, we focused on GEM-in-
duced hematotoxicity including bone marrow suppres-
sion, which is a dose-limiting toxicity.
2.1. Reagents
Active hexose correlated compound (AHCC; Amino Up
Chemical Co., Ltd., Sapporo, Japan) was produced from
the mycelia culture of Lentinula edodes in a manufactur-
ing process according to Good Manufacturing Practice
(GMP) standards for dietary supplements, and ISO9001:
2008 and ISO22000: 2005 criteria [16]. After pre-culti-
vation in flasks, the basidiomycete was cultured in 15-ton
large tanks for 45 days, and then AHCC was obtained
through filtration, sterilization, concentration and freeze-
drying. Gemcitabine (GEM) is a commercially available
anticancer drug as Gemzar Injection (Eli Lilly Japan K.
K., Kobe, Japan), and the drug was obtained from JUN-
SEI CHEMICAL CO., LTD. (Tokyo, Japan).
2.2. Animals
Specific pathogen-free male ddY mice were purchased
from Japan SLC, Inc. (Hamamatsu, Japan) and studied at
six weeks of age. Animals were maintained in a tem-
perature- and humidity-controlled room at 23˚C ± 1˚C
and 55% - 60%, respectively, under a 12-hour light-dark
cycle (lights on 08:00 to 20:00), fed a standard pelleted
rodent chow (CE-2; CLEA Japan Inc., Tokyo, Japan),
and given water ad libitum. Mice were divided into three
groups: control (untreated), GEM alone, and GEM plus
AHCC. Each group consisted of ten mice.
2.3. Treatments
The GEM solution was injected intraperitoneally at a
dose of 400 mg/kg (1200 mg/m2) once a week for three
weeks (days 7, 14 and 21). The treatment was similar to
the regimen actually used in clinical practice (1000
mg/ m2 of weekly drip infusion three times followed by
one week cessation of the drug). AHCC was prepared as
a solution at a dosage of 1 g/kg and administered daily by
gavage to mice seven days before the first injection of
GEM and throughout the experiment (day 1 to day 28).
The control group received a vehicle (saline) instead of
GEM and AHCC. All an imals were killed und er anesthe-
sia, and blood, bone marrow (BM) cells, spleen and kid-
ney were harvested at day 28.
Since the effect of AHCC was assessed at a dosage
range from 100 mg/kg to 1 g/kg in previous studies,
[14-16,19,20] a dose of 1 g/kg of AHCC was chosen in
the current study. The experimental protocol was ap-
proved by the Animal Care Committee of Amino Up
Chemical Co., Ltd.
2.4. Evaluation of Parameters
The following parameters were assessed: body weight,
food consumption, liver function (serum aspartate ami-
notransferase; AST), kidney function (blood nitrogen
urea; BUN), hematological toxicities (peripheral total
white blood cell count and hemoglobin content), and
myelosuppression. Body weight and food consumption
were measured twice a week. Serum AST and BUN were
assessed using Transaminase CII-test WAKO and Urea
Nitrogen B-test WAKO assay kits (Wako Pure Chemical
Industries Limited, Osaka, Japan), respectively. Cardiac
blood samples were diluted to 1:10 with Turk solution
(Wako Pure Chemical Industries Limited) to determine
Hematologi cal Toxicity in Non-Tumor-Bearing Mice 363
the number of total white blood cells in accordance with
the Nageotte chamber counting procedure, [21] and he-
moglobin content in blood was measured using a Hemo-
globin B-test kit (Wako Pure Chemical Industries Lim-
ited). Myelosuppression was determined by measuring
BM cell viability and by evaluating the responses to col-
ony forming unit granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM)
and burst forming unit er ythroid (BFU-E).
BM cell viability was determined by collecting BM
cells from the femur, which were first suspended in
0.83% NH4Cl solution and incubated at 37˚C for ten
minutes to hemolyze red blood cells. After centrifugation,
the cells were prepared at a concentration of 1 × 107
cells/mL in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS. A
100-L aliquot of the suspension was cultured in a
96-well plate for three days, and the viability (percent of
control group) of BM cells was estimated by a MTT as-
say. The detection of CFU-GM and BFU-E was per-
formed using a colony forming cell assay kit, MethoCult
(StemCell Technologies, Vancouver, Canada). Briefly,
BM cells were suspended in Iscove's MDM (IMDM)
with 2% FBS and th e suspension (2 × 105 cells/mL) was
mixed with methylcellulose medium containing rmSCF,
rmIL-3 and rhIL-6 (MethoCult 3534) at a 1:9 ratio. The
prepared BM cells (2 × 104 cells/mL) were plated onto a
35-mm dish and incubated at 37˚C for eight days to form
CFU-GM colony. For a mature BFU-E assay, after
IMDM with 2% FBS was added at a 1:9 ratio to methyl-
cellulose medium containing rhEpo (MethoCult 3334),
BM cells (2 × 106 cells/mL) in IMDM with 2% FBS
were mixed with the diluted methylcellulose medium at a
1:9 ratio. The prepared BM cells (2 × 105 cells/mL) were
plated onto a 35-mm dish and incubated at 37˚C for four
days. Following the individual incubation time, CFU-
GM and mature BFU-E colonies were counted under a
microscope to quantify murine hematopoietic progenitor
cells.
2.5. Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain
Expression of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating
factor (GM-CSF), erythropoietin (EPO) and beta-2-
microglobulin (B2M) mRNA was determined using a
quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain re-
action (RT-PCR). Total RNA was extracted from 100 mg
of spleen and kidney with TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen
Corp., Carlsbad, CA, USA) according to the manufac-
turer's protocol. First-strand cDNA was obtained by in-
cubation of 1.6 g of total RNA with PrimeScript 2 1st
strand cDNA Synthesis kit (Takara Bio Inc., Otsu, Japan),
and the RT product was then diluted to 10 g/L and
subjected to PCR using TaKaRa Ex Taq (Takar a Bio Inc.) .
Forty cycles of amplification were carried out for GM-
CSF mRNA, and EPO mRNA and B2M mRNA were 37
and 22 cycles, respectively. The condition of each cycle
was denaturing at 94˚C for 30 seconds, annealing at 59˚C
(GM-CSF and B2M) and 65˚C (EPO) for 45 seconds,
and extension at 72˚C for 30 seconds. The primers are
described as follows; GM-CSF:
5'-GGCCTTGGAAGCATGTAGAG-3' (sense) and 5'-
ATGAAATCCGCATAGGTGGT-3' (antisense); EPO:
5'-CCACCCTGCTGCTTTTACTC-3' (sense) and 5'-
GGCCTTGCCAAACTTCTATG-3' (antisense); B2M:
5'-TAGCTGTGCTCGCGCTACT-3' (sense) and 5'-
AGTGGGGGTGAATTCAGTGT-3' (antisense). The gene
bands in each sample were normalized to the corre-
sponding B2M band using Alpha Innotech redTM (Alpha
Innotech Corp., San Leandro, CA, USA).
Experimental data are shown as mean ± standard error of
the mean (SEM). Data were analyzed by one-way analy-
sis of variance (ANOVA). Fisher's Protected Least Sig-
nificance Difference (PLSD) was used as a post hoc test,
and values of p less than 0.05 were determined to b e sta-
tistically significant.
3.1. Peripheral Hematological Toxicity
To determine whether AHCC is capable of protecting
against GEM-related hematotoxicity, peripheral total
white blood cell count and hemoglobin content in blood
were monitored. As shown in Figures 1(a) and (b), GE M
treatment was significantly associated with reductions of
leukocyte count and hemoglobin content (p < 0.01), and
supplementation with AHCC completely ameliorated
both hematological toxicities (p < 0.01). The values of
white blood cells (×106 cells/mL) in the control, GEM,
and GEM + AHCC group s were 3.05 ± 0.13, 2.01 ± 0.12,
and 3.03 ± 0.13, respectively. Hemoglobin content (g/dL)
was 14.4 ± 0.2 (control), 13.1 ± 0.3 (GEM), and 14.7 ±
0.3 (GEM plus AHCC ).
3.2. Bone Marrow (BM) Suppression
To elucidate the alleviating effect of AHCC for GEM-
induced myelosuppression, BM damage was assessed by
BM cell viability and the colony forming ability of hema-
topoietic progenitor cells. The viability of BM cells iso-
lated from GEM-treated mice was lower than that of the
control group (p < 0.01; Figure 2), and AHCC admini-
stration significantly reversed the decline although it did
not achieve complete recovery (p < 0.01 vs GEM, con-
trol). Treatment with GEM alone significantly lowered
Figure 1. Alleviating effect of AHCC for GEM-related he-
maotopoietic toxicity. Blood was collected from mice on the
final day of the experiment (day 28), and GEM-induced
hematotoxity was evaluated using two parameters, which
were peripheral total white blood cell count (a) and hemo-
globin content in blood (b). Blood samples were diluted to
1:10 with Turk solution to determine the number of total
white blood cells based on the Nageotte chamber counting
procedure. Hemoglobin content was analyzed by a Hemo-
globin B-test WAKO assay kit. The values show the mean ±
SEM. *p < 0.01 vs control, GEM plus AHCC.
Figure 2. Ameliorative effect of AHCC on bone marrow
(BM) cell viability. On day 28, BM cells were isolated from
femurs of mice with or without GEM injection, and the
hemolyzed BM cells (1 × 107 cells/mL) were cultured in a
96-well plate for 3 days. The viability (% of control group)
of BM cells was estimated by a MTT assay. The values (%
of control; mean ± SEM) in the control, GEM alone, and
GEM plus AHCC groups were 100.0 ± 1.5, 77.5 ± 1.3 and
89.0 ± 0.9, respectively. *p < 0.01 vs control, GEM plus
AHCC, **p < 0.01 vs control.
both CFU-GM and BFU-E forming abilities (p < 0.01;
Table 1), while the lowering was entirely recovered to
control level by AHCC administration.
3.3. Expression of GM-CSF and EPO mRNA
Expression of GM-CSF and EPO mRNA in spleen and
kidney, respectively, was compared among control, GEM
alone, and GEM plus AHCC groups. The expression
level was calculated as a percent of control after each
band of GM-CSF and EPO was normalized to the corre-
sponding B2M band (Table 2). The mRNA levels of
both GM-CSF and EPO in the GEM alone group were
significantly higher than those of the control and the
GEM plus AHCC groups (p < 0.05). In contrast, the ex-
pression levels in AHCC-treated mice were identical to
3.4. Other Toxicities
No changes in body weight, food consumption, and liver
and renal functions were noted at the completion of the
study. The average of body weight (g) was 35.4 ± 1.0,
36.3 ± 0.7, and 35.9 ± 0.6 in the control, GEM alone, and
GEM+AHCC groups, respectively. Serum AST and
BUN values were also normal and did not change during
the course of the study (data not shown), which was con-
sistent with previous data [10].
Gemcitabine (GEM) has shown activity in a variety of
solid tumors [22]. The drug has been approved for the
treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic can-
Table 1. Colony forming responses of CFU-GM and BFU-E.
Group CFU-GM BFU-E
Control 88.3 ± 1.7 119.3 ±6.1
GEM 64.3 ± 8.6* 29.0 ± 0.6**
GEM+AHCC 104.0 ± 3.0 109.0 ± 8.1
All values (colony counts) represent the mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05 vs control,
p < 0.01 vs GEM + AHCC, **p < 0.01 vs control, GEM + AHCC. CFU-GM:
colony forming unit-granulocyte macrophage, BFU-E: burst forming unit-
erythroid.
Table 2. mRNA levels of GM-CSF and EPO.
Group GM-CSF EPO
Control 100.0 ± 27.4 100.0 ± 6.6
GEM 323.3 ± 74.1* 161.9 ± 19.4*
GEM+AHCC 92.9 ± 20.0 99.6 ± 3.5
All values (% of control) show the mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05 vs control, GEM
+ AHCC. GM-CSF: granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor,
EPO: erythropoietin.
cer and biliary tract cancer in Japan, and non-small cell
lung, pancreatic, ovarian and breast cancers in the United
States. Although GEM is generally well tolerated and has
a good toxicity profile, myelosuppression is the most
common side effect, which can limit dose and thus po-
tentially its therapeutic efficacy. Th is study was designed
to investigate the impact of AHCC in terms of side ef-
fects, particularly hematological toxicity attributable to
GEM injection, in non-tu mor-bearing mice.
The treatment with GEM caused reduction of white
blood cell count and hemoglobin content, respectively
leading to leukopenia and anemia. Occurrence of leuko-
penia often induces infectious complications, which may
compromise treatment efficacy. Opportunistic infections
are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer
patients receiving myelotoxic chemotherapy, resulting
from invasive fungal infections, particularly invasive
aspergillosis, and an increasing spread of Gram-positive
pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci [23]. In
current clinical practice, colony-stimulating factors such
as granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and
granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-
CSF) are increasingly used to recover white blood cell
counts or increase dose-density [24]. In addition, hemo-
globin reduction results in anemia, which is associated
with a significant decrease in the quality of life and may
limit the applicability and efficacy of anticancer drugs
[25]. The treatment with recombinant human erythro-
poietin (rHu Epo) has been shown to improve anticancer
drug-induced anemia in rats [26], and alleviating anemia
with rHu Epo in humans h as improved th e quality of life
of cancer patients [27].
Although G-CSF and GM-CSF are gen erally safe, well
tolerated and have favorable outcomes, several reports of
serious G-CSF and GM-CSF asso ciated side effects exist,
[28,29] including enhanced bone tumor growth by G-
CSF in mice in an osteoclast-dependent manner [30].
Treatment with rHu EPO also has risks such as the po-
tential to promote cellular proliferation and migration in
melanoma and breast cancer cells expressing the Epo
receptor [31,32]. AHCC exerted no influence on mRNA
levels of GM-CSF and EPO in our study when the
mRNA levels were measured. However, given the ame-
liorating effects of AHCC for GEM-associated BM cell
viability, AHCC might be useful to complement the
properties of G-CSF and GM-CSF as well as Epo. The
beneficial effects of AHCC on hematotoxicities caused
by other anticancer drugs, such as cisplatin, paclitaxel,
5-fluorouracil and irinotecan, have been reported [16,19],
although the mechan ism of action is not yet clear.
AHCC supplementation was significantly associated
with an improvement in the levels of colony forming unit
granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM) and burst forming
unit erythroid (BFU-E), which were severely depressed
as a result of GEM treatment. AHCC might therefore
alleviate chemotherapy-related hematological toxicity
through protecting hematopoietic progenitor cells. This
result is consistent with other studies demonstrating that
-glucans promoted bone marrow cell viability
and protected the bone marrow stem cell colony forma-
tion unit from doxorubicin-induced hematological toxic-
ity, [33] as well as induced hematopoietic stem cell pro-
liferation and differentiation [34].
Despite the side effects, GEM may be a useful agent
for tumor immunotherapy since it possesses significant
immunomodulatory activity independent of its cytotoxic
effects as shown in murine tumor models [35]. Other
agents with potentially harsh side effects, such as cis-
platin, have also been to increase the susceptibility of
tumor cells to tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes or natural
killer cells [36]. Therefore, AHCC may offer promise
when used in conjunction with chemotherapy since
AHCC may help reduce side effects of drugs like GEM
or cisplatin and enable a full chemotherapeutic regimen
to be administered. Furthermore, the previous study de-
monstrated that AHCC enhanced chemotherapeutic ef-
fect of cisplatin in tumor-bearing mice [16], suggesting
an adjuvant ac t ion of AHCC.
The safety of AHCC in cancer patients and healthy
volunteers has been previously reported [13,17,18,37].
The current and previous studies suggest that AHCC
consumption may be safe in combination with GEM and
perhaps other chemotherapy agents that are not metabo-
lized via the CYP450 2D6 pathway [38] and clinical
studies are warranted.
The present study was conducted to assess whether
AHCC reduces GEM-induced side effects, particularly
hematological toxicity that is a dose limiting factor for
GEM, in non-tumor-bearing mice. As a consequence,
AHCC significantly ameliorated reduction of peripheral
total white blood cell count an d hemoglobin content, and
further resulted in recovering CFU-GM and BFU-E
forming abilities. If these results are extended to humans,
AHCC might contribute to improved quality of life and
well-being of cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy
including GEM treatment.
We are deeply grateful to Dr. Robert M. Hackman, Uni-
versity of California-Davis, and Dr. Judith A. Smith,
University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, for
their suggestions and editorial comments.
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Hematologi cal Toxicity in Non-Tumor-Bearing Mice
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[21] M. Masse, C. Naegelen, N. Pellegrini, J. M. Segier, N.
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A one-of-a-kind dance festival that explores the evolution of African Dance in the Americas. Racines Black Dance Festival brings together specialists from a wide range of styles to teach workshops in traditional and contemporary African-rooted dance. Come see how through perseverance, dance and music traveled from Africa through the stain of slavery and the plantations to the present day. Experience workshops, presentations, history, music and culture this fall in Boston.
Stay updated on festival news and updates.


text:
Oregontrailwagontrain
oregon marijuana revenue
Delbert Peterson
Oregon legalized marijuana
Lounges lodging video quick faq
Tweet. pin. share.
Distributed approximately $85 million
When oregon legalized marijuana four years ago, expectations were enormous for the newly legal Marijuana taxes generated nearly $70 million in revenue last year and are forecast to generate.
Oregon Marijuana Information. Retail Shops lounges lodging video quick faq. Oregon has long been a very marijuana-friendly state, and it was the first to decriminalize cannabis in 1973.
Recreational marijuana sales in Oregon will be nearly $543 million this year, according to the latest Marijuana taxes generated nearly $70 million in revenue last year and are forecast to generate.
· Illinois' legalization bill, Senate Bill 7, now under consideration! Last update: May 8, 2019 Over two years in the making, a legalization bill that would allow adults 21 and older to purchase and possess cannabis in Illinois has been introduced to the legislature.
The North American Marijuana Index. "We saw year-over-year revenue growth of 34% for the first quarter of 2019. We are.
how many national parks are there in oregon The California National Historic Trail is over 5,000 miles long and covers portions of 10 states. Step into history along more than 1,000 miles of ruts and traces from travelers and their overland wagons.
A bill to legalize cannabis lounges is "100% dead," according to Sam Chapman, legislative director for the New Revenue..
Oregon is the third state in the U.S. to legalize marijuana for recreational use following Colorado and its northern Personal recreational use of marijuana has been legal in Oregon since July 1, 2015.
Share. tweet. pin. share. Who says money doesn't grow on trees? By Wednesday, Oregon's officials will have distributed approximately million to the state's school fund, public health services.
The Oregon Department of Revenue announced Tuesday it received $5.3-million in marijuana tax payments in In January 2016, the state started collecting a 25-percent tax from medical marijuana.
most romantic places in oregon Bathtub Gin & Co. is one of The 15 Best Romantic Places in Seattle.. Matt's a whiskey-wizard, seasonal cocktails are delish, don't be afraid to. Ryan Stenson: Great hearth-based and intimate restaurant in capitol hill.oregon duck statue The Oregon Duck is the mascot of the University of Oregon Ducks athletic program, based on Disney's Donald Duck character through a special license agreement. The mascot wears a green and yellow costume, and a green and yellow beanie cap with the word "Oregon" written on it.
When Portland voters approved a 3% tax on recreational cannabis sales in 2016, some of them expected the funds would benefit marijuana business owners and. to police and transportation programs,
Marijuana is being cultivated legally in 25 states plus the District of Columbia, Guam and Puerto Rico. Lawmakers are beginning to address one of the less-discussed issues related to manufacturing marijuana: the immense amount of electricity required for indoor production.
Marijuana, also known as cannabis, is made from the dried leaves and flowers of the hemp plant, Cannabis sativa. The plant grows in many tropical climates; however, nowadays it can be cultivated.
oregon ducks spring game uniforms The Ducks have added another option to their wardrobe in honor of the annual spring game. Oregon opted for a traditional look, moving away from military-inspired patterns of the past in favor of.
Recreational marijuana sales began in Oregon on October 1, 2015, and purchases had not been According to Oregon Live, the Oregon Department of Revenue has setup cameras in preparation of.
oregon basketball floor "If you would have told me that we're going to allow Oregon State to shoot 70 percent in the first couple minutes, they're going to end the game at 42 percent from the floor, and you're going to get.
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I've seen some message board chatter about a comment attributed to Stanford coach Trent Johnson following the Cardinal's loss to UW Sunday.
A lot of people have taken that to surmise that Johnson is saying UW is better than WSU.
That's not what he meant, however.
He was not comparing the Cougars and the Huskies, and I bring this all up simply in the quest for accuracy and not wanting to see a coach get blamed for something he didn't say.
Johnson, however, did have a lot of good things to say about the Huskies during Tuesday's Pac-10 conference call.


On this episode of Rear-Naked Choke Radio, hosts Joe Rizzo (@RearNakedChoke) and Jay Kelly (@JayKellyMMA) dissect UFC 191, which is headlined by flyweight champion Demetrious Johnson and John Dodson.
Rizzo and Kelly, with the assistance of 5Dimes betting lines, talked about each match-up from a viewer's perspective and a betting standpoint. They gave their thoughts on live underdogs, solid locks, parlay ideas and bets to avoid, such as a specific fighter set as a -1600 favorite. They can't guarantee you'll get rich off their betting advice, but if you do, they accept cash and gifts as a thank you.
Apart from the UFC 191 breakdown, Rizzo and Kelly talked about the stunning announcement of UFC women's bantamweight champion Ronda Rousey defending her title against relative newcomer Holly Holm. It was originally announced that Rousey would meet Miesha Tate in a trilogy match, but this out-of-left-field change in the script left everybody scratching their head.


Types of fungus, also called dermatophytes, is normally the cause of toenail fungus. Some of the symptoms of toenail fungus can include, but limited to yellow and brittle nails, distorted toenails shape or lack of shine on the nail. Toenail Fungus can lead to many complications if left untreated.
Toenails also may separate from the nail bed if they are left untreated long enough.
Toenail fungus may lead to infections in other parts of the body if you have a weakened or suppressed immune system.
Toenails may become permanently damaged if left untreated.
If you are diabetic, a toenail infection may lead to a more severe complication as the nerves and blood supply to the feet are already strained by diabetes.


text:
Cambodia charges 7, including Chinese, in building collapse
Posted: Jun 24, 2019 / 10:15 PM EDT / Updated: Jun 25, 2019 / 04:52 AM EDT
In this photo provided by Preah Sihanouk Provincial Authority, rescuers carry the body of a victim at the site of a building collapse, Monday, June 24, 2019, in Preah Sihanouk province, Cambodia. Rescuers on Monday continued to search the rubble of a building that collapsed while under construction in a Cambodian beach town, killing over two dozen workers and injuring 24 others as they slept in the unfinished condominium that was doubling as their housing. (Preah Sihanouk Provincial Authority via AP)
PHNOM PENH, Cambodia (AP) — A court in Cambodia said Tuesday that seven people, including four Chinese nationals, have been charged with crimes related to a building collapse that killed 28 construction workers who were sleeping in the unfinished structure that doubled as their housing.
The Preah Sihanouk provincial court said the Chinese owner of the building in Sihanoukville was charged with unintentional homicide, involuntarily causing injuries and aggravating circumstances that cause injury. The Chinese builder, two Chinese building site managers and three other people of unspecified nationalities were charged with conspiracy to commit those crimes.
The four Chinese nationals were put in pretrial detention. The aggravating circumstances charge carries a penalty of five to 10 years in prison and the unintentional homicide charge carries a penalty of up to three years in jail.
A court spokesman, Lim Bunheng, said authorities were still looking to arrest the other three people.
The unfinished seven-story condominium collapsed early Saturday as the workers slept on the second floor. Survivors said they heard loud noise and felt the building vibrate just before it fell.
Authorities haven't said what caused the collapse, and the provincial court did not explain the basis of the charges in detail.
Rescuers found the last two survivors and the final victims Monday. In addition to the dead, another 26 workers were injured.
Sihanoukville is a thriving beach resort town that has seen a boom of Chinese-funded projects in recent as part of wider wave of Chinese investment and influence in the impoverished Southeast Asian nation.
Chinese businesses have invested several billion U.S. dollars in sectors such as tourism, real estate, agriculture, seaports and casinos. Several skyscrapers and other big property developments in the capital Phnom Penh and in Sihanoukville and the island Koh Kong have been financed and constructed by Chinese companies.
But Chinese investors have attracted criticism in recent years as their influence in the country grows. Cambodia has become increasingly reliant on Chinese aid and investment, and at the same time has become a close political ally of Beijing, supporting its positions in regional and international affairs.
That has allowed Prime Minister Hun Sen, who has been in power for more than 30 years, to be less reliant on aid from Western countries that insist that human rights and democratic principles be observed.
Much of Cambodia's infrastructure in recent years has been financed by China and Chinese companies.
by DAVID CRARY, Associated Press / Jul 15, 2019
NEW YORK (AP) — Government restrictions on religion have increased markedly in many places around the world, not only in authoritarian countries, but also in many of Europe's democracies, according to a report surveying 198 countries that was released Monday.
The report released by the Pew Research Center, covering developments through 2017, also seeks to document the scope of religion-based harassment and violence. Regarding the world's two largest religions, it said Christians were harassed in 143 countries and Muslims in 140.


In Countryside v. Commissioner, TC Memo 2008-3 (filed Jan. 2. 2008), the Tax Court ruled favorably for a partner on an economic substance challenge by the IRS where a parent partnership incurred debt, formed lower-tier partnerships (which purchased non-marketable securities) and made a liquidating distribution to the partner of interests in the lower-tier partnerships. The decision was filed in response to the partner's partial summary judgment motion. The transaction was intended to provide the distributee partner with deferral on his gain in the parent partnership interest while providing the parent partnership with a positive basis adjustment in property it sold shortly after the distribution. The parent partnership, Countryside LP, was owned by individuals A, B and C, and a corporation owned by A and B. CLP owned residential property (the Manchester Property). In October of 2000, the following steps occurred: CLP borrowed $8.5 million from a bank (Bank),CLP contributed the $8.5 million to a federal tax partnership (CLPP) in exchange for a 99 percent interest (a corporation owned by A owned a one percent interest in CLPP),CLPP contributed $8.5 million to another federal tax partnership (MP) in exchange for a 99 percent interest (another corporation owned by A owned a one percent interest in MP),MP borrowed $3.4 million from Bank, andMP used the $8.5 million and the $3.4 million to buy four privately issued notes from a financial institution (Notes).On Dec. 26, 2000, CLP distributed its 99 percent interest in CLPP to A and B in complete liquidation of their interests in CLP, leaving C and a corporation as the only federal tax partners in CLP. On Jan. 26, 2001, CLP executed a sales agreement for the Manchester Property, closing the sale in April 2001. During the time at hand, CLPP apparently owned only its interest in MP and a small amount of money, and MP apparently owned only the Notes and some money. The parties treated the distribution on Dec. 26, 2000, as a distribution by CLP of property to a partner in liquidation of the partner's interest in CLP. A, B and CLP treated the distribution as not giving rise to gain under section 731. CLP and CLPP each had a section 754 election in effect at that time. MP did not have a section 754 election in effect. A's and B's outside basis in CLP was less than CLP's basis in the CLPP interests distributed to them. CLP claimed a positive basis adjustment to the Manchester Property under section 734(b)(1)(B). The IRS argued that the liquidating distribution to A and B should be disregarded under economic substance grounds in part because CLP could not have made a profit on the incurrence of the debt and the acquisition of the Notes. The interest rate on the debt exceeded the interest return on the Notes. The IRS apparently argued that CLP should be treated as having (indirectly) distributed money to A and B. Citing Coltec, ACM and other economic substance and business purpose cases, the court found that the transactions at hand accomplished the non-tax business purpose of converting A's and B's interest in the Manchester Property into an interest in the Notes, causing the two remaining partners in CLP to bear 100 percent of the burdens and benefits associated with the Manchester Property. The court had little difficulty rejecting the IRS's argument that the Notes were marketable securities within the meaning of section 731(c). The next issue the court will likely face is whether CLP is allowed to increase the basis of the Manchester Property. The parties did not reduce the basis of the Notes, which MP owned. MP did not have a section 754 election in effect when CLP made the liquidating distribution of CLPP interests to A and B. The court did not rule on whether the lack of a section 754 election by MP, the partnership owned 99 percent by CLPP, prevents CLP from adjusting the tax basis of its property under the flush language of section 743(b).


Items where SHU Author is "Mccarter, Richard"
BEARD, Colin, WILSON, John P. and MCCARTER, Richard (2007). Towards a theory of e-Learning :experiential e-Learning. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sports & Tourism Education, 6 (2), 3-15.
TAYLOR, Gary, MELLOR, Liam and MCCARTER, Richard (2016). Work-related learning and the social sciences. Routledge.
This list was generated on Sun Apr 21 00:55:52 2019 UTC.


text:
What are the pros and cons of SSD and HDD?
Is it better to use SSD or HDD?
What are the disadvantages of a HDD and SSD?
What is the difference between an SSD and a HDD What are the pros and cons of each of them is one better than the other?
Is a 256GB SSD better than a 1TB hard drive?
Which lasts longer SSD or HDD?
What are the disadvantages of a SSD?
What is the lifespan of an SSD?
What is benefit of SSD?
Are big SSDs worth it?
Is extra SSD worth it?
SSDs in general are more reliable than HDDs, which again is a function of having no moving parts. … SSDs commonly use less power and result in longer battery life because data access is much faster and the device is idle more often. With their spinning disks, HDDs require more power when they start up than SSDs.
The top disadvantage to SSD over HDD is how long they last. It is known as the write cycle and there are only so many times you can erase and rewrite data on a solid state drive. Each time this process is completed, cells in the SSD decay. They continue to decay until the drive cannot be used anymore.
The difference between hard drives and solid state drives is in the technology used to store and retrieve data. … HDDs are cheaper and you can get more storage space. SSDs, however, are incredibly faster, lighter, more durable, and they use less energy. Your needs will dictate which storage drive will work best for you.
IMPORTANT: Your question: Can I play dvds on my smart TV?
A 1TB hard drive stores eight times as much as a 128GB SSD, and four times as much as a 256GB SSD. The bigger question is how much you really need. In fact, other developments have helped to compensate for the lower capacities of SSDs.
Generally, SSDs are more durable than HDDs in extreme and harsh environments because they don't have moving parts such as actuator arms. SSDs can withstand accidental drops and other shocks, vibration, extreme temperatures, and magnetic fields better than HDDs. … Almost all types of today's SSDs use NAND flash memory.
Disadvantages of SSDs
Consumer-grade SSDs are more expensive than consumer-grade hard drives.
Due to the unique file system structure of an SSD, data extraction can be an extremely difficult and lengthy process.
Because the data recovery process is so difficult and takes so long, it can be quite expensive.
Current estimates put the age limit for SSDs around 10 years, though the average SSD lifespan is shorter. In fact, a joint study between Google and the University of Toronto tested SSDs over a multi-year period. During that study, they found the age of an SSD was the primary determinant of when it stopped working.
SSDs offer shorter boot times for your computer, more immediate data transfer and higher bandwidth. Faster speeds mean SSDs can handle data at the ultra-high speeds necessary in today's business world, especially when running programs that access large amounts of data such as an operating system.
IMPORTANT: Can I ship an external hard drive?
While SSDs are almost always faster, there are still instances (like bulk storage) where hard drives are definitely worth considering. Because 10TB hard drives can be had for under $200 and a 4TB SSD will set you back over $400.
Yes, SSDs are always worth it, especially for OS and other applications (or games) you want to access particularly fast. The Samsung 850 EVO 250GB SSD should be at your price point.
Can a DVD laser blind you?
Can a DVD laser hurt your eyes? There should be no hazard To your
You asked: How do I read a floppy disk in Windows 7?
Power up your computer and allow Windows to load completely. Insert the floppy disk
What does hard drive include?
A hard drive consists of several major components inside its casing. These include the
How do I unlock my LG DVD player?
How do I reset my LG DVD player? Press the HOME button on the
How do you take advantage of SSD?
What is the main advantage of an SSD? Without moving parts to slow your
Best answer: Can you overuse a hard drive?
Quick Answer: How do you program a one for all remote to a Blu Ray player?
Are WD Black NVMe SSD good?
How do I clone my Samsung hard drive to SSD?
Frequent question: How can I change a Mac formatted external hard drive to Windows?
Can I burn my Amazon music to a CD?
Frequent question: How do I merge two hard drives on a Mac?


Where to get an emergency loan when in financial crisis?
They commonly cost a payment for this. Feel about regardless of whether you can afford the repayments and seem at option techniques to borrow before you apply for a negative credit score advance. When searching for a money loan, it is important to think about the distinct types of advances obtainable. You can qualify for appropriate monetary goods that are a whole lot much better than some of the choices out there for individuals struggling with their finances. Our complete business is based on essentially great morals, and we try to offer you our customers the best online credit score solution.
Be informed that brokerage firms tend to sell applications to a lot more than one loan supplier. It most likely that the interest rates levied on such loans will be substantial, a reflection of the borrower's lack of other alternatives and the truth that they're probably to have a very poor or non-existent credit history. Each varieties of loans let you to borrow a more compact amount of cash than other standard types of loans these kinds of as personalized advances. A payday advance on the web is simply a pay day loan, to assist you pay out your expenses and preserve your credit score score intact till payday.
A 'quick' loan is not a merchandise in by itself, relatively a characteristic of a item. You sit back and let us do all the challenging function. You can then invest this dollars on the items you require.
However, many loan companies will not supply loans for men and women with very poor credit score, so these people frequently search for "loans poor credit" to discover lenders who may take them. Some reasons for not becoming approved are missing credit repayments, defaulting on an account or producing much too several credit score applications in a quick area of time. It Gets Better Australia has gone by means of the bad credit score advances market place and discovered lenders who specialise in loans for individuals on advantages, the unemployed, folks who've beforehand had a CCJ or defaulted on their payments. Your credit score is a reflection of your credit score reimbursement patterns in excess of time with more focus on any current data. Additionally, we also pledge that our panel of immediate quick term advance lenders also follow rigid security procedures and that our online software method is completely secure to use as the transfer of details is safeguarded.
We will critique your software and provide a option, normally inside of half an hour or much less. Get a loan today from Perfect Payday. Study this post for a a lot more in depth seem at immediate loan companies vs brokers. As this kind of, your advance application is then denied.
Copyright © It Gets Better Australia 2017.


text:
Q: Archive with deleted questions for users with less than 10K rep?
Possible Duplicate:
Building an archive of deleted questions

As someone who is trying to learn how to master Emacs, I found the question 'The single most useful Emacs feature'  a great source of information before it was deleted. I noticed that this question isn't listed under the Popular deleted questions list.
I think I have read here in Meta that the Team may be working on building a static archive of these questions and/or potentially freezing them with a locking mechanism.
With this, my questions are:

*

*Is there a reason why the Emacs question was not added to the Popular deleted questions list?

*Has there been any progress on setting up an archive of snapshots of deleted questions?

*Is there any way a user with less than 10K could retrieve the contents of a question like the one I mentioned?

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text:
Home / News & Publications / Press Releases
Travers Smith advises August Equity and management on the sale of the SecureData Group
Travers Smith LLP has advised August Equity LLP and management on the sale of the SecureData Group ("SecureData") to Orange Business Services S.A. (a company backed by Orange Cyberdefence, the cyber division of the global telecoms and mobile operator Orange).
Founded in 1992, SecureData is the largest independent cybersecurity service provider in the UK. The company has a 25 year track record of providing integrated cyber solutions designed to assess risks, detect threats, protect a customer's IT assets and respond to security incidents. SecureData's elite consulting arm, SensePost, enjoys a worldwide reputation for its expertise in cyber-criminality, security research and penetration testing. In 2018, SecureData recorded annual revenues of approximately £50 million and has enjoyed consistent growth rates of approximately 20% since 2016.
Orange is one of the world's leading telecommunications operators with sales of 41 billion euros in 2017 and 150,000 employees worldwide as at 30 September 2018, including 92,000 employees in France. Orange has a total customer base of 261 million customers worldwide as at 30 September 2018, including 201 million mobile customers and 20 million fixed broadband customers. Orange is present in 28 countries.
The Travers Smith team was led by Head of Private Equity Paul Dolman, assisted by Private Equity Senior Associate Tom Hartwright and Associate Tom Lloyd. The team also included Tax Partner Hannah Manning, assisted by Associate Tom Margesson.


Class to keep track of discrete/continous time. It is essential to have a single Time object when using multiple time-stepping schemes; e.g., in fluid-structure interaction problems, it is common to use different schemes for the fluid and solid domains. Storage is allocated for the current value of the (continuous) time and a limited history of previous timesteps. The number of previous timesteps must be equal to the number required by the "highest order" scheme.
Definition at line 67 of file timesteppers.h.
Constructor: Do not allocate any storage for previous timesteps, but set the initial value of the time to zero.
Definition at line 81 of file timesteppers.h.
Constructor: Pass the number of timesteps to be stored and set the initial value of time to zero.
Definition at line 85 of file timesteppers.h.
Definition at line 93 of file timesteppers.h.
Definition at line 127 of file timesteppers.h.
Return the value of the t-th stored timestep (t=0: present; t>0: previous).
Definition at line 137 of file timesteppers.h.
Referenced by oomph::IMRByBDF::actions_after_timestep(), oomph::IMRByBDF::actions_before_timestep(), oomph::Problem::adaptive_unsteady_newton_solve(), oomph::Problem::calculate_predictions(), oomph::Problem::copy(), oomph::Problem::dump(), oomph::Problem::explicit_timestep(), oomph::GeneralisedNewtonianNavierStokesEquations< DIM >::extrapolated_strain_rate(), oomph::GeneralisedNewtonianAxisymmetricNavierStokesEquations::extrapolated_strain_rate(), oomph::PseudoBucklingRing::position(), oomph::TR::set_error_weights(), oomph::TR::set_predictor_weights(), oomph::TR::set_weights(), oomph::IMR::set_weights(), oomph::IMRByBDF::set_weights(), oomph::TR::shift_time_values(), oomph::EBDF3::timestep(), oomph::Problem::unsteady_newton_solve(), and oomph::SegregatableFSIProblem::unsteady_segregated_solve().
Return the value of the t-th stored timestep (t=0: present; t>0: previous), const version.
Definition at line 141 of file timesteppers.h.
Set all timesteps to the same value, dt.
Definition at line 109 of file timesteppers.h.
Set the value of the timesteps to be equal to the values passed in a vector.
Definition at line 117 of file timesteppers.h.
Return the number of timesteps stored.
Definition at line 133 of file timesteppers.h.
Referenced by oomph::Problem::add_time_stepper_pt(), oomph::Problem::copy(), oomph::Problem::dump(), initialise_dt(), and time().
Definition at line 99 of file timesteppers.h.
Resize the vector holding the number of previous timesteps and initialise the new values to zero.
Definition at line 106 of file timesteppers.h.
Referenced by oomph::Problem::add_time_stepper_pt(), oomph::Problem::copy(), and oomph::Problem::read().
Update all stored values of dt by shifting each value along the array. This function must be called before starting to solve at a new time level.
Definition at line 166 of file timesteppers.h.
Return the current value of the continuous time.
Definition at line 130 of file timesteppers.h.
Referenced by oomph::PseudoBucklingRing::accel(), oomph::IMRByBDF::actions_after_timestep(), oomph::IMRByBDF::actions_before_timestep(), oomph::Problem::adaptive_unsteady_newton_solve(), oomph::PeriodicOrbitTimeDiscretisation::assign_initial_data_values(), oomph::TimeHarmonicLinearElasticityEquationsBase< DIM >::body_force(), oomph::LinearElasticityEquationsBase< DIM >::body_force(), oomph::PVDEquationsBase< DIM >::body_force(), oomph::TimeStepper::check_predicted_values_up_to_date(), oomph::Problem::copy(), oomph::Problem::dump(), oomph::AxisymmetricLinearElasticityEquations::fill_in_generic_contribution_to_residuals_axisymmetric_linear_elasticity(), oomph::AxisymmetricPoroelasticityEquations::fill_in_generic_residual_contribution(), oomph::RefineableAxisymmetricNavierStokesEquations::fill_in_generic_residual_contribution_axi_nst(), oomph::RefineableGeneralisedNewtonianAxisymmetricNavierStokesEquations::fill_in_generic_residual_contribution_axi_nst(), oomph::AxisymmetricNavierStokesEquations::fill_in_generic_residual_contribution_axi_nst(), oomph::GeneralisedNewtonianAxisymmetricNavierStokesEquations::fill_in_generic_residual_contribution_axi_nst(), oomph::PeriodicOrbitEquations::fill_in_generic_residual_contribution_orbit(), oomph::SphericalNavierStokesEquations::fill_in_generic_residual_contribution_spherical_nst(), oomph::RefineableSphericalNavierStokesEquations::fill_in_generic_residual_contribution_spherical_nst(), oomph::RefineableAxisymmetricNavierStokesEquations::get_dresidual_dnodal_coordinates(), oomph::RefineableGeneralisedNewtonianAxisymmetricNavierStokesEquations::get_dresidual_dnodal_coordinates(), oomph::AxisymmetricNavierStokesEquations::get_dresidual_dnodal_coordinates(), oomph::GeneralisedNewtonianAxisymmetricNavierStokesEquations::get_dresidual_dnodal_coordinates(), oomph::AdvectionDiffusionReactionEquations< NREAGENT, DIM >::get_wind_adv_diff_react(), oomph::PeriodicOrbitEquations::orbit_output(), oomph::AxisymmetricLinearElasticityTractionElement< ELEMENT >::output(), oomph::AxisymmetricPoroelasticityTractionElement< POROELASTICITY_BULK_ELEMENT >::output(), oomph::AxisymmetricNavierStokesTractionElement< ELEMENT >::output(), oomph::FSILinearisedAxisymPoroelasticTractionElement< POROELASTICITY_BULK_ELEMENT, NAVIER_STOKES_BULK_ELEMENT >::output(), oomph::PseudoBucklingRing::position(), oomph::Problem::read(), oomph::AxisymmetricNavierStokesTractionElement< ELEMENT >::scalar_value_paraview(), oomph::SolidICProblem::set_newmark_initial_condition_consistently(), oomph::SolidICProblem::set_newmark_initial_condition_directly(), oomph::SolidICProblem::set_static_initial_condition(), oomph::PeriodicOrbitEquations::time(), oomph::Problem::time(), oomph::Problem::unsteady_newton_solve(), oomph::SegregatableFSIProblem::unsteady_segregated_solve(), and oomph::PseudoBucklingRing::veloc().
Return the value of the continuous time at the t-th previous time level (t=0: current; t>0 previous).
Definition at line 145 of file timesteppers.h.
References Continuous_time, Dt, i, ndt(), oomph::Global_string_for_annotation::string(), t, and oomph::StringConversion::to_string().
Pointer to the value of the continuous time.
Definition at line 72 of file timesteppers.h.
Vector that stores the values of the current and previous timesteps.
Definition at line 75 of file timesteppers.h.
Referenced by dt(), initialise_dt(), ndt(), resize(), shift_dt(), Time(), and time().


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text:
Tonsil surface and core cultures in recurrent tonsillitis: Prevalence of anaerobes and beta-lactamase producing organisms
Mitchelmore, I.J.; Reilly, P.G.; Hay, A.J.; Tabaqchali, S.
European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 13(7): 542-548
The bacterial flora of the tonsil surface and core was compared in patients suffering from recurrent tonsillitis. Surface swabs and tonsil core tissues were received as paired samples from 50 patients admitted for elective tonsillectomy. Analysis of paired samples from individual patients revealed differences in the bacterial flora of the tonsil core and the tonsil surface. Of 366 aerobic isolates, 30% grew from the surface alone, 26% from the core only and 44% from both sites. Of 290 anaerobic isolates, 35% grew from the surface alone, 33% from the core only and 31% from both sites. The total number of isolates from surface and core samples was similar (average 9.2 and 8.8, respectively). The range of species isolated was also similar for both surface and core samples, as was the proportion of organisms producing beta-lactamase from each site (10.7% and 9.5%, respectively). Eighty-two percent of patients carried beta-lactamase-producing organisms on either the tonsil surface or in the core tissue. A surface swab does not reliably reflect the types of organisms present in the tonsil core in individual patients. Anaerobes are a major component of tonsil surface and core bacterial flora in patients with recurrent tonsillitis. The high carriage rate of beta-lactamase-producing organisms in the tonsils should be considered when selecting antimicrobial therapy for persistent or recurrent tonsillitis.
DOI: 10.1007/bf01971304
Beta-lactamase-producing bacteria in recurrent childhood tonsillitis. Acta Otorrinolaringologica Espanola 49(8): 621-624, 1999
The role of beta-lactamase-producing Bacteroides in recurrent tonsillitis. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 95(1-2): 191-192, 1983
beta-Lactamase-producing anaerobic bacteria in recurrent tonsillitis. Journal of Antimicrobial ChemoTherapy 10 Suppl A: 153-156, 1982
Is fine needle aspiration of the tonsil superior to a surface swab for isolating its core flora in recurrent tonsillitis?. Annals of Saudi Medicine 16(1): 50-52, 1996
The presence of beta-lactamase-producing bacteria as a guideline in the management of children with recurrent tonsillitis. American Journal of Otolaryngology 5(6): 382-386, 1984
Bacterial flora from the tonsil core and tonsil surface of patients with habitual tonsillitis. Kansenshogaku Zasshi. Journal of the Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases 62(8): 702-707, 1988
Comparative activity of beta-lactamase inhibitors YTR 830, clavulanate, and sulbactam combined with beta-lactams against beta-lactamase-producing anaerobes. Antimicrobial Agents and ChemoTherapy 30(5): 789-791, 1986
The comparison of tonsillar surface and core cultures in recurrent tonsillitis. American Journal of Otolaryngology 28(3): 173-176, 2007
Microbial flora of surface versus core tonsillar cultures in recurrent tonsillitis in children. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 15(2): 157-162, 1988
Bacteriologic comparison of tonsil core in recurrent tonsillitis and tonsillar hypertrophy. Laryngoscope 117(12): 2146-2151, 2007
Effect of antibiotic use on bacterial flora of tonsil core in patients with recurrent tonsillitis. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 272(6): 1525-1528, 2015
Bacteriology of the tonsil core in recurrent tonsillitis and tonsillar hyperplasia--a short review. Acta Oto-Laryngologica. Supplementum 543: 206-208, 2000
Bacteriology of the Tonsil Core in Recurrent Tonsillitis and Tonsillar Hyperplasia - a Short Review. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 120(543): 206-208, 2000
-Lactamase-producing anaerobic bacteria in recurrent tonsillitis. Journal of Antimicrobial ChemoTherapy 10(Suppl A): 153-156, 1982
The Role of -Lactamase-Producing Bacteroides In Recurrent Tonsillitis. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 95(1-4): 191-192, 1983


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text:
Le baron Albert de Dietrich, né le  et mort le  à Jaegerthal, est un industriel alsacien.

Biographie
Petit-fils de Philippe-Frédéric de Dietrich et neveu de Sigismond-Frédéric de Berckheim, il est le frère de Jean-Sigismond de Dietrich.

Maître de forges Albert de Dietrich est le doyen des gérants des usines de Niederbronn-les-Bains, Jaegerthal, Mouterhouse et Reichshoffen.

Albert de Dietrich sera également maire de Niederbronn-les-Bains, conseiller général du Bas-Rhin ainsi que membre du Consistoire supérieur de l'Église de la Confession d'Augsbourg.

Marié successivement à ses cousines Octavie puis Adélaïde von Stein zu Nordheim, il est le père d'Albert de Dietrich (1831-) et d'Eugène-Dominique de Dietrich, ainsi que le grand-père de Suzanne de Dietrich.

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 Hélène Georger-Vogt et Jean-Pierre Kintz, «  Maximilien Sigismond Frédéric Albert de Dietrich », in Nouveau dictionnaire de biographie alsacienne, vol. 8, p. 655

Articles connexes
 Famille de Dietrich
 Protestantisme en Alsace

Liens externes

Naissance en février 1802
Naissance à Windstein
Naissance dans le Bas-Rhin de 1790 à 1871
Décès en janvier 1888
Décès en Alsace-Lorraine
Albert
Baron français du XIXe siècle
Homme d'affaires français
Industriel alsacien
Conseiller général du Bas-Rhin
Décès à 85 ans
Maître de forges
Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Amazonen-Werke (известна также как Amazone) — немецкая компания, производитель сельскохозяйственной и коммунальной техники. Головной завод предприятия, основанного в 1883 году Генрихом Драйером, расположен в Хасберген-Гасте, близ Оснабрюка, в Нижней Саксонии.

По состоянию на начало 2010-х годов Amazone производит широкий спектр сельхозмашин, в том числе распределители удобрений, опрыскиватели, сеялки, почвообрабатывающие орудия.

Полное наименование компании — AMAZONE H. Dreyer GmbH & Co. KG.

История логотипа
Логотип предприятия изображает амазонку- женщину верхом на лошади. Впервые был использован и показан публике в 1892 году. В последующие годы и десятилетия логотип получил дальнейшее развитие и было выпущено несколько пересмотренных версий. Оранжевый и зеленый цвета Amazone до сих пор представляют компанию и символизируют разные сектора производства. Для сельскохозяйственной техники используется оранжевый логотип, а сами машины и инструменты окрашены в зелёный и оранжевый цвет. Для коммунальной техники используется зелёный логотип, а сами изделия — светло-зелёные.

История компании

Основатель компании Генрих Драйер начал свою деятельность в 1883 году с производства зерноочистительных машин, позже появились плуги, культиваторы, картофелесортировочные машины, а в 1915 году — первые распределители удобрений. С самого начала деятельности Драйер ориентировался на экспорт, и в 1906 году первые зерноочистительные машины были проданы в Чили, в город Вальпараисо. В 1942 году на рынке появились первые картофелеуборочные машины, в 1949 году — сеялки и в 1959 — распределители навоза. Успешными оказались в 1960-е годы двухдисковые распределители удобрений ZA и сеялка D4, которые позволили компании Amazone занять лидирующие позиции в данном сегменте рынка. В 1967 году стартовало производство почвообрабатывающих машин, Amazone первой разработала почвообрабатывающие орудия с приводом от ВОМ, которые могли комбинироваться с сеялкой. Затем в ассортимент были включены вибрационная борона, затем ротационный культиватор и ротационная борона. Позже, после воссоединения Германии, на рынке появились и другие пассивные почвообрабатывающие орудия.

В 2009 году Amazone начала монтаж сеялок на новом заводе в Худе, а в Текленбурге стартовало собственное производство самоходных опрыскивателей с названием Pantera. Вскоре был представлен автономный полевой робот BoniRob для проведения опытов на отдельных растениях, разработанный совместно с университетом Оснабрюка, компанией Robert Bosch GmbH и другими партнёрами.

В январе 2010 года заработал новый павильон для тестирования распределителей удобрений в Хасберген-Гасте. Благодаря этому стало возможным тестировать распределители с шириной захвата до 72 метров, а также исследовать состав и свойства новых сортов удобрений.

Структура предприятия

Доли предприятия полностью распределены между двумя семьями Драйеров. Руководителями компании являются Кристиан Драйер и Юстус Драйер. Число сотрудников составляет около 1700, оборот в 2012 году составил около 290 млн евро. Продукция экспортируется в более чем 70 стран, доля Экспорта составляет 75 % (2010 год). Клиентами Amazone являются фермеры, машинно-тракторные станции, крупные предприятия и предприятия из смежных отраслей.

Производственные площади
Производственные площади расположены — наряду с головным заводом в Хасберген-Гасте — в следующих местах:

 Худе под Ольденбургом
 Форбах (Франция): коммунальная техника
 Лейпциг: BBG-почвообрабатывающие орудия (ранее Rudolf Sack Leipzig)
 Лееден (город Текленбург): AmazoneTechnologieLeeden
 Самара (Россия): ЗАО Евротехника в Самаре

В Германии находятся пять представительств Amazone — в Рендсбурге, Готтине, Виннингене/Мозел, Альтхайме и Габлингене. [3]
Рынками сбыта являются Великобритания, Франция, Польша, Украина, Венгрия и Россия.

Ассортимент продукции
Amazone производит почвообрабатывающие машины, сеялки, сеялки точного высева, распределители удобрений и опрыскиватели, а также машины для ухода за зелеными насаждениями, парковыми зонами и для зимних работ. Наряду с производством сельскохозяйственной техники Amazone разрабатывает земледельческие проекты и проводит опыты, также компания проектирует и строит на заказ многофункциональные складские помещения.

Литература
 125 Jahre Amazone. DLG-Verlag, 2008, ISBN 978-3-7690-0709-1, 147 S.; m. zahlr. meist farb. Abb.
 Klaus Dreyer: Die AMAZONE-Chronik. Landwirtschaftsverlag GmbH, ISBN 3-7843-3229-3, 151 Seiten
 Klaus Dreyer: Die Geschichte der BBG — von Rudloph Sack bis Amazone. DLG-Verlag, 2009, ISBN 978-3-7690-0750-3, 180 Seiten

Примечания

Ссылки

 amazone.de

Машиностроительные компании Германии
Производители сельскохозяйственной техники


text:
Inspire Change
NFL PRIDE
NFL Reporters
With diabetes under control, Cutler ready to roll
Published: Jul 10, 2008 at 10:54 AM
STATELINE, Nev. -- For Denver Broncos quarterback Jay Cutler, this has been an offseason of experimentation.
No, he is not testing out any new methods of taking snaps or dropping back in the pocket or throwing the ball. Cutler's laboratory has been his body. Specifically, he is trying to figure out how it reacts to all of the variables that go with the treatment of Type 1 Diabetes.
"When you start working out, your blood sugar drops a little bit and you've just got to monitor it because it could get really low and then bad things could happen," he said. "So we've been just experimenting with it, just seeing what happens, what I can do and what I can't do."
To date, Cutler has not had any problems since being diagnosed with the disease three months ago. He certainly looked like the picture of health this week while taking part in the American Century Championship Golf Tournament.
But that wasn't the case last October, when Cutler -- who had carried between 230 and 235 pounds on his 6-foot-3 frame since his rookie season in 2006 -- began to notice a sudden and dramatic loss of weight and energy. In one week, he dropped eight pounds. Thereafter, he was losing two or three pounds per week before bottoming out at 202.
Despite starting all 16 games, Cutler knew something was wrong. Very wrong.
"I was fatigued all the time," he said. "There wasn't a lot of zip on my passes. I couldn't lift, I couldn't run. I mean, I was so tired.
"I didn't know if I had it (as a player anymore). I was thinking it was just the grind of the season. In college, I never lost weight. I know this is a different level, but ... it was tough. It was a tough time."
In April, after a team-administered physical examination before the start of the Broncos' offseason workouts, a blood test revealed the cause of Cutler's issues. Within a week after his first insulin injection, he noticed favorable results. Now, Cutler is back up to 232 pounds, feeling strong and ready for training camp.
"I'm excited," he said. "We've got my health under control. I'm back to what I'm used to (as far as my) strength and my zip on the ball."
"He's looked great," said Broncos coach Mike Shanahan, who also is playing in the tournament. "He's been going for the last month, just like he came in as a young guy."
Cutler has an insulin pump that acts as a pancreas, providing the doses he needs through a catheter, although he isn't wearing it while playing golf and he won't wear it when he's on the football field.
When not wearing the pump, Cutler gives himself daily injections of insulin, a long-lasting form in the morning to cover him for the entire day. He takes a fast-acting form after a meal.
"It takes time to figure out your body and how you react to insulin, how you react to different foods," he said. "That's kind of been the biggest thing in the last couple of months -- how much insulin I do need, what happens when I work out, if I need to take insulin at all. It's a learning process."
So is playing quarterback. Since the start of offseason workouts, Cutler has been heavily focused on what he needs to do to improve his performance. Last season, he threw for 3,497 yards and 20 touchdowns, with 14 interceptions. His passer rating was 88.1.
Cutler knows he can perform much better, especially now that the Broncos have upgraded their offensive line by making talented tackle Ryan Clady their first-round draft pick.
"It's just (working on) the mental side," Cutler said. "I can make all the throws, I can do all that. I've sat down with the coaches, and we went over every throw that I made last year, the good and the bad ones, and just talked about them -- what I was thinking, where I should have gone (with the ball). That's kind of where we've been concentrating on."
Entering his third NFL season after joining the Broncos as a first-round draft pick from Vanderbilt, Cutler faces growing pressure to have a big season -- the kind of year that can get his team into the playoffs.
"Every quarterback has that pressure going into his third year," Shanahan said. "You feel comfortable with the offensive system, the players. The pressure on any quarterback or any head coach in the third year is that you've got to perform. You've got to play well. That just goes with the territory."
Cutler has no intention of allowing diabetes to alter his approach to the game. He intends to continue to be the fiery competitor he has been for as long as he has played football. He has rapidly gained a reputation for trash-talking, which separates him from most of the league's other quarterbacks. And Cutler vows to talk as much trash as ever, particularly if any opponent dares to talk trash to him.
He also has no intention of using diabetes as an excuse. He doesn't want or need anyone's sympathy or understanding. As far as Cutler is concerned, he should be treated no different than any of his teammates or any other NFL quarterback. He must meet the challenge of performing at the highest possible level every time he takes the field.
"If I throw an interception or I fumble a snap or we lose a game, I don't want people to say, 'Hey, his (blood-sugar) levels might be low,' " Cutler said. "That's done and over with. I've got that all under control. I'm just like every guy out there."
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HOF finalist Calvin Johnson: 'It will feel like a slight' to not be selected first ballot
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Shaun Berk's 10 Movie Recommendations- 734th Edition
Welcome to the 734th Edition of my series. I'm getting pretty excited about the NFL this year with the 49ers winning their playoff game last night and tonight I will find out if they play the Packers or the Seahawks. I may have some announcements next week but I do not know yet so I'll just get on with my selections.
Cry Freedom (1987): This is part one of a possible four-part Denzel Washington series where I start with some early work from Denzel. Richard Attenborough directed this biopic based on the books BIKO and ASKING FOR TROUBLE: THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF A BANNED JOURNALIST by journalist Donald Woods, played by Kevin Kline. Kline stars as Donald Woods who works for a South African newspaper and becomes friends with activist Steve Biko, played by Washington. When Biko dies in police custody, Woods looks to get a book published but must put his life and his family's life on the line to flee the country. Josette Simon, Kevin McNally, John Matshikiza, Penelope Wilton, Kate Hardie, Jim Findley, Julian Glover, Alec McCowen, and many others co-star in this biopic. I was a little aware of Steve Biko before this movie on account of the Peter Gabriel song BIKO which was not part of this movie. This is the only movie as of now that focuses on Biko but is more on Donald Woods who got the story out about him. This is some really good early Denzel Washington and was very well done being worth a look.
Night Shift (1982): This is part two of a two-part Henry Winkler series. Ron Howard directed this comedy where he casts his HAPPY DAYS buddy Winkler as morgue worker Chuck Lumley whose life changes when he gets put on the night shift and his simpler life gets more complicated when obnoxious Billy Blazejowski, played by Michael Keaton in his feature film debut. Chuck takes a liking to his prostitute neighbor Belinda, played by CHEERS alum Shelley Long in a role far from her role in the mentioned sitcom, and sees the abuse she is taking so when Billy hears about this, he suggests they turn the morgue into a brothel which Chuck reluctantly accepts. Gina Hecht, Pat Corley, Bobby Di Cicco, Nita Talbot, Basil Hoffman, Clint Howard, Tim Rossovich, Joe Spinell, Ildkio Jaid, Richard Belzer, Vincent Schiavelli, Shannen Doherty, Kevin Costner, and many others co-star in this comedy. The actress billed as Ildiko Jaid is actually Jaid Barrymore who is the mother of Drew. Costner has more of a bit role as one of the frat boys and youth Shannen Doherty who is a "Blue Bell" which is essentially a girl scout. Keaton and Winkler make a great duo in this '80s comedy which is one of those that could have really only worked in the '80s. This is the start of what would be a great career for Keaton and this movie will give a lot of laughs.
The Tale of Princess Kaguya (2013): This is my Studio Ghibli anime selection for the week which was directed and co-written by Isao Takahata. An old bamboo cutter, voiced by James Caan, finds a tiny girl in a bamboo stalk and along with his wife, voiced by Mary Steenburgen, takes her in but would rapidly grow and turns out to be Princess Kaguya, voiced by Chloe Grace Moretz and by Caitlyn Leone in the younger years. She learns the ways of royalty but finds they are more restrictive that the more free childhood she had and must decide what she wants. Beau Bridges, Dean Cain, John Cho, Emily Bridges, Darren Criss, Elisa Gabrielli, Daniel Dae Kim, Lucy Liu, James Marsden, Liam O'Brien, Oliver Platt, George Segal, and many others provide their voices in the American version of this film. This is a lot different than other anime film especially in the presentation and drawings. Hayao Miyazaki is usually the name that people associate with Studio Ghibli but Takahata has made his mark and this is one of them. This is really one for the whole family.
Punch and Judy (1966): This is my stop-motion animation short for the week which was written and directed by Jan Svankmajer. This has a couple of puppets fighting over custody of a guinea pig. This is some very early work from Svankmajer whose movie ALICE I featured a few weeks ago. Svankmajer has a very strange mind and words cannot really describe this. The plot description seems rather absurd but this short film shows some very clever animation used by about everything at hand. This is available to watch on Youtube as well as quite a bit of his short works.
American Madness (1932): Frank Capra directed this film which centers around a bank. Walter Huston stars as Thomas Dickson who is the bank manager where everything is spinning out of control starting with the board wanting him to resign. The more significant one is his protege Matt, played by Pat O'Brien, is being accused of robbing the bank but Thomas does not believe it but Matt does not make it easier when refusing to name sources. Kay Johnson, Constance Cummings, Gavin Gordon, Arthur Hoyt, Robert Emmett O'Connor, and many others co-star in this film. This is more early and unknown Capra but is kind of the first of his socially conscious films that he would be known for in the later years and really deserves a look.
The Harvey Girls (1946): George Sidney directed this musical with the songs written by Harry Warren and Johnny Mercer. Judy Garland stars as Susan Bradley who comes to the old west when being a male order bride but does not take as much interest in her older suitor, played by Chill Wills. She soon joins a new Harvey House restaurant being opened and finds competition in the saloon across the street. She catches they eye of saloon owner Ned Trent, played by John Hodiak. Angela Lansbury co-stars as the lounge singer at the saloon and Ray Bolger is very amusing as town blacksmith who has a very comical dance number. Preston Foster, Virginia O'Brien, Marjorie Main Kenny Baker, Selena Royle, Cyd Charisse, Jack Lambert, Edward Earle, Ben Carter, and many others round out this all-star cast. Judy does great in a more comedic role and is one of her more underrated films. This is a very fun song and dance musical with a decent story to go along with it.
All That Heaven Allows (1955): Douglas Sirk directed this love story of rather forbidden love. Jane Wyman stars as the wealthy and widowed Cary Scott and becomes friends with her gardener Ron Kirby, played by Rock Hudson. They soon fall in love but her being wealthy and him being a more modest and younger person, she meets the disapproval among her circle of friends and children for being so different. Agnes Moorehead, Conrad Nagel, Virginia Grey, Gloria Talbott, William Reynolds, Charles Drake, Jacqueline deWit, Leigh Snowden, Donald Curtis, and many others co-star in this film. The first thing that works about this movie is Wyman and Hudson in a very complicated relationship. What also makes it work is the use of colorization that are symbolic to the feelings at that time. It is hard to really describe this any further without giving anything away except that it really conveys the small town life and social class in this era. Good date night movie that is enjoyable for both genders.
And Justice For All (1979): Norman Jewison directed this trial thriller. Al Pacino stars as defense attorney Arthur Kirkland who has a lot of difficult trials coming up but his most known one is of judge Henry T. Fleming, played by John Forsythe. Fleming is being accused of rape and Arthur must defend him in court even though they do not like each other with Arthur questioning if his client is guilty or not. Jack Warden, Lee Strasburg, Christine Lahti, Jeffrey Tambor, Same Levene, Thomas G. Waites, Larry Bryggman, Craig T. Nelson, Dominic Chianese, Joe Morton, and many others co-star in this film. Tambor makes his feature film debut. This is a pretty intense film and really conveys the morel dilemma of a defense attorney and the effect it can have on them. This has a great climax in the courtroom that was was not out of order in terms of movie scenes.
Richard Jewell (2019): Clint Eastwood goes behind the camera once again for this biopic on a man who saved the lives of many from an exploding bomb during the 1996 Olympics only to be vilified by the media and FBI as a suspect. Paul Walter Hauser stars as Jewell whose idealism of law and order is really challenged when being suspected of exploding a bomb. Sam Rockwell co-stars as Jewell's attorney Watson Bryant who really had more of a job in the way of how Jewell talks to the media and law enforcement with his social ineptitude. Kathy Bates co-stars as Jewell's mother whose life was also turned very difficult with the media circus in front of her home. Olivia Wilde, Jon Hamm, Mike Pniewski, Ian Gomez, Nina Arianda, and many others co-star in this biopic. I remember these events going on when this was happening and thinking even then how ridiculous this was. Hauser plays the part very well with Rockwell also very good as his attorney doing what he can to help both clear his name. This conveys the competition of media and doing what they can to get the story out while having a big effect on others. This was worth a trip to the theaters.
Grumpy Old Men (1993): I end the week on this comedy which was directed by Donald Petrie. Jack Lemmon and Walter Matthau star as long-time neighbors, friends and also rivals John Gustafson and Max Goldman who insult and play pranks one another at every turn. Their rivalry goes further when their new neighbor Ariel moves across the street and they are both attracted to her. Burgess Meredith is very amusing as John's rather horny father. Daryl Hannah, Kevin Pollak, Ossie Davis, Buck Henry, Christopher McDonald, Joe Howard, John Carroll Lynch, and many others co-star in this comedy. I've always had a place in my hard for this comedy and its sequel. This is the sixth of ten pairings with Lemmon and Matthau who I realize were frenemies before frenemies became a thing. This will deliver plenty of laughs without getting too raunchy.
Well, that is it for this week. Tell me what you like and dislike and stay tuned for next week which so far includes Denzel Washington, and many others.
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