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The Most Visited Monuments in The World
- in Travel
When thinking about traveling and seeing the world there are a few destinations that come to mind; The Pyramid of Giza, The Great Wall of China, The Taj Mahal, or even the Monument Design of Dallas TX are just a few that come to mind. Each, in their own way, showing what man can create and accomplish. Here is a list of the world's most visited and popular tourist attractions:
The Notre Dame
If you were to bring up Paris, France in a conversation with someone, 8 out of 9 times you're going to hear them mention the great gothic cathedral of Notre Dame. Built more than 850 years ago Notre Dame gets upwards of 13 million visitors every year.
Stretching 21,000 kilometers and running from the border with Korea to the Gobi desert; The Great Wall of China is on the list as one of the world's most popular tourist attractions. Built-in 231 BC and providing over 9 million people with a whole lot of steps to climb each year.
The Opera House in Sydney, Australia's most recognized landmark; making this twentieth-century architecture Sydney's symbol over the city. Opening in 1973 this modern-day structure is the host of over 7.4 million tourists each year. The opera house is also the headquarters of the Sydney Theater Company, The Theater Company of Australia and the Symphony Orchestra of Sydney; making it the perfect place to catch a show and enjoy the classic arts.
Like Notre Dame mentioned previously, the Eiffel Tower is also located in Paris, France. This 300 meter high iron Parisian monument has an estimated 6.7million visitors each year. It's no wonder, Paris, France is the city of love.
The Lincoln Memorial
The Lincoln Memorial is a giant 6-meter statue of the 16th President of the United States of America, Abraham Lincoln. It is a tried and true symbol of American democracy and is visited by 5 million people annually.
Built as a gladiator fighting arena during the Roman Empire; the Colosseum is a must-see if you are planning a trip to Rome, Italy. Not only is this colossal 80,000 spectator structure a site to behold, but it also brings in the history of architecture. The colosseum boasts over 5 million visitors each year.
Built by the French in 1886 for the American people. Lady Liberty sits on Ellis Island in downtown New York City and has been the symbol of freedom for all that have immigrated. She harbors nearly 4 million visitors every year, reminding them of the sacrifice, and parlous journey people endured for the American Dream.
Ancient Egypt has fascinated people for centuries. With their hieroglyphs, mummies, and sky soaring pyramids. It's no wonder the Pyramid of Giza, built in approximately 2700 BC, has over 3 million travelers heading to ancient civilization.
The Alhambra is the most visited monument in Spain. This group of palaces and gardens with 12 centuries of history and architecture introduces visitors to a breathtaking experience. It hosts 3 million tourists yearly.
If grand gestures of love are up your alley, then this shrine in Agra, India is for you. Built by emperor Shah Jahan for Mumtaz Mahal, his wife. This palace spares no expense when it comes to grandeur. Built-in 1654 this popular tourist attraction sees 2.5 million people annually.
So when planning your next adventure, which of these monuments will you go see?
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Prompt: What song reminds you of your most recent ex.
If he had a theme song it would be "You May Be Right" by Billy Joel.
We joked about it in high school- how perfectly the lyrics fit him. Even the line about "riding his motorcycle in the rain". That song perfectly described our long, rocky, chaotic, wonderful relationship. He never thought before he spoke or acted. He was an impulsive smartass- an idiotic genius. I always told him he was crazy, or affectionately called him a dumbass. He told me that I was the voice in his head. The voice of reason he'd all too often ignore. In a way- we were great together. His insanity and my reason: Yin and Yang that balanced each other out, but it couldn't last. I enjoyed the madness for a while, but I couldn't build my life on that.


Tickets for Tuesday's 7:45pm kick-off are available from just £15 for adults and £5 for kids, both in-advance or on the day of the game.
Online sales cease at 11am on Tuesday 23rd October from borotickets.co.uk.
Prices remain the same price on matchday and will be available from the Turnstiles (open at 6:30pm) or Ticket Office (open at midday) for both Stevenage and Port Vale supporters. See all prices here.
The Club Shop & Ticket Office are open from midday until kick-off and this is the place to redeem your Residents Letter offer, if you have received one through your door!
Please note, due to poor lighting and with it being a midweek fixture, the Kids' Zone and Boro Busker will not be in operation.
Thanks to our Match Sponsors, Stevenage Grange Rotary Club and our Match Ball Sponsors, Premier Drainage Services.
Port Vale fans - take a look at our Away Fans section of the website ahead of Saturday's game.
Tickets will be available from the Ticket Office or Turnstiles on the day of the game and please note, Valiants are welcome to join us inside the Broadhall Suite.
Don't forget to pick up a copy of our new-look programme, fronted up by cover-star Kurtis Guthrie at the usual price of £3.
Inside Saturday's edition, Kurtis also spills the beans on his teammates, runs through some quickfire questions and names his dream five-a-side from players he has played with throughout his career.
The Broadhall Suite will be open from 5:30pm until kick-off.
With the Kids' Zone closed for the evening, pick up or update your Junior Fan Passport from the club shop. Each week we have new stickers to help track your progress throughout the season so come by and see what all the fuss is all about!
To apply for either tomorrow's game or one in the future, simply pick-up, fill-out and hand-in an application card, available from the club shop.
The bus leaves the stations at 18:24, 18:54 & 19:24 before the game and then at 21:40 & at 22:05 from the stadium.


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Okay so let me start by saying that I do not usually pick up Paranormal Romance books. To be honest I don't think I have ever read one before its just not something that I have ever felt drawn to. When I started this review I thought the Sookie Stackhouse series would count but apparently after looking into it, they do not, they fall under fantasy/mystery go figure.
There was a blog tour for To Catch A Rogue (book 4) last October/November and I was sold on the idea of a Steampunk Paranormal Romance and the synopsis really piqued my interest. As I read some reviews it really sounded good to me so much so that I ordered the first book to give it a try. Let me tell you this did not disappoint, by the time I hit 150 pages I knew I needed the next book. So I ordered it and now I can not wait to pick it up.
Let me start with the setting. This world is based on Victorian London but with many changes. I love how she took this world and made it her own. In this world, you have blue bloods, which are loosely based on vampires since in this world Vampires are much worse. The steampunk elements are woven into this story very nicely and it is done so well that I felt like I could give this book to others even if they are not familiar with steampunk.
Honoria was a wonderful character I liked her from the beginning and I can't wait to see what happens with her and her family in the upcoming books. Blade was the perfect brooding hero of the story.
I can't wait to pick up the next book!
It is nice when we pick up a book outside our normal comfort zone and find that we really enjoy it. Nice review Mary.


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Home › eBooks › Planetary Motion, Second Edition
Planetary Motion, Second Edition
Authored by: P. Andrew Karam, Ph.D., and Ben P. Stein
From the Series: Science Foundations
Imprint: Chelsea House
Reading Level: Grades 6-12
Thousands of years ago, people looked at the sky in wonder, fascinated by the motions of a few wandering "stars." Nobody understood where these wandering objects—now named Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn—came from, why they moved, or what drove their motions through the sky. Today, people know these objects are planets, but the quest to reach this understanding took thousands of years, and the consequences were profound. Famous scientists Johannes Kepler, Edmund Halley, Isaac Newton, and others discovered the laws of gravity and planetary motion, using these laws to explain the workings of the solar system. Their findings allowed the human race to find its way from planet to planet with unmanned probes and eventually allowed people to reach the moon. In Planetary Motion, Second Edition, learn how scientists have found new planets outside the solar system, and continue their search for planets like Earth.
P. Andrew Karam, Ph.D., is a scientist, writer, and educator with a Ph.D. in environmental sciences. He has written more than 100 technical articles and editorials in scientific and technical journals and newsletters, and has authored more than 200 encyclopedia articles and several books.
Ben P. Stein is a professional science writer and worked at the American Institute of Physics for 16 years. His writing has appeared in Encyclopedia Britannica, Popular Science, New Scientist, Salon, and many other publications.
Artificial Intelligence, Second Edition
Atomic Structure, Second Edition
Cell Theory, Second Edition
Electricity and Magnetism, Second Edition
Evolution, Second Edition
Germ Theory, Second Edition
Global Warming and Climate Change, Second Edition
Gravity, Second Edition
Heredity, Second Edition
Kingdoms of Life, Second Edition
Light and Sound, Second Edition
Matter and Energy, Second Edition
Natural Selection, Second Edition
Plate Tectonics, Second Edition
Quantum Theory, Second Edition
Radioactivity, Second Edition
Reproduction and Cloning, Second Edition
The Big Bang, Second Edition
The Expanding Universe, Second Edition
The Genetic Code, Second Edition
The Water Cycle, Second Edition
Theory of Relativity, Second Edition
Vaccines, Second Edition
Viruses, Second Edition

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to characterize the efficacy of nano-hydroxyapatite-coated silk fibroin constructs as a scaffold for bone tissue engineering and to determine the osteogenic effect of human dental pulp and periodontal ligament derived cells at an early stage of healing in rabbits. 3D silk fibroin constructs were developed and coated using nano-hydroxyapatite crystals. Dental pulp and periodontal ligament cells from extracted human third molars were cultured and seeded onto the silk scaffolds prior to in vivo implantation into 8 male New Zealand White rabbits. Four circular windows 8 mm in diameter were created in the calvarium of each animal. The defects were randomly allocated to the groups; (1) silk scaffold with dental pulp cells (DPSS), (2) silk scaffold with PDL cells (PDLSS), (3) normal saline-soaked silk scaffold (SS), and (4) empty control. The animals were sacrificed 2 (n = 4) or 4 weeks (n = 4) postoperatively. The characteristics of the silk scaffolds before and after cell seeding were analyzed using SEM. Samples were collected for histologic and histomorphometic analysis. ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. RESULT: Histologic view of the experimental sites showed well-maintained structure of the silk scaffolds mostly unresorbed at 4 weeks. The SEM observations after cell-seeding revealed attachment of the cells onto silk fibroin with production of extracellular matrix. New bone formation was observed in the 4 week groups occurring from the periphery of the defects and the silk fibers were closely integrated with the new bone. There was no significant difference in the amount of bone formation between the SS group and the DPSS and PDLSS groups. CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this study, silk scaffold is a biocompatible material with potential expediency as an osteoconductive scaffold in bone tissue engineering. However, there was no evidence to suggest that the addition of hDPCs and hPDLCs to the current rabbit calvarial defect model can produce an early effect in augmenting osteogenesis.


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LSAT Reading : Authorial Tone and Attitude in Humanities Passages
Study concepts, example questions & explanations for LSAT Reading
All LSAT Reading Resources
LSAT Reading Help » Humanities » Analyzing Humanities Passages » Tone, Structure, and Purpose of Humanities Passages » Authorial Tone and Attitude in Humanities Passages
Example Question #1 : Authorial Tone And Attitude In Humanities Passages
The name "Karen" is a term for over twenty sub-ethnic groups which constitute a minority group in Burma, a developing country in Southeast Asia suffering from the longest civil war in modern history. Many of the Karen people have been displaced and compelled to live as refugees in Thailand, where they lack citizenship and basic human rights. Historically, violence in Burma forced the Karen people into the Eastern highlands of Burma, where many were persecuted for their belief in Christianity. Some members of the Karen were subject to torture, while others were forced into slavery. Today, it is still a struggle for the Karen people to break free from their tumultuous history on many levels—including a linguistic one.
The origin of the word "Karen" is subject to dispute. The Oxford Dictionary denotes the origin of the word for "Karen" as being derived from the Burmese word "ka-reng," meaning "wild, unclean man." However, it is ambiguous as to whether the Burmese word from which "Karen" was derived is "ka-reng," or "kayin." According to Nick Cheesman, the foremost scholar on the Karen people, "Karen" is an Anglicization of the Burmese word "kayin," the direct translation of which is unknown. By one account, "kayin" means "aboriginal," but by another account it means "wild cattle of the hills."
The Oxford Dictionary, rather than explaining the ambiguity that surrounds the etymology of "Karen," instead provides inaccurate information. Its representation of the word "Karen" has been a source of pain for the Karen people, who resent the fact that they are associated with a description of "wild, unclean man." The Karen people have already been subject to much turmoil and oppression; the characterization of their identity's origin only deepens their plight.
Given the uncertainty as to the origin of the word "Karen," and the subsequent pain that the Oxford Dictionary is currently causing to the Karen people, some activists are urging the Oxford Dictionary to change the listed origin from "wild, unclean man," to "aboriginal person." The term "aboriginal person" is equally accurate, if not more so, than "wild, unclean man," and does not offend the populace it seeks to describe. However, instigating change is going to be a challenging endeavor. For the Oxford Dictionary to admit that it has erred in its definition could potentially subject it to scrutiny. However, between the two options of allowing the Karen people to continue to suffer, versus admitting a mistake, the latter is more benign.
The author's tone is best described as:
zealous and defensive of the Karen people
critical and scrutinizing
objective and balanced
dispassionate and educated
passionate and overzealous
The author's tone is passionate and takes on a defensive stance with respect to the Karen people. Therefore, the best answer choice would be:
While the tone is zealous, it is not overzealous. Additionally, while it is at time critical of the Oxford Dictionary, this tone does not define the entire text, but rather, parts of it.
Adapted from The Last Man by Mary Shelley (1826)
I fulfilled my commission; I saw Karazza. He was somewhat surprised; he would see, he said, what could be done, but it required time, and Raymond had ordered me to return by noon. It was impossible to affect anything in so short a time. I must stay till the next day, or come back, after having reported the present state of things to the general. My choice was easily made. A restlessness, a fear of what was about to betide, a doubt as to Raymond's purposes, urged me to return without delay to his quarters. Quitting the Seven Towers, I rode eastward towards the Sweet Waters. I took a circuitous path, principally for the sake of going to the top of the mount before mentioned, which commanded a view of the city. I had my glass with me. The city basked under the noon-day sun, and the venerable walls formed its picturesque boundary. Immediately before me was the Top Kapou, the gate near which Mahomet had made the breach by which he entered the city. Trees gigantic and aged grew near; before the gate I discerned a crowd of moving human figures—with intense curiosity I lifted my glass to my eye. I saw Lord Raymond on his charger; a small company of officers had gathered about him, and behind was a promiscuous concourse of soldiers and subalterns, their discipline lost, their arms thrown aside; no music sounded, no banners streamed. The only flag among them was one which Raymond carried; he pointed with it to the gate of the city. The circle round him fell back. With angry gestures he leapt from his horse, and seizing a hatchet that hung from his saddle-bow, went with the apparent intention of battering down the opposing gate. A few men came to aid him; their numbers increased; under their united blows the obstacle was vanquished, gate, portcullis, and fence were demolished, and the wide sun-lit way, leading to the heart of the city, now lay open before them. The men shrank back; they seemed afraid of what they had already done, and stood as if they expected some Mighty Phantom to stalk in offended majesty from the opening. Raymond sprung lightly on his horse, grasped the standard, and with words which I could not hear (but his gestures, being their fit accompaniment, were marked by passionate energy), he seemed to adjure their assistance and companionship; even as he spoke, the crowd receded from him. Indignation now transported him; his words I guessed were fraught with disdain—then turning from his coward followers, he addressed himself to enter the city alone. His very horse seemed to back from the fatal entrance; his dog, his faithful dog, lay moaning and supplicating in his path—in a moment more, he had plunged the rowels into the sides of the stung animal, who bounded forward, and he, the gateway passed, was galloping up the broad and desert street.
Until this moment my soul had been in my eyes only. I had gazed with wonder, mixed with fear and enthusiasm. The latter feeling now predominated. I forgot the distance between us: "I will go with thee, Raymond!" I cried, but, my eye removed from the glass, I could scarce discern the pigmy forms of the crowd, which about a mile from me surrounded the gate; the form of Raymond was lost. Stung with impatience, I urged my horse with force of spur and loosened reins down the acclivity, that, before danger could arrive, I might be at the side of my noble, godlike friend. A number of buildings and trees intervened, when I had reached the plain, hiding the city from my view. But at that moment a crash was heard. Thunder-like it reverberated through the sky, while the air was darkened. A moment more and the old walls again met my sight, while over them hovered a murky cloud; fragments of buildings whirled above, half seen in smoke, while flames burst out beneath, and continued explosions filled the air with terrific thunders. Flying from the mass of falling ruin which leapt over the high walls, and shook the ivy towers, a crowd of soldiers made for the road by which I came; I was surrounded, hemmed in by them, unable to get forward. My impatience rose to its utmost; I stretched out my hands to the men; I conjured them to turn back and save their General, the conqueror of Stamboul, the liberator of Greece; tears, aye tears, in warm flow gushed from my eyes—I would not believe in his destruction, yet every mass that darkened the air seemed to bear with it a portion of the martyred Raymond. Horrible sights were shaped to me in the turbid cloud that hovered over the city; and my only relief was derived from the struggles I made to approach the gate. Yet when I affected my purpose, all I could discern within the precincts of the massive walls was a city of fire: the open way through which Raymond had ridden was enveloped in smoke and flame. After an interval the explosions ceased, but the flames still shot up from various quarters; the dome of St. Sophia had disappeared. Strange to say (the result perhaps of the concussion of air occasioned by the blowing up of the city), huge, white thunder clouds lifted themselves up from the southern horizon, and gathered overhead; they were the first blots on the blue expanse that I had seen for months, and amidst this havoc and despair they inspired pleasure. The vault above became obscured, lightning flashed from the heavy masses, followed instantaneously by crashing thunder; then the big rain fell. The flames of the city bent beneath it, and the smoke and dust arising from the ruins was dissipated.
Which one of the following best captures the narrator's attitude toward Raymond?
The narrator is disinterested in Raymond.
The narrator shows affection for Raymond.
The narrator displays distress because the narrator does not agree with Raymond's actions.
The narrator is disproportionately despising of Raymond.
The narrator sympathises with Raymond in his ongoing struggle.
The only statement that is fully supported by the passage is that there is a certain affectionate bond between the narrator and Raymond. As the passage's narrator states, "I forgot the distance between us: 'I will go with thee, Raymond!' I cried; but, my eye removed from the glass, I could scarce discern the pigmy forms of the crowd, which about a mile from me surrounded the gate; the form of Raymond was lost." We cannot justify the statement that the narrator sympathizes with Raymond's struggle as there are no expressions of sympathy with his struggle. The narrator's affection drives his or her desire to assist Raymond. He or she is distressed that Raymond is carrying on unaided, not because they disagree with his actions.
Adapted from the Introduction to Letters from an American Farmer (Crèvecoeur; 1782) by Warren Barton Blake (1912)
Except by naturalization, the author of Letters from an American Farmer was not an American, and he was no ordinary farmer. Yet why quarrel with him for the naming of his book, or for his signing it "J. Hector Saint-John," when the "Hector" of his title-pages and American biographers was only a prenom de faintaisie? We owe some concessions to the author of so charming a book, to the eighteenth-century Thoreau. His life is certainly more interesting than the real Thoreau's—and would be, even if it did not present many contradictions. Our records of that life are in the highest degree inexact; he himself is wanting in accuracy as to the date of more than one event. The records, however, agree that Crèvecoeur belonged to the petite noblesse of Normandy. The date of his birth was January 31, 1735, the place was Caen, and his full name (his great-grandson and biographer vouches for it) was Michel-Guillaume-Jean de Crèvecoeur. The boy was well enough brought up, but without more than the attention that his birth gave him the right to expect; he divided the years of his boyhood between Caen, where his father's town-house stood, and the College du Mont, where the Jesuits gave him his education. A letter dated 1785 and addressed to his children tells us all that we know of his school-days; though it is said, too, that he distinguished himself in mathematics. "If you only knew," the reminiscent father of a family exclaims in this letter, "in what shabby lodging, in what a dark and chilly closet, I was mewed up at your age; with what severity I was treated; how I was fed and dressed!" Already his powers of observation, that were so to distinguish him, were quickened by his old-world milieu.
"From my earliest youth," he wrote in 1803, "I had a passion for taking in all the antiques that I met with: moth-eaten furniture, tapestries, family portraits, Gothic manuscripts (that I had learned how to decipher) had for me an indefinable charm. A little later on, I loved to walk in the solitude of cemeteries, to examine the tombs and to trace out their mossy epitaphs. I knew most of the churches of the canton, the date of their foundation, and what they contained of interest in the way of pictures and sculptures."
The boy's gift of accurate and keen observation was to be tested soon by a very different class of objects; there were to be no crumbling saints and canvases of bed-chamber grooms for him to study in the forests of America, no reminders of the greatness of his country's past, and the honor of his family.
From school, the future woodsman passed over into England. A distant relative was living near Salisbury; for one reason or another the boy was sent thither to finish his schooling. From England, with what motives we know not, he set out for the New World, where he was to spend his busiest and happiest days. In the Bibliotheca Americana Nova Rich makes the statement that Crèvecoeur was but sixteen when he made the plunge, and others have followed Rich in this error. The lad's age was really not less than nineteen or twenty. According to the family legend, his ship touched at Lisbon on the way out; one cannot decide whether this was just before or immediately after the great earthquake. Then to New France, where he joined Montcalm. Entering the service as cadet, he advanced to the rank of lieutenant; was mentioned in the Gazette; shared in the French successes; drew maps of the forests and block-houses that found their way to the king's cabinet; served with Montcalm in the attack upon Fort William Henry. With that the record is broken off: we can less definitely associate his name with the humiliation of the French in America than with their brief triumphs. Yet it is quite certain, says Robert de Crèvecoeur, his descendant, that he did not return to France with the rag-tag of the defeated army. Quebec fell before Wolfe's attack in September 1759; at some time in the course of the year 1760 we may suppose the young officer to have entered the British colonies, to have adopted his family name of "Saint John" (Saint-Jean), and to have gradually worked his way south, probably by the Hudson. The reader of the Letters hardly supposes him to have enjoyed his frontier life; nor is there any means of knowing how much of that life it was his fortune to lead. In time, he found himself as far south as Pennsylvania. He visited Shippensburg and Lancaster and Carlisle; perhaps he resided at or near one of these towns. Many years later, when his son Louis purchased a farm of two hundred acres from Chancellor Livingstone, at Navesink, near the Blue Mountains, Crèvecoeur the elder was still remembered, and it may have been at this epoch that he visited the place. During the term of his military service under Montcalm, Crèvecoeur saw something of the Great Lakes and the outlying country; prior to his experience as a cultivator, and, indeed, after he had settled down as such, he "travelled like Plato," even visited Bermuda, by his own account. Not until 1764, however, have we any positive evidence of his whereabouts; it was in April of that year that he took out naturalization papers at New York. Some months later, he installed himself on the farm variously called Greycourt and Pine-Hill, in the same state; he drained a great marsh there, and seems to have practiced agriculture upon a generous scale. The certificate of the marriage of Crèvecoeur to Mehitable Tippet, of Yonkers is dated September 20, 1769, and of this union three children were the issue. And more than children: for with the marriage ceremony once performed by the worthy Tetard, a clergyman of New York, formerly settled over a French Reformed Church at Charleston, South Carolina, Crèvecoeur is more definitely than ever the "American Farmer"; he has thrown in his lot with that new country; his children are to be called after their parent's adopted name, Saint-John; the responsibilities of the adventurer are multiplied; his life in America has become a matter more easy to trace and richer, perhaps, in meaning.
Which one of the following best captures the author's attitude toward Crèvecoeur becoming an American citizen?
The author thinks that Crèvecoeur's citizenship was detrimental to the records of his early life.
The author is envious of Crèvecoeur's ability to join American frontier life so quickly.
The author is ambivalent towards Crèvecoeur's citizenship but praises his decision to raise a family in America.
The author is pleased that Crèvecoeur became an American citizen and did not return to Europe.
The author believes that Crèvecoeur's settling in America made his life more significant.
In the last half of the final paragraph, the author talks about Crèvecoeur's citizenship and how he settled in America. The author does not immediately praise the decision to become naturalized but, after discussing biographical details, states that "[Crèvecoeur] has thrown in his lot with that new country . . . his life in America has become a matter more easy to trace and richer, perhaps, in meaning." From this we can state that the author is of the opinion that Crèvecoeur's decision to become an American citizen "made his life more significant" (richer). We can also tell that the author believes that Crèvecoeur's life is easier to trace due to his becoming an American citizen. We can say the author is pleased Crèvecoeur stayed in America, but the sentence that best captures his attitude is that Crèvecoeur's life became more significant due to the information given in the last sentence.
Adapted from Heroes and Hero Worship (1841) by Thomas Carlyle.
The Hero as Divinity, the Hero as Prophet, are productions of old ages, not to be repeated in the new. They presuppose a certain rudeness of conception, which the progress of mere scientific knowledge puts an end to. There needs to be, as it were, a world vacant, or almost vacant of scientific forms, if men in their loving wonder are to fancy their fellow-man either a god or one speaking with the voice of a god. Divinity and Prophet are past. We are now to see our Hero in the less ambitious, but also less questionable, character of Poet; a character which does not pass. The Poet is a heroic figure belonging to all ages; whom all ages possess, when once he is produced, whom the newest age as the oldest may produce;—and will produce, always when Nature pleases. Let Nature send a Hero-soul; in no age is it other than possible that he may be shaped into a Poet.
Hero, Prophet, Poet—many different names, in different times, and places, do we give to Great Men; according to varieties we note in them, according to the sphere in which they have displayed themselves! We might give many more names, on this same principle. I will remark again, however, as a fact not unimportant to be understood, that the different sphere constitutes the grand origin of such distinction; that the Hero can be Poet, Prophet, King, Priest, or what you will, according to the kind of world he finds himself born into. I confess, I have no notion of a truly great man that could not be all sorts of men. The Poet who could merely sit on a chair, and compose stanzas, would never make a stanza worth much. He could not sing the Heroic warrior, unless he himself were at least a Heroic warrior too. I fancy there is in him the Politician, the Thinker, Legislator, Philosopher—in one or the other degree, he could have been, he is all these. So too I cannot understand how a Mirabeau, with that great glowing heart, with the fire that was in it, with the bursting tears that were in it, could not have written verses, tragedies, poems, and touched all hearts in that way, had his course of life and education led him thitherward. The grand fundamental character is that of Great Man; that the man be great. Napoleon has words in him which are like Austerlitz Battles. Louis Fourteenth's Marshals are a kind of poetical men withal; the things Turenne says are full of sagacity and geniality, like sayings of Samuel Johnson. The great heart, the clear deep-seeing eye: there it lies; no man whatever, in what province soever, can prosper at all without these. Petrarch and Boccaccio did diplomatic messages, it seems, quite well; one can easily believe it; they had done things a little harder than these! Burns, a gifted songwriter, might have made a still better Mirabeau. Shakespeare—one knows not what he could not have made, in the supreme degree.
True, there are aptitudes of Nature too. Nature does not make all great men, more than all other men, in the self-same mold. Varieties of aptitude doubtless, but infinitely more of circumstance, and far oftenest it is the latter only that are looked to. But it is as with common men in the learning of trades. You take any man, as yet a vague capability of a man, who could be any kind of craftsman, and make him into a smith, a carpenter, a mason; he is then and thenceforth that and nothing else. And if, as Addison complains, you sometimes see a street-porter, staggering under his load on spindle-shanks, and near at hand a tailor with the frame of a Samson handling a bit of cloth and small Whitechapel needle, it cannot be considered that aptitude of Nature alone has been consulted here either! The Great Man also, to what shall he be bound apprentice? Given your Hero, is he to become Conqueror, King, Philosopher, Poet? It is an inexplicably complex controversial calculation between the world and him! He will read the world and its laws; the world with its laws will be there to be read. What the world, on this matter, shall permit and bid is, as we said, the most important fact about the world.
Poet and Prophet differ greatly in our loose modern notions of them. In some old languages, again, the titles are synonymous; "Vates" means both Prophet and Poet; and indeed at all times, Prophet and Poet, well understood, have much kindred of meaning. Fundamentally indeed they are still the same; in this most important respect especially, that they have penetrated both of them into the sacred mystery of the Universe; what Goethe calls "the open secret." "Which is the great secret?" asks one. "The open secret," open to all, seen by almost none! That divine mystery, which lies everywhere in all Beings, "the Divine Idea of the World, that which lies at the bottom of Appearance," as Fichte styles it; of which all Appearance, from the starry sky to the grass of the field, but especially the Appearance of Man and his work, is but the vesture, the embodiment that renders it visible. This divine mystery is in all times and in all places; veritably is. In most times and places it is greatly overlooked; and the Universe, definable always in one or the other dialect, as the realized Thought of God, is considered a trivial, inert, commonplace matter—as if, says the Satirist, it were a dead thing, which some upholsterer had put together! It could do no good, at present, to speak much about this, but it is a pity for every one of us if we do not know it, live ever in the knowledge of it. Really a most mournful pity—a failure to live at all, if we live otherwise!
Which one of the following best captures the author's attitude toward poets?
They must constantly change to remain in their position as unobjectionable heroes.
They are heroes which do not lose influence over time.
They can only be found in certain countries.
Poets are the new prophets.
They owe their influence to the adoration of others.
The primary discussion of poets filters through the passage, however the largest part of this is in the first paragraph. The author states that "We are now to see our Hero in the less ambitious, but also less questionable, character of Poet; a character that does not pass. The Poet is a heroic figure belonging to all ages; whom all ages possess, when once he is produced, whom the newest age as the oldest may produce—and will produce, always when Nature pleases. Let Nature send a Hero-soul; in no age is it other than possible that he may be shaped into a Poet." Simply, we now have lofty heroes replaced with poets who are an enduring form of hero. They do not lose influence over time as they are "a character that does not pass." Granted, poets probably owe their influence to the adoration of others, but this is not the author's attitude.
Hero, Prophet, Poet—many different names, in different times, and places, do we give to Great Men; according to varieties we note in them, according to the sphere in which they have displayed themselves! We might give many more names, on this same principle. I will remark again, however, as a fact not unimportant to be understood, that the different sphere constitutes the grand origin of such distinction; that the Hero can be Poet, Prophet, King, Priest, or what you will, according to the kind of world he finds himself born into. I confess, I have no notion of a truly great man that could not be all sorts of men. The Poet who could merely sit on a chair, and compose stanzas, would never make a stanza worth much. He could not sing the Heroic warrior, unless he himself were at least a Heroic warrior too. I fancy there is in him the Politician, the Thinker, Legislator, Philosopher—in one or the other degree, he could have been, he is all these. So too I cannot understand how a Mirabeau, with that great glowing heart, with the fire that was in it, with the bursting tears that were in it, could not have written verses, tragedies, poems, and touched all hearts in that way, had his course of life and education led him thitherward. The grand fundamental character is that of Great Man; that the man be great. Napoleon has words in him which are like Austerlitz Battles. Louis Fourteenth's Marshals are a kind of poetical men withal; the things Turenne says are full of sagacity and geniality, like sayings of Samuel Johnson. The great heart, the clear deep-seeing eye: there it lies; no man whatever, in what province soever, can prosper at all without these. Petrarch and Boccaccio did diplomatic messages, it seems, quite well; one can easily believe it; they had done things a little harder than these! Burns, a gifted song-writer, might have made a still better Mirabeau. Shakespeare—one knows not what he could not have made, in the supreme degree.
Which one of the following statements describes an example of the author's image of a hero?
A woman who defies all other assumptions of heroics
A man who follows an innate sense of how to be great
A multi-talented person who works to please the masses
A person of nobility who uses their position to gain popularity in a specific field
A person who displays some prowess in a certain culturally relevant sphere
We can learn quite quickly how the author defines a hero, as in the second paragraph it is stated that "Hero, Prophet, Poet—many different names, in different times, and places, do we give to Great Men, according to varieties we note in them, according to the sphere in which they have displayed themselves!" Whilst the author only ever refers to the great as "men," we can assume that this encompasses women also. There is little talk of class in the passage, and it is important to note that the area in which a person defines his or her greatness is relevant to his or her time and/or culture.
Adapted from "Walking" by Henry David Thoreau (1862) in The Oxford Book of American Essays (1914)
I wish to speak a word for Nature, for absolute freedom and wildness, as contrasted with a freedom and culture merely civil—to regard man as an inhabitant, or a part and parcel of Nature, rather than a member of society. I wish to make an extreme statement, if so I may make an emphatic one, for there are enough champions of civilization: the minister and the school-committee, and every one of you will take care of that.
I have met with but one or two persons in the course of my life who understood the art of Walking, that is, of taking walks—who had a genius, so to speak, for sauntering: which word is beautifully derived from "idle people who roved about the country, in the Middle Ages, and asked charity, under pretence of going à la Sainte Terre," to the Holy Land, till the children exclaimed, "There goes a Sainte-Terrer," a Saunterer—a Holy-Lander. They who never go to the Holy Land in their walks, as they pretend, are indeed mere idlers and vagabonds; but they who do go there are saunterers in the good sense, such as I mean. Some, however, would derive the word from sans terre, without land or a home, which, therefore, in the good sense, will mean, having no particular home, but equally at home everywhere. For this is the secret of successful sauntering. He who sits still in a house all the time may be the greatest vagrant of all; but the saunterer, in the good sense, is no more vagrant than the meandering river, which is all the while sedulously seeking the shortest course to the sea. But I prefer the first, which, indeed, is the most probable derivation. For every walk is a sort of crusade, preached by some Peter the Hermit in us, to go forth and reconquer this Holy Land from the hands of our enemies.
It is true, we are but faint-hearted crusaders, even the walkers, nowadays, who undertake no persevering, never-ending enterprises. Our expeditions are but tours, and come round again at evening to the old hearth-side from which we set out. Half the walk is but retracing our steps. We should go forth on the shortest walk, perchance, in the spirit of undying adventure, never to return—prepared to send back our embalmed hearts only as relics to our desolate kingdoms. If you are ready to leave father and mother, and brother and sister, and wife and child and friends, and never see them again—if you have paid your debts, and made your will, and settled all your affairs, and are a free man, then you are ready for a walk.
To come down to my own experience, my companion and I, for I sometimes have a companion, take pleasure in fancying ourselves knights of a new, or rather an old, order—not Equestrians or Chevaliers, not Ritters or riders, but Walkers, a still more ancient and honorable class, I trust. The chivalric and heroic spirit which once belonged to the Rider seems now to reside in, or perchance to have subsided into, the Walker—not the Knight, but Walker Errant. He is a sort of fourth estate, outside of Church and State and People.
We have felt that we almost alone hereabouts practiced this noble art; though, to tell the truth, at least, if their own assertions are to be received, most of my townsmen would fain walk sometimes, as I do, but they cannot. No wealth can buy the requisite leisure, freedom, and independence, which are the capital in this profession. It comes only by the grace of God. It requires a direct dispensation from Heaven to become a walker. You must be born into the family of the Walkers. Ambulator nascitur, non fit. Some of my townsmen, it is true, can remember and have described to me some walks which they took ten years ago, in which they were so blessed as to lose themselves for half an hour in the woods; but I know very well that they have confined themselves to the highway ever since, whatever pretensions they may make to belong to this select class. No doubt they were elevated for a moment as by the reminiscence of a previous state of existence, when even they were foresters and outlaws.
"When he came to grene wode,
In a mery mornynge,
There he herde the notes small
Of byrdes mery syngynge.
"It is ferre gone, sayd Robyn,
That I was last here;
Me lyste a lytell for to shote
At the donne dere."
I think that I cannot preserve my health and spirits, unless I spend four hours a day at least—and it is commonly more than that—sauntering through the woods and over the hills and fields, absolutely free from all worldly engagements. You may safely say, A penny for your thoughts, or a thousand pounds. When sometimes I am reminded that the mechanics and shopkeepers stay in their shops not only all the forenoon, but all the afternoon too, sitting with crossed legs, so many of them—as if the legs were made to sit upon, and not to stand or walk upon—I think that they deserve some credit for not having all committed suicide long ago.
Which one of the following best captures the author's attitude toward people with 9 am to 5 pm jobs?
Bitter contempt
Understated empathy
Profound regret
Humorous sympathy
Deep ambivalence
The author predominantly talks about people who work long hours in the final paragraph. He says, "I think that they deserve some credit for not having all committed suicide long ago." This is obviously "humorous sympathy," as he feels sorry for them while simultaneously making light of their situation in relation to his own. We cannot call it "empathy," as it does not show a level of relation to their predicament, only pity for it.
Adapted from The Prince by Niccolò Machiavelli (1532; trans. W. K. Marriott 1908)
Considering the difficulties which men have had to hold to a newly acquired state, some might wonder how, seeing that Alexander the Great became the master of Asia in a few years, and died whilst it was scarcely settled (whence it might appear reasonable that the whole empire would have rebelled), nevertheless his successors maintained themselves, and had to meet no other difficulty than that which arose among themselves from their own ambitions.
I answer that the principalities of which one has record are found to be governed in two different ways: either by a prince, with a body of servants, who assist him to govern the kingdom as ministers by his favor and permission; or by a prince and barons, who hold that dignity by antiquity of blood and not by the grace of the prince. Such barons have states and their own subjects, who recognize them as lords and hold them in natural affection. Those states that are governed by a prince and his servants hold their prince in more consideration, because in all the country there is no one who is recognized as superior to him, and if they yield obedience to another they do it as to a minister and official, and they do not bear him any particular affection.
The examples of these two governments in our time are the Turkish Monarchy and the King of France. The entire monarchy of Turkey is governed by one lord, the others are his servants; and, dividing his kingdom into Sanjaks, he sends there different administrators, and shifts and changes them as he chooses. But the King of France is placed in the midst of an ancient body of lords, acknowledged by their own subjects, and beloved by them; they have their own prerogatives, nor can the king take these away except at his peril. Therefore, he who considers both of these states will recognize great difficulties in seizing the state of the Turk, but, once it is conquered, great ease in holding it. The causes of the difficulties in seizing the Turkish Kingdom are that the usurper cannot be called in by the princes of the kingdom, nor can he hope to be assisted in his designs by the revolt of those whom the lord has around him. This arises from the reasons given above, for his ministers, being all slaves and bondmen, can only be corrupted with great difficulty, and one can expect little advantage from them when they have been corrupted, as they cannot carry the people with them, for the reasons assigned. Hence, he who attacks the Turkish must bear in mind that he will find him united, and he will have to rely more on his own strength than on the revolt of others; but, if once the Turkish ruler has been conquered, and routed in the field in such a way that he cannot replace his armies, there is nothing to fear but the family of this prince, and, this being exterminated, there remains no one to fear, the others having no credit with the people; and as the conqueror did not rely on them before his victory, so he ought not to fear them after it.
The contrary happens in kingdoms governed like that of France, because one can easily enter there by gaining over some baron of the kingdom, for one always finds malcontents and such as desire a change. Such men, for the reasons given, can open the way into the state and render the victory easy; but if you wish to hold it afterwards, you meet with infinite difficulties, both from those who have assisted you and from those you have crushed. Nor is it enough for you to have exterminated the family of the prince, because the lords that remain make themselves the heads of fresh movements against you, and as you are unable either to satisfy or exterminate them, that state is lost whenever time brings the opportunity.
Now if you will consider what was the nature of the government of Darius, you will find it similar to the Turkish Kingdom, and therefore it was only necessary for Alexander first to overthrow him in the field, and then to take the country from him. After which victory, Darius being killed, the state remained secure to Alexander, for the above reasons. And if his successors had been united they would have enjoyed it securely and at their ease, for there were no tumults raised in the kingdom except those they provoked themselves.
But it is impossible to hold with such tranquility states constituted like that of France. Hence arose those frequent rebellions against the Romans in Spain, France, and Greece, owing to the many principalities there were in these states, of which, as long as the memory of them endured, the Romans always held an insecure possession; but with the power and long continuance of the empire the memory of them passed away, and the Romans then became secure possessors. And when fighting afterwards amongst themselves, each one was able to attach to himself his own parts of the country, according to the authority he had assumed there; and the family of the former lord being exterminated, none other than the Romans were acknowledged.
When these things are remembered no one will marvel at the ease with which Alexander held the Empire of Asia, or at the difficulties which others have had to keep an acquisition, such as Pyrrhus and many more; this is not occasioned by the little or abundance of ability in the conqueror, but by the want of uniformity in the subject state.
The author's tone in this passage is primarily __________.
optimistic and educational
recalcitrant and commanding
instructive and humorous
pompous and disparaging
authoritative and edifying
The author speaks at all times with a certainty and assuredness that could best be described as "authoritative," or perhaps as "commanding." You can infer this because he does not second guess himself, but rather states every piece of argument as if it were simple fact. From there, it is a simple matter of determining whether the tone can be better described as "recalcitrant" or "edifying." Seeing as the author´s primary purpose seems to be educating, rather than defying, the best option is definitely "edifying."
Adapted from "Of Discourse" in Essays, Civil And Moral by Francis Bacon (1625) in Volume III, Part 1 of The Harvard Classics (1909-14)
Some, in their discourse, desire rather commendation of wit, in being able to hold all arguments, than of judgment, in discerning what is true; as if it were a praise to know what might be said, and not what should be thought. Some have certain common places and themes wherein they are good and want variety, which kind of poverty is for the most part tedious, and when it is once perceived, ridiculous. The most honorable part of talk is to give the occasion, and again to moderate, and pass to somewhat else, for then a man leads the dance. It is good, in discourse and speech of conversation, to vary and intermingle speech of the present occasion with arguments, tales with reasons, asking of questions with telling of opinions, and jest with earnest; for it is a dull thing to tire, and, as we say now, to jade, anything too far. As for jest, there be certain things that ought to be privileged from it, namely religion, matters of state, great persons, any man's present business of importance, and any case that deserves pity. Yet there be some who think their wits have been asleep, except they dart out something that is piquant and to the quick. That is a vein which would be bridled:
Parce, puer, stimulis, et fortius utere loris. ("Boy, spare the whip and grasp the reins more firmly." (Ovid))
And generally, men ought to find the difference between saltiness and bitterness. Certainly, he that has a satirical vein, as he makes others afraid of his wit, so he had need be afraid of others' memory. He that questions much shall learn much and content much, but especially if he applies his questions to the skill of the persons whom he asks; for he shall give them occasion to please themselves in speaking, and himself shall continually gather knowledge. But let his questions not be troublesome; for that is fit for a poser. And let him be sure to leave other men their turns to speak. No, if there be any who would reign and take up all the time, let him find means to take them off, and to bring others on, as musicians do with those that dance too long galliards. If you dissemble sometimes your knowledge of that you are thought to know, you shall be thought at another time to know that you know not. Speech of a man's self ought to be seldom, and well chosen. I knew one was wont to say in scorn, "He must needs be a wise man, he speaks so much of himself." There is but one case wherein a man may commend himself with good grace, and that is in commending virtue in another, especially if it be such a virtue whereunto himself pretended. Speech of touch towards others should be sparingly used, for discourse ought to be as a field, without coming home to any man. I knew two noblemen of the west part of England whereof the one was given to scoff, but kept ever royal cheer in his house; the other would ask, of those that had been at the other's table, "Tell truly, was there never a flout or dry blow given?" To which the guest would answer, "Such and such a thing passed. The lord would say, 'I thought he would mar a good dinner.'" Discretion of speech is more than eloquence, and to speak agreeably to him with whom we deal is more than to speak in good words, or in good order. A good continued speech, without a good speech of interlocution, shows slowness, and a good reply or second speech, without a good settled speech, shows shallowness and weakness. As we see in beasts, that those that are weakest in the course are yet nimblest in the turn, as it is betwixt the greyhound and the hare. To use too many circumstances, ere one come to the matter, is wearisome; to use none at all is blunt.
Which one of the following best captures the author's attitude toward satirists?
He thinks they should fear for their lives.
He is indifferent toward their contribution to a discourse.
He is unsure if they should be classed as good or bad people.
He thinks they should be wary of others seeking vengeance.
He thinks their contributions to a discourse are to be criticized.
The author discusses satirists in the second half of the passage and says: "Certainly, he that has a satirical vein, as he makes others afraid of his wit, so he had need be afraid of others' memory." He is warning them that they should be wary lest someone gain vengeance by turning their satirical humor back on themselves. If we bully people with our "wit" they are likely to bear grudges against us.
Which one of the following statements describes the author's attitude about talking the practice of talking about oneself in a discourse?
There is no excuse for it except when you do it humbly.
The only time it is acceptable is when you talk about yourself praising another.
It makes for interesting discourse.
It is a most ungracious thing to do in unknown company.
People who do this are selfish and misunderstand good discourse.
The author states in the last paragraph that "there is but one case, wherein a man may commend himself with good grace, and that is in commending virtue in another." Thus, to successfully commend yourself, you must be reminiscing about praising another person or actually personally praising another person. Whilst some of the other points may on the whole be true, they do not fit with what is overtly stated in the passage.
Example Question #10 : Authorial Tone And Attitude In Humanities Passages
Adapted from an article in The New Statesman by Bertrand Russell (May 24th, 1913)
Science, to the ordinary reader of newspapers, is represented by a varying selection of sensational triumphs, such as wireless telegraphy, airplanes, radio-activity, and the marvels of modern alchemy. It is not of this aspect of science that I wish to speak. Science, in this aspect, consists of detached up-to-date fragments, interesting only until they are replaced by something newer and more up-to-date, displaying nothing of the systems of patiently constructed knowledge out of which, almost as a casual incident, have come the practically useful results which interest the man in the street. The increased command over the forces of nature which is derived from science is undoubtedly an amply sufficient reason for encouraging scientific research, but this reason has been so often urged and is so easily appreciated that other reasons, to my mind quite as important, are apt to be overlooked. It is with these other reasons, especially with the intrinsic value of a scientific habit of mind in forming our outlook on the world that I shall be concerned in what follows.
From the point of view of training the mind, of giving that well-informed, impersonal outlook which constitutes culture in the good sense of this much-misused word, it seems to be generally held indisputable that a literary education is superior to one based on science. Even the warmest advocates of science are apt to rest their claims on the contention that culture ought to be sacrificed to utility. Those men of science who respect culture, when they associate with men learned in the classics, are apt to admit, not merely politely, but sincerely, a certain inferiority on their side, compensated doubtless by the services which science renders to humanity, but none the less real. And so long as this attitude exists among men of science, it tends to verify itself: the intrinsically valuable aspects of science tend to be sacrificed to the merely useful, and little attempt is made to preserve that leisurely, systematic survey by which the finer quality of mind is formed and nourished.
But even if there be, in present fact, any such inferiority as is supposed in the educational value of science, this is, I believe, not the fault of science itself, but the fault of the spirit in which science is taught. If its full possibilities were realized by those who teach it, I believe that its capacity of producing those habits of mind which constitute the highest mental excellence would be at least as great as that of literature, and more particularly of Greek and Latin literature. In saying this I have no wish whatever to disparage a classical education. One defect, however, does seem inherent in a purely classical education—namely, a too exclusive emphasis on the past. By the study of what is absolutely ended and can never be renewed, a habit of criticism towards the present and the future is engendered. The qualities in which the present excels are qualities to which the study of the past does not direct attention, and to which, therefore, the student of Greek civilization may easily become blind. In what is new and growing there is apt to be something crude, insolent, even a little vulgar, which is shocking to the man of sensitive taste; quivering from the rough contact, he retires to the trim gardens of a polished past, forgetting that they were reclaimed from the wilderness by men as rough and earth-soiled as those from whom he shrinks in his own day. The habit of being unable to recognize merit until it is dead is too apt to be the result of a purely bookish life, and a culture based wholly on the past will seldom be able to pierce through everyday surroundings to the essential splendor of contemporary things, or to the hope of still greater splendor in the future.
The tone of this passage could best be described as __________.
defensive and optimistic
pessimistic but inquisitive
defensive but accommodating
optimistic yet realistic
derisive and pessimistic
The primary tone of this passage is "defensive." The author clearly feels that among the common man, and people who study the classics, there is a misconception about the importance of scientific inquiry and education. Evidence of the defensive tone can be found in the opening paragraph, where the author condemns the approach of the common man to scientific inquiry, saying that many of its benefits are "apt to be overlooked." In the next paragraph, the author says that the word "culture "is a "much-misused word." And, finally, in the concluding paragraph, the author says, "But even if there be, in present fact, any such inferiority as is supposed in the educational value of science, this is, I believe, not the fault of science itself, but the fault of the spirit in which science is taught." This is a clear attempt to defend scientific inquiry by identifying with whom blame should actually lie.
After determining this, it is a matter of figuring out whether the tone is more "accommodating" or "optimistic." Based on the manner in which the author frames his debate, it is more reasonable to call it "accommodating," than it is to call it "optimistic." The author is neither optimistic nor pessimistic, focusing on what he believes is the correct way of thinking, rather than what he believes is going to change. He is accommodating in that although he argues against the worth of a classical education when compared to a scientific education, he does not focus on disparaging a classical education. Most notably, he says, "In saying this I have no wish whatever to disparage a classical education." The overall conclusions he reaches suggest that he believes a classical education ought to be balanced with a scientific education, rather than simply replacing one with the other.
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A mound-shaped, colony-forming shrub, somewhat open with age, 6-12 ft. tall and wide. Lance-shaped, sparingly-toothed, glossy, leathery foliage varies in color from dark- to light-green both in summer and fall. Inconspicuous flowers are followed by black berries which persist well into winter. This species differs from all other evergreen hollies by lacking spines on the leaves, only having teeth toward the tip of the leaves.The Gallberry is a member of the holly family (family Aquifoliaceae) which includes shrubs and trees, small to medium-sized, rarely large; 300-350 species, nearly all in the holly genus (Ilex) in tropical and temperate regions, especially tropical America; 14 native tree and 2 native shrub species in North America. Leaves: alternate, simple, generally leathery and evergreen, sometimes with tiny stipules. Flowers: small, few clustered along twigs, whitish or greenish, regular, generally male and female on separate plants or bisexual; calyx with 4 (sometimes 5) tiny sepals or teeth; 4 (5) rounded whitish petals sometimes united at base, 4 (5) alternate stamens inserted at base of corolla, without disk, and 1 pistil with superior ovary of 4 (3-5) cells of 1-2 ovules each, usually without style, and 3-5 stalkless stigmas. Fruit: a round drupe or berry, red, black, or yellow, with stalkless stigmas, bitter pulp, and 3-5 nutlets.


text:
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Hair loss, dandruff, itchy skin and all that stuff
MarkBirtley posted a topic in Health & Medical
I feel stupid for falling for the wide range of "Anti-Dandruff" shampoos, none of them worked of course. Even worse, they increased scalp itching in some cases, and I now acquired a new condition on my face, it's now red and itchy (because of the different chemcials). What is a safe option (or at least an option that is minimally harmful) to control the hair loss caused by the itching (sometimes even bleeding)? For people who had the same issue, what did you use?
Monday 2nd May 2022
MarkBirtley replied to David Icke Headlines's topic in David Icke Headlines
I strongly advise everyone against using such symbols. You don't even know what those symbols are, what they do and what they allow to happen. You might be enabling a backdoor that will make you vulnerable to some things. People complain in reviews that they don't work. They work, but not in the way you expect them to.
Conflict in Ukraine - Russian Invasion
MarkBirtley replied to Sexpistol50's topic in War & Terror
The question is, is there a correlation between the CIA documents burned in Ukraine about a week ago, and the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. What was the CIA exactly plotting?
Why did David Icke stop addressing NATO/Military related issues?
MarkBirtley replied to MarkBirtley's topic in David Icke Discussion
Now that we got a dot connector about the Russia/Ukraine issue, I can temporarily sleep peacefully
MarkBirtley posted a topic in David Icke Discussion
Don't get me wrong, the COVID issues at hand are important, but I think Dr Icke has suddenly stopped addressing matters related to the situation in the Middle East/North Africa since early 2020 and focused most of his attention on the fake pandemic. I believe other issues deserve as much attention as well, and in some way I feel like he's being distracted. Obviously this fake pandemic has taken too long and is being prolonged as much as possible for a reason. I've just rewatched his videos going back to 2015 about the situation in Syria to refresh my memory, and I remember how crucial those videos were to clear my misunderstandings about what was really happening back then. I would like to hear your opinions about this
Rose - Icke 6
MarkBirtley replied to greatdayforfreedom's topic in David Icke Discussion
Honestly I can't stand this superficial man, he's the kind of guy you know is a hack no matter how authentic he tries to be. Whenever I watch him I sense an extremely negative energy, and he's so arrogant. He invited Dr David Icke because he knows he would get views and therefore have more people check his scam courses out. The reason why I'm so mad right now is because I've just found out he shadow-banned me from his channel for criticizing him.
Shill, idiot, or genuine
MarkBirtley replied to spideysensei's topic in General Chat
Somebody please take a look at how convenient, 'coincidental' and 'untimely' this is I wonder why the woman that made the compilation never bothered to do it ages ago? Only now did it become a problem? The double standards are real, they never speak against racism when it doesn't benefit their agendas.
Facebook labeling Mr Icke as a Dangerous Individual
MarkBirtley replied to RexRedbone's topic in Censorship & Freedom Of Speech
Over a month ago my Facebook account was suddenly suspended and I have been given 1 month to ask for a review, but when I asked for a review, I got a message saying that they don't have enough reviewers because of the pandemic. The ban came out a few hours after I exchanged a few messages with a close friend of mine in private, he had a neutral stance while I criticized the demonization of Russia by the media and the LGBXYZ propaganda that is being shoved up our throats. He told me that all my messages were deleted, while his weren't. I checked with other friends and they told me none of my messages were deleted. So pretty much Facebook spied into my private discussions, had a person manually translate and check my messages, then banned me for expressing my opinions to a close friend, and then claimed they don't have enough reviewers when I asked for an appeal. I've lost everything including my contacts, discussions, shared media and groups. My instagram was automatically deleted too.
meta censorship
Why do most people that listen to David cherry-pick what he says?🤔
MarkBirtley replied to Guardian's topic in David Icke Discussion
He sometimes uploads videos where speaks English only, but most of his videos have subtitles in many languages, including English I second that.
Check Abderraouf Ben Halima on Youtube: they get imprisoned in a catcher's body (a catcher is someone who was recently possessed and thus has some kind of temporary opening that allows the catcher to capture those beings, I'm not sure but I think they're called channelers on these forums), he then interrogates them about certain conspiracies of the elite and of magicians that use the aid of those creatures.
People don't believe in their existence because they have the impression that it's fiction and goes against science when it in fact doesn't. Those are creatures operating on an electromagnetic level but are able to tune their frequencies, which doesn't go against science at all, even though our "science" is not the absolute truth and it's full of unknowns/mistakes (which history has proven time and again). Somehow people think that now we are so technologically advanced, so it's laughable to even think that those beings exist. IMO that stems from arrogance. Anyone with enough humility would come to the conclusion that those beings are a real thing. There's enough content on the internet to prove it, in case a person never witnessed it irl.
China has won World War III
MarkBirtley replied to Scogan's topic in War & Terror
It's pretty obvious who's stronger when you have a situation where the US army is facing an eastern army (say Russia) with the same equipment and numbers. Pretty sure the super soldiers with 2 moms (2 dads too, gender equality please!) would smash the other normal soldiers. Also China realized how weak their future generations are because of the feminization of men in video games and movies, so now they have banned all video games and content that represent men with feminine traits, they're going back to natural.
Forced to take vaccine (or basically become homeless and starve to death)
MarkBirtley replied to MarkBirtley's topic in Covid-19 & NWO
The picture quality is still bad, it's blurry when zoomed in
Human meat secretly permeated into consumer meat (Beef)
MarkBirtley replied to MarkBirtley's topic in Mysteries / The Paranormal / The Unexplained
But you claimed that it would take them less than a year to convince the average person that eating humans is normal too, as well as "The powers that be in this world could convince most human beings that anything is 'normal' ". A direct implication would be that we were convinced by the elite that cannibalism was wrong in the first place, the elite here being the highest authority of that time. We're not talking about your personal take but rather about that of the society (ie public consensus). So I logically concluded that you think cannibalism is wrong because the elite decided it was the case. Don't be too sure. Of course I enjoy meat, as well as fruits and vegetables. I eat animal meat because I can and because there's nothing wrong with it. I believe morality stems from our innate disposition as conscious beings. I won't elaborate further on why I think it does. If you insist on considering morals a measurable energy, then cannibalism would be wrong because it happened to go against the laws of nature from the very start. It's the natural food chain, analogously lions don't eat lions. The reason why I don't want to talk about it, is that this is not the point of the thread. The thread is about fact-checking those finds, but you felt the need to teach us a lesson about what's morality and how the elite dictates our own morality. Goes besides the point here, I honestly can't see how it would help in this case.
You're a bit confused I'm afraid. Yes there is something such as the "new normal" and societal pressure but that does not apply to everything. You cannot be telling me that cannibalism is wrong, because the elite decided so. I think such claims express a lack of responsibility and unwillingness to be held accountable for anything one does, an escape route to justify anything you want to do, no matter how bad it gets. Morals have nothing to do wit energy levels, there's no such thing as 'measuring' morals. I don't want to delve deeper into this new discussion because it's off topic, and it's not the problem here.


Testimonials from the attendees at the Internet Dating and Dating Industry Conference on January 23-30, 2012 in Miami. CEO's from the Internet Dating Industry, Affiliates and Matchmakers were present at the event.
Testimonials from the exhibitors and sponsors of the Internet Dating and Dating Industry Conference on January 23-30, 2012 in Miami. CEO's from the Internet Dating Industry, Affiliates and Matchmakers were present at the event.


The Cokathralis are birdlike creatures who make their nests in the tallest trees of the Floating Forest. These haughty beasts can be seen circling the sky in groups called wakes. With their wide wingspan blocking the sunlight, they look down upon the rest of the region's inhabitants with an air of superiority.


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!!WARNING!! THIS MOD IS INCOMPLETE. AS OF 1.1.3-BETA, ALL BUGS HAVE BEEN FIXED. IT SHOULD BE NOTED THAT WHAT YOU EXPERIENCE NOW MAY NOT BE WHAT YOU EXPERIENCE WHEN THE MOD IS COMPLETE.
The Godly Familiar is a mod that incorporates a new familiar that provides the player with a ton of stat boosts and other skill boosts. There will be a short quest-line which allows you to obtain the familiar. Instead of the familiar being some sort of genie that's stuck in a lamp or a weird variation of Excalibur, you will have to befriend him. Luckily, he won't call you a fool and point a cane at you every time you speak.
I highly recommend obtaining him in a new save instead of a pre-existing save file. It will give a better emulation of story progression. However, this mod is fully compatible with pre-existing save files, so feel free to.
I completely fixed TGF's movement and animation, added many more stat-boosts and made it so you will never get an extra familiar unless you spawn him in (if you already have more than one, you'll have to discard the extras on your own)! The next update will include the basic framework of the questline and have TGF as an NPC so you can obtain him through normal means. Oh, and if TGF looks jittery while you stand still, that's just the animation all familiars have when they look back and forth kicking in.
Fixed the mod not being automatically synced and the issue where the familiar would be added to your inventory repetitively. Shout out to jimmy_the_angel for letting me about the issues. Thanks again! Oh, and sorry about not realizing what you meant when you said it wasn't syncing up until now. Hope you all have a wonderful Valentine's Day (if you celebrate it, that is)!
Now it actually registers as a mod..
Can you give a hint where I need to search for the Quest-Giver?
Ah, sorry I wasn't specific enough in the description. I used future-tense verbs and adjectives because I haven't been able to make the quests yet. The quest giver will actually be the familiar himself, but I'm prioritising making his movements less jittery and aggravating to look at. Before I make the quests, I plan on implementing him as an actual NPC first.


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home : sports : sports
From NB to NFL: The tireless journey of Jon Lucivansky
The North Branch native has worked his way up from reffing mens league basketball in his hometown to the grandest stage of all: The National Football League
Lucivansky works his way into position to determine if this Brian Calhoun lunge was a touchdown or not.
Jon Lucivansky gets barked at by Wisconsin Head Coach Bert Beilema during a recent Big Ten game.
BY DAVE AMBERS
North Branch native Jon Lucivansky's officiating career has deep roots. This writer remembers that Lucivansky was reffing Men's League basketball games while still a student at NBHS. Working games played by men in their 20's and 30's can be challenging. If memory serves, men in that age group, including me, did not always exhibit maturity and sportsmanship. Even then, it was apparent that Lucivansky had the ability and judgement to maintain his cool, not be intimidated and remain objective, all required of successful officials.
While a student in North Branch, Lucivansky played football, basketball, golf and baseball. After graduating in 1981, with the blessing of parents Dick and LaVonne Lucivansky, who currently live in Center City, Jon attended the University of Minnesota, earning a BA in psychology in 1987.
During his time as a student at Minnesota, the NB grad worked part-time as a minor league baseball umpire. He spent three years in single A games, calling balls and strikes in leagues from the Pacific Northwest and Southwestern Canada all the way to the Florida State League. His final season behind the plate was spent at the AA level.
After experiencing the lifestyle in the minor leagues, he decided to return to Minnesota in 1988 and pursue a career in education. He completed his elemntary education degree and took a job as a teacher in Rice Lake, Wisconsin. He remained in Rice Lake for 12 years, eventually taking a position as a middle school principal. Job changes took him to Wisconsin schools in Eau Claire, Lakeland Union High School and New Richmond, where he is completing his second year as the Associate High School principal.
During his tenure in education, he has remained active in sports officiating. He reffed high school football and basketball games and, between 1988 and '98 he teamed up with a crew that worked small college footballl games in the MIAC and NSIC Conferences. "Looking back it, it was in 1998 that I got my big break," Lucivansky commented. "That year, I got into the North Central Conference which included schools like University of North Dakota, North Dakota State University, Mankato and St. Cloud State. At the time, it was the the best non-division one conference in the country. At the same time, I applied to the Big 10. The NCC exposure was the key to getting to the Big 10."
That move to big time college football came in 2001. "I was fortunate enough to be on a very respected crew," the veteran referee continued. "We got a lot of high profile games. We worked the Texas-Ohio State game a few years back when they were number one and two in the country and we did the Michigan-Ohio State game when they were on top."
Once he was in the Big 10, the NFL started to take notice of his performance. In 2004, he started working pro games when the league took him to work NFL Europe games. In December 2008, "I got a call from Dick Pereira, the NFL Vice President in charge of officiating," Lucivansky added. "I went to Newark, New Jersey where I met with an NFL psychologist for two and a half hours." He also underwent more scrutiny that day, including an extensive computer-based analysis to help the league determine if he would fit into the "NFL Profile."
"Then, on January 5, a group of five of us met with Pereira in New York," Lucivansky said. The next time the NFL called was February 28. "Pereira told me they were going to bring me in on my first year. A group of eight of us are coming in this year," Lucivansky shared. "The last few weeks, I've been taking all kinds of tests - stress tests, eye exams and other medical tests." Since then, the rookie refs have been studying the NFL rule book, looking at film and doing everything they can to prepare themselves to call games the way the league wants them called.
"About May 15, we'll find out which crews we'll be with. After that, we'll participate in a three or four day clinic in Texas. Later, we'll work at NFL training camps, officiating at scrimmages. We'll each work four pre-season games and 15 regular-season games," the first-year pro explained.
Obviously, his "promotion" to Sunday games is a reward for decades of preparation and recognition of his on-the-job performance. In many ways, this move will make his life easier and less disruptive to his, and others, work schedules. "Most of the time, I'll be leaving for games on Saturday and be home Sunday night. I'll miss a lot less school."
True to his unasumming, confident persona, Lucivansky is humble regarding his accomplishments, pointing out that none of this would have been possible without the cooperation and support of the people around him. He noted that co-workers in the school districts he's worked in have always made it possible for him to miss some work by picking up the slack. He also indicated that he's been very fortunate to work with outstanding officials, making it easy for him to look good.
He feels that the family, community and school in North Branch provided the upbringing, and education that he needed to, eventually, get to his destination. He also pointed out that none of this would not have been possible without the support of his family. Wife Jaqueline, son Mark and daughter Mauela have always sacrificed so Lucivansky could pursue this dream.
Every NFL official is assigned a number, from 1 to 130, that they wear on the back of their striped shirts. It's likely that many of us will be watching for the "89" on Jon Lucivansky's back this fall. However, as soon as one of those questionable calls is made, some will probably also wonder how good the NFL eye doctors are.
After all, when things don't go the way we want them to, it has to be somebody's fault.
Lucivansky (Third from left) gears up to ref an intense rivalry game between Ohio State and Michigan in 2008.


A work order will be sent out to our Drought Patrol for investigation on the next business day and estimated completion is based on daily workload priorities and on a "first come - first worked" basis.
If there is water rushing from the street or broken hydrants, please contact the Light & Water office at (626) 812-5225 for immediate assistance.
You may include a picture of the Water Waste if you have one.


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Records/Honors
Lady Builders Fall in Overtime
The Apprentice School ( ) 15 21 18 18 7 79
Morris ( ) 11 13 21 27 17 89
Pts: Jordan Wilson - 28
Reb: Jordan Wilson - 16
Ast: 2 Players (# 1, # 4) - 2
Pts: Deira Carrie - 23
Reb: Makeba Harvin - 9
Ast: Alicia McIverr - 3
VOORHEES, S.C. – The Apprentice School women's basketball had four players in double-figures but fell in overtime to Morris College 89-79 to wrap up the Voorhees Pre-Holiday Classic.
Jordan Wilson led the Builders with 28 points and 16 rebounds. She was named to the All-Tournament team.
Latrice Washington added 19 points including a trio of three-pointers.
Aquazia Jones had 16 points and added seven rebounds and four steals.
Alexis Wethington came off the bench and added 11 points and five steals for the Lady Builders.
The Lady Builders were outrebounded 59-54 and turned the ball over 33 times in the game.
The Lady Builders return to action with a mid-week matchup at Washington Adventist on Wednesday evening at 6 p.m. They return home for a quick two-game homestand with a 2 p.m. tipoff against Bluefield State as part of a doubleheader with the men's basketball team. The Lady Builders remain at home to face Clinton on Tuesday, December 11 at 6 p.m. before concluding 2018 with three road games.


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Notre Dame-backed solar project breaks ground in St. Joseph County
By Erin Blasko
Indiana Michigan Power (I&M) broke ground recently on a $37 million solar project that will provide clean energy credits equal to 10 percent of the University of Notre Dame's total demand for electricity, helping the University meet its goals around clean, renewable energy.
"This is the next big step for us with regard to the use of clean, renewable solar energy to aid or offset campus power production, and a piece of a larger puzzle in terms of our overall approach to sustainability," said Paul Kempf, assistant vice president for utilities and maintenance at Notre Dame. "We're pleased to partner with I&M on this project, and look forward to the benefits it will provide."
Crews started driving posts into the ground in the area of Cleveland and Bittersweet roads, along the Indiana Toll Road in northeast St. Joseph County, to support the 57,000 photovoltaic panels that will make up the 200-acre St. Joseph Solar Farm.
Designed to be I&M's largest solar project, the 22,000-kilowatt facility will power the equivalent of 2,700 homes annually, providing clean energy options to local consumers and helping to attract environmentally minded businesses to the area. It will also provide educational opportunities for local youths and adults, including K-12 and college students.
As a partner in the project, Notre Dame has committed to purchase 40 percent of total output from the facility in the form of clean energy credits over 30 years, equal to about 10 percent of the University's overall electrical usage. The credits will be used to offset carbon emissions on campus, where the University has pledged to reduce such emissions by 50 percent based on 2005 levels by 2030.
Work on the facility, which will be solely owned and operated by I&M, is expected to wrap up in the spring.
"This partnership enables us to meet our goals around sustainability, and one of those goals is to generate at least 10 percent of our energy from renewable or recoverable sources," said Carol Mullaney, senior director of sustainability at Notre Dame.
"I&M is pleased to partner with the University of Notre Dame on the St. Joseph Solar Farm, which will build upon local green energy in the area and assist on economic development efforts to attract businesses looking for renewable energy options," Toby Thomas, I&M president and chief operating officer, said. "I&M is dedicated to transforming our energy generation fleet for our customers and the communities we serve. This facility will provide boundless clean energy options for the area and educational opportunities for future generations."
Notre Dame currently maintains three solar arrays separate from I&M: a 10-kilowatt array atop Fitzpatrick Hall, a 50-kilowatt array atop Stinson-Remick Hall and a 140-kilowatt array on Kenmore Street in South Bend. The Kenmore array provides one-third of the power for an adjacent warehouse, which the University uses primarily for storage.
All are part of a long-term strategy to improve sustainability campuswide, consistent with the University's Catholic mission and values and the pope's encyclical on climate change, which calls for "swift and unified global action" on the issue.
Last year alone, the University partnered with Grind2Energy and Homestead Dairy to convert food waste to energy, commissioned a new geothermal heating and cooling plant and broke ground on a hydroelectric facility at Seitz Park in South Bend. The hydro facility will meet 7 percent of the University's electrical needs and offset nearly 9,700 tons of carbon dioxide annually.
"All these projects — and other projects like conservation projects and energy efficiency projects — are working together to reduce our carbon footprint, with the long-term goal of trying to get to carbon neutral," said Kempf.
For more information, visit green.nd.edu.
Contact: Erin Blasko, assistant director of media relations, 574-631-4127, eblasko@nd.edu


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Jim Al-Khalili
J A
Photo: © Andrew McKay
Jim Al-Khalili OBE is an academic, author, and broadcaster. He is a leading theoretical physicist based at the University of Surrey, where he teaches and carries out research in quantum mechanics. He has written a number of popular science books, including Pathfinders: The Golden Age of Arabic Science. He has presented several television and radio documentaries, including the BAFTA-nominated Chemistry: A Volatile History and The Secret Life of Chaos.
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