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Nutcracker Man
Divulgando la investigación sobre evolución humana | Outreaching the human evolution research
enero 20, 2015 de Roberto Sáez
Focus on the Sima de los Huesos
Probably in the next months we will have results about the nuclear DNA analysis of the hominid bones found in the Sima de los Huesos, dated to 430,000 years. I wanted to recap the background and importance of Sima, its findings, and what's going on there at the present time.
Sima de los Huesos ('Pit of Bones') is one of the world's most important sites of human fossils. Located in Atapuerca, Spain, it is a sock-shaped pit with a 12 m deep vertical shaft, which turns into an inclined passage 10 meters in length, opening onto a 15 m2 chamber. So far, 7,500 hominin fossils have been found in this chamber…
In 1976 some human remains were found there, but it was not until 1984 when it was cleaned of rubbish and sediment, and dozens of human fossils started to appear. In 1992 three key specimens were discovered: 'Agamenón' (Cranium 4), 'Miguelón' (Cranium 5, among the most complete Homo skulls in the world's fossil record), and Cranium 6.
Since then, every year only 20 cm have been excavated from a 1 m2 area, but this has provided more than half of the Homo fossils found worldwide: 7,500 human fossils from 29 individuals, dated to 430 ka.
Among this huge set of fossilised bones: 17 skulls, the most complete pelvis in the fossil record, nicknamed 'Elvis', and some tiny bones of the middle ear which are really strange to find.
Some key data of the Sima population
All the individuals found there belong to the same biological population, which is terribly valuable to analyse their variations, sexual differences and patterns of development.
They are ancestor of Neandertals. For many years this population has been assigned to the species Homo heidelbergensis, but the extended study of such huge amount of fossils is suggesting the possibility of a different species. For the moment, the Atapuerca scientists prudently refer to them as pre-Neandertals.
No children under 3 were found among the fossils. The most represented group is between 13 and 17 year-old specimens. Only 3 individuals were over 30.
The sex of 18 individuals was determined: half men, half women. Males were 1.75 m tall and females 1.70 m tall.
They show heavily worn teeth, probably caused by the consumption of uncooked fruit or vegetables, but not a single cavity has been found. Their teeth show marks of toothpicks. They were right-handed: wear on the preserved teeth suggest that food was usually brought to the mouth with the right hand.
The ear canals in 'Agamenón' show some problems which suggested hearing problems. However in 2019 a new study discarded the hypothesis of a long-term deafness.
'Miguelón' probably died of septicaemia, after a tooth had been broken in life by a strong blow, so that the flesh had been exposed and led to an infectious process that continued until nearly the orbital bone.
Cranium 17 shows evidence of two fractures produced by the same object in a face-to-face interpersonal conflict.
The latest findings and the future
In the 2014 season, 200 more hominid fossils were found. This figures doubles the total number of human fossils extracted from the rest of sites worldwide. Besides, two important studies were issued on Sima findings:
1) Analysis of the 17 skulls collection of Sima (7 of them not released before), publised by Science Magazine in June. The key conclusions were:
About the evolution of the Neandertal skulls in Sima. Not all the skeleton parts developed simultaneously. The first neandertal features developed were the teeth, the jaw and the face, which suggest some masticatory specialization.
Some Neandertal traits showed by the Sima individuals are: pronounced brow ridge, not sunk over the nose; cheeks projected towards the nose, giving a triangular look to the face; engagement of the jaw to the cranium.
The braincases are not Neandertal-type. Their average brain size is less than modern humans and less than Neandertals. They developed the brain separately, and later.
The uniformity of the Sima population contrasts with the variation when comparing to other European fossils in Middle Pleistocene (780-130 kya). This can be explained by age and regional variations, also by interbreeding with archaic populations.
2) DNA of the Sima population
In Dec 2013 it was published the analysis of mitochondrial DNA of a 427 ka femur, surprisingly showing that the genoma of Sima was linked to the 700 ky Denisovan population, but no links with Neandertals.
In Sep 2014 it was announced that nuclear DNA were recovered from Sima fossils. The analysis of the nuclear DNA (to be published likely in this year 2015) will decisively enrich the information about the origins of the people from Sima, about the pre-Neandertal populations in Europe, and maybe give some light over the Homo heidelbergensis taxon.
The following presentation describes the key fossils extracted from Sima. Most of them are exhibited at the Museo de la Evolución Humana (Museum of Human Evolution), in Burgos, a city located 14 km from the Atapuerca sites.
Esta entrada fue publicada en Yacimientos y etiquetada English. Guarda el enlace permanente.
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Nutcracker Man by Roberto Sáez is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License


I'm so happy you stopped by. If you'd like to read excerpts from my novels, click the "Novels" tab at the top of the page and choose one - or read all five. I'm hard at work on my next book, so come back often for updated information on works in progress and upcoming releases. And leave me a message to let me know what you think of them, the website - or just to say, "Hi!" I would love to hear from you.


Tourette (too-RET) syndrome is a nervous system (neurological) disorder that starts in childhood. It involves unusual repetitive movements or unwanted sounds that can't be controlled (tics). For instance, you may repeatedly blink your eyes, shrug your shoulders or jerk your head. In some cases, you might unintentionally blurt out offensive words.
Signs and symptoms of Tourette syndrome typically show up between ages 2 and 12, with the average being around 7 years of age. Males are about three to four times more likely than females to develop Tourette syndrome.
Although there's no cure, you can live a normal life span with Tourette syndrome, and many people with Tourette syndrome don't need treatment when symptoms aren't troublesome. Symptoms of Tourette syndrome often lessen or become quiet and controlled after the teen years.
Tics — sudden, brief, intermittent movements or sounds — are the hallmark sign of Tourette syndrome. Symptoms range from mild to severe. Severe symptoms may significantly interfere with communication, daily functioning and quality of life.
Tics involving movement (motor tics) — often facial tics, such as blinking — usually begin before vocal tics do. But the spectrum of tics that people experience is diverse, and there's no typical case.
Before the onset of motor or vocal tics, you'll likely experience an urge called a premonitory urge. A premonitory urge is an uncomfortable bodily sensation, such as an itch, a tingle or tension. Expression of the tic brings relief.
With great effort, some people with Tourette syndrome can temporarily stop a tic or hold back tics until they find a place where it's less disruptive to express them.
If you notice your child displaying involuntary movements or sounds, schedule an appointment with your pediatrician. Not all tics indicate Tourette syndrome.
Many children develop tics lasting a few weeks or months that go away on their own. But whenever a child shows unusual behavior, it's important to have a medical evaluation to identify the cause and rule out serious health problems.
Genetics. Tourette syndrome may be an inherited disorder. The specific genes involved in Tourette syndrome are still being defined, although one genetic mutation has been identified as a rare cause of Tourette syndrome.
Brain abnormalities. Certain chemicals in the brain that transmit nerve impulses (neurotransmitters) may play a role, including dopamine and serotonin.
Family history. Having a family history of Tourette syndrome or other tic disorders may increase the risk of developing Tourette syndrome.
Being male. Males are about three to four times more likely than females to develop Tourette syndrome.
People with Tourette syndrome have a normal life span and often lead healthy, active lives. However, having Tourette syndrome may increase your risk of learning, behavioral and social challenges, which can harm your self-image.
You'll likely start by seeing your family doctor or pediatrician. However, in some cases when you call to set up an appointment, you may be referred immediately to a doctor who specializes in conditions of the nervous system (neurologist).
Write down any symptoms experienced, including any that may seem unrelated to the reason for which you scheduled the appointment.
Make a list of all medications, vitamins or supplements currently taken.
Make a video recording, if you have a video camera, of a typical tic to show the doctor.
Is this condition likely temporary, long term or lifelong?
What family and patient support groups are there in my area for people with this diagnosis?
Don't hesitate to ask other questions during your appointment anytime you don't understand something or need more information.
There's no specific test that can diagnose Tourette syndrome. Instead, doctors must rely on the history of symptoms to diagnose the disorder.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) determines the criteria for a diagnosis of Tourette syndrome. Published by the American Psychiatric Association, the DSM is used by mental health professionals to diagnose certain conditions and by insurance companies to reimburse for treatment.
Both motor tics and vocal tics must be present, although not necessarily at the same time.
Tics occur several times a day, nearly every day or intermittently, for more than a year. There must not be a break in tics for more than a three-month period.
The onset of tics occurs before age 18.
Tics aren't caused by medications, other substances or another medical condition.
Diagnosis of Tourette syndrome may be delayed because families and even doctors are sometimes unfamiliar with the symptoms, or the symptoms may mimic other problems. Eye blinking may be initially associated with vision problems, for instance, while sniffling may be attributed to allergies.
Because other serious health conditions can cause motor or vocal tics, your doctor may suggest having tests to rule out other causes. These tests include blood tests or neuroimaging studies, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
There's no cure for Tourette syndrome. Treatment is intended to help control tics that interfere with everyday activities and functioning. When tics aren't severe, treatment may be unnecessary.
No medication is helpful to everyone with Tourette syndrome, none completely eliminates symptoms, and they all have side effects to be weighed against the benefits.
Drugs that block or deplete the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain, such as fluphenazine, haloperidol (Haldol) or pimozide (Orap). Used to control tics, these medications may have side effects such as weight gain and a dulling of the mind.
Botulinum toxin type A (Botox) injections. For simple or vocal tics, an injection into the affected muscle may help relieve the tic.
Stimulant medications, such as methylphenidate (Concerta, Ritalin, others) and those containing dextroamphetamine (Adderall XR, Dexedrine, others). These are used to help increase attention and concentration for people with ADHD.
Central adrenergic inhibitors, such as clonidine (Catapres) or guanfacine (Tenex). Typically prescribed for high blood pressure, these drugs may help control behavioral symptoms, such as impulse control problems and rage attacks. Side effects may include sleepiness.
Antidepressants, such as fluoxetine (Prozac, Sarafem, others). These may help control symptoms of sadness, anxiety and OCD.
Psychotherapy. In addition to helping you cope with Tourette syndrome, psychotherapy or talk therapy can help with accompanying problems, such as ADHD, obsessions, depression or anxiety.
Behavior therapy. A form of behavior therapy called habit-reversal training may help to reduce tics. With this therapy, you monitor tics and identify premonitory urges — those uncomfortable sensations that occur before the tic. You learn to respond to those urges by voluntarily moving in a way that's incompatible with the tic, which suppresses the tic.
Deep brain stimulation. For severe tics that don't respond to other treatment, deep brain stimulation (DBS) may help. DBS consists of implanting a battery-operated medical device (neurostimulator) in the brain to deliver electrical stimulation to targeted areas that control movement. More research is needed to determine whether DBS benefits people with Tourette syndrome.
Your self-esteem may suffer as a result of Tourette syndrome. You may be embarrassed about your tics. You may hesitate to engage in social activities, such as dating or going out in public. As a result, you're at increased risk of depression and substance abuse.
Remember that tics usually get better as you get older. Tics usually reach their peak in the early teens to midteens.
Become informed. Learn as much as you can about Tourette syndrome. Talk to your doctor about any questions you have.
Nurture your child's self-esteem. Support your child's personal interests and friendships — both can help build self-esteem.
Be your child's advocate. Help educate teachers, school bus drivers and others with whom your child interacts regularly.
Find a support group. To help you cope, seek out a local Tourette syndrome support group. If there aren't any, consider starting one.


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Споживчий кооператив — це підприємство, що належить споживачам і демократично керується ними. Кооперативи створюються для задоволення потреб і сподівань своїх членів. Вони діють в рамках ринкової системи, незалежно від держави, як форма взаємної допомоги, орієнтованої на надання якісних послуг, а не отримання прибутку. Споживчі кооперативи часто приймають форму магазинів, які належать покупцям і управляються ними, наприклад продовольчі кооперативи. Однак, є багато видів споживчих кооперативів, що працюють в таких сферах як охорона здоров'я, страхування, житло, комунальні послуги тощо.

В деяких країнах споживчі кооперативи відомі як товариства роздрібної торгівлі (retail cooperatives), хоча їх не слід плутати з кооперативами роздрібних торгівців, членами яких є підприємства роздрібної торгівлі, а не споживачі.

Споживчі кооперативи, в свою чергу, можуть утворювати федерації кооперативів. Федерації можуть організовувати кооперативні гуртові товариства, через які споживчі кооперативи колективно закуповують товари за гуртовими цінами. Вони також можуть організовувати власне виробництво.

Див. також
 Сільське споживче товариство

Кооперативи

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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What is a "phoenix" company?
'Phoenix company' is a term used to describe a successor business to an insolvent company. One that has 'risen from the ashes' (See this Wikipedia entry)
In practice this is often a company which acquires some or all of the assets of a Limited Company which is in a formal insolvency procedure such as liquidation. Often the new company will have some or all of the previous company's directors and staff. Also, it may be using a trading name or style the same or a similar to the predecessor insolvent business's name.
It is entirely legal to form a new company from the remnants of a failed company. Also, a director of a failed company can become a director of a new company unless they are personally prohibited by disqualification (proceedings or undertakings), or bankruptcy.
However, the 1986 Insolvency Act (section 216) places restrictions on the use of the same or similar name or trading style of a failed business (insolvent liquidation only).
The Act makes it an offence for any person who has been a director or shadow director of the liquidated company during the 12 months prior to liquidation to be involved in the management or carrying on of a company (whether as a director or not) with the same or a similar name to that of the liquidated company.
This restriction is for 5 years from the date of liquidation.
A director who does not comply with the requirements of the Act commits a criminal offence and may be held liable for the debts of the new company whilst they were involved with the management of the company.
There are circumstances in which these requirements cease to apply (outlined in Rules 4.226, 4.227, 4.228, 4.229 and 4.230 of the Insolvency Rules 1986).
It is important to be aware of these rules even if your company is considering an alternative insolvency procedure, as should, for example, a company exit administration by way of creditors voluntary liquidation, s216 will apply on the company entering liquidation.
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William David Petersmith was born in Denver, Colorado on July 15, 1925 to William and Daisy Petersmith. When he was young the family moved to Kansas where William spent his youth helping on the farm, chasing rabbits, and enjoying his time with his 2 siblings. From Kansas they moved to Iowa, and finally William found himself back in Denver. He loved Colorado, because unlike the plains of Kansas and Iowa, in Colorado you could hike in wilderness areas, horseback ride in the mountains, backpack and camp. He met and married the love of his life, Malta "Petie" Petefish, and together they raised their three children, making sure they always spent time together as a family. In fact, William would plan and execute the family vacation that they took every year. He was an incredibly devoted husband, and father, and later, grandfather. William retired early from Gates Rubber Company in Denver, as a machinist. He took on a new title after his machinist days, Awesome Grandpa. He was there to help his children with school pick up and drop off and babysitting for his grandchildren. He was the babysitter to go to. In fact, as a gift, his family presented him with a wooden sign that said Happy Pappy Day Care Center. He kept the sign, and it hung above his chair. William loved to woodwork, and made many exceptional pieces, so a sign made of his favorite materials, with wording of something he enjoyed, made him very happy. William passed away on January 4th. He was 93 years old. He was preceded in death by his parents, his siblings, and his beloved wife Petie. He is survived by his 3 children, David, Coralee and Twana; 6 grandchildren and 9 great-grandchildren. William will be deeply and fondly missed. A service will be held later at Ft. Logan National Cemetery.


Deep into the second half of a tied match after a successful substitution, the red team is pressuring blue team in their PA. The red substituted player is being harassed by an obnoxious fan who tosses beer at him. Enraged the red substituted player jumps up and kicks the fence screen the fan was leaning up against causing an injury to the fan's face. This is witnessed by the 4th official who diligently tries to get the AR to then get the referees attention while trying to calm things down. Red team has just scored a goal the CR and near AR initially indicate goal and kick off but the trailing AR has flag up and relays these events occurred prior to red scoring a goal.
Your Match Your Decision Your Reputation!
If anything, this is misconduct, not a foul as it was committed by a substituted player and not a substitute. Since the ball is out of play when the referee is made aware of the misconduct, the appropriate restart would be a kick-off. Prior to the kick-off, I would immediately suspend play until the offending fan has been treated and removed from the vicinity. I would also direct the remaining members of the crew and any tournament officials to let me know if they sensed any escalation in tensions in the crowd. If the fan required prolonged treatment at or near the field or I sensed the probability of a mass confrontation, I would abandon the match. Caveat: If continuing the game during the fan's treatment didn't pose a risk to players or the fan and there was not a significant risk of mass confrontation, I would continue. I would also give consideration to moving the technical area away from the 'danger' area if possible. The final question which I would handle after the above issues had been resolved would be the potential misconduct by the SP. I would have a consultation with the 4th official and the AR and discuss the specifics of the action by the SP. If we as a team decided that the action was a momentary emotional outburst and that the SP's actions were directed at the fence and he did not have reason to believe the fan would be injured (e.g., a sign obscured his view and he couldn't see the fan) than there would be no misconduct. If we decide that the act was committed against the fan, the SP would be guilty of VC and sent off. Since the issue happened in the vicinity of the technical area and both coaches are presumably nearby, I would give consideration to briefly explaining the decision to the coaches or captains in order to prevent bickering and manage the game. I would also leverage team officials, tournament officials, etc. to notify the spectators that further incidents may result in the abandonment of the match. Since there is a 4th official, I would assume the game is at a level where no re-entry is allowed. In that case, if it was decided that the player's actions were not misconduct, I would suggest to the red team that the involved SP move to a safe location even if the TA was not moved. In any event, I would not begin the game if I felt that the safety of the red team or player was endangered.
The goal by RED stands because the violent conduct was committed outside the pitch by a non-player and had no effect on the play. Red substituted player must be shown a red card and removed from all areas adjacent and surrounding the field of play.
So for sure, we have a VC sendoff. Not a foul, since the victim was a spectator and a piece of fence and not an opposing player, so the restart is whatever it would have been anyway. A VC send-off occurs "when the ball is next out of play" (Law 12 2015), so since the offender is not on the field improperly, the goal is good and we have a kickoff.
This is an unfortunate situation that perhaps could have been prevented by better cooperation/coordination between the match officials and the venue security staff. We don't want to create an opportunity for the spectators to attack the players, in this case by throwing beer. Neither we want the players have an opportunity to physically engage the spectators. Having said that, we still have a situation to handle. The misconduct, a substituted player hitting a spectator is a clear example of VC (see law 12). In this situation, the fence is an extension of the player's hand. The referee should delay the kick-off. The substituted player should be shown the red card and sent off. The officials should also consider contacting the authorities (police) and medical staff to deal with the injured spectator. As a ref, I would also check with my 4th official whether the substituted player was encouraged by any of his teammates (on the pitch or on the bench) or team officials to attack the spectator. If so, I will identify and send off any player or team official involved. I will clearly and carefully document the situation in my match report in consultation and collaboration with my ARs and the 4th official. Now back to the goal scored by the red team. It is true that the misconduct happened before the ball was scored. However, the misconduct was outside the field of play, by a substituted player, not observed by the referee and the two ARs, and did not interfere with the attackers or defenders during the course of the attack. In other words, it had no impact on the goal. As a referee, I will let the goal stand and re-start with a kick-off for the blue team after I have dealt with the misconduct and relative calm is restored.
The short answer is the events off the field had no influence on the goal scored, so it stands and the re-start will be a kick off. But before the KO, the issues of the off field events, need to be addressed. Firstly the substituted player has engaged in misconduct, violent conduct. He is subject to the authority of the referee, and while I may understand his reaction to provocation, he is shown a red card. He has to now move away from the field. The subsequent report will reflect the actions of the crowds (well at least one of them) misbehavior. This may mitigate his sanction, but the LOTG does not regulate the crowd as such. The next issue is the 4th officials reaction. This off-field event should not cause the AR to be flagging while play is active. The 4th official can deal with this with the ground official, and if not then let me know at a stoppage, there are plenty of them through the game.
The red substituted player is guilty of Violent Conduct toward a spectator and should be shown the red card and sent off. The red team does not play short the rest of the match since the individual is not a player but a substituted player. Since the match was not stopped to issue the send off it is restarted according to the reason the ball was out of play (a goal) and the match is restarted with a kick-off by the blue team. The act was not a foul since it did not occur on the field, by a player, and against an opponent.


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Finance Officer Fidelity Bonds: When Are Multiple Bonds Required?
Kara Millonzi
This entry was posted on January 12th, 2012 and is filed under Finance & Tax, Financial Management & Oversight.
Prudence serves as a finance officer for a North Carolina county. As a condition of her initial (and continued) employment Prudence is required to obtain and maintain a "true accounting and faithful performance bond" with coverage of up to $50,000. (The county pays the annual premium on the bond.) Recently, the county agreed to handle the finances for the local tourism development authority (TDA). The TDA is a public authority that was created by resolution of the county's governing board, as authorized by a local act of the General Assembly. The TDA is funded mainly through occupancy tax proceeds levied by the county. It has its own governing board, whose members are appointed by the county commissioners. Pursuant to the agreement between the TDA and the county, Prudence maintains the TDA's accounts, deposits and invests its funds, and disburses TDA monies according to the directives provided by the TDA's governing board. Prudence also prepares the TDA's financial reports. Because of the nature of the relationship between the TDA and the county, the TDA is considered a component unit of the county and its financials are audited along with the county's financials.
Prudence is a cautious person by nature and a stickler for following all of the legal provisions that govern her job functions. She recently re-read the Local Government Budget and Fiscal Control Act (LGBFCA) and focused in on the "fidelity bond" requirement in G.S. 159-29. Upon a close reading of the statute, Prudence believes that she may need to obtain a second bond for the finance work she is performing for the TDA. Prudence raises this issue with the county attorney, John Q. Gambler, but he quickly dismisses her concerns. In his opinion, the $50,000 bond that Prudence already has is sufficient to cover all of her duties as the county finance officer, including managing the finances for the TDA.
Who has the correct interpretation of G.S. 159-29, Prudence or Mr. Gambler?
My bet is on Prudence. The provisions of the LGBFCA apply to each "unit of local government" and "public authority" in the state, as defined in G.S. 159-7(b)(15) and G.S. 159-7(b)(10). As reflected in the different definitions, a unit of local government is a separate and distinct legal entity from a public authority for purposes of the LGBFCA. Each of these entities is independently required to comply with the provisions of the Act. For example, G.S. 159-24 requires each unit of local government and each public authority to appoint a finance officer to perform certain duties (including those specified in G.S. 159-25). And, according to G.S. 159-29, the finance officer for each unit of local government and each public authority must "give a true accounting and faithful performance bond with sufficient sureties in an amount to be fixed by the governing board, not less than fifty thousand dollars ($50,000)."
In the hypothetical described above, that means that both the county and the TDA must appoint a finance officer, and the finance officer for each entity must secure a bond in an amount of at least $50,000. The TDA may contract with the county to have Prudence serve as the TDA's finance officer. Under such an agreement, however, Prudence is serving as the statutory finance officer for two different entities. And she must satisfy the bonding requirement for each of the entities. If Prudence serves as finance officer for both the county and the TDA and only secures one bond for $50,000 she (and the TDA) have not fulfilled the statutory obligation. This is true even if the bond purports to cover all of the duties Prudence performs as the county finance officer. Prudence likely has two options to satisfy the bonding requirements. Under the first option, she can secure two bonds—each for at least $50,000. The county would be responsible for paying the premiums on one bond and the TDA on the other. Alternatively, if allowed by the bonding agency (or surety), she could secure one bond, for at least $100,000, that clearly covers Prudence in her separate capacities as finance officer for the county and as finance officer for the TDA. Under this second option, the bond should clearly designate both the government entities as beneficiaries or obligees in the amount of at least $50,000 each.
There is case law support for this interpretation of G.S. 159-29. In Board of Education v. Bateman, 102 N.C. 52, 8 S.E. 882 (1889), the North Carolina Supreme Court held that a local school board could not proceed against the bond of a county treasurer even though the treasurer was statutorily obligated to also serve as treasurer for the school board. State law at the time required that the county treasurer give a bond "conditioned that he will faithfully execute the duties of his office . . . ." Another statutory provision required the county treasurer to also execute a treasurer's bond "conditioned for the faithful performance of his duties as treasurer of the county board of education . . . ." In performing these duties, the Chowan county treasurer allegedly misappropriated $170.64 (in 1889 dollars), and the school board sought recovery against the treasurer's bond. Although the facts indicate that the county treasurer secured two bonds, the court found that both covered his duties as county treasurer, not his duties as treasurer for the board of education. Thus, although the county treasurer allegedly misappropriated school funds while performing his official duties for the county, the school board was not allowed to proceed against the treasurer's bond.
The court distinguished the situation where a county officer is statutorily required to secure a bond for the faithful performance of his duties and, subsequently, the individual is assigned additional duties the performance of which do not statutorily require a separate bond. Under this scenario, the initial bond would be sufficient to cover the additional duties. But in this case there was an independent bonding requirement associated with the additional duties; thus the county officer was required to secure an additional bond (or ensure that a single bond satisfied both statutory requirements). According to the court,
[w]hen a law charging an officer with a new duty requires, in express terms, an additional bond for its faithful performance, or one embodying conditions different from those necessary in that already required, an official default in misapplying funds received by virtue of such statute is not held to be a breach of the bond conditioned for the faithful discharge of the duties of the office, even when it embraces the new duties only in general, and not in specific, terms.
The requirement for separate bonds is not limited to the circumstances described in the above hypothetical. When an individual serves as a finance officer for more than one unit of government or public authority, the individual should satisfy the bonding requirement in G.S. 159-29 for each separate entity. Furthermore, if an individual serves as a finance officer and as a tax collector, he or she must satisfy the bonding requirements in G.S. 159-29 and in G.S. 105-349. (Note that a finance officer may not serve also as a tax collector unless pursuant to written permission of the secretary of the Local Government Commission.)
Canceling and Rescheduling Meetings
Local Funding of Courts
One Response to Finance Officer Fidelity Bonds: When Are Multiple Bonds Required?
Kara Millonzi says:
Note that I updated my original post to clarify that if an individual serves as finance officer for two or more units of government and/or public authorities and he or she secures a single bond, that bond should specify both government entites as beneficiaries or obligees, each for at least the minimum amount of $50,000. Thanks to Jones Norris for prompting this clarification!!
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text:
Q: Javascript routing regex I need to build a router, that routes a REST request to a correct controller and action. Here some examples:
POST /users
GET /users/:uid
GET /users/search&q=lol
GET /users
GET /users/:uid/pictures
GET /users/:uid/pictures/:pid

It is important to have a single regular expression and as good as possible since routing is essential and done at every request.
we first have to replace : (untill end or untill next forward slash /) in the urls with a regex, that we can afterwards use to validate the url with the request url.
How can we replace these dynamic routings with regex? Like search for a string that starts with ":" and end with "/", end of string or "&".
This is what I tried:
var fixedUrl = new RegExp(url.replace(/\\\:[a-zA-Z0-9\_\-]+/g, '([a-zA-Z0-0\-\_]+)'));

For some reason it does not work. How could I implement a regex that replaces :id with a regex, or just ignores them when comparing to the real request url.
Thanks for help

A: I'd use :[^\s/]+ for matching parameters starting with colon (match :, then as many characters as possible except / and whitespace).
As replacement, I'm using ([\\w-]+) to match any alphanumeric character, - and _, in a capture group, given you're interested in using the matched parameters as well.
var route = "/users/:uid/pictures";
var routeMatcher = new RegExp(route.replace(/:[^\s/]+/g, '([\\w-]+)'));
var url = "/users/1024/pictures";

console.log(url.match(routeMatcher))

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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PRESS RELEASE – Giovanni Ottati confirmed as Chairman of Confindustria Assafrica & Mediterraneo for the 2018-19 two-year period.
Enel Green Power and Morsettitalia join the Chairmanship team.
Rome, 19 December – Giovanni Ottati was confirmed for his second term of office as Chairman of Confindustria Assafrica & Mediterraneo at the Association's Annual Meeting held today at Confindustria's head offices in Rome.
For the 2018-19 two-year period Giovanni Ottati's team will see some new faces: Antonio Monaco (Salini Impregilo) and Antonio Montanari (Gruppo Martini) will be flanked for the first time by Ruggero Aricò (Enel Green Power) and Filippo Codara (Morsettitalia).
"The new Chairmanship team, made up of large groups and SMEs, is glimpse into the Italian industrial system. In January, Assafrica will begin an Observation in Libya and will carry out the industrial development work with Tunisia," stated Chairman Ottati, concluding the works.
Giovanni Ottati, 54, Rome, is a seasoned expert in the Mediterranean and Sub-Saharan Africa markets and those in the Gulf, where he has lived and worked. He is the Chairman and founder of VueTel, an Italian telecommunication services group that operates in the international market for wholesale voice and data services. Formed in 2008 as a start-up formed, in 2016 Vuetel's revenue reached 130 million euros.
The 2018 calendar of activities was presented during the Meeting, which will see Tunisia, Senegal and Ethiopia featuring amongst the Association's priority countries, in line with the decision expressed by Italy at the African Union – European Union Summit in Abidjan on 30 November.
Machine learning: the strong alliance betweet VueTel and the University of ... Subsea cables and OTTs: where is business going?


Residence: New York, New York, U.S.
Stephen M. Ross (born May 10, 1940) is an American real estate developer, philanthropist and sports team owner. Ross is the chairman and majority owner of The Related Companies, a global real estate development firm he founded in 1972. Related is best known for developing the Time Warner Center, where Ross lives and works, as well as the Hudson Yards Redevelopment Project. According to Forbes magazine, Ross had a net worth of $4.4 billion. Ross is also the principal owner of the Miami Dolphins and Hard Rock Stadium.
Ross is a major benefactor of his alma mater, the University of Michigan; with lifetime contributions of $378 million to the university, he is the largest donor in university history.  According to the Chronicle of Philanthropy, Ross's higher education gifts rank behind only those of fellow American billionaire New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg, whose recent $350 million contribution to Johns Hopkins University increased his lifetime total to $1.1 billion. The University of Michigan renamed its business school, the Ross School of Business, in Ross's honor in 2004, after Ross made a $100 million gift to fund a new business-school building.  In September 2013, Ross donated $200 million to the University ($100 million to the Business School and $100 million to Michigan athletics), the largest single gift in the history of the university; the University of Michigan announced plans to rename the university's athletics campus in his honor. Ross also gave $5 million to the athletic department's academic center and $1 million to endow a professorship in real estate at the Ross School of Business.
Ross was raised in a Jewish family   in Detroit, where he went to Mumford High School, and later graduated from Miami Beach Senior High School. He attended the University of Florida and then transferred to the University of Michigan Business School, where he earned his B.S. degree in accounting in 1962. He later received a Juris Doctor from the Wayne State School of Law in 1965 and an LL.M. degree in Taxation from the New York University School of Law in 1966. These later degrees were financed by a loan from his uncle, the businessman Max Fisher, who Ross has called, "the most important role model and inspiration for me in life".
Ross began his career as a tax attorney at Coopers & Lybrand in Detroit. In 1968, he moved to New York City and accepted a position as an assistant vice president in the real estate subsidiary of Laird Inc. and then worked in the corporate finance department of Bear Stearns. In 1972, he left employment and living off $10,000 lent to him by his mother, he utilized his federal tax law knowledge to organize deals for wealthy investors allowing them to shelter income with the generous incentives granted by the federal government to promote the construction of federally subsidized affordable housing. He was very successful, earning $150,000 in his first year, and he was soon arranging more complicated transactions. Using his earnings along with his newfound experience, he started to develop real estate on his own and with an emphasis on high-quality architecture and engineering, he quickly earned a solid reputation in the American real estate arena. With a focus on the northeastern United States and Florida, he developed apartments, condominiums, retail, office parks and mixed-use developments. In 1972, he founded The Related Companies, a real estate development company.
Ross was co-chair of the University of Michigan's fund raising campaign, which was completed May 2007.
In 2004, Ross made the single largest contribution (at the time) to the University of Michigan by donating $100 million to the school. The University renamed its business school, Ross School of Business in his honor. On September 12, 2013, it was announced Ross had committed an additional $200 million gift to the University, to be distributed equally among the Ross School of Business and the University's athletic department. It replaced Charlie Munger's 2013 contribution of $115 million as the largest single gift in the University's history. . On September 20, 2017, Ross donated an additional 50 million to the University of Michigan, the majority of which would support career development programs for students, innovative action-based learning experiences, and resources for attracting and developing junior faculty.
Ross invested in a partnership named RERI that was donated to the University of Michigan in 2003. RERI obtained its own appraisal for the donation in the amount of $32,935,000. The university sold the Ross-donated remainder interest in December, 2005 for $1.94 million, below the $6.5 million appraised value. The IRS denied the entire $33 million tax deduction and imposed a multi million dollar penalty in July, 2017. Ross's long time accountant Alan Katz and business associate, Harold Levine were instrumental in the partnership. They are currently under criminal investigation for the tax plan.
Ross and his wife Kara Ross (née Gaffney), an entrepreneur and jewelry designer,   reside in New York with her two daughters from a previous marriage. Ross has two of his own children from his first marriage. The Rosses also own an 11,000 sq ft oceanfront mansion in Palm Beach named "The Reef".
Web site: Forbes profile: Stephen Ross. Forbes. 22 June 2018.
Kellie Woodhouse, Stephen M. Ross gives University of Michigan record $200M (September 4, 2013), AnnArbor.com.
David Jesse, U-M receives record-setting $200-million donation from Stephen Ross, Detroit Free Press (September 4, 2013).
News: Murray. Tom. Family Ties: Stephen M. Ross parlayed two family loans into a multibillion-dollar enterprise. 10 October 2015. dbusiness. June 4, 2015.
Web site: Ross' connections with Michigan. michiganross. 10 October 2015.
Web site: Stephen M. Ross J.D.. Bloomberg Newsweek. 8 November 2013.
Web site: STEPHEN M. ROSS Chairman and Founder Related Companies. 8 November 2013.
News: Stephen Ross: The Billionaire Who Is Rebuilding New York. Forbes. Morgan. Brennan. 2012-03-07.
News: Related closes distressed asset fund. Anjli Raval. Financial Times. January 23, 2012.
Web site: Ross Becomes Miami Dolphins Majority Owner. CBS. 2009-01-20. 2010-04-03.
News: Ross, Huizenga complete Fins sale. Associated Press. ESPN. 2009-01-21. 2010-04-03.
Web site: Fins Future in Miami Bleak. ESPN. 2013-05-06. 2013-05-06.
News: Dolphins Open to Stadium in Palm Beach. The Miami Herald. 2013-05-09. 2013-05-10.
News: Roger Goodell: 'We Want Dolphins to Stay in Miami. Miami New Times. 2013-05-10. 2013-05-10.
News: Ex-Jets Executive Joins Miami Owner's Venture. Matthew Futterman. The Wall Street Journal. February 29, 2012.
News: Young and influential: Miami Dolphins fans know little of Matt Higgins, key adviser to owner Stephen Ross. Andrew Abramson. The Palm Beach Post. January 4, 2014.
News: How RSE Ventures Is Revolutionizing Business As We Know It. Jason Belzer. Forbes. July 24, 2014.
News: Developer Stephen Ross's RSE Ventures Invests in Drone Racing. Emily Nonko. Wall Street Journal. August 12, 2015.
News: Momofuku Gets a New Investor, Vaucluse Adds a Bar Menu, and More Intel. Greg Morabito. Eater.com. December 13, 2016.
News: Nixon. Alex. Kangaroo Media sues YinzCam over patents. Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. March 29, 2012. January 11, 2014.
Web site: Stephen Ross tosses University of Michigan $200 million donation. Ann Arbor Journal. 13 September 2013.
News: Guest. Greta. Stephen Ross gives additional $50 million to U-M, bringing total lifetime giving to $378 million. 20 September 2017. University of Michigan News. 20 September 2017.
Web site: Board of Overseers. Cornell Tech. en. 2017-05-17.
Web site: Tech Incubator at Cornell's Roosevelt Island Campus Tops Out. 2016-03-02. Curbed NY. 2017-05-17.
News: Dolan. Matthew. http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2017/08/27/stephen-ross-tax-break-gift-michigan/563170001/. 27 August 2017. Detroit Free Press.
Web site: The 100 Most Powerful People in New York Real Estate. https://web.archive.org/web/20131213173452/http://www.naftaligroup.com/press/Ivanhoe-Observer.pdf. yes. December 13, 2013. Jared Kushner. February 12, 2013.
O'Halloran, Caroline (March 18, 2011). "Rock star ascending: Main Line-bred jewelry maker Kara Ross". Main Line Media News.
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Stephen M. Ross".


Linda Pirri is recognized as a contemporary master of the ancient art form called "Serti"..hand painting on pure silk. Similar to Batik, this fine art technique was used in ancient cultures to create the silk screens, paintings and ceremonial kimonos you see in museums today. She begins with a pure white piece of the finest silk and stretches it as a painter does a canvas…but instead of paint, only the finest dyes and inks are used. Meticulously brush painted onto the silk, they provide brilliant color and unusual reflective qualities. Next, Linda mixes her "potions" of natural elements such as mineral salts, oils and water and works them into the wet painting, creating exquisite flows of color and pattern.
Weather conditions such as sun, temperature and moisture spontaneously affect each painting, adding greater dimension to the work. Linda has a strong and wonderful sense of color and composition. Her images are spontaneous, lyrical interpretations inspired by visual impressions and her wildly colorful dreams. In her joyful and expressive art, you will recognize places of fond memories, or a new places to escape to.
Linda works from her vivid memory and not from photos. There is no airbrushing; the soft effects are created only by manipulating and controlling of the dyes. The lines you see are called "resist" and are applied with a special needle tipped bottle. The colored or gold resist fluid penetrates the fine silk, dries and creates a barrier. The areas are then carefully hand painted to create the work of art. The silk is then rolled and steamed at high temperature to "set" the special DuPont dyes from France and bring them up to full lustre and color. Finally, the silk is re-stretched for archival preservation using acid free materials and then made ready for framing.
Original art prices range from $2400 to $8500. If you are interested in acquiring an original or would like more information, please contact the artist!


I am an UX, Interaction designer from bangalore, India. Certified from Human Factors International as CUA (certified usability analyst). Good at Conceptualizing, Requirement Elicitation & Analysis, Research, IA, Usability Testing, Wire-framing & Prototyping.


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Barmak () is a village in Zirrah Rural District, Sadabad District, Dashtestan County, Bushehr Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 621, in 154 families.

References

Populated places in Dashtestan County


text:
Q: Where to test an object returned by a private method? I am new to practicing TDD and I am faced with a design problem in writing what seems a straightforward unit test.
The method under test does two things:

*

*Calls a private method that converts object A into object B

*Calls another private method passing object B as an argument

Something like this:
public void doStuff(A objectA) {
    B objectB = convertToB(objectA);
    processB(objectB);
}
Now, where do I test if the conversion was done correctly?
The popular opinion says that using TDD there is no need in using PowerMock or other libraries to test private methods. I quote Practical Unit Testing with JUnit and Mockito book:

The first thing you could, and probably should, do, is to avoid such a situation. How? By following the
  TDD approach. Think about how private methods come to life when you code test first. The answer
  is, that they are created during the refactoring phase, which means their content is fully covered by tests
  (assuming that you really follow the TDD rules, and write code only when there is a failing test). In such
  cases there is no problem of an "untested private method which should somehow be tested", because
  such methods simply do not exist.

My next idea was to use an ArgumentCaptor and verify if processB() was called with correct argument. But again, processB() is private, too, so it cannot be done.
Of course, a lot of tricks can be done to make my class testable - save objectB in a class field or make one of my private methods public. But that will worsen, not improve my design.
So, my questions in this case are: What is the correct way to test the conversion method? What design improvement can make this code testable?
EDIT: Adding a real-world example to give a better picture of the problem:
public class EmailSender {

    public EmailResult send(Email email) {
        MultivaluedMapImpl formData = prepareFormData(email);
        EmailResult emailResult = processEmailRequest(formData);
    }

    private MultivaluedMapImpl prepareFormData(Email email) {
        MultivaluedMapImpl formData = new MultivaluedMapImpl();
        formData.add(FROM_KEY, email.getSender());
        email.getRecipients().stream().forEach((recipient) -> {
            formData.add(TO_KEY, recipient);
        });
        formData.add(SUBJECT_KEY, email.getSubject());
        formData.add(TEXT_KEY, email.getText());

        return formData;
    }

    private EmailResult processEmailRequest(MultivaluedMapImpl formData ) {
        Client client = Client.create();
        client.addFilter(new HTTPBasicAuthFilter("api", "API_KEY"));
        WebResource webResource = client.resource(API_URL);
        ClientResponse clientResponse = webResource.type(MediaType.APPLICATION_FORM_URLENCODED).
           post(ClientResponse.class, formData);
        String resultString = clientResponse.getStatusInfo().getFamily().toString();
        EmailResult emailResult = resultString.equals("SUCCESSFUL") ? EmailResult.SUCCESS : EmailResult.FAILED;
        return emailResult;
    }
}

Here, prepareFormData() corresponds to the conversion method in the previous example. What I try to test is if the conversion is correct.

A: The idea behind TDD is to test features, not methods. So the question

What is the correct way to test the conversion method?

is not the one you should be asking, if you want to use TDD approach.

What design improvement can make this code testable?

This is a better question. To make a proper test for doStuff(A objectA), you need to go back to the specs: what is doStuff supposed to do? The fact, that its return type is void, makes things a little harder to visualize, but let's assume that it does one of the following:

*

*interacts with an external system (file, database, url, etc.)

*modifies internal system's state (variables)

In the first case, the verification can be done by mocking the external system and verifying mock interaction; in the second, we should be able to verify the result directly. Anyhow, you need to determine a specific result (let's call it C) and a way to test it for every kind of input A. Your tests should then have the following structure:

*

*doStuff(A1) should produce result C1

*doStuff(A2) should produce result C2

*etc.

The result C is always dictated by object B, which in turn is determined by object A. So if convertToB() is broken, then the result of the test should not correspond to the expected value and fail. Hence, your conversion method will be covered by tests.
EDIT:
I'll illustrate my point using the real-world example that you have provided.
1) First of all, Client is an external dependency and as such must be mocked for proper unit testing. To do this, you need to get rid of static dependency Client client = Client.create()` and replace it with a constructor or setter injection. Here is a detailed example of haw to do it.
2) Now we are able to mock the client:
Client mockClient = Mockito.mock(Client.class, Mockito.RETURN_DEEP_STUBS);
WebResource mockWebResource = Mockito.mock(WebResource.class);
Mockito.doReturn(mockWebResource).when(mockClient).resource(Mockito.anyString()); //assuming API_URL is a string
EmailSender sender = new EmailSender(mockClient);

3) Prepare a concrete test case :
// actual email details
Email email = new Email();
email.setSender("john@domain.com");
email.setRecipients("chris@domain.com", "bob@domain.com");
//etc.

4) Execute test code
sender.send(email);

5) Verify result
// capture parameter
ArgumentCaptor<MultivaluedMapImpl> argument = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(MultivaluedMapImpl.class.class);
Mockito.verify(mockWebResource, Mockito.times(1)).post(Mockito.any(Class.class), argument.capture());
Assert.assertEqual(email.getSender(), argument.getValue().get(FROM_KEY);
Assert.assertEqual(email.getRecipients(), argument.getValue().get(TO_KEY);
// etc.

Note that SUCCESS or FAILED result that you return is irrelevant, because it is not the responsibility of EmailSender class, but rather of Client class, therefore it should not be tested in EmailSenderTest.

A: Here is a complete (and working) set of tests for the (unmodified) EmailSender class:
import javax.ws.rs.core.*;
import com.sun.jersey.api.client.*;
import com.sun.jersey.api.client.WebResource.Builder;
import static email.EmailSender.*;
import mockit.*;
import static org.junit.Assert.*;
import org.junit.*;

public class EmailSenderTest {
    @Tested EmailSender emailSender;
    @Mocked Client emailClient;
    @Mocked ClientResponse response;
    Email email;

    @Before
    public void createTestEmail() {
        email = new Email();
        email.setSender("john@domain.com");
        email.setRecipients("chris@domain.com", "bob@domain.com");
        email.setSubject("Testing");
        email.setText("Just a test");
    }

    @Test
    public void successfullySendEmail() {
        new Expectations() {{
            response.getClientResponseStatus(); result = ClientResponse.Status.OK;
        }};

        EmailResult result = emailSender.send(email);

        new Verifications() {{
            // Verifies correct API URL and media type:
            Builder bldr = emailClient.resource(API_URL).type(
                MediaType.APPLICATION_FORM_URLENCODED);

            // Verifies correct form data:
            MultivaluedMap<String, String> formData;
            bldr.post(ClientResponse.class, formData = withCapture());
            assertEquals(email.getSender(), formData.getFirst(FROM_KEY));
            assertEquals(email.getRecipients(), formData.get(TO_KEY));
            assertEquals(email.getSubject(), formData.getFirst(SUBJECT_KEY));
            assertEquals(email.getText(), formData.getFirst(TEXT_KEY));
        }};

        assertSame(EmailResult.SUCCESS, result);
    }

    @Test
    public void failToSendEmail() {
        new Expectations() {{
            response.getClientResponseStatus();
            result = ClientResponse.Status.NOT_FOUND;
        }};

        EmailResult result = emailSender.send(email);

        // No need to repeat here the verification for URL, form data, etc.
        assertSame(EmailResult.FAILED, result);
    }
}

These two tests should be sufficient to fully cover the class under test. Also, they should be able to detect any bugs that may exist anywhere in the implementation of EmailSender.
Note each test covers one of two "business scenarios": a) the email is sent by the email client which receives a result of "success", or b) the email is sent but the email client gets a "failure" result of some kind. The first test also checks for important details in the act of sending the email. All these things are dictated by the requirements of the unit under test. Among said requirements is the correct interaction with the external Client dependency, which is being mocked.

A: If you have already written a method and now you're trying to test it, you're not practicing TDD.  With TDD, you write the test first.  Now you don't have the problem with methods that are hard to test, because whatever methods you write already have tests.


text:
True Blood season premiere recap: 'True Blood' season 7 premiere recap
The H-vamps take hostages as the battle for Bon Temps claims its first victim and the town turns on Sookie
By Mandi Bierly Updated June 23, 2014 at 02:00 AM EDT
True Blood S7 07
Credit: Anthony Michael Rivetti/HBO
True Blood, Anna Paquin, ... | In the season 3 finale, vampire Eric (Alexander Skarsgard) made Bill confess to Sookie — who can't read vampire minds — that he let her
Show MoreAbout True Blood
True Blood seems to be doing a bit of course correction in its final season, and if the premiere is any indication, the direction it's heading now is the right one. The action is focused back on Bon Temps, which, in a nod to Hurricane Katrina, is left to fend for itself as violent Hep-V infected vampires (H-vamps) attack. Alcide is the only werewolf in sight (hooray). And the only real reminders of the complicated Bilith and Warlow story lines are Jessica's protective and unlikely friendship with Andy's daughter Adilyn; Bill having to work with Andy to save those kidnapped by the H-vamps; and, of course, Eric still being MIA after the effects of Warlow's blood wore off while he was reading nude on a mountaintop in the season 6 finale. (That last one is worrisome, but presumably, the distance between Pam and Eric and the rest of the characters will give them serious screen time together, which they lacked last season. Away from the immediate threat and responsibilities in Bon Temps, might Eric and Pam have time to reminisce with flashbacks? Fingers crossed.)
The simpler plot—H-vamps versus humans and the uninfected vamps willing to protect them in exchange for their clean blood—frees the story up to be classically scary again. That's Jessica and a blood-drooling H-vamp having a standoff in the dark in front of Andy's house. That's Bill and Andy wandering through a pitch-black abandoned slaughterhouse with Andy's small flashlight as the only source of light. That's raising the stakes so deaths happen swiftly, brutally, and without time to be properly mourned. Let's dig in.
Picking up where the season 6 finale leaves off, the H-vamps have a feeding frenzy at the mixer Bill and Sam had organized to pair humans with healthy vamps. Much ass-kicking ensues, but the highlights are a vamp who looks like David Arquette in the Buffy the Vampire Slayer movie asking sweet-smelling Sookie, "What are you?" before wolf Alcide attacks him; Violet saving Jason, which makes it impossible to completely hate her; Sam getting naked within the first 1 minute and 45 seconds of the season to shift and run after pregnant Nicole, who is taken hostage by the H-vamps along with others including Arlene, Holly, and clueless cop Kevin; and a wailing Lettie Mae informing everyone after the battle ends that her daughter Tara is dead.
Record scratch. Tara is dead. Dead, dead, dead. Rutina Wesley confirms it. Read our chat with her. It had looked like Tara had the vampire threatening Lettie Mae under control the last time we saw her, but off-camera, he killed her. It's shocking, but when you think about it, necessary: The character was only tolerable at this point when she was around Pam, and Pam's out-of-town. She's central enough for her death to affect so many: Sookie, Lafayette, Jason, Jessica, Sam, and poor orphaned Willa. Not to mention Lettie Mae, who was only worried about herself in the end (cause to hate her again after her genuine reconciliation with Tara?).
In the wake of the attack, Bellefleur's (formerly Merlotte's) becomes a triage center for the wounded (like Lettie Mae, who reluctantly drinks Willa's blood to heal), the self-medicating (pass the bottle, Lafayette), and everyone who blames Sookie. Jason phones Andy to tell him about Holly and Arlene, and he leaves Adilyn at home with instructions not to let Jessica inside no matter what—and callously breaks the news to Jessica about Tara's death. (Remember that Jessica killed three of his daughters, so give him a pass.) When Andy arrives at Bellefleur's, Alcide and Sam admit they lost the scent of the missing. Bill tells Andy that H-vamps will be nesting in an abandoned building, so while Jason and Violet are sent to check out one, Bill insists he accompany Andy to the closed-down slaughterhouse. Meanwhile, Sookie overhears Alcide blaming her for the massacre and she quietly storms off.
Sam's night gets worse when Vince, the man he defeated in the mayoral race, confronts him about having just seen him shift back from his dog form. Vince agrees to stay quiet for now, for the sake of the fragile townsfolk. Sam and Bill ask the humans to go home and feed their healthy vamp escorts in exchange for protection. New James™ (recast from last season) gets paired with drunk Lafayette, while No One We Know™ accompanies Sam. Alcide tries to phone Sookie, but she throws her cell into the woods; she never should have gotten reception in anyway. Sookie stumbles over a dead girl's body and just keeps going—she's seen too much death to care about someone she doesn't know.
An abrupt cut to Marrakesh, Morocco follows. Pam, who's apparently changed her name to Go F— Yourself, plays Russian Roulette with a man who's survived 27, make that 28 times. He believes his God loves him, Pam believes her God hates her. The point of this: You think someone playing that game doesn't value life and has nothing to lose, but Pam's doing it because she cares about not losing Eric. Once her opponent meets the truth death, she asks another man where her maker is. She receives the name and address of the person she has to see.
NEXT: Just two girls, talking about boys
Back in Bon Temps, Adilyn opens a window so she can talk to Jessica. It's scenes like this one that make that old fairy story line worthwhile. Both women admit they have nightmares about the night Jessica killed Adilyn's sisters, and Adilyn says she can't hate Jessica even though she should. Perhaps that's because Adilyn really needs a girl roughly her age to talk with about the opposite sex. Their chat about James and Wade, Holly's son Adilyn is crushing on, is interrupted by an H-vamp in the distance asking what Adilyn is. Yes, maybe keep the window up so the fairy scent doesn't travel, ladies.
Alcide arrives home to find Sookie drinking in her bathrobe at the kitchen table. At first, that conversation seems tailored for people who have never watched the show before, which is annoying—those who've seen all six seasons know how her telepathy works, thanks. But really, they must have Sookie address the fact that while she read his thoughts the one moment he blamed her, she's also heard him thinking how much he loves her. Sookie asks to be alone, and Alcide has to practically duck as he exits the kitchen and walks upstairs. That man is huge.
Jason wants to stop and grieve for Tara, but there's no time. He and Violet arrive at the building they're supposed to check out and are greeted by Vince and a handful of vigilantes who don't want to put their faith in Jason and Andy since the Feds are only worried about the big cities. Violet steps in, tosses around some threats, and convinces them to leave, which angers an emasculated Jason.
Lafayette invites James in to feed but insists on getting "altered" first. While they pass a bong—James can definitely take a hit—Lafayette confesses that what he feels for Tara is only relief. He grieved the first time she was killed, so there's nothing left. James tells his back story: All his friends were killed in Vietnam. James was a draft-dodging pacifist. He was visiting his parents for Christmas when his best friend Danny's parents were notified that their son was dead. When James went to pay his respects, Danny's father grabbed Danny's baseball bat and beat him with it in the middle of the street calling him a "hippie faggot." James would've died-died if a vampire hadn't turned him that night. Lafayette thanks James for the story by offering him his wrist, which James gently bites. It's about time Lafayette gets another love interest—will it be James? That would allow Jessica to end up with Jason…
Speaking of Jason, he pulls off the road on his way home because he can't take it any longer. Violet won't let him do his job, but more importantly, she's still not letting Mr. Blue Balls f— her. After exchanging dialogue that includes 10 uses of "f—" in its many variations, Jason gets the first sex scene in the final season of True Blood because he's finally demanding enough for Violet. Despite how sexy Violet looks in that conveniently short skirt, and how hot Jason always looks when his shirt's turn off, this scene wasn't as steamy as you'd think. There are no feelings there, just incredible bodies rubbing against each other on the hood of Jason's cop car.
Adilyn can't stand to hear the H-vamp taunt Jessica and not know what is happening, so she opens the window again. Stephen Moyer, who directed the episode, shot it beautifully with the veiled-in-darkness H-vamp suggesting they could share Adilyn and have sex with her. Jessica tells Adilyn she has to drink from her so she'll always be able to feel her and protect her. Reluctantly, Adilyn does.
NEXT: Let's kill off Lettie Mae, okay?
High on Willa's blood, Lettie Mae claims that she can see Tara, who isn't in heaven and needs her mother's help. Is it wrong to wish Lettie Mae was gone already? The Rev. tells Willa not to give her any more blood because she has an addictive, slightly crazy personality (paraphrasing). Willa says she has nowhere to go since she doesn't want to return to the home she was sharing with Tara and Eric and Pam aren't around. The Rev. leads her to the church basement. It's not his blood, but it's something.
Pam finds a man named Najat at a bar, drops him some serious cash, and gets offered his daughter to feed on—children are the only clean blood in North Africa. Pam declines and asks just for the information—a map that will lead her to some place she can't believe Eric would ever go. Why would she be that surprised that Eric would be somewhere around the Rhône?
Sookie finally came to bed, climbing in naked next to Alcide, who wrapped his arm around her and apologized. They each say, "I love you" and then have their first (true) long-awaited sex scene. You could view it as slightly disappointing that it was so short, or as tonally appropriate: There's been so much death, they're grateful that they have each other but emotionally drained.
Bill and Andy finally make it to the slaughterhouse. Again, this scene is shot well for suspense by Moyer. Andy's flashlight illuminates the way as they move through the building, seeing the signs of nesting and finding humans hanging upside down like slabs of meat. Andy vomits, then goes to leave. But now Vince and his little mob are there. They're ready to hurt both Andy and Bill until Bill tells them that Andy wasn't at the mixer that evening out of protest. Andy is free to leave, but convincingly tells Vince that he wants to be the one to kill Bill because of their history. Vince relinquishes his gun to Andy, who then turns it on Vince and his followers. A young man named Lou holds his aim, and Andy tells him his life will never be the same after he takes a human life. The kid lowers his weapon, and while this won't be the end of the vigilantes, this is Andy at his best. Maybe this town does stand a chance.
NEXT: Let's see Fangtasia again
Arlene, Holly, Nicole, Kevin, and the others are being kept in the basement of Fangtasia. That makes you miss, Eric, doesn't it? Everyone's freaking out but Holly. When an H-vamp comes down to pick the next victim, he seems to sniff at Arlene and decide against it. (Does that mean something?) He takes Kevin, but doesn't even make it up the stairs—he devours him in front of the ladies. [So much screaming.]
Andy drives Bill home and makes it clear that he only saved Bill because he needs his help to get Holly and Arlene back. He'll never forgive Bill for what he did to his family. Cue the flashback to Bill saying goodbye to his wife and two kids during the war.
Jessica and the H-vamp are still having a standoff outside Andy's home. It's almost dawn, which means both of them are beginning to let off smoke. Adilyn invites Jessica inside for the safety of the airtight attic and still, Jessica won't go. She doesn't trust herself—she hasn't fed in a while. But Adilyn comes outside on the porch, and Jessica has to zoom back and get her inside before the H-vamp nabs her. Jessica cradles Adilyn and resists feeding. As Jessica heads upstairs, the H-vamp burns outside in the sun while Adilyn listens. This is probably an inappropriate time to ask if we'll be getting an Adilyn-Jessica blood-fueled sex dream?
The next morning, the Rev.'s church is full when Sookie and Alcide arrive late. Sookie puts her hand on Lettie Mae's shoulder, and Lettie Mae tells her not to touch her. She says aloud what everyone's been thinking: Sookie's to blame. She's the reason Tara (and everyone else) is dead. She's not welcome in this house of worship. When Sookie hears the others thoughts loud and clear, she goes to run out but stops. She tells them she can hear all of them, and somehow, she still loves most of them. Bottom line, they're not wrong that she played a part in what's happening to their town. The difference is, she thinks because she knows vampires best, they should let her help save it. She begs them to, in fact.
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True Blood series finale recap: 'Thank You'
By Mandi Bierly
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True Blood recap: 'Death is not the end'
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True Blood season finale recap: 'True Blood' season 6 finale recap
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Sookie, Bill, Eric, Lafayette, Sam and the other residents Bon Temps deal with vampires, werewolves, fairies, and shape-shifters—not to mention romance and drama
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Black Music Month: The Godfather Of Go-Go
It has been a year since the man who filled Washington DC with his legendary Go-Go music passed away. As one of the thousands of "Chuckaholics" Chuck Brown will live forever. "He's like our Elvis." So let's all say, "Wind Me Up, Chuck" and my you Rest in Peace.
The Nation's Capital still mourns the passing of Washington DC's favorite son Chuck Brown known as the "Godfather of Go-Go". Chuck made a name for himself in the 70s with the smash hit "Bustin' Loose" and effectively birthing a new genre in Go-Go music. Largely a native to the Washington Metro area, Go-Go music is a byproduct of funk and soul backed by African rhythms, call-and-response chants and dances tailored made for the music. Brown was infamous for his "Wind Me Up, Chuck" routine and his hefty baritone voice was both melodic and confident.
Chuck Brown was a favorite of Washingtonians, enjoying popularity in the city and abroad that continued on for decades. The Godfather is considered by many to be Washington musical royalty, and his loss leaves behind a legacy of hits and thousands of mourning fans who grew up with his music.
The 75-year-old musician's is said to have learned music in his early years in prison where the performer, singer, guitarist and songwriter developed his commanding brand of funk in the mid-1970s to compete with the dominance of disco. Like a DJ blending records, Mr. Brown used nonstop percussion to stitch songs together and keep the crowd on the dance floor, resulting in marathon performances that went deep into the night. Mr. Brown said the style got its name because "the music just goes and goes."
In addition to being go-go's principal architect, Mr. Brown remained the genre's most charismatic figure. On stage, his spirited call-and-response routines became a hallmark of the music, reinforcing a sense of community that allowed the scene to thrive. As go-go became a point of pride for black Washingtonians, Mr. Brown became one of the city's most recognizable figures.
"No single type of music has been more identified with Washington than go-go, and no one has loomed larger within it as Chuck Brown," former Washington Post pop music critic Richard Harrington wrote in 2001.
Mr. Brown's creation, however, failed to have the same impact outside of the Beltway. The birth of go-go doubled as the high-water mark of Mr. Brown's national career. With his group the Soul Searchers, his signature hit "Bustin' Loose" not only minted the go-go sound, it spent four weeks atop the R&B singles chart in 1978.
"Bustin' Loose" was "the one record I had so much confidence in," Mr. Brown told The Post in 2001. "I messed with it for two years, wrote a hundred lines of lyrics and only ended up using two lines. . . . It was the only time in my career that I felt like it's going to be a hit."
It was Mr. Brown's biggest single, but throughout the 1980s "We Need Some Money," "Go-Go Swing" and "Run Joe" became local anthems, reinforced by radio support and the grueling performance schedule that put Mr. Brown on area stages six nights a week. While rap music exploded across the country, go-go dominated young black Washington, with groups including Trouble Funk, Rare Essence and Experience Unlimited (also known as E.U.) follows in Mr. Brown's footsteps.
Family, friends, and fans of the man known as the "Godfather of Go-Go"; we still love you and thank you for your musical contribution. Brown's legendary Go-Go music played venue all over the world – can't you still hear the crowds shouting "Wind me up Chuck"? May your soul Rest in Peace. And that's my Thought Provoking Perspective…
Unsung Episode
2 Comments	| tags: African American, african rhythms, America, Chuck Brown, Chuck D of Public Enemy, history, MSNBC, music, musical royalty, NBC, PBS, travel, vacation, Washington DC, washington metro area	| posted in African American, blues, history, Music, Politics, racism
The Horror of Slavery
It was in the year of our Lord 1691 on a day that will live in infamy. America lost its soul that day when they dragged this human cargo onto its shores. Now I could make a great argument that the slavers never had a soul. Nonetheless, once on the shores they handed the Africans a Bible to mark the beginning the most horrific journey that would last for centuries. It is with remembrance of these heart-wrenching events to follow an unimaginable struggle that African Americans must teach our children to never forget.
This is how it began when the first African "settlers" reached North America as cargo on-board a Dutch man-of-war ship that rode the tide into the shores of Jamestown, Virginia, carrying Captain Jope and a cargo of twenty Africans. It seems strange to me, but history cannot tell us why this mysterious ship anchored off Jamestown. It is believed the captain needed food and in exchange for food he offered his cargo of Africans as payment.
When the deal was consummated, Antoney, Isabella, and eighteen other Africans disembarked. Although they were not the first Africans to arrive in North America, they were the first African "settlers." Regarded as indentured servants rather than slaves at first, Fifteen were purchased to serve their redemption time working for Sir George Yardley, the Governor of Virginia and proprietor of the thousand-acre Flowerdew Hundred Plantation. In ten years, by the 1630's, the colony, through the use of the Africans, had established a successful economy based on tobacco.
Slavery was born and the slave trade became big business. These human souls were acquired in Africa for an average price of about twenty-five dollars each, paid primarily in merchandise. They were sold in the Americas for about one hundred fifty dollars each. As the price of slaves increased, so did the inhumane overcrowding of the ships.
This was the beginning of the worst crime ever inflicted upon a people and the most morally reprehensible agenda the world has ever known. Adding to this injustice and more horrifying was that the perpetrators believed their actions were sanctioned by God with a religious manifestation that justified slavery. The next two-hundred years were a designed systematic effort to destroy millions of lives through indoctrination, brutality, savagery, and terror.
I am always struck by the use of the word civilization in this matter because the root word is "civil" and there was nothing civil about the institution of slavery. To be clear, a slave is chattel, a human being considered property and servant for life. The business of slave trading had one purpose – profit. The process would begin with an African being paid to venture into the interior of the continent, capture other Africans, put them on a death march to the coast and sell these captives to Europeans. Now, if stealing and capturing the victims was not misery enough, what was to follow surely was in every sense of the word.
This horrible journey, known as the "Middle Passage", ended with a lifetime of bondage awaiting the captives at the end of the voyage. A typical slave ship traveling from Gambia, the Gold Coast, Guinea, or Senegal, would take four to eight weeks to reach New England, Chesapeake Bay, the Gulf of Mexico, or the West Indies. Women, men, and children were crammed so tightly in the cargo ships that out of a load of seven hundred, three or four would be found dead each morning. Africans from Senegal were the most prized commodity because many were skilled artisans. Ibos from Calabar were considered the most undesirable because of their high suicide rate.
Most ships had three decks with the lower two used for transporting slaves. The lowest deck extended the full length of the ship and was no more than five feet high. The captives were packed into tomb-like compartments side by side to utilize all available space. In the next deck, wooden planks like shelves extended from the sides of the ship where the slaves were chained in pairs at the wrists and ankles – crammed side by side. Men occupied middle shelves and were most often chained in pairs and bound to the ship's gunwales or to ring-bolts set into the deck. Women and children were sometimes allowed to move about certain areas of the ship.
A typical slave ship coming directly to the American mainland from Africa weighed about one to two hundred tons, although some were slightly larger. Slave ships were eventually built especially for human cargo. These slave ships could carry as many as four hundred slaves and a crew of forty-seven, as well as thirteen thousand pounds of food. They were long, narrow, fast, and designed to direct air below decks. Shackling irons, nets, and ropes were standard equipment.
The competition at slave markets on the African coast grew so exceptionally that historians estimate that as many as 60 million human souls were captured and taken from the continent of Africa to be sold into bondage. It is estimated that as many as one-third of that number did not survive the "Middle Passage" to reach the shores of a place like Jamestown.
Did you know the first registered slave ship was named "The Good Ship Jesus," and in the name of God the greatest crime the world has known began in this place called Jamestown? The devastating effects of bondage would have an effect on a race of people for centuries.
I will continue to pray that we will be able, one day, to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, "Free at last, free at last. Thank God Almighty, we are free at last." And that's my Thought Provoking Perspective.
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The Shooting Of Another Black Man: Presumed Justified
A St. Louis PD officer is the latest to shot an unarmed black teenager with what appears to be with no remorse. He is on administrative leave with pay and as it has been reported [CNN] that no city official, mayor or otherwise has visited the mother of this child. One officer was caught on video calling the angry protesters last night – "F-ing ANAMIALS"! As far back as I can remember these same types of atrocities have been inflicted upon black people and their community.
At some point, you would think the government would see there is a problem with the men in blue. The relationship between the police and the black community has always been hostile, no trust, and viewed as an occupying force. This just speaks to justice that in unfairly imposed by this hostile force. And this morning another mother, family, and community grieve.
During segregation, there was the "Ministers of Defense" created to protect black people from the Klan and racists. The unchallenged brutality from the Oakland police was the reason why the Black Panthers were formed to protect the community from the police. The result of these unchecked murders, beatings, and shootings result in riots. I hope you can remember the call of the sixties "Burn Baby Burn"!
Let me say, I am personally opposed to violence and rioting. I would prefer organizing but that is like "praying"; it feels good, but nothing results from it and black people have been praying since we were dragged on to the shores of this place the slaves called "merica." Need I remind you that "those prayers have yet to be answered." For four hundred years, people of African descent have been brutalized in unimaginable ways at the hands of those put in place to suppress the race. Make no mistake that is the job of the police, not much different than the slave catcher.
We have seen over and over the lack of value held by agencies from the FBI to the "community watch" folks. Just imagine what it was like before there was video. The brutality was standard operating procedure. Then came Rodney King and the world got a chance to see that it was, in fact real, and the complaints from the black community were too. What did they say to us; "you did not see what you thought you saw." In every instance, the police use the same excuse; I was afraid for my life and the murder is found to be justified!
Some say; we should march. Marching is a strategy – not a solution! I say we have been marching since Dr. King lead us, and the problem has gotten worse. It seems that each week there is another murder of an unarmed person at the hands of the law. The life of a black person has so little value that the police simply "shot first" and their gang leaders will find away to find it "justified". This is a crisis!
What troubles me is that as soon as something like this happens. The police grab some chicken pickin so-called lead to tamper down the unrest. This is a huge problem when they run to a house Negro to say "be peaceful and that the police are your friend". No one in the black community believes that for one minute. They are there as an occupying force, unstable and dangerous. As evidence of the weekly deaths under cover of law that must be addressed; as we said in the late sixties – unrest will ensue!
It is not the role of the police to prosecute nor execute! And that's my thought provoking perspective…
Leave a comment	| tags: ABC, Africa, African American, african american experience, amazon, America, American, author, barack obama, beauty, black, black america, black attitudes, black authors, black history, black history month, Black in America, black pride | posted in African American, books, CBS, civil rights struggle, CNN, continuous struggle, crime, disenfranchised, God, GOP, Gospel, government, historical perspective, history, human-rights, Jesus, jim crow era, justice, Legacy, life, literature, Malcolm, Martin, Martin Luther King, Michael Brown, MSNBC, music, NBC, novels, Obama, PASTORS, PBS, peace, plutocrat, Politics, poor, President, quotes, race, racial attitudes, racism, religion, Republican, rights, segregation, slave, slavery, soul, St. Louis, theology, travel, truth, video | posted in African American	| posted in African American, GOP, history, Obama, Politics, Republican
You Should Know Dr. Ben-Jochannan
Professor Yosef Ben-Jochannan, affectionately known as "Dr. Ben" is the foremost African scholar and an Egyptologist. He is a man who proved the world wrong with fact based history of Africa which made a profound impact upon world thinking. He taught at Cornell University for over 15 years; Dr. Ben has lectured widely on both sides of the Atlantic on the theme – the ancient civilizations of Egypt. His presentations placed him in great demand by students and community groups, especially those of African descent through an unwavering theme that the ancient civilizations along the Nile were African and the foundation of the world.
Dr. Ben was formally educated in Puerto Rico. He continued his education in the Virgin Islands andBrazil. Dr. Ben earned a B.S. degree in Civil Engineering at the University of Puerto Rico, and a Master's degree in Architectural Engineering from the University of Havana, Cuba. He received doctoral degrees in Cultural Anthropology and Moorish History from the University of Havana and the University of Barcelona Spain.
Dr. Ben was an adjunct professor at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York for over a decade (1976–1987). He has written and published over forty-nine books and papers, revealing much of the information unearthed while he was in Egypt. Two of his better known works include Black Man of the Nile and His Family and Africa: Mother of Major Western Religions. In his writings, he argues that the original Jews were from Ethiopia and were Black Africans, while the white Jews later adopted the Jewish faith and its customs.
In 1939, shortly after receiving his undergraduate degree, Dr. Ben's father sent him to Egypt to study firsthand the ancient history of African People. Since 1941, Dr. Ben has been to Egypt at least twice a year. He began leading educational tours to Egypt in 1946. When asked why he began the tours, he replied "because no one knew or cared about Egypt and most believed Egypt was not in Africa." According to Dr. Ben, Egypt is the place to go to learn the fundamentals of living. Over five decades have passed and Dr. Ben, a preeminent scholar and Egyptologist, remains focused on Nile Valley Civilization.
Dr. Ben immigrated to the United States in the early 1940s and worked as a draftsman to continue his studies. He claims that, in 1945, he was appointed chairman of the African Studies Committee at the headquarters of the newly founded UNESCO, a position from which he stepped down in 1970. In 1950, Ben-Jochannan began teaching Egyptology at Malcolm King College, then at City College in New York City.
Dr. Ben taught that Aristotle visited the Library of Alexandria. In 2002, Ben-Jochannan donated his personal library of more than 35,000 volumes, manuscripts and ancient scrolls to The Nation of Islam. Ben-Jochannan has been criticized for allegedly distorting history and promoting Black supremacy. I say since it is a fact that Africa is the birthplace of mankind the facts he revealed are truth. Read the work of Dr. Ben and get to know this great man!
The concept that Africa had no history and that its people were savages was soundly debunked in part because of Dr. Ben's work. Further, his work proved that the Africa continent were superior historically to those from Europe before they wore a shoe or had a window. And that's my Thought Provoking Perspective…
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I won't say they're all 19's, but the new colors, wheels, and tech stuff are the differentiators.
I'd love to have a Raptor. Certainly they wouldn't miss just one....?
When you get yours, this the selection of trucks you can choose from for the weekend at Raptor school in Utah.