A warm and creamy flavor of vanilla bean, sprinkled with just the right amount of caramel. Perfect for keeping the Christmas season but in a decaf coffee.
The decaffeination process uses SWISS WATER. The Swiss Water process is a taste-driven, 100% chemical free decaffeination process that delivers a Sleigh Bells Vanilla Flavored Decaf Coffee that is 99.9% caffeine-free while protecting the unique origin characteristics and flavor. Most other processes use chemical solvents, like Methylene Chloride or Ethyl Acetate to decaffeinate coffee beans. This process maintains a clean original taste for our Sleigh Bells Vanilla Flavored Decaf Coffee.


This listing is courtesy of Barbara Canfield from Weichert Realtors, Centennial.
THIS HOME IS REDONE WITH NEW PAINT, CARPET, TILE BACK SPLASH, GRANITE COUNTER TOPS, AND MUCH MORE. IN ADDITION, THERE IS A 24 X 28 SHOP WITH ITS OWN ELECTRIC BOX AND OVERHEAD DOOR. PERFECT FOR A WOODWORKING SHOP, CAR BUFF OR ARTIST. THIS HOME HAS 3 BEDROOMS PLUS A FOURTH ROOM THAT WOULD MAKE A PERFECT STUDY OR DEN. IT HAS A VAULTED CEILING WITH SKYLIGHTS. WINDOWS HAVE BEEN REPLACED. LOT IS OVER A 1/3 OF AN ACRE.


I'm not one for networking. In fact, I'm a little bit shy. You probably wouldn't think that if you met me, but it's true. On my way to an event when I know that I have to meet a lot of new people, I am getting myself psyched up for it. Afterwards; I relax. Or sometimes collapse.
So this advice is not given lightly.
Go network. Do it now. Especially if you're an entrepreneur.
I have to admit, I was a networking doubter. Reconnecting with people who I haven't seen in years, reaching out to people who are nearly strangers…these things are daunting. But since I started Pure Incubation, every single time that I've talked to someone or met with someone in an effort to extend my personal network, it's helped my business.
Today I met with a finance guy who I worked with about four years ago. He helped package up the financials for Connexus Media back in 2004 when it was sold to Ziff Davis. I got in touch with him because it seemed like it would be a good idea to get him involved now so that he will have an understanding of my businesses for when I might be ready to sell or raise some capital for one of them.
This meeting was fantastic. Not only was he enthusiastic about what I was doing (which was very encouraging) but he offered to help out with advice and direction until I need to bring him on board. Along with that, he has his own ecommerce business that is totally interesting and he inspired me with some stories about how he is making money selling marshmellow roasting sticks (his biggest money-maker) and furniture made from old skis.
Networking might be difficult for you, it might not come naturally, but extend your personal network today. Send an email or give a call to someone who you either know or admire, and see where it leads.


« keeping cool with noise while getting the ladies with funky grooves.
what if there was no american revolution? do you think our comedy would be better? i think it would. a lot of people often criticize the brits for their lack of humo[u]r, perhaps because they are too dry; but i think the people that subscribe to this belief are the same people that glorify shows like according to jim, everybody loves raymond, or even the facts of life. saturday night live was only marginally funny for about six full seasons collectively — that's if you add up every funny episode that spanned its 30+ years on the air. a lot of mainstream american comedy relies solely on zaniness to get a laugh. take a look at the family guy. a ton of intellectual substance is lost on zaniness for the sake of a cheap laugh. one thing i've considered is maybe british comedy is only funny because of their accents. would ricky gervais seem as zany when talking about feeding starving africans if he had an american accent? is russell brand's diction the only redeeming quality of his schtick? was geoffrey really meant to be the fresh prince's comic relief? judge for yourself after the jump….
this first clip is from not the nine o'clock news, broadcast on bbc2 from 1979-1982. prof. timothy fielding, played by mel smith (the albino in the princess bride) and gerald the gorilla, played by rowan atkinson (black adder, mr. bean), discuss the complexities of teaching a non-human primate how to speak. atkinson's gerald may have led to other modern comedic gorillas such as bollo from the mighty boosh and the cadbury's famous phil collins gorilla, but that's merely speculation.
thank you suzanna for showing me this clip.
suzanna thanks naresh for sending it her way.
This entry was posted on August 7, 2009 at 5:08 pm and is filed under comedy.	You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.


Tabouli is one of those dishes that goes with everything. If made properly, it adds such a nice touch to every meal. It should be fresh and light, but full of taste. This recipe is extremely easy to make, although slightly time consuming. Trust me, it's worth it. Whenever I make this recipe for tabouli, it barely even lasts 1 day before it's gobbled up.
Cook 2 cups of dry quinoa (directions below) and let cool. Only use 2 cups of COOKED quinoa.
Cut out middle, seeded part of cucumber.
Squeeze tomato seeds out of tomato.
Dice tomato, cucumber, green onion and green pepper into very fine pieces.
In a food processor, pulse parsley until chopped. Be careful not to over pulse.
Squeeze the juice of 2 lemons into the bowl and salt to taste.
Let sit for about 1 hour for best results.
To cook quinoa: place 2 cups of uncooked quinoa into a pot of 4 cups of water. Bring quinoa and water to a boil and then reduce heat to low. Cover and simmer until the liquid has been absorbed, approx. 15 minutes.


text:
Composers and Musicians
Trivandrum Krishnakumar
Born to Prof. Y. Kalyanasundaram and vocal musician Smt. Sarada Kalyanasundaram on 12th Dec 1973 at Thiruvananthapuram. He is also known by the name Trivandrum Krishnakumar He is married to Binni (M.A., M.Phil -Music) who is also a professional Carnatic musician.
She is popularly known as Binni Krishnakumar in the Carnatic Music arena. Krishna Kumar started learning Carnartic music (vocal) from his mother at the age of eight. He was awarded the cultural talent scholarship for music from the government of India in1986 and thereafter he was under the training of Prof. Neyyanttinkara M. K. Mohanachandran, Former Head of the Department of Music, Government Women's College, Trivandrum. Now he is receiving advance training from the doyen of Carnatic Music - Dr.M. Balamuralikrishna. Krishnakumar is an 'A' Grade artist of the All India Radio and also gives performances on Doordarshan and other private channels in classical music, light classical music and light music. He has been featured in the South zone hook up, National programs and many 'invited audience' special programs of All India Radio & Doordarsan. Krishnakumar has to his credit, more than 500 live concerts.Krishnakumar has directed music for the Light and Sound show -"Samavaakyam" -Directed by Soorya Krishnamoorthy, and has composed music for many music albums that include -Ramayanam - Ezhuthachan's Ramayanam Kilippaattu Sung by Smt.K.S Chithra (BMG Crescendo- Audiotracs), AdhyathmaRamayanam - Ezhuthachan's Adhyathma Ramayanam Kilippaat etc. Among awards won, Cash award from Dr.M.Balamuralikrishna in the competition on Balamurali compositions- 1986, the National Talent Search scholarship for Carnatic music from the Government of India-1986, Cash award in the competition on the compositions of Papanasam Sivan during organised by Sri Swathi Thirunal Sangeetha Sabha,Thiruvananthapuram-1988, First prize in the All India Radio Competition in light classical music-1991, First prize in the Sugam Sangeet and Hindustani Classical music competition conducted by the Kerala Hindi Prachar Sabha-1992&93, First prize in the Kerala University Youth festivals for Classical music (1990&1994) and Light music (1991), 'The Best Vocalist Award' from the Indian Fine Arts Society, Chennai, December festival-1997, 'Musiri Subramani Iyer Endowment Award' for the nireval and swaram singing from the Sri Krishna Gana Sabha, Chennai,December-1997, 'The Chembai Award 1998' conferred by Sri Chembai Memorial Trust, Trivandrum and the Department of Culture, Government of Kerala-1998 and Junior Research Fellowship awarded by the Cultural department of the Government of India - 2000 are worth mentioning.
Dept. of Culture,Govt of Kerala,India, Centre for Development of Imaging Technology & Vailoppally Sanskriti Bhavan
© 2003: C-DIT & VSB (for Content exclusively developed for this site)Free downloads for non-commercial use permitted.www.cdit.org

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Home/KPK/Mardan/List of Banks in Mardan (KPK)
List of Banks in Mardan (KPK)
Eesha June 1, 2018
Mardan is the second largest city in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. The city is well known for its variance in archaeological sites. Mardan's population currently stands at 300,424 making much smaller compared to Peshawar. In 1962 the Sanghao Caves were discovered which showed artifacts from over 30000 ago dating around the Middle Paleolithic period. Other expeditions in the area yielded various items from the Upper Paleolithic and Middle Palaeolithic periods.
Mardan is a district headquater of Mardan district in KPK. Location wise, Risalpur is at the south, Charsadda to the west and Yar Hussain to the east. It is the 19th largest city of Pakistan. The city has a hot and semi-arid climate. The average temperature is 22 degrees centigrade and precipitation of 559mm per year. In terms of site seeing, Mardan has the Sanghao Caves, Edicts of Ashoka and the Takht-i-Bahi complex.
The city of Mardan is quite small in comparison to other place, therefore the list of banks is limited:
Name Branch Code Address Phone Number ATM Facility
Meezan Bank 9804 Awais Market Mardan Road Sawari Bazar Sawari Buner. +92 (939) 555204-5 Yes
NBP 0365 Bank Rd Mardan 0937-9230058 Yes
HBL 201 Swabi Main Branch, Jehangira Road 0938- 222071 221228 0938-222739 Yes
HBL 1225 Tehsil Dargai, Malakand Agency 0932-310301 No
HBL and NBP are the banks with the most branches in Mardan. Being a small city surrounded by rural land, much of the banks reside in the city center or nearby small towns. ATM facilities vary bank to bank, with HBL providing the most opportunity for use.
List of Banks in Vehari (Punjab)
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Javed Akhtar: Age, Education, Family, Father, Political Party, Political Career, Constituency, Contact, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram
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Pakistan International Airline Safety Ranking 2018


Last week, the USV portfolio company CircleUp announced the closing and launch of CircleUp Growth Partners - a $125 million fund that will use a quantitative machine learning approach to invest in early-stage consumer and retail brands.
We believe this is an important evolution towards using data technology to make investment decisions - a theme we at USV have invested in many times ranging from Lending Club to Funding Circle to Numerai. CircleUp Growth Partners is slightly different. The Fund's thesis is that one can use machine learning to determine early-stage equity decisions in consumer companies. This machine learning platform, Helio, identifies and evaluates companies across billions of data points. The Fund is live right now - Helio recently analyzed 3,400 vitamin and supplement companies and flagged HUM Nutrition as being in the top 3% for brand score. This ultimately led the Fund to make one of its first investments in that company.
Helio has also been applied to two other business lines - credit and marketplace. CircleUp originally operated solely on a marketplace model but has recently launched a credit arm that provides working capital to consumer companies. These three business units all provide data back to the model, which in turn makes each better in its own domain. This is a data network effect - Helio is continually improving.


Allen and Heath GL2800-32 Mixer - 32 Channel performance easily rivals that of the best digital consoles!
One glance at this design will confirm that all our design experience and knowledge has been distilled into one amazingly capable console!
And at the heart of this design is the new gain structure allowing a whopping 34dBu maximum input capability and a new ultra-quiet mix head amp section, delivering excellent audio performance. GL2800 is designed for use in any live sound application, including theatres, music venues, churches, festivals, corporate AV, stadiums, etc. Allen and Heath GL2800-32 Mixer - 32 Channel boasts neat, intuitive layout and straightforward analogue technology, clean audio and high dynamic range. Mixer lights sold separately.


In my ChiRunning practice, I'm learning to put one foot in front of the other.
For me, this is my constant lesson. My allergies and asthma have been bad this past year. I am allergic to pollens, and most months, I run through swarms of it. So I haven't run very much and am now deconditioned. At my age, that means starting over.
My goal is to run 5 mornings/week. I don't have a lot of time nor opportunity. But so far, I made 3 of 5 this week. About the same as last week. Only one day was a great run. Other days, I was tired, my legs were heavy, my breathing labored.
But already, I feel stronger. And I know, if I keep showing up, keep putting one foot in front of the other, I will reach my goal. I dangle ahead of me an image of the strong, healthy person I will be, running with grace and ease.
Isn't that what most accomplishments are about? Showing up? Moving forward, one step at a time? Keeping your eye on the prize?
When I decided to start running a little over a year ago, it was quite a struggle. I was 40 pounds over weight and had several nagging conditions from a serious motorcycle accident years before. After being an athlete all of my life, the mental need for me to get back into shape and at least compete with myself became a very important goal.. so my quest began.. SLOWLY.. My start was plagued with injuries and dis-appointments, but I knew as Ann-Marie has said, that I had to keep showing up. I also knew that I needed to improve my running technique or quit from the injuries.
Off to Barnes & Noble.. Starbucks in hand to the running section. I found CHI Running and had half of it read in the store. I took it home and realized all the mistakes I was making and why I was getting injured.. WOW Revelation!! I practiced what the book said and followed the pictures the best I could, but knew if I were really going to improve I needed an expert to watch my technique LIVE and help me!
I went home from the class jazzed and was very diligent in my practice and training. I won't say everything has gone perfectly smooth, but the improvement has been nothing short of amazing.
Personal best in 5k and 10k. Half-Marathon scheduled 10/25 and full Marathon scheduled 2/14.
Thanks Ann-Marie and "Keep Showing Up"!!!!
I envy you. You had Ann-Marie all to yourself?! I had to share her with a small group of women at one of her chiwalking demonstrations in Delray Beach, Florida last October. Then, I was lucky enough to get a refresher workshop in beautiful Central Park, New York before a scheduled 6 mile benefit walk in May.
I am no fitness addict. In fact, I pass Starbucks by in favor of Dunkin Donuts (coffee and a donut beats just coffee!) But I was so amazed at how easy it is to follow Ann-Marie's instruction. I could feel the difference in how I walked and held myself within an hour or two.
Now, I won't be joining you in those marathons (good luck with that!), but what I learned has helped me relieve chronic knee and back pain. And that makes me a winner, too! Thanks Ann-Marie!
Thanks for the kind words, Rob, but really, you rock!
You are walking…er running…the talk.
Tracey, What great news! Life is much better without a pain in the…knee. Or back.


The main state board of Goa is the Goa Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education. It is abbreviated as GBSHSE. The board came into existence on May 27, 1975. GBSHSE was established under the Goa, Daman and Diu Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Board Act, 1975. As the name suggests, it manages the educational activities of class 10 and 12 both. Various private and government schools of Goa are affiliated with this board.
Goa Board conducts the exams for class 10 in March and October while for class 12, the exams use to be held in March, June, and October.
The aim of the board is to provide quality education to the candidates of Goa. The board is working towards the recognition of the schools in the territory. It focuses on the improvement of the education at the secondary and higher secondary level. GBSHSE tries to provide adequate facilities to the students in terms of education and the professional advancement of the society.
The Goa board has the responsibilities of granting recognition to the various schools of the state. It notifies the requirement of the schools, staffs, equipment, stationery etc. GBSHSE prescribes the curriculum and syllabus to the affiliated schools. It also provides the textbooks for secondary and senior secondary level candidates.
The Goa Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education issues its time table for class 10 and 12 in the month of December. Along with the regular students, the board also releases the time table for the candidates who opt for the vocational subjects. The vocational time table uses to get released a bit earlier than the regular date sheet. The board conducts the regular exams in the month of March and April. For the vocational subjects, the board conducts the exams in the month of February. Candidates must download the time table because it contains all the important factors necessary for the board exams. The time table also plays an important role while doing the preparations. According to the subjects, its exam dates and the gap between the two subjects, the students can make their strategy.
If you are in class 12 then you must know the importance of the admit card. But if you are appearing for the board exams for the first time then this section is very important for you. It is mandatory for the candidates to carry the hall ticket at the time of appearing for the board exams. The board appoints the invigilators at the exam centres who check whether the student is having the admit card or not. On the basis of the availability of the hall ticket, the candidates get allowed for the exams. So, the students are advised to have the Goa Board Hall Ticket at the time of enrolling the exams.
For class 10 and 12 students, the hall ticket uses to get available online on the official website. So, the students need to download it from there. To do so, the students can submit the required credentials. In this way, the students can have the hall ticket.
Candidates get the Goa Board result after the completion of the exams. The students obtain it from the official website. The board updates the link to check the result on the homepage. So, candidates just click on the link and they need to just enter the prerequisite information such as the roll number of the candidates. Other than this, they can also have it in the pdf format. The pdf file contains the name of the students, roll number, overall marks, total obtained marks, and some other important information.
For the students, the Goa board conducts the exams for class 10 in April. So, for SSC, the board declares the result in the month of May. For HSSC standard, the board conducts the exams in March. So, class 12 candidates get the result in the month of April.
The candidates who do not get the passing marks in the board exams, the board provides them the second chance. To do so, the board conducts the supplementary exams for those candidates. The supplementary exams use to be held in the month of June for those students. To appear for the supplementary exams, the candidates first fill the application by filling the useful information and by paying the required application fee.
Once, the supplementary exams get over, the candidates obtain their results. The board releases the supplementary result in the month of June/July. It use to be available on the official website.


Editor's Note: Boaz Miller, Matt Brown, Sandy Goldberg and Kareem Khalifa were kind enough to allow their comments, made on both Social Epistemology's Facebook page and in the comment section below, to be integrated and formatted on this page.
Fuller's rhetoric [in "Social Epistemology: A Quarter-Century Itinerary", 2012] is hyperbolic, but much of his criticism is point on. Here are a few thoughts.
1. Much of ASE [Analytic Social Epistemology] works with a thin notion of the social. It plays an old game (roughly, the post-Gettier game of arguing about knowledge from institutions on simplified cases) in a new field – the (thin) social field. The main reason that many ASE scholars do not look at real epistemic practices is that this would force them to play a new game, which is something they do not want to do. They do not really care about real socially-situated cases of knowledge, which is in itself legitimate, but has implications to the depth, empirical adequacy, and scope of their work – as I explain in (2). Kareem Khalifa has a forthcoming book review of Millar, Haddock, and Pritchard in Mind where he says similar things.
2. The combination of relying on intuitions and lacking empirical knowledge about knowledge seriously hinders the depth and scope of ASE. It leads to conservatism, and to theories of knowledge that are not empirically adequate. The situation is actually worse that Fuller describes, because Tycho's astronomical theory was empirically adequate, while current mainstream ASE theories of knowledge are largely not. Sandy's [Goldberg, see also "'Analytic Social Epistemology' and the Epistemic Significance of Other Minds"] own work is excluded, but it is not (yet?) mainstream.
3. There are social epistemologists who are attentive to practice. Most of them are philosophers of science. Many of them attended the last Society of Philosophy of Science in Practice (SPSP) conference in Toronto in June (guess who didn't come?). They include people such as Helen Longino, Heather Douglas, Matt Brown, Ben Almassi, Kareem Khalifa, Dan Hicks, Axel Gelfert, Torsten Wilholt, and me. (Please forgive me if I forgot you). Fuller used to belong to this camp, but now he writes in a more meta-critical way. Many ASE people don't read them. Their attitude varies from indifference to dismissal — while the opposite is not true, at least with respect to subjects the practice people care about, such as trust, and expertise. Again, I don't think that the reason that ASE does not engage this camp is merely that ASE is a young field.
4. Goldman's "Veritistic Social Epistemology", which is the exception to most ASE in its applied aspirations is, to a large extent, unsuccessful, for three reasons. First, in practice, there are many epistemic standards of appraisal and desiderata besides truth, which are themselves socially determined: knowledge, justification, rationality, understanding, conformity with pragmatic aims, etc. Truth is too narrow a prism to look at many problems. Second, truth is too narrow a semantic relation between theory and appearances or the world. There are other relations such as isomorphism, similarity, empirical adequacy, conformity with social values, etc. Again, which standard is required in which context is socially determined, and itself a proper subject for normative philosophical analysis. Third, truth is not easily reached, and in many cases, we need to settle for less. For these reasons, many times, a veritistic analysis of a domain or a case study ends up being either trivial or ad hoc. Calling the large social epistemic literature that attains to standards other than truth "veriphobic" is highly uncharitable.
To be fair, not everything is grim. There are moves within epistemology toward more empirically informed writing. The experimental philosophy movement tries to systematize intuitions, which is a step in the right direction, even if their methodology is sometimes confused. Because he writes right from within the analytic tradition, Sandy Goldberg is being read and engaged with, and he is challenging existing doctrines. And so is Miranda Frickers' work very well accepted, and she uses examples from scientific practice and from realist prose in her arguments. People such as Kitcher, Thagard, and Lipton, are also not entirely ignored, and they have a foot in each camp.
Matt [Brown], I might recommend that you extend the same courtesy to others' work that you rightly ask of others to extend to yours. Two of the things I find particularly saddening in the exchange to which my paper is party is (1) the degree to which both sides attribute rather uncharitable motives and rationales to the other side, and (2) the degree to which both sides seem quick to dismiss the entire tradition on the other side, when in fact it is particular examples of that tradition that they really have in mind.
Regarding (1): I welcome honest criticism; but I think it best if all sides refrain from casting the other side as "so retrograde" or as "self-deceived" or … — the list could go on. Regarding (2): insofar as there really is a tradition of "ASE," it ought to be subject to serious scrutiny, as any other tradition ought to be subject, but to say that an entire tradition is ideologically committed to a particular view out of a motive for abstraction strikes me as not particularly attuned to the diversity of projects and interests among the relevant set of researchers. I would invite you to be part of a constructive dialogue; let's not reinforce the very fault lines that it seems you and I both agree are destructive.
I think it's perfectly legitimate not to be interested in social practice, and there is very good work in epistemology that is not practice oriented at all. This is even legitimate in social epistemology, though I think it produces work of limited value (I am not using "limited" as a derogatory term here). What is illegitimate in my view, is producing work that is purported to be relevant to actual practice without looking more deeply at this practice. It's like trying to apply abstracted armchair ethics to real-world complicated moral dilemmas, which may be even dangerous at times.
Sandy [Goldberg], fair enough. As I prefaced my earlier comments with, my experience with ASE is limited, which surely means that I am not attuned to the diversity in that tradition, if it makes sense to even identify it as a tradition. And you are quite right that charitable engagement and constructive dialogue are to be preferred, all other things being equal.
Let me try to be a little more constructive. Fuller claims (more or less correctly, as all sides seem to agree) that ASE is not sufficiently attentive to actual knowledge practices. He adds that this is part of the Plan, which rings true to me and to Boaz Miller (in a more qualified sense). Goldberg claims that this is not, in fact, part of the Plan, just a matter of work so far left undone, and indeed, this work is required, given the aims of ASE. This is obviously an important dispute: is a lack of attention to knowledge practice a temporary or permanent problem for ASE? How are we to answer the question?
The reasons that Goldberg gives for why ASEs have hitherto paid little attention to practice strike me as reasons for further suspicion. Why think that there was meaningful work to be done ahead of paying attention to how knowledge works in practice, or that one could answer normative questions on the basis of a minimal understanding of the practice those questions are normative for? Perhaps the principle of charity requires us to assume that if doing X is required by the aims of Y, then not doing X cannot be a part of Y's plan or core commitments. This seems to me like charity run amok. It requires us to assume that Y is aware of and agrees that X is required, and that Y has no additional aims or commitments that go contrary to X. We must assume that Y is not self-deceived, that Y does not suffer from a rationalistic neurosis (in Nicholas Maxwell's sense, i.e., that it does not misrepresent its aims to itself), and so on. These sort of worries seem very much in line with what Fuller is thinking.
Okay, second: we can wait and see. Goldberg predicts that the work of attending to practice is or will start and become common in ASE. Miller supports this with examples. (A) Miranda Fricker is one that I would agree is exemplary, but not one I would have thought to group with the other ASEs under discussion. (Again, the problems of individuating philosophical "traditions".) (B) Philosophers of science who ASEs pay attention to. This doesn't really seem to me to help. But fine: if this critique IS taken up by the ASE community and we start to see work that engages carefully with practice as a major force in ASE, then I think we all agree that this would be an improvement (and that Fuller's critique succeeds as constructive criticism but fails as damning criticism).
On another note, it seems to me that Goldberg's responses to Fuller's 2nd and 3rd criticisms fail to charitably engage with what Fuller is saying. In (2), Fuller objects to a form of social epistemology that has no interest or even seeks to minimize the impact of philosophers on social epistemic practice. Pragmatism is a red herring. I find it puzzling that for someone who so emphasizes the normative dimensions of epistemology, minimizing the impact of epistemology does not seem troubling. Why do we make normative claims if not to critique and improve the practice? In (3), Fuller seems to me concerned not at all with the status quo in epistemology, but rather, with the status quo of epistemic practice. So the fact that ASE is challenging the status quo in epistemology is again, a red herring. The Feyerabendian courtesy I alluded to is one in which we recognize the right of different intellectual approaches to exist and flourish, that we not use institutional power to squelch them, etc. I would happily extend that courtesy to a social epistemology whose Plan is to rigorously avoid actual practice, though I would doubt that such an approach would pay off in ways that would interest me. I would be willing to extend much more than that to ASE as Goldberg envisions it, once it has started to test its claims by engaging with actual epistemic practice. That is a tradition that I would expect fruitful dialogue with.
Matt, you ask: "Why do we make normative claims if not to critique and improve the practice?" I think that many ASE people would say that their aim is simply to analyze and make explicit the existing epistemic norms. This is, for example, why they deal so much with the norm of assertion, and pay excessive attention to knowledge attributions. A common assumption among ASE people, especially reliabilists I think, is that there is nothing fundamentally wrong with our existing epistemic norms. Of course, more attention to empirical practice may change one's mind about this. This is why feminist epistemologists don't think so. Philosophers of science are usually also more suspicious of existing norms, and in general come from a very prescriptivist tradition.
Sandy, I wonder how much you speak for yourself, and how much for ASE as a group, but I recognize that you are in a leadership position and have the power to set agendas for ASE, influence graduate students, journal editors, etc. So I take the purpose of your paper to be not just testifying about reality, but affecting it as well.
I wouldn't pretend to "speak for" ASE as a group. That's something for which I do not have, and would not claim, any authority. I do, however, think that my description of the programme for social epistemology captures something that unifies a good deal of the work that goes under the "ASE" label. This said, I am under no illusions; I suspect many who would be considered ASE theorists will disagree with some, and perhaps much, of what I have to say. So be it.
Matt, I fear I fail to appreciate the force of your defense of Fuller on the second and third points. I don't see why characterizing epistemic norms is not itself a useful activity, whether or not anyone changes their behaviors. It would be great if they did change their behaviors, to match the norms (assuming one's characterization of the norm is correct). Still, unless one is assuming a kind of pragmatism, I don't see why it follows, from the fact that there are no practical changes at all following one's characterization of the norms of the practice, that one's characterization is ipso facto deficient. But perhaps I am missing something here.
Regarding your defense of Fuller on the third point, again I gave evidence to think that epistemic practice itself is far richer than Fuller's (3) suggests. I take it you were unmoved by that evidence, though you don't say why. The big question is on Fuller's first criticism. I have had my say. I suspect that there is some talking-past-each-other for the reason you yourself anticipate; namely, that it is hard to say what is in and what is outside of "the tradition of ASE." Indeed, it is even unclear that there is a single tradition here in the first place. I am sympathetic to that point. That is why I don't particularly care for the "ASE" label itself. But do remember that it is not my label. I was responding to Fuller's use of it. I would say that if there is no single tradition here, this is so much more grist for my mill, since in that case at best Fuller is saying something true about the work of a subset of those people in the so-called "analytic social epistemology" tradition, at worst he is saying something false about a tradition that is much more diverse than (1) describes.
It is ironic that Fuller, who talks about the elusiveness of consensus and traditions as a fictional objects retroactively constructed by historians for the sake of their arguments, talks about ASE as a single robust tradition.
Boaz, the claim that ASE is interested in explicating EXISTING norms of the practice is inconsistent with Sandy's excuse for why ASE has not so far paid attention to the actual practice: That ASEs are interested in the normative and not the descriptive. That kind of normative work is impossible without careful attention to the practuce itself. On the other hand, the idea of articulating norms that aren't just implicit in the actual practice without some connection to critique and reform of the practice simple strikes me as incoherent. If this is a commitment to some kind of pragmatism, so be it, though it certainly isn't the sort of straw man pragmatism that Sandy mentions in his paper.
In (many) ASE people's eyes, they are concerned with actual practice, and they think that intuitions on simplified mundane cases provide excellent evidence on actual practice. They regard themselves as empirically informed. I personally think that there are many problems with this approach: (1) mundane testimonial cases and their likes, e.g., asking a stranger for directions, constitute a small and unrepresentative part of all knowledge dissemination and generation social exchanges; in particular, they do not represent the scientific practices; (2) simplified cases tend to idealize away or push into the background real-world difference makers, which are highly theoretically significant; (3) analytic philosophers' intuitions are spoiled and tainted by their previous training and indoctrination; (4) they are further typically uninformed by the empirical knowledge referred to in (1) and (2), which makes them even less reliable. But this is not how they see things.
Let me begin with a worry about ASE that I discuss in review of Haddock, Millar, and Pritchard's Social Epistemology (forthcoming in Mind), as a way of framing the issues that I see emerging from this discussion.
If this 'epistemic explanation' happens to be the best explanation of an epistemic phenomenon, then great. But I think it a misnomer to say that this is social epistemology. (Toy example: let F be a reliable belief-forming process; E, warrant; X, testimony) Rather, we are simply applying traditional epistemology to epistemic phenomena that are only incidentally social. (That X is a social entity plays no essential role in the explanation.) So this is one way of unpacking what Boaz means when he says that ASE uses a 'thin notion' of the social.
For instance, consider Sandy's contribution to this volume. Sandy argues that a knower is justified in believing that ~p if she: (a) is justified in believing that had p been true, then the her sources would have found out and successfully communicated to her that p, and (b) gains no information that p from her sources. While talk of communication may appear to spare this from the aforementioned criticism, this is not so. The counterfactual dependence between the proposition's truth and the source's indications (broadly construed) drives the account, and the source's indication being another person's communication is incidental. Hence, at best, Sandy's social considerations do epistemological mop-up work.
Ideally, these should be the best explanations of the epistemic phenomenon in question. Now let me say that analytic epistemology (social or otherwise) often exhibits many virtues that we seek in an explanation: it aims to have broad scope, invokes relatively few parameters (J,T,B, anti-Gettier), and is fairly stringent and precise. However, it falls short on other dimensions of explanatory evaluation, such as empirical support and lack of ad hocness, and I think that these are precisely the points on which Boaz and Matt have pushed.
Given Sandy's conceding that Fuller's First Criticism is more or less correct, it appears that ASE's social explanations are not well supported by the extant evidence. We may try to diagnose why ASE has not yet held itself to a higher standard of empirical adequacy, but I think this leads very quickly to the rather unfriendly "diagnoses" (e.g. of self-deception) that Sandy rightly thinks are counterproductive to conversation. So, let us simply register that if ASE aspires to provide SEEP's, it should develop a more thoroughgoing empirical program to complement its otherwise fruitful theoretical program.
Nevertheless, we can start to sketch the contours of that empirical program. In particular, there must be some theory-neutral way of determining whether or not an epistemic property (E, in the schema above) obtains. This is precisely where issues of the normative and the descriptive intersect. The issue is normative because epistemic properties — such as truth, justification, reliability, etc — are what make our beliefs good. The issue is also descriptive in that we need to figure out the conditions wherein these epistemic properties are instantiated. In other words, we are not asking, "Ought this X be an E?" Rather, we're asking "Is this X an E?" This was another point of disagreement between Matt and Sandy, and I hope this helps to clarify the interaction of the normative and descriptive.
In particular, Sandy, I understood you to be saying that ASE's use of philosophical intuitions was the best theory-neutral means of ascertaining whether an individual bears an epistemic property. That's not obvious to me. Philosophers of science often defer to the reliability of scientific methods to determin e— defeasibly — if an epistemic property obtains. (My heuristic is something like the following: if p passes the latest t-test and I can't think of any confounds that have not been controlled for, then p is justified.) If, broadly speaking, the most plausible reason to think that scientists judge something to be epistemically significant is because they had incomplete information, overlooked something, or engaged in faulty reasoning, then philosophers of science can criticize the practice. By contrast, practitioners of ASE take intuitions as their chief theory-neutral arbiters, but I think for many outside of ASE (of which I include Boaz, Matt, and myself) question just how theoretically innocent these intuitions are.
It seems to me that where scientific expertise conflicts with philosophical intuition, it will almost always be the case that scientific expertise determines how we should proceed—even in the case where the intuition is correct! How is this possible? Suppose that scientific practice suggests p and philosophical intuition not-p. Generally, there is nothing further to explore with philosophical intuition — it is brute. By contrast, scientific practices are usually complex states of affairs that can be unpacked. Take something like the data that scientists gather. Even though data are generally thought to be brute, the sampling methods, forms of data reduction, etc. are all things that can be scrutinized to determine whether the data are reliable. So, should we opt for not-p, the reason is not because the intuition provided very strong evidence, but because we found something deficient in the scientific practice.
What of cases where there is no scientific expertise on which to lean? Then perhaps we lean on intuitions, or perhaps we opt for some other evidence, e.g. experimental philosophy or experimental results from a non-philosophical field (e.g. psychology). Indeed, I suspect that with many ASE topics (testimony, disagreement, etc.) there may be experiments that actually involve reasoning tasks involving small groups, as opposed to the standard x-phi practice of reading of vignettes. This would surely provide better theory neutral measures of an epistemic property than running a thought-experiment by a handful of fellow philosophers.
Finally, note that the chief explanatory factor in a SEEP is a social property. (If "social property" sounds weird, replace "property" with "factor," "structure," "mechanism," etc.) So a good producer of a SEEP will have to be well versed in a wide variety of social properties, presumably by being a skillful user of at least one social-scientific framework. Let us even construe a social-scientific framework broadly, e.g. by including history as a social science. It is unclear to me that ASE'ists are conversant in this way. So, this is another sense in which ASE has a thin notion of the social.
So, if I am right, ASE has three major challenges, which I'll restate along with some proposed solutions.
First, ASE should try to explain epistemic phenomena in a manner where social factors are not just incidental. I suggest deploying more SEEP's. Second, ASE must develop an empirical program that has theory-neutral means of ascertaining whether certain epistemic properties obtain. I suggest a more deliberate fusing of ASE with the philosophy of scientific practice and with experimental disciplines. Third, ASE must develop a richer repository of social concepts, ideally by engaging the social sciences more regularly. Perhaps more ASE'ists should engage the philosophy of social science (it's worth noting that virtually all of the leading philosophers of social science — Alison Wylie, Jim Bohman, Paul Roth, Mark Risjord, David Henderson — are conversant in ASE and the philosophy of scientific practice, so I think they would be great folks to bring into this discussion).
Editor's Note: Comment moved into the body of the post.
The contributors to this exchange seem to me to be struggling against the stereotyping generated by the personification of "Analytic Social Epistemology." Whenever a writer attributes "intentions" to ASE, he treats this label for a fuzzy category of persons is if it were itself a person. But I don't believe any contributor really intends to do this. Common sense language becomes a trap. We all know that those who get put into any such category are quite diverse.


text:
Posts Tagged 'When the Shooting Stops'
The life of a title
So I haven't heard all of Kanye West's new album yet—I'm waiting until I can actually download it for real—but I'm excited about what looks to be a major statement from the artist responsible for some of my favorite music of the last decade. Predictably, it was also the target of countless barbs in the weeks leading up to its release, mostly because of what have been portrayed as its constant title changes: it was originally announced as So Help Me God, changed to Swish, made a brief stopover at Waves, and finally settled on The Life of Pablo. And this was all spun as yet another token of West's flakiness, even from media outlets that have otherwise been staunch advocates of his work. (A typical headline on The A.V. Club was "Today in god, we're tired: Kanye West announces album title (again)." This was followed a few days later by the site's rave review of the same album, which traces a familiar pattern of writers snarking at West's foibles for months, only to fall all over themselves in the rush to declare the result a masterpiece. The only comparable figure who inspires the same disparity in his treatment during the buildup and the reception is Tom Cruise, who, like Kanye, is a born producer who happens to occupy the body of a star.) And there's a constant temptation for those who cover this kind of thing for a living to draw conclusions from the one scrap of visible information they have, as if the changes in the title were symptoms of some deeper confusion.
Really, though, the shifting title is less a reflection of West's weirdness, of which we have plenty of evidence elsewhere, than of his stubborn insistence on publicizing even those aspects of the creative process that most others would prefer to keep private. Title changes are a part of any artist's life, and it's rare for any work of art to go from conception to completion without a few such transformations along the way: Hemingway famously wrote up fifty potential titles for his Spanish Civil War novel, notably The Undiscovered Country, before finally deciding on For Whom the Bell Tolls. As long as we're committed to the idea that everything needs a title, we'll always struggle to find one that adequately represents the work—or at least catalyzes our thoughts about it—while keeping one eye on the market. Each of my novels was originally written and sold with a different title than the one that ended up on its cover, and I'm mostly happy with how it all turned out. (Although I'll admit that I still think that The Scythian was a better title for the book that wound up being released as Eternal Empire.) And I'm currently going through the same thing again, in full knowledge that whatever title I choose for my next project will probably change before I'm done. I don't take the task any less seriously, and if anything, I draw comfort from the knowledge that the result will reflect a lot of thought and consideration, and that a title change isn't necessarily a sign that the process is going wrong. Usually, in fact, it's the opposite.
The difference between a novel and an album by a massive pop star, of course, is that the latter is essentially being developed in plain sight, and any title change is bound to be reported as news. There's also a tendency, inherited from movie coverage, to see it as evidence of a troubled production. When The Hobbit: There and Back Again was retitled The Battle of the Five Armies, it was framed, credibly enough, as a more accurate reflection of the movie itself, which spins about ten pages of Tolkien into an hour of battle, but it was also perceived as a defensive move in response to the relatively disappointing reception of The Desolation of Smaug. In many cases, nobody wins: All You Need Is Kill was retitled Edge of Tomorrow for its theatrical release and Live Die Repeat on video, a series of equivocations that only detracted from what tuned out to be a superbly confident and focused movie—which is all the evidence we need that title trouble doesn't have much correlation, if any, with the quality of the finished product. And occasionally, a studio will force a title change that the artist refuses to acknowledge: Paul Thomas Anderson consistently refers to his first movie as Sydney, rather than Hard Eight, and you can hear a touch of resignation in director Nicholas Meyer's voice whenever he talks about Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan. (In fact, Meyer's initial pitch for the title was The Undiscovered Country, which, unlike Hemingway, he eventually got to use.)
But if the finished product is worthwhile, all is forgiven, or forgotten. If I can return for the second time in two days to editor Ralph Rosenblum's memoir When the Shooting Stops, even as obvious a title as Annie Hall went through its share of incarnations:
[Co-writer Marshall] Brickman came up to the cutting room, and he and Woody [Allen] engaged in one of their title sessions, Marshall spewing forth proposals—Rollercoaster Named Desire, Me and My Goy, It Had to be Jew—with manic glee. This seemed to have little impact on Woody, though, for he remained committed to Anhedonia until the very end. "He first sprung it on me at an early title session," remembers Brickman. "Arthur Krim, who was the head of United Artists then, walked over to the window and threatened to jump…"
Woody, meanwhile, was adjusting his own thinking, and during the last five screenings, he had me try out a different title each night in my rough-cut speech. The first night it was Anhedonia, and a hundred faces looked at me blankly. The second night it was Anxiety, which roused a few chuckles from devoted Allen fans. Then Anhedonia again. Then Annie and Alvy. And finally Annie Hall, which, thanks to a final burst of good sense, held. It's hard now to suppose it could ever have been called anything else.
He's right. And I suspect that we'll feel the same way about The Life of Pablo before we know it—which won't stop it from happening again.
Tagged with Annie Hall, Edge of Tomorrow, Ernest Hemingway, For Whom the Bell Tolls, Kanye West, Marshall Brickman, Nicholas Meyer, Ralph Rosenblum, Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan, The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies, The Life of Pablo, Tom Cruise, When the Shooting Stops, Woody Allen
"The mirror shattered into spiderwebs…"
Note: This post is the forty-fourth installment in my author's commentary for Eternal Empire, covering Chapter 43. You can read the previous installments here.
"I am truly at my happiest not when I am writing an aria for an actor or making a grand political or social point," Aaron Sorkin said a while back to Vanity Fair. "I am at my happiest when I've figured out a fun way for somebody to slip on a banana peel." I know what he means. In fact, nothing makes me happier than when an otherwise sophisticated piece of entertainment cheerfully decides to go for the oldest, corniest, most obvious pratfall—which is a sign of an even greater sophistication. My favorite example is the most famous joke in Raiders of the Lost Ark, when Indy nonchalantly draws his gun and shoots the swordsman. It's the one gag in the movie that most people remember best, and if you're a real fan, you probably know that the scene was improvised on the set to solve an embarrassing problem: they'd originally scheduled a big fight scene, but Harrison Ford was too sick to shoot it, so he proposed the more elegant, and funnier, solution. But the most profound realization of all is that the moment works precisely because the film around it depends so much on craft and clockwork timing to achieve its most memorable effects. If every joke in the movie were pitched on that level, not only wouldn't we remember that scene, but we probably wouldn't be talking about Raiders at all, just as most of us don't look back fondly on 1941. It's the intelligence, wit, and technical proficiency of the rest of the movie that allows that one cornball moment to triumphantly emerge.
You often see the same pattern when you look at the movies in which similar moments occur. For instance, there's a scene in Annie Hall—recently voted the funniest screenplay of all time—in which the audience needs to be told that Alvy and Annie are heading for Los Angeles. To incorporate that information, which had been lost when a previous scene was cut, Woody Allen quickly wrote and shot the bit in which he sneezes into a pile of cocaine. It included all the necessary exposition in the dialogue, but as editor Ralph Rosenblum writes in his memoir When The Shooting Stops:
Although this scene was written and shot just for this information, audiences were always much more focused on the cocaine, and when Woody sneezes into what we've just learned is a two-thousand-dollar cache, blowing white powder all over the living room—an old-fashioned, lowest-common-denominator, slip-on-the-banana-peel joke—the film gets its single largest laugh. ("A complete unplanned accident," says Woody.) The laughter was so great at each of our test screenings that I kept having to add more and more feet of dead film to keep the laughter from pushing the next scene right off the screen…Even so, the transitional information was lost on many viewers: when they stop laughing and spot Alvy and Annie in a car with Rob, who's discussing how life has changed for him since he emigrated to Beverly Hills, they are momentarily uncertain about how or why the couple got there.
And while the two moments are very different, it's revealing that in both cases, an improvised moment of slapstick was introduced to crack an unanticipated narrative problem. It's no surprise that when writers have to think their way out of dilemma, they often turn to the hoariest, most proven building blocks of story, as if they'd briefly written a scene using the reptile brain—while keeping all the other levels of the brain alive and activated. This is why scenes like this are so delightful: they aren't gratuitous, but represent an effective way of getting a finely tuned narrative to where it needs to be. And I'd also argue that this runs in both directions, particularly in genre fiction. Those big, obvious moments exist to enable the more refined touches, but also the other way around: a large part of any writer's diligence and craft is devoted to arranging the smaller pieces so that those huge elements can take shape. As Shane Black pointed out years ago, a lot of movies seem to think that audiences want nothing but those high points, but in practice, it quickly grows exhausting. (Far too many comedies these days seem to consist of nothing but the equivalent of Alvy sneezing into the cocaine, over and over and over again.) And Sorkin's fondness for the banana-peel gag arises, I suspect, from his realization that when such a moment works, it's because the less visible aspects of the story around it are working as well.
My novels contain a few of these banana peels, although not as many as I'd like. (One that I still enjoy is the moment in City of Exiles when Wolfe trips over the oversized chess pieces during the chase scene at the London Chess Classic.) And while it's not quite the same thing, there's something similar at work in Chapter 43 of Eternal Empire, which features nothing less than a knock-down, drag-out fight between two women, one a runaway bride, the other still wearing her bridesmaid's dress. If I've done my job properly, the scene should work both on its own terms and as an homage to something you'd see on a soapy network or basic cable show like Revenge. And I kind of love the result. I like it, in part, because I know exactly how much thought was required to line up the pieces of the plot to get to this particular payoff: it's the kind of set piece that you spend ninety percent of the novel trying to reach, only to hope that it all works in the end. The resulting fight lasts for about a page—I'm not trying to write Kill Bill here—but I still think it's one of the half dozen or so most satisfying moments in the entire trilogy, and it works mostly because it isn't afraid to go for a big, borderline ridiculous gesture. (If Eternal Empire is my favorite of the three books, and on most days it is, it's because it contains as many of those scenes as the previous two installments combined, and only because of the groundwork that comes with two volumes' worth of accumulated backstory.) And although there's no banana peel, both Wolfe and Asthana are falling now, and they won't land until the book is over…
Tagged with Aaron Sorkin, Annie Hall, Eternal Empire commentary, Raiders of the Lost Ark, Ralph Rosenblum, Vanity Fair, When the Shooting Stops, Woody Allen
"Louis Barlow, the assistant special agent in charge…"
(Note: This post is the sixteenth installment in my author's commentary for The Icon Thief, covering Chapter 15. You can read the earlier installments here.)
Nearly every filmmaker can tell you stories about a great performance that was cut, for various reasons, from the final version of a movie. William Goldman gives a nice account in Which Lie Did I Tell? of Linda Hunt's lost supporting turn in Maverick; the editor Ralph Rosenblum has a heartbreaking anecdote in When The Shooting Stops about actor Monroe Arnold, whose brilliant performance was cut entirely from Goodbye Columbus; and you can hear similar stories from half the cast of The Thin Red Line. (The A.V. Club has an nice list of other examples.) And if this happens frequently in movies, it's even more common in novels, where it's much easier to cut, condense, or even scrap characters entirely. A handful of writers have spoken about this, and at least one—Stephen King in the uncut edition of The Stand—has even restored a missing character. But I'd guess that nearly every novel of any length probably includes characters whose original roles were considerably more extensive than what eventually ended up in print.
In The Icon Thief, the greatest casualty was the character of Louis Barlow, the FBI assistant special agent in charge. Barlow originated as a convenient foil for Powell, my British investigator, and when I conceived the character, I didn't have much more in mind than a cross between Landsman from The Wire and Alec Baldwin in The Departed. In writing the first draft, however, I got to like Barlow a lot—he was an amusing character, outwardly crude but much smarter than he seemed, who injected some welcome humor into an essentially serious novel. Unfortunately, a lot of it didn't survive. As I've mentioned before, when I restructured the novel, I was forced to condense much of Powell's material, and the real casualty here was Barlow—in the original draft, he first appears in a big scene in the fifth chapter, and in the final version, he doesn't show up until we're past the first hundred pages. As a result, he's the one character in this book whose image, in my own mind, is much different than what the reader sees.
Chapter 15 is my attempt to salvage as much of Barlow's material from the first draft as I could, while also conveying a lot of essential information as efficiently as possible. The result is almost comically condensed. Over the course of a single chapter, Powell needs to hear about a mysterious language on a wiretap; convince Barlow to give him an audio sample; bring in a graduate student to translate, and get him security clearance; explain to Wolfe how he figured out that the language was Assyrian, and how bringing in the translator has given him a source inside the wire team; and use the resulting translation to determine that the men under surveillance are planning to attend a party in Southampton. We're introduced to a handful of new characters and given additional background material on several more. This is a lot of material, and it's all essentially designed to get us to a single plot point: Powell and Wolfe are going to stake out the house in the Hamptons. And I've only got five pages to cover it.
The challenge was to get through all this material in a way that was light on its feet without feeling overly rushed, and I think it sort of works, although I had to use a lot of tricks to get there. For instance, there were originally two agents listening to the wire, but I combined them into one character to save room—a nice novelistic illustration of Occam's Razor, which says that you never want more moving parts than you need. I made good use of First Blood author David Morrell's tip to cut the first and last paragraphs of a scene that isn't working, which gets me into and out of the heart of the chapter without any delay. And the result, I think, is a nice example of an expository chapter that reads well in its own right—and I doubt I would have zipped through this information quite as efficiently if I hadn't been forced to do so by structural constraints. When you have ten pages worth of material to convey in half the space, you find ways of doing it in less time. And that's the moral here: I miss Barlow and the scenes that he lost, but in the end, I didn't really need him.
Tagged with David Morrell, Monroe Arnold, Ralph Rosenblum, Stephen King, The Icon Thief commentary, The Stand, When the Shooting Stops, Which Lie Did I Tell?, William Goldman


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text:
Q: WildCard it does't work properly import {NgModule} from "@angular/core";
import { RouterModule, Route } from"@angular/router";
import {CarsListComponent} from "./cars/cars-list/cars-list.component";
import {AuthGuard} from "./auth/auth.guard";
import {PageNotFoundComponent} from "./shared-module/page-not-found/page-
not-found.component";
import {LoginModule} from "./login/login.module"

const APP_ROUTES : Route[] = [

    { path: '', pathMatch: 'full', redirectTo: 'cars', canActivate:
[AuthGuard] },

    { path: 'cars', component: <any>CarsListComponent, canActivate:
[AuthGuard]},

    { path: '**', component: PageNotFoundComponent }

];

@NgModule({
    imports: [
    RouterModule.forRoot(APP_ROUTES, { enableTracing: true})
    ],
    exports: []
})

export class AppRoutingModule{}

Hello
I have problem with wildcard. I created new component PageNotFoundComponent and when I add this on my app.module.ts, this wildcard loads first I dont know why?
Thanks for help

A: you just have one route which is guarded when router scans the routes it does not find any match so it's routing to pagenotfound
You need to define a default route  If the user isn't authenticated, they should re-routed to some other place you can define a route /login  which should not be guarded
import { RouterModule, Routes } from '@angular/router';

const APP_ROUTES : Routes = [

    { path: '', pathMatch: 'full', redirectTo: 'login'},
    { path: 'login', component:logincomponent },

    { path: 'cars', component: CarsListComponent, canActivate:
[AuthGuard]},

    { path: '**', component: PageNotFoundComponent }

];

A: Try this
const APP_ROUTES : Route[] = [
    { path: '', pathMatch: 'full', redirectTo: 'cars'
    },
    { path: 'cars', component: CarsListComponent
    },
    { path: '404', component: PageNotFoundComponent }
    { path: '**', redirectTo: '404' }

];

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
2022 SEEDS SHOW
Gabe Brown
Regenerative Agriculture Pioneer & North Dakota Rancher
Gabe Brown is one of the pioneers of the current soil health movement which focuses on the regeneration of our resources.Gabe, along with his wife Shelly, and son Paul, own and operate Brown's Ranch, a diversified 5,000 acre farm and ranch near Bismarck, North Dakota. The ranch consists of several thousand acres of native perennial rangeland along with perennial pastureland and cropland. Their ranch focuses on farming and ranching in nature's image.
The Browns holistically integrate their grazing and no-till cropping systems, which include a wide variety of cash crops, multi-species cover crops along with all natural grass finished beef and lamb. They also raise pastured laying hens, broilers and swine. This diversity and integration has regenerated the natural resources on the ranch without the use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and fungicides.
The Browns are part owners of a state inspected abattoir which allows them to direct market their products. They believe that healthy soil leads to clean air, clean water, healthy plants, animals, and people.
Gabe and Brown's Ranch have received many forms of recognition for their work, including a Growing Green award from the Natural Resource Defense Council, an Environmental Stewardship Award from the National Cattlemen's Beef Association, and a Zero-Till Producer of the Year Award, to name a few. Gabe has also been named one of the twenty-five most influential agricultural leaders in the United States.
Gabe recently authored the book, "Dirt to Soil, One Family's Journey Into Regenerative Agriculture."
He is a partner, along with David Kleinschmidt, Shane New, Kathy Richburg, and Dr. Allen Williams, in Understanding Ag LLC. He is also an instructor for Soil Health Academy, which focuses on teaching others the power and importance of healthy functioning ecosystems.
Dr. David Montgomery
University of Washington Professor & Author
David R. Montgomery is a MacArthur Fellow and professor of geomorphology at the University of Washington. He studies landscape evolution and the effects of geological processes on ecological systems and human societies. An author of award-winning popular-science books, he has been featured in documentary films, network and cable news, and on a wide variety of TV and radio programs.
His books have been translated into ten languages. He lives in Seattle with his wife, and co-author, Anne Biklé. Their new book What Your Food Ate: How to Health Our Land and Reclaim Our Health will be published spring 2022. Connect with them at www.dig2grow.com or follow him on Twitter (@dig2grow).
Jen Pierce
BSU Professor
Dr. David Montgomery is a Certified Professional Soil Scientist with the Soil Science Society of America and has over 30 years experience as a Soil Conservationist, Water Quality Specialist, and Conservation Agronomist with the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). During his tenure with the NRCS Ray served in New Mexico, Missouri, Oregon, and North Carolina.
Gabe received his AS degree in Livestock Science from Northern New Mexico College and a BS degree in Agricultural Biology plus 30 hours of graduate work in soil related courses from New Mexico State University. He served in the Peace Corps for two years in Guatemala as a Livestock Specialist.
After his retirement from the NRCS in 2017, Ray founded Understanding Ag, LLC, and Soil Health Academy, to teach Biomimicry strategies and Agroecology principles for improving soil function on a national scale. Ray also owns and operates a 150-acre farm near Seymour, Missouri that he operates along with his wife and family.
Joni Kindwall-Moore
CEO/Founder – Snacktivist
Joni grew up in rural Oregon in a family that valued the connection to the land and rural economic foundations. She lived in a community that was built on farming, timber, and fishing. She has always considered herself a passionate conservationist and naturalist. Joni was always interested in ecology, botany, economic botany, and ethnopharmacology and earned a degree in Botany from the University of Montana with a minor focus on organic chemistry and studio art. She spent her early career focused on research, nutraceuticals, and documenting the Ethnobotany of North America.
In 2005, Joni was inspired to enter the healthcare field where she could take a deeper dive into human pathophysiology, modern therapeutic practice, and the culture of healthcare. She earner her BSN-RN and went on to specialize in ICU, ER and diabetes education. It was there in the "trenches" of the US healthcare system that Joni felt compelled to do something that could fundamentally impact our food system. Joni saw firsthand how diet-related disease was causing so much pain and suffering. She also saw the next generation of children being born with an epidemic of food allergies. Joni and all three of her children suffer from food allergies and she had to get creative to find good quality foods to feed her family.
This experience is what led her to get deeply involved in the regenerative agriculture movement, soil revival and the need to bring back biodiversity to our nation's grain-based food staples. She launched Snacktivist foods and developed a line of ancient grain-focused baking mixes and finished products for home and foodservice use. The goal of Snacktivist foods is to create delicious foods from regenerative ingredients that are allergy-friendly, soil, water, and carbon-focused, all while radically impacting human nutrition. Their baking mix line is just the beginning of a new way of looking at our grain-based staples.
Amy Mattias
Sun Valley Institute of Resilience – Director
Amy Mattias is the Program Director for the Sun Valley Institute for Resilience. She played a critical role in launching the Impact Idaho Fund and publishing two annual Locally Grown Guides. Under Mattias' leadership, SVIR was chosen as a semi-finalist for the Rockefeller, Open IDEO, and SecondMuse prize competition for a 2050 Food Vision.
Her commitment to regional food systems and regenerative agriculture is highlighted by her volunteerism with various organizations including board secretary for the Idaho Center for Sustainable Agriculture, board chair for FARE Idaho's Farm and Agriculture Committee, and executive committee member for the Upper Big Wood River Grange. Amy has worked for various farm and ag-adjacent enterprises in central Idaho including Lava Lake Lamb, Kraay's Market & Garden, Idaho's Bounty, and NourishMe.
Prior to moving to Idaho, Amy graduated magna cum laude from Western Michigan University in 2013, majoring in Sociology and Organizational Communications. Since then she has continued to expand her education with a professional courses series at Chico State's Center for Regenerative Agriculture and Resilient Systems, a Permaculture Design Certification, and a course from John Hopkins focused on US Food System & Public Health. Amy is an avid gardener, wildcrafter and naturalist living in Gannett, Idaho, where she continues to deepen her roots and cultivate a better tomorrow.
Kristen Richards
FBSciences – Technical Director
Kristen Richards grew up spending summers at her grandparent's family orange groves, where she learned the inextricable connection between the health of the land and the food we eat. She began her professional career as a chemist working with polymers at BASF before transitioning into agriculture. For the past decade at FBSciences, she has transformed FBSciences' product division, including building and managing a new lab and developing innovative methods and techniques for consistency and quality control with naturally derived technologies. She currently leads the FBSciences Product Development Team as Director R&D, Formulation and Production. Richards has published in journals, presented posters at chemistry, biostimulant, and sustainable agriculture conferences, and received a Women Chemist Committee Merck Research Award in 2010.
Jason Bradley
President – Carbon Asset Solutions
Jason stepped into the role of President – Carbon Asset Solutions in February 2022. Previously, he has had a non-linear career in technology, cattle ranching, and academia. This stems from roles as senior manufacturing and senior project management positions at Nortel, two decades as the Vice President of Operations at Red Deer River Ranches a 350 head cow/calf operation, and as an Agriculture Instructor, Manager of Strategic Partnerships, and the Director of Smart Ag at Olds College.
The idea of innovation and co-creation, the practice of design thinking, and a predisposition for connecting people and ideas has led Jason into opportunities in agriculture production, applied research, ag tech innovation, and ecosystem development. A drive for understanding and demonstrating the practice of nature-based systems has brought him to develop a passion for understanding and implementing regenerative agriculture systems.
Jason is currently working on his Master of Arts in Transformational Servant Leadership at Trinity Western University and is researching how collaboration, team leadership, and people development are integral to transformational servant leadership and its values and ethics.
Steve Hubble
City Of Boise – Climate Action Manager
The Climate Action Roadmap, which outlines how the city will achieve its climate goals, focuses on both reducing greenhouse gas emissions and building our city's resiliency to be able to adapt to climate impacts we expect to see. The plan details and focuses on seven priority areas:
Buildings and Energy
Consumption and Waste
Innovation and Engagement
"This is the culmination of a lot of hard work," said Steve Hubble, Climate Action Division Manager at the City of Boise. "We certainly recognize the challenges we face, but those same challenges also present opportunities for innovation. We will move in a smart, strategic and determined fashion. This is work we must undertake together as a community, from residents and businesses, community organizations, our utility partners, and the city government."
2021 Carbon Summit Archive
Ray Archuleta
World Renowned Soil Scientist
Ray Archuleta is a Certified Professional Soil Scientist with the Soil Science Society of America and has over 30 years experience as a Soil Conservationist, Water Quality Specialist, and Conservation Agronomist with the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). During his tenure with the NRCS Ray served in New Mexico, Missouri, Oregon, and North Carolina.
Ray received his AS degree in Livestock Science from Northern New Mexico College and a BS degree in Agricultural Biology plus 30 hours of graduate work in soil related courses from New Mexico State University. He served in the Peace Corps for two years in Guatemala as a Livestock Specialist.
Brad McIntyre
McIntyre Pastures
Brad McIntyre is a 4th generation farmer from Caldwell, ID. He grew up on the family farm down in the Riverside community. He is married to Jill and they have 6 children. He is involved with the family farm where he works alongside his father Loren, and brother Ben. They have been practicing No-till for the past 11 years and using cover crops to aid soil health and nutrient-dense crops for the past 9 years.
For 5 years the family has been working hard to establish their new business (McIntyre Pastures) selling pastured beef, pork, and eggs. Brad serves on the School Board for the Marsing School District, involved heavily in his local church, and serves as a supervisor for the Owyhee Soil Conservation District. Brad is a proud Farmer!
Finian Makepeace
Co-Founder Kiss The Ground
Finian Makepeace is the co-founder of Kiss the Ground and a renowned presenter, media creator, and thought leader in the field of regenerative agriculture and soil health.
His dedication to Kiss the Ground's mission of "inspiring participation in global regeneration, starting with soil", has motivated him to develop training programs, workshops, and talks designed to empower people around the world to become confident advocates for this growing movement.
Lill Erickson
Founder of Western Sustainability Exchange
Lill Erickson founded Western Sustainability Exchange (WSE) in 1994 to protect the incomparable landscape and way of life of the Northern Rockies and to do so in ways that strengthen rural economies. Erickson has been WSE executive director since its inception.
Erickson's expertise is in regenerative agriculture and market-based conservation strategies to achieve environmental protection and economic development goals. She specializes in strategies that incentivize agricultural businesses to convert to regenerative practices. In addition to fundraising and overall management of the organization, Erickson supervises the development and implementation of all WSE program initiatives.
In the late 1990s, Erickson served as an advisor to the Western Regional Team of the Natural Resource Committee of the President's Council on Sustainable Development, which crafted a strategy to promote sustainable development in the U.S.
Prior to forming WSE, Erickson was caretaker of a cattle ranch bordering Yellowstone National Park. She also worked as an organizer for conservation nonprofits in the West. For over 35 years, Erickson has organized citizen participation in conservation issues.
Erickson graduated cum laude from the University of Northern Colorado with a Bachelor's degree in Journalism and minors in environmental studies and biology.
https://www.linkedin.com/in/lill-erickson-83743853/
https://www.westernsustainabilityexchange.org/
Mark C. Trexler
Director of Climate Change
Dr. Mark C. Trexler has more than 30 years of energy, environmental, and climate change experience. He joined the World Resources Institute in 1988 to work on the first carbon offset project, and worked and published extensively on climate and land use change issues including as part of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Mark founded Trexler Climate + Energy Services, the first specialized climate consultancy in the United States, in 1991. He later served as Director of Climate Risk for the global risk management firm of Det Norske Veritas until 2012. He has advised clients around the world on climate science and climate risk topics, and currently teaches Climate Change Mitigation at George Washington University. His areas of expertise include energy technologies, research and demonstration policy, climate change economics, emissions trading, corporate climate strategy, and climate change scenario planning. He has extensive experience as an expert witness on climate change and energy topics, and speaks 5 languages.
Mark's long-standing interest in personal knowledge management systems transitioned to a professional mission to build the Climate Web, a knowledge management solution for tackling climate change, in 2010. After seeing a presentation by the authors of Influencer: The Power to Change Anything, he realized that despite the virtual infinity of information relating to climate change and climate risk, almost none of that information gets to decision-makers as actionable knowledge. The Climate Web seeks to change this, making it possible to "get the right information to the right person at the right time." You can learn more about the Climate Web at www.theclimateweb.com.
https://www.linkedin.com/in/marktrexler/
Digester Doc
George is an Idaho native who has devoted his life to the outdoors. He is a founding member and has served as an officer with the Idaho Deer Alliance for over nine years. Even as a youth, he engaged in environmental service as a member of the FFA and an avid outdoorsman.
During the past ten years, George has helped with replanting efforts following rampant wildfire burns, worked to raise funds for wildlife overpasses, and assisted with wildlife supplemental feeding programs.
George succeeded at combining his personal passion for environmental and wildlife sustainability with his career goals when he joined the Digester Doc team last year. At Digester Doc he has been a part of developing new waste to clean energy solutions in support of a sustainable energy future. George is instrumental in understanding industry needs and coordinating expert solutions.
Marvin Nash
Encore Green Environmental
Marvin is co-founder of Encore Green Environmental and founding board member of the
nonprofit Synergy For Ecological Solutions. He developed the patent-pending methodology,
Conservation By-Design™, which transforms industrial water for conservation, agriculture, and
the meeting of ESG goals.
With experiences in rodeo, agriculture, and the oilfield, Marvin brings a unique set of skills to
the problem of by-product water "disposal." Marvin is a sought-after speaker for trade
conferences and is a frequent blogger.
Raised in Texas, Marvin was a professional rodeo clown and later took the clowning to schools
to serve kids with anti-drug and anti-bullying programs. He then worked in the oil industry,
where he encountered the challenges of produced/by-product water. Working with the
nonprofit Synergy for Ecological Solutions, Encore Green Environmental's ag solution is the
linchpin to sustainability
Marvin lives in Cheyenne, Wyoming. You can follow him on LinkedIn:
https://www.linkedin.com/in/marvin-nash/
Aaron T. Ratner
Principal of Cross River Infrastructure Partners
Aaron is the President of Cross River Infrastructure Partners, a platform of development companies deploying climate technologies into sustainable infrastructure projects across carbon, hydrogen, sustainable agriculture and renewable energy, with a focus on first/early commercial projects.
Aaron is also the ClimateTech Venture Partner with Vectr Ventures, a Hong Kong-based venture capital investment firm, where he focuses on advanced carbon utilization and transformation.
Aaron has over 20 years of domestic and international investment and advisory experience, including 10 years in Asia, focusing on project finance, climate technology, energy, agriculture and waste.
Damien Beauchamp
President of 8 Rivers Capital
Damian is the Chief Development Officer at 8 Rivers and manages all MENA relationships for the firm. Through his career he has developed an expertise in CCUS related project and technology development, for which he has granted patents. In 2020 he was a co-author of the US National Petroleum Council's comprehensive report Meeting the Dual Challenge A Roadmap to At-Scale Deployment of CCUS, which was commissioned by Former US Secretary of Energy Rick Perry.
Damian has worked on UAE and KSA's energy sector since 2016. Currently, he is directing the creation of a zero carbon fuels export strategy from MENA to the EU, and his previous work has been featured in Forbes, Fortune, Nature Chemistry, and Chemical & Engineering News. Damian holds a master's degree in chemistry from the Ohio State University during which time he was awarded the Future Leader in Chemistry award from a division of the American Chemical Society and the Clean Energy Business Plan Prize from the US DOE.
https://www.linkedin.com/in/damian-beauchamp-b9353593/
Kevin Kitz
KitzWorks – CEO
Kevin Kitz, P.E. provides innovative solutions in geothermal energy and process efficiency through KitzWorks LLC. Kevin has been a specialist in geothermal development for over 35 years creating new value and strategic opportunities. His work has encompassed the gamut of the geothermal power industry from the subsurface to the power plant, from design to construction to O&M, as well as PPA and EPC contract negotiation.
Recently KitzWorks has had a lead technical role on teams to commercialize (a) geothermal hybrid plants using solar thermal heat, (b) injecting solar thermal heat underground to create synthetic geothermal resources for seasonal storage of solar energy, (c) District Energy Systems comprising geothermal heat pumps, grid energy storage, and shifting time-of-use to decarbonize and lower the cost of power on the grid, (d) a new dry-cooled steam condenser for conventional power plants to reduce power generation water use. KitzWorks helps clients create commercial investment opportunities by re-purposing existing technology in new ways.
Bryan Lawley
President of EGT Solar
Bryan, a Southern Idaho native, received Business and Finance degrees from Idaho State University while also playing golf for the Bengals. EGT Solar is Bryan's second business venture after the successful sale of a prior business to transition into his passion for the green energy industry. He founded EGT Solar with a mission to be Idaho's top solar provider and help Idahoans have a better choice for their energy needs.
Bryan is committed to giving back to Idaho's local communities and has taken part in many charities and community organizations. His passion for business and the solar industry has helped excel EGT Solar in the local industry as a leader in renewable energy solutions.
https://www.linkedin.com/in/bryanlawleyegt/
Chantel Greene
Vice-Chairwoman of the Executive Committee of the Nez Perce Tribe, (NPTEC)
Recently served a three (3) year term, as the elected Vice-Chairwoman of the Executive Committee of the Nez Perce Tribe, (NPTEC). Was selected to serve on the Idaho Governor Little's COVID-19 Financial Cares Committee, ensures transparency and accountability in use of federal funds to fight the Coronavirus. Was selected to give written and oral testimony in Washington, DC, to the United States House of Representatives Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on Interior, Environment and Related Agencies. Advocacy and testimony provided to the Idaho State Senate, Human Resource Subcommittee, and Natural Resource Subcommittee for Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and People leading to passage of Resolution HCR033. Previously the Human Resource Chairman, and Climate Change and Energy Subcommittee Chairman, (Nez Perce Tribe).
Previous delegations appointed to Northwest Portland Area Indian Health Board, Community Health Aide Program (CHAP), State and Tribal Governments Working Group (STGWG), Inter-tribal Agriculture Council, National Congress of American Indians (NCAI), and Affiliated Tribes of the Northwest Indians (ATNI). Previous work in healthcare, human resources, and stem mentoring programs. Education she holds a Masters of Legal Studies, Indigenous Peoples Law from University of Oklahoma, Bachelor of Arts, Indigenous American Indian Studies with emphasis in Environmental Justice from Haskell Indian Nations University, and Associate of Science, Health, Sport, and Exercise Science degree also from Haskell Indian Nations University. She is now the Nez Perce Tribes Department of Natural Resources Planner.
Safety (Community)
Jodi Peterson
Executive Director at Interfaith Sanctuary
Jodi has been working with the homeless community of Boise for more than 14 years. In her role as Executive Director of Interfaith Sanctuary, she has fashioned events to fundraise for the cause, created visual pieces to help educate the Boise Community on the challenges faced by the homeless, and stood in the trenches of the tent-city Cooper Court. From lessons learned, Interfaith Sanctuary does not just provide shelter for the
homeless, they also provide second chances with new programs designed to move people up and out! You won't believe the hoops that Jodi had to jump through to help a homeless man secure his birth certificate and photo ID after 14 years of living on the streets with no identity. Jodi was selected as a TedXBoise speaker at their 2017 event to share the crazy steps that had to be taken to give a man his identity back. You can view her talk at
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M8LJl2f8is4&t=116s.
Peterson was featured as one of the "Two Hundred Women who will change the way you see the world". 200 Women is a book and exhibition founded on original interviews and accompanying photographic portraits. This landmark project is the realization of an epic global journey to find two hundred women with diverse backgrounds and to ask
them what really matters to them. www.twohundredwomen.com.
Each year the Idaho Business Review recognizes women who are making a difference in Idaho. Peterson was selected as one of the 50 nominees for this year's award event. Jodi was also selected as the Keynote speaker for The Andrus Centers Young Leadership Conference held at BSU in February 2019.
Brenda Willson
Behavioral Health Director, Advocate and Educator at Cottonwood Creek Behavioral Hospital
Brenda Willson is the Director of Business Development and Educational Outreach for Cottonwood Creek Behavioral Hospital, Idaho's newest inpatient and outpatient psychiatric facility for ages 12 and up. As a native Idahoan and Boise State University graduate, Brenda brings decades of knowledge and experience in what makes her state unique, including the needs and challenges Idaho faces.
Willson has years of experience collaborating with individuals who share a common goal in affecting change and making a difference at both local and global levels. Brenda's ability to empower, inspire and ignite the spark in others has been instrumental in the advocacy of positive behavioral health perception and education. Her innovative ideas and partnerships have brought forth many exciting opportunities to lead the way in the sustainability of behavioral healthcare management, services and messaging.
Brenda has worked with Idaho's at-risk youth and adults in substance and mental health education programs, Project Kids Quest for the state's foster children and connected families with educational and workplace opportunities at local community housing facilities.
Among her many accomplishments, Brenda is the founder of the multi-state networking group PINE- Partners In Networking Excellence, serves as Co-Chair on the Region 4 Behavioral Health Board, and holds the Healthcare Sector Representative spot for the Meridian Anti-Drug Coalition. Brenda is an active contributor to first responder behavioral health outreach as well as with our active military, veterans and LGBQAI+ community. She has participated in numerous programs including the Ride for 22, Mental Wellness Indigo Art Festival and the Mandela Washington Fellows Program for African Leaders in the medical and public policy arena.
Brenda continues to create authentic relationships within the behavioral healthcare field to serve our communities with the highest level of care and outcomes.
https://www.cottonwoodcreekboise.com/
https://www.linkedin.com/in/brenda-willson-87b61b199
bwillson@havenllc.com


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Shell urged to keep planned flaring at Mossmorran to a minimum – Auto Republish
Posted on August 14, 2018 | No Comments |
Bosses at the Mossmorran plant have been asked to minimise planned flaring this week to avoid disruption to pupils returning to school.
Shell intends to start preparations for a turnaround at the plant, which will see production operations reduced over a few weeks to allow planned maintenance work to go ahead.
Locals have been warned the operation will result in 48 hours of intermittent elevated flaring that started on Tuesday afternoon. More flaring is due to take place for 24 hours when a module is restarted on Friday September 14.
However, Labour Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath MP Lesley Laird has urged the firm to bear in mind that families are likely to have enough on their plates with the end of the school holidays.
"While I appreciate that it's not always in the control of the plant to decide when to time these operations, it is still disappointing that this maintenance programme coincides with children returning to school," she said.
"Given the level of disruption that elevated flaring causes, especially at night, to say I'm concerned is something of an understatement."
She added: "I've been in contact with Shell to express my concerns and the company has assured me that it will try to minimise elevated flaring overnight on Tuesday.
"In addition, I've been told that when elevated flaring does occur, the plant will aim to use less visible ground flares and limit use of the flare stack.
"Shell do not anticipate the level of flaring this week will be anywhere near the scale of what we witnessed last June, and I am sure everyone sincerely hopes that will be the case."
Earlier this year Shell and ExxonMobil were hit with final warning letters following a serious flaring incident at the Cowdenbeath plant in June 2017.
Shell has already alerted the local community to the planned work at the Fife NGL plant.
Plant manager Teresa Waddington said the activity took place most years at this time and was "part of running a well maintained site, as well as ensuring safe operations and the integrity and longevity of the plant as a vital piece of North Sea energy supply infrastructure".
She added: "Please be reassured that we will take measures to minimise the impact, and there is no risk to the local community.
"We aim to manage operations so as to use our less visible ground flares and limit use of the elevated flare stack."
Shell has informed its neighbours ExxonMobil Fife Ethylene Plant and environmental watchdog the Scottish Environment Protection Agency.
A spokesman for Shell said: "We try to minimise flaring as much as possible and particularly overnight."