text:
Research Article| March 01, 2018
Subsolidus phase relations in a mantle pyroxenite: an experimental study from 0.7 to 1.5 GPa
Giulio Borghini;
Giulio Borghini
Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra
, via Botticelli 23, 20133Milano,
Corresponding author, e-mail: giulio.borghini@unimi.it
Patrizia Fumagalli
https://doi.org/10.1127/ejm/2018/0030-2735
Giulio Borghini, Patrizia Fumagalli; Subsolidus phase relations in a mantle pyroxenite: an experimental study from 0.7 to 1.5 GPa. European Journal of Mineralogy 2018;; 30 (2): 333–348. doi: https://doi.org/10.1127/ejm/2018/0030-2735
Pyroxenites are a diffuse heterogeneity in the upper mantle and represent key lithologies in melting processes and mantle deformation. Mantle peridotites exposed in ultramafic massifs are commonly veined by pyroxenites. The latter experienced the same metamorphic evolution as host peridotite and may develop substantially different phase assemblages in response to the different bulk composition. Although several experimental studies focused on melting relations in pyroxenites, subsolidus phase relations are still poorly known. We provide new experimental constraints on phase stability and mineral chemistry for a natural mantle pyroxenite. Piston-cylinder experiments were conducted from 0.7 to 1.5 GPa, 1100–1250 °C. Al-rich spinel, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene and olivine are ubiquitous phases within the whole pressure range investigated. At 1100 °C, plagioclase is stable up to 0.9 GPa; anorthite content [An = Ca/(Ca + Na)] decreases as a function of pressure from 0.70 at 0.7 GPa to 0.61 at 0.9 GPa. Maximum plagioclase modal abundance of 14 wt% forms at 0.7 GPa; this amount is more than twice as experimentally determined at the same P–T conditions in fertile lherzolite (5–6 wt%). At intermediate pressure (1.0–1.4 GPa), modal spinel is almost constant (4–5 wt%). A pyrope-rich garnet is stable at 1.5 GPa and its modal abundance increases from 5 to 10 wt% when temperature decreases from 1230 °C to 1150 °C, from 1230 °C to 1150 °C. The Al content in pyroxenes varies significantly across the plagioclase-out and garnet-in transitions and is not pressure-dependent in the spinel-pyroxenite field. At 1100 °C, the plagioclase-out boundary occurs at comparable pressures in the pyroxenite and in fertile lherzolites. On the contrary, the garnet-in curve is located at significantly lower pressure than for mantle peridotites.
pyroxenites, experimental petrology, piston-cylinder experiments, garnet stability, plagioclase, spinel, subsolidus assemblage, lithospheric mantle
Pyroxenites are considered as diffuse heterogeneities in the upper mantle (e.g., Bodinier & Godard, 2014). Despite being volumetrically subordinated with respect to peridotites, pyroxenites play a key role in mantle melting processes (e.g., Hirschmann & Stolper, 1996; Phipps Morgan, 2001; Shorttle & Maclennan, 2011; Lambart et al., 2016) and in mantle rheology (e.g., Hidas et al., 2013; Henry et al., 2017). Indeed, they have been invoked as diffuse components in mantle sources of basalts in several magmatic environments (e.g., Sobolev et al., 2005, 2007; Lambart et al., 2013) and recognized as catalyst for lithosphere softening (Hidas et al., 2013).
Pyroxene-rich veins or layers embedded in mantle peridotites commonly occur in ophiolitic and orogenic ultramafic massifs (e.g., Bodinier & Godard, 2014) and in mantle xenoliths (e.g., Gonzaga et al., 2010; Aulbach & Jacob, 2016) and their origin has been related to high-pressure magmatic segregation, metamorphism and melt-rock reaction processes. Some of these pyroxenites represent long-lived deep mantle heterogeneity that experienced the same metamorphic evolution as the host peridotites at lithospheric mantle levels. However, pyroxenites are expected to develop sensibly different phase assemblages at fixed pressure (P) and temperature (T) conditions as a result of different bulk composition (e.g., Schmädicke, 2000). In particular, the P–T stability of aluminous phases is strongly affected by major-element composition, such as Al2O3, Cr2O3, CaO and Na2O contents. Experimental studies have suggested that garnet appears at significantly lower pressure in pyroxenites than in peridotites (e.g., Irving, 1974; Adam et al., 1992), explaining the widespread occurrence of garnet-pyroxenites layers in spinel-bearing peridotites (e.g., Bodinier et al., 1987a, b; Garrido & Bodinier, 1999; Takazawa et al., 1999; Morishita & Arai, 2001; Montanini et al., 2006, 2012; Van et al., 2010; Gysi et al., 2011, Montanini & Tribuzio, 2015).
Although subsolidus phase relations in peridotites have been experimentally investigated in both simplified and complex chemical systems (e.g., Fumagalli & Klemme, 2015), very few experimental works have been focused on subsolidus phase equilibria in pyroxenites and the stability of aluminous phases is still only barely known (e.g., Irving, 1974; Adam et al., 1992).
In this paper, we present and discuss the results of subsolidus experiments performed on a natural secondary-type pyroxenite at pressure from 0.7 to 1.5 GPa and 1100–1250 °C. Specific aim is to investigate the stability of plagioclase, spinel and garnet in this pyroxenite bulk in order to provide useful geobarometric information for the subsolidus evolution of exhumed ultramafic mantle sectors.
Experimental and analytical methods
As starting material we selected an olivine-websterite (GV10), sampled in the ophiolitic mantle sequences from the External Liguride Unit (EL, Northern Apennines, Italy; Borghini et al., 2013, 2016). Pyroxenites from this mantle section occur as cm-thick layers subparallel to the mantle foliation of host peridotite (Rampone et al., 1995; Borghini et al., 2013, 2016). Field, microstructural and geochemical observations indicated that they originated by pyroxenite-melt-peridotite interactions, thus supporting its secondary origin (Lambart et al., 2012, 2013). Trace-element compositions strongly suggest that many of these pyroxenite layers contained garnet in the primary mineral assemblage, thus indicating crystallization at relatively deep mantle level (Borghini et al., 2016). After the pyroxenite emplacement, inferred to have occurred at Ordovician ages (Borghini et al., 2013), this veined mantle sector experienced a subsolidus spinel- to plagioclase-facies decompressional tectonic evolution, related to its Jurassic exhumation. This is testified by the development of plagioclase-bearing neoblastic assemblages in both peridotite and pyroxenite (Borghini et al., 2011, 2016). Pyroxenite GV10 well preserves microstructural and geochemical features related to its deep melt-rock reaction origin and, among the EL pyroxenites, it better records chemical imprinting inherited by a garnet-bearing primary assemblage (Borghini et al., 2016).
The major-element bulk-rock composition of GV10 and other pyroxenite bulk compositions investigated in previous subsolidus experiments are reported in Table 1. The melting relations of GV10 at 1.0 and 1.5 GPa have been recently investigated (Borghini et al., 2017), thus the phase relations at solidus conditions are fully constrained.
A glass has been prepared by complete melting of rock powder at 1500 °C in a gas mixing vertical furnace operating at fayalite–magnetite–quartz (FMQ) fO2 and quenched in dry ice (Borghini et al., 2017). To promote the nucleation of the minor phases in subsolidus experiments, powdered glass was seeded with 1 wt% of a 1:1 mixture of synthetic pure spinel (Al2O3 = 71.67 wt%, MgO = 28.33 wt%) and Dora-Maira pyrope (SiO2 = 44.71 wt%, Al2O3 = 25.29 wt%, MgO = 29.99 wt%), i.e. a bulk seed composition of 22.36 wt% SiO2, 48.48 wt% Al2O3, 29.16 wt% MgO. The very low amount of seeds in the starting material (1 wt%) and the occurrence of large unreacted seed relics in the experiments indicate that seeds addition did not significantly affect the final bulk composition.
Experiments were performed at pressures from 0.7 to 1.5 GPa, and temperatures from 1100 °C to 1250 °C (Table 2), at the Laboratorio di Petrologia Sperimentale, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, University of Milano. Experiments up to 1.0 GPa were carried out in a single-stage piston cylinder; for experiments at higher pressure an end-loaded piston cylinder was used, both with MgO–Pyrex–Salt assemblies. Experiments lasted from 94 to 495 h (Table 2). Approximately 20 mg of starting material was loaded into a graphite inner capsule (outer diameter 2.8 mm), and then welded into an outer Pt capsule (outer diameter 3.0 mm, length about 7–8 mm). Graphite is used to isolate the sample from the Pt capsule and avoid Fe-loss (Kinzler, 1997; Walter, 1998). The graphite–Pt assembly, combined with pre-conditioning of the starting material at FMQ, maintained the oxygen fugacity close to the C–CO/CO2 equilibrium (Ulmer & Luth, 1991). In order to ensure nominally anhydrous conditions, the platinum–graphite capsule with the starting material was dried in an oven at 250 °C over a night before being rapidly welded shut. The thermocouple tip was separated from the platinum capsule by a 0.5-mm thick hard alumina disc. Assemblies were kept in oven at about 200 °C for several hours before running the experiments. Temperature was measured by K-type and S-type thermocouples and is considered to be accurate to ±5 °C. According to piston-cylinder calibration, pressure uncertainties are assumed to be ±3%.
An initial pressure of 0.25 GPa was applied, then the sample was first heated to 400 °C for 10 min in order to soften the Pyrex, pressure was raised to the experimental value before reaching the desired temperature.
After experiment, capsules were enclosed in epoxy, sectioned lengthwise, polished and carbon-coated. Run products were inspected by back-scattered electron (BSE) images and microanalyses were performed using a JEOL JXA 8200 Superprobe equipped with five wavelength-dispersive spectrometers (WDS) and one energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS) at the Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, University of Milano. Both images and X-ray element maps were extremely useful in textural examination of the experimental charges. Analyses on mineral phases were performed using 1 μm beam size and beam conditions of 15 kV and 5 nA. Counting time was 30 s for peak and 10 s for background.
Textures and phase stability
Run products and experimental conditions are reported in Table 2 and summarized in Fig. 1. Textural observations show grain size varying between 2 and 25 µm on average. As expected from the higher temperature, slightly coarser textures have been found in melt-bearing experiments (GV10-83-1 and GV10-83-9, Table 2).
A plagioclase-bearing assemblage composed of clinopyroxene, othopyroxene, olivine, plagioclase and Cr-spinel is stable from 0.7 to 0.9 GPa at 1100 °C. Pyroxenes form the larger crystals (up to 25 µm), usually showing prismatic habit (Fig. 2a). Olivine occurs as small sized crystals (≤5 µm), with a rounded habit (Fig. 2a). Plagioclase is homogeneously distributed in the run charges and occurs as subhedral crystals ranging in size from 2 to 8 µm (Fig. 2a). Cr-bearing spinel forms thin rims on large relics of spinel seeds, or occurs as small grains, around 2–3 µm, homogeneously distributed within the charge (Fig. 2a). The extremely fine grain size of olivine and spinel in experiment at 0.7 GPa and 1100 °C prevented satisfactory chemical analysis.
A spinel-bearing assemblage made of clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, olivine and spinel is stable from 1 GPa at 1100–1180 °C, to 1.4 GPa at 1150 °C. In these experiments, clinopyroxene occurs as large grains of up to 20 µm showing triple junctions (Fig. 2b). Orthopyroxene is easily recognizable in BSE images by its dark grey contrast and shows large prismatic habit (Fig. 2b). Rounded crystals of olivine up to 10 µm in size have grey tone intermediate between clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene (Fig. 2b). Spinel is present as small rounded crystals up to 5 µm in size.
A garnet-bearing assemblage composed of clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, olivine, garnet and spinel is stable at 1.5 GPa and 1150–1230 °C. These experiments are characterized by textures with grains size ranging between 2 and 10 µm. Garnet neoblasts occur as rounded crystals either on or far from the garnet seeds (Fig. 2c), as revealed by Ca–Al X-ray mapping (Fig. 3). Rare spinel is present in garnet-bearing experiments as very small rounded grains (1–3 µm), mostly recognized with the support of X-ray mapping (Fig. 3).
Mineral chemistry
Pyroxenes display significant chemical changes as a function of pressure. Clinopyroxene has an XMg value [XMg = Mg/(Mg + Fetot)] between 0.83 and 0.85. In the garnet-bearing experiments (P > 1.4 GPa), systematic higher XMg values reflect the coexistence with garnet having much lower XMg. The Al content progressively increases with pressure at 1100 °C, in the plagioclase-bearing experiments and across the plagioclase-out curve (Fig. 4a). It ranges from 0.216 atom per formula unit (apfu) at 0.7 GPa, to 0.355 apfu at 1.0 GPa, and is rather constant within the spinel facies (0.351–0.377; Table 3). A slight Al decrease is also observed as garnet appears at 1.5 GPa, with Al content increasing from 1150 to 1230 °C (Table 3 and Fig. 4a). This is in agreement with results reported in experiments on peridotites in both the CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2 system (Obata, 1976; Herzberg, 1978; Gasparik, 1984) and more complex chemical systems (Borghini et al., 2010). The Na content in clinopyroxene increases with pressure from 0.7 to 1.0 GPa at 1100 °C, from 0.016 to 0.030 apfu, and varies between 0.025 and 0.030 apfu in spinel- and garnet-bearing experiments up to 1.5 GPa (Table 3). The Ti contents are rather variable, in the range 0.009–0.015 apfu, without any dependence on P and T. The Cr abundance is always lower than 0.006 apfu (Table 3), reflecting the very low Cr content of the bulk composition (Table 1).
Orthopyroxene presents XMg values from 0.84 to 0.85, with only slight variations as observed in clinopyroxene. The Al content shows a positive correlation with pressure within the stability of plagioclase, increasing from 0.179 to 0.303 apfu at 0.8 and 1 GPa, respectively. It slightly decreases across the garnet-in curve at 1150 °C (Table 4 and Fig. 4b). The Ca contents vary between 0.049 and 0.071 apfu, and Ti abundance is as low as 0.003–0.007 apfu (Table 4). As in clinopyroxene, Cr is very low (0.002–0.004 apfu).
Olivines have homogeneous compositions with XMg value [XMg = Mg/(Mg + Fetot)] around 0.83, and very low TiO2 (≤0.03 wt%) and Cr2O3 (≤0.05 wt%; Table 5).
Reliable spinel compositions have been obtained mostly by combining WDS analysis with X-ray mapping on small rounded neoblasts isolated in the mineral matrix. In cases of very small grains, spinel composition has been derived by removing the chemical contribution of the contaminating host minerals, usually when spinel was included in clinopyroxene. All iron was considered as Fe2+ and Fe3+ was not calculated, because oxygen fugacity was not buffered. Spinel has XMg values between 0.63 and 0.68 without any correlation with P or T (Table 6). Significant variations of XCr are observed, with the highest XCr values in experiments within the plagioclase stability field, i.e. 0.079 at 0.8 GPa and 0.062 at 0.9 GPa (Table 6). On the contrary, XCr is very low in spinel-facies experiments, ranging over 0.021–0.023 apfu, and increases in garnet-bearing experiments at 1.5 GPa. Furthermore a negative correlation with temperature from 1150 to 1230 °C is also shown (Table 6). The Ti content is usually lower than 0.006 apfu (Table 6).
Despite the small grain size (usually <10 µm), we obtained several good plagioclase analyses with negligible contamination (MgO < 0.2 wt%). Plagioclase is characterized by anorthite contents [An = Ca/(Ca + Na)], which is negatively correlated with pressure (Table 7). At 1100 °C, An decreases from 0.70 to 0.61 for pressure increasing from 0.7 to 0.9 GPa, in excellent agreement with the An pressure dependence documented by subsolidus experiments on lherzolite bulks (Fig. 5; Borghini et al., 2010, 2011; Fumagalli et al., 2017).
Garnet is pyrope-rich with XMg values of 0.75–0.76 and Ca contents positively correlated with temperature, ranging from 0.481 apfu at 1150 °C to 0.525 apfu at 1230 °C (Table 7).
Approach to equilibrium
Demonstration of equilibrium through reversal experiments is difficult in case of complex chemical systems and for continuous reactions. However, the approach to equilibrium is carefully assessed through the following observations: (1) the growth of compositionally homogeneous (Fig. 3), chemically unzoned minerals, likely enhanced by long-time duration of experimental runs (Table 2), (2) systematic and consistent variations in mineral chemistry with varying P–T conditions (Figs. 4 and 5), (3) maintenance of constant bulk composition, as supported by mass-balance calculations (see below). The long duration of experiments led to well-developed textures with mineral phases homogeneously distributed in the charges. Furthermore, the behaviour of seeds can be taken into account to demonstrate a close approach to equilibrium; when not completely resorbed, seeds promoted growth rather than nucleation (Fig. 3).
Mineral modal abundance and quantification of the reactions
Phase abundances were derived by mass-balance calculations using a weighted least-squares minimization procedure (Table 8). We included in the mass-balance calculations eight major oxides, SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3, Cr2O3, FeO, MgO, CaO and Na2O. As the ferric/ferrous ratio in the run charges is unknown, all iron has been assumed as Fe2+, although moderate Fe3+ amount can be contained in spinel. Standard errors on the chemical analyses have been propagated to the phase abundances by the Monte Carlo method. Up to 10 000 simulations normally distributed around the average, value of each component of each phase have been evaluated and then statistically treated (Fumagalli et al., 2009).
Representative results are shown in Fig. 6, in which modal abundances (wt%) are reported as a function of pressure at 1100 and 1150 °C. Modal abundance of plagioclase decreases with increasing pressure until its breakdown at 1 GPa and this is accompanied by modal olivine decrease and increase of spinel and pyroxenes. Quantification of the reaction governing the pressure-dependent plagioclase disappearance in pyroxenite GV10 has been obtained by balancing mineral compositions across the plagioclase-out curve at 1100 °C (Fig. 6).
0.21 pl+0.21 ol+0.20 cpx1+0.35 opx1+0.03 spl1=0.42 cpx2+0.50 opx2+0.08 spl2.
In the mass-balance calculation, the average compositions of reactants (pl, ol, cpx1, opx1, spl1) refer to the phase compositions from run GV10-83-24 (0.9 GPa, 1100 °C), and those of products (cpx2, opx2, spl2) from run GV10-83-5 (1.0 GPa, 1100 °C; Table 2).
This reaction is similar to that experimentally derived for mantle lherzolites (Borghini et al., 2010), but the higher plagioclase coefficient indicates that more modal plagioclase is involved in the pyroxenite, as expected by the higher bulk Al2O3 and CaO contents. Plagioclase modal abundance reaches 14 wt% at 0.7 GPa, 1100 °C (Table 8); this amount is more than the double of that developed at the same P–T conditions in fertile lherzolite (5–6 wt%, Borghini et al., 2010).
Additionally, relatively high bulk Al2O3 in the pyroxenite results in a spinel mode up to 4.7 wt% (Table 8), almost twice the spinel amount derived from experiments (2.5 wt%, Borghini et al., 2010) and thermodynamic calculations (about 2.0 wt%, Ziberna et al., 2013) on fertile lherzolite bulk compositions. Spinel mode is rather constant within the spinel-bearing experiments (4.1–4.7 wt%), with no appreciable dependence on pressure (Fig. 6).
At P > 1.4 GPa, 1150 °C, the appearance of garnet is coupled with an increase of olivine mode and a decrease of spinel and pyroxenes, as documented experimentally at higher pressure in ultramafic systems (e.g., O'Neill, 1981; Klemme & O'Neill, 2000; Walter et al., 2002; Klemme, 2004). Our mass-balance calculations, accounting for mineral composition changes across the garnet-in curve at 1150 °C (Fig. 6), yielded the following reaction:
0.04 spl3+0.38 cpx3+0.58 opx3=0.30 cpx4+0.51 opx4+0.17 grt+0.02 ol (+spl4).
Reaction (2) has been balanced by using the average phase-composition of reactants (spl3, cpx3, opx3) from run GV10-83-17 (1.4 GPa, 1150 °C), and those of products (cpx4, opx4, grt, ol, spl4) from run GV10-83-3 (1.5 GPa, 1150 °C; Table 2).
Chromium-bearing rims on spinel seeds in garnet-bearing experiments have suggested that spinel is still stable at 1.5 GPa, together with garnet. However, quantification of spl4 in reaction (2) is made difficult by the high uncertainty on spinel composition due to its very small size. The reaction coefficient of spl4 obtained by balancing reaction (2) is well below 0.01 (around 0.002). Ziberna et al. (2013) argued that very low spinel modes in many garnet peridotite xenoliths result from spinel overlooking. This effect is amplified in GV10 garnet pyroxenite having Cr2O3 content (XCr = Cr/(Cr + Al) = 0.01) much lower than lherzolites (XCr = 0.07–0.10, Borghini et al., 2010).
The effect of bulk pyroxenite composition on phase stability
Given the large chemical variability of pyroxenites, the bulk composition is relevant in depicting the phase assemblage stable at fixed P and T.
In peridotites the occurrence of garnet is related to the stability of the olivine–garnet join according to the reaction:
spinel+clinopyroxene+orthopyroxene = garnet+olivine,
which defines the spinel to garnet facies transition (e.g., Kushiro & Yoder, 1966; O'Hara et al., 1971; Herzberg, 1978; Fumagalli & Klemme, 2015). It is well established that Cr strongly affects the location of the spinel-to-garnet transition, stabilizing spinel at higher pressure and resulting in spinel–garnet coexistence (Klemme, 2004). Similarly, the persistence of plagioclase to higher pressure has been established to be sensitive to the normative Ab/Di ratio and XCr of the bulk (Borghini et al., 2010).
In basalt-like compositions, the reaction:
plagioclase+clinopyroxene+orthopyroxene+spinel = garnet,
determines the lowest possible pressure whereby garnet is stable (e.g., Kushiro & Yoder, 1966; Herzberg, 1976). In this case a pyrope-grossular garnet appears at 1.3–1.5 GPa, 1000 °C (Kushiro & Yoder, 1966). Variations in bulk XMg would however lead to the stability of an almandine-grossular garnet as breakdown product of olivine + plagioclase assemblages at much lower pressure, i.e. 0.7 GPa, 1000 °C (Green & Hibberson, 1970).
The present study further shows the effect of bulk composition on the stable assemblage. Phase assemblages at 1 GPa, 1000–1100 °C are plotted into the compositional space (Mg,Fe)O–CaO*–SiO2–(Al,Cr)2O3 for the system Cr-FNCMAS, constructed projecting mineral compositions from the exchange vectors CaAlNa−1Si−1, MgFe−1 and AlCr−1; CaO* includes the contribution of Ca and Na through the vector CaAlNa−1Si−1.
The bulk compositions are indicated together with the amount of normative plagioclase (PlCIPW). Pyroxenite GV10 shows the same phase assemblage, olivine, orthopyroxene, clinpyroxene and spinel as a fertile lherzolite (FLZ). The higher normative PlCIPW results in a higher modal abundance of clinopyroxene (and spinel) as the bulk approaches the orthopyroxene–clinopyroxene–spinel plane. At further increase of PlCIPW as observed in pyroxenite DR9734 (PlCIPW = 39.1), the stable assemblage (orange star in Fig. 7) at the same P–T conditions is plagioclase, spinel, clinopyroxene and garnet (Adam et al., 1992). It should be noted that the stable garnet in pyroxenite DR9734 has, as expected, slightly lower XMg (53 mol% pyrope) and higher Ca (19 mol% grossular) with respect to garnets stabilized in GV10 pyroxenite at higher pressure (at 1.5 GPa, 1150 °C, 64 mol% pyrope, 14 mol% grossular). Its occurrence is related to reaction (4). In general, the clinopyroxene–orthopyroxene–spinel plane acts as a barrier separating olivine-bearing from olivine-free assemblages, the latter being able to stabilize associations of garnet and spinel, as observed in websterite R394 of Irving (1974), or garnet, spinel and plagioclase, as in clinopyroxenites DR9734 (Adam et al., 1992) and R392 (Irving, 1974). The GV10 pyroxenite bulk plots near this barrier and, within the spinel-facies, low-mode olivine is stabilized (approx. 5 wt%, Table 8). This confutes the lack of olivine in the spinel-bearing assemblage estimated by using the composition of the natural mineral phases (Borghini et al., 2016), indicating that, for GV10 bulk, olivine is stable at least from 0.7 to 1.5 GPa. In the following sections, we will discuss the plagioclase-out boundary, i.e. reaction (1), and the garnet-in curve, i.e. reaction (2), as derived by present experiments in relation with peridotite bulk compositions.
Near-solidus plagioclase-out curve
Defining the pressure limit of plagioclase stability in pyroxenites is useful to obtain information on geobarometric evolution of mantle rocks, because pyroxenites are commonly associated to peridotites in ultramafic massifs.
Experimental studies in the simplified system CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2 (CMAS) have indicated that the stability of plagioclase lherzolite is limited at pressure below 1 GPa (e.g., Kushiro & Yoder, 1966; Obata, 1976; Gasparik, 1984). Addition of Na to the CMAS system makes the plagioclase-in reaction divariant and extends the stability of plagioclase to pressures higher than 1 GPa (e.g., Walter & Presnall, 1994).
Subsolidus experiments on peridotite modelled in complex chemical systems revealed that the pressure of plagioclase-out curve is strongly influenced by the bulk Ab/Di ratio and XCr (e.g., Green & Hibberson, 1970; Green & Falloon, 1998; Borghini et al., 2010). Higher bulk Ab/Di ratio leads to crystallization of a more albitic plagioclase, expanding the plagioclase stability towards higher pressure (e.g., Green & Hibberson, 1970; Walter & Presnall, 1994; Green & Falloon, 1998; Falloon et al., 1999; Borghini et al., 2010; Till et al., 2012; Laporte et al., 2014; Fumagalli et al., 2017). At near-solidus temperatures, plagioclase persists up to 1.3 GPa in fertile lherzolites (e.g., Falloon et al., 1999; Laporte et al., 2014). Moreover, the plagioclase-out boundary is also sensitive to the bulk XCr (or the chromite/anorthite normative ratio), which acts in favour of spinel expanding its stability toward lower pressure at the expense of plagioclase (Borghini et al., 2010).
In Fig. 8, the plagioclase-out boundary derived for pyroxenite GV10 is compared with equilibria determined for different peridotite bulks in complex chemical systems, at the same temperatures. The high-pressure limit of plagioclase stability in GV10 occurs within the pressure range of the boundaries determined for these lherzolites. In particular, at 1100 °C the plagioclase-out curve of GV10 is very close to that of the Na-rich lherzolite HNa-FLZ recently investigated by Fumagalli et al. (2017) (Fig. 8). This further supports that the effect of the much lower bulk XCr of pyroxenite (0.01) is counterbalanced by its Ab/Di ratio (0.11) significantly lower than those of some mantle peridotites (Ab/Di = 0.15–0.30; Green & Falloon, 1998; Borghini et al., 2010).
As a result, plagioclase-facies recrystallization is expected to occur at very close depths or, possibly, simultaneously in fertile lherzolites and in high-Mg pyroxenites, such as pyroxenite GV10 and R934 (Irving, 1974). This is consistent with the observations in ultramafic massifs, where both pyroxenites and peridotites may be partially re-equilibrated at plagioclase-facies conditions. This is the case of mantle sequences from EL ophiolites (Rampone et al., 1995; Montanini et al., 2006; Borghini et al., 2010, 2011, 2013, 2016), as well as mantle tectonites in Ronda (e.g., Hidas et al., 2013). In agreement with experimental results, thermodynamically based estimates of plagioclase-facies recrystallization in Ronda mantle tectonites are within the pressure range of 1.0–0.5 GPa (Hidas et al., 2013). As documented for lherzolites (e.g., Green & Falloon, 1998; Borghini et al., 2010; Fumagalli et al., 2017), the increase of bulk Ab/Di ratio (at fixed bulk XMg and XCr) is expected to move toward higher pressure the plagioclase-out curve also in Mg-rich pyroxenites, although it needs to be confirmed by further experiments. In pyroxenites with bulk composition approaching those of mafic rocks (i.e. higher XMg and Ab/Di ratio), plagioclase stability is further moved to higher pressure, e.g., up to about 2 GPa in olivine-free pyroxenite with an Ab/Di ratio of 0.74 (e.g., pyroxenite R130 from Irving, 1974).
Thermodynamic calculations of the plagioclase-out curve have been performed using the Perple_X package (Connolly, 1990; Connolly & Petrini, 2002) in the chemical system Cr-NCFMAS, adopting the updated version of Holland & Powell (1998) database and solid solution models for Cr-bearing pyroxenes, spinel and garnet (http://www.perplex.ethz.ch). At 1100 °C, the plagioclase-out curve computed by thermodynamic modelling is located at pressure of about 0.1 GPa lower than the experimentally-derived curve (Fig. 8). As discussed in Borghini et al. (2010), calculations are sensitive to the bulk Ab/Di ratio but do not consider the effect of bulk XCr on the stability of plagioclase-lherzolite assemblages. Pyroxenite GV10 has a very low XCr that is expected to move the plagioclase-out curve towards higher pressure (Borghini et al., 2010). On the contrary, the computed curve is predicted at slightly lower pressure as an effect of the low bulk Ab/Di (Table 1). Moreover, we found that the thermodynamic modelling overestimates the solubility of Al in pyroxenes, mostly in clinopyroxene (Fig. 4), and this could further contribute to reduce the stability field of plagioclase.
Results of this work suggest that, at 1100 °C, anorthite content in plagioclase decreases with pressure, as observed in experiments on mantle peridotites (Fig. 5). In a recent paper, Fumagalli et al. (2017) proposed a geobarometer for plagioclase lherzolites based on the equilibrium Forsterite + Anorthite = CaTschermak + Enstatite (FACE geobarometer). Figure 5 shows that the relation between anorthite in plagioclase and XAlM1 in clinopyroxene observed in experiments on GV10 pyroxenite is consistent with data on lherzolites. However, application of FACE geobarometer on experiments of the present study provides equilibrium pressures (0.65 ± 0.05, 0.68 ± 0.05, 0.75 ± 0.05 GPa) systematically lower than experimental pressures (0.7, 0.8, 0.9 GPa), with the highest deviation at the highest pressure. More experimental data on plagioclase-bearing pyroxenites are needed to extend the applicability of the FACE geobarometer to mafic compositions. Noteworthy, few chemical analyses on plagioclase cores from GV10 natural pyroxenite provided an averaged anorthite of 0.58 (Borghini et al., 2016), which is slightly lower than anorthite in experimental samples (Table 7). This is presumably ascribable to the lower temperature of equilibration at plagioclase-facies conditions inferred for this mantle sequence (870–930 °C; Borghini et al., 2011), with respect to temperature of experiments (1100 °C; Table 2), in agreement with the positive correlation between temperature and anorthite in plagioclase (e.g., Fumagalli et al., 2017).
Near-solidus garnet-in curve
The spinel- to garnet-facies transition is one of the major phase boundaries in the Earth's upper mantle and is relevant to investigate chemical heterogeneity in the lithospheric mantle. A number of experimental studies have been dedicated to this transition in simplified chemical system, such as MAS and CMAS (for a review see Fumagalli & Klemme, 2015). In the CMAS system, the spinel–garnet boundary is univariant and, at near-solidus pressure, occurs at pressure of 1.8–2.2 GPa (e.g., Milholland & Presnall, 1998; Klemme & O'Neill, 2000; Walter et al., 2002). Addition of Fe to the system tends to shift the garnet-in reaction towards lower pressure (O'Neill, 1981; Irifune et al., 1982; Nickel, 1986; Webb & Wood, 1986; Brey et al., 1999, Girnis et al., 2003) whereas the presence of Cr stabilizes spinel relative to garnet (e.g., Klemme, 2004). In particular, in Cr-bearing chemical systems spinel and garnet coexist until spinel breaks down, which is expected to occur at rather high pressure with depletion degree of peridotite (i.e. higher bulk XCr, Ziberna et al., 2013). Experimental studies on the stability of hydrated phases in peridotite complex system also documented the spinel–garnet transition at T < 1100 °C (e.g., Niida & Green, 1999; Fumagalli & Poli, 2005).
As discussed above, the garnet-in curve for GV10 pyroxenite is located just below 1.5 GPa, in agreement with the garnet appearance in pyroxenites with similar bulk composition (Fig. 7a), at lower pressure than garnet-in curves for all the peridotites (Fig. 9). However, experimental data in anhydrous peridotite system are scarce (Fumagalli & Klemme, 2015), making difficult the comparison with experiments on pyroxenites. Expansion of garnet stability toward lower pressure is promoted by higher FeO and Al2O3 contents, as well as the lower XCr of the pyroxenites compared to the peridotites. Experimental results of this study confirm that garnet-bearing assemblages in GV10-type pyroxenite bulks are stable within a rather broad interval of pressure in which most of lherzolites are garnet-free, i.e. from 1.5 to about 2.0 GPa. Moreover, phase relations defined by our experiments indicate that the occurrence of garnet in the primary mineral assemblages, inferred for many pyroxenite layers from EL mantle sequences (Borghini et al., 2016), points to pyroxenite emplacement at pressure higher than 1.5 GPa.
The garnet-in curve calculated by Perple_X for the GV10 pyroxenite has a positive slope and, at near-solidus temperature of 1200–1330 °C, is located about 0.4 GPa above the curve constrained by experiments (Fig. 9). As we discussed in the previous section, the modelling overestimates the Al solubility in pyroxenes and does not consider Ca in orthopyroxene (Fig. 4). Calculations also tend to underestimate Cr solubility in pyroxenes, as previously documented applying the same thermodynamic calculation on various lherzolites (Borghini et al., 2010; Ziberna et al., 2013; Fumagalli et al., 2017). As a consequence, spinel composition derived by thermodynamic modelling is much Cr-richer than the spinel observed in experiments. This could increase the predicted stability of spinel over garnet and plagioclase, expanding the spinel-facies field in Mg-rich pyroxenites, as well as in peridotites, both toward higher and lower pressure (Figs. 8 and 9).
We have experimentally investigated the subsolidus phase relations in secondary-type pyroxenite GV10 from 0.7 to 1.5 GPa, 1100–1230 °C. Spinel, olivine and pyroxene are stable within the whole pressure range studied here. Plagioclase is observed from 0.7 to 0.9 GPa and garnet occurs solely at 1.5 GPa.
Plagioclase composition is influenced by pressure, with anorthite decreasing from An = Ca/(Ca + Na) = 0.70 at 0.7 GPa to An = 0.61 at 0.9 GPa. At 0.7 GPa (1100 °C), the mode of plagioclase produced in the studied pyroxenite by metamorphic reaction is more than twice that found in fertile lherzolites. Spinel modal abundance decreases at decreasing pressure in plagioclase-bearing experiments and at decreasing temperature where it coexists with garnet at 1.5 GPa. Garnet has pyrope-rich compositions and its modal abundance increases with decreasing temperature, up to 10 wt% at 1150 °C.
Pyroxenites having bulk composition characterized by high XMg and relatively low normative plagioclase, such as the secondary-type pyroxenite GV10, have subsolidus phase relations similar to fertile lherzolite. Plagioclase-out boundary is within the pressure range of many lherzolites, and spinel is the unique aluminum phase stable at intermediate pressure (1–1.4 GPa). However, in pyroxenites garnet appears at significantly lower pressure than in lherzolite.
We gratefully acknowledge reviewers A. Montanini and D. Laporte for their constructive criticism and suggestions. We thank E. Rampone for the editorial handling. A. Risplendente is thanked for his technical assistance during the electron microprobe work. This work was financially supported by the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (MIUR) [PRIN-2015C5LN35] "Melt rock reaction and melt migration in the MORB mantle through combined natural and experimental studies".
© 2018 E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, D-70176 Stuttgart
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY-NC, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, except for commercial purposes, provided the original work is properly cited.
Phase assemblages in pyroxenite GV10 as a function of pressure and temperature. The solidus curve, the plagioclase-out and garnet-in boundaries are also reported.
Representative textures in subsolidus experiments on pyroxenite GV10 (back-scattered electron (BSE) pictures). (a) Experiment GV10-83-23 (0.8 GPa; 1100 °C): plagioclase-bearing assemblage is composed of clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, olivine, plagioclase and Cr-spinel. Black polyhedral elements are pores. (b) Run GV10-83-12 (1.3 GPa; 1150 °C), showing the spinel-facies assemblage. (c) Run GV10-83-7 (1.5 GPa; 1200 °C), in which a coarse seed of spinel is partially substituted by fine-grained garnet-bearing mineral assemblage.
BSE image and X-ray maps for Si, Al and Ca of a representative texture in run GV10-83-7 (1.5 GPa; 1200 °C), showing a large garnet seed partially replaced by a newly formed mineral assemblage in which new small spinel and garnet grains are evidenced.
Al content (apfu) variations in clinopyroxene (a) and orthopyroxene (b) as a function of pressure. Numbers close to symbols refer to run temperature. The blue and green curves correspond to the Al variation trend in pyroxenes, calculated for the pyroxenite GV10 composition using Perple_X software (Connolly, 1990; Connolly & Petrini, 2002) at 1100 and 1200 °C, respectively.
XAn (Ca/(Ca + Na)) in plagioclase vs. XAlM1 in clinopyroxene in experiments on pyroxenite GV10 (blue circles) compared to experimental data from previous studies on lherzolites (FLZ, DLZ and HNa-FLZ; Fumagalli et al., 2017, and references therein).
Modal abundances as a function of pressure in experiments on GV10 at 1100 °C (0.7–1.0 GPa), and 1150 °C (1.3–1.5 GPa). Modal amounts for experiments at 0.7 GPa, 1100 °C, have been computed by using olivine and spinel compositions from experiments at 0.8 GPa, 1100 °C. The grey bands represent the pressure of plagioclase-out and garnet-in boundaries for pyroxenite GV10.
Schematic chemography for the system Cr-FNCMAS, constructed projecting from exchange vectors CaAlNa−1Si−1, MgFe−1 and AlCr−1 into the compositional space (Mg,Fe)O–CaO*–SiO2–(Al,Cr)2O3, where CaO* includes the contribution of Ca and Na through the vector CaAlNa−1Si−1. Stars represent the bulk compositions of websterite GV10 (this study), clinopyroxenite DR9734 (Adam et al., 1992) and fertile lherzolite FLZ (Borghini et al., 2010). CIPW normative plagioclase (PlCIPW) for each bulk composition is reported in empty circles. Compositions of mineral phases are from experiments on websterite GV10 (green circles, this study) and on clinopyroxenite DR9734 (orange circles, Adam et al., 1992).
The plagioclase-out boundary and solidus curves determined by this experimental study on pyroxenite GV10 and previously investigated lherzolites: Hawaiian pyrolite, HPY (Green et al., 1979); fertile and depleted lherzolites, FLZ and DLZ (Borghini et al., 2010); high-Na fertile lherzolite, HNa-FLZ (Fumagalli et al., 2017). The blue dashed curve represents the plagioclase-out boundary derived by thermodynamic calculations using Perple_X package (Connolly, 1990; Connolly & Petrini, 2002), in the model chemical system Cr-NCFMAS. Empty circles report the values of normative Ab/Di and XCr for each bulk composition.
The garnet-in curves experimentally determined for: pyroxenite GV10 (this study); MORB pyrolite (hMPY) modelled in the hydrous Cr–Ti-bearing system from Niida & Green (1999); model Hawaiian peridotite nodule (PX) studied by Fumagalli & Poli (2005); lherzolite in CMAS system by Klemme & O'Neill (2000) and Walter et al. (2002). The blue dashed curve represents the garnet-in curve derived by thermodynamic calculations using Perple_X package (Connolly, 1990; Connolly & Petrini, 2002), in the model chemical system Cr-NCFMAS.
Compositions of starting material of this work and previous studies.
GV10*
rock an.
Adam et al. (1992)
Irving (1974)
SiO2 47.54 47.57(12) 47.31 46.02 46.54 45.73 47.24 50.67
TiO2 0.45 0.45(6) 0.23 0.39 0.45 0.69 2.10 0.79
Al2O3 10.27 10.39(6) 14.95 13.57 15.48 14.29 15.71 17.02
Cr2O3 0.16 0.15(4) 0.09 0.41 0.16 0.05 0.00 0.00
FeO 7.23 6.99(11) 6.52 7.61 6.29 5.26 11.49 8.46
MnO 0.17 0.18(6) 0.14 0.12 0.15 0.16 0.19 0.18
MgO 19.15 19.23(14) 12.83 19.58 15.38 18.25 8.21 8.66
CaO 14.43 14.49(9) 16.44 11.67 14.28 14.68 11.61 11.08
Na2O 0.50 0.48(2) 1.44 0.63 0.96 0.81 3.20 2.82
K2O 0.10 0.08(2) 0.03 0.00 0.26 0.04 0.24 0.31
Tot. 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
XMg 0.83 0.83 0.78 0.82 0.81 0.86 0.56 0.65
XCr 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
(mol%)
Ab 4.23 4.06 4.61 5.73 6.21 2.36 18.19 23.94
An 25.56 26.04 34.35 37.00 37.32 35.37 27.83 32.9
Di 36.88 36.71 38.06 20.00 27.00 29.90 24.59 18.1
Hy 4.32 4.68 19.05 7.43
Ol 27.48 27.09 18.22 17.33 26.00 28.40 19.11 14.31
Il 0.85 0.85 0.44 0.80 0.85 1.31 3.99 1.5
Cm 0.24 0.24 0.15 0.40 0.24 0.16
Or 0.59 0.47 0.18 1.54 0.24 1.41 1.83
Nf 4.10 1.04 2.44 4.86
Ab/Di 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.29 0.23 0.08 0.74 1.32
Major element analysis by lithium metaborate/tetraborate fusion ICP on powder samples GV10 (Borghini et al., 2016).
All compositions are normalized to a sum of 100%. In the GV10-glass column, the error given in parenthesis (1σ) refers to the last digit given.
CIPW norms (mol% proportions) are also reported. Ab, albite; An, anorthite; Di, diopside; Hy, hypersthene; Ol, olivine; Il, ilmenite; Cm, chromite; Or, orthoclase; Ne, nepheline.
Experimental run conditions and products.
P (GPa)
t (h)
Run products
GV10-83-25 0.7 1100 416 cpx, opx, sp, plag, ol
GV10-83-5 1.0 1100 408 cpx, opx, sp, ol
GV10-83-4* 1.0 1180 240 cpx, opx, sp, ol
GV10-83-1* 1.0 1200 120 glass, cpx, ol, opx, sp
GV10-83-12 1.3 1150 336 cpx, opx, sp, ol
GV10-83-3 1.5 1150 357 cpx, opx, gnt, sp, ol
GV10-83-16* 1.5 1230 94 cpx, opx, ol, sp, gnt
From Borghini et al. (2017).
Average compositions of clinopyroxenes.
GV10-83-25
GV10-83-5
GV10-83-4*
GV10-83-16*
No. An
SiO2 51.43 (0.43) 51.00 (0.32) 50.92 (0.30) 49.78 (1.57) 49.98 (0.89) 50.32 (0.43) 50.35 (0.84) 50.46 (0.63) 50.50 (0.37) 50.48 (0.32)
TiO2 0.34 (0.06) 0.36 (0.10) 0.51 (0.06) 0.53 (0.06) 0.34 (0.23) 0.51 (0.04) 0.54 (0.06) 0.51 (0.04) 0.49 (0.06) 0.50 (0.08)
Al2O3 4.59 (0.29) 4.99 (0.26) 5.47 (0.53) 8.24 (1.17) 8.79 (1.24) 8.65 (0.44) 8.23 (0.92) 7.69 (0.76) 8.32 (0.33) 8.43 (0.42)
Cr2O3 0.20 (0.06) 0.20 (0.02) 0.20 (0.05) 0.14 (0.05) 0.12 (0.04) 0.13 (0.03) 0.13 (0.04) 0.13 (0.04) 0.13 (0.04) 0.12 (0.04)
FeO 4.84 (0.06) 5.31 (0.33) 5.23 (0.46) 5.56 (0.65) 5.47 (0.28) 5.93 (0.19) 5.68 (0.40) 5.24 (0.13) 5.56 (0.21) 5.65 (0.16)
MgO 16.18 (0.15) 15.80 (0.46) 15.56 (0.36) 15.87 (0.87) 15.91 (0.41) 16.45 (0.27) 16.41 (0.31) 16.03 (0.28) 16.88 (0.44) 17.11 (0.21)
CaO 21.99 (0.12) 21.66 (0.38) 21.78 (0.40) 18.97 (1.56) 19.00 (0.56) 18.05 (0.26) 18.52 (0.83) 19.53 (0.45) 18.10 (0.76) 17.74 (0.32)
Na2O 0.29 (0.04) 0.21 (0.06) 0.24 (0.05) 0.42 (0.04) 0.40 (0.06) 0.40 (0.04) 0.38 (0.05) 0.43 (0.06) 0.37 (0.05) 0.36 (0.03)
Total 99.84 (0.37) 99.53 (0.54) 99.92 (0.38) 99.50 (1.14) 100.03 (0.51) 100.45 (0.47) 100.24 (0.45) 100.02 (0.61) 100.35 (0.22) 100.39 (0.22)
Si 1.885 (0.009) 1.876 (0.012) 1.865 (0.012) 1.820 (0.040) 1.815 (0.029) 1.818 (0.009) 1.824 (0.025) 1.834 (0.023) 1.824 (0.011) 1.821 (0.013)
Ti 0.009 (0.002) 0.010 (0.003) 0.014 (0.002) 0.015 (0.002) 0.009 (0.006) 0.014 (0.001) 0.015 (0.002) 0.014 (0.001) 0.013 (0.002) 0.014 (0.002)
Al 0.198 (0.013) 0.216 (0.011) 0.236 (0.022) 0.355 (0.054) 0.376 (0.054) 0.368 (0.019) 0.351 (0.040) 0.330 (0.031) 0.354 (0.014) 0.358 (0.017)
Cr 0.006 (0.002) 0.006 (0.001) 0.006 (0.001) 0.004 (0.002) 0.003 (0.001) 0.004 (0.001) 0.004 (0.001) 0.004 (0.001) 0.004 (0.001) 0.003 (0.001)
Fe 0.148 (0.002) 0.163 (0.010) 0.160 (0.014) 0.171 (0.020) 0.166 (0.008) 0.179 (0.006) 0.172 (0.012) 0.159 (0.003) 0.168 (0.006) 0.171 (0.005)
Mg 0.884 (0.008) 0.866 (0.023) 0.850 (0.018) 0.865 (0.049) 0.861 (0.022) 0.886 (0.014) 0.886 (0.016) 0.869 (0.015) 0.908 (0.022) 0.920 (0.011)
Ca 0.863 (0.006) 0.854 (0.018) 0.855 (0.017) 0.743 (0.057) 0.739 (0.022) 0.699 (0.009) 0.719 (0.033) 0.761 (0.019) 0.700 (0.031) 0.686 (0.013)
Na 0.020 (0.003) 0.016 (0.004) 0.018 (0.004) 0.030 (0.003) 0.028 (0.004) 0.028 (0.003) 0.027 (0.004) 0.030 (0.004) 0.026 (0.004) 0.025 (0.002)
Cat.Sum. 4.014 4.008 4.004 4.002 4.000 3.996 3.997 4.000 3.997 3.997
XMg 0.857 0.841 0.841 0.836 0.838 0.832 0.837 0.845 0.844 0.844
XMg = Mg/(Mg + Fetot). Numbers in parentheses correspond to 1sigma standard deviations. Cations are calculated on the basis of 6 oxygens and all Fe = Fe2+.
Data from Borghini et al. (2017).
Average compositions of orthopyroxenes.
CaO 1.78 (0.18) 1.46 (0.37) 1.32 (0.13) 1.56 (0.13) 1.93 (0.68) 1.92 (0.06) 1.81 (0.09) 1.41 (0.11) 1.51 (0.09) 1.82 (0.09)
Total 100.41 (0.27) 100.22 (0.44) 100.38 (0.46) 99.60 (0.66) 99.53 (0.79) 100.84 (0.29) 100.27 (0.30) 99.56 (0.24) 100.05 (0.42) 99.81 (0.57)
XMg = Mg/(Mg + Fetot). Numbers in parenthesescorrespondto 1sigma standard deviations. Cations are calculatedon the basis of 6 oxygens and all Fe = Fe2+.
Average compositions of olivines.
SiO2 39.53 (0.13) 40.05 (0.35) 39.46 (0.35) 39.75 (0.51) 39.67 (0.57) 39.59 (0.45) 39.93 (0.42) 40.42 (0.13) 39.48 (0.13)
TiO2 0.03 (0.01) 0.03 (0.01) 0.02 (0.02) 0.03 (0.02) 0.03 (0.02) 0.03 (0.02) 0.03 (0.01) 0.03 (0.01) 0.02 (0.02)
Cr2O3 0.02 (0.02) 0.02 (0.02) 0.05 (0.03) 0.04 (0.03) 0.05 (0.03) 0.05 (0.03) 0.02 (0.02) 0.02 (0.02) 0.05 (0.03)
FeO 15.24 (0.18) 15.35 (0.22) 15.66 (0.19) 15.60 (0.26) 15.62 (0.26) 15.61 (0.24) 15.31 (0.19) 15.29 (0.12) 15.60 (0.23)
MgO 44.50 (0.04) 43.72 (0.22) 43.64 (0.46) 43.95 (0.55) 43.79 (0.41) 43.83 (0.37) 44.00 (0.41) 43.86 (0.07) 43.90 (0.32)
CaO 0.38 (0.05) 0.39 (0.05) 0.39 (0.02) 0.41 (0.04) 0.40 (0.04) 0.39 (0.03) 0.38 (0.05) 0.36 (0.01) 0.38 (0.03)
Total 99.69 (0.18) 99.57 (0.41) 99.22 (0.37) 99.77 (0.71) 99.54 (0.67) 99.49 (0.56) 99.66 (0.35) 99.98 (0.17) 99.42 (0.35)
Si 0.995 (0.003) 1.013 (0.005) 1.001 (0.012) 1.003 (0.011) 1.003 (0.012) 1.001 (0.009) 1.008 (0.010) 1.018 (0.002) 0.999 (0.004)
Ti 0.001 (0.000) 0.001 (0.000) 0.000 (0.000) 0.001 (0.000) 0.001 (0.000) 0.001 (0.000) 0.001 (0.000) 0.001 (0.000) 0.000 (0.000)
Cr 0.000 (0.000) 0.000 (0.000) 0.001 (0.001) 0.001 (0.001) 0.001 (0.000) 0.001 (0.000) 0.000 (0.000) 0.000 (0.000) 0.001 (0.001)
Fe 0.321 (0.004) 0.325 (0.005) 0.332 (0.003) 0.329 (0.006) 0.330 (0.006) 0.330 (0.005) 0.323 (0.005) 0.322 (0.003) 0.330 (0.005)
Mg 1.670 (0.002) 1.648 (0.006) 1.651 (0.012) 1.652 (0.014) 1.650 (0.013) 1.652 (0.011) 1.655 (0.012) 1.646 (0.001) 1.656 (0.007)
Ca 0.010 (0.001) 0.011 (0.001) 0.011 (0.000) 0.011 (0.001) 0.011 (0.001) 0.011 (0.001) 0.010 (0.001) 0.010 (0.000) 0.010 (0.001)
Cat.sum 2.997 2.997 2.996 2.996 2.996 2.996 2.997 2.996 2.997
XMg 0.833 0.829 0.826 0.827 0.826 0.827 0.831 0.830 0.828
Average compositions of spinels.
SiO2 0.14 (0.07) 0.46 (0.11) 0.27 (0.08) 0.34 (0.13) 0.13 (0.05) 0.16 (0.09) 0.26 (0.11) 0.32 (0.13) 0.27 (0.13)
Al2O3 56.55 (0.38) 58.35 (0.82) 64.33 (0.07) 63.42 (0.85) 62.48 (0.77) 62.11 (0.44) 60.35 (1.15) 61.58 (0.95) 63.2 (1.07)
Total 99.89 (0.08) 100.05 (0.70) 100.20 (0.16) 98.87 (0.32) 99.58 (0.26) 99.33 (0.35) 99.91 (0.67) 99.77 (0.59) 99.1 (0.51)
Al 1.749 (0.010) 1.797 (0.010) 1.943 (0.002) 1.934 (0.007) 1.906 (0.005) 1.901 (0.007) 1.854 (0.011) 1.883 (0.009) 1.936 (0.011)
XCr 0.079 0.062 0.023 0.022 0.023 0.021 0.052 0.039 0.028
XCr = Cr/(Cr + Al); XMg = Mg/(Mg + Fetot). Numbers in parentheses are 1sigma standard deviations. Cations are calculated on the basis of 4 oxygens and all Fe = Fe2+.
Average compositions of plagioclases and garnets.
SiO2 49.63 (0.87) 52.54 (0.40) 53.48 (0.07) SiO2 43.14 (0.22) 43.22 (0.26) 43.24 (0.25)
TiO2 0.04 (0.02) 0.05 (0.01) 0.05 (0.01) TiO2 0.22 (0.05) 0.22 (0.04) 0.23 (0.04)
Al2O3 32.13 (0.57) 29.43 (0.38) 29.35 (0.74) Al2O3 22.34 (0.24) 21.83 (0.82) 21.53 (1.08)
FeO 0.18 (0.07) 0.06 (0.06) 0.11 (0.02) Cr2O3 0.16 (0.05) 0.16 (0.04) 0.18 (0.04)
MgO 0.16 (0.09) 0.15 (0.07) 0.16 (0.05) FeO 10.26 (0.44) 10.33 (1.22) 10.52 (1.47)
CaO 14.31 (0.32) 14.49 (0.34) 12.70 (0.33) MgO 18.35 (0.61) 18.29 (0.83) 18.27 (0.95)
Na2O 3.44 (0.18) 3.79 (0.18) 4.43 (0.13) CaO 6.32 (0.34) 6.71 (0.76) 6.89 (0.87)
K2O 0.08 (0.07) 0.03 (0.01) 0.04 (0.01) Na2O 0.07 (0.03) 0.06 (0.03) 0.04 (0.03)
Total 99.95 (0.33) 100.59 (0.26) 100.28 (0.82) Total 100.93 (0.51) 101.15 (0.69) 100.97 (0.64)
Si 2.257 (0.034) 2.378 (0.016) 2.417 (0.021) Si 3.064 (0.008) 3.044 (0.091) 3.077 (0.020)
Ti 0.001 (0.000) 0.002 (0.000) 0.002 (0.000) Ti 0.012 (0.002) 0.012 (0.002) 0.012 (0.002)
Al 1.722 (0.034) 1.570 (0.020) 1.563 (0.027) Al 1.870 (0.028) 1.827 (0.072) 1.806 (0.093)
Fe 0.006 (0.001) 0.002 (0.002) 0.004 (0.001) Cr 0.009 (0.003) 0.010 (0.002) 0.010 (0.002)
Mg 0.011 (0.005) 0.010 (0.004) 0.011 (0.003) Fe 0.607 (0.023) 0.591 (0.074) 0.584 (0.088)
Ca 0.697 (0.016) 0.702 (0.016) 0.615 (0.014) Mg 1.942 (0.061) 1.920 (0.084) 1.937 (0.092)
Na 0.303 (0.015) 0.333 (0.016) 0.388 (0.013) Ca 0.481 (0.027) 0.506 (0.063) 0.525 (0.068)
K 0.001 (0.001) 0.000 (0.000) 0.000 (0.000) Na 0.009 (0.005) 0.008 (0.003) 0.006 (0.004)
Cat.Sum. 4.998 4.998 5.000 Cat.Sum. 7.994 7.969 7.957
Ca + Na 1.000 1.035 1.003 XMg 0.760 0.754 0.756
An 0.696 0.679 0.613
An = Ca/(Ca + Na); XMg = Mg/(Mg + Fetot). Numbers in parentheses correspond to 1sigma standard deviations. Cations are calculatedon the basis of 8 and 6 oxygens for plagioclase and garnet, respectively. All Fe = Fe2+.
Phase proportions (wt%) in experiments calculated by weighted mass balance.
opx
R2*
GV10-83-25 0.7 1100 60.0(3.1) 12.6(3.7) 11.9(2.6) 1.7(0.9) 13.7(2.1) – 0.389
GV10-83-24 0.9 1100 62.4(1.6) 16.2(3.1) 9.1(2.6) 3.8(0.8) 8.7(1.9) – 0.287
GV10-83-5 1.0 1100 76.2(4.5) 14.4(2.8) 4.7(1.2) 4.6(1.1) – – 0.142
GV10-83-4* 1.0 1180 74.4(2.7) 16.1(5.1) 5.2(2.9) 4.5(1.3) – – 0.213
GV10-83-12 1.3 1150 79.4(1.6) 11.8(3.2) 4.9(1.9) 4.1(0.6) – – 0.095
GV10-83-3 1.5 1150 71.1(2.7) 10.1(3.2) 5.8(2.3) 2.4(2.1) – 10.5(3.7) 0.147
GV10-83-7 1.5 1200 75.6(3.2) 7.6(2.7) 6.1(3.2) 2.1(0.9) – 8.2(2.5) 0.244
GV10-83-16* 1.5 1230 78.1(4.1) 6.7(5.3) 6.3(2.1) 3.1(1.9) – 5.2(4.6) 0.342
Sum of the squares of residuals for all elements calculated as the sum of the squares of the difference between model and calculated composition.
cpx, clinopyroxene; opx, orthopyroxene; ol, olivine; spl, spinel; pl, plagioclase; grt, garnet.
Numbers in parentheses are propagated errors from Monte Carlo simulations.
Modal amounts for experiments at 0.7 GPa, 1100 °C, have been computed by using olivine and spinel compositions from experiments at 0.8 GPa, 1100 °C.
experimental studies
feldspar group
garnet group
lherzolite
P-T conditions
peridotites
phase equilibria
pyroxenite
ultramafics
upper mantle
An experimental study of two garnet pyroxenite xenoliths from the Bullenmerri and Gnotuk Maars of western Victoria, Australia
Contrib. Mineral. Petrol.
Aulbach
D.E.
Major- and trace-elements in cratonic mantle eclogites and pyroxenites reveal heterogeneous sources and metamorphic processing of low-pressure protoliths
Bodinier
J.-L.
): Orogenic, ophiolitic and abyssal peridotites. in
"Treatise on Geochemistry", vol. 2
, 2nd Edition,
Turekian
, eds.
Oxford, UK
Fabries
a):
Petrogenesis of layered pyroxenites from the Lherz, Freychinède and Prades ultramafic bodies (Ariège, French Pyrenees)
Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta
Lorand
J.-P.
b):
Geochemistry of amphibole pyroxenite veins from the Lherz and Freychinède ultramafic bodies (Ariège, French Pyrenees)
Bull. Minéral.
Borghini
Rampone
The stability of plagioclase in the upper mantle: subsolidus experiments on fertile and depleted lherzolite
J. Petrol.
The geobarometric significance of plagioclase in mantle peridotites: a link between nature and experiments
Meter-scale Nd isotopic heterogeneity in pyroxenite-bearing Ligurian peridotites encompasses global-scale upper mantle variability
Pyroxenite layersin the Northern Apennines upper mantle (Italy) − Generation by pyroxenite melting and melt infiltration
Partial melting experiments on a natural pyroxenite at 1 and 1.5 GPa: insights on the role of secondary pyroxenites in basalts generation
Brey
Doroshev
Girnis
Turkin
Garnet–spinel–olivine– orthopyroxene equilibria in the FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–Cr2O3 system: I. Composition and molar volumes of minerals
Eur. J. Mineral.
J.A.D.
Calculation of multivariable phase diagrams: an algorithm based on generalized thermodynamics
Am. J. Sci.
Petrini
An automated strategy for calculation of phase diagram sections and retrieval of rock properties as a function of physical conditions
J. Metamorph. Geol.
Falloon
Danyushevsky
L.V.
Faul
U.H.
Peridotite melting at 1.0 and 1.5 GPa: an experimental evaluation of techniques using diamond aggregates and mineral mixes for determination of near-solidus melts
Klemme
): Mineralogy of the earth: phase transitions and mineralogy of the upper mantle. in
"Treatise on geophysics", vol 2
. 2nd Edition,
, ed.,
Experimentally determined phase relations in hydrous peridotites to 6.5 GPa and their consequences on the dynamics of subduction zones
Zanchetta
Alkali in phlogopite and amphibole and their effects on phase relations in metasomatized peridotites: a high-pressure study
Experimental calibration of Fosterite-Anorthite-CaTschermak-Enstatite (FACE) geobarometer for mantle peridotites
Diversity of mafic rocks in the Ronda peridotite: evidence for pervasive melt-rock reaction during heating of subcontinental lithosphere by upwelling asthenosphere
Gasparik
Two-pyroxene thermobarometry with new experimental data in the system CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2
The system MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–Cr2O3 revisited: reanalysis of Doroshev, et al. (1997) experiments and new experiments
LeRoex
Eclogites and garnet pyroxenites: similarities and differences
J. Volc. Geotherm Res.
): Pyrolite: a Ringwood concept and its current expression. in
"The Earth's mantle"
, ed.
Hibberson
The instability of plagioclase in peridotite at high pressure
): Petrogenesis of mid ocean ridge basalt. in
"The Earth: its origin, structure and evolution"
McElhinney
Gysi
Jagoutz
Targuisti
Petrogenesis of pyroxenites and melt infiltrations in the ultramafic complex of Beni Boussera, Northern Morocco
Tilhac
W.L.
Satsukawa
M.-A.
Ceuleneer
Deformation of mantle pyroxenites provides clues to geodynamic processes in subduction zones: case study of the Cabo Ortegal Complex, Spain
Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.
): The lowest pressure pyralspite garnet-forming reaction in CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2: the Seiland/Ariegite subfacies boundary in simple spinel-lherzolites. in
"Progress in experimental petrology, D.3"
Natural Environment Research Council Publications
Pyroxene geothermometry and geobarometry: experimental and thermodynamic evaluation of some subsolidus phase relations involving pyroxenes in the system CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2
Hidas
Padron-Navarta
Thielmann
Konc
Strain localization in pyroxenite by reaction-enhanced softening in the shallow subcontinental lithospheric mantle
A possible role for garnet pyroxenite in the origin of the 'garnet signature' in MORB
T.J.B.
An internally consistent thermo- dynamic data set for phases of petrological interest
Irifune
Ohtani
Kumazawa
Stability field of knorringite Mg3Cr2Si3O12 at high-pressure and its implication to the occurrence of Cr-rich pyrope in the upper mantle
Phys. Earth Planet. Inter.
Geochemical and high pressure experimental studies on garnet pyroxenite and pyroxene granulite xenoliths from the Delegate basaltic pipes Australia
Melting of mantle peridotite at pressures approaching the spinel to garnet transition: application to mid-ocean ridge basalt petrogenesis
J. Geophys. Res.
The influence of Cr on the garnet-spinel transition in the Earth's mantle: experiments in the system MgO–Cr2O3–SiO2 and thermodynamic modelling
H.S.C.
The effect of Cr on the solubility of Al in orthopyroxene: experiments and thermodynamic modelling
Anorthite-forsterite and anorthite-enstatite reactions and their bearing on the basalt-eclogite transformation
Fate of pyroxenite-derived melts in the peridotitic mantle: thermodynamic and experimental constraints
Markers of the pyroxenite contribution in the major-element compositions of oceanic basalts: review of the experimental constraints
The role of pyroxenite in basalt genesis: melt-PX, a melting parameterization for mantle pyroxenites between 0.9 and 5 GPa
Ottolini
Experimental derivation of nepheline syenite and phonolite liquids by partial melting of upper mantle peridotites
Milholland
Presnall
Liquidus phase relations in the CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2 system at 3.0 GPa: the aluminous pyroxene thermal divide and high-pressure fractionation of picritic and komatiitic magmas
Montanini
Tribuzio
Evolution of recycled crust within the mantle: constraints from the garnet pyroxenites of the External Ligurian ophiolites (northern Apennines, Italy)
Anczkiewicz
Exhumation history of a garnet pyroxenite-bearing mantle section from a continent-ocean transition (Northern Apennine ophiolites, Italy)
Thirlwall
Garnet clinopyroxenite layers from the mantle sequences of the Northern Apennine ophiolites (Italy): evidence for recycling of crustal material
Morishita
Petrogenesis of corundum-bearing mafic rock in the Horoman Peridotite complex, Japan
K.G.
Phase equilibria in the system SiO2–MgO–Al2O3–CaO–Cr2O3 (SMACCr) and their bearing on spinel garnet lherzolite relationships
N. Jahrb. Mineral. Abh.
Niida
Stability and chemical composition of pargasitic amphibole in MORB pyrolite under upper mantle conditions
The solubility of Al2O3 in orthopyroxenes in spinel and plagioclase peridotites and spinel pyroxenite
Am. Mineral.
Garnet-peridotite stability and occurrence in crust and mantle
The transition between spinel lherzolite and garnet lherzolite, and its use as a geobarometer
Phipps Morgan
Thermodynamics of pressure release melting of a veined plum pudding mantle
Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst.
Piccardo
Vannucci
Petrology, mineral and isotope geochemistry of the external liguride peridotites (Northern Apennines, Italy)
Schmädicke
Phase relations in peridotitic and pyroxenitic rocks in the model system CMASH and NCMASH
Shorttle
Maclennan
Compositional trends of Icelandic basalts: implications for short-length scale lithological heterogeneity in mantle plumes
Sobolev
Nikogosian
I.K.
An olivine-free mantle source of Hawaiian shield basalts
S.-L.
Gurenko
Kamenetsky
Krivolutskaya
Matvienkov
Rocholl
Sigurdsson
Sushchevskaya
Teklay
The amount of recycled crust in sources of mantle-derived melts
Takazawa
Polybaric petrogenesis of mafic layers in the Horoman peridotite complex, Japan
Krawczynski
A melting model for variably depleted and enriched lherzolite in the plagioclase and spinel stability fields
R.W.
The graphite fluid equilibrium in P, T, fO2 space: an experimental determination to 30 kbar and 1600 °C
Van Acken
W.F.
Wombacher
Formation of pyroxenite layers in the Totalp ultramafic massif (Swiss Alps) − insights from highly siderophile elements and Os isotopes
Melting of garnet peridotite and the origin of komatiite and depleted lithosphere
Melting behaviour of simplified lherzolite in the system CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–Na2O from 7 to 35 kbar
Shinmei
Lesher
Spinel-garnet lherzolite transition in the system CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2 revisited: an in situ X-ray study
S.A.C.
Spinel-pyroxene-garnet relationships and their dependence on Cr/Al ratio
Ziberna
Garnet and spinel in fertile and depleted mantle: insights from thermodynamic modelling


Melinda M. Stach joined the Company in January 2017 to lead marketing efforts.
She has more than 17 years of financial services and B2B experience in marketing. Prior to joining CreditRiskMonitor, Ms. Stach was a senior director of Golub Capital where she headed marketing operations. In this position, she played a vital role in leading the integration of the firm's marketing automation and CRM solutions, which helped to align marketing and sales efforts. Ms. Stach also conceived and spearheaded hundreds of major marketing campaigns, programs and events over her 13-year tenure at Golub Capital, leading teams through strategy, implementation and analysis. Prior to Golub Capital, Ms. Stach was a marketing manager at TD Capital where she coordinated global marketing campaigns. Ms. Stach has a breadth of marketing expertise in advertising, branding, marketing communications, media/PR and marketing operations.
Ms. Stach holds a B.B.A. in Business Studies with distinction, concentrated in Marketing and Management, from Pace University.


text:
Celebrating 75 Years in Microwaves & RF at European Microwave 2019!
Categories: Communications, Electronic Warfare, EMC, Scientific & Medical, Instrumentation Amplifiers, Press Releases, Radar
TMD highlights its PTCM Series instrumentation amplifiers, now with higher power combined versions – plus innovative, modular architecture, RF solid state amplifiers for a range of applications including EMC/EMI, industrial, laboratory, mainstream scientific, and military programmes.
At European Microwave 2019, TMD Technologies Limited (TMD), specialist London based design and manufacturing company, will be celebrating an outstanding 75 years in the microwave and RF field – highlighting its newest, modular intelligent instrumentation amplifiers for EMC, threat simulation and laboratory use, and the company's latest, innovative RF solid state amplifiers for cutting-edge mainstream science.
TMD celebrates its 75 Year Anniversary at DSEI 2019 in London with a host of microwave and RF products for radar, EW and communications: on Stand S2-332, ADS UK Pavilion
Categories: Communications, Electronic Warfare, High Voltage Power Supplies, Instrumentation Amplifiers, MPMs, Press Releases, Radar, Rugged Amplifiers and Transmitters
At DSEI 2019, TMD Technologies Limited (TMD), specialist West London based design and manufacturing company, will be celebrating an outstanding 75 years in the microwave and RF field – showing a wide range of advanced products that highlight and emphasizing its heritage and proven capability in the defence and security industry.
Jane McAlister, Sales & Business Development Director said: "It's fascinating to reflect that the same spirit of innovation shown by EMI in the 1940s is very much alive in TMD's engineers today, working closely with the sales team to focus on our customers and the emerging requirements of their applications".
David Bullas, Head of Region, Asia Pacific commented "As an international company with a very strong export focus, DSEI presents an unrivalled opportunity to engage with our ever-growing number of partners and customers from around the world. And for those new to TMD, the capabilities on display at DSEI will help explain why we have enjoyed such success in the United States, Asia Pacific and elsewhere. TMD looks forward to welcoming visitors to its new eye-catching stand at DSEI 2019!"
TMD celebrates an outstanding 75 years at the top of scientific and technical microwave and RF innovation
Categories: Communications, Electronic Warfare, EMC, Scientific & Medical, High Voltage Power Supplies, Instrumentation Amplifiers, Microwave Tubes, MPMs, Press Releases, Radar, Rugged Amplifiers and Transmitters
From the world's very first high-power radar klystrons to quantum clocks!
SPOTLIGHT ON: NEW high power, dual combined version of TMD's PTCM Series intelligent modular instrumentation amplifiers
Categories: EMC, Scientific & Medical, Instrumentation Amplifiers, Press Releases
At EMV 2019, TMD Technologies Limited, world class, West London based manufacturer of professional microwave and RF products, will once again be demonstrating its proven capability in the EMC/EMI field to a wide spectrum of professionals attending from industry, commerce, defence and science.
Following the showcasing of TMD's intelligent, modular PTCM Series TWT (Travelling Wave Tube) instrumentation amplifiers last year, at EMV this year TMD will be focusing on a new ultra high power, dual combined version of the amplifier.
TMD participates at European Microwave again!
Categories: Communications, Electronic Warfare, EMC, Scientific & Medical, Events, High Voltage Power Supplies, Instrumentation Amplifiers, Microwave Tubes, MPMs, News, Press Releases, Radar, Rugged Amplifiers and Transmitters
Showing its very latest TWT and solid state MPMs, amplifiers and transponders for radar, EW, communications and EMC testing, on Stand 405.
At European Microwave 2018, TMD Technologies Limited (TMD), world class, West London based company specialising in professional microwave and RF products, will be showcasing its newest microwave power modules (MPMs) and highly intelligent instrumentation amplifiers – as well as a selection of advanced radar transponders.
TMD exhibits latest advanced TWT and solid state MPMs for radar, EW and communications systems at Farnborough Airshow Stand 1134, ADS UK Pavilion Hall 1
At Farnborough this year TMD Technologies Limited (TMD), world class, West London based company specialising in professional microwave and RF products, will be showing microwave power modules (MPMs) and intelligent instrumentation amplifiers – as well as for the first time, a selection of radar transponders from TMD's newly acquired company, G2 Engineering Ltd.
TMD exhibits a range of TWT and solid state based MPMs at Eurosatory 2018 – Stand 12, ADS UK Pavilion
Categories: Communications, Electronic Warfare, High Voltage Power Supplies, Instrumentation Amplifiers, Microwave Tubes, MPMs, Press Releases, Radar, Rugged Amplifiers and Transmitters
World leader, West London based, TMD Technologies Limited (TMD) – specialising in professional products for applications in the defence microwave and RF field – will be showing a range of microwave power modules (MPMs) plus intelligent instrumentation amplifiers at Eurosatory 2018 in Paris.
TMD highlights new TWT based Ka band MPM and high power 6-18 GHz MPM on Stand B2 at EW Europe 2018
Categories: Electronic Warfare, High Voltage Power Supplies, Instrumentation Amplifiers, Microwave Tubes, MPMs, Press Releases, Rugged Amplifiers and Transmitters
TMD Technologies Limited (TMD), world class, London based manufacturer of professional microwave and RF products, will be showing a representative selection from its advanced TWT based and solid state MPM (Microwave Power Module) range on Stand B2 at EW Europe 2018.
TMD Technologies Ltd – Video
Categories: Applications, Communications, Electronic Warfare, EMC, Scientific & Medical, High Voltage Power Supplies, Instrumentation Amplifiers, Microwave Tubes, MPMs, Products, Radar, Rugged Amplifiers and Transmitters, Videos

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: How do I get the full data, including 2 tables and 2 associative tables? I need this method for the GET Request. I want the fleetdatas including the rest_Days and delivery_Days.
This is for the Web-Server. Inserting in the database is already working.
//Fleetdata Entity
public class Fleetdata : EntityObject
{
    public string Ad_Ma { get; set; }
    public string Id_Ma { get; set; }
    public string CustomerNr { get; set; }
    public string First_Delivery { get; set; }
    public bool Want_Key { get; set; }
    public bool Rb_Change { get; set; }
    public bool Pallet_Delivery { get; set; }
    public string Name { get; set; }
    public string Company_Name { get; set; }
    public string Street_HouseNr { get; set; }
    public string Postalcode_Place { get; set; }
    public string Phone { get; set; }
    public string Mobilephone { get; set; }
    public string Fax { get; set; }
    public string Email { get; set; }
    public string Important_Infos { get; set; }
    public bool Delivery_After { get; set; }
    public string Delivery_Point { get; set; }
    public string Delivery_Time_Window { get; set; }
    public List<FleetdataRestday> Rest_Days { get; set; } = new
    List<FleetdataRestday>();
    public List<FleetdataDeliveryday> Deliverydays { get; set; } = new List<FleetdataDeliveryday>();
}

//Delivery_Day Entity
public class Delivery_Day : EntityObject
{
    public string Weekday { get; set; }
    public List<FleetdataDeliveryday> Fleetdatas { get; set; } = new
    List<FleetdataDeliveryday>();
}

//Associative table
public class FleetdataDeliveryday
{
    public int FleetdataId { get; set; }
    public int DeliveryDayId { get; set; }
    public Fleetdata Fleetdata { get; set; }
    public Delivery_Day Delivery_Day { get; set; }
}

//My GetAll Method
public List<Fleetdata> GetAll()
{
    return _dbContext.Fleetdatas
        .Include(x => x.Rest_Days)
        .Include(x => x.Rest_Days.Select(r => r.Rest_Day))
        .Include(y => y.Deliverydays)
        .Include(y => y.Deliverydays.Select(d => d.Delivery_Day))
        .ToList();
}

I want to get all fleetdatas including delivery_Days and rest_Days

A: return _dbContext.Fleetdatas
     .Include(x => x.Rest_Days)
     .ThenInclude((FleetdataRestday fr) => fr.Rest_Day)
     .Include(y => y.Deliverydays)
     .ThenInclude((FleetdataDeliveryday fd)  => fd.Delivery_Day)
     .ToList();

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Gaw Could Turn Retail Centres into NGO Hubs and More Hong Kong Real Estate Headlines
2018/05/10 by Shawna Kwan Leave a Comment
Gaw Capital's Gary Wong Chi-him says the company is in talks with NGOs
Leading today's Hong Kong real estate news, Goodwin Gaw's Gaw Capital has announced plans to offer discounted rent for NGOs in a set of shopping centres acquired from Link REIT earlier this year, in a move that could counter public criticism of its takeover of the neighbourhood retail plazas. Also in the headlines, the chairwoman of hair salon chain Modern Beauty may find more permanent profits in commercial space than in waves or highlights as she puts a pair of floors in Tsim Sha Tsui's BCC Building on the market for HK$280 million — just three months after she snapped up a floor in the World Trust Tower in Central for HK$58 million. All these stories and more await you, if you just keep reading.
Gaw Capital Invites NGOs to Former Link REIT Centres
A Hong Kong property firm is planning to attract NGO tenants with low rent to revive some of the 17 shopping centres bought from the Link Reit, the company said on Wednesday, rejecting suspicions it was a speculator.
Gaw Capital Partners led a consortium including US investment bank Goldman Sachs and China Great Wall Asset Management in the purchase of the malls for HK$23 billion (US$2.9 billion) in November, the biggest ever retail property transaction in the city. Read more>>
Beauty Boss Puts Pair of TST Floors on Sale for HK$280M
Beauty salon Modern Beauty's chairwoman Joyce Tsang is putting up a pair of floors in BCC Building in Tsim Sha Tsui for HK$280 million. The properties, which have a combined area of 13,946 square feet, were bought by Tsang in 2012 for HK$101 million.
The Tsim Sha Tsui move comes just three months after Tsang purchased an office floor in the World Trust Tower at 50 Stanley Street in Central. The beauty salon chairwoman paid HK$58 million, or HK$20,216 per square foot for the 2,869 square foot asset. Read more>>
Wan Chai Office Unit Put on Market For HK$116M
A vacant unit in the Bank of East Asia Harbour View Centre at 56 Gloucester Road in Wan Chai has been put on the market for an asking price of HK$116 million, or HK$28,000 per square foot for the 4,160 square foot property.
The proposed sale comes after a 2,490 square foot unit in a middle level of the same building was leased for HK$124,500 per square foot at the beginning of the year. The rent for that mid-level unit translates to HK$50 per square foot per month, and the deal marked a 15 percent increase from the rent level of last year, according to Midland Realty. Read more>>
Victor Li Says Politics Hinder Public-Private Development
Hong Kong tycoon Victor Li Tzar-kuoi sees political considerations as a major barrier to a government plan for joint public and private development of agricultural land for housing, casting doubt on whether the model could help boost home affordability in the city.
The comments by the head of Cheung Kong Infrastructure, part of the CK Hutchison conglomerate founded by his father and the city's richest man, Li Ka-shing, are the first expression of reservations by a major property investor on the government's proposals to help developers build homes on the developers' agricultural land holdings. Read more>>
Tune in again later for more Hong Kong news, and be sure to follow @Mingtiandi on Twitter, or bookmark Mingtiandi's LinkedIn page for headlines as they happen.
Shui On Land Forced to Deny Reports of Ciros Plaza Deal
New Home Prices Soar 18% in Q1 and More Hong Kong Real Estate Headlines
CK Asset Wins Tender for HK$38B MTR Project in HK's Wong Chuk Hang
MTR May Put Wong Chuk Hang Site Up For Tender and More Hong Kong Real Estate Headlines
Filed Under: crelist Tagged With: Gaw Capital Partners, Modern Beauty, Tsim Sha Tsui, Victor Li, Wan Chai


text:
Police gain powers to move on drunken teens
Police to move on drunken offenders
Wednesday, 22 August 2007 12:00 AM
Underage drinkers and teenage troublemakers can be banned from town centres for 48 hours, under new powers coming into force today.
Anyone believed to be causing or contributing to alcohol-related crime and disorder can now be excluded from a public place for up to 48 hours.
Offenders who refuse to move on when asked to by the police will be liable for fines of up to £2,500.
Home Office minister Tony McNulty unveiled the measure as part of the government's commitment to combating alcohol-fuelled anti-social behaviour.
IAS report slams Responsibility Deal alcohol pledges
How we drink in the UK
Majority of emergency service staff suffer alcohol fuelled abuse
Place based policy making
The problems of cheap, high strength alcohol
A vision for improving the health of the public
Last week, the chief constable of Cheshire said readily-available alcohol was directly fuelling anti-social behaviour among the young.
Today, Mr McNulty said: "Tackling the drivers of crime is a top government priority and this new power provides police with a valuable tool in the fight to tackle alcohol-related crime or disorder.
"It allows officers to deal with and diffuse a situation immediately out on the streets before it reaches offending levels or the courts.
"This power fits well with the government's new alcohol strategy which aims to challenge unacceptable drinking behaviour. This is crucial if we are to reduce the harm that alcohol causes to individuals, families and communities."
Mr McNulty said police would be given full guidance on how to apply the order to move on.
The government says the order is also meant to protect young people from harming themselves.
Chris Allison, deputy assistant commissioner of the Met, said: "This is another power that will assist the Police Service in dealing with alcohol-fuelled, crime, disorder and anti-social behaviour.
"However, the underlying problem is a culture of excessive drinking that will not be solved through the use of police powers alone. ACPO will continue to support the government in its efforts to change this culture through the national alcohol strategy."
Today David Cameron called on the government to tackle low-level social disorder, warning routine "ugliness" had become an every day occurrence.
He criticised Tony Blair for saying anti-social behaviour was the preserve of a minority and argued it has instead become endemic, pointing to the recent spate of street murders.
Mr Cameron called on Britain to follow the example of New York, where the murder rate was halved between 1992 and 1996 after a focus on low-level disorder such as littering and graffiti.
Speaking at a community centre in Lancashire, the Tory leader warned the government it could not legislate its way out of the problem, calling instead for a three-dimensional approach to crime and disorder.
He said the current generation of young offenders had grown up under Mr Blair's promise to be tough on the causes of crime, arguing Labour had failed to support society.
Mr Cameron reiterated calls for family tax breaks, saying the tax and benefits system needed to be reform to keep families together.
policing and crime
youth offending
Parents 'must take responsibility' for problem teens
Govt 'not where we need to be' on knife crime
Appeal to parents as govt pledges to 'disrupt' underage age drinking


text:
Nets Report
Kidd's adjustment tougher than Stevens'
8yOhm Youngmisuk
Lessons from the first four games of Brooklyn's Kyrie Irving experiment -- and what comes next
8hKevin Pelton
Irving 'rooted' in vaccine stance despite KD injury
2dNick Friedell
Nets drop first game without Durant, fall to Cavs 114-107
Nash on Durant injury: 'We can't cry about it'
The MVP race is likely over for the injured Kevin Durant -- but Brooklyn's title pursuit remains intact
3dKevin Pelton
Sources: Nets expect Durant to miss 4-6 weeks
3dAdrian Wojnarowski
Ohm YoungmisukESPN Staff Writer
Ohm Youngmisuk has covered the Giants, Jets and the NFL since 2006. Prior to that, he covered the Nets, Knicks and the NBA for nearly a decade. He joined ESPNNewYork.com after working at the New York Daily News for almost 12 years and is a graduate of Michigan State University.
Follow him on Twitter » Ohm's chat archive »
NEW YORK, N.Y. -- Jason Kidd and Brad Stevens faced each other for the first of what should be several encounters to come over the next few years.
Both will experience plenty of growing pains this season in their first years as NBA head coaches. Both Atlantic Division coaches have much to learn but Kidd believes he has the steeper learning curve than the Celtics' rookie coach.
Becoming a head coach for the very first time is likely going to be more challenging for Kidd than Stevens making the jump from college to the pros.
"He's had success in college and he's going to have success in the NBA," Kidd said before facing Stevens for the first time in a Nets-Celtics preseason game. "So I think it would probably be me learning how to be a head coach in this league [which will be more difficult].
"Hopefully at the end of the season, I can say that he's going to be great at what he does in Boston," Kidd added. "And hopefully I can be great here in Brooklyn."
Of the two rookie coaches, Kidd certainly has more pressure on him to win right away. He is charged with leading a roster built to win it all after the Nets acquired Kevin Garnett, Paul Pierce and Jason Terry from Boston in the offseason.
Stevens, 36, is overseeing a rebuilding phase for the Celtics after leaving Butler where he won 166 games in his six seasons there -- the most for any Division I coach over his first six years.
Stevens understands why Kidd would think going from player straight to coaching is more difficult.
"It's unique for me because it is a different league, there are a lot of nuances that are different," Stevens said of his move. "But I can also see why he would say that, because it is much different sitting there and making calls in a game and looking at it from that aspect. I think he's doing a really good job."
Stevens said the Nets under Kidd have looked "very sound on both ends of the court" thus far. Of course, the advantage Kidd has that Stevens doesn't is a talented veteran-packed roster ready to win now.
"To be quite candid, they are loaded at most every position," Stevens said. "I heard someone the other day that said they had 36 All-Star appearances on their roster. That's pretty impressive."
Kidd, though, is impressed with Stevens, somebody he figures he will be facing many times for a long time to come.
"I think the transition [from college] will be easier for him because he is a head coach and he understands what it takes to be successful," Kidd said. "For that, Boston has picked a good guy in the sense of [Stevens] understanding what it takes to win."


text:
Premium Home Chevron icon It indicates an expandable section or menu, or sometimes previous / next navigation options. Strategy
The tools and strategies 2 beverage business owners used to launch online ordering while their stores remain closed
Mary Kearl
With shops, bars, and coffee stores closed, two entrepreneurs got creative and pivoted to digital.
mavo/Shuttestock
A coffee shop decided to close its physical location and shift to an ecommerce business model; a wine bar closed its doors and turned to curbside pickup.
Both The Ruby Tap and Perk Coffee Company leveraged technology to overhaul their operations during the pandemic using no-code tools like WordPress, Stripe, Google Sheets, Shopify, and more.
They were able to set up online ordering and recurring subscriptions, manage fulfillment and customer support, and automate workflows between each step in the online sales process.
The Ruby Tap co-owner Dan Nelson reported over $100,000 in revenue since launching online, while Perk Coffee Company's Austin Gray said the company shipped over 160 orders in its first month.
For those new to no-code tools, they don't require a lot of time or money to get started, and they can save countless hours by automating repetitive tasks, according to these two entrepreneurs.
When The Ruby Tap team designed the first of its now two Milwaukee-area wine bar locations nearly eight years ago, it was intended to be a cozy, neighborhood spot for people to hang out with friends and family, Dan Nelson, co-owner of The Ruby Tap and director of design at Tock, told Business Insider.
Dan Nelson.
Dan Nelson
"Even though we sold wine for retail, most of our revenue came from guests ordering and enjoying their wine, beer, and food at the bar," he explained.
Since the coronavirus outbreak and subsequent shelter-in-place orders, the company has had to adapt, shifting to an all-retail business model — with their sole revenue now coming from curbside pickups.
On March 17, Nelson took to Twitter to announce that their two locations were closed, while sharing the positive news that the company had built an online bottle-ordering system to power its curbside pickup efforts.
He also shared the exact no-code tools he'd used to do so: WordPress for its website, Stripe for online payments, Google Sheets for easily sorting the orders, and Zapier for connecting the various apps powering the company's online ordering machinery.
Within a matter of 12 hours, everything was up and running and the company had more than 50 orders, he tweeted, adding, "What a world."
Meanwhile, less than a week later, on March 21, Austin Gray, partner of the Denver-based Perk Coffee Company, was busy adapting his business model — and within that same morning, he had his own online ordering system launched, built using all no-code tools.
He even created a video tutorial showing exactly how he did it.
—Austin Gray (@austinrileygray) March 23, 2020
By early April, when Gray and his business partner made the decision to self-quarantine and close down the shop altogether, they had shifted to building out an ecommerce site to "allow for worldwide delivery of our coffee beans," he told Business Insider.
Again, they turned to all no-code tools, including Shopify for the ecommerce platform, Mailchimp for email marketing, Google Sheets for keeping track of customers and their orders, ReCharge for its recurring subscription billing offerings, Proof to track and boost conversion rates, Zapier for connecting all of these apps and automating the workflows between each, and Slack for internal company communications.
Since launching, the company has shipped over 160 orders in its first month.
Austin Gray.
Austin Gray
"My business partner and I are big fans of MRR- [monthly recurring revenue] style businesses and are expecting the recurring coffee deliveries to supplement the income we've lost from the pandemic inside the retail shop," Gray said.
Within less than a month of Nelson's initial efforts with The Ruby Tap, the co-owner posted an update on the same Twitter thread that the number of orders had jumped to 800, amounting to $50,000 in revenue. Less than two months later, by early May, that number jumped to 1,700 orders and over $100,000 in revenue, Nelson told Business Insider.
Nelson and Gray shared the exact steps they took to adapt their local brick-and-mortar businesses to digital ones and how they've faired financially during the transition.
The Ruby Tap is making 5 times more retail revenue than before the pandemic with its online ordering system
Each week since shutting down service indoors, The Ruby Tap has been offering new "Wine to Go" specials, such as growler flights and bottle packs like "California Blends," available for order online thanks to a Stripe integration with the company's WordPress-powered website.
Using Zapier to integrate Stripe with Google Sheets.
Zapier then passes each unique order's details into Google Sheets, where Nelson's wife and her sister, who run the day-to-day operations of the wine bars, can access the information, filter between the company's two locations, and indicate order status changes, such as "packed" and "picked up."
Zapier passes each unique order's details into Google Sheets.
Nelson's day job as director of design at Tock, a tech startup in Chicago that's building out similar tools for restaurants, wineries, and bars across the world to manage their pickup and delivery orders, has provided a helpful background during this transition.
However, he noted that his wine bar isn't a tech company and they weren't looking to create something custom. They needed something that would be "fast, low cost, and easy to support," he said, and the no-code tools he ended up using make setting up and experimenting with these kinds of online ordering processes easy for anyone — with or without a coding background — without requiring a lot of time or money. And with the platform up and running more or less automatically, the team has been able to focus on operations and customer service.
To raise community awareness of their new curbside pickup model, The Ruby Tap leveraged digital channels like email, Facebook, and Instagram.
And the response from the community "has been enormous," Nelson shared. "From the number of people liking and sharing our posts to the number of people ordering and repeat ordering to everyone offering up their support and encouragement, it's been a tremendous thing to see during such crazy times."
While the team was worried this support might fade over time, April's orders were stronger than those in March, and the team hopes to continue to generate interest by innovating with new special bottle packages and marketing efforts.
So far the company has brought in five times the amount of revenue from the retail side of the business than the two shops did before the pandemic.
"We've already started to ask ourselves, 'Can we keep this going when everything is back to normal?'" said Nelson.
As a result of this curbside business, The Ruby Tap team has been able to offer weekly hours to its staff (all of whom are part time).
"Managing and packing wine orders for curbside doesn't require a huge operation — there's no kitchen to run or bar to tend or tables to bus any more — but we still are offering up hours and shifts (paid, of course) to our staff should anyone need them," said Nelson. "These people are helping us pack orders, print tasting sheets, and keep the behind-the-scenes operations humming."
Perk Coffee Company's ecommerce platform makes purchases and subscriptions easy
Recognizing the growth potential of ecommerce businesses at this time, Gray and his business partner have prioritized building an online sales platform "to diversify the marketing and sales of our current products during a time where retail sales are down," he said.
He walked Business Insider through the backend of the digital operation they've set up, with Zapier as the "backbone of everything [that] allows all of the apps [used] to be connected together upon the 'trigger' of one event," he said.
Step one: Customers can place one-time or recurring orders for Perk Coffee Company's beans on the company's Shopify site. "This is referred to as [a] 'trigger' in Zapier," Gray explained.
Next, if the order is a subscription, the company relies on ReCharge to automatically create a recurring bill for customers based on their preferred delivery cadence, whether that's every week, every two weeks, or once a month, and also allows customers to choose from specific options (like whole beans or ground coffee beans).
"This is the only solution I've found to doing monthly recurring subscriptions in Shopify efficiently," shared Gray.
When the new order is placed via the company's Shopify store, Zapier sends any subscription orders to ReCharge, where a recurring bill is created.
At that point, the customer's name and email is passed along to the company's email marketing platform, Mailchimp — Gray recommended this email tool in particular for companies looking to stay lean, since there's a free version available — for future outreach purposes.
Meanwhile, the customer's name, email, phone number, shipping information, and product details are simultaneously sent to Google Sheets for customer support purposes.
The company runs on G Suite, Google's apps for businesses, and Gray said he uses Google Sheets in almost all of his online operation workflows to keep tabs on things like inbound website leads and customer orders.
Once the Shopify order is placed, Zapier also triggers a new customer account to be created in Mailchimp (or sends updates to existing accounts).
Each time a new order is created, the team is looped in via an automated Slack post while the fulfillment manager receives a text message with the exact order details.
Each new Shopify order is automatically announced in the company's Slack, via Zapier.
The fulfillment manager receives a text message with the exact order details via Zapier.
For tracking purposes, each new sale is recorded in the company's Proof account, which helps measure how well they're translating web traffic into purchasing customers.
Once the order is completed, each conversion (or sale) is logged in Proof.
"And the beauty is, Zapier enables all of these tasks to happen automatically upon an order being placed," explained Gray.
While the company's original website was built on Squarespace, Perk Coffee Shop turned to Shopify to build out the ecommerce platform because it offers more powerful tools to support online sales.
As a way to incentivize customers to consider trying out the company's new subscription options, they offered a free bag of coffee to the first 25 people who placed recurring coffee delivery orders.
"We notified friends and family of the offer, posted on The Perk social media handles, and also posted on our personal social media channels," said Gray. "The offer was so well received that we chose to keep the free bag of coffee offer in place after the first 25."
While the company made the decision to close up shop during the pandemic, Gray and his partner wanted to be able to continue paying their two employees. In addition to leveraging earnings generated through this new ecommerce initiative, the company is tapping into recurring monthly revenue from its partner company, Green Spaces, a coworking space, to fund paying these team members.
Though he's been learning HTML, CSS, and Java during quarantine through FreeCodeCamp.org, Gray doesn't have a coding background. One of his mentors, a cofounder of Proof, introduced him to Zapier, which then sent the coffee shop partner down a "path of learning no-code automation," he shared.
Since getting started, the entrepreneur now uses Zapier anytime he encounters a repetitive, time-consuming task.
For small business owners looking to start creating no-code solutions, Gray recommended checking out the no-code online education and community platform Makerpad.
"No-code saves me countless hours of my time each day," he said. "I can't even begin to count how long it would take me if I were manually inputting data into each app within our stack."
NOW WATCH: 4 Americans stuck abroad share stories of flight cancellations and poor government response
SMB takeout


Put the power of California's leading wholesale private money lender behind you. We offer service and technology that can accelerate your loan production. By offering leading edge technology and automated processes, Helvetica's wholesale division provides an unparalleled level of customer access.
From beginning to end, we provide a best in class suite of real estate closing services dedicated to closing hard money and multi-lender, fractionalized loans.
In collaboration with our affiliates and strategic partners we provide doc prep, due diligence, compliance review and escrow services to sub-prime and hard money brokers, bankers and lenders. We offer quick turnaround and unparalleled customer service to allow for fast closings.


text:
Win The Dead Zone: The Final Season on DVD!
The final season of The Dead Zone is here on DVD thanks to Lionsgate. All thirteen episodes are here. And here's what they have to say for themselves:
It's time to return to "The Dead Zone." The Dead Zone: The Final Season is packed with special features including behind-the-scenes featurettes on the making of "The Dead Zone" and audio commentaries from the cast and crew. Starring Anthony Michael Hall (All About the Benjamins) and Nicole deBoer ("Star Trek: Deep Space Nine"), the show has been a critical success since its debut. The Chicago Tribune hailed it as "…arguably the best television effort to be based on a Stephen King book and probably the best sci-fi show on the tube now" and Eclipse Magazine proclaimed it "…one of the best fantasy series on television."
And it's one of the best fantasy series to have wound up on a spare copy that we're going to give away to one lucky winner. So if you want to be the aforementioned lucky winner–then enter! Daily!
DVD Review: Poirot New Mysteries Collection
Dog the Bounty Hunter: The Best of Season 1 (2004) -…
Gilligan's Island: The Complete Second Season DVD Review
Sin City (2005) - Movie Review
Murder, She Wrote: The Complete First Season (1984)…
Recommendations for 4/1
Stuff: Oni Press at the Movies
700 Bands: 106 – 115


I always tell my prospects that towing an ATV trailer is severe business. With a whole lot of member-filled courting websites accessible, and new ones seemingly launching each week, it can be arduous to know where to position your time and power. EliteSingles is a serious courting website which makes use of intelligent matchmaking to unite like-minded American singles.
OkCupid is a very respected and free hookup site that has been round for years. Loads Of Fish runs the gamut when it comes to what males might be after, and it is undoubtedly a legit informal relationship web site. Whereas many singles lately go for hookup apps and jumping from fling to fling, for those actually searching for dedicated relationships, Match is without doubt one of the best options for you.
Should candidates safe enough optimistic votes from members, they are going to be granted membership to the BeautifulPeople dating community. This is not a typical free hookup website, it is more like a relationship web site. For those who create a gorgeous profile; write first rate bios and use finest pickup traces then Ashley Madison will work, no matter what other users say about it. You've to consider the gender imbalance that you'll find on AM.
Profiles have varied areas to precise your personality, and will be made as detailed or temporary as you want. Consequently, many on-line daters discover themselves skipping from site to site or stuck juggling so many different profiles that they are unable to present their full attention to only one, much less to just one match.
Whereas free relationship websites may be tempting, they don't always present the very best worth to your time. It has been working since 1995, and that wealth of experience means Match really is aware of what it is doing in terms of pairing individuals in search of love and providing a particularly easy user experience.


Scroll down the page to see the great memories from the many years of the Marysville Bands.
Slideshow - We are adding pictures continuously to the slideshow. If you have a great band image, please email it to jleishman740@gmail.com and I will add it to the slideshow.
Videos - If you have a great video of the band, please email it to jleishman740@gmail.com and I will add it to our videos.
News Articles - Online news articles about the Marysville Bands. If you have any other links to articles, please email a link to jleishman740@gmail.com and I will add it.