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Should My Ceiling Fan Switch Be Up Or Down?
November 29, 2021 May 3, 2021 by Ray
Generally, you need to toggle the ceiling fan switch down for the summer for downward airflow and up in the winter for upward airflow.
However, the up-down switching only works for vertical switches. If your fan has a horizontal switch, flip it to the left during the summer or to the right during the winter.
The down/left switch position in the summer causes the ceiling fan to rotate in a counter-clockwise direction, pushing cool air down towards the floor. The action produces a chilling wind effect on the skin and makes the room feel cooler. This is why counter-clockwise fan operation is advantageous in the summer. The fan alone can make the room feel up to eight degrees cooler to the people underneath,
Meanwhile, the up/right switch position causes the ceiling fan to rotate in a clockwise direction, gently pulling air upwards. The action pushes the warm air found close to the ceiling downwards, effectively raising the temperatures on the floor. This explains why clockwise fan rotation works so well in winter.
So, what about fans without the toggle switch? Also, for fans with the toggle switch, where is it located, and when should you toggle it? Let's find out.
How Ceiling Fans Work
The ceiling fan comprises five main components;
An electric motor: The electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Different ceiling fans have different motors depending on the type of fan.
Fan blades: The blades rotate to stir the air. During the cooling days, you can feel the breeze across your skin. Fan blades are sometimes called wings or paddles.
Metal arms: The arms are metal components that connect the motor to the blade wings. It also holds the blades in position.
A flywheel: The flywheel is attached to the motor's shaft and is responsible for the rotation motion of the blades. The metal arms are directly attached to the flywheel.
Mechanism to mount the fan: Options here include ball-and-socket systems, j-hooks or claw hooks, low-ceiling adapter kits, and close-to-ceiling mounts.
Optional parts of the ceiling fan include a down rod, motor housing, a switch cup/housing, blade badges, and lamps.
When you turn on the fan at the electric socket, electricity flows from the electrical wiring in your house to the fan's motor. This motor is designed to convert electrical energy to mechanical energy. As soon as it detects electrical current, the motor's capacitor creates torque that causes the motor to start and run.
However, what creates the high rotating speeds is the wire coil inside the motor. When electrical current enters the fan, it enters the coils of wire wrapped around a metal base. Passing current through the coil creates a magnetic field that exerts a force on the motor, causing it to rotate.
In this way, electric current is converted to mechanical energy that causes the fan motor to spin continuously. Since the blades are attached to the motor, they rotate in sync with the motor. Thus, you can change the speed of the fan as you wish.
The Direction of the Rotation Directly Affects the Feeling Underneath
The ceiling is an all-season appliance. It's valuable throughout the year, from the coldest months of the winter to the peak of summer. It all comes down to the direction of the rotation.
Anti-Clockwise Rotation in the Summer Makes You Feel Cooler
During the summer, you're required to set the ceiling fan to rotate in a counter-clockwise direction. Why? Because counter-clockwise fan rotation pushes cool air downward, thus causing a cooler feeling underneath.
The cooling effect is different from what you'd get from an air conditioner. Air conditioners extract heat from indoor air and dump it outside the house, leaving your home feeling cool and comfortable. Meanwhile, fans only create a breeze across your skin. They don't necessarily lower indoor the amount of heat in indoor air.
Nevertheless, ceiling fans can have a significant impact on how you feel. Research shows that you'll feel 8˚F cooler underneath a ceiling fan. Indeed, according to the US Department of Energy, using a ceiling fan together with an air conditioner allows you to set your thermostat 4˚F lower without a change in comfort levels.
The result is that you can save substantially without compromising on comfort. Some studies show that simply incorporating a ceiling fan can allow you to save up to 40% on cooling costs.
Clockwise Rotation in Winter Makes You Feel Warmer
During winter, you're required to set the fan to rotate in a clockwise direction. The reason is that clockwise ceiling fan rotation helps draw the warm air pooled around the ceiling downward, creating a warmer feeling, even if only slightly.
Naturally, warm air rises because it's lighter, while cooler air stays around the floor surface because it's denser. Therefore, it can feel much warmer around the ceiling than down on the floor. It's why your feet feel coldest of all your body parts during winter. It's also why the floor feels colder than the rest of the room during cold weather.
When you set the ceiling fan to rotate in a clockwise direction in the winter, it causes the blades to pull down the warm air from the ceiling to the floor, resulting in a warmer feeling for the people underneath. The improved warmth levels around the people underneath can allow you to turn the thermostat down a little and decrease the use of heating devices.
How much money you can save in energy costs varies significantly depending on the ambient temperature and ceiling height. However, most studies show you can save up to 15% of your winter heating power bill by incorporating ceiling fans.
Change the Direction of Rotation at the Switch
Modern fans come with remote controllers that make it easy to change the direction of fan rotation. You can easily select "Counter-Clockwise" on the remote during the summer and change it to "Clockwise" when winter sets in.
Some remote controllers also use signs rather than words. So, you may find one button with a clockwise sign and another with a counter-clockwise sign.
However, you can still change the fan direction even if your fan has no remote or if the remote doesn't include direction switching buttons. All you need to do is locate the switch on the fan.
For most ceiling fans, the switch is located on the motor housing, the part of the fan right below the blades. In most cases, the switch toggles up and down, though some models have horizontal switches that toggle left to right. Just remember that;
Down/left switch position turns the fan counter-clockwise: Toggle the fan switch down (for vertical switches) or left (for horizontal switches) during the summer for anti-clockwise blade rotation to generate a downward airflow that makes you feel cooler.
Up/right switch position turns the fan clockwise: Toggle the fan switch up (for vertical switches) or right (for horizontal switches) during winter for clockwise blade rotation to generate an upward airflow that draws warm air down so that you feel slightly warmer.
The ceiling fan switch should be down or on the left (for horizontal switches) during the summer for counter-clockwise blade rotation as this creates a downward airflow. It creates a wind breeze around the people underneath, leaving your home feeling cooler.
However, at the onset of the winter season, toggle the switch up or to the right (for horizontal switches) for clockwise blade rotation to generate an upward airflow. It helps draw warm air from the ceiling to the floor level, leaving you feeling warmer.
Ozone Generator Safety Precautions
What Size Air Conditioner For 400 Square Feet?


The 2016 National Convention was filled with incredible moments, but one of the Alliance team's favorites was dancing through the decades!
The team was ALL IN for this mission, with one notable exception! While product specialist Gina Hawks cruised along the dance floor, Coach stubbornly held out and refused to perform this year.
We all know from past conventions that Coach has a certain knack for getting down...Will he be able to hold out? Will any of the grooves get him to get his move on? Perhaps if some of our top team members get in on the act, they can sway him - Coach has never been one to abandon the mission before.
Tune in to see if he'll go all in! And don't forget to head over to Alliance Eventures to get signed up for the 2016 Leadership Conference today! Tickets are limited, and you don't want to miss out on the action there!
January 28, 2016: Listen to this very special Product Call hosted by Paul Minichino! He wants to talk to you about "taking action after conference."
The life of an insurance agent is filled with mystery, intrigue, and the occasional 'character' of a client.
Premiering at #NatCon16, 'The Falcones' lets you tag along with with one of National Agents Alliance's top agents, Jason Carey, as he meets with a couple of those colorful individuals, and does his best to provide them with the protection and peace of mind that they need.
Will Mr. Carey be able to handle the eccentric Falcones? Will the seductive Mrs. Falcone distract him from the task at hand? Will Mr. Falcone fit him for a pair of cement shoes?
National Agents Alliance is very proud to present our Mission: Agents Wanted series videos from the 2016 National Convention (#NatCon16)! These videos feature some of NAA's top team members in a high stakes spy and intrigue thriller - the likes of which our agents live every day!
Playing high stakes poker can crack even the most tenacious of individuals. Join us as three potential agents attempt to take the plunge of building their own agency here at National Agents Alliance via such a game.
Will our recruits realize the crucial differences between playing poker and building an agency? There are some similarities and pressures, but is the secret to success really in the cards?
Which of our potential Alliance team members has the proper mindset to excel? Will Mr. Mason lay a solid foundation? Will Mr. Hill rise above the rest? Or will Ms. Lightbourn be a beacon of hope? Does anyone have the commitment to go all in?
Tune in to find out, and to get some excellent advice from Agents Henson and Roberts!
National Agents Alliance is very proud to present our Mission: Agents Wanted series of videos from the 2016 National Convention (#NatCon16)! These videos feature some of NAA's top team members in a high stakes spy and intrigue thriller - the likes of which our agents live every day!
The Wednesday Call (TWC) for January 27, 2016: Coming out of NatCon16 Andy Albright said it was a dogsled weekend where people slid into Raleigh, N.C. There was a focus and determination among our agents to get to the event regardless of the snow and ice outside up and down the east coast.
People at NatCon16 went from confusion to clarity. People at NatCon16 went from frustration to focus. We got our minds right in Raleigh, N.C.
Whenever you find something getting done, you find a person who is on a mission.
Napoleon Hill said, "There is one quality which one must possess in order to win and that is definite purpose." What one wants and the burning desire to want it is what matters most.
We learned what the one burn was and we learned how to layer it. We talked about how to do it all and get it done.
Question: How and what you want? How are you going to get it? What do we want?
We learned to narrow our focus and not do what is not necessary. We learned to put off what is not important. What is the one thing I need to do that is more valuable than anything else? What is the one thing that serves as a catalyst in other areas to help me be more successful? How do we do more of that one thing? How do we get better at doing it more consistently and efficiently? By the yard it is hard and by the inch it is a cinch.
Fear and doubt are imposters. We can carry fear with us and still do it anyway.
We know that when we find a song we like you crank it up loud and play it often. The Alliance is the same way. You know that we are playing your favorite song and it is time to crank up the volume.
We learned to let stuff go because it will just fester and get worse. We have to move on and get above the negative. The longer you hold on to something the sooner it is going to hurt. Put it down and stop holding on to it. Move on.
Our plan has not changed.
Andy introduced a talk given at NatCon16 about having the right head and heart. If you heard it in Raleigh, then you know how powerful the talk is. If you didn't hear it, this is your chance.
Bright and Goad talked about head and heart, and how those things are directly related to compassion and gratitude - two of The Alliance's 8 Core Values. Bright says that empathy fuels the connection that you have to have to display compassion toward other people. Empathy is the feeling you get with people when you make that connection and let them know that they are not alone in this world.
Goad talked about the importance of asking questions like, who am I, what am I about, where am I going and how do I want to make people feel. The number one question is this: how am I making people feel?
After the head and heart talk, Andy finished the show by encouraging members of The Alliance to take everything they learned at NatCon16 and put it to use. Get serious about caring more in the next 90 days.
Why? There is profitability in caring. When we care for others, we are rewarded. We care on the phone and we care for our clients.
Excellence - We are all in, we do the right things, we track our work and results, we have high placement and persistency, we get referrals, we focus on details, sight and sound, people watch you, don't give them a reason to doubt you, perform at a high level, look professional, smile, shake hands, talk to everybody, say the right things, control your tongue and words, give people the benefit of the doubt, we focus on the positive.
The next 90 days is about caring and committing to what you do in order to become excellent.
Read more of the right books that can help you grow, listen to audios more often and watch how it will help you do more.
The Live Show will air again on February 3, 2016 at 12:30 p.m. EDT.
2016 National Convention Recap: All In for the Mission!
National Agents Alliance has just wrapped up our 2016 National Convention. While the weather did its best to derail us, the Alliance team was ALL IN, and arrived at the Raleigh Convention Center in astounding numbers!
The amazing journeys across the country to be able to make it to Raleigh showed the commitment of all our Alliance team members, and the headquarters team was so happy that you could take advantage of the training, the relationship building, and the excitement of #NatCon16! This was truly an exceptional conference, worth it in every way, and life changing for many.
While we celebrate the achievements, learning, and friendships of the 2016 National Convention, remember to keep your momentum going and embrace the Mission for the rest of 2016. Go ALL IN and take yourself, your team, and your future to the next level!
If you weren't able to make it to #NatCon16, we missed you! Get a small taste of what went on in our recap, and then make the decision to get yourself into the Mission and join us in July for the Leadership Conference.
Visit Alliance Eventures to register today. Remember that tickets are limited, so don't wait!
National Agents Alliance is very proud to present the premiere trailer for Mission: Agents Wanted, as a precursor to the 2016 National Convention!
The Alliance has a mission, and we're looking for agents to join us on it. Those who will commit to the team, who will put forth the time, effort, and work in order to generate success.
You won't be alone. Your team includes all the big players, the men and women who thrive in this high stakes environment, and who dedicate their all to success. It won't be easy, but your mission, should you choose to accept it, will be worth everything you put towards it!
Help us turn the cards in your favor, and keep the chips rolling in. Join us at #NatCon16 to continue this tale of intrigue and mystery with you as a starring player!
Bestselling author and internationally renowned leadership expert John C. Maxwell will deliver the keynote address at National Agents Alliance's National Convention in Raleigh, N.C. in January of 2016.
NAA President and CEO Andy Albright made the announcement Sept. 23 during The Wednesday Call, a weekly show Albright hosts via the Internet.
"We are very excited to have John coming in to speak to our team in Raleigh," Albright said. "I know that John's message will be what our team needs to kick off 2016, and it will help our team become better leaders. We will pack the Raleigh Convention Center, learn and grow together and it will help us get off to a great start in 2016."
Maxwell is the founder of The John Maxwell Company and EQUIP, organizations that have trained more than 5 million leaders in 185 countries. Annually, Maxwell speaks to Fortune 500 and 100 companies, international government leaders and organizations such as the United Nations, the United States Military Academy at West Point and the NFL.
A New York Times, Wall Street Journal, and Business Week bestselling author, Maxwell has sold more than 22 million books including "The 21 Irrefutable Laws of Leadership" which sold more than 2 million copies. "Developing the Leader within You" and "The 21 Indispensable Qualities of a Leader" each sold more than 1 million copies. He has authored more than 70 books and his newest book, "Intentional Living" will be released on Oct. 6.


If you love Cheeseburgers then try this delicious Cheeseburger Pie. I made mine in a cast iron pan but it is supposed to go into a 9" pie plate. I like using my cast iron pan because it goes from the burner to the oven which means less clean up!
add the onion and ground beef.
rid of almost all of the lumps.
over the ground beef mixture.
and finished browning it that way.
into the oven until the cheese melts.
In a large frying pan over medium heat fry the ground beef and onion until ground beef is cooked through and onion is tender, drain grease.
Stir in the salt, garlic powder and Worcestershire sauce and remove from the heat.
Spray a 9″ pie plate with cooking oil.
Pour the cooked ground beef mixture into the prepared pie plate.
Sprinkle the 1 cup of cheese evenly over the ground beef.
In a small bowl whisk together the egg and milk.
Add the Bisquick and whisk until no lumps remain.
Pour the milk mixture evenly over the cheese and ground beef.
Bake for 25-30 minutes or until the top is golden brown and the egg mixture is cooked through. I put mine under the broiler to finish browning.
Remove from the oven and sprinkle the rest of the cheese on top (optional).
Place back into the oven until the cheese melts. Let cool for 5 minutes then serve.
That's very interesting! Something else for the list!
I can't remember if you like spicy, I'm thinking not, but it was really good with Siracha sauce drizzled on top too!
Yes'm. I love spicy! That sounds great!!
Yum! I bookmarked this recipe. Looks like an easy meal to throw together after a busy day. Thanks!
Yes it is very easy and so good! You're very welcome!
It takes a very creative chef to create this amazing recipe! I've never even thought of a cheeseburger pie! I'll have to try this sometime.
Also sorry I haven't been on wordpress in a while, I guess that's life huh?
Thank you I hope you get a chance to give it a try. Yes being on WordPress takes a lot of time but I love it! Have a great day and I hope to see more of your blog.
Thank you! Today I had some for lunch and topped it with some Siracha Sauce and WOW!
I think is quite possibly going to be my new favourite food! YUMMY! thank you Diane !
You're welcome Lilly! I thought it was great tasting when I made it but today I had leftovers for lunch. I drizzled Siracha sauce over the top and holy cow was that delicious!
Looks amazing! Do you think there is an alternative for ground beef?
Oh yes you can use ground chicken or ground turkey Jess. Than you!
This looks delicious! Can I swap beef for mutton or chicken?
Absolutely you can! It may be a bit dry compared to ground beef though. Maybe add a little butter or some type of fat but you don't have to.
Ooh I know that cheeseburger pie is delicious!
Thank you Frank it really was.
This looks very good – right up my alley! Wish I had some right now!
I didn't think I would like it because I'm not a big ground beef lover. But I am telling you, this was SO GOOD! Thanks Linda!
It looked delicious – I AM a ground been lover – I could sink my teeth into it Diane!
Cheeseburger pie!! That's it, you are our new hero!
Wow, I never would have thought of this! I'm definitely intrigued!
Erica you should give it a try. It was so good! Thanks!
That is so nice of you Donna! Thank you so much.
Your photos are very neat and that looks tasty.


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It's iPad Day! Hurray! All your favorite iPad apps, made retina-displayable! Hurr—not so fast. If what Instapaper godfather and iOS dev guru Marco Arment says is true, we might be waiting just a bit longer before we see many retina-caliber apps making their way onto the new iPad.
Arment has been sending Instapaper data to users with 2x resolution for months. He assumed that a retina display was coming, and had hoped that the new iPad would automatically recognize the higher resolution graphics automagically. Nope.
Because there's a bit of a turnaround on Apple's approval process for apps, there was basically no way he was going to make it out by release day no matter what he did. Even if it was a straight port of the current Instapaper, it would still be late by a week or more. He decided to build a full update and release a bit later instead.


text:
Нікулін Лев Веніамінович (прізвище при народженні —  Олькеницький; 20 травня 1891, Житомир — 9 березня 1967, Москва) — російський радянський письменник, сценарист. Лауреат Державної премії СРСР за роман «Росії вірні сини» (1951).

Народився в родині відомого театрального діяча. Закінчив Одеське комерційне училище (1910), прослухав курс лекцій у Сорбонні (1910–1911, Париж), потім вступив до Московського комерційного інституту. В роки війни Росії проти України був політпрацівником Червоної армії, у 1919 р. — сценаристом на кінофабриці Наркомвоєна України «Червона зірка» і Всеукраїнського кінокомітету.

Учасник збройної агресії проти Української народної республіки.

Ранні науково-фантастичні оповідання і повісті Нікуліна, написані, в основному, в 1923-28 рр. і відносяться до сатиричної і гумористичної НФ, склали ядро збірки — «Бацила щирості» (1926), «Банний лист» (1927), «Ні з того, ні з сього» (1927), «Привиди Арбатского ринку» (1927). Єдиний НФ роман автора — «Таємниця сейфа» (1925; ін. — «Продавці таємниці») — по суті також «антикапіталістичний» памфлет (див. Капіталізм, Політика). У ряді НФ р-поклик 1940-х рр. — «Угадиватель думок» (1948) та ін. — Відсутня фейлетонна буфонада, її змінила виразна трагічна інтонація.
За його сценаріями в Україні створено фільми:
 «Радянські ліки» (1919, у співавт. з Я. Ядовим),
 «Мир хатам, війна палацам» (1919, у співавт. з Б. Леонідовим),
 «Перше травня»,
 «Повстаньте, гнані і голодні!» (1919),
 «Отаман Хміль» (1923).

Потім був на дипломатичній роботі, а в роки нацистсько-радянської війни — фронтовим кореспондентом. Нагороджений орденами: «Знак Пошани», Трудового Червоного Прапора, медалями. Був членом Спілки письменників Росії.

Література
 Литературная Энциклопедия. Т. 8. М., 1934. — С.84—88;
 Сценаристи советского художественного кино. М., 1972. — С.253—254;
 Кино: Энциклопедический словарь. М., 1987. — С.299.

Примітки

Посилання
 Фільмографія на kino-teatr.ru
 http://www.fantastika3000.ru/authors/n/nikulin.l/nikulin.htm

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Наукові фантасти Росії
Автори фентезі Росії
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Автори фентезі України
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Російські сценаристи
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Лауреати Державної премії СРСР
Кавалери ордена «Знак Пошани»
Кавалери ордена Трудового Червоного Прапора
Уродженці Житомира
Померли в Москві

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Rule 11 Sanctions Not to Deter Cases of First Impression (Good Quote) — Position Not Frivolous Even If Only (Non-Controlling) Circuit Decision Is to Contrary — Loss on Summary Judgment ≠ Sanctionable
Rule 11 Sanctions Not to Deter Cases of First Impression (Good Quote) — Position Not Frivolous Even If Only Circuit to Decide Issue Came Out Other Way — Loss on Summary Judgment ≠ Sanctionable
Lewis v. Hiday & Ricke, P.A., 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 180817 (S.D. Fla. Oct. 15, 2019) (Report and Recommendation):
REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION
THIS CAUSE is before the Court on Defendants' respective Verified Motions for Sanctions (DE [78] and [79]). Defendants Hiday & Ricke, P.A. ("HR") and Dodge Enterprises, Inc. ("Dodge") (collectively, "Defendants") seek an award of attorney's fees and costs pursuant to Rule 11, Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, as sanctions against Donovan E. Lewis' ("Plaintiff") attorney, Donald A. Yarbrough ("Yarbrough"). The motions were referred to the undersigned Magistrate Judge pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636 and the Magistrate Rules of the Local Rules of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida. The motions are fully briefed and, therefore, ripe for review. For the reasons below, the undersigned RECOMMENDS that Defendants' Motions (DE [78] and [79]) [*2] be DENIED.
In his Complaint (DE [13]), Plaintiff alleged that Defendants violated the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act ("FDCPA") by communicating directly with a consumer known to be represented by counsel. 15 U.S.C.A. § 1692c(a)(2). Plaintiff alleged that four envelopes sent by Defendants to Plaintiff in care of his attorney violated the FDCPA because the envelopes were addressed directly to Plaintiff. Defendants answered, maintaining that although the envelopes were addressed to Plaintiff, the four envelopes were sent to attorney Yarbrough at Yarbrough's business address, and therefore, did not violate the FDCPA. On a subsequently filed motion for summary judgment, this Court found the facts of this case indistinguishable from Bravo v. Midland Credit Mgmt., Inc. and ruled that a letter addressed to a consumer but sent to the consumer's attorney at his attorney's address is not a violation of the FDCPA. Bravo, 812 F.3d 599, 602 (7th Cir. 2016). The court, therefore, entered summary judgment for Defendants (DE [75]).
While the case was pending (and before the motion for summary judgment was filed), Defendants served Yarbrough copies of their respective Motions for Sanctions, pursuant to the safe harbor provision of Rule 11, Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(c)(2). Yarbrough, [*3] however, did not withdraw the Complaint. One week after this Court entered the Final Judgment (DE [76]), Defendants filed their Motions for Sanctions.
II. MOTIONS FOR SANCTIONS
Every attorney who submits a pleading to the court certifies, among other things, "that to the best of the person's knowledge, information, and belief, formed after an inquiry reasonable under the circumstances . . . the claims, defenses, and other legal contentions are warranted by existing law or by a nonfrivolous argument . . . for establishing new law." Rule 11(b), Fed. R. Civ. P. Violations of Rule 11(b) are judged objectively. Baker v. Alderman, 158 F.3d 516, 524 (11th Cir. 1998). The objective standard has been articulated as "reasonableness under the circumstances" and "what was reasonable to believe at the time the pleading was submitted." Id.
Proceeding upon Rule 11, Defendants now seek to recover in the form of sanctions the fees and costs they incurred in defending this action. Defendants argue that given attorney Yarbrough's extensive experience with FDCPA claims, he should have known that there was no controlling legal authority to support the relief he sought in the Complaint and, thus, the Complaint violated Rule 11. In response, attorney Yarbrough argues that there is no controlling Eleventh Circuit [*4] precedent that would have defeated his claims. He further argues that he relied in good faith upon the FTC guidelines that prohibit a debt collector from sending an "in care of" letter to another party, unless the consumer lives at, or accepts mail at, the other party's address. See Statements of General Policy or Interpretation Staff Commentary On the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, 53 Fed. Reg. 50097. Attorney Yarbrough predicated the Complaint on the theory that Defendants violated the FTC guidelines and the FDCPA because Plaintiff never authorized his attorney to accept or open Plaintiff's mail at the attorney's address and, therefore, the letters were effectively sent directly to Plaintiff.
Defendants cite this Court's rejection of attorney Yarbrough's argument and the entry of summary judgment as proof that Plaintiff's claim was not warranted by existing law or by a nonfrivolous argument for establishing new law. Yet, "[t]he grant of summary judgment, in and of itself, does not mean that an action is frivolous or warrants the imposition of sanctions." Baker, 158 F.3d at 524; see also Southern Atl. Cos., LLC v. School Bd. of Orange Cty., Fla., 699 Fed. Appx. 842, 851 (11th Cir. 2017) (reversing award of attorneys' fees in part because the plaintiffs had established a prima facie case of discrimination despite losing at summary judgment). Here, attorney Yarbrough relied upon FTC guidelines that prohibit creditors from [*5] sending letters in care of third parties. The letters sent by Defendants did violate those guidelines. And the only appellate decision on the issue emanated from another circuit and, therefore, was not binding. See Bravo, 812 F.3d at 602. The Eleventh Circuit had never ruled on the issue. Without controlling precedential authority to the contrary, the undersigned cannot conclude that the Complaint ran afoul of Rule 11.
Furthermore, Rule 11 sanctions are not warranted to deter cases of first impression. See Baker, 158 F.3d at 524 ("[T]he purpose of Rule 11 is to deter frivolous lawsuits and not to deter novel legal arguments or cases of first impression"). Therefore, even though this Court rejected Plaintiff's arguments and entered summary judgment for Defendants, it was not unreasonable for attorney Yarbrough to base his legal theory on the FTC guidelines, absent any binding legal authority to the contrary at the time he filed the Complaint.
III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing discussion, therefore, the undersigned respectfully RECOMMENDS that Defendants' Verified Motions for Sanctions (DE [78] and [79]) be DENIED.
The parties will have fourteen (14) days from the date of being served with a copy of this Report and Recommendation within which to file [*6] written objections, if any, with the Honorable Rodolfo A. Ruiz, United States District Judge. Failure to file objections timely shall bar the parties from a de novo determination by the District Judge of an issue covered in the Report and shall bar the parties from attacking on appeal unobjected-to factual and legal conclusions contained in this Report except upon grounds of plain error if necessary in the interest of justice. See 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1); Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S. 140, 149, 106 S. Ct. 466, 88 L. Ed. 2d 435 (1985); Henley v. Johnson, 885 F.2d 790, 794 (1989); 11th Cir. R. 3-1 (2016).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Browse all Builders & Contractors in Edmundston NB.


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text:
Two-tiered wage system tackled in Region 7 public hearing
DUMAGUETE CITY – The government's two-tiered wage policy took center stage in Tuesday's public hearing held here conducted by the Regional Tripartite Wage and Productivity Board (RTWPB) in Central Visayas (Region 7) on a petition for a minimum wage adjustment for Negros Oriental and Siquijor.
Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE-7) Regional Director Salome Siaton, in an interview after the public hearing, expressed satisfaction, saying that there was no disagreement or conflict between the management and labor sectors despite issues and concerns that were raised on the floor, specifically on productivity.
In general, the petition for the wage increase of P341.75 across the board region-wide was well received by the different sectors, Siaton said.
"If you will notice, there is open communication between the two sectors," she noted.
The public hearing did not just focus on the petition for a wage increase but also tackled productivity, which would also play an important role for the board when it comes to decision-making, she said.
The two-tiered wage system of wage adjustment and productivity is the government's policy reform to help improve the country's competitiveness in the global market.
Siaton explained that the board will take into consideration the input of management, not just on wage increase but also in terms of productivity, after representatives from this sector noted how other countries are putting a premium on productivity and how this impacts on their determination of wage rates.
"I think this has opened the minds of everyone in this body and they are open to productivity," she said.
In fact, after the public hearing, queries were raised regarding seminars on productivity in their workplaces and "that is a very good sign already," she added.
But Siaton also clarified that "it doesn't mean that when we are looking into productivity, we disagree with the petition" but it is in addition to the wage adjustment petition.
Some quarters, especially those coming from Siquijor, have signified their position for a status quo, which Siaton said they would be looking into this.
The DOLE official said those seeking a status have referred to the scenario of a "nine months, lean months and three months peak season, so this is the uniqueness of the industry and also the nature of the wage rates we have classifying the different places with different schemes."
"As of this time we are getting the views of both labor and management so that when we will deliberate, at least somehow, we will have the complete perspective," Siaton said.
The RTWPB will be going to Cebu, Bogo, and Bohol in the coming weeks for the same activity on the minimum wage adjustments, she said.
Once the consultations are done, the wage board will begin the deliberations and put together the different position papers of the stakeholders before coming up with a decision.
Siaton declined to give a timeline as to when the RTWPB is expected to make an announcement on the proposed wage adjustment in the region.
Also present during the public hearing were RTWPB-7 members namely Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) Region 7 Director Asteria Caberte, National Economic Development Authority Region 7 Director Efren Carreon, Board Secretary Grace Carreon, Philip Tan representing the management sector and Jose Tomongha representing the labor sector. (PNA)


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text:
Talks/Slide Shows Offered by Robert Hesketh
TALKS/SLIDE SHOWS ABOUT DEVON'S HISTORY OFFERED BY ROBERT HESKETH
Address: 52 Priory, Bovey Tracey, Devon TQ13 9HU.
Iam a freelance writer and photographer with a strong interest in local history (my first degree subject). To date, I have published 41 Devon, Dorset and Somerset titles (see and written numerous illustrated articles for Devon Life, Dartmoor Magazine, Country Walking and other publications. I also contribute West Country landscape and people photographs to photographic libraries, see . and Since 2002, I have been giving talks to local history clubs, Women's Institutes, societies, U3A andProbus Clubson Devon themes and give brief details below of my talks on:
Devon Place Names**
Devon Inns**
Devon Ghosts**
Haunted Pubs in Devon**
Devon's Churches**
Smuggling in Devon**
Devon Photoquizzes (4)**
Devon's Geology**
Armageddon 1914: How Some Devon Newspapers Reported the Outbreak of the First World War**
1918, The Last Hundred Days: How Some Devon Newspapers Reported the Final Phases of the First World War**
Devon Castles**
Surnames in Devon and Beyond**
Devon's Railway Heritage**
Exploring Exeter's Heritage**
Please contact me if you would like further details or to offer me a booking. All the talks are illustrated with high resolution digital images and last between 45 minutes and an hour, depending on what the audience wants. Questions from the audience are always welcome. I can supply the projector, projection stand and projection screen. To see my profile please visit and (speakers page).
Charges: £45 plus 30p per mile travel each way from Bovey Tracey.
*I also act as a tour guide for local coach tours, adapting my extensive local knowledge to the needs of the party and tour.
Devon Place Names: This talk is offered as an introduction to the subject and focuses on the key aspects of place name study and specifically place names in Devon. I will outline the origin and evolution of Devon place names and give an explanation of common place name elements such as ton, ford, leah and ham. The slides are intended to show how place names relate to the landscape. I will bring a selection of books on the subject for the audience to look at, including my own, plus back issues of the Journal of the English Place Name Society.
2. Surnames in Devon and Beyond Like place names, surnames are an integral part of our county's and nation's heritage. Indeed many, Combes and Hext for instance, are local place names too. There are also occupational names some, such as Tucker, with a strong local flavour; family names like Bennett and Hicks and many nicknames (some quite outrageous!) from Brock and Fox to Fairweather and Wellbeloved.
3.Devon Inns: This talk delves into the story behind the names of Devon's inns.Many of Britain's most historic buildings are inns (this certainly applies to Devon) – and many of them are also listed buildings with long and often varied histories. The 80 slides illustrate this point and show the sign painter's art is very much alive in this richly varied county. I will bring a selection of books on the subject for the audience to look at. These include my own pub walks books; collections of inn sign photographs and back issues of the Inn Sign Society Journal.
Devon Ghosts: This talk is anillustrated tour of some of Devon's most haunted places and their stories, focussing on those that can be visited by (living members of) the public. Devon has many ghosts and supernatural phenomena. Haunted houses, castles and churches are spread liberally around the county. Roads and lonely places are also often associated with the supernatural, especially on Dartmoor.
Haunted Pubs in Devon Many believe that behind the painted veil of the present lies a richly populated supernatural world . Based on interviews with landlords, landladies and bar staff recounting their personal encounters with spirits, this talk includes twelve of Devon's most haunted inns from around the county.
A Curious Look at Devon's Churches In most Devon communities the parish church is the oldest extant building, rich in architectural beauty and historic interest. There's a wealth of artistic and historic treasures to discover, especially if you look carefully. The talk ranges from the splendid wrought iron door at Dartmouth to the quarter jacks at St Mary Steps in Exeter, taking in green men, "tinners' rabbits", humorous monuments, a murder, some impish gargoyles and a lot more on the way.
Smuggling in Devon: the Truth Behind the FictionBetween 1700 and 1850 smuggling became a huge industry in Devon, with the majority of Devonians active in it, profiting from it, or at least colluding in it. All social classes were involved. Clergymen and aristocrats were among the backers. None thought cheating the government of exorbitant taxes was wrong and smugglers brought to trial were usually acquitted by sympathetic Devon juries and magistrates. Smugglers were particularly active in Devon because there were so many sailors and fishermen who could assist. There was also easy access to France and the Channel Islands. In reality, "Free Trade" was far from romantic. Smugglers could be violent and ruthless. This talk attempts a balanced view of an illegal trade which long flourished in Devon despite the government's best efforts to stamp it out – and was eventually defeated by the simple expedient of cutting duties on imported goods.
Devon Photoquiz One: Test your knowledge of the countyand its history by identifying the slides. Clues and competitors sheets are provided and a small prize is offered to the person with the highest score. In case of two competitors achieving the same score there is a tie breaker of six extra questions.
9, 10 and 11. Devon Photoquizzes Two, Three and Four: As the first Photoquiz proved so popular, I have produced three more on the same lines, so that if a club/society has seen the earlier ones they have the option of booking others.
Introduction to Devon's Geology: From the saw-toothed reefs of Hartland to the chalk landslip of Hooken Undercliffs near Beer by way of bright red rocks, dramatic sea cliffs and Dartmoor's imposing tors; Devon's geology provides constant drama. Every geological period but the most ancient is found in Devon and knowing more about these fascinating and varied formations adds another dimension to exploring the county.
Armageddon 1914: How Some Devon Newspapers Reported the Outbreak of the First World War This talk is based on a close study of some Devon newspapers –
principally the Western Times and the Express and Echo – from late June to late August 1914. It shows how the fateful events that lead from the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand on June 29 to the outbreak of war and the battles of August were reported. News of the Home Front – especially key issues such as recruiting, food hoarding and the requisition of horses – are contrasted with the (heavily censored) news from the Fronts. Editorials and readers' letters give a strong flavour of a crucial moment when the course of European history was altered forever.
1918, The Last Hundred Days: How Some Devon Newspapers Reported the Final Phases of the First World War Like Armageddon 1914, this talk is based on a close study of Devon newspapers – mainly the Devon and Exeter Daily Gazette and the Western Times. Beginning with the massive Allied attack on August 8th, 1918, it shows how the fortunes of war turned against the Central Powers and especially against Germany, which had made impressive gains on the Western Front during the spring with reinforcements released from the Eastern Front in a last desperate gamble to win the war before the mass arrival of American troops. Through the use of new tactics and the "All Arms Battle" the Allies won an unparalleled series of victories in only a hundred days to force the Armistice of November 11th – but at a terrible cost. Battle reports and editorials reveal the dramatic unfolding of events in what historians later called the Last Hundred Days.
Devon Castles Devon has a fascinating array of castles and historic fortifications. In this talk, I explain how they were developed and altered over the centuries to meet the changing military, political and domestic needs of the people who used them. Whilst I have concentrated on true castles - medieval strongholds that doubled as homes – I have included examples from every major period from the Iron Age to England's newest castle, Castle Drogo.
Devon's Railway Heritage Railways have profoundly altered Devon, leaving a rich and varied heritage. This talk explores that heritage; including our two mainlines and four branch lines, as well as our excellent preserved railways, two cliff railways and the cycleways/walkways established on former track. Illustrated with over 130 images.
Exploring Exeter's Heritage This talk explores Exeter's remarkably rich heritage of historic buildings, from its Roman city walls to its 21st century shopping precincts. As well as more familiar sights such as the splendid Gothic Cathedral and its lovely Close; Exeter and Topsham Quays and the medieval Guildhall; many fascinating nooks and corners are included and illustrated with over 100 images.
SEVEN MUSICAL PRESENTATIONS OFFERED BY ADRIENNE HESKETH
Web: also (speakers page).
Devon Land and Sea Piano Presentation I've been writing my own compositions ever since I learnt to play the piano as a little girl. This presentation includes sixteen of my best piano pieces. Devon's land and seascapes have been the inspiration for most of them, as I explain in during the presentations, which last around 45 minutes. The style is my own, but best described as modern classical. My Devon collection is available on CD, price £10. The talk can be given with a piano in situ or by CD.
Devon Composers I also offer a Devon Composers Presentation, with CDs, mainly featuring the Rev. Sabine Baring Gould and his collection of lost Devon and Cornwall folk songs.
My Christmas Themed Presentation describes the history of the Christmas carol, Christmas music and poetry with CD. I can give a live performance of some carols on piano by request with this presentation.
My new presentation Christmas Traditions Around the World describes the many and surprisingly varied ways the birth of Christ is celebrated. This is accompanied by a cosmopolitan medley of recorded music, or I can play live Christmas carols to fit the subject if the venue has a piano.
My new Halloween Themed Presentation describes the origins and aspects of Halloween, illustrated with music on CD and a poem.
St. George's Day/Shakespeare Themed Presentation is a celebration of English music, poetry and a short talk on the life of Shakespeare.
Valentine Themed Presentation celebrates this romantic festival with music and describes its historical background. I can present this either with live piano music or with recorded music if no piano is available at the venue.
I am currently working on A Devon Themed Presentation and a Scottish Themed Presentation. Please ask about these if you are interested.
Please contact me if you would like further details or to offer me a booking.
Charges: £45 plus 30p per mile travel from Bovey Tracey.
Charity Concerts for churches in which I play a medley of classical music are free.
The Ohio Pork Producers Council Presents Taste of Elegance
Icon Composite Wall Panels
A Dream Realized
Student Development Officer Application
POPPY Project S Comments in Response To
Natural Networks Trainee: Citizen Science in Woodlands
Right Or Easy
London Ambulance Service Unison Branch Committee Meeting
Alg. 2 Ch. 6 Polynomals Test Review
Tracy Mendham
Consumer Surplus, Producer Surplus and Market Efficiency
Loss of Sea Grass in Tampa Bay


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text:
Ritner Children's Branch
Historical Images of Philadelphia Free Library Departments and Branches
Item No: pdcf00439
Title: Ritner Children's Branch
Additional Title: Exterior view of the Ritner Children's Branch, 1973
Historic Street Address: 2407-2417 S. Broad Street
Media Type: Photographic Prints
Source: Print and Picture Collection
When the South Philadelphia Branch moved its location to a new building in 1965, the original building soon became the Ritner Children's branch, the only Free Library branch exclusively for children. (For earlier images of the building, see South Philadelphia Branch.) This 1973 exterior view shows a dark red brick, Medieval Revival structure.
From 1965-1999, the Ritner Children's Branch served the South Philadelphia community. In 1999, the branch's space was incorporated into an adjoining community center as a multi-purpose room, and the new Fumo Family Branch replaced it, at a nearby location.
Creation Year: 1973
Geocode Latitude: Geocode Longitude:-75.170246
Geocode Latitude:39.920224
Creator Name: Lawrence S. Williams, Inc. - Photographer
Exterior views
Ritner Street
Children's libraries (institutions)
Go to Hip Map
Lawrence S. Williams, Inc. - Photographer. (1973). Ritner Children's Branch. [Photographic Prints]. Retrieved from https://libwww.freelibrary.org/digital/item/50654
Lawrence S. Williams, Inc. - Photographer. Ritner Children's Branch. 1973. Photographic Prints. Free Library of Philadelphia: Philadelphia, PA. https://libwww.freelibrary.org/digital/item/50654. (accessed Jan 31, 2023)


text:
THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHINESE COMMUNITY (PECINAN) IN SURAKARTA CITIES, CENTRAL JAVA, INDONESIA
Solikhah, Nafiah (2013) THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHINESE COMMUNITY (PECINAN) IN SURAKARTA CITIES, CENTRAL JAVA, INDONESIA. Karya Ilmiah Dosen.
The construction of the European cities structure in the colonial cities of the early period of the 20th century made the regions of indigenous settlements segmented and marginalized. While the Chinese community thriving because it has a key role in the economic system. The arrival of migrants from southern China (Fujian, Canton, Hainan, Hakka, etc.) to Southeast Asia since the 19th century to early 20th-century strengthen the development of urban architecture, one of that city is Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia. Surakarta has urban typologies and urban architectural typically. The river plays a major role as a transportation network for trade and the establishment of settlements and the structure of space in the city. Settlement among traders has always been at the river mouth. One of the communities that establish the urban structure of Surakarta is a settlement of Chinese community (Pecinan), which has existed since the era of the kingdom of Mataram. This study aims to trace the development of the Chinese community (Pecinan) in the city of Surakarta in the structure of urban space and its determining indicators using the synchronic-diachronic reading as a method. Factors will be studied are the ecological factor, economic, political, and socio-cultural through 3 indicator: Kelenteng, shop houses, and settlement by grand gang. It is known that the existence of Chinese communities (Chinatowns/Pecinan) in Surakarta going on since civilization of Bengawan Solo river in Mataram Kartasura period through trading activities. The biggest change occurred in the interval 1857-1900 with the coming of tram transportation system. The tram was originally only carry the European communities, then become a means of public transportation and changing trade flows initially rely on the river -which also began to experience the silting- total switch to ground. Revocation the rules of occupancy according to ethnic grouping (wijkenstelsel) from the Dutch that set Chinese community of Surakarta to stay in one complex in Balong and enforcement of permit revocation (passenstelsel) became one of the background of the Chinatown/Pecinan development in Surakarta. Thus, the first Chinatown centered in Balong began to flourish in the city center close to the tram lines, and eventually form a new Chinatown in Tambak Segaran, Coyudan, and Nonongan with Kelenteng, shophouses, and settlement.
Karya Ilmiah Dosen > Fakultas Teknik
Fakultas Teknik > Teknik Arsitektur


We live online. The Web is how we live now and Web We Want explored why we need to fight for it.
We celebrated all that is wonderful and extraordinary about the Web—and also explored its challenges and difficulties.
The festival was inspired by the work of Sir Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web and produced in partnership with Sir Tim's World Wide Web Foundation.
The Web allows us to communicate with people around the world, making it a vehicle for creative exploration, personal relationships and enormous business opportunities. However, there is also jeopardy. The 'dark net' facilitates underground online networks for everything from buying drugs to extreme politics. Also, universal and free access to the Web is under threat, as its governance is in the hands of a small number of people.
Web We Want Festival | What If I Have Nothing To Hide?


wedding reception « Michele with Just Marry!
Love Lee Forrest Design. Wow, is all I can say about Lee. Talented and just one of the coolest people in the industry. I truly love hanging out with him as a friend. I must do that more often. Talent wise, he's so creative and just one of a kind. I am always so over the moon with his designs. He makes me look so amazing when I refer him. After all, I'm only as good as the team that I put together.
It was just last year that I was looking to Lee to assist me with really jazzing up a room when a local country club double booked the ballroom and we had to move into a much smaller room. Lee and his staff came through with flying colors.
And here's some amazing decor that he did for us when we partnered together for the Ritz-Carlton, Orlando Grande Lakes show.
I is for ice cream at a wedding. We all love it! How can you not? Unless your lactose intolerant, I guess. Then, I do hope there's a yummy soy ice cream out there, just for you!
Here are some cool ways to have ice cream at your wedding.
Ice cream created on site with nitrogen. You choose your flavor and they put it all together with the cream and then use the nitrogen to freeze it quickly. What a presentation.
A Coldstone approach with each guest being able to choose their fixins. Truly my favorite way to eat ice cream. I love the sweet cream with strawberries and pecans. That's my indulgence.
Ice cream as a favor. Check this out on my blog. Certainly a bit more pricey, but if you can swing it. You know it's one of those favors that won't go to waste.
Mini ice cream cones butler passed around the edge of the dance floor. What a perfect way to cool off after dancing so hard to "Funky Cold Medina".
The following photos provided by Rebecca at Limelight Photography.
My spotlight this time is on Ricky Sylvia and his talented band, The Buzzcatz. This is an amazing band, period. They can do anything. And for those of you out there who have worked with bands in the past, this one is a breeze. No large headed ego maniac for the band leader. Just a really great all around guy. These guys make my life so much easier at a wedding and I always come off looking like the most amazing wedding coordinator when I've referred my clients to the Buzzcatz. Why, do you ask? Because they are so great to hear and I often have to look at the stage to see if that really is Ricky up there singing or if Bobby Darin has come back just for this one set. If you haven't worked with the Buzzcatz, then you must find a reason to. They are one of a kind!
Here's some great photos of Ricky and the band. The first one is from one of my recent weddings, the Morales/Katta wedding. Thanks nu visions in photography for the image.
And here are a few more that the band shared with me.
Let's get to know Ricky with the Buzzcatz a little better.
I started as a kid in 1975. I was 11 years old. I auditioned for the U.C.P. telethon in Orlando and got the gig. My second gig was the Central FLA Fair that year.
Watching the father of the bride sign the check!
Hmmmm….lots of them…AMERICAN GRAFFITTI, SCARFACE, and KING CREOLE.
How about my WORST?….we had a guy die on the dance floor while we were playing "Young At Heart".
Band AND deejay combos…makes my night alot easier and we don't have to learn all kinds of useless songs!
HIRE THE BUZZCATZ…they're the best!
I know how much your wedding night means to my brides and their families… it is an honor that I do not take lightly.
What are your favorite blogs/websites?
Dinner & a movie tonight with my incredibly beautiful wife, resurrecting my tribute to ELVIS and learning a few more BOBBY DARIN songs.
Search Ebay for vintage clothing and look at Elvis related websites.
F is for Flourish. Brian and Richard. Now, these guys are fun to be around and crazy creative. Brian is the high flying creative type and Richard is the more grounded, but supportive partner in the biz. I love working with them, because I'm never disappointed in a consultation or on the wedding day.
Here's a few samples of their work.
And here are some pictures of an event that we've done together. Courtesy of Sunshine Photographics.
D is for dance floors. Who would have imagined when I started in the business that people would find so many ways to be creative with their dance floors. I've seen covered, colored and even varying shapes. Dance floors in all parts of the room and over pools and it's just so much fun.
Following are some pictures from some events that we've done where we had some cool dance floors. These particular dance floors were designed by Raining Roses.
And I love this dance floor because it is set over a pool with a clear span tent over it and great lighting!
The following images and descriptions are from my good friends Brian and Richard at Flourish.
A dance floor in fuchsia, for a new Orleans client, that wanted a Bali themed wedding. Monkey appliqués on the corners.
This is a blue dance floor. The couple met in Hawaii and they wanted to have a lot of water feeling around them, the head table in the fore of the picture was a reef scene sitting on a lighted sweetheart table.
Well, here they are. My Five Fab Finds for August. I know, there were ten the first time. Jeff said that I was putting too much pressure on myself with ten, so I shortened it to five. They are still fab!
1. Going all out with the same color. For example, bright purple, pale purple and dark purple. Purple is a hot color right now as well. You know you have a favorite color, so go with it and share your love of your color! Picture below courtesy of Jay from Flowers of Winter Park.
2. Make your dance floor different! One of my favorite ideas for a dance floor is to surround it with garden boxes full of flowers or greenery. It gives it a magical feeling. You can also pinspot your dance floor with a gobo of your wedding logo or your initials. Take it one step further and have your dance floor covered with a pattern or keep it simple with one color.
3. A honeymoon or destination wedding to Santorini, Greece. Yes, I want to go there so badly. It's at the top of my list. When you think of Greece, this is typically what you think of. The views are amazing and they have some of the top rated hotels in the world.
4. I'm loving cool styles of chairs with chair covers. How about personalizing them even more with a personalized monogram cover?
5. A new trend in centerpieces that has really begun to light up tables is to use lamp shades in your decor. I think it really helps to give a comfortable, homey, yet elegant spin on your table decor. The following picture is courtesy of Flourish Productions. Keep an eye out for their new website launching soon.
And the following photo from Botanica.
2008 Favorite Wedding Ideas & Vendors from A to Z – A is for Arthur's Catering!
I would like to share some of my favorite wedding ideas and vendors from A to Z. Check back often for the rest of the alphabet.
I thought this idea sounded like lots of fun and would surely be easy. However, it was quite a challenge as we work with so many wonderful vendors and ideas here at Just Marry! So, here are just a fraction of them in the 2008 Favorite Wedding Ideas & Vendors from A to Z.
A is for Arthur's Catering.
Truly one of the most talented caterers in Orlando. It is always a pleasure to work with them. Not only are they on the cutting edge of what's trendy in food, but they have amazing service. Something that is so important. It's not just about the food, but the whole experience working with Arthur's Catering. Here's some pictures of their amazing food.
The following photos are from Derek Smith from Sunshine Photographics.
The following photos were provided by Arthur's Catering.
Be sure to contact Arthur's for your off premise catering event. And if you're stuck with finding a location, then they can help point you in the right direction.


text:
\section{Introduction}

The kinetics of vortex production in superconductors and
superfluids is  one of the intriguing problems of condensed
matter physics. It is interesting not only in the field
of solid state physics but represents as well a very good
model to study topological phase transitions in cosmology and
other branches of physics \cite{zurek1}. In
the last few decades different scenarios for vortex production
in superconductors and superfluids were proposed. The most common
way to produce vortices is to increase the superfluid velocity in
order to reduce the energy barrier between homogeneous flow and
flow with vortices. This mechanism is observed in rotating
$^{3}\text{He}$ where vortex nucleation and critical velocities
are measured \cite{parts}. In 2D homogeneous superconducting films,
increasing the current leads to dynamics which are similar
to the phase slip (PS) transition in 1D \cite{ludac}.  The order
parameter (OP) reaches zero along a straight line across the film
and the phase displays a $2\pi$ jump along this line. This PS
line solution \cite{Weber09} corresponds to the
deterministic and most ordered PS kinetics in 2D. The
inhomogeneity caused by current contacts leads to a qualitatively
similar picture. The OP is strongly suppressed along a straight
line across the film but it reaches zero only at two points on
this line. This pair of vortices is called kinematic vortex-antivortex
(VaV) pair \cite{andronov93}. It spreads quickly in
opposite directions along this line propagating the $2\pi$ jump of
the phase. Therefore PS occurs without formation of well defined
VaV pairs \cite{berdiyorov}.

A different scenario of vortex production was proposed by
Kibble\cite{kibble1} and Zurek\cite{zurek2} (KZ). When the sample
is quickly quenched through the critical temperature $T_c$, the
nucleation of the low temperature phase starts in different places
with uncorrelated phases of OP. Then, domains grow and start to
overlap leading to the formation of vortices. This mechanism is a
promising way to test cosmological theories in condensed matter
physics \cite{Ruutu96-98, Maniv03}. This dynamics is stochastic and
sensitive to small variations of initial conditions. On the
other hand the dependence of the vortex density on the quench time
and their spatial correlation are universal. Later, in Refs.
\cite{kibblevolovik,kopninthuneberg}, it was proposed that the
quench occurs not only due to fast temperature change but also due
to the temperature front propagation. Aranson \textit{et al.}
considered the case of a temperature quench in the presence of
external current \cite{aranson}. The new phase with zero current
grows after the quench. Therefore on the border of the quenched
region, the superfluid velocity has tangential discontinuity,
leading to vortex formation, similarly to the classical
hydrodynamic Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) instability \cite{fridman}
which is also known in superfluids \cite{Blaauwgeers02,volovikKH}.
Moreover, the KH instability suppresses the development of KZ
vortices \cite{aranson}. In this paper, kinematic VaV, KZ and KH
vortices are distinguished by their production mechanism although they
are topologically equivalent.

To demonstrate how deterministic type of dynamics becomes
stochastic, we model a superconducting film rolled on a cylinder
in an external time dependent magnetic field parallel to the
cylinder axis (Fig.1). Depending on the applied magnetic
field and the dimensions of the ring, we follow the evolution
from the deterministic PS line dynamics to the stochastic behavior
described by the KZ mechanism. In the proposed model, topological
defects are generated by the intrinsic quench induced by the
external field. The evolution towards
stochastic behavior is strongly influenced by the KH instability
which develops in the presence of inhomogeneities.  To model the
inhomogeneity of the film we assume that there is a thin stripe
of superconductor along the film with a different coherence length.
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width = 40mm]{fig1.eps}
\caption{Geometry of the system :  a 2D cylinder with an applied
magnetic field $\mathbf{H}$.}
\end{figure}
The thickness of the film $d$ is small $d\ll \xi\
\ll \lambda_{\text{eff}}$. Here $\xi$ is the coherence length and
$\lambda_{\text{eff}}$ is the Pearl penetration depth. Therefore
we can neglect all corrections to the external magnetic field
$\mathbf{H}$ caused by the current in the film. The radius of the
film is $R > \xi$.
The time dependent Ginzburg-Landau (TDGL) equation in
dimensionless units has the form:
\begin{equation}
u(\frac{\partial\psi}{\partial t}+i\Phi \psi) =
b(z)(\psi-\psi|\psi|^{2})-(i\nabla+\mathbf{a})^{2}\psi
+\eta.\label{tdgl1}
\end{equation}
Here $\psi$ is the dimensionless complex OP, the spacial
coordinate ${\mathbf r}$ is measured in units of $\xi$ and  time
is measured in units of phase relaxation time
$\tau_{\theta}=\frac{4\pi\lambda_{\text{eff}}\sigma_{n} }
{c^{2}}$, $\lambda_{\text{eff}}=\frac{\lambda^{2}}{d}$, $\lambda$
is the bulk penetration depth, $\sigma_{n}$ is the normal state
conductivity, and $c$ is the speed of light. The parameter
$u=\frac{\tau_{\psi}}{\tau_{\theta}}$ is a material dependent
parameter, where $\tau_{\psi}$ is the relaxation time of the
amplitude of the OP. According to the microscopic theory, $u$ is
ranging from $5$ to $12$ but we assume $0<u<\infty$. The vector
potential $\mathbf{a}$ is measured in units of
$\frac{\phi_{0}}{2\pi\xi}$ where $\phi_{0}$ is the flux quantum.
The function $b(z)$ models the $z$ dependence of the coherence
length $\xi(z)$. As shown in Fig.1, we chose
$\xi(z)=\xi/\sqrt{b(z)}$ and
$b(z)=1-b^{2}\vartheta(z-w/4)\vartheta(3w/4-z)$. Here $w$ is the
width of the film in units of $\xi$, $b$ parameterizes the level
of inhomogeneity of the film and $\vartheta(x)$ is the Heaviside
step function. Here we use periodic boundary conditions and the
boundary condition with vacuum \cite{degennes} at $z=0$
and $z=w$. The equation for the electrostatic potential $\Phi$,
measured in units of $\frac{\phi_{0}}{2\pi c\tau_{\theta}}$,where
$e$ is the electronic charge and $\hbar$ is the Planck constant,
reads:
\begin{equation}
\nabla^{2}\Phi=-\nabla\Bigl[
{{i}\over{2}}(\psi^{*}\nabla\psi-\psi\nabla\psi^{*})
+\mathbf{a}|\psi|^{2}\Bigr].\label{tdgl2}
\end{equation}
To model the process of vortex formation we assume that at time
$t<0$ external magnetic field is absent.
At $t=0$ the field suddenly appears and stays constant for $t>0$
i.e. tangential component of the vector potential is
$a\vartheta(t)$. We thus study the kinetics of the vortex
generation as a function of $a$ with different values of $u$.

Let us first consider the stability of the solution in the uniform
case. We linearize the TDGL Eqs.(\ref{tdgl1},\ref{tdgl2}) in small
fluctuations of OP $f(\mathbf{r},t)=\psi(\mathbf{r},t)-\psi_{0}$
and search for a solution in the form
$f(\mathbf{r},t)=\sum_{\mathbf{k}}C_{\mathbf{k}}
\exp{(i\mathbf{kr}+\lambda_{\mathbf{k}} t)}$. It is clear that the
transverse $k_{z}$ component always contributes to the stability
of the initial state. Therefore, the condition
$\lambda_{\mathbf{k}}>0$ is the same as in 1D \cite{ludac}:
$\frac{\phi}{\phi_0}
> > \frac{R}{\xi\sqrt{3}}$, where $\phi$ is the magnetic flux
through the ring at $t>0$. This condition provides a rough
estimate for the number of the expected PS events $N\sim
\frac{\phi}{\phi_0}$. It defines the first critical value of the
external field $a_{c1}=1/\sqrt{3}$. Therefore, in the low field
limit $a_{c1}\leq a \leq 1$, the dynamics will be similar to the 1D
case with very weak $z$-dependence. Well defined vortices may
appear in this region of the field if the film is inhomogeneous as
shown in Fig.1. The situation is different when the field
$a$ increases further. Dropping $k_{z}=0$, the
eigenvalues are:
\begin{eqnarray}
\lambda^{(1,2)}_{\mathbf{k}}=-\psi_{0}^{2}/2+(1
-2\psi_0^2-a^2-k^2)/u \nonumber \\ \pm \sqrt{(16\psi_0^2
a^2+\psi_0^4(u-2)^2+16k^2a^2)/4u^2} \label{decay}
\end{eqnarray}
$\lambda_{\mathbf{k}=0}=\frac{1-2
\psi_0^2-a^2}{u}-\frac{\psi_{0}^2}{2} - \sqrt{(16\psi_0^2
a^2+\psi_0^4(u-2)^2)/4u2}$ describes the decay rate of the
uniform solution. On the other hand for finite $k$,
$\lambda_{\mathbf{k}}$ is positive and characterizes the growth of
the corresponding Fourier components $C_{\mathbf{k}}$. The fastest
growth is found for $k=\frac{1}{4a} \sqrt{-16u\psi_0^2a^2-
\psi_0^4(u-2)^2+16a^4}$ and the rate is
determined by
$\lambda_{\text{max}}=\frac{1}{16ua^2}(8(u-4)\psi_0^2a^2
+16a^2+\psi_0^4(u-2)^2)$. The qualitative
difference in kinetics takes place when the decay rate of the
uniform solution becomes faster then the growth of the new phase.
This effect is similar to the quench through $T_{c}$ in the KZ
mechanism \cite{zurek1,kibble1}. We find that at
$a>a_{c2}=\sqrt{2}$, the OP is suppressed to zero and the growth
of the phase with finite $k$ is accompanied by the rapid
development of vortices. The density of vortices may be estimated
using Zurek arguments where the quench time should be replaced by
$\tau_{Q}=(a^{2}-1)^{-1}$ leading to $n\propto \tau_{Q}^{-1/2}$
\cite{zurek3}.

We simulate Eqs.(\ref{tdgl1},\ref{tdgl2}) using the fourth order
Runge-Kutta method. The spatial derivatives are evaluated using
a finite difference scheme of
second order or using a fast fourier transform algorithm depending
on the boundary conditions. The choice of the algorithm is made to
optimize the convergence and the calculation times. The
calculations are performed for the vector potential $0<a<5$ and
for the total flux $\phi$ through the ring ranging from $0$ to $50
\phi_0$.

\begin{figure*}
           {\includegraphics[width=175mm]{fig2.eps}}
           \caption{(Color online) Total number of vortices $v$ in the system
           and the sample average
           value $|\rho|$ of the OP as a function of time for
           $\phi/\phi_0=20$ and $a=0.6$ (a), $a=0.8$(b) and $a=1.8$ (c).
           The insets represent snapshots the amplitude of OP at
           $t=700$ (a) and $t=105$ (b). For the quenched case (c),
           the snapshot displays the local vorticity at $t=20$. }
\end{figure*}

We investigate the flux penetration into the homogeneous ring for
two different boundary conditions. In the case of periodic
boundary conditions we identify different regimes in accordance
with Eq.(\ref{decay}). In the small field limit $a<a_{c1}$ the
ring is in a stable state and the penetration of the magnetic flux
into the ring can only be induced by a very strong noise $\eta$ in
Eq.(\ref{tdgl1}). When $a_{c1}<a<a_{c2}$, in agreement with the
stability analysis, the PS kinetics depends on the external
magnetic field. When $\frac{\phi}{\phi_0}<10$ the kinetics is
similar to the 1D case. The transition is characterized by one or
more lines in the $z$-direction where the OP decreases to zero
(the PS line case \cite{andronov93}). These lines may appear
simultaneously or consecutively in time, depending on $u$
\cite{ludac}. As expected, the number of PS events is determined
by the ratio $\frac{\phi}{\phi_0}$. These PS lines represent the
limiting case of kinematic VaV pairs travelling with infinite
velocity.

When the flux is increased ($\frac{\phi}{\phi_0}>10$), the
kinematic vortices become clearly distinguishable. In Fig.2(a), we
present the time evolution of the average value of the OP together
with the time dependence of the number of vortices in the
sample. The kinetics is characterized by series of consecutive PS
events well separated in time (Fig.2(a)). As it was noticed
\cite{vodo07}, few VaV pairs may propagate along the same line at
the same time.  PS  events are produced by kinematic VaV pairs
propagating along the same line where the amplitude of OP is
reduced. Kinematic vortices can propagate in the same direction,
one after another or in opposite direction leading to annihilation
of VaV pairs and accelerating the dynamics. Contrary to
\cite{berdiyorov}, kinematic VaV pairs are formed without any
inhomogeneity in the film. At higher fluxes kinematic VaV pairs
are randomly created on the line like in the case of a "1D
quench". In the $x$ direction, the dynamics remains very ordered
with values of the standard deviation of the position of the
vortices $\sqrt{\bar{\delta x^{2}}}$ approaching $0.5\xi$.

\begin{figure*}
           {\includegraphics[width=175mm]{fig3.eps}}
           \caption{(Color online) Total number of vortices $v$ in the system and
           the sample average value $|\rho|$ of the OP as a function
           of time for $a1=0.4$, $\phi/\phi_0=5$ and $b=4$ (a); $\phi/\phi_0=20$
           and $b=2.25$ (b); $\phi/\phi_0=50$ and $b=12.25$ (c). The insets
           represent snapshots of the amplitude of the OP at $t=120$ (a) ;
           $t=790$ and $t=830$ (b). For the quasi quenched case (c), the snapshot
           displays the local vorticity at $t=112$. }
\end{figure*}

With the further increase of $a$ the number of PS lines increases
and the kinetics becomes more stochastic because of the
interaction of different PS lines. As a result, straight lines are
replaced by vortex rivers which become broader and have finite
curvature (Fig.2(b)). The vortex rivers are comparable to the vortex self-organization
discussed in \cite{Aranson96} under different boundary conditions.
Along one vortex river, few vortex-antivortex pairs are
propagated. The kinetics is determined by the motion of these
pairs along the rivers and finally by their annihilation.
Importantly, the sample average of OP never reaches zero,
contrarily to the case of the large field $a>a_{c2}$. The total
number of vortices in the beginning of the process is larger than
$\frac{\phi}{\phi_0}$ (Fig.2(b)) which is also an indication of
the growing importance of chaotic behavior in the dynamics. The
values of $\sqrt{\bar{\delta x^{2}}}$ are also strongly enhanced,
reaching $2\pi R/3$. The velocity of vortices along the rivers
becomes smaller which is seen from the time dependence of the
vortex number (Fig.2(d)). Nevertheless the velocity is still high
compared to the case when the OP has recovered to its equilibrium
value. The last regime $a>a_{c2}$ is presented in Fig.2(c). Here
the quench condition is satisfied and the OP decreases uniformly
until it reaches zero (Fig. 2(c)). As a result, the new phase
starts to grow uncorrelated and the vortices are created
randomly. The number of vortices is substantially larger than
$\frac{\phi}{\phi_0}$. Most of these vortices recombine rapidly.
The remaining vortices move slowly through the sample propagating
the $2\pi$ phase jump. The random dispersion of these vortices is
a fingerprint of the KZ mechanism. Indeed, $\sqrt{\bar{\delta
x^{2}}}$ reaches now $2\pi R/2$, which means that vortex
distribution is completely random. Another characteristic of the
KZ scenario is that the vortices are created while the order
parameter is very close to zero and not during the fast growth
like in the previous cases as one can see by comparing Fig. 2(a)
and (b) with Fig. 2(c). It is important to notice that the total
net vorticity is strictly equal to zero at any time in the case of
periodic boundary condition in the z direction.

For vacuum boundary conditions \cite{degennes} the
kinetics is very similar. When $a_{c1}<a<a_{c2}$ and
$\frac{\phi}{\phi_0}<10$ one or more lines with reduced OP are
formed. The difference is that the PS lines here have finite
curvature, because they start to grow from the edges of the film
and finally connect each other. Further increase of the flux,
keeping $a$ constant leads to the formation of flux rivers. The
most important difference is that not all "rivers" necessarily
connect two edges of the film. As a result some of them ended in
the middle of the film, leading to the relatively small vorticity.
These remaining vortices and antivortices propagate slowly to the
edges of the film and kinetic is determined by the slow vortex
motion. The dynamics when $a>a_{c2}$ is governed by KZ mechanism,
as in the previous case but the total net vorticity may be finite.

In the case of an inhomogeneous superconductor, the effective
coherence length is now $z$-dependent $\xi(z) = \xi/\sqrt{b(z)}$.
Therefore only the middle part of the ring may be unstable while
the other parts of the film remain in the metastable state. The
introduction of $z$-dependence of the parameters in
Eq.(\ref{tdgl1}) is designed to enhance the transverse vortex
dynamics and allows to demonstrate different mechanisms of vortex
formation. As expected, the PS dynamics starts first in the region
with stronger current and is characterized by $a$ and
$\frac{\phi}{\phi_0}$.

In the region $a_{c1}<a<a_{c2}$ and small flux
$\frac{\phi}{\phi_0}<10$ the initial stage of the kinetics is
similar to kinetics in the homogeneous film. The VaV pairs are not
well defined. However, when kinematic VaV pairs approach the low
current regions, they become well defined and are slowing down
(fig.3(a)). Therefore vortices are stabilized near the line where
the tangential velocity has discontinuity. These vortices
represent another case of KH instability in superconductors. This
instability leads to the formation of well defined vortices and
governs the kinetics of the PS. To the best of our knowledge this
is the only instability which allows vortex production in the low
flux limit.

When the flux through the ring is large $\frac{\phi}{\phi_0}>10$,
the initial fast dynamics is similar to the dynamics in the
homogeneous case until vortices reach the low current regions.
Then they become slow and well defined. As it is seen in
Fig.3(b), the vortices propagate one after another to the film
edge, demonstrating the vortex-vortex attraction even in the case
when the OP has already recovered.

The further increase of $a>a_{c2}$ leads to the quench in the
middle part of the film (Fig.1). During the quench many KZ vortices
are created. Most of them are annihilated on a very short
time scale. The rest reaches the line separating the region with
different currents. The vortices almost stop near this line. The
further dynamics is determined by the diffusion of these vortices
to the film edges. When $a$ is large enough, the KH vortices
become well defined before the recovery of the OP in the middle
part of the film and therefore the inhomogeneity suppresses the KZ
mechanism in agreement with Ref.\cite{aranson}, making kinetics
less stochastic.

Experimentally, observing such dynamics of  vortices might
be a real challenge because the short characteristic times does
not allow the use of instruments with sufficient space resolution.
However, recent works \cite{Maniv03, Silhanek10} showed that
freezing the dynamics can characterize both KZ and vortex river
scenarios. Another idea is to use time resolved femtosecond
optical spectroscopy as proposed in the Ref.\cite{yusupov}.
As it is shown in the Refs.\cite{ludac,suppl} the role of
heating is not important for the proposed
geometry of the film.

We have considered the kinetics of the flux penetration to the 2D
ring. We found out that for small values of the external field $a$,
the kinetics is
deterministic and essentially 1D. Increasing the flux $\phi$ creates
kinematic vortices and even leads to a 1D quench along the PS line
which is a first step towards stochastic behavior (see Ref.\cite{suppl}). Further
increase of $a$ leads to the formation of vortex rivers, and
ultimately to the quench of the sample leading to the stochastic dynamics of KZ vortices.
The dynamics in the inhomogeneous film demonstrates that the VaV pairs are the
topological analog of the PS mechanism in 2D but this analogy is
not as straightforward as is often believed. Finally,
our calculations for a partially quenched film indicate that KH
vortices at the interface are strongly predominant.

\section{Phase diagram of the different dynamics}

We observe different dynamics in the homogeneous case, depending on the value of the magnetic vector potential $a$ and the number of flux quanta $\phi/\phi_0$ penetrating the cylinder. In order to plot a phase diagram and display the different types of dynamics, we needed to choose between multiple criteria. We found out that the stochasticity is a good approach to this problem and chose the standard deviation of the $x$ coordinate of vortices to define regions where the dynamics are comparable. The normalized standard deviation $\frac{\sqrt{\bar{\delta x^{2}}}}{\pi R}$ is shown in Fig.1 (R is the radius of the cylinder). The different regions where the standard deviation is similar are separated by lines of constant standard derivation.
\begin{itemize}
\item Part $1$ of the phase diagram corresponds to the phase slip (PS) line solution. No vortices are present and we define there $\frac{\sqrt{\bar{\delta x^{2}}}}{\pi R}=0$ because the dynamics is very ordered.

\item Part $2$ ($0<\frac{\sqrt{\bar{\delta x^{2}}}}{\pi R}\leq 0.23$) corresponds to kinematic vortices traveling on a single line.

\item Part $3$ ($0.23<\frac{\sqrt{\bar{\delta x^{2}}}}{\pi R}<0.48$)  is assigned to multiple vortex rivers : stochasticity is increased by the the increasing number of rivers.

\item Part $4$ ($0.55<\frac{\sqrt{\bar{\delta x^{2}}}}{\pi R}$) corresponds to Kibble-Zurek (KZ) type dynamics which displays the highest possible stochasticity.

\item Part 5 ($0.48<\frac{\sqrt{\bar{\delta x^{2}}}}{\pi R}\leq 0.55$) represents the region where the standard deviation fails to clearly distinguish between KZ and vortex rivers. In this region, the area with low $a$ corresponds to vortex rivers and should belong to the part 3. Indeed, when the flux is increased at low $a$, the number of vortex river increases and the vortices often travel from one river to the other : their position becomes stochastic. On the opposite, at low flux, the area with high $a$ should belong to part 4.
\end{itemize}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width = 70mm]{fig1a.eps}
\caption{(Color online) Phase diagram of the possible evolution drawn from the normalized standard deviation $\frac{\sqrt{\bar{\delta x^{2}}}}{\pi R}$ of the $x$ coordinate of the vortices. We chose to define $\frac{\sqrt{\bar{\delta x^{2}}}}{\pi R}=0$ when no vortices are present (Part 1). Part 1 corresponds to the PS line, part 2 the kinematic vortices, part 3 to vortex rivers and part 4 to KZ type dynamics. The part 5 represents a region where the standard deviation is not sufficient to distinguish between the dynamics. The standard deviation is plotted as a function of the vector potential $a$ and of the number of flux quanta (a) for $u=10$. $a_{c1}$ is the critical value under which dynamics are very improbable and $a_{c2}$ is the critical value over which we calculated KZ dynamics would occur. }
\end{figure}

\section{Heating}
The estimate of the heating of the cylinder may be done using Ohm's law. We consider that a part of the cylinder of area $\pi \xi^2$ for the vortex or $2\pi R \xi$ for the PS line, behaves like a normal conductor of conductivity $\sigma_n$ until its annihilation and sustains a current $J_s$ (in cgs units). The energy dissipated per unit of volume is, as in \cite{ludac}:
                \begin{equation}
                E=\frac{J_s^2}{\sigma_n}\tau_{\theta}=\frac{\left [\phi_0 a (1-a^2) \right ]^2}{16\pi^3 \xi^2\lambda_{\text{eff}}^2}.
                \end{equation}
                This energy is less than a quarter of the condensation energy $\frac{H_{c_2}^2}{16\pi\kappa^2}$. In the case of PS lines and kinematic vortices, when dynamics are fast and the areas behaving as normal conductors are small, the heat will be dissipated along the sample and through the contacts. It will not impact the dynamics. However, in the case of multiple vortex rivers or in the quenched KZ scenario, the total heating will be much larger but can be tackled by modern experimental techniques. Indeed, modern cooling methods are fast enough \cite{Maniv03}.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv