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Sequoiadendron giganteum Information
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoiadendron_giganteum
This article is about the species commonly called "giant sequoia". For the species commonly called "coast redwood", see Sequoia sempervirens. For other uses, see Sequoia (disambiguation).
The " Grizzly Giant" in the Mariposa Grove, Yosemite National Park
Endangered ( IUCN 3.1) [1]
Scientific classification
Division: Pinophyta
Class: Pinopsida
Order: Pinales
Genus: Sequoiadendron
S. giganteum
Binomial name
( Lindl.) J.Buchh., 1939
Natural range of the California members of the subfamily Sequoioideae
red - Sequoiadendron giganteum
green - Sequoia sempervirens
Sequoiadendron giganteum (giant sequoia; also known as giant redwood, Sierra redwood, Sierran redwood, Wellingtonia or simply big tree—a nickname also used by John Muir [2]) is the sole living species in the genus Sequoiadendron, and one of three species of coniferous trees known as redwoods, classified in the family Cupressaceae in the subfamily Sequoioideae, together with Sequoia sempervirens (coast redwood) and Metasequoia glyptostroboides (dawn redwood). Giant sequoia specimens are the most massive trees on Earth. [3] The common use of the name sequoia usually refers to Sequoiadendron giganteum, which occurs naturally only in groves on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California.
The etymology of the genus name has been presumed—initially in The Yosemite Book by Josiah Whitney in 1868 [4]—to be in honor of Sequoyah (1767–1843), who was the inventor of the Cherokee syllabary. [5] An etymological study published in 2012, however, concluded that the name was more likely to have originated from the Latin sequi (meaning to follow) since the number of seeds per cone in the newly-classified genus fell in mathematical sequence with the other four genera in the suborder. [6]
2 Biology
5 Discovery and naming
6 Uses
7 Cultivation
7.2 British Isles
7.4 Northern Europe
7.5 United States and Canada
7.7 New Zealand
8 Superlatives
8.1 Largest by trunk volume
8.2 Tallest
8.3 Oldest
8.4 Greatest girth
8.5 Greatest base diameter
8.6 Greatest mean diameter at breast height
8.7 Largest limb
8.8 Thickest bark
Leaves of S. giganteum
Giant sequoia specimens are the most massive individual trees in the world. [3] They grow to an average height of 50–85 m (164–279 ft) with trunk diameters ranging from 6–8 m (20–26 ft). Record trees have been measured at 94.8 m (311 ft) tall. Trunk diameters of 17 m (56 ft) have been claimed via research figures taken out of context. [7] The specimen known to have the greatest diameter at breast height is the General Grant tree at 8.8 m (28.9 ft). [8] Between 2014 and 2016, specimens of coast redwood were found to have greater trunk diameters than all known giant sequoias. [9] The trunks of coast redwoods taper at lower heights than those of giant sequoias which have more columnar trunks that maintain larger diameters to greater heights.
The oldest known giant sequoia is 3,500 years old based on dendrochronology. Giant sequoias are among the oldest living organisms on Earth. Giant sequoia bark is fibrous, furrowed, and may be 90 cm (3 ft) thick at the base of the columnar trunk. The bark provides significant protection from fire damage. The leaves are evergreen, awl-shaped, 3–6 mm (1⁄8–1⁄4 in) long, and arranged spirally on the shoots.
Giant sequoia cones and seed
The giant sequoia regenerates by seed. The seed cones are 4–7 cm (1 1⁄2–3 in) long and mature in 18–20 months, though they typically remain green and closed for as long as 20 years. Each cone has 30–50 spirally arranged scales, with several seeds on each scale, giving an average of 230 seeds per cone. Seeds are dark brown, 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) long, and 1 mm (0.04 in) broad, with a 1-millimeter (0.04 in) wide, yellow-brown wing along each side. Some seeds shed when the cone scales shrink during hot weather in late summer, but most are liberated by insect damage or when the cone dries from the heat of fire. Young trees start to bear cones after 12 years.
Trees may produce sprouts from their stumps subsequent to injury, until about 20 years old; however, shoots do not form on the stumps of mature trees as they do on coast redwoods. Giant sequoias of all ages may sprout from their boles when branches are lost to fire or breakage.
A large tree may have as many as 11,000 cones. Cone production is greatest in the upper portion of the canopy. A mature giant sequoia disperses an estimated 300–400 thousand seeds annually. The winged seeds may fly as far as 180 m (590 ft) from the parent tree.
Lower branches die readily from being shaded, but trees younger than 100 years retain most of their dead branches. Trunks of mature trees in groves are generally free of branches to a height of 20–50 m (70–160 ft), but solitary trees retain lower branches.
Because of its size, the tree has been studied for its water pull. Water from the roots can be pushed up only a few meters by osmotic pressure but can reach extreme heights by using a system of branching capillarity (capillary action) in the tree's xylem (the water tubules) and sub-pressure from evaporating water at the leaves. [10] Sequoias supplement water from the soil with fog, taken up through air roots, at heights to where the root water cannot be pulled. [11]
The Generals Highway passes between giant sequoias in Sequoia National Park
The natural distribution of giant sequoias is restricted to a limited area of the western Sierra Nevada, California. They occur in scattered groves, with a total of 68 groves (see list of sequoia groves for a full inventory), comprising a total area of only 144.16 km2 (35,620 acres). Nowhere does it grow in pure stands, although in a few small areas, stands do approach a pure condition. The northern two-thirds of its range, from the American River in Placer County southward to the Kings River, has only eight disjunct groves. The remaining southern groves are concentrated between the Kings River and the Deer Creek Grove in southern Tulare County. Groves range in size from 12.4 km2 (3,100 acres) with 20,000 mature trees, to small groves with only six living trees. Many are protected in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks and Giant Sequoia National Monument.
The giant sequoia is usually found in a humid climate characterized by dry summers and snowy winters. Most giant sequoia groves are on granitic-based residual and alluvial soils. The elevation of the giant sequoia groves generally ranges from 1,400–2,000 m (4,600–6,600 ft) in the north, to 1,700–2,150 metres (5,580–7,050 ft) to the south. Giant sequoias generally occur on the south-facing sides of northern mountains, and on the northern faces of more southerly slopes.
High levels of reproduction are not necessary to maintain the present population levels. Few groves, however, have sufficient young trees to maintain the present density of mature giant sequoias for the future. The majority of giant sequoias are currently undergoing a gradual decline in density since European settlement.
While the present day distribution of this species is limited to a small area of California, it was once much more widely distributed in prehistoric times, and was a reasonably common species in North American and Eurasian coniferous forests until its range was greatly reduced by the last ice age. Older fossil specimens reliably identified as giant sequoia have been found in Cretaceous era sediments from a number of sites in North America and Europe, and even as far afield as New Zealand [12] and Australia. [13]
A group of sequoias was planted and is naturally propagating on Mount San Jacinto in Riverside County, southern California. The trees were planted by the United States Forest Service after a 1974 wildfire. [14]
Two giant sequoias, Sequoia National Park. The right-hand tree bears a large fire scar at its base; fires do not typically kill the trees but do remove competing thin-barked species, and aid giant sequoia regeneration.
Giant sequoias are in many ways adapted to forest fires. Their bark is unusually fire resistant, and their cones will normally open immediately after a fire. [15] The giant sequoias are having difficulty reproducing in their original habitat (and very rarely reproduce in cultivation) due to the seeds only being able to grow successfully in full sun and in mineral-rich soils, free from competing vegetation. Although the seeds can germinate in moist needle humus in the spring, these seedlings will die as the duff dries in the summer. They therefore require periodic wildfire to clear competing vegetation and soil humus before successful regeneration can occur. Without fire, shade-loving species will crowd out young sequoia seedlings, and sequoia seeds will not germinate. When fully grown, these trees typically require large amounts of water and are therefore often concentrated near streams.
Fires also bring hot air high into the canopy via convection, which in turn dries and opens the cones. The subsequent release of large quantities of seeds coincides with the optimal postfire seedbed conditions. Loose ground ash may also act as a cover to protect the fallen seeds from ultraviolet radiation damage.
Due to fire suppression efforts and livestock grazing during the early and mid 20th century, low-intensity fires no longer occurred naturally in many groves, and still do not occur in some groves today. The suppression of fires leads to ground fuel build-up and the dense growth of fire-sensitive white fir, which increases the risk of more intense fires that can use the firs as ladders to threaten mature giant sequoia crowns. Natural fires may also be important in keeping carpenter ants in check. [16]
In 1970, the National Park Service began controlled burns of its groves to correct these problems. Current policies also allow natural fires to burn. One of these untamed burns severely damaged the second-largest tree in the world, the Washington tree, in September 2003, 45 days after the fire started. This damage made it unable to withstand the snowstorm of January 2005, leading to the collapse of over half the trunk.
In addition to fire, two animal agents also assist giant sequoia seed release. The more significant of the two is a longhorn beetle ( Phymatodes nitidus) that lays eggs on the cones, into which the larvae then bore holes. Reduction of the vascular water supply to the cone scales allows the cones to dry and open for the seeds to fall. Cones damaged by the beetles during the summer will slowly open over the next several months. Some research indicates many cones, particularly higher in the crowns, may need to be partially dried by beetle damage before fire can fully open them. The other agent is the Douglas squirrel (Tamiasciurus douglasi) that gnaws on the fleshy green scales of younger cones. The squirrels are active year round, and some seeds are dislodged and dropped as the cone is eaten. [17]
Discovery and naming
Shortly after their discovery by Europeans, giant sequoias were subject to much exhibition
The giant sequoia was well known to Native American tribes living in its area. Native American names for the species include wawona, toos-pung-ish and hea-mi-withic, the latter two in the language of the Tule River Tribe.
The first reference to the giant sequoia by Europeans is in 1833, in the diary of the explorer J. K. Leonard; the reference does not mention any locality, but his route would have taken him through the Calaveras Grove. [18] This discovery was not publicized. The next European to see the species was John M. Wooster, who carved his initials in the bark of the 'Hercules' tree in the Calaveras Grove in 1850; again, this received no publicity. Much more publicity was given to the "discovery" by Augustus T. Dowd of the Calaveras Grove in 1852, and this is commonly cited as the species' discovery. [18] The tree found by Dowd, christened the 'Discovery Tree', was felled in 1853.
The first scientific naming of the species was by John Lindley in December 1853, who named it Wellingtonia gigantea, without realizing this was an invalid name under the botanical code as the name Wellingtonia had already been used earlier for another unrelated plant ( Wellingtonia arnottiana in the family Sabiaceae). The name "Wellingtonia" has persisted in England as a common name. [19] The following year, Joseph Decaisne transferred it to the same genus as the coast redwood, naming it Sequoia gigantea, but again this name was invalid, having been applied earlier (in 1847, by Endlicher) to the coast redwood. The name Washingtonia californica was also applied to it by Winslow in 1854, though this too is invalid, belonging to the palm genus Washingtonia.
Clothespin tree in the Mariposa Grove, Yosemite National Park
In 1907, it was placed by Carl Ernst Otto Kuntze in the otherwise fossil genus Steinhauera, but doubt as to whether the giant sequoia is related to the fossil originally so named makes this name invalid.
The nomenclatural oversights were finally corrected in 1939 by J. Buchholz, who also pointed out the giant sequoia is distinct from the coast redwood at the genus level and coined the name Sequoiadendron giganteum for it.
John Muir wrote of the species in about 1870:
"Do behold the King in his glory, King Sequoia! Behold! Behold! seems all I can say. Some time ago I left all for Sequoia and have been and am at his feet, fasting and praying for light, for is he not the greatest light in the woods, in the world? Where are such columns of sunshine, tangible, accessible, terrestrialized?' [20]
Wood from mature giant sequoias is highly resistant to decay, but due to being fibrous and brittle, it is generally unsuitable for construction. From the 1880s through the 1920s, logging took place in many groves in spite of marginal commercial returns. The Hume-Bennett Lumber Company was the last to harvest giant sequoia, going out of business in 1924. [21] Due to their weight and brittleness, trees would often shatter when they hit the ground, wasting much of the wood. Loggers attempted to cushion the impact by digging trenches and filling them with branches. Still, as little as 50% of the timber is estimated to have made it from groves to the mill. The wood was used mainly for shingles and fence posts, or even for matchsticks.
Pictures of the once majestic trees broken and abandoned in formerly pristine groves, and the thought of the giants put to such modest use, spurred the public outcry that caused most of the groves to be preserved as protected land. The public can visit an example of 1880s clear-cutting at Big Stump Grove near General Grant Grove. As late as the 1980s, some immature trees were logged in Sequoia National Forest, publicity of which helped lead to the creation of Giant Sequoia National Monument.[ citation needed]
The wood from immature trees is less brittle, with recent tests on young plantation-grown trees showing it similar to coast redwood wood in quality. This is resulting in some interest in cultivating giant sequoia as a very high-yielding timber crop tree, both in California and also in parts of western Europe, where it may grow more efficiently than coast redwoods. In the northwest United States, some entrepreneurs have also begun growing giant sequoias for Christmas trees. Besides these attempts at tree farming, the principal economic uses for giant sequoia today are tourism and horticulture.
Giant sequoia is a very popular ornamental tree in many areas. It is successfully grown in most of western and southern Europe, the Pacific Northwest of North America north to southwest British Columbia, the southern United States, southeast Australia, New Zealand and central-southern Chile. It is also grown, though less successfully, in parts of eastern North America.
Trees can withstand temperatures of −31 °C (−25 °F) or colder for short periods of time, provided the ground around the roots is insulated with either heavy snow or mulch. Outside its natural range, the foliage can suffer from damaging windburn.
A wide range of horticultural varieties have been selected, especially in Europe, including blue, compact blue, powder blue, hazel smith, pendulum—or weeping—varieties, and grafted cultivars. [22]
Sequoias in Eurodisney (near Paris) in 2009 and 2017
The tallest giant sequoia ever measured outside of the United States [23] is a specimen planted near Ribeauvillé in France in 1856 and measured in 2014 at a height between 57.7 m (189 ft) [24] and 58.1 m (191 ft) [25] at age 158 years.
The well-known giant sequoia avenue planted in 1863 at Benmore Botanic Garden, Scotland. These trees are all over 50 metres (160 ft) tall
The giant sequoia was first brought into cultivation in Britain in 1853 by the horticulturist Patrick Matthew of Perthshire from seeds sent by his botanist son John in California. [26] A much larger shipment of seed collected from the Calaveras Grove by William Lobb, acting for the Veitch Nursery near Exeter, arrived in England in December 1853; [27] seed from this batch was widely distributed throughout Europe.
Growth in Britain is very fast, with the tallest tree, at Benmore in southwest Scotland, reaching 56.4 m (185 ft) in 2014 at age 150 years, [28] and several others from 50–53 m (164–174 ft) tall; the stoutest is around 12 m (39 ft) in girth and 4 m (13 ft) in diameter, in Perthshire. The Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew in London also contains a large specimen. Biddulph Grange Garden in Staffordshire holds a fine collection of both Sequoiadendron giganteum and Sequoia sempervirens (coast redwood). The General Sherman of California has a volume of 1,489 m3 (52,600 cu ft); by way of comparison, the largest giant sequoias in Great Britain have volumes no greater than 90–100 m3 (3,200–3,500 cu ft), one example being the 90 m3 (3,200 cu ft) specimen in the New Forest.
Sequoiadendron giganteum at New Forest, Hampshire, England, one of the tallest in the UK at 52.73 m (173.0 ft). [29]
Sequoiadendron giganteum has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. [30] [31]
An avenue of 218 giant sequoias was planted in 1865 near the town of Camberley, Surrey, England. The trees have since been surrounded by modern real estate development. [32]
Numerous giant sequoia were planted in Italy from 1860 through 1905. Several regions contain specimens that range from 40 to 48 metres (131 to 157 ft) in height. The largest tree is in Roccavione, in the Piedmont, with a basal circumference of 16 metres (52 ft). One notable tree survived a 200-metre (660 ft) tall flood wave in 1963 that was caused by a landslide at Vajont Dam. There are numerous giant sequoia in parks and reserves. [33]
Growth rates in some areas of Europe are remarkable. One young tree in Italy reached 22 m (72 ft) tall and 88 cm (2.89 ft) trunk diameter in 17 years (Mitchell, 1972).
Growth further northeast in Europe is limited by winter cold. In Denmark, where extreme winters can reach −32 °C (−26 °F), the largest tree was 35 m (115 ft) tall and 1.7 m (5.6 ft) diameter in 1976 and is bigger today. One in Poland has purportedly survived temperatures down to −37 °C (−35 °F) with heavy snow cover.
Two members of the German Dendrology Society, E. J. Martin and Illa Martin, introduced the giant sequoia into German forestry at the Sequoiafarm Kaldenkirchen in 1952. [34]
Twenty-nine giant sequoias, measuring around 30 m (98 ft) in height, grow in Belgrade's municipality of Lazarevac in Serbia. [35]
The oldest sequoiadendron in the Czech Republic, at 44 m (144 ft), grows in Ratměřice u Votic castle garden.
Unopened pollen (male) cones of cultivated tree in Portland, Oregon, USA (fall)
Immature seed (female) cones of cultivated tree in Portland, Oregon, USA (fall)
Giant sequoias are grown successfully in the Pacific Northwest and southern US, and less successfully in eastern North America. Giant sequoia cultivation is very successful in the Pacific Northwest from western Oregon north to southwest British Columbia, with fast growth rates. In Washington and Oregon, it is common to find giant sequoias that have been successfully planted in both urban and rural areas. In the Seattle area, large specimens exceeding 90 ft (27 m) are fairly common and exist in several city parks and many private yards (especially east Seattle including Capitol Hill, Washington Park, & Leschi/Madrona, as well as Tacoma's Jefferson Park).
In the northeastern US there has been some limited success in growing the species, but growth is much slower there, and it is prone to Cercospora and Kabatina fungal diseases due to the hot, humid summer climate there. A tree at Blithewold Gardens, in Bristol, Rhode Island is reported to be 27 metres (89 ft) tall, reportedly the tallest in the New England states. [36] [37] The tree at the Tyler Arboretum in Delaware County, Pennsylvania at 29.1 metres (95 ft) may be the tallest in the northeast. [38] Specimens also grow in the Arnold Arboretum in Boston, Massachusetts (planted 1972, 18 m tall in 1998), at Longwood Gardens near Wilmington, Delaware, in the New Jersey State Botanical Garden at Skylands in Ringwood State Park, Ringwood, New Jersey, and in the Finger Lakes region of New York. Private plantings of giant sequoias around the Middle Atlantic States are not uncommon, and other publicly accessible specimens can be visited at the U.S. National Arboretum in Washington, D.C. A few trees have been established in Colorado as well. [39] Additionally, numerous sequoias have been planted with success in the state of Michigan. [40]
S. giganteum "Hazel Smith", photographed at the U.S. National Arboretum in September, 2014.
A cold-tolerant cultivar 'Hazel Smith' selected in about 1960 is proving more successful in the northeastern US. This clone was the sole survivor of several hundred seedlings grown at a nursery in New Jersey. The U.S. National Arboretum has a specimen grown from a cutting in 1970 that can be seen in the Gotelli Conifer Collection.
The Ballarat Botanical Gardens contain a significant collection, many of them about 150 years old. Jubilee Park and the Hepburn Mineral Springs Reserve in Daylesford, Cook Park in Orange, New South Wales and Carisbrook's Deep Creek park in Victoria both have specimens. Jamieson Township in the Victorian high country has two specimens which were planted in the early 1860s.[ citation needed]
In Tasmania, specimens can be seen in private and public gardens, as sequoias were popular in the mid-Victorian era. The Westbury Village Green has mature specimens with more in Deloraine.[ citation needed] The Tasmanian Arboretum contains both Sequoiadendron giganteum and Sequoia sempervirens specimens. [41]
The Pialligo Redwood Forest consists of 3,000 surviving redwood specimens, of 122,000 planted, 500 meters east of the Canberra Airport. The forest was laid out by the city's designer Walter Burley Griffin, though the city's arborist, Thomas Charles Weston, advised against it. [42] [43] The National Arboretum Canberra began a grove of Sequoiadendron giganteum in 2008. [44] They also grow in the abandoned arboretum at Mount Banda Banda in New South Wales.[ citation needed]
S. giganteum in Queenstown, New Zealand
Several impressive specimens of Sequoiadendron giganteum can be found in the South Island of New Zealand. Notable examples include a set of trees in a public park of Picton, as well as robust specimens in the public and botanical parks of Christchurch and Queenstown.[ citation needed] There are also several in private gardens in Wanaka.[ citation needed] There is also a tree at Rangiora High School, which was planted for Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee and is thus over 125 years old. [45]
Largest by trunk volume
Main article: List of largest giant sequoias
General Sherman, largest known living single stem tree in the world
Some sequoias, such as the Mother of the Forest, were undoubtedly far larger than any living tree today.[ citation needed] However, as of 2009, the top ten largest giant sequoias sorted by volume of their trunks are: [7] [note 1]
Tree Name
Girth at ground
(ft3)
1 General Sherman Giant Forest 274.9 83.8 102.6 31.3 52,508 1,486.9
2 [note 2] General Grant General Grant Grove 268.1 81.7 107.5 32.8 46,608 1,319.8 [note 2]
3 [note 2] President Giant Forest 240.9 73.4 93.0 28.3 45,148 1,278.4 [note 2]
4 Lincoln Giant Forest 255.8 78.0 98.3 30.0 44,471 1,259.3
5 Stagg Alder Creek Grove 243.0 74.1 109.0 33.2 42,557 1,205.1
6 Boole Converse Basin 268.8 81.9 113.0 34.4 42,472 1,202.7
7 Genesis Mountain Home Grove 253.0 77.1 85.3 26.0 41,897 1,186.4
8 Franklin Giant Forest 223.8 68.2 94.8 28.9 41,280 1,168.9
9 King Arthur Garfield Grove 270.3 82.4 104.2 31.8 40,656 1,151.2
10 Monroe Giant Forest 247.8 75.5 91.3 27.8 40,104 1,135.6
The General Sherman tree is estimated to weigh about 2100 tonnes. [48]
The Washington Tree was previously arguably the second largest tree with a volume of 47,850 cubic feet (1,355 m3) (although the upper half of its trunk was hollow, making the calculated volume debatable), but after losing the hollow upper half of its trunk in January 2005 following a fire, it is no longer of great size.
Tallest
Redwood - Redwood Mountain Grove - 95 metres (311 ft) [7]
tallest outside the United States: [23] specimen near Ribeauvillé, France, measured in 2014 at a height between 57.7 m (189 ft) [24] and 58.1 m (191 ft) [25] at age 158 years.
The Muir Snag, believed to be over 3500 years old
Muir Snag - Converse Basin Grove - more than 3500 years [7]
Greatest girth
Waterfall Tree - Alder Creek Grove - 47 metres (155 ft) - tree with enormous basal buttress on very steep ground. [7]
Greatest base diameter
Waterfall Tree - Alder Creek Grove - 21 metres (69 ft) - tree with enormous basal buttress on very steep ground. [7]
Tunnel Tree - Atwell Mill Grove - 17 metres (57 ft) - tree with a huge flared base that has burned all the way through. [7]
Greatest mean diameter at breast height
General Grant - General Grant Grove - 8.8 metres (29.0 ft) [7]
Largest limb
Arm Tree - Atwell Mill, East Fork Grove - 3.9 metres (12.8 ft) in diameter [7]
Thickest bark
0.9 metres (3 ft) or more [7]
Mother of the Forest
General Sherman (tree)
The House (trees)
Bury Me in Redwood Country
List of giant sequoia groves
Calaveras Big Trees State Park
Sequoia sempervirens - Coast Redwood
Old growth forest
List of superlative trees
^ The volume figures have a low degree of accuracy (at best about ±14 cubic metres or 490 cubic feet), due to difficulties in measurement; stem diameter measurements are taken at a few set heights up the trunk, and assume that the trunk is circular in cross-section, and that taper between measurement points is even. The volume measurements also do not take cavities into account. The measurements are trunk-only, and do not include the volume of wood in the branches or roots.
^ a b c d This table presents giant sequoias sorted by the volume of their trunks. In December 2012, Stephen Sillett announced a measurement of the President tree with a total of 54,000 cubic feet (1,500 m3) of wood and 9,000 cubic feet (250 m3) of wood in the branches. [46] [47] Ranked according to the total amount of wood in the tree, the General Sherman tree is first, the President tree is second, and the General Grant tree is third. [46] [47] General Sherman has 2,000 cubic feet (57 m3) more wood than the President tree. [46]
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^ a b c d e f g h i j Flint 2002
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^ a b "RIQUEWIHR/RIBEAUVILLÉ (68) : Forêt Domaniale de Ribeauvillé". Sequoias.eu. Retrieved August 2, 2015.
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^ Tree Register of the British Isles, tree-register.org
^ "Top Trunks". Redwood World. Retrieved September 19, 2013.
^ "RHS Plantfinder - Sequoiadendron giganteum". Retrieved 10 November 2018.
^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 96. Retrieved 10 November 2018.
^ "Redwood World". Retrieved 14 May 2019.
^ "Sequoie d'Italia". Retrieved January 22, 2014.
^ Die Wiedereinführung des Mammutbaumes (Sequoiadendron giganteum) in die deutsche Forstwirtschaft. In: Mitteilungen der Deutschen Dendrologischen Gesellschaft. Vol. 75. pp. 57–75. Ulmer. Stuttgart 1984, ISBN 3-8001-8308-0
^ Puzović, B. (August 15, 2011). "Lazarevac: Visoke sekvoje niču iz uglja" (in Serbian). Novosti.rs. Retrieved September 17, 2013.
^ "Mansion and History". Blithewold Mansion, Gardens, and Arboretum.
^ "Gardens". Blithewold Mansion, Gardens, and Arboretum.
^ Big Trees Of Pennsylvania: Sequoiadendron - Giant Sequoia, pabigtrees.com
^ "Colorado giant sequoia". giant-sequoia.com.
^ "Michigan giant sequoia". Giant-sequoia.com.
^ "A listing of species planted in the Tasmanian Arboretum". tasmanianarboretum.org.au. The Tasmanian Arboretum Inc. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
^ "Pialligo Redwood Forest". VisitCanberra.com. Canberra and Region Visitors Centre. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
^ "Pialligo Redwoods - FACTT - Canberra". sites.google.com. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
^ "Forest 33 - Giant Sequoia". nationalarboretum.act.gov.au. National Arboretum Canberra. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
^ "History". Rangiora High School.
^ a b c Cone, Tracie (2012-12-01). "Upon further review, giant sequoia tops a neighbor". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2012-12-02.
^ a b Quammen, David. "Giant Sequoias". National Geographic.
^ Fry & White 1938
Conifer Specialist Group (1998). "Sequoiadendron giganteum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2006. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 11 May 2006. Listed as Vulnerable (VU A1cd v2.3)
Aune, P. S., ed. (1994). Proceedings of the Symposium on Giant Sequoias. US Dept. of Agriculture Forest Service (Pacific Southwest Research Station). General Technical Report PSW-GTR-151.
Flint, W.D. (2002). To Find The Biggest Tree. Sequoia Natural History Association, Inc. ISBN 1-878441-09-4.
Mitchell, Alan (1972). Conifers in the British Isles. HMSO. Forestry Commission Booklet 33.
Mitchell, Alan (1996). Alan Mitchell's Trees of Britain. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-219972-6.
Harvey, H. T.; Shellhammer, H. S.; Stecker, R. E. (1980). Giant sequoia ecology. Scientific Monograph Series. 12. Washington, DC: U.S. National Park Service.
Kilgore, B. (1970). "Restoring Fire to the Sequoias". National Parks and Conservation Magazine. 44 (277): 16–22.
Zsolt Debreczy; Istvan Racz (2012). Kathy Musial (ed.). Conifers Around the World (1st ed.). DendroPress. p. 1089. ISBN 9632190610.
Chase, J. Smeaton (1911). Cone-bearing Trees of the California Mountains. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co. p. 99. LCCN 11004975. OCLC 3477527.
Earle, Christopher J., ed. (2018). "Sequoiadendron giganteum". The Gymnosperm Database.
Habeck, R. J. (1992). "Sequoiadendron giganteum". Fire Effects Information System (FEIS). US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory – via https://www.feis-crs.org/feis/.
Hartesveldt, Richard J.; Harvey, H. Thomas; Shellhammer, Howard S.; Stecker, Ronald E. (1975). The Giant Sequoia of the Sierra Nevada. Washington, D.C.: National Park Service.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sequoiadendron giganteum.
Wikispecies has information related to Sequoiadendron giganteum
Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Sequoia Gigantea.
ARKive: Sequoiadendron giganteum, arkive.org
Arboretum de Villardebelle - photos of cones & shoots with phenology notes, pinetum.org
Giant Sequoia Fire History in Mariposa Grove, Yosemite National Park, nps.gov
Save-the-Redwoods League, savethewoods.org
"Sequoias of Yosemite National Park" 1949 by James W. McFarland
Redwoodworld.co.uk giant redwoods in the U.K.
Scenes of Wonder and Curiosity in California (1862) – The Mammoth Trees Of Calaveras, yosemite.ca.us
Short radio episode Woody Gospel Letter in which John Muir extols "King Sequoia" from The Life and Letters of John Muir, 1924. California Legacy Project.
"Sequoia" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
Conifers Around the World: Sequoiadendron giganteum - Giant Sequoia.
Giants of Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Park, On YouTube by Sequoia Parks Conservancy
Video and commentary on the cones and bark characteristics on YouTube
Taxon identifiers
Wikidata: Q149851
Wikispecies: Sequoiadendron giganteum
ARKive: sequoiadendron-giganteum
Calflora: 7532
CNPS: 2771
EPPO: SQUGI
EUNIS: 150857
FEIS: seqgig
FNA: 210002083
FoC: 210002083
GRIN: 33713
iNaturalist: 59567
IRMNG: 10453639
IUCN: 34023
MoBotPF: 287324
NBN: NHMSYS0000463457
NZOR: 2fea3225-7ec4-4801-8281-41c61f4d1a77
Plant List: kew-2587860
PLANTS: SEGI2
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:234727-2
Tropicos: 31300229
WCSP: 381300
Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Sequoiadendron_giganteum&oldid=905448097"
IUCN Red List endangered species
Sequoiadendron
Endemic flora of California
Flora of the Sierra Nevada (U.S.)
Trees of the Southwestern United States
Trees of the United States
Symbols of California
Garden plants of North America
Plants described in 1939
CS1 Serbian-language sources (sr)
Taxonbars with 25–29 taxon IDs

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


We're about Zambia Safaris... You may be wondering why a practicing mining geologist with six years of experience marketing petroleum products is doing here? Zambia African Safari is the answer!
Now, who is a geologist? But a professional, an expert at studying the earth. To do this one must identify and understand rocks, the building stone of the planets. A geologist appreciates nature and the environment.
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text:
Alan Lee Book Tour Schedule
Xoanon @ 3:23 pm EST
Celebrate 50 years of The Lord of the Rings with Alan Lee! World-renowned artist Alan Lee, acclaimed LOTR illustrator and Academy Award-winning conceptual designer for the film trilogy, will discuss his long involvement in creating the visual world that accompanies the books and films based on the works of J.R.R. Tolkien. Lee's visual presentation will include a slide show and a display of a dozen original illustrations. The presentation will be followed by a Q&A with fans and a booksigning.
12/4/2004 12:00 (noon) Books of Wonder (18 West 18th Street, New York, NY 10011)
12/5/2004 2:00PM Philadelphia Free Library (1901 Vine Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103)
12/6/2004 7:00PM Olsson's Arlington-Courthouse (2111 Wilson Blvd., Arlington, VA 22201)
12/7/2004 7:00PM Borders (830 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, IL 60611)
12/8/2004 6:00PM Borders (50 S. Main Street, Salt Lake City, UT 84144)
12/9/2004 7:00PM University Bookstore (4326 University Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105)
12/10/2004 7:00PM Booksmith (1644 Haight Street, San Francisco, CA 94117)
12/11/2004 2:00PM Book Soup (8818 Sunset Blvd., W. Hollywood, CA 90069)


text:
Deal done 'today' as player flies in to finalise Arsenal transfer
Dani Ceballos is expected to fly into London on Wednesday to finalise another loan move to Arsenal, according to reports.
Sep 2, 2020 - 19:00 Updated: Sep 2, 2020 - 19:01
Ceballos spent the 2019-20 campaign on loan at Arsenal from Real Madrid, impressing towards the end of the campaign. The 24-year-old started all but one of their Premier League games after lockdown, as well as the FA Cup final.
His future has been unclear after the season ended, with Arsenal interested in taking him back. However, Ceballos' old club Real Betis were also exploring a potential move.
It now looks as if Ceballos will definitely be returning to the Emirates Stadium. According to Mundo Deportivo (via Sport Witness), he is planning to travel to London today to seal the deal.
The report mentions Ceballos as one of several players on the verge of leaving Real Madrid in the near future, discussing the "key hours" the potential moves are currently in.
Arsenal are unable to buy him permanently due to Madrid's €25m asking price. Therefore, the Gunners will take him on loan for €5m – with the possibility of an option to buy.
Arteta promise key to Ceballos decision
Meanwhile, AS shed more light on the player's decision. Ceballos is keen to work under Mikel Arteta again after the Arsenal boss promised him regular gametime – something Zinedine Zidane could not offer at Real Madrid.
Indeed, claims arose earlier this week that Arteta's conversations with Ceballos had convinced the player to sign up again.
The midfielder wants to be in Spain's squad for the European Championships next summer. Regular gametime will be crucial in helping him reach that goal.
Therefore, the deal to send him back to Arsenal is in its closing stages.
Ceballos could become Arsenal's second signing of the week, after they announced the addition of Gabriel Magalhaes for their defence on Tuesday.
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Like Dr. Tiyaama, I do not wish to get into an insult-hauling contest of the type that we have seen between Professors Kandeh and Muana. And as Professor Kandeh knows from our Leonenet days, I am prepared to engage in honest intellectual debate with anyone on any issue. However, I reject labeling because it removes intellectualism from debates by forcing people to defend themselves against labels rather than discuss the intellectual merits (or lack thereof) of the labeler's case. In this respect, I view labeling as evidence of intellectual desperation.
My goal in this essay is to critically evaluate Professor Kandeh's wild (goose?) assertions and, thereby, provide the reader with an alternative perspective to the serious claims that he made in his original essay and in his subsequent rebuttals to Professor Muana's own rebuttals.
On the basis of these four maxims, Professor Kandeh predicted that the people of the Southeast (the politically-correct term for Mendes) will desert the SLPP in droves and vote for the PMDC's "Prince" Charles. I will now interrogate each of these premises in the rest of this essay. Because of the seriousness of Professor Kandeh's propositions, I beg the readers' indulgence, in advance, for this rather lengthy rebuttal.
On the first issue, I think that Professor Kandeh knows fully well that the the Lomé Peace Accord was rammed down our throats by the Clinton Administration and President Olusegun Obasanjo of Nigeria. After being criticized for paying more attention to Kosovo than to Sierra Leone, and the obvious racial undertones that involved, the Clinton administration wanted to be seen to be doing something constructive in Sierra Leone. Hence, it put pressure on the Sierra Leone government to make a power-sharing deal with the RUF.
My best evidence for this comes from my participation as a member of a delegation of the now-defunct National Organization of Sierra Leoneans in North America (NOSLINA) that went to Washington, D.C. in 1999 (soon after the rebel invasion of Freetown) to lobby Congress and the Clinton Administration on behalf of Sierra Leone. Our first rude shock hit us when Congressman Donald Payne, then ranking Democrat on the House Africa Subcommittee, showed us a letter he had written to President Kabba telling him that he had to share power with the RUF or risk losing the financial and diplomatic support of the United States. Everything went downhill thereafter as Congressman Payne went as far as to insult our intelligence by claiming that Foday Sankoh and the RUF had a lot of support in Sierra Leone.
Personally, I was much dumbfounded by the support Foday Sankoh and the RUF was receiving from the American administration, which I initially ascribed it to the triumph of diamond diplomacy over commonsense. It was only after I learned that Congressman Payne was an old college friend of Charles Taylor and that the congressman and Rev. Jesse Jackson were also friends that I concluded that it was perhaps this triangular Payne-Taylor-Jackson relationship, not diamond diplomacy, which had conspired to sell Sierra Leone's interests down the proverbial river.
At that time, Sierra Leone relied for the most part on Nigerian troops to keep the rebels at bay. But even this was no longer guaranteed after the death of General Abacha. With the return of civilian rule to Nigeria, President Obasanjo was eager to withdraw his troops from its erstwhile open-ended commitment in Sierra Leone. Therefore, he also saw the American-sponsored power-sharing arrangement as the quickest way to effect this withdrawal.
I believe that Professor Kandeh is aware of the fact that Sierra Leoneans from all walks of life, wishing to forestall any power-sharing with the RUF, held a massive demonstration in Freetown during the week that the government delegation was to leave for Lomé. In his address to the crowd, President Kabba clearly stated that he was not in favor of sharing power with the RUF, but that he favored the reconstitution of the RUF into a political party to seek power through the ballot box.
An astute student and observer of Sierra Leone politics, Professor Kandeh is undoubtedly also aware that over half of the President's cabinet threatened to ask Parliament to impeach him if he signed a power-sharing deal with the RUF. He also remembers, I am sure, that President Kabba and the Sierra Leone delegation initially failed to show up at Lomé; they claimed that the plane that was to take them there had not shown up. Rev. Jesse Jackson then sent the plane that was assigned to him to take President Kabba (alone, without the rest of the delegation) to Abuja, not Lomé, for a three-way mini-summit between him, Jackson, and President Obasabjo before proceeding to Lomé.
I am not privy to what was discussed at the Abuja tripartite meeting. However, I think that it is reasonable to conclude from President Kabbah's transformation from a principled objector to power-sharing to a reluctant supporter following the Abuja meeting that much pressure was put on him in Abuja to either accept a power-sharing deal with the RUF or perhaps lose the support of the Nigerians. As any sensible Sierra Leonean knew, the pullout of Nigerian troops from Sierra Leone at that time would have made our worst national nightmare (the capture of power by the RUF) a reality.
Our people say that a drowning person would grab at a sharp blade with his/her bare hands in order to save himself/herself. I believe that President Kabba did just that on our behalf in Lomé when he signed the Lomé Accord. He did so not because he relished sharing power with the RUF but because he knew that doing otherwise posed the threat of the country falling into Foday Sankoh's bloody lap. We know now, with the advantage of hindsight, how that singular act of courage on the part of President Kabba (which exposed him to the possibility of impeachment) is largely responsible for the peace that we have today.
Professor Kandeh claims that it was British pressure – particular the decisive way in which they dealt with the Westside Boys (not the SLPP government) that ended the war. I think that he should be reminded that the war started in 1991 and that the British got involved only after Sankoh and the RUF showed their contempt for the Lomé Accord. Would the British have intervened as they did if President Kabba had obstinately refused to sign the U.S.-brokered Lomé Accord? Would they have intervened if Sierra Leone had lost the diplomatic support of the United States (their close ally) and the military support of Nigeria? In my opinion, no sensible Sierra Leonean, including the learned professor, would answer this question affirmatively because both the Americans and the British were ardent supporters of the Lomé Accord. Therefore, even if we, like Professor Kandeh, ascribe the cessation of hostilities in Sierra Leone to the British involvement, we cannot reject the hypothesis that the British intervention was itself caused by President Kabba's courageous signing of the (imperfect) Lomé Accord.
We must also remember that even Professor Kandeh's new "messiah" for Sierra Leone, "Prince" Charles, was a member of the cabinet that approved the Lomé Accord. To the best of my knowledge, he never publicly raised any objections to it; nor did he resign to protest any aspect of the Accord. Therefore, for Professor Kandeh to point to Lomé as one of President Kabba's three deadly sins can be most charitable attributed to intellectual naivety or just a manifestation of the same old PMDC affliction of deliberate misinformation.
Perhaps the most ridiculous of Professor Kandeh's claims is that the SLPP has brought privation on the people of Sierra Leone. In its milder form, the criticism is that the SLPP government has not been able to provide basic amenities (clean drinking water, electricity, health care) and social goods (education, skills training for youths). Here also, Professor Kandeh, like anyone who gets bitten by the PMDC bug, is willing to ignore the impressive economic growth that has taken place in the country since the SLPP came to power just to make his point. But more importantly, he is willing to dismiss the fact that the problems for which he is blaming the SLPP were caused by 26 years of APC misrule and the resultant brutal civil war which destroyed much of the country's economic and social infrastructure.
[T]he SLPP government has achieved much since it regained power in Sierra Leone. However, much remains to be done and this requires that people with a proven track record remain at the helm of the Sierra Leonean state. Moreover, if the 2007 elections were a referendum on the SLPP's management of Sierra Leone, the electorate would need only one question to guide them as to whom to elect, namely, whether they are better off today than they were when the SLPP came to power in 1996. An honest answer to this question would be overwhelmingly affirmative. Finally, if Sierra Leoneans seriously value the peace and social tranquility that they now enjoy, recognize the economic progress that the country has made after a decade-long brutal civil war, remember that it was APC misrule that caused the war in the first place, and, finally, understand that the PMDC's Charles Margai has no record of leadership (even within his own profession), they would realize that the SLPP remains the only viable alternative for the long-run prosperity of Sierra Leone.
The above conclusion should in no way be seen as a suggestion that Sierra Leone and her people are not facing serious economic hard times. They are, but this is to be expected in a country that has emerged from a decade-long brutal civil that saw the destruction of much of its economic and social infrastructure. However, things could have been much worse had the SLPP government not wisely abandoned "the first-city syndrome" and prioritized the rural areas in its reconstruction efforts in order to reignite the rural economy, which is the key pillar that holds up Sierra Leone's trade-dependent economy.
The SLPP's detractors are in the habit of using the social dislocation in present-day Freetown as fodder for their attacks. However, as I pointed out in my earlier essay, many of Freetown's social problems can only be adequately tackled after a carefully planned, well thought-out integrated rural development program is successfully implemented in Sierra Leone because only this will reverse the flow of migration back to rural areas and, thereby, reduce the demand on Freetown's dilapidated infrastructure. Until this is done, Freetown will never be out of the proverbial woods in terms of sanitation, access to clean drinking water, and other amenities. In my opinion, the current decentralization strategy that is being put in place by the SLPP government, the rebuilding of schools and primary health centers in the villages and, especially, the planned construction of secondary schools in every chiefdom headquarter are all necessary ingredients in any integrated rural development strategy that would be capable of reversing the current stream of rural-urban migration.
Finally, we should all remember that the role of government in the economy has changed everywhere from activism to one of supporting and enabling markets to solve many societal problems that were once deemed solvable by only governments. In this vein, the SLPP government has courageously avoided economic populism (which the PMDC apparachiks see as "progressivism") in favor of providing a stable economic environment for the private sector to flourish in the country. To see the sense in this approach, Sierra Leoneans are well advised to remember that at Ghana's independence in 1959, her per-capita gross national income equaled South Korea's and exceeded Ivory Coast's. Ghana, under Nkrumah, followed the so-called "progressive" route of active government control of the economy while Ivory Coast and South Korea followed the same market-enabling policies that the SLPP government is now implementing in Sierra Leone, which Professor Kandeh and his PMDC mates are caricaturing as "unprogressive." Although the so-called "unprogressive" policies of the latter two states did not wipe out poverty and privation among their people overnight (as those of the SLPP have not done in Sierra Leone), in the long run, the economic fortunes of their people have outstripped Ghana's. More recently, China has been transformed into an economic super-power at lightening speed after its new rulers wisely chose to dump Maoist "progressivism" in favor of the allegedly "unprogressive" market-enabling development strategy.
The lesson to be learned from these historical examples is that Sierra Leoneans should be very wary of economic populism for the simple fact that we have already tried it under the APC and it only wrought us economic disaster and a brutal civil war. Finally, I find it patently dishonest for PMDC supporters who are living comfortable lives in countries where most of the basic amenities they enjoy are provided by markets (not governments) to hypocritically lambast a cash-strapped Sierra Leonean government that has doggedly pursued the same policies that got the Western World to where they are today. Perhaps these critiques need to spend a month in Cuba or North Korea in order to appreciate the wisdom of this SLPP government's policy of steering the economy away from the type of insidious, poverty-generating, populism that the APC institutionalized in the country over its 26-year reign.
For 26 years under APC rule, the Mendes were marginalized and brutalized by the APC's Northern-hegemonic politics – to the extent that the APC even threatened the very existence of Mendes, as evidenced by the late S.I. Koroma's alleged threat that after the APC shall have finished it program, 'only the history books would one day say that there were Mendes in Sierra Leone.' Now that the SLPP had finally gained power, President Kabba chose to reserve the plums of their political victory for Mandigos, Fulahs, and the Aku – groups that had abandoned the SLPP during its 26 years in the political wilderness. Thus, the argument concluded, Mendes were bound by group interests to replace Tejan Kabba with a "true" Mende who would seek Mende interests.
In a visit to Sierra Leone in December 2005, a friend who had become an active campaigner for Charles Margai tried to convince me to join them by parlaying similar nonsense. During our discussion, he repeated the now-well-rehearsed litany of President Kabba's sins against the Mendes. As recent evidence of those sins, my friend pointed to the fact that although the war had started in Mende country, the government started its rehabilitation program in the North while the Masiaka-Bo Road, the main artery through "Mende country," remained a death trap. Tongue-in-cheek, I pointed out to him that President Kabba had a Mende mother and could therefore not hate Mendes. He responded that the president's actions have made it clear that he is not a "true" Mende. Not to be outdone, I suggested to him that he should then be happy with the SLPP because Vice President Berewa is a "true" Mende. His response was that the Vice President is too wedded to President Kabba to be trusted to protect Mende interests if he became president.
Based on the above, I have concluded that only the de-Northernization of an SLPP government, in much the same way the APC de-Mendenized key government institutions following its rise to power in 1968, would satisfy members of this group. Indeed, the recent attacks by PMDC partisans on Madingos, Susus, and Fullahs (the key groups that have allegedly robbed Mendes of the spoils of political victory during the Kabba presidency) in the just-concluded voter-registration exercise should cause all serious-minded Sierra Leoneans to carefully reflect on what would lie in stock for these groups should the PMDC be empowered by the July 28th elections. We already know what the APC did to the Fullahs circa 1968-73.
Given what I know about the hidden agenda of this core group in the PMDC, I am flabbergasted that Professor Kandeh would get into bed with them and still have the unmitigated gall to accuse those who have consistently rejected the odious notion of ethnic hegemony (regardless of source) as "Mende chauvinists." In fairness to Jimmy, I can say that based on the little I know about him, I do not think that he would ever knowingly join a group whose core membership holds such an unequivocally detestable notion. Therefore, I can only explain his apparent co-habitation with a group whose grand plan for Sierra Leone should offend all decent Sierra Leoneans as a sign of either his ignorance of that plan or his political gullibility.
In his sensitization tours, Vice President Berewa has made reference to the PMDC's "veiled ethnic campaign" (even before their recent harassment of Madingos, Susus, and Fullahs) and urged Sierra Leoneans to resist it. We are all witnesses to the catastrophic violence that de-Baathification has wrought on post-Saddam Iraq. We should, therefore, do all in our power to prevent any ethnic hegemonists, regardless of ethnicity, from ever getting near the corridors of power in Sierra Leone and thereafter plunge us into another crisis just so that they could settle old "ethnically-driven" scores.
Like Professor Kandeh, I care deeply about the problem of corruption in Sierra Leone – deeply enough to spend three years of my professional life on a book on the topic. Knowing about the corrosive impact of corruption on Sierra Leone's body politic and institutions, I urge Professor Kandeh to publicly reveal all the documents he claims he has about the Vice President's alleged corruption so that Sierra Leoneans can make informed decisions on July 28th. To wait to incorporate that material in a future manuscript, as he plans to do, will be a disservice to the country, especially since revealing them now would expose his evidence to the filters that careful academic research requires.
The importance of political leadership in the fight against corruption is evident from the negative impact of Siaka Stevens on the level and incidence of corruption in Sierra Leone. However, just as Stevens was able to promote a culture of corruption-with-impunity in Sierra Leone, a political leadership that is committed to fighting corruption can likewise reverse the situation with some degree of success… Unfortunately, while President Kabba has made forceful noises about his desire to reduce the level of corruption in the country, his record leaves much to be desired. When he has had opportunities to show his resolve on the issue, he has given mixed signals at best. For instance, when he could have made a clean break from the past by selecting a cabinet that was not tainted by past years of APC corruption, he appointed men who had been part and parcel of the most reprehensible era of APC rule, to the dismay and chagrin of most Sierra Leoneans. This recycling of spoiled political wines in new bottles has reinforced the view among many Sierra Leoneans that, like President Momoh before him, President Kabba is more interested in elite accommodation than in putting together a political coalition that would fight corruption and other social ills [pp. 359-60].
The reader might now be wondering why I would still support the SLPP for a third term given the Kabba administration's failing grade on the issue of corruption. I have several reasons for this seeming inconsistency. First and foremost, my research on corruption has taught me that Africa's "reformers" generally tend to be more corrupt than the people they replace in government. One has to just re-read the APC's 1967 Election Manifesto to see the wisdom in this observation.
Secondly, I have no confidence in the anti-corruption credentials of the current opposition parties. We have learnt from 26 years of APC misrule that it is not to be trusted with power under any circumstance. And given what I know about the dynamics that caused the erstwhile Charles Margai wing of the SLPP to metamorphose into the PMDC (the idea that it is now time for Mendes to enjoy the spoils of victory) and Charles Margai's own revealed preferences for corruption, I do not see him as a "Messiah" on this issue.
Furthermore, although I care deeply about corruption, it is not the key issue for me in this election. I am impressed with the SLPP government's economic record, which has brought much international support for and confidence in the country. As a result of this international confidence, we have seen foreign direct investment (the stuff that catalyzes long-term economic growth and development) start trickling into the country, and I wish to see more of it. Therefore, I am not willing to risk these good things just for the sake of change, especially since the alternatives to the SLPP in the current elections cannot inspire the confidence of any thoughtful Sierra Leonean, let alone that of the international community. But most importantly, my hope and aspiration are for a Sierra Leonean leader and government that will not target any group of Sierra Leoneans for the sort of state-sponsored brutality that the APC visited on the Mendes and Fullahs.
The current SLPP administration has already demonstrated that it is committed to the philosophy that Sierra Leone is One Country with One People. On the other hand, the APC's hegemonic history taught us that it subscribed to the opposite philosophy, its electioneering rhetoric not withstanding. Also, given the catalyst in the rebellion of the Charles Margai wing of the SLPP, which is the core group of the PMDC, the PMDC has all the markings of an outfit that would practice the APC creed, albeit in reverse order. Therefore, for now, history (especially the recent PMDC-APC harassment of our Fullah, Madingo, and Susu compatriots) and my gut instincts tell me that only the SLPP can guarantee the freedom and security of all Sierra Leoneans regardless of ethnicity. Because my interest in seeing that we never revert to our recent history of violence, which was partly caused by APC's Northern-hegemonist policies, is my paramount consideration in these elections, I think that it is wise to hedge my bets with the SLPP, in spite of their poor record on corruption.
I must state that, like Professor Kandeh, I joined the SLPP in 2004. I did so because I believed in the SLPP's core philosophy of national unity (One Country, One People). However, unlike him (and his new political maestro, "Prince" Charles), I do not see a political party as something one changes like one's underwear whenever one disagrees with its leadership or a specific policy. For example, in the United States, I have not seen Republicans jump ship to the Democrats because they are embarrassed by Bush's war in Iraq. Instead, they are assiduously working in the background to make the best of a bad situation, hoping to eventually form the critical mass to capture the leadership of the party in the next general elections. Should they succeed in winning the elections, they would then be able to steer the party to the core ideology that they think the current administration has abandoned. Similarly, although I am very disappointed in the SLPP's record on corruption, I believe that the only responsible course of action for me is to work within the party in order to form a critical mass of anti-corruption reformers to push this issue to the forefront of the party's agenda during its third term.
One of Professor Kandeh's key gripes with the SLPP, and the basis for his prognosis that it will be abandoned by the Mendes, is that it has welcomed former members of the APC into its fold. Being a brilliant political scientist, Professor Kandeh obviously knows that political parties are voluntary civic organizations whose raison d'etrè is to win elections because without this, they cannot effect their programs. Hence, in the interest of winning elections, political parties make strange alliances, such as what we are now seeing between the PMDC and the APC – even though their respective ethnic-hegemonic intentions are diametrically opposed to each other. I, therefore, find it rather curious that Professor Kandeh would lambast the SLPP for accepting former APC members while he joins a political party that is joined at the hip with the APC. Is this a case of the pot calling the kettle black?
Finally, did President Kabba really cook the SLPP's goose as Professor Kandeh claims? Based on the superb economic performance during the President's stewardship and, especially, his dogged attempts at reuniting the country, Sierra Leone is now viewed by the international community as a country that is at last putting its once-chaotic house in order. Although we are not out of the woods yet, we are well on the way. We should therefore stay the course rather than repeat the mistakes that our parents made forty years ago by entrusting rogues with power. In view of the above, I believe that if the people of Sierra Leone are fully educated about what is at stake in the forthcoming elections and if they, thereby, vote wisely on July 28th, the only geese they would cook would belong to the ABB's (Anything But Berewa) caboodle. What will be on the menu for the Berewa inauguration? PMDC geese, of course!!!


Who here has dealt with them? Please share your experience. I'm thinking of using them as their prices seem reasonable.
Good prices but shipping and handling charges are RIDICULOUS!!
bottom line is the determining/most important factor.
I agree. They charge shipping by the piece; not the order.
Good stop for a quote before putting my order in to 18carfan.
Good prices, nutty shipping like everyone else said. I remember a quote for a $1.50 piece had shipping of about $10.25 once. I went elsewhere.
What/Who is SDPC? I'm in need of a radiator and evaporator core.


text:
YPM holds forum to accelerate FGM ban
Jan 3, 2017, 11:15 AM | Article By: Halimatou Ceesay
Young People in the Media (YPM) on Friday held a two-day stakeholder forum on Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) at NaNA conference hall at Bertil Harding Highway.
The stakeholder forum, on the theme: 'Accelerating our collective efforts in ending FGM in our generation', was funded by The Girl Generation (TGG).
The participants, all young people, were drawn from youth-led organisations that are in one way or the other playing active roles in the campaign against FGM.
Abdou Jatta, executive coordinator of YPM, said the forum has come at the right time, one year after President Yahya Jammeh banned FGM in The Gambia and the National Assembly passed an anti-FGM bill.
He noted that the forum was an opportunity not to be missed for it provided the platform for the young anti-FGM advocates to add their voices, energies and efforts and answer to the call to action on total abandonment of FGM in a generation.
"We can use our press, art, drama, and science clubs to come up with innovative ways to help push total abandonment of FGM in a generation in The Gambia," Mr Jatta said. "Total abandonment of FGM and GBV in The Gambia must continue to be a priority for all of us."
He noted that due to the cultural sensitivity surrounding FGM, discussing it in homes and communities used to be a taboo but today, the issue has become a household topic in The Gambia.
"This is a big achievement which is as a result of rigorous advocacy, social mobilisation, community engagement, training and sensitisation involving policy makers, legislators, health workers, traditional and religious leaders amongst others," he said.
Mr Jatta told the participants that as advocates, they should not be complacent in their efforts to end FGM just because it has been banned.
"Instead, we need to redouble efforts and use the best practices and lessons learnt from our previous interventions to introduce more innovative approaches which will speed up the total abandonment of FGM in The Gambia," YPM coordinator stated.
Filly Nyassi, senior social welfare assistant, said the government is committed to promoting, fulfilling and protecting the rights of all children in The Gambia including the right to protection from FGM.
"The banning of FGM and child marriage is a clear testimony of the government's commitment to protecting and promoting child rights," he said. "Our aspiration for children in The Gambia is that every child lives in a peaceful family setting, be educated and healthy in every aspect of their lives, physically and mentally, in order to fulfill their potentials."
However, Mr Nyassi said this aspiration could only be achieved through collective efforts with relevant stakeholders and professionals across government departments, non-state actors and communities.
Musu Bakoto Sawo, programme officer of TGG, said the organisation is a global campaign that supports Africa-led movements to end FGM.
It does so by amplifying the issues at local and international levels and brings positive attention to positive stories of change.
Ms Sawo said the aim of TGG is to see to it that women and girls live a healthy and meaningful life.
Jammeh reiterates call for fresh election, vows to defend Gambia
Jambanjelly celebrates Kwanzaa festival
Paramount Chief hails Gambian women
Patriotism as a Foundation for Building a Rights-Based Culture
WHO celebrates 10 years of tobacco control in Africa
Seedy Njie is new Information Minister


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I have been experimenting with colors a lot lately.
I should try and play it safe but it seems that turning 30 has been a real eye opener for me. I keep telling myself " Wear whatever you want girl !!" "Be you, that's the only way to be really happy!"
I don't worry so much about "Is it too short or too colorful for me ?"
"Do my bum looks too big in this ?" is not a question I ask myself and those around me often.
There's definitely garments that i wouldn't wear but I do not worry myself with the latest trends too much anyway especially if it doesn't work for my body shape and skin tone.
I've put this outfit together to go clubbing with an old friend and her husband. She was quite surprised by the length of my skirt as I usually go for midi skirt. That is why I've worn a tee shirt type top and add some print to the outfit to give it an edge.
The gladiator were a bit risky as I have the chunkiest legs you can find but who cares ! they were comfortable and got loads of compliments wearing them.
I had a lot of fun and will def wear this gorgeous bright pink skirt again maybe with sandals and a white tank top.
I cannot wait to read your comments !
Too much or on point ? YOU tell me!
That skirt and that pair of sandals are so cool!
Great look and turning 30 - enjoy it - it gets better!!! Hopped over from Whitney's Personal Style Linkup - enjoy the rest of the week.
Amazing outfit, dear ! you look awesome !


Stay in the attention of specialists for a whole year! Promote your business on BRUTARUL-COFETARUL 2019 WALL CALENDAR!
The Kandy company was awarded with the Golden Statuette of the Polish Business Leader. As a result, it is now a part of the distinguished group of the best enterprises in the country.


text:
Słód karmelowy powstaje z jęczmiennego słodu mokrego poddanego prażeniu w temperaturze 150-180 °C, w celu uzyskania pożądanej barwy ziarn. Słód karmelowy można uzyskać również ze słodu wysuszonego i następnie ponownie nawilżonego i podgrzanego do temperatury 70 °C. W tej temperaturze następuje proces tzw. żelowania. Ziarno staje się bardzo miękkie, a skrobia pod wpływem enzymów amolitycznych zamienia się w cukry proste i aminokwasy. Słód podgrzewany jest następnie do temperatury 150-180 °C, która powoduje, że wytworzone wcześniej cukry ulegają karmelizacji tworząc substancje barwne.

Słód karmelowy stosowany jest głównie w piwowarstwie do produkcji piw ciemnych. Dodawany jest on do zacieru w ilości 3-5% ogólnej ilości słodu w celu zwiększenia intensywności barwy brzeczki oraz nadania piwu słodkiego lub karmelowego aromatu i smaku.

W zależności od barwy wyciągu wodnego otrzymywanego ze słodu karmelowego wyróżnia się trzy gatunki:
 karapils
 karmelowy jasny
 karmelowy ciemny

Przypisy

Piwowarstwo

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Logos TV
Názov a logo
História projektu
Online prenosy
Dejiny Gréckokatolíkov
Gréckokatolícky magazín
Spevy
Podporte LOGOS
BYZANTINE CATHOLIC MAGAZINE (205)
09.07.2019 | Gréckokatolícky Magazín
On June 22 and 23, 2019, the Eparchy of Parma celebrated the Golden Jubilee of its establishment as a Byzantine Catholic eparchy, and the Metropolitan Church of Pittsburgh celebrated the Golden Jubilee of its elevation as a Metropolitan Church. The establishment of the Byzantine Catholic Church in the United States dates back to 1924 with the emergence of an Exarchate for believers from the former Austro-Hungarian Empire. It has gradually developed into todays Metropolitan Church with four geographic areas, or eparchies, headquartered in Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, Passaic New Jersey, Parma Ohio and Phoenix Arizona.
copyright © 2019 združenie pre logos


text:
Q: Set a box with Vagrant (VirtualBox's version) I would try to work with a virtual environment for data science. For that, I use the vagrant's box: https://atlas.hashicorp.com/data-science-toolbox/boxes/dst.
But, I have the following problem with VirtualBox:
==> default: Booting VM...
==> default: Waiting for machine to boot. This may take a few minutes...
The guest machine entered an invalid state while waiting for it
to boot. Valid states are 'starting, running'. The machine is in the
'poweroff' state. Please verify everything is configured
properly and try again.
If the provider you're using has a GUI that comes with it,
it is often helpful to open that and watch the machine, since the
GUI often has more helpful error messages than Vagrant can retrieve.
For example, if you're using VirtualBox, run vagrant up while the
VirtualBox GUI is open.**
I have tested different versions of VirtualBox (4.3.20, 4.3.18 and 4.3.12), but I have still the same problem.

A: I just tried building a Vagrant VM with that data sciences box (on my Mac system) and it worked fine. As the error message mentions, you might want to try enabling GUI mode to see if it provides a clue to the problem in your case.
See my answer here which explains how to enable GUI mode and some other troubleshooting ideas: vagrantfile - Vagrant up timeout.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


"We had a death pact. I have to keep my half of the bargain. Please bury me next to my baby. Bury me in my leather jacket, jeans and motorcycle boots. Goodbye."
Clearly, I am no Sid Vicious, but I am not impervious to the audacious charms of the black leather jacket. I paired mine with a dress and booties, a decidedly more ladylike approach to rocker chic. Do you have a black leather jacket? What's your favorite way to style it?
For years I longed for a leather biker style jacket. Now I find myself drawn more to sleek and draped leather a la Rick Owens. I like that your almost looks like a button down shirt- there must be a million ways to wear it!
Love your comment next to the dress!! Ha ha. It looks great too. Never would have guessed. This outfit is killer. I have an old leather. Need to invest in a new one. I'm coveting a draped one at the store. Anyways, your hair looks amazing Kristen!
Love this look and by the way, your hair has been looking great!
Love the outfit. I also love black leather jackets! Yours looks very cool!
Said jacket is SICK I tell you; loving it! I adore my Danier leather motorcycle jacket and need to get more leather...maybe pants?
I agree- I just feel so cool when I put my faux leather jacket on! Now I just need to save up to buy the real thing!
That Norma Kamali dress is an amazing find, and I love the jacket! I have a brown leather jacket, but I'm still on the hunt for the perfect black version.
Nice and cool black leather jacket. It suits you so much.


text:
Arc compiler for .NET
13 points by Metaprogrammer 4332 days ago | 15 comments
Here is an implementation of Arc-like compiler for .NET platform. It is relatively simple, and may contain some ideas that could be of interest to this community (e.g., a minimalistic intermediate core language, some compiler implementation techniques, etc.). The code is public domain, but it requires the latest MBase distribution to compile and run. Arc compiled code can be used standalone.
http://www.meta-alternative.net/techpreview.html
Your comments are welcome, please send them to info@meta-alternative.net
5 points by eds 4331 days ago | link
So can you use this to actually generate executables from Arc code (or do you have some other definition of standalone), and do you need the .NET framework installed to run those executables? What compiler do I need for MBase itself? C#?
What license does MBase come with? Is it open source? (If not, is it guaranteed to always be free?)
Does this work with Mono? (And Linux?)
And where is the download link for MBase itself? I managed to get to the download for MBase-0.3-generic.zip by using links to old versions and changing the version number, but there wasn't any link leading there. And the readme mentioned a msi distribution, but I couldn't find that either.
I managed to get the MBase pseudoArc compiler running on my Windows machine. So that means I can answer most of my own questions now... but I am still wondering about Linux/Mono support and licensing.
The compiler only supports a fairly small subset of Arc, so it isn't really usable on its own yet. But I am impressed with what I've seen of its performance, which I tested briefly using the factorial example from http://arclanguage.org/item?id=2455 .
Raw arc2: 27 seconds
Anarki: 25 seconds
Python: about 6 seconds
Mzscheme: about 1 second
Compiled MBase Arc: about 1 second
If this compiler gets continued support and actually begins to implement most of Arc, it could really go somewhere.
4 points by Metaprogrammer 4331 days ago | link
Mono is supported (in fact it is the main development platform), as well as mono-xsp2 as web backend (did not tested it with IIS yet).
And, yes, I am hoping to support pseudoArc. Such an early release was done to attract a community feedback and to raise a discussion around the minimalistic core language properties. pseudoArc is public domain - no license restrictions, so everybody can extend it. The best way would be to keep the core very simple and provide the rest of Arc functionality as a separate library.
1 point by eds 4331 days ago | link
Yes, I think a minimalist approach definitely fits the Arc design. If you can make the axioms compatible with those provided in the standard ac.scm, you can guarantee the compatibility of code built on top of that.
Now that I have had a little more time to play around with the pseudoArc compiler, I realize exactly how small a subset of the core has been implemented so far. (I mean, seriously, read is not a convenience.) I would definitely like to see a more full-featured implementation develop. (But seeing as I am not at all familiar with your MBase system, I don't think I would be of much help.)
6 points by kens1 4331 days ago | link
Unfortunately, compatible axioms don't guarantee compatible code on top. The big problem is the operations that use "system" (e.g. date and ensure-dir) break on different OS's. This is the root of many of the Windows problems.
For this reason, I believe that use of "system" makes a mockery of the axiomatic construction, and has no place in the Arc core.
But at the very least, if both standard Arc and offshoot implementations both use system, they'll both break in the same way. Therefore code will still be "compatible" across Arc implementations (in that it will generate the same error messages on all implementations).
Yeah, I know that doesn't fix the problems you mentioned, and yes, I run Windows so I do encounter those problems with the vanilla Arc releases. But we can't expect a offshoot implementation to do anything about the problem, we really need pg to solve the problem at the source.
4 points by almkglor 4331 days ago | link
"Unix won" -- pg
http://www.paulgraham.com/arcll1.html
7 points by absz 4330 days ago | link
While Unix did win, that doesn't mean that Unix's names won. It's Unix's features that won. So it's reasonable to provide certain operations, but implementing them in terms of (system "unix-command-name ...") is not.
Of course, I use Mac OS X, so it's not like I'm adversely impacted. But the point still stands.
1 point by Metaprogrammer 4330 days ago | link
Any effort towards a strict definition of this kind of functionality ends up with something like R6RS (which is IMHO overbloated).
Yes, the subset is really small (and, I admit, not yet sufficient for a metacircular bootstrap). The whole idea is to provide basic .NET reflection functionality and implement all the rest in Arc itself (exactly as MBase itself is unrolled from the very minimalistic core).
But, some fundamental Arc features are not compatible with this core at all: zap (needs a strange memory model, not quite possible to implement efficiently in .NET, and, any way, is too non-functional) and mutable strings (that is easy to fix, if someone really needs mutable strings, I am not quite convienced). Also, numerical tower must be implemented in the core compiler (at least a parser must recognise all the variations and compiler backend must emit all the literals correctly), but it does not seem to be strictly specified for an original Arc so far.
Next release (to be available soon) will contain more of the basic functionality and a consistent .NET bindings framework. This must be enough to grow the language from the core.
What we really need is a formal definition for Arc operational and denotational semantics.
I'm interested in your comment that zap doesn't fit well. zap is built on top of setforms and assignment, so if zap doesn't work, then there are probably deeper problems. Do scar, scdr, sref work?
See my description of setforms for more info on how it's all put together: http://arcfn.com/doc/setforms.html
An interesting point, I've missed that bit. If zap is built on top of setform, than it can be implemented with no performance drawbacks.
Ok, got it, it is just the same good old notion of lvalues. An elegant solution, but with all the same restrictions.
Something like (= ((fn (x) (x 1)) str) #\A) should not work, right?
This sample compiler generates .NET executables (DLLs and EXEs), but it is potentially retargetable, more backends will be provided later.
To run these binaries you will need either M$ .NET framework or Mono (versions from 1.4.x are ok, not sure about older ones). MBase is free and comes currently as a binary only distribution (no compiler is required). It will always be free, core parts may be open sourced (most likely under QPL) when the code cleanup is complete.
Techpreview page contains link to MBase-0.3-generic.zip, I'll try to highlight the link better, thank you for pointing to this issue.
MSI distributions normally comes in a week after the generic zip bundle.
P.S. The exact URL is: http://www.meta-alternative.net/pseudoArc.zip


text:
'Shape Of Water,' 'Big Little Lies' Snag Most Golden Globe Nominations
Laurel Wamsley
Reese Witherspoon in HBO's Big Little Lies. Witherspoon was nominated for a Golden Globe for best actress in a limited TV series or movie on Monday. (Hilary Bronwyn Gayle/AP)
The nominees for the 2018 Golden Globe Awards were announced early Monday morning in Beverly Hills, Calif.
Guillermo del Toro's fantasy The Shape of Water — a dreamy love story between a mute janitor in a government lab and an amphibian man in tank — snagged the most motion picture nominations, with seven. Upcoming Pentagon Papers drama The Post and the darkly comic Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri got six apiece.
In television, the domestic melodrama Big Little Lies led the pack with six nominations, followed by Feud: Bette and Joan, Fargo, The Handmaid's Tale and This Is Us. HBO, Netflix and FX productions got the most TV nominations.
Both Big Little Lies and The Handmaid's Tale took home multiple awards at September's Emmy Awards.
The big winner at the 2017 Globes was La La Land, which took seven, including best motion picture, comedy or musical. But the night's final award went to Barry Jenkins' Moonlight, which won for best motion picture, drama.
Last year's ceremony was notable for other reasons, including a marked increase in diversity among the nominees and Meryl Streep's calling out President Trump for mocking a disabled reporter.
This year's awards — the 75th annual — will be hosted by Seth Myers and broadcast live on NBC on January 7.
Without futher ado, the nominees are:
Best Motion Picture – Comedy or Musical
Sally Hawkins (left) and Octavia Spencer in a scene from Guillermo del Toro's "The Shape of Water." Hawkins and Spencer were both nominated for Golden Globes on Monday for their performances in the film. (Fox Searchlight Pictures/AP)
Best Actress in a Motion Picture — Drama
Jessica Chastain, Molly's Game
Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama
Denzel Washington, Roman J. Israel, ESQ
Best Actress in a Motion Picture — Musical or Comedy
Judi Dench, Victoria & Abdul
Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy
Best Director – Motion Picture
Best Screenplay – Motion Picture
Guillermo Del Toro, Vanessa Taylor, The Shape of Water
Liz Hannah, Josh Singer, The Post
Aaron Sorkin, Molly's Game
Fantastic Woman
Best TV Comedy Series
Best Television Drama Series
Best Limited TV Series or Movie
Issa Rae in a scene from HBO's Insecure. Rae was nominated Monday for a Golden Globe award for best actress in a musical or comedy series or motion picture made for TV. (Anne Marie Fox/AP)
Best Actress in a TV Comedy or Musical
Best Actor in a TV Comedy or Musical
Best Actress in a TV Drama
Best Actor in a TV Drama
Best Actress in a Limited TV Series or Movie
Best Actor in a Limited TV Series or Movie
Best Supporting Actress, Television
Best Supporting Actor, Television
Alfred Molina, Feud: Bette and Joan
Alexander Skarsgård, Big Little Lies
Best Original Score – Motion Picture
Carter Burwell, Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri
Alexandre Desplat, The Shape of Water
Jonny Greenwood, Phantom Thread
John Williams, The Post
Hans Zimmer, Dunkirk
Best Original Song – Motion Picture
"Home," Ferdinand
"Mighty River," Mudbound
"Remember Me," Coco
"The Star," The Star
"This Is Me," The Greatest Showman
NPR's Bill Chappell contributed to this report.


Guillaume Fabre is a competition associate in the Brussels office of Bredin Prat since 2011. He is involved in cases of State aids as well as of merger control and antitrust litigation, both at the French and EU levels. Guillaume holds diplomas from the universities of Essex, Paris X and Leiden, where he obtained an LL.M. in European Business Law. He is a member of both the Paris and Brussels Bars.
Guillaume Fabre, Olivier Billard Inability to pay the fines imposed by the European Commission in cartel proceedings: How to navigate the maze?


text:
Constantin Kabemba (ur. 1 czerwca 1943 w Élisabethville) – kolarz szosowy z Demokratycznej Republiki Konga, uczestnik letnich igrzysk olimpijskich.

Kabemba wraz z czterema innych kolarzami szosowymi jako pierwszy w historii reprezentował Demokratyczną Republikę Konga na letnich igrzyskach olimpijskich podczas igrzysk 1968 w Meksyku. Wystartował w jeździe drużynowej na czas razem z Jeanem Barnabe, Samuelem Kibambą i François Ombanzim. Kongijczycy zajęli wówczas ostatnie miejsce spośród 30. reprezentacji. Kabemba brał także udział w wyścigu indywidualnym ze startu wspólnego, którego nie ukończył.

Przypisy

Urodzeni w 1943
Ludzie urodzeni w Lubumbashi
Kolarze szosowi z Demokratycznej Republiki Konga
Olimpijczycy z Demokratycznej Republiki Konga
Uczestnicy Letnich Igrzysk Olimpijskich 1968


in the quest to cure rare genetic disorders.
These projects are being developed by Fondazione Telethon's institutes in Milan and Naples. The therapeutic strategies in this list are part of a pipeline managed by the Foundation with the goal of producing viable therapies available to all the patients in need. This is achieved engaging all the actors bringing the regulatory and productive expertise needed. This is done, for example, through alliances* with industrial partners to reach full completion of the drug development process.
The method we adopt when selecting projects and funding research focusses on rewarding merit, and rewarding real ways toward cures.
To ensure that the funding is invested optimally, we adopt the project assessment method that has been adopted by the main agencies engaging in research-funding worldwide, including the peer review method (in order to minimize error margins and subjectivity in all our evaluations).
Every year, about 30 internationally renowned scientists are called upon to assess and select the best projects. Their opinions as regards our method of selecting projects.
The evaluation is based on criteria such as originality and feasibility of the project, the adequacy of the requested funding to the proposed objectives, the relevance of the experimental plan with respect to the genetic disease addressed by the project and the proximity to the cure. In evaluating the proposals, the Committee makes use of a peer-review process.
Before the plenary discussion, each project proposed is evaluated by three members of the Committee and at least two external reviewers selected from the international arena.
This process is indispensable to ensuring that only the best projects are chosen.
TIGEM – Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), a Telethon Foundation organization, was founded in 1994 as a leading Italian research center.
Headed by Professor Andrea Ballabio, it host scientists from all over the world.
TIGEM has a long-established relationship with the Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas, one of the world's top research centers. Some of our researchers, including Andrea Ballabio, have worked as professors and researchers at the internationally-renowned Baylor College of Medicine. This tie has opened an opportunity for new research endeavors and scientific collaborations.


The ALZO Drop Ceiling Background Support kit is an inexpensive and handy solution for hanging photo backgrounds in an office or any room that has a drop ceiling with T-bars framing. This background support system attaches to the drop ceiling frame T-Bars and provides a chain drive to roll down paper or muslin backdrops, up to 10 feet wide. We also offer a custom cut service that will provide any length from 6 feet up to 13 feet wide. Our custom cut will allow for attaching to the existing ceiling frame without modification; the custom cut cost is $50. With the exception of 6 feet, custom cut drop ceiling background supports are not returnable. Please call 800-582-7009 to discuss this service.
The sturdy 2-inch diameter aluminum tubing assures that a paper background will remain straight and does not warp after months or years. Installation may require the addition of ceiling support wires, and in some cases may require the addition of a piece of T-Bar support frame. The kit includes 2 hooks, 2 X-clamps that attach to the ceiling frame T-bar, 1 aluminum pole 10 feet long and 2 inches in diameter, 1 two-piece roller set with chain and weight, and detailed installation instructions. This product carries a 5-year warranty.


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I am really loving the long bob and all its varieties. Any products that give good lift, hold and texture are my go to's. For example, for that lived in look, I love finishing my styles with Brilliantine and DrySpun Finish from Bumble. I'm excited about their new Surf Spray blow dry concoction.