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CEOWORLD magazine - Top Stories - Executive Education - SmartOwner, India's Largest Marketplace for Investors, Sets Its Sights Abroad [Profile]
SmartOwner, India's Largest Marketplace for Investors, Sets Its Sights Abroad [Profile]
Megan BatchelorExecutive Education March 21, 2018 October 22, 2019
One of the hallmarks of 21st century investing is the increasingly global nature of any given market. In stark contrast to last millennium's system of numerous discrete markets, capital and opportunity in 2018 are defined within an information-rich and deeply interconnected global framework.
Today's investor doesn't need to know every small detail of a foreign market to make a sound financial decision – he just needs a laptop and the ability to determine the basic fundamentals of the opportunity at hand. In almost every aspect, investment is becoming a global game.
To Vikram Chari, this represents the opportunity of a lifetime.
Chari is the CEO of SmartOwner, India's largest marketplace for real estate assets and other high-ticket opportunities. While most people would be content being the industry leader in their market segment (for SmartOwner, this is offering institutional-grade deals on high-ticket assets to HNIs and other investors), Chari has never been one to think small.
For him – and SmartOwner – an international focus isn't just a goal, but a necessity. Since founding the company in 2012, Chari has always thought of SmartOwner as not a purely Indian company, but an international firm with an Indian focus. As a result, the firm – recently ranked as India's fastest-growing FinTech company by the Financial Times – is perfectly positioned to go global in 2018, with everything from the type of assets offered to the hiring process reflecting a truly international mindset. As India's economy becomes a major global player, companies like SmartOwner will be leading the way.
Boomtown in Bangalore
In many regards, an international outlook is actually a necessity for any Indian company that wishes to be a market leader – the nation's rapid economic transformation has made sure of that. Over the last year, India has surged to the top of the chart in terms of annual GDP growth and is anticipated to remain there for years to come. This has happened in large part due to the nation's relentless focus on improving the ease of doing international business within its borders, as well as a major effort to attract ever-increasing amounts of foreign investments.
India has come a long way since the chaotic free-for-all that defined the first 15 or so years after the end of the License Raj. The IT boom of the early 2000's fuelled an increasingly modern economy, allowing India to chart a robust recovery from the global recession of 2008-'09 and emerge as one of the world's leading investment destinations.
This unparalleled growth has upended the long-held notion that the global economy influences India and not the other way around. In real estate, for example, India's insatiable demand for houses, flats, and villas – the country builds the equivalent of a new Chicago every year – and increasingly affluent urban population are beginning to have a major impact on global commodity markets. This dynamic can be seen across sectors, as the South Asian powerhouse captures a continually increasing amount of the global market. In fact, India's contribution to global growth has become so substantial that $18 out of every $100 in new wealth in 2017 was created in India. This wealth has transformed cities like Bangalore and Mumbai into global metropolises, attracting influx of highly-educated, highly-motivated young professionals. In fact, Bangalore was recently ranked as the most dynamic city in the world, a first for an Indian municipality.
Indian Properties, International Practices
All this growth comes with conditions, of course. For many Indian firms, this global scrutiny is a mixed blessing, as increased market share is undercut by world-class competition, and the need to rapidly innovate. Indeed, many Indian companies will have to dramatically overhaul their operations to thrive in the new economic environment. As India shifts towards a streamlined and high-tech economy, companies that wish to succeed will need have a more flexible operating structure and rapidly adopt the latest innovations into their business models.
This dynamism is built into SmartOwner's DNA. When Chari came back to India after running his own real estate firm in the US, he decided that there was no reason an Indian company couldn't operate under international quality standards. "A lot of Indian companies have fantastic underlying business models, but lack the dynamism and drive you find in more developed markets. I wanted to create a truly-world class operation in India," he explains. As a result, the firm possesses a uniquely global outlook in areas ranging from hiring practices to architectural specifications.
Take the notion of finding clients, for example. Indian real estate is a traditionally local business, and most NRIs tend to only invest in areas where they or their family members are from. As a result, it can be quite difficult for a real estate firm in Bangalore to attract clients from across the globe. SmartOwner, though, has no such difficulty. Because all of its offerings adhere to an extremely rigorous level of due diligence and safety (the company only funds 1% of the deals it examines), SmartOwner has been able to tap into the entirety of the Indian diaspora. Today, it has clients from 43 countries and over 500 cities all across the globe.
This international focus doesn't stop with acquiring clients. The HR Department in SmartOwner specifically recruits talent with experience abroad. According to Diana Mathew, Director of HR, "having spent time working in multiple markets gives a candidate a variety of perspectives. Each country has its own way of doing business, and bringing a bit of Silicon Valley to Bangalore can create a catalyst within the workplace." Additionally, the company focuses on international expertise when selecting a new Board member; the majority of SmartOwner's Directors have business experience in multiple countries. Chari, for example, sold million-dollar homes to Grammy Award winners in America prior to founding SmartOwner.
"Truly world-class"
As Chari views it, this global outlook has a synergistic effect: acquiring a capacity to execute abroad and a reputation as a top-tier workplace makes it far easier to both close deals in and hire employees from multiple markets. "Once you've built up enough in-house global talent, launching an international asset class or recruiting from the world's best candidates becomes just another part of the job," he explains. "Going forward, we anticipate a substantial part of both our business and our employees coming from outside of India."
Such expansion plans require an international-quality workforce, so SmartOwner is aggressively recruiting from the world's best talent. The company is betting that foreign talent will be wooed by a combination of opulent housing and compensation options, English-speaking colleagues, and the chance to be a part of the great Indian growth story. For a cash-strapped millennial paying $14 a meal in New York City or London, the allure of a company-owned villa, a walk-to-work commute, and $2 lunches is hard to ignore – and that's not mentioning the career opportunities that come with working at India's fastest-growing FinTech firm. "The developed, world hasn't realized just how exciting working in India today really is," says Ms. Mathew. "You get to witness a country of 1.3 billion people modernizing before your eyes. The professional and personal growth such an opportunity offers really is something special."
As the company expands into new verticals and countries, the flexibility of its underlying business model makes growth abroad as simple as possible. "On a fundamental level, discretizing a high-ticket asset and offering it to HNIs is a model that transcends any specific asset class, whether it's Indian real estate or mega-yachts in the Mediterranean," explains Chari. "For example, we're currently looking into funding private game reserves in Kenya's Maasai Mara region. If the opportunity is truly world-class in terms of security and the IRR, we'll go ahead."
This international diversification naturally lends itself to an expansion of high-asset opportunities. As the company begins funding opportunities in different countries, it will be able to target citizens of those countries, as well as proffer these offerings to its Indian clientele. On top of this, the firm is working on a proprietary investment model that will allow international participation in the South Asian powerhouse's property boom. This access to foreign capital is a plus for the company's Indian client base as well; with resources in more markets, SmartOwner will be able to participate in more and more lucrative deals, meaning new opportunities.
Between bringing employees from abroad, offering properties in Bangalore to investors in Boston, and expanding into any high-ticket asset class, SmartOwner is well on its way to becoming one of the world's leading FinTech companies. As India continues to zoom ahead in terms of economic growth and rapid development, companies like SmartOwner will be comfortably positioned where they want to be: in the driver's seat.
Megan Batchelor March 21, 2018
Megan Batchelor
Executive features editor at The CEOWORLD magazine and lover of reality TV. I eat cereal for breakfast, lunch and dinner.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Liliacul pitic (Pipistrellus pipistrellus) este o specie de liliac pitic răspândit în Europa, nordul Africii și sudvestul Asiei.

Descriere
Liliacul pitic trăiește în pădurile seculare, delte, pășuni, ferme, parcuri și grădini. Preferă zonele deschise și cu iarbă, înconjurate de copaci sau tufișuri. de multe ori poate fi observat zburând la suprafața apei. Își petrece ziua într-o stare de semi-veghe, ieșind din adăpost cu 15-30 minute înainte de apus pentru a prinde insecte. În toiul verii apar cu regularitate și în timpul zilei. Când zboară rapid în întuneric, evită lovirea de obstacole și localizarea prăzii prin utilizarea unui sistem de ecolocație. Procesează timpul necesar întoarcerii ultrasunetelor și astfel "vede" împrejurimile. Este cel mai mic liliac european.

Referințe și note

Chiroptera
Mamifere din Asia
Mamifere din Africa
Mamifere din Europa

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Of all the racing liveries out there, arguably the best looking is the light blue and orange Gulf livery. Ford is celebrating that livery. This 2019 GT Heritage Edition is meant to pay tribute to the GT40 races that won Le Mans between 1966 and 1969. Other than the cool colors on the outside of the car, it also gets some nice interior bits.
The car has exposed carbon fiber A-pillars, silver mirror caps, and 20-inch high-gloss dark gray wheels. The car also gets orange Brembo brake calipers. Inside the car has Ebony Alcantara with contrasting orange and blue stitching.
The seats are embossed to look like those found in the 1968 Le Mans racer. The Heritage Edition will have a unique identification plaque. The special edition will be offered for two years or when 1,000 units have been made. The 2019 Heritage Edition cars get number 9 graphics on the hood and doors with the 2020 models getting number 6 graphics.


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Aero Trademark Details
Aero was registered on Tuesday, June 22, 1920 and is currently owned by Eastman Kodak Company under the registration number 132364 . This mark is dead with a status of Cancelled - Section 8. The last case file activity for this mark occured 6 years ago on Saturday, February 20, 2016, according to the United State Patent & Trademark Office
Eastman Kodak Company of Durham, NC
View all trademarks for Eastman Kodak Company
Other Trademarks for Eastman Kodak Company
David C. Stimson
001 — Class 1 includes mainly chemical products used in industry, science and agriculture, including those which go to the making of products belonging to other trademark classes. Examples include compost, salt for preserving non-foodstuffs, and certain additives for the food industry.
Registered and Renewed (third Renewal - 20 Yrs)
Registered and Renewed (fourth Renewal - 10 Yrs)
Cancelled Sec. 8 (10-Yr)


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Offering youth an exceptional choral experience, inspiring musical development and personal growth.
Please call (509) 714-0555 to meet the artistic director & schedule a placement interview.


The age of the Candidates age limit should be 18 to 42 years as on closing date for receipt of application. Age relaxation is applicable as per GOI rule.
Candidates should have qualification in this Recruitment process they must have Passed 10th/12th.
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Surrounded by family members of people lost to gun violence and the lawmakers who successfully passed the measure in a hard-fought and multi-year battle, Colorado Gov. Jared Polis on Friday signed the "red flag" extreme risk protection order that he and proponents guaranteed will save lives in the Centennial State.
DENVER – Surrounded by family members of people lost to gun violence and the lawmakers who successfully passed the measure in a hard-fought and multi-year battle, Colorado Gov. Jared Polis on Friday signed the "red flag" extreme risk protection order bill that he and proponents guaranteed will save lives in the Centennial State.
The Deputy Zackari Parrish III Violence Protection Act will officially go into law on Jan. 1, 2020, which is also the deadline law enforcement agencies statewide will have to adopt either model policies and procedures that are in the works or their own.
The law will allow a judge to order that a person's firearms be confiscated if they are deemed a risk to themselves or others. The request for a protection order would come from law enforcement or family members. A judge could place a temporary order for up to two weeks on the person until it is decided at a hearing whether a full protection order is necessary. A full protection order could be approved for up to 364 days.
Polis called the bill – sponsored by House Majority Leader Alec Garnett, D-Denver; Rep. Tom Sullivan, D-Centennial; Sen. Lois Court, D-Denver; and Sen. Brittany Pettersen, D-Lakewood – a "critical tool" to reduce gun violence and said the measure was in line with Americans' Second Amendment rights.
Colorado will become at least the 15th state with an extreme risk protection order law on the books. Polis said Friday that he expected Colorado's red flag law to be used about 100 or 150 times per year, as they have been in other states with similar laws. Polis said that be a "targeted approach" to enforcement.
And he brushed off, as the bill's sponsors and supporters would also, the calls for recalls made by some Republicans and opponents of the measure, and claims that it was unconstitutional.
"These kind of issues, when it comes to our rights and mental health and safety, these aren't partisan issues," Polis said.
He thanked the bill's sponsors, the families who had spoken up during the legislative process about their experiences with gun violence, and the law enforcement officers who have worked on the measure. Douglas County Sheriff Tony Spurlock, who has been the most vocal law enforcement officer supporting the measure, and Boulder County Sheriff Joe Pelle both spoke in favor of the bill's signing Friday as well.
Spurlock discussed how supportive Parrish's parents were of the measure, which Spurlock began pushing for last year after Parrish was shot and killed on New Year's Eve 2017 by a man whom the department knew had a history of mental health issues and several weapons.
Sheriff Pelle's son, Jeff, was also shot during the New Year's Eve incident.
"Why would we not want to have this tool to help make weapons unavailable for this person until they are healthy," he said in discussing the measure.
Pelle said he and Spurlock would be working with more than a dozen police chiefs and the attorney general's office on creating the model policies and procedures regarding the acceptance, storage and return of firearms to people who have them taken away. Those model policies and procedures will have to be finalized by Dec. 1 of this year.
He said they were already looking at the policies in place in Washington state and California, among other states.
"This can be done safely. It can be done intelligently. We can have policies and procedures in place that guide us. And we can be patient, we can wait for the correct opportunities, and we can do this without putting our deputies and police officers at extreme harm, as well, if we do it correctly," Pelle said.
Pettersen and Garnett thanked stakeholders for their yearslong work on gun violence bills and two years of working on the extreme risk protection order. But both lamented the lobbying against the measure, which they said was misguided.
More than 36 counties and towns or cities have passed resolutions as of Friday in opposition to the red flag measure or declared themselves "Second Amendment sanctuaries" in an effort to stave off the law . Most of the sheriffs or county commissions have passed such declarations or resolutions in protest, saying the measure is unconstitutional. Denver and Aurora's police unions have also said they oppose the measure.
Weld County Sheriff Steve Reams has said he will go to jail before he enforces the measure.
The Weld County Board of Commissioners issued a statement Friday sticking to the message that the bill is unconstitutional. It said it would be meeting with attorneys to conduct a legal review of the measure.
But Pettersen said those calling the measure was illegal were wrong.
"We did it," Garnett told Sullivan in an emotional exchange.
It was the 351st Friday since his son, Alex, was murdered in the Aurora theater shooting, Sullivan said.
"So as happy as I am that all of this has happened today, and knowing that this is going to save lives, and the state of Colorado will be better because of all of the work that we've all done, it's difficult for me to just be able to grasp that and to be able to enjoy that," he added.
"Let's get this signed and let's start saving some lives," he said.


3/14 at 3:45 p.m. Brian Beasley, 18, of Foreside Road, was arrested by Sgt. Frank Soule at Falmouth High School on charges of operating while license is suspended or revoked and violating condition of release.
3/16 at 8:56 p.m. Stuart Norton, 41, of Waites Landing Road, was arrested by Officer Kurt Fagan on Waites Landing Road on a warrant.
3/16 at 4:10 p.m. Marissa Willey, 19, of Falmouth Road, was arrested by Sgt. Kevin Conger, Jr., on Allen Avenue on a warrant from another agency.
3/17 at 9:21 p.m. Michael Fry, 41, of Gray Road, was arrested by Officer Jeffrey Pardue on Gray Road on a warrant.
3/10 at 10:04 a.m. Christopher J. Gebhardt, 23, of Gray, was issued a summons by Officer Jeffrey Pardue on Gray Road on a charge of displaying a fictitious inspection sticker.
3/17 at 7:49 p.m. Robert D. Muldowney, 24, of Freeport, was issued a summons by Officer Kerry Warner at Walmart on Route 1 on a charge of theft by unauthorized taking or transfer.
3/12 at 10:48 a.m. Police responded to a call about a hit and run accident at Dunkin' Donuts at West Falmouth Crossing. An employee told police a customer reportedly struck the pole outside the drive-thru window, chipping the paint and causing limited damage. No suspects have been found.
3/12 at 2:56 p.m. Chimney fire on Brook Road.
3/13 at 11:04 a.m. Engine company to assist EMS on Cole Street.
3/14 at 2:39 p.m. Motor vehicle crash on Falmouth Road.
3/15 at 9:23 a.m. Fire alarm on Foreside Road.
3/16 at 12:44 p.m. Mutual aid station coverage to Yarmouth Fire Department.
3/17 at 12:43 p.m. Motor vehicle crash on Bucknam Road.
3/17 at 6:55 p.m. Fire alarm on Blueberry Lane.
Falmouth emergency medical services responded to 26 calls from March 11-18.


Crystal Living are a local, family run business in Poynton, Cheshire. We operate in the North West of England with the very best in glazed and home extensions. We believe in delivering perfection and that is why we offer a full service.


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14 TV Shows To Binge-Watch Before The New Year
Forget sleep this New Year: binge-watch these shows instead.
Crystal Bell crystalbell 12/30/2015
The New Year is often a time for reflection; it's a time to look back on the past year, to celebrate your triumphs and learn from your failures. So, before the clock strikes midnight, ask yourself: "Did I ever finish that season of 'The Affair?'"; "What's that show about robots people keep telling me to watch?"; "Did I watch anything on TV this season that wasn't about zombies or White Walkers?"; "What am I doing with my life?!"
Alas, don't be hard on yourself. With over 400 scripted series on TV and streaming services in 2015, a few good ones were bound to slip through the cracks. It's like an all-you-can-eat smorgasbord out there. Simply put, we're in the era of "Peak TV" -- a time when there's just too many quality shows on the air and not enough time to watch them all. Of course, you have the power to change that in the new year.
The holidays are often viewed as a season of togetherness, but let's be real, it's also the only time you're going to get to binge-watch all of the great TV you missed this year, so what are you waiting for? If you start now, you might even be able to finish "Making A Murderer" before the ball drops in Times Square. Just in case you need some inspo, here are some recommendations for shows you need to add to your binge list:
"Jessica Jones"
"Jessica Jones" is Marvel's best show yet, and if you don't take my word for it, take this guy's. The Netflix series (available to stream now) introduced us to a perfectly imperfect comic book heroine we never knew we needed. With a stellar cast and its thoughtful, impactful take on abuse and rape, the show sets itself apart from most TV shows. Despite its bleak subject matter, "Jessica Jones" isn't afraid to show its heart and humor -- and that balance is the show's greatest strength.
"Making A Murderer"
Chances are, in the past 48 hours you've seen or heard someone talk about Netflix's harrowing new docu-series "Making A Murderer." If you're looking for a somber binge this New Years, then this is the show for you. The 10-part series analyzes the effect that prejudice, shoddy investigations and shaky evidence have on criminal justice proceedings through the lens of the Steven Avery, a blue-collar man from Manitowoc County, Wis. convicted of the 2005 murder of Teresa Halbach -- a murder he said he did not commit. Just brace yourself: this is the kind of show that sticks with you long after you've finished watching it.
"Jane The Virgin"
"Jane The Virgin" is the best show on television, and frankly, if you're not watching it, then I have to question your sanity. Don't you want to feel happiness and joy? Jane Villanueva is the realest character on TV: a hardworking, single young mother. So, open your heart and let Jane, Mateo and the Villanueva women in. You will thank us for it later. Plus, Gina Rodriguez is going to be a huge star one day and you're going to want to say, "I knew her when she was that accidentally artificially inseminated mom on The CW!"
"Master of None"
Netflix/Master of None
Aziz Ansari's critically acclaimed Netflix sitcom had a near-perfect first season. "Master of None" is a smart, heartfelt and most importantly, hopeful take on the rom-com formula. Also, prepare to fall in love with Ansari's dad, the season's #1 scene-stealer.
"The 100"
Cate Cameron / The CW
If you're looking for a new show to suck you in and manipulate your emotions à la "Lost" and "Game Of Thrones," then "The 100" is the show for you. One of the best shows on TV, "The 100" is pure sci-fi genre television firing on all cylinders. This is a show that isn't afraid to take risks. It knows exactly what it is, and every narrative decision has a purpose -- and a consequence. Plus, these are some of the most well-written characters on television.
"Fargo"
Mathias Clamer/FX
You betcha Minnesotan accents are fun to listen to, especially juxtaposed against some bloody murder. OK, all jokes aside, "Fargo" Season 2 is a triumph from start to finish: witty, provocative, painfully suspenseful and and at times almost too gory. Kirsten Dunst gives perhaps one of the best performances of her career as Peggy, a women who brilliantly transcends the oppression of her surroundings.
"Mr. Robot"
The breakout drama of 2015, "Mr. Robot" follows troubled hacker Elliot Alderson (played by the brilliant Rami Malek) as he gets mixed up in an Anonymous-like collective in an effort to bring down a Google/Enron-like conglomerate. It's an engrossing and deceivingly disarming trip. While Elliot suffers severe identity issues, the show never strays off course, delivering perhaps the best TV twist of the year. If you're looking for your new "Breaking Bad," USA's "Mr. Robot" with its artistry and originality, is it.
"Supergirl"
In case you haven't heard, CBS' "Supergirl" is a show so bright and unabashedly optimistic that it truly has the power to save us from ourselves. It's charming, exhilarating and positively feminist. Not only does "Supergirl" bring frank discussions of gender and feminism to the small screen on a weekly basis, but its exploration of heroism is by far one of the most impactful narratives on TV. A single episode of "Supergirl" will leave you with a case of the warm and fuzzies, so eight episodes in a row will have you seeing the glass half full well into 2016.
"Outlander"
Nick Briggs/Sony
"Outlander" follows British army nurse Claire Randall (Caitronia Balfe!) as she's reunited with her academician husband after World War II. The couple travels to Scotland to rekindle their marriage, but after witnessing a local Pagan ritual, Claire mysteriously finds herself transported from the 1940s to the mid-1700s, landing right in the middle of rebels-vs-redcoats shenanigans -- and into the brawny arms of a highlander dreamboat named Jamie (Sam Heughan). What makes "Outlander" great TV, however, is the way the show presents itself through the female gaze, an egregious overlooked viewpoint in modern drama. Make no mistake: both women and men will enjoy this historical epic.
"The X-Files"
FOX via Getty Images
You're going to want to catch up in time for Fox's "X-Files" revival starring Fox Mulder and Dana Scully themselves, David Duchovny and Gillian Anderson. Before Mulder and Scully get back in action, you can stream some of the series' most iconic episodes on Hulu. The truth is still out there -- and you can watch it unfold from the beginning.
"Transparent"
"Transparent" is a beautifully nuanced family story. Throughout Season 1, we saw Maura come out to her friends and family as trans. However, now that she's out, Maura comes face to face with something she never thought she'd have to deal with: her privilege. After living 70 years as a privileged cisgender white man, Maura dives a little deeper into the trans experience. Meanwhile, each member of Pfefferman family remains wonderfully self-involved, searching for fulfillment but not quite ready to be satisfied. So, if you're looking for a good cry to kick off the new year, stream "Transparent" on Amazon.
"Man In High Castle"
Based on a dystopian novel by Philip K. Dick, "The Man in the High Castle" shows us an alternate reality where the Axis, not the Allies, won World War II. The year is 1962. The Eastern United States, controlled by Germany, is a rigorously policed Aryan state, while The West is all Japanese hegemony and conformity. (Fun stuff!) But when a Westerner comes into possession of a forbidden newsreel, produced by an elusive subversive known as the Man in the High Castle, that shows the Allies winning the war, things get rather twisty and intriguing. It's a thrilling adventure definitely worth the ride.
"The Great British Bake Off"
Des Willie
Everything about the BBC's "Great British Bake-Off" (known to American viewers as "The Great British Baking Show") is a British cooking competition that's entirely devoted to baked goods -- and it's an absolute delight. Its fifth season is currently streaming on Netflix, and if you love shows like "Chopped" but hate the competitive nature of them, then this is for you. No joke: "The Great British Bake Off" is the most genteel competitive reality show of all time.
"Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt"
If you're looking for a laugh and some instantly quotable memes in the new year, look no further than "Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt." Tina Fey and Robert Carlock's Netflix comedy is all about overcoming adversity through humor, and it's like a sunny ray of sunshine on a cloudy, rainy day. But it's also not afraid to get a little dark when it needs to. After spending 15 years in an apocalypse bunker, Kimmy (the wonderful Ellie Kemper) isn't just an out-of-touch 29-year-old, she's a victim. And while it's easy to laugh at Kimmy's ineptitude for millennial slang and modern technology, her ubiquitous cheeriness is also a front for her own darkness. Kemper's optimistic, resilient Kimmy is very different than sardonic, feminist heroine Liz Lemon, but both are unconventional female characters struggling to blaze their own trails in a male-dominated world, and frankly, we need more independent women like them on TV.
Oh, and just try to watch this video of Titus Andromedon singing his breakout Season 1 hit "Pinot Noir" AND NOT WANT MORE.
Hannibal [TV Series]
The 100 [TV Series]
Transparent [Amazon Series]
Outlander [TV Series]
Skins [TV Series]
The X-Files [TV Series]


On December, 2017, the first meeting of "Let's talk" Trust Club took place at the office of "New Generation" Humanitarian NGO.
The meeting was aimed at building warm and open relations, recognition of your own self and the people sitting next to you and possible establishment of future cooperation through psycho-philosophical discussion and friendly atmosphere of trust.
The event started by a meditation led by Areg Mirzoyan. After the meditation a number of previously chosen psycho-philosophical issues and questions were discussed. The questions were aimed at revealing your own self and the person next to you, fundamental issues of life were discussed as well.
The main topic of the meeting was the Trust as a Concept and Its Role in Our Life.
The participants were very pleased with the results of the event and filled with positive energy.
"New Generation" Humanitarian NGO thanks the event organizer Areg Mirzoyan and all the participants.
And we are happy to inform you that this event will be continuous.


What is it like to work at Galloway Ridge?
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This entry was posted in ads collectibles and tagged Dakar MINI ALL4 Racing on May 14, 2013 by James Day.
MINI USA has been flooding the magazine rack with MINI Paceman ads over the past few months. But they also created this print ad to celebrate winning the Dakar Rally in 2012 and 2013.
VICTORY TASTES SWEET, AND A LITTLE SANDY.
Back-to-back wins in the Dakar Rally in 2012 and 2013. We would like to give a big thank-you to all of our fans. Here's to 5,344 miles of incredible MINI ALL4 Racing performance and another year of kicking up sand.
This ad can be found in the May 2013 issue of Popular Mechanics on page 10.
Further into the same issue is a special advertising section titled "MINI Mauler" on the MINI Countryman converted to the MINI ALL4 Racing. The four-page advertisement article is found on pages 81 through 84, 86, 88. 90, 92, and 94.
See more photos and video on the Popular Mechanics Top Shop 2013 website.


Interactive Design Independent Study. Spring 2016.
In an Independent Study, my semester-long project was to create a gallery-style website that cataloged 50 items that all fall into one broad category. The website needed to have filtering options that allowed users to narrow down their search.
My topic of choice was beer (what else would you rather talk about for a semester?). The smaller categories included style, country of origin, ABV, and price.


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« Stepping into the unknown
Planned obsolescence »
The Sun is probably smarter than you think
On the day that The Sun's highest paid journalist is sentenced to a jail term for perverting the course of justice the paper decides to attack one of Britain's National Treasures – Gary Lineker.
What heinous offence did Gary commit that trumps the reporting of one of its own journalists being sentenced to a jail term for perverting the course of justice?
All that Gary did was express an opinion on his private Twitter account. He wanted to show some compassion for the refugees fleeing the war in Syria. To most people, this would be considered normal and decent and in keeping with someone being considered as a National Treasure.
The Sun however had a different agenda and needed to hide the fact that its highest paid journalist had been found guilty of perverting the course of justice. To any rival newspaper, this would be sensational front-page news requiring the journalists to dig out a copy of the Thesaurus to fully express the evil of the perpetrator and his employer.
The Sun needed a metaphorical dead cat to throw onto the table during the conversation and what better pet of the British public to murder and toss casually onto the polished wood than the cuddly Gary Lineker. The move would provoke outrage on the part of decent folk everywhere but also strengthen the relationship between the prejudiced sector of the population and the newspaper.
This is where it gets clever though.
The Sun's power emanates from its wealth. Its wealth derives from its circulation which is enormous. Advertisers are attracted to the huge circulation and pay big money to access it. The company always sees any furore that attracts eyeballs to The Sun's content as welcome traffic as it simply convinces advertisers to spend their advertising budget there.
The Sun is currently sponsoring a poll to discover who is the favourite presenter on TV. It invites the public to vote. I've seen tweets that encourage people to go to the site and vote for Lineker.
If Lineker wins, this may seem like one in the eye for the media company but the upshot is this; The Sun gets more coverage from this apparent backlash and also acquires legitimacy for the poll it is sponsoring. It wouldn't even surprise me if it were The Sun itself that came up with the idea of getting people to vote for Lineker.
Liverpool has demonstrated that it can hurt The Sun. It has done this by effectively banning the sale of it in the city. This equates to millions of pounds of lost revenue for the company.
Don't buy the Sun but don't acknowledge it either. The thing it hates the most is being ignored*.
*I realise I'm writing about The Sun but I only do so to remind people that its highest paid journalist has recently been sentenced to a jail term for perverting the course of justice and that not engaging with it in any form ultimately destroys it.
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Mishna
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The first major written collection of the Oral Torah.
The Mishnah or Mishna (; Hebrew: , "study by repetition", from the verb shanah , or "to study and review", also "secondary")[1] is the first major written collection of the Jewish oral traditions known as the "Oral Torah". It is also the first major work of rabbinic literature.[2][3] The Mishnah was redacted by Judah the Prince at the beginning of the third century CE[4] in a time when, according to the Talmud, the persecution of the Jews and the passage of time raised the possibility that the details of the oral traditions of the Pharisees from the Second Temple period (536 BCE - 70 CE) would be forgotten. Most of the Mishnah is written in Mishnaic Hebrew, while some parts are Aramaic.
The Mishnah consists of six orders (sedarim, singular seder ), each containing 7-12 tractates (masechtot, singular masechet ?; lit. "web"), 63 in total, and further subdivided into chapters and paragraphs. The word Mishnah can also indicate a single paragraph of the work, i.e. the smallest unit of structure in the Mishnah. For this reason the whole work is sometimes referred to in the plural form, Mishnayot.
The term "Mishnah" originally referred to a method of teaching by presenting topics in a systematic order, as contrasted with Midrash, which followed the order of the Bible. As a written compilation, the order of the Mishnah is by subject matter and includes a much broader selection of halakhic subjects, and discusses individual subjects more thoroughly, than the Midrash.
The Mishnah consists of six orders (sedarim, singular seder ), each containing 7-12 tractates (masechtot, singular masechet ?; lit. "web"), 63 in total. Each masechet is divided into chapters (peraqim, singular pereq) and then paragraphs (mishnayot, singular mishnah). In this last context, the word mishnah means a single paragraph of the work, i.e. the smallest unit of structure, leading to the use of the plural, "Mishnayot", for the whole work.
Because of the division into six orders, the Mishnah is sometimes called 'Shas' (an acronym for Shisha Sedarim - the "six orders"), though that term is more often used for the Talmud as a whole.
The six orders are:
Zeraim ("Seeds"), dealing with prayer and blessings, tithes and agricultural laws (11 tractates)
Moed ("Festival"), pertaining to the laws of the Sabbath and the Festivals (12 tractates)
Nashim ("Women"), concerning marriage and divorce, some forms of oaths and the laws of the nazirite (7 tractates)
Nezikin ("Damages"), dealing with civil and criminal law, the functioning of the courts and oaths (10 tractates)
Kodashim ("Holy things"), regarding sacrificial rites, the Temple, and the dietary laws (11 tractates) and
Tohorot ("Purities"), pertaining to the laws of purity and impurity, including the impurity of the dead, the laws of food purity and bodily purity (12 tractates).
In each order (with the exception of Zeraim), tractates are arranged from biggest (in number of chapters) to smallest. A popular mnemonic consists of the acronym "Z'MaN NaKaT."[5]
The Babylonian Talmud (Hagiga 14a) states that there were either six hundred or seven hundred orders of the Mishnah. Hillel the Elder organized them into six orders to make it easier to remember. The historical accuracy of this tradition is disputed.[] There is also a tradition that Ezra the scribe dictated from memory not only the 24 books of the Tanakh but 60 esoteric books. It is not known whether this is a reference to the Mishnah, but there is a case for saying that the Mishnah does consist of 60 tractates. (The current total is 63, but Makkot was originally part of Sanhedrin, and Bava Kamma, Bava Metzia and Bava Batra may be regarded as subdivisions of a single tractate Nezikin.)
Reuvein Margolies (1889-1971) posited that there were originally seven orders of Mishnah, citing a Gaonic tradition on the existence of a seventh order containing the laws of Sta"m (scribal practice) and Berachot (blessings).[]
Omissions
A number of important laws are not elaborated upon in the Mishnah. These include the laws of tzitzit, tefillin (phylacteries), mezuzot, the holiday of Hanukkah, and the laws of conversion to Judaism. These were later discussed in the minor tractates.
Nissim ben Jacob's Hakdamah Le'mafteach Hatalmud argued that it was unnecessary for Judah the Prince to discuss them as many of these laws were so well known. Margolies suggests that as the Mishnah was redacted after the Bar Kokhba revolt, Judah could not have included discussion of Hanukkah, which commemorates the Jewish revolt against the Seleucid Empire (the Romans would not have tolerated this overt nationalism). Similarly, there were then several decrees in place aimed at suppressing outward signs of national identity, including decrees against wearing tefillin and tzitzit; as conversion to Judaism was against Roman law, Judah would not have discussed this.[6]
David Zvi Hoffmann suggests that there existed ancient texts analogous to the present-day Shulchan Aruch that discussed the basic laws of day to day living and it was therefore not necessary to focus on these laws in the Mishnah.
Mishnah, Gemara, and Talmud
Rabbinic commentaries on the Mishnah from the next four centuries, done in the Land of Israel and in Babylonia, were eventually redacted and compiled as well. In themselves they are known as Gemara. The books which set out the Mishnah in its original structure, together with the associated Gemara, are known as Talmuds. Two Talmuds were compiled, the Babylonian Talmud (to which the term "Talmud" normally refers) and the Jerusalem Talmud. Unlike the Hebrew Mishnah, the Gemara is written primarily in Aramaic.
Content and purpose
The Mishnah teaches the oral traditions by example, presenting actual cases being brought to judgment, usually along with the debate on the matter and the judgment that was given by a notable rabbi based on halakha, mitzvot, and spirit of the teaching ("Torah") that guided his decision. In this way, it brings to everyday reality the practice of the mitzvot as presented in the Torah, and aims to cover all aspects of human living, serve as an example for future judgments, and, most important, demonstrate pragmatic exercise of the Biblical laws, which was much needed since the time when the Second Temple was destroyed (70 CE). The Mishnah is not the development of new laws, but rather the collection of existing traditions.[7]
The term "Mishnah" is related to the verb "shanah", to teach or repeat, and to the adjectives "sheni" and "mishneh", meaning "second". It is thus named for being both the one written authority (codex) secondary (only) to the Tanakh as a basis for the passing of judgment, a source and a tool for creating laws, and the first of many books to complement the Tanakh in certain aspects.
Oral law
Before the publication of the Mishnah, Jewish scholarship and judgement were predominantly oral, as according to the Talmud, it was not permitted to write them down.[8] The earliest recorded oral law may have been of the midrashic form, in which halakhic discussion is structured as exegetical commentary on the Torah.[9] Rabbis expounded on and debated the Tanakh, the Hebrew Bible, without the benefit of written works (other than the Biblical books themselves), though some may have made private notes ( ) for example of court decisions. The oral traditions were far from monolithic, and varied among various schools, the most famous of which were the House of Shammai and the House of Hillel.
After First Jewish-Roman War in 70 CE, with the end of the Second Temple Jewish center in Jerusalem, Jewish social and legal norms were in upheaval. The Rabbis were faced with the new reality of Judaism without a Temple (to serve as the center of teaching and study) and Judea without autonomy. It is during this period that Rabbinic discourse began to be recorded in writing.[10][11] The possibility was felt that the details of the oral traditions of the Pharisees from the Second Temple period (530s BCE - 70 CE) would be forgotten, so the justification was found to have these oral laws transcribed.[12][13]
Over time, different traditions of the Oral Law came into being, raising problems of interpretation. According to the Mevo Hatalmud,[14] many rulings were given in a specific context, but would be taken out of it; or a ruling was revisited but the second ruling would not become popularly known. To correct this, Judah the Prince took up the redaction of the Mishnah. If a point was of no conflict, he kept its language; where there was conflict, he reordered the opinions and ruled; and he clarified where context was not given. The idea was not to use his own discretion, but rather to examine the tradition as far back as he could, and only supplement as required.[15]
The Mishnah and the Hebrew Bible
According to Rabbinic Judaism, the Oral Torah (Hebrew: ? ?-) was given to Moses with the Torah at Mount Sinai or Mount Horeb as an exposition to the latter. The accumulated traditions of the Oral Law, expounded by scholars in each generation from Moses onward, is considered as the necessary basis for the interpretation, and often for the reading, of the Written Law. Jews sometimes refer to this as the Masorah (Hebrew: ), roughly translated as tradition, though that word is often used in a narrower sense to mean traditions concerning the editing and reading of the Biblical text (see Masoretic Text). The resulting Jewish law and custom is called halakha.
While most discussions in the Mishnah concern the correct way to carry out laws recorded in the Torah, it usually presents its conclusions without explicitly linking them to any scriptural passage, though scriptural quotations do occur. For this reason it is arranged in order of topics rather than in the form of a Biblical commentary. (In a very few cases, there is no scriptural source at all and the law is described as Halakha leMoshe miSinai, "law to Moses from Sinai".) The Midrash halakha, by contrast, while presenting similar laws, does so in the form of a Biblical commentary and explicitly links its conclusions to details in the Biblical text. These Midrashim often predate the Mishnah.
The Mishnah also quotes the Torah for principles not associated with law, but just as practical advice, even at times for humor or as guidance for understanding historical debates.
Some Jews did not accept the codification of the oral law at all. Karaite Judaism, for example, recognised only the Tanakh as authoritative in Halakha (Jewish religious law) and theology. It vehemently rejected the codification of the Oral Torah in the Mishnah and Talmud and subsequent works of mainstream Rabbinic Judaism which maintained that the Talmud was an authoritative interpretations of the Torah. Karaites maintained that all of the divine commandments handed down to Moses by God were recorded in the written Torah without additional Oral Law or explanation. As a result, Karaite Jews did not accept as binding the written collections of the oral tradition in the Midrash or Talmud. The Karaites comprised a significant portion of the world Jewish population in the 10th and 11th centuries CE, and remain extant, although they currently number in the thousands.
The rabbis who contributed to the Mishnah are known as the Tannaim,[16][17] of whom approximately 120 are known. The period during which the Mishnah was assembled spanned about 130 years, or five generations, in the first and second centuries CE. Judah the Prince is credited with the final redaction and publication of the Mishnah,[18] although there have been a few additions since his time:[19] those passages that cite him or his grandson, Judah II, and the end of tractate Sotah, which refers to the period after Judah the Prince's death. One must also note that in addition to redacting the Mishnah, Judah the Prince and his court also ruled on which opinions should be followed, though the rulings do not always appear in the text.
Most of the Mishnah is related without attribution (stam). This usually indicates that many sages taught so, or that Judah the Prince ruled so. The halakhic ruling usually follows that view. Sometimes, however, it appears to be the opinion of a single sage, and the view of the sages collectively (Hebrew: , hachamim) is given separately.
As Judah the Prince went through the tractates, the Mishnah was set forth, but throughout his life some parts were updated as new information came to light. Because of the proliferation of earlier versions, it was deemed too hard to retract anything already released, and therefore a second version of certain laws were released. The Talmud refers to these differing versions as Mishnah Rishonah ("First Mishnah") and Mishnah Acharonah ("Last Mishnah"). David Zvi Hoffmann suggests that Mishnah Rishonah actually refers to texts from earlier Sages upon which Rabbi based his Mishnah.
The Talmud records a tradition that unattributed statements of the law represent the views of Rabbi Meir (Sanhedrin 86a), which supports the theory (recorded by Sherira Gaon in his famous Iggeret) that he was the author of an earlier collection. For this reason, the few passages that actually say "this is the view of Rabbi Meir" represent cases where the author intended to present Rabbi Meir's view as a "minority opinion" not representing the accepted law.
There are also references to the "Mishnah of Rabbi Akiva", suggesting a still earlier collection;[20] on the other hand, these references may simply mean his teachings in general. Another possibility is that Rabbi Akiva and Rabbi Meir established the divisions and order of subjects in the Mishnah, making them the authors of a school curriculum rather than of a book.
Authorities are divided on whether Rabbi Judah the Prince recorded the Mishnah in writing or established it as an oral text for memorisation. The most important early account of its composition, the Iggeret Rav Sherira Gaon (Epistle of Rabbi Sherira Gaon) is ambiguous on the point, although the Spanish recension leans to the theory that the Mishnah was written. However, the Talmud records that, in every study session, there was a person called the tanna appointed to recite the Mishnah passage under discussion. This may indicate that, even if the Mishnah was reduced to writing, it was not available on general distribution.
Mishnah studies
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Textual variants
Very roughly, there are two traditions of Mishnah text. One is found in manuscripts and printed editions of the Mishnah on its own, or as part of the Jerusalem Talmud. The other is found in manuscripts and editions of the Babylonian Talmud; though there is sometimes a difference between the text of a whole paragraph printed at the beginning of a discussion (which may be edited to conform with the text of the Mishnah-only editions) and the line-by-line citations in the course of the discussion.
Robert Brody, in his Mishna and Tosefta Studies (Jerusalem 2014), warns against over-simplifying the picture by assuming that the Mishnah-only tradition is always the more authentic, or that it represents a "Palestinian" as against a "Babylonian" tradition. Manuscripts from the Cairo Geniza, or citations in other works, may support either type of reading or other readings altogether.
Complete mss. bolded.
Usual name
Formal designation
Period written
Kaufmann Hungarian Academy of Sciences Library Kaufmann ms. A50 Prob. Palestine 10th, possibly 11th C. It is considered the best manuscript and forms the base text of all critical editions. Vocalization is by a different, later hand.
Parma Biblioteca Palatina ms. Parm. 3173 Palestine or Southern Italy, which in any case it reached soon after being written down Script shows strong similarities to Codex Hebr. Vaticanus 31, securely dated to 1073 The Parma ms. is close to the Kaufmann ms. palaeographically but not textually. Text is closest to the Mishnah quotations given in the Leiden Palestinian Talmud.
Cambridge / Lowe Cambridge University Library ms. Add. 470 (II) Sepharadic 14-15th C. A very careless copy, it is nonetheless useful where the Kaufmann text is corrupt.
Parma B North Africa 12-13th C. Toharot only. Unlike all of the above mss., the vocalization and consonant text are probably by the same hand, which makes it the oldest vocalization of part of the Mishnah known.
Yemenite ms. National Library of Israel quarto 1336 Yemen 17-18th C. Nezikin to Toharot. The consonant text is dependent on early printed editions. The value of this ms. lies exclusively in the vocalization.
The Literature of the Jewish People in the Period of the Second Temple and the Talmud, Volume 3 The Literature of the Sages: First Part: Oral Tora, Halakha, Mishna, Tosefta, Talmud, External Tractates. Compendia Rerum Iudaicarum ad Novum Testamentum, Ed. Shmuel Safrai, BRILL, 1987, ISBN 9004275134
The first printed edition of the Mishnah was published in Naples. There have been many subsequent editions, including the late 19th century Vilna edition, which is the basis of the editions now used by the religious public.
Vocalized editions were published in Italy, culminating in the edition of David ben Solomon Altaras, publ. Venice 1737. The Altaras edition was republished in Mantua in 1777, in Pisa in 1797 and 1810 and in Livorno in many editions from 1823 until 1936: reprints of the vocalized Livorno editions were published in Israel in 1913, 1962, 1968 and 1976. These editions show some textual variants by bracketing doubtful words and passages, though they do not attempt detailed textual criticism. The Livorno editions are the basis of the Sephardic tradition for recitation.
As well as being printed on its own, the Mishnah is included in all editions of the Babylonian and Jerusalem Talmuds. Each paragraph is printed on its own, and followed by the relevant Gemara discussion. However, that discussion itself often cites the Mishnah line by line. While the text printed in paragraph form has generally been standardized to follow the Vilna edition, the text cited line by line in the Gemara often preserves important variants, which sometimes reflect the readings of older manuscripts.
The nearest approach to a critical edition is that of Hanoch Albeck. There is also an edition by Yosef Qafi? of the Mishnah together with the commentary of Maimonides, which compares the base text used by Maimonides with the Napoli and Vilna editions and other sources.
Oral traditions and pronunciation
Amar Rabbi Elazar
A traditional setting of the last passage of the first tractate, Berakhot, which describes how scholars of the Talmud create peace in the world. Performed by Cantor Meyer Kanewsky in 1919 for Edison Records.
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The Mishnah was and still is traditionally studied through recitation (out loud). Jewish communities around the world preserved local melodies for chanting the Mishnah, and distinctive ways of pronouncing its words.
Many medieval manuscripts of the Mishnah are vowelized, and some of these, especially some fragments found in the Genizah, are partially annotated with Tiberian cantillation marks.[21]
Today, many communities have a special tune for the Mishnaic passage "Bammeh madliqin" in the Friday night service; there may also be tunes for Mishnaic passages in other parts of the liturgy, such as the passages in the daily prayers relating to sacrifices and incense and the paragraphs recited at the end of the Musaf service on Shabbat. Otherwise, there is often a customary intonation used in the study of Mishnah or Talmud, somewhat similar to an Arabic mawwal, but this is not reduced to a precise system like that for the Biblical books. (In some traditions this intonation is the same as or similar to that used for the Passover Haggadah.) Recordings have been made for Israeli national archives, and Frank Alvarez-Pereyre has published a book-length study of the Syrian tradition of Mishnah reading on the basis of these recordings.
Most vowelized editions of the Mishnah today reflect standard Ashkenazic vowelization, and often contain mistakes. The Albeck edition of the Mishnah was vowelized by Hanokh Yalon, who made careful eclectic use of both medieval manuscripts and current oral traditions of pronunciation from Jewish communities all over the world. The Albeck edition includes an introduction by Yalon detailing his eclectic method.
Two institutes at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem have collected major oral archives which hold (among other things) extensive recordings of Jews chanting the Mishnah using a variety of melodies and many different kinds of pronunciation.[22] These institutes are the Jewish Oral Traditions Research Center and the National Voice Archives (the Phonoteca at the Jewish National and University Library). See below for external links.
The two main commentaries on the Mishnah are the Babylonian Talmud and the Jerusalem Talmud. Neither work covers the whole Mishnah, but each work is on about 50-70% of the text. The reason that the Talmud is not usually viewed as a commentary on the Mishnah, is because it also has many other goals, and can get involved in long tangential discussions. However, the main purpose of the Talmud is as a commentary on the Mishnah.
In 1168, Maimonides (Rambam) published Kitab as-Siraj (The Book of the Lantern, Arabic: ? ) a comprehensive commentary on the Mishnah. It was written in Arabic using Hebrew letters (what is termed Judeo-Arabic) and was one of the first commentaries of its kind. In it, Rambam condensed the associated Talmudical debates, and offered his conclusions in a number of undecided issues. Of particular significance are the various introductory sections - as well as the introduction to the work itself[23] - these are widely quoted in other works on the Mishnah, and on the Oral law in general. Perhaps the most famous is his introduction to the tenth chapter of tractate Sanhedrin[24] where he enumerates the thirteen fundamental beliefs of Judaism.
Rabbi Samson of Sens (France) was, apart from Maimonides, one of the few rabbis of the early medieval era to compose a Mishnah commentary on some tractates. It is printed in many editions of the Mishnah. It is interwoven with his commentary on major parts of the Tosefta.
Asher ben Jehiel (Rosh)'s commentary on some tractates
Menachem Meiri's commentary on most of the Mishnah
Rabbi Obadiah ben Abraham of Bertinoro (15th century) wrote one of the most popular Mishnah commentaries. He draws on Maimonides' work but also offers Talmudical material (in effect a summary of the Talmudic discussion) largely following the commentary of Rashi. In addition to its role as a commentary on the Mishnah, this work is often referenced by students of Talmud as a review-text, and is often referred to as "the Bartenura" or "the Ra'V".
Yomtov Lipman Heller wrote a commentary called Tosafot Yom Tov. In the introduction Heller says that his aim is to make additions (tosafoth) to Bertinoro's commentary. The glosses are sometimes quite detailed and analytic. That is why it is sometimes compared to the Tosafot - discussions of Babylonian gemara by French and German scholars of the 12th-13th centuries. In many compact Mishnah printings, a condensed version of his commentary, titled Ikar Tosafot Yom Tov, is featured.
An 11th-century CE commentary of the Mishnah, composed by Rabbi Nathan ben Abraham, President of the Academy in Eretz Israel. This relatively unheard-of commentary was first printed in Israel in 1955.
A 12th-century Italian commentary of the Mishnah, made by Rabbi Isaac ben Melchizedek (only Seder Zera'im is known to have survived)
Other Acharonim who have written Mishnah commentaries:
The Melechet Shlomo (Solomon Adeni; early 17th century)
Hon Ashir by Immanuel ?ai Ricchi (Amsterdam 1731)
The Vilna Gaon (Shenot Eliyahu on parts of the Mishnah, and glosses Eliyaho Rabba, Chidushei HaGra, Meoros HaGra)
Rabbi Akiva Eiger (glosses, rather than a commentary)
The Mishnah Rishonah on Zeraim and the Mishnah Acharonah on Tehorot (Rav Efrayim Yitzchok from Premishla)
The Sidrei Tehorot on Kelim and Ohalot (the commentary on the rest of Tehorot and on Eduyot is lost) by Gershon Henoch Leiner, the Radziner Rebbe
The Gulot Iliyot (Rav Dov Ber Lifshitz) on Mikvaot
The Ahavat Eitan by Rav Avrohom Abba Krenitz (the great grandfather of Rav Malkiel Kotler)
The Chazon Ish on Zeraim and Tohorot
A prominent commentary from the 19th century is Tiferet Yisrael by Rabbi Israel Lipschitz. It is subdivided into two parts, one more general and the other more analytical, titled Yachin and Boaz respectively (after two large pillars in the Temple in Jerusalem). Although Rabbi Lipschutz has faced some controversy in certain Hasidic circles, he was greatly respected by such sages as Rabbi Akiva Eiger, whom he frequently cites, and is widely accepted in the Yeshiva world. The Tiferet Yaakov is an important gloss on the Tiferet Yisrael.
Symcha Petrushka's commentary was written in Yiddish in 1945 (published in Montreal).[25] Its vocalization is supposed to be of high quality.
The commentary by Rabbi Pinhas Kehati, which is written in Modern Israeli Hebrew and based on classical and contemporary works, has become popular in the late 20th century. The commentary is designed to make the Mishnah accessible to a wide readership. Each tractate is introduced with an overview of its contents, including historical and legal background material, and each Mishnah is prefaced by a thematic introduction. The current version of this edition is printed with the Bartenura commentary as well as Kehati's.
The encyclopedic editions put out by Mishnat Rav Aharon (Beis Medrosho Govoah, Lakewood) on Peah, Sheviit, Challah, and Yadayim.
The above-mentioned edition edited by Hanokh Albeck and vocalized by Hanokh Yellin (1952-59) includes the former's extensive commentary on each Mishnah, as well as introductions to each tractate (Masekhet) and order (Seder). This commentary tends to focus on the meaning of the mishnayot themselves, without as much reliance on the Gemara's interpretation and is, therefore, considered valuable as a tool for the study of Mishnah as an independent work.
Rabbi Yehuda Leib Ginsburg wrote a commentary on ethical issues, Musar HaMishnah. The commentary appears for the entire text except for Tohorot and Kodashim.
Shmuel Safrai, Chana Safrai and Ze'ev Safrai have half completed a 45 volume socio-historic commentary "Mishnat Eretz Yisrael".
As a historical source
Both the Mishnah and Talmud contain little serious biographical studies of the people discussed therein, and the same tractate will conflate the points of view of many different people. Yet, sketchy biographies of the Mishnaic sages can often be constructed with historical detail from Talmudic and Midrashic sources.
According to the Encyclopaedia Judaica (Second Edition), it is accepted that Judah the Prince added, deleted, and rewrote his source material during the process of redacting the Mishnah. Modern authors who have provided examples of these changes include J.N. Epstein and S. Friedman.[26]
Following Judah the Prince's redaction there remained a number of different versions of the Mishnah in circulation. The Mishnah used in the Babylonian rabbinic community differing markedly from that used in the Palestinian one. Indeed within these rabbinic communities themselves there are indications of different versions being used for study. These differences are shown in divergent citations of individual Mishnah passages in the Talmud Yerushalmi and the Talmud Bavli, and in variances of medieval manuscripts and early editions of the Mishnah. The best known examples of these differences is found in J.N.Epstein's Introduction to the Text of the Mishnah (1948).[26]
Epstein has also concluded that the period of the Amoraim was one of further deliberate changes to the text of the Mishnah, which he views as attempts to return the text to what was regarded as its original form. These lessened over time, as the text of the Mishnah became more and more regarded as authoritative.[26]
Many modern historical scholars have focused on the timing and the formation of the Mishnah. A vital question is whether it is composed of sources which date from its editor's lifetime, and to what extent is it composed of earlier, or later sources. Are Mishnaic disputes distinguishable along theological or communal lines, and in what ways do different sections derive from different schools of thought within early Judaism? Can these early sources be identified, and if so, how? In response to these questions, modern scholars have adopted a number of different approaches.
Some scholars hold that there has been extensive editorial reshaping of the stories and statements within the Mishnah (and later, in the Talmud.) Lacking outside confirming texts, they hold that we cannot confirm the origin or date of most statements and laws, and that we can say little for certain about their authorship. In this view, the questions above are impossible to answer. See, for example, the works of Louis Jacobs, Baruch M. Bokser, Shaye J. D. Cohen, Steven D. Fraade.
Some scholars hold that the Mishnah and Talmud have been extensively shaped by later editorial redaction, but that it contains sources which we can identify and describe with some level of reliability. In this view, sources can be identified to some extent because each era of history and each distinct geographical region has its own unique feature, which one can trace and analyze. Thus, the questions above may be analyzed. See, for example, the works of Goodblatt, Lee Levine, David C. Kraemer and Robert Goldenberg.
Some scholars hold that many or most of the statements and events described in the Mishnah and Talmud usually occurred more or less as described, and that they can be used as serious sources of historical study. In this view, historians do their best to tease out later editorial additions (itself a very difficult task) and skeptically view accounts of miracles, leaving behind a reliable historical text. See, for example, the works of Saul Lieberman, David Weiss Halivni, Avraham Goldberg and Dov Zlotnick.
A notable literary work on the composition of the Mishnah is Milton Steinberg's novel As a Driven Leaf.
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^ The same meaning is suggested by the term Deuterosis ("doubling" or "repetition" in Ancient Greek) used in Roman law and Patristic literature. However it is not always clear from the context whether the reference is to the Mishnah or to the Targum, which could be regarded as a "doubling" of the Torah reading.
^ The list of joyful days known as Megillat Taanit is older, but according to the Talmud it is no longer in force.
^ Maimonides. "Commentary on Tractate Avot with an Introduction (Shemona perakim)". World Digital Library. Retrieved 2018.
^ "Mishnah". Encyclopaedia Judaica. 14 (2 ed.). p. 319. ISBN 978-0-02-865942-8. . Heinrich Graetz, dissenting, places the Mishnah's compilation in 189 CE (see: H. Graetz, History of the Jews, vol. 6, Philadelphia 1898, p. 105), and which date follows that penned by Rabbi Abraham ben David in his "Sefer HaKabbalah le-Ravad," or what was then anno 500 of the Seleucid era.
^ Eisenberg, Ronald L. (2004). "Rabbinic Literature". The JPS Guide to Jewish Traditions. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society. pp. 499-500.
^ "? ?" [Yesod Hamishna Va'arichatah] (in Hebrew). pp. 25-28. Retrieved 2018.
^ Shishah Sidre Mishnah = The Mishnah Elucidated: A phrase-by-phrase interpretive translation with basic commentary. Scherman, Nosson., Zlotowitz, Meir. Brooklyn, NY: Mesorah Publications. 2016. pp. 3-16. ISBN 142261462X. OCLC 872378784. CS1 maint: others (link)
^ Babylonian Talmud, Temurah 14b; Gittin 60a.
^ Dr. Shayna Sheinfeld. "The Exclusivity of the Oral Law". Retrieved 2019.
^ Strack, Hermann Leberecht (1945). Introduction to the Talmud and Midrash. Jewish Publication Society. pp. 11-12. Retrieved 2018. [The Oral Law] was handed down by word of mouth during a long period. ... The first attempts to write down the traditional matter, there is reason to believe, date from the first half of the second post-Christian century. Strack theorizes that the growth of a Christian canon (the New Testament) was a factor that influenced the Rabbis to record the oral law in writing.
^ The theory that the destruction of the Temple and subsequent upheaval led to the committing of Oral Law into writing was first explained in the Epistle of Sherira Gaon and often repeated. See, for example, Grayzel, A History of the Jews, Penguin Books, 1984, p. 193.
^ Rabinowich, Nosson Dovid, ed. (1988). The Iggeres of Rav Sherira Gaon. Jerusalem. pp. 28-29. OCLC 20044324. (html)
^ Though as shown below, there is some disagreement about whether the Mishnah was originally put in writing.
^ Schloss, Chaim (2002). 2000 Years of Jewish History: From the Destruction of the Second Bais Hamikdash Until the Twentieth Century. Philipp Feldheim. p. 68. Retrieved 2019. Despite the many secular demands on his time, Rabbeinu Shmuel authored a number of books. The most famous is the Mevo HaTalmud, an introduction to the study of the Talmud which clarifies the language and structure which can be so confusing to beginners. In addition, the Mevo HaTalmud describes the development of the Mishnah and the Gemara and lists the Tannaim and Amoraim who were instrumental in preparing the Talmud.
^ Lex Robeberg. "Why The Mishnah Is the Best Jewish Book You've Never Read". myjewishlearning.com. Retrieved 2019.
^ Outhwaite, Ben. "Mishnah". Cambridge Digital Library. Retrieved 2018.
^ The plural term (singular tanna) for the Rabbinic sages whose views are recorded in the Mishnah; from the Aramaic root tanna () equivalent for the Hebrew root shanah (), as in Mishnah.
^ Abraham ben David calculated the date 189 CE. Seder Ha-Kabbalah Leharavad, Jerusalem 1971, p.16 (Hebrew)
^ According to the Epistle (Iggeret) of Sherira Gaon.
^ This theory was held by David Zvi Hoffman, and is repeated in the introduction to Herbert Danby's Mishnah translation.
^ Yeivin, Israel (1960). Cantillation of the Oral Law (in Hebrew). Leshonenu 24. pp. 47-231.
^ Shelomo Morag, The Samaritan and Yemenite Tradition of Hebrew (published in: The Traditions of Hebrew and Aramaic of the Jews of Yemen; ed. Yosef Tobi), Tel-Aviv 2001, p. 183 (note 12)
^ " " [Introduction to the Mishnah Commentary]. Daat.ac.il (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2018.
^ " "? ? """ [Rambam's introduction to the chapter "Chelek"]. Daat.ac.il (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2018.
^ Margolis, Rebecca (2009). "Translating Jewish Poland into Canadian Yiddish: Symcha Petrushka's Mishnayes" (PDF). TTR : traduction, terminologie, rédaction. 22 (2): 183-209. Retrieved 2018.
^ a b c "The Traditional Interpretation of the Mishnah". Encyclopaedia Judaica. 14 (2 ed.). p. 327. ISBN 978-0-02-865942-8.
Philip Blackman. Mishnayoth. The Judaica Press, Ltd., reprinted 2000 (ISBN 978-0-910818-00-1). Online PDF at HebrewBooks: Zeraim, Moed, Nashim, Nezikin, Kodashim, Tehorot.
Herbert Danby. The Mishnah. Oxford, 1933 (ISBN 0-19-815402-X).
Jacob Neusner. The Mishnah: A New Translation. New Haven, reprint 1991 (ISBN 0-300-05022-4).
Various editors. The Mishnah, a new translation with commentary Yad Avraham. New York: Mesorah publishers, since the 1980s.
[Yoseph Milstein + Various editors.] The Mishnah, a new integrated translation and commentary based on Rabbeinu Ovadiah M'Bartenurah, Machon Yisrael Trust, available online at eMishnah.com.
Shalom Carmy (Ed.) Modern Scholarship in the Study of Torah: Contributions and Limitations Jason Aronson, Inc.
Shaye J.D. Cohen, "Patriarchs and Scholarchs", Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research 48 (1981), pp. 57-87
Steven D. Fraade, "The Early Rabbinic Sage," in The Sage in Israel and the Ancient Near East, ed. John G. Gammie and Leo G. Perdue (Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1990), pp. 417-23
Robert Goldenberg The Sabbath-Law of Rabbi Meir (Missoula, Montana: Scholars Press, 1978)
John W McGinley 'The Written' as the Vocation of Conceiving Jewishly ISBN 0-595-40488-X
Jacob Neusner Making the Classics in Judaism (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1989), pp. 1-13 and 19-44
Jacob Neusner Judaism: The Evidence of the Mishnah (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981), pp. 14-22.
Gary Porton, The Traditions of Rabbi Ishmael (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1982), vol. 4, pp. 212-25
Dov Zlotnick, The Iron Pillar Mishnah (Jerusalem: Bialik Institute, 1988), pp. 8-9
Reuvain Margolies, Yesod Ha-Mishnah V'Arichatah (Heb.)
David Tzvi Hoffman, Mishnah Rishonah U'flugta D'tanna'e (Heb)
Hanokh Yalon, Mavo le-nikud ha-Mishnah [Introduction to the vocalization of the Mishnah] (Jerusalem 1964) (Heb)
Robert Brody, Mishna and Tosefta Studies (Jerusalem 2014)
Frank Alvarez-Pereyre, La Transmission Orale de la Mishna. Une methode d'analyse appliquee a la tradition d'Alep: Jerusalem 1990
Wikimedia projects
Media related to Mishnah at Wikimedia Commons
Works related to Mishnah at Wikisource
Hebrew Wikisource has original text related to this article: ?
Wikisource's Open Mishna Project is developing Mishnah texts, commentaries, and translations. The project is currently available in four languages: Hebrew (the largest collection), English, French and Portuguese.
Complete Mishnah manuscript (15th century CE), Cambridge Digital Library
Other electronic texts
Learn Mishna in Someone's Memory - Create a Shloshim Mishnah list online.
Mechon Mamre (Hebrew) - Hebrew text of the Mishnah according to Maimonides' version (based on the manuscript of his Mishnah commentary in his own handwriting).
The Structured Mishnah - Hebrew text according to the Albeck edition (without vowels) with special formatting.
Online Treasury of Talmudic Manuscripts, Jewish National and University Library in Hebrew.
Codex Kaufmann of the Mishnah - High resolution images of this important textual witness.
eMishnah - English Translation & Commentary.
Mishnah study and the daily Mishnah
Ahrend, Aaron (2004). " ? ? " [Mishna Study and Study Groups in Modern Times] (PDF). Jewish Studies, An Internet Journal (in Hebrew). 3.
Mishna Yomit at the Wayback Machine (archived 10 October 2011) - One Mishnah per day. (Note: this study-cycle follows a different schedule than the regular one; contains extensive archives in English).
Mishnah Yomit - MishnahYomit.com hosts a weekly publication complementing the learning of people studying the regular program. It include articles, review questions and learning aids.
Kehati Mishna at the Wayback Machine (archived June 25, 2003) - A program of two Mishnayot per day. Currently inactive, but archives contain the complete text of Kehati in English for Moed, Nashim, Nezikin, and about half of Kodashim.
Daf Yomi Review at the Wayback Machine (archived 29 August 2018) - Custom learning and review programs for Mishnah.
MishnaSdura - Popular edition of Hebrew text (with vowels), used in many schools, formatted to encourage review and aid memory. Tables summarizing content. Mishna songs and recordings. Wiki article in Hebrew Mishna Sdura
Perek HaYomi (Hebrew) - Host to Shiurim, and learning and review according to the Perek HaYomi in Mishna instituted by the Maharal.
2 Mishnas A Day - A program of learning two mishnayos every day. Site include Hebrew and English together with a link for audio for each day.
Rav Avraham Kosman - Slabodka on the Mishnah and Talmud in English - Produced in Israel
Mishna Audio - given by Rabbi Chaim Brown in English
Rav Grossman on the Mishna in English produced in Los Angeles
Download all 6 tractates of Mishnah for Free on TorahDownloads.com
The National Sound Archives at the Hebrew University (catalogue not currently online).
Tradition and Relevance - Recordings of Seder Zera'im in Syrian tradition
[Free Read] The Sages: Character, Context, Creativity: Volume IV: From the Mishna to the Talmud
C'etait marque dans la mishna... (Leava.fr)
Intro to Mishna starting Jan. 29 - Rabbi Harry Zeitlin - ALEPH Beit Midrash
Mishna Berura en espanol por Rab Daniel Avram Shiur 76 Capitulo 32,3 Tinta para los tefilin
Mishna Berura en Espanol por Rab Daniel Avram Shiur 24 Capitulo 8,14
Rabbi Adin Steinsaltz: Making Sense of the Mishna
Cours de guemara
[PDF Telecharger] La langue des Sages. Materiaux pour une etude linguistique de l'hebreu de
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Deposition Author(s): Kim, J.-E., Kim, S., Kim, K.-J.
Kim, J.-E., Chang, J.H., Kim, E.-J., Kim, K.-J.
(R)-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase PhaB from Ralstonia eutropha H16 (RePhaB) is an enzyme that catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of acetoacetyl-CoA, an intermediate of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) synthetic pathways. Polymeric PHA is used to make bioplastics, implant biomaterials, and biofuels. Here, we report the crystal structures of RePhaB apoenzyme and in complex with either NADP(+) or acetoacetyl-CoA, which provide the catalytic mechanism of the protein. RePhaB contains a Rossmann fold and a Clamp domain for binding of NADP(+) and acetoacetyl-CoA, respectively. The NADP(+)-bound form of RePhaB structure reveals that the protein has a unique cofactor binding mode. Interestingly, in the RePhaB structure in complex with acetoacetyl-CoA, the conformation of the Clamp domain, especially the Clamp-lid, undergoes a large structural change about 4.6 Å leading to formation of the substrate pocket. These structural observations, along with the biochemical experiments, suggest that movement of the Clamp-lid enables the substrate binding and ensures the acetoacetyl moiety is located near to the nicotinamide ring of NADP(+).
Structural and Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daehak-ro 80, Buk-ku, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea.


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Lawrence Transit Public Transportation: The City of Lawrence and University of Kansas work together to provide busses for the community. The busses are safe and convenient transportation for students and other residents.
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text:
We Also Served (Paperback)
The Forgotten Women of the First World War
WWI Social History 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 Women of History 20th Century
By Vivien Newman
Imprint: Pen & Sword History
Click here to listen to author Vivien Newman talk to Paul Hawkins of Essex Radio about We Also Served
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We Also Served is a social history of women's involvement in the First World War. Dr Vivien Newman disturbs myths and preconceptions surrounding women's war work and seeks to inform contemporary readers of countless acts of derring-do, determination, and quiet heroism by British women, that went on behind the scenes from 1914-1918.
In August 1914 a mere 640 women had a clearly defined wartime role. Ignoring early War Office advice to 'go home and sit still', by 1918 hundreds of thousands of women from all corners of the world had lent their individual wills and collective strength to the Allied cause.
As well as becoming nurses, munitions workers, and members of the Land Army, women were also ambulance drivers and surgeons; they served with the Armed Forces; funded and managed their own hospitals within sight and sound of the guns. At least one British woman bore arms, and over a thousand women lost their lives as a direct result of their involvement with the war.
This book lets these all but forgotten women speak directly to us of their war, their lives, and their stories.
This focuses on the role British women played during World War I, showing their determination and heroism. By 1918, hundreds of thousands of women helped the Allies, working as nurses, munitions workers, ambulance drivers, surgeons, and members of the Land Army.
I knew that women made endless contributions to all wars, so it was nice to see information in print. It organised the information in chapters. What a way to honour these women!
NetGalley, Joy K
Examples of astounding, uplifting and inspiring stories were aplenty here. It's a great read for war enthusiasts, feminists and any who would like to know more about The War and women helping in the quest for victory.
NetGalley, Nicola Wilton
A historically very interesting book.
Read the complete Spanish review here.
José Manuél Rico Cortés (Mister JM) - Miniaturas JM
Referenced in 'further reading' part of article by Michelle Higgs on investigating the role of the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps, and how to trace their service documents
Your Family History, August 2017
As featured on Google
Google Books - Reviewer
"This book lets these all but forgotten women speak directly to us of their war, their lives, and their stories."
Goodreads reviewer
'We Also Served – The Forgotten Women of the First World War by Vivien Newman is a timely overview of experiences rescued from oblivion. Here are women once lost behind the filters of indifference or deliberate censorship, now made visible again through accessible scholarship and engaging writing.'
Read the full review here!
History Wardrobe
'There are far too many stories for me to do justice to here – you really need to read We Also Served for yourself. You won't be disappointed. Newman encompasses not just women's experience of war, but the human experience of war. Her writing is intuitive, informative and always absorbing; this is a book I will return to again and again.'
HandWrittenBy Blog
An interesting and enlightening book which corrects misconceptions of women's roles in the Great War.
Essex Family Historian No.159
Epping Forest Guardian
'The Forgotten Women', well not any more!!.This fine account of the critical part played by women in Britain and with British forces during WWI goes a very long way to bringing forward the story of women at war. Highly Recommended... The author has comprehensively covered the ways in which women made a great difference during wartime. The text reads smoothly and debunks some of the myths. The photo plate section contains a range of images that compliment the text and add strongly to the content.
Firetrench
This is an attractive and well presented book which is an account of the social history of women's involvement in WW1. It reminds us that in August 1914 over three quarter of a million men were serving in our armed forces but only 640 women ( in the military nursing services ). Over the next four years women's involvement in the war effort mushroomed and significant numbers of them died as they served.
All in all a good introduction to an important piece of history which directly affected many of our families.
Federation of Family History Societies
Anyone interested in the role of women during WWI and indeed some more obscure facts about them would enjoy reading this, as well as those with a general interest in WWI.
An intelligent and accessible exploration of women's oft-forgotten roles in WWI.
Your Family Tree
This is a really excellent book covering women in the Great War... It is clear a lot of research went into the book and it puts women back on the WW1 map.
WW1 Centenary
This is a social history of women's involvement in the First World War and is drawn from the writings of hundreds of women which give contemporary insights into many aspects of women's lives during this time of conflict and historic changes.
Bristol and Avon Family History Society
As seen in.
Kent Family History Society Journal
A compact overview of women's service during the First World War.
Paul Nixon
A fascinating read!
So many books published about World War 1 focus on trench warfare and the soldiers who battled. But many other groups, while not experiencing the horrors of the front, fought their own war and one such group is remembered in this book. Vivien Newman brings to life the women of the war and the work they did, providing us with a comprehensive social history that is very valuable.
Essex Life Magazine
This book lets these all-but-forgotten women speak directly to us of their war, their lives and experiences.
Southern Daily Echo
As featured in the Braintree & Witham Times.
Braintree & Witham Times
It is very rare to read a story about the First World War that doesn't focus on the atrocities suffered by men on the battlefield, but one woman wants to change that by revealing the untold story of the war's women.
Essex Chronicle
This book lets all-but-forgotten women speak directly to us of their war, their lives and their experiences.
Chelmsford Weekly News
...a touching book about the women who served in the First World War.
Maldon and Burnham Standard
As featured on This is Local London website.
This is Local London
About Vivien Newman
Dr Vivien Newman, an expert on women's experiences during the First World War, works at the University of Essex. Dr Newman is also working on a collection of women's First World War poetry and a book on children's experiences during the conflict, both due to be published by Pen and Sword. She is a regular speaker at national conferences and for groups including the Womens Institute and the Western Front Association.
More titles by Vivien Newman
Other titles in Pen & Sword History...


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Palmer sticks neck out for Kvyat: "Penalty was unbelievably harsh"
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text:
'use strict';

// MODULES //

var dvariancetk = require( '@stdlib/stats/base/dvariancetk' );
var sqrt = require( '@stdlib/math/base/special/sqrt' );

// MAIN //

/**
* Computes the standard deviation of a double-precision floating-point strided array using a one-pass textbook algorithm.
*
* @param {PositiveInteger} N - number of indexed elements
* @param {number} correction - degrees of freedom adjustment
* @param {Float64Array} x - input array
* @param {integer} stride - stride length
* @returns {number} standard deviation
*
* @example
* var Float64Array = require( '@stdlib/array/float64' );
*
* var x = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, -2.0, 2.0 ] );
* var N = x.length;
*
* var v = dstdevtk( N, 1, x, 1 );
* // returns ~2.0817
*/
function dstdevtk( N, correction, x, stride ) {
	return sqrt( dvariancetk( N, correction, x, stride ) );
}

// EXPORTS //

module.exports = dstdevtk;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: What's the function before $f_0(x)$ in Fast-growing Hierarchy I was wondering about a function related to the fast-growing hierarchy that would be before $f_0(x) = x + 1$, i.e a function $f_{-1}(x)$ such that:
$f_{-1}^x(x) = x+1$ where, for example $f_{-1}^3(x) = f_{-1}(f_{-1}(f_{-1}(x)))$
Edit: This function isn't technically in the fast-growing hierarchy, because they are functions of integers. This implies that $f_0(x)$ is the slowest function that we can ùake, but we're actually extending the domain right here.
Can we get a formula for such a function (if it exists) ? Can we find more than one ? Is there some good properties ?

Here some precisions and what I already know.

*

*Actually, this is easy to find this solution:
$f_{-1}(x) = x + \frac{1}{\lfloor x \rfloor}$, but it's not (in this problem) a "good" function, i.e it's not continuous or differentiable. But $f_0(x), f_1(x) = 2x$ and $f_2(x) = x2^x$ have these properties. I actually ask the question for these ones.

*$f^0(x) = x$ in general, this is coherent with some properties of the re-iterating functions $f^{-1}(f^1(x)) = x = f^{1-1}(x) = f^0(x)$. It also can be read as a f that isn't applied to x. But here the definition says that $f_{-1}^0(0) = 1$ (which should be false). I think a great domain for $f_{-1}(x)$ is $[1,\infty[$, otherwise there could be contradictions.

*It seems like if $f_{-1}(x)$ can be of the form $x + \sum_{k=1}^{\infty}{\frac{c_k}{x^k}}$ with $c_k \in \mathbb{R}$ (and with a converging serie) then $f_{-1}^x(x) \approx x+1$ for some "big" $x$ (but actually the approximation is in general getting quiet good), i.e $\lim_{x\rightarrow\infty}{\frac{f_{-1}^x(x)}{x+1}} = 1$ But I wasn't able to demonstrate it, though it's intuitive.

*Here is a possible approximation:

$x + \frac{1}{x} + \frac{1}{1.9364832724923593}(\frac{1}{x^2} - \frac{1}{x^3}) + \frac{1}{3.5300211407995237}(\frac{1}{x^4} - \frac{1}{x^5}) + \frac{1}{0.62770748195252}(\frac{1}{x^7} - \frac{1}{x^6})$

Thank you :)

A: I've recently studied on internet iterated functions and how to solve functional equations like $f(f(x)) = e^x$, which was pretty interesting. There's a method that it is use, which is about finding a solution to the Abel functional-equations:
$\alpha(f(x)) = \alpha(x) + 1$
Because it will follow that
$\alpha(f^t(x)) = \alpha(x) + t
\\ \iff f^t(x) = \alpha^{-1}(\alpha(x) + t)$
Which gives a solution to all iterated functions of f!
We're searching a function $f$ such that $f^n(n) = n+1$, let's try to find it's solution to the Abel functional equation (which is how I solved the problem):
$\alpha(f^t(x)) = \alpha(x) + t
\\ \implies \alpha(f^t(t)) = \alpha(t) + t
\\ \iff \alpha(t+1) = \alpha(t) + t$
This now seems pretty easy, we first try to solve it for t as an integer.
$\alpha(t+n) = \alpha(t) + \sum_{k=0}^{n-1}{t+k}
\\ = \alpha(t) + \sum_{k=0}^{n-1}{t} + \sum_{k=0}^{n-1}{k}
\\ = \alpha(t) + tn + \frac{n(n-1)}{2}$
Choosing $t=0$ we get
$ \alpha(n) = \alpha(0) + \frac{n(n-1)}{2}$
This is not rigourous (as everything that we'll do next), but let's generalise to every real $x$ (just replace $n$ with $x$). We've just found a solution to our original functional equation, with $\alpha(0)$ a constant!
Now, let's try to go further and find $\alpha^{-1}(x)$
$\alpha(x) = \alpha(0) + \frac{x(x-1)}{2}
\\ \iff \alpha(x) = \frac{1}{2}x^2 - \frac{1}{2}x + \alpha(0)
\\ \iff x = \frac{1}{2}\alpha^{-1}(x)^2 - \frac{1}{2}\alpha^{-1}(x) + \alpha(0)
\\ \iff \frac{1}{2}\alpha^{-1}(x)^2 - \frac{1}{2}\alpha^{-1}(x) + \alpha(0) - x = 0$
After using the method for solving second degree equations and simplifying, we get:
$\alpha^{-1}(x) = \frac{1 \pm \sqrt{1 - 8\alpha(0) + 8x}}{2}$
Now we can perhaps find a solution by using this formula.
$f(x) = \alpha^{-1}(\alpha(x) + 1)
\\ = \alpha^{-1}(\frac{1}{2}x^2 - \frac{1}{2}x + \alpha(0) + 1)
\\ = \frac{1 \pm \sqrt{1 - 8\alpha(0) + 8(\frac{1}{2}x^2 - \frac{1}{2}x + \alpha(0) + 1)}}{2}$
And then after simplification, we get rid of $\alpha(0)$!
$f(x) = \frac{1 \pm \sqrt{4x^2 - 4x + 9}}{2}$
If we choose the sign to be positive, we get a function that actually works!
Well I didn't prove it (yet, but I don't now if it's difficult), but this is essential since I've made a lot of assumptions.
Also, I don't know if we can construct others solutions, which I think might be really interesting! I was also surprised that there was such a simple formula for the problem, I'm sure that somebody has found this before.
For answering the question, yes such a continuous and derivable function exists, and we have:
$f_{-1}(x) = \frac{1 + \sqrt{4x^2 - 4x + 9}}{2}$

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
U.S. Sugar
US Sugar 148
Atlantic Coast Line 1504
The History of Engine No. 148
A U.S. Sugar Icon
Sugar Express steam locomotive No. 148, a 4-6-2 type steam engine, is our pride and joy. It is a 100-year-old icon of American ingenuity. No. 148 is now again back operating on the U.S. Sugar rail lines, after it has seen multiple owners, and many uses over its hundred year career.
Thanks to the vision of U.S. Sugar CEO Robert H. Buker, Jr., No. 148 was re-acquired by U.S. Sugar for restoration to operation in 2016. A team of outside railroad preservation experts and more than two dozen U.S. Sugar employees completed the project in April 2020.
No. 148 was manufactured in April 1920 by the American Locomotive Company (ALCO) of Richmond, Virginia, for use by the Florida East Coast Railway (FEC). By that time, FEC had taken receipt of dozens of nearly-identical locomotives to haul its many passenger and freight trains. Given the flat topography of their route, these light weight engines were well suited to hauling passenger as well as freight trains.
The FEC operated the famous "Overseas Railroad," a 128-mile extension that it built between 1905 and 1912 to connect Miami to Key West. This route was home to passenger and freight operations and No. 148 hauled trains across this line. The route was only in service until 1935, when the Labor Day Hurricane partially destroyed many of the long viaducts between the island chain. This, combined with the ongoing Great Depression, spelled the end of this unique line.
By the time of the Labor Day Hurricane, FEC had begun to dispose of its older 4-6-2 type locomotives, either scrapping the older versions or selling them to other railroads. In the 1930s, U.S. Sugar purchased sister FEC steam engines Nos. 98, 113, and 153 to haul the sugarcane from the harvest field to their processing plant. Engine No. 148 continued its service for FEC until 1952, when it too was sold to U.S. Sugar.
A thoroughly modern operation even at the time, U.S. Sugar relied upon the rail system to efficiently transport raw materials as well as to ship out finished product.
U.S. Sugar operated its fleet of steam locomotives into the early 1960s, at which point they were replaced by more efficient diesel-electric locomotives. While locomotive Nos. 113 and 153 were donated to the Gold Coast Railroad Museum, Engine No. 148 was sold by U.S. Sugar to Mr. Sam Freeman in 1969. Mr. Freeman transported the locomotive to New Jersey for operation on the Black River & Western Railroad (BR&W). It operated at the BR&W from 1971 until 1973, when it was moved to New Hope & Ivyland Railroad for boiler and mechanical work.
After this overhaul, No. 148 operated across multiple tourist railroad lines in New Jersey. Upon the death of Mr. Freeman in 1982, No. 148 was donated to the Connecticut Valley Railroad Museum, and it was sold to a private party in 1988. This resulted in the locomotive being transported to Michigan in the early 1990s after being sold to yet another owner. Engine No. 148 was shipped to Monte Vista, Colorado, in 2005.
After being purchased by U.S. Sugar for restoration to operation in 2016, it was returned to service in 2020.
An unidentified locomotive, perhaps even No. 148, is shown here hauling a freight train across the Long Key Viaduct of the Overseas Railroad in 1926. Image Courtesy: Library of Congress
Engine No. 148 hauls the Hastings-Binnell local train across the St. Johns River in Jacksonville, Florida, on August 1, 1932. The Denver Public Library, Western History Collection: OP-11628.
U.S. Sugar No. 98, sister to No. 148, is shown here servicing the mill at Bryant, Florida, in this 1942 photograph by Marion Post. Image courtesy: Library of Congress
Engine No. 148 returned to operation in April, just in time for the 100th anniversary of its construction.
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