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Cryptocurrency for Beginners
What is Bitcoin and Cryptocurrency?: Everything You Need To Know [Ultimate Guide]
January 14, 2016, 11:11 am 66.3k Views
What is cryptocurrency and how cryptocurrencies emerged as a side product of digital cash
Few people know, but cryptocurrencies emerged as a side product of another invention. Satoshi Nakamoto, the unknown inventor of Bitcoin, the first and still most important cryptocurrency, never intended to invent a currency.
In his announcement of Bitcoin in late 2008, Satoshi said he developed "A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System."
His goal was to invent something; many people failed to create before digital cash.
Announcing the first release of Bitcoin, a new electronic cash system that uses a peer-to-peer network to prevent double-spending. It's completely decentralized with no server or central authority. – Satoshi Nakamoto, 09 January 2009, announcing Bitcoin on SourceForge.
The single most important part of Satoshi's invention was that he found a way to build a decentralized digital cash system. In the nineties, there have been many attempts to create digital money, but they all failed.
… after more than a decade of failed Trusted Third Party based systems (Digicash, etc), they see it as a lost cause. I hope they can make the distinction, that this is the first time I know of that we're trying a non-trust based system. – Satoshi Nakamoto in an E-Mail to Dustin Trammell
After seeing all the centralized attempts fail, Satoshi tried to build a digital cash system without a central entity. Like a Peer-to-Peer network for file sharing.
This decision became the birth of cryptocurrency. They are the missing piece Satoshi found to realize digital cash. The reason why is a bit technical and complex, but if you get it, you'll know more about cryptocurrencies than most people do. So, let's try to make it as easy as possible:
To realize digital cash you need a payment network with accounts, balances, and transaction. That's easy to understand. One major problem every payment network has to solve is to prevent the so-called double spending: to prevent that one entity spends the same amount twice. Usually, this is done by a central server who keeps record about the balances.
In a decentralized network, you don't have this server. So you need every single entity of the network to do this job. Every peer in the network needs to have a list with all transactions to check if future transactions are valid or an attempt to double spend.
But how can these entities keep a consensus about this records?
If the peers of the network disagree about only one single, minor balance, everything is broken. They need an absolute consensus. Usually, you take, again, a central authority to declare the correct state of balances. But how can you achieve consensus without a central authority?
Nobody did know until Satoshi emerged out of nowhere. In fact, nobody believed it was even possible.
Satoshi proved it was. His major innovation was to achieve consensus without a central authority. Cryptocurrencies are a part of this solution – the part that made the solution thrilling, fascinating and helped it to roll over the world.
What are cryptocurrencies really?
If you take away all the noise around cryptocurrencies and reduce it to a simple definition, you find it to be just limited entries in a database no one can change without fulfilling specific conditions. This may seem ordinary, but, believe it or not: this is exactly how you can define a currency.
Take the money on your bank account: What is it more than entries in a database that can only be changed under specific conditions? You can even take physical coins and notes: What are they else than limited entries in a public physical database that can only be changed if you match the condition than you physically own the coins and notes? Money is all about a verified entry in some kind of database of accounts, balances, and transactions.
How miners create coins and confirm transactions
Let's have a look at the mechanism ruling the databases of cryptocurrencies. A cryptocurrency like Bitcoin consists of a network of peers. Every peer has a record of the complete history of all transactions and thus of the balance of every account.
A transaction is a file that says, "Bob gives X Bitcoin to Alice" and is signed by Bob's private key. It's basic public key cryptography, nothing special at all. After signed, a transaction is broadcasted in the network, sent from one peer to every other peer. This is basic p2p-technology. Nothing special at all, again.
The transaction is known almost immediately by the whole network. But only after a specific amount of time it gets confirmed.
Confirmation is a critical concept in cryptocurrencies. You could say that cryptocurrencies are all about confirmation.
As long as a transaction is unconfirmed, it is pending and can be forged. When a transaction is confirmed, it is set in stone. It is no longer forgeable, it can't be reversed, it is part of an immutable record of historical transactions: of the so-called blockchain.
Only miners can confirm transactions. This is their job in a cryptocurrency-network. They take transactions, stamp them as legit and spread them in the network. After a transaction is confirmed by a miner, every node has to add it to its database. It has become part of the blockchain.
For this job, the miners get rewarded with a token of the cryptocurrency, for example with Bitcoins. Since the miner's activity is the single most important part of cryptocurrency-system we should stay for a moment and take a deeper look on it.
"In the next few years, we are going to see national governments take large steps towards instituting a cashless society where people transact using centralized digital currencies. Simultaneously, the decentralized cryptocurrencies – that some even view as harder money – will see increased use from all sectors." – Caleb Chen London Trust Media
What are miners doing?
Principally everybody can be a miner. Since a decentralized network has no authority to delegate this task, a cryptocurrency needs some kind of mechanism to prevent one ruling party from abusing it. Imagine someone creates thousands of peers and spreads forged transactions. The system would break immediately.
So, Satoshi set the rule that the miners need to invest some work of their computers to qualify for this task. In fact, they have to find a hash – a product of a cryptographic function – that connects the new block with its predecessor. This is called the Proof-of-Work. In Bitcoin, it is based on the SHA 256 Hash algorithm.
You don't need to understand details about SHA 256. It's only important you know that it can be the basis of a cryptologic puzzle the miners compete to solve. After finding a solution, a miner can build a block and add it to the blockchain. As an incentive, he has the right to add a so-called coinbase transaction that gives him a specific number of Bitcoins. This is the only way to create valid Bitcoins.
Bitcoins can only be created if miners solve a cryptographic puzzle. Since the difficulty of this puzzle increases the amount of computer power the whole miner's invest, there is only a specific amount of cryptocurrency token that can be created in a given amount of time. This is part of the consensus no peer in the network can break.
Revolutionary properties
If you really think about it, Bitcoin, as a decentralized network of peers which keep a consensus about accounts and balances, is more a currency than the numbers you see in your bank account. What are these numbers more than entries in a database – a database which can be changed by people you don't see and by rules you don't know?
"It is that narrative of human development under which we now have other fights to fight, and I would say in the realm of Bitcoin it is mainly the separation of money and state."
– Erik Voorhees, cryptocurrency entrepreneur
Basically, cryptocurrencies are entries about token in decentralized consensus-databases. They are called CRYPTOcurrencies because the consensus-keeping process is secured by strong cryptography. Cryptocurrencies are built on cryptography. They are not secured by people or by trust, but by math. It is more probable that an asteroid falls on your house than that a bitcoin address is compromised.
Describing the properties of cryptocurrencies we need to separate between transactional and monetary properties. While most cryptocurrencies share a common set of properties, they are not carved in stone.
Transactional properties:
1.) Irreversible: After confirmation, a transaction can't be reversed. By nobody. And nobody means nobody. Not you, not your bank, not the president of the United States, not Satoshi, not your miner. Nobody. If you send money, you send it. Period. No one can help you, if you sent your funds to a scammer or if a hacker stole them from your computer. There is no safety net.
2.) Pseudonymous: Neither transactions nor accounts are connected to real-world identities. You receive Bitcoins on so-called addresses, which are randomly seeming chains of around 30 characters. While it is usually possible to analyze the transaction flow, it is not necessarily possible to connect the real world identity of users with those addresses.
3.) Fast and global: Transaction are propagated nearly instantly in the network and are confirmed in a couple of minutes. Since they happen in a global network of computers they are completely indifferent of your physical location. It doesn't matter if I send Bitcoin to my neighbour or to someone on the other side of the world.
4.) Secure: Cryptocurrency funds are locked in a public key cryptography system. Only the owner of the private key can send cryptocurrency. Strong cryptography and the magic of big numbers makes it impossible to break this scheme. A Bitcoin address is more secure than Fort Knox.
5.) Permissionless: You don't have to ask anybody to use cryptocurrency. It's just a software that everybody can download for free. After you installed it, you can receive and send Bitcoins or other cryptocurrencies. No one can prevent you. There is no gatekeeper.
Monetary properties:
1.) Controlled supply: Most cryptocurrencies limit the supply of the tokens. In Bitcoin, the supply decreases in time and will reach its final number somewhere in around 2140. All cryptocurrencies control the supply of the token by a schedule written in the code. This means the monetary supply of a cryptocurrency in every given moment in the future can roughly be calculated today. There is no surprise.
2.) No debt but bearer: The Fiat-money on your bank account is created by debt, and the numbers, you see on your ledger represent nothing but debts. It's a system of IOU. Cryptocurrencies don't represent debts. They just represent themselves. They are money as hard as coins of gold.
To understand the revolutionary impact of cryptocurrencies you need to consider both properties. Bitcoin as a permissionless, irreversible and pseudonymous means of payment is an attack on the control of banks and governments over the monetary transactions of their citizens. You can't hinder someone to use Bitcoin, you can't prohibit someone to accept a payment, you can't undo a transaction.
As money with a limited, controlled supply that is not changeable by a government, a bank or any other central institution, cryptocurrencies attack the scope of the monetary policy. They take away the control central banks take on inflation or deflation by manipulating the monetary supply.
"While it's still fairly new and unstable relative to the gold standard, cryptocurrency is definitely gaining traction and will most certainly have more normalized uses in the next few years. Right now, in particular, it's increasing in popularity with the post-election market uncertainty. The key will be in making it easy for large-scale adoption (as with anything involving crypto) including developing safeguards and protections for buyers/investors. I expect that within two years, we'll be in a place where people can shove their money under the virtual mattress through cryptocurrency, and they'll know that wherever they go, that money will be there." – Sarah Granger, Author, and Speaker.
Cryptocurrencies: Dawn of a new economy
Mostly due to its revolutionary properties cryptocurrencies have become a success their inventor, Satoshi Nakamoto, didn't dare to dream of it. While every other attempt to create a digital cash system didn't attract a critical mass of users, Bitcoin had something that provoked enthusiasm and fascination. Sometimes it feels more like religion than technology.
Cryptocurrencies are digital gold. Sound money that is secure from political influence. Money that promises to preserve and increase its value over time. Cryptocurrencies are also a fast and comfortable means of payment with a worldwide scope, and they are private and anonymous enough to serve as a means of payment for black markets and any other outlawed economic activity.
But while cryptocurrencies are more used for payment, its use as a means of speculation and a store of value dwarfs the payment aspects. Cryptocurrencies gave birth to an incredibly dynamic, fast-growing market for investors and speculators. Exchanges like Binance, Okcoin, poloniex or shapeshift enables the trade of hundreds of cryptocurrencies. Their daily trade volume exceeds that of major European stock exchanges.
At the same time, the praxis of Initial Coin Distribution (ICO), mostly facilitated by Ethereum's smart contracts, gave live to incredibly successful crowdfunding projects, in which often an idea is enough to collect millions of dollars. In the case of "The DAO" it has been more than 150 million dollars.
In this rich ecosystem of coins and token, you experience extreme volatility. It's common that a coin gains 10 percent a day – sometimes 100 percent – just to lose the same at the next day. If you are lucky, your coin's value grows up to 1000 percent in one or two weeks.
While Bitcoin remains by far the most famous cryptocurrency and most other cryptocurrencies have zero non-speculative impact, investors and users should keep an eye on several cryptocurrencies. Here we present the most popular cryptocurrencies of today.
Source: coinmarketcap
The one and only, the first and most famous cryptocurrency. Bitcoin serves as a digital gold standard in the whole cryptocurrency-industry, is used as a global means of payment and is the de-facto currency of cyber-crime like darknet markets or ransomware. After seven years in existence, Bitcoin's price has increased from zero to more than 650 Dollar, and its transaction volume reached more than 200.000 daily transactions.
There is not much more to say: Bitcoin is here to stay.
The brainchild of young crypto-genius Vitalik Buterin has ascended to the second place in the hierarchy of cryptocurrencies. Other than Bitcoin its blockchain does not only validate a set of accounts and balances but of so-called states. This means that Ethereum can not only process transactions but complex contracts and programs.
This flexibility makes Ethereum the perfect instrument for blockchain -application. But it comes at a cost. After the Hack of the DAO – an Ethereum based smart contract – the developers decided to do a hard fork without consensus, which resulted in the emerge of Ethereum Classic. Besides this, there are several clones of Ethereum, and Ethereum itself is a host of several Tokens like DigixDAO and Augur. This makes Ethereum more a family of cryptocurrencies than a single currency.
Maybe the less popular – or most hated – project in the cryptocurrency community is Ripple. While Ripple has a native cryptocurrency – XRP – it is more about a network to process IOUs than the cryptocurrency itself. XRP, the currency, doesn't serve as a medium to store and exchange value, but more as a token to protect the network against spam.
Ripple Labs created every XRP-token, the company running the Ripple network, and is distributed by them on will. For this reason, Ripple is often called pre-mined in the community and dissed as no real cryptocurrency, and XRP is not considered as a good store of value.
Banks, however, seem to like Ripple. At least they adopt the system with an increasing pace.
Litecoin was one of the first cryptocurrencies after Bitcoin and tagged as the silver to the digital gold bitcoin. Faster than bitcoin, with a larger amount of token and a new mining algorithm, Litecoin was a real innovation, perfectly tailored to be the smaller brother of bitcoin. "It facilitated the emerge of several other cryptocurrencies which used its codebase but made it, even more, lighter". Examples are Dogecoin or Feathercoin.
While Litecoin failed to find a real use case and lost its second place after bitcoin, it is still actively developed and traded and is hoarded as a backup if Bitcoin fails.
Monero is the most prominent example of the cryptonite algorithm. This algorithm was invented to add the privacy features Bitcoin is missing. If you use Bitcoin, every transaction is documented in the blockchain and the trail of transactions can be followed. With the introduction of a concept called ring-signatures, the cryptonite algorithm was able to cut through that trail.
The first implementation of cryptonite, Bytecoin, was heavily premined and thus rejected by the community. Monero was the first non-premined clone of bytecoin and raised a lot of awareness. There are several other incarnations of cryptonote with their own little improvements, but none of it did ever achieve the same popularity as Monero.
Monero's popularity peaked in summer 2016 when some darknetmarkets decided to accept it as a currency. This resulted in a steady increase in the price, while the actual usage of Monero seems to remain disappointingly small.
Besides those, there are hundreds of cryptocurrencies of several families. Most of them are nothing more than attempts to reach investors and quickly make money, but a lot of them promise playgrounds to test innovations in cryptocurrency-technology.
What is the future of Cryptocurrency?
The market of cryptocurrencies is fast and wild. Nearly every day new cryptocurrencies emerge, old die, early adopters get wealthy and investors lose money. Every cryptocurrency comes with a promise, mostly a big story to turn the world around. Few survive the first months, and most are pumped and dumped by speculators and live on as zombie coins until the last bagholder loses hope ever to see a return on his investment.
"In 2 years from now, I believe cryptocurrencies will be gaining legitimacy as a protocol for business transactions, micropayments, and overtakingWestern Union as the preferred remittance tool. Regarding business transactions – you'll see two paths: There will be financial businesses which use it for it's no fee, nearly-instant ability to move any amount of money around, and there will be those that utilize it for its blockchain technology. Blockchain technology provides the largest benefit with trustless auditing, single source of truth, smart contracts, and color coins."
– Cody Littlewood, and I'm the founder and CEO of Codelitt
Markets are dirty. But this doesn't change the fact that cryptocurrencies are here to stay – and here to change the world. This is already happening. People all over the world buy Bitcoin to protect themselves against the devaluation of their national currency. Mostly in Asia, a vivid market for Bitcoin remittance has emerged, and the Bitcoin using darknets of cybercrime are flourishing. More and more companies discover the power of Smart Contracts or token on Ethereum, the first real-world application of blockchain technologies emerge.
The revolution is already happening. Institutional investors start to buy cryptocurrencies. Banks and governments realize that this invention has the potential to draw their control away. Cryptocurrencies change the world. Step by step. You can either stand beside and observe – or you can become part of history in the making.
"If the trend continues, the average person will not be able to afford to purchase one whole bitcoin in 2 years. As global economies inflate and markets exhibit signs of recession, the world will turn to Bitcoin as a hedge against fiat turmoil and an escape against capital controls. Bitcoin is the way out, and cryptocurrency as a whole is never going away, it's going to grow in use and acceptance as it matures."
– Brad Mills: Serial Tech Entrepreneur
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STARSPORT brings you all the latest Championship gossip and every done deal on deadline day.
Fulham have added another winger to their ranks in the form of Jordan Graham from Wolves on a season-long loan.
Graham told Fulhamfctv: "I'm over the moon. It's a wicked club to be at. I know how big a club it is. I know where it belongs, and as soon as I heard of the interest I couldn't wait to get down here and hopefully be part of a big season."
Birmingham City have confirmed the arrival of forward Jota from Brentford for a club-record fee.
Harry Redknapp secured the signing on a four-year deal.
5.55pm: Dwight Gayle will be staying at Newcastle despite interest from Fulham.
Sky Sports reporter Keith Downie said: "As the clock ticks down you have to say that Dwight Gayle will remain a Newcastle player.
"The reason for the wait is that they were trying to bring in a replacement.
"They haven't been able to do that and will need Gayle to compete with Aleksandar Mitrovic and Joselu for a place up front until January at least."
Leeds have confirmed the loan signing of striker Pierre-Michel Lasogga from Bundesliga side Hamburg.
The 25-year-old German joins the Championship outfit after the completion of a medical.
Leeds have been looking for replacements for Chris Wood after his £15m departure to Burnley.
Lasogga has netted 30 times in 107 matches for Hamburg.
2.55pm: Bolton are considering a last-gasp swoop for Scunthorpe winger Josh Morris.
Middlesbrough have completed the signing of Marvin Johnson from Oxford.
The 26-year-old has committed his future to the Riverside club until 2020.
He has been handed the No.21 shirt.
2.15pm: Harry Redknapp really is enjoying himself, isn't he?
Birmingham have launched a loan bid for Arsenal midfielder Jack Wilshere.
Redknapp has described it as "dreamland" to the Telegraph.
2.10pm: Sunderland are interested in Bournemouth defender Marc Wilson but face competition from West Brom, Brighton and Hull.
12.35pm: Birmingham are closing in on former Arsenal and Barcelona midfielder Alex Song.
Blues have agreed a deal to bring the 29-year-old to St Andrew's from Rubin Kazan.
Song has travelled to the Midlands to finalise the move, according to the Daily Mail.
12.05pm: Ipswich are closing in on a loan move for Brighton defender Connor Goldson.
The 24-year-old underwent heart surgery in March.
12.00pm: Fulham have agreed to sign free agent Yohan Mollo, according to L'Equipe.
11.30am: Birmingham are looking at a third player from Brentford.
Blues have raided the Bees for Harlee Dean while the signing of Jota is imminent.
Harry Redknapp is now planning a late swoop for Maxime Colin.
11.25am: Brentford have rejected a £2m bid for John Egan from Championship rivals Sheffield United.
11.15am: Cardiff left-back Declan John has passed his medical ahead of Rangers loan move.
Former Blackburn midfielder Jason Lowe has joined Blues on a one-year deal.
He was a free agent after leaving Ewood Park when his contract expired in June.
Lowe is Harry Redknapp's 11th signing of the summer.
QPR have announced the signing of winger David Wheeler from Exeter City.
The 26-year-old has committed his future to the Loftus Road club until 2020.
He said: "I'm really excited. This is a big deal for me and I can't wait to get started.
"Like anyone in any career path, when you take a step up it can take some time to acclimatise, but I'm confident I can have a positive impact for the team.
Leeds have confirmed the signing of Swedish forward Pawel Cibicki from Malmo FF.
The 23-year-old has put pen to paper on a four-year deal at Elland Road.
9.50am: Norwich have received a £12m bid from Swansea for Nelson Oliveira.
The Canaries rejected a £10m offer from the Swans for the Portuguese striker earlier this week.
9.35am: Hull are in talks with Leicester over a loan move for Ahmed Musa.
That would be a massive coup of Slutsky, considering the Foxes spent in excess of £16m on the Nigerian last summer.
9.30am: Harry Redknapp has been speaking about Jota, who is on the brink of joining Birmingham from Brentford.
"He's got great ability," Redknapp told talkSPORT. "There won't be many better players in the Championship than him, that's for sure.
9.25am: Jota is undergoing a medical ahead of his move to Birmingham.
Blues have struck a £6m plus add-ons deal with Brentford.
9.05am: Cardiff left-back Declan John is on the brink of joining Rangers on loan.
9.00am: Sheffield United are set to sign West Ham starlet Domingos Quina on a season-long loan.
8am: Birmingham look set to win the race for Brentford winger Jota.
The Spaniard has been linked with West Ham, Fulham and Middlesbrough but a move to St Andrew's is on the cards, according to the Daily Mail.
Harry Redknapp has struck a deal with Brentford worth £6m plus add-ons.
7.50am: Bristol City want £5m for defender Aden Flint.
A string of clubs including Birmingham, Fulham, Middlesbrough and West Brom are interested, according to the Daily Mail.
5.20am: Aston Villa and Reading are reportedly interested in signing Ghanaian winger Edwin Gyasi.
The 26-year-old currently plies his trade in Norway with top flight side Aalesund FK.
And his performances there saw him recently earn his first call up for his country.
GHANAsoccernet.com claim Aston Villa and Reading are keeping tabs on Gyasi.
And they say the Royals have made an enquiry regarding his potential availability.
4.00am: Sunderland playmaker Wahbi Khazri is reportedly being targeted by French club Rennes.
The Tunisia international has made 30 appearances since joining the Black Cats in January 2016.
He's yet to feature for Simon Grayson's side in the Championship this term and apparently wants out.
L'Equipe reckon Rennes are interested in taking him back to France, where he's previously played for Bordeaux and Bastia.
He's been snapped in an airport seemingly on his way there to seal a season-long loan switch.
2.00am: Sunderland reportedly remain favourites to sign wantaway Aston Villa striker Ross McCormack.
The Scotland international has endured a miserable year since moving to the Midlands from Fulham.
And the Birmingham Mail suggest Sunderland remain keen on offering him a fresh start away from Villa Park.
12.00am: Leeds have now wrapped up a deal for Pawel Cibicki.
That's according to the Daily Mail's Amitai Winehouse, who broke the news on Twitter.
He says Leeds will announced the 23-year-old's arrival at Elland Road this morning.
9.35pm: Leeds are closing in on the signing Malmo forward Pawel Cibicki.
The Swedish star played in the Euro 2017 Under-21 Championships in the summer, and scored five goals in 22 appearances for Malmo in the 2017 season.
8.05pm: Free agent Stephen Kelly is training with Aston Villa.
The defender left Rotherham at the end of last season and is now keeping fit with Steve Bruce's side.
Kelly previously played for Bruce at Birmingham.
7.15pm: Leeds have been linked with a possible move for a Sheffield Wednesday striker George Hirst.
The Mirror report Hirst is looking for first-team football and is keen on a move.
Leicester are also monitoring the situation.
6.15pm: Aston Villa are in talks with Championship rivals Sunderland over a loan move for Tommy Elphick.
Birmingham and Leeds have also been linked with the former Bournemouth man.
Elphick joined Villa for £3m last summer.
5.10pm: Hull are in talks with Leicester to sign Ahmed Musa on loan.
Musa played under Hull head coach Leonid Slutsky at CSKA Moscow previosuly.
The Tigers are looking for an immediate return to the Premier League after being relegated last season.
Leeds winger Stuart Dallas has signed a new three-year contract with the Championship club.
Northern Ireland international Dallas, 26, has committed himself to Elland Road until at least the summer of 2020.
"Stuart Dallas is the seventh first-team player to agree a new contract at Leeds United this summer with Ronaldo Vieira, Gaetano Berardi, Tyler Denton, Kalvin Phillips, Eunan O'Kane and captain Liam Cooper all putting pen to paper in recent weeks," Leeds announced on their official website.
Harlee Dean has joined Birmingham from Brentford for an undisclosed fee.
Sky Sports the fee is £2.2m with some performance-related add-ons.
Middlesbrough have confirmed the signing of Ryan Shotton from Birmingham for an undisclosed fee.
The defender is Garry Monk's ninth summer signing.
Shotton has signed a three-year deal.
Grant Hanley has joined Norwich from Newcastle for an undisclosed fee.
The Scotland international will fly to Lithuania tomorrow to re-join Gordon Strachan's squad.
He has signed a four-year contract with Norwich.
On joining Hanley said: "Being able to come to a massive club and get games is a big motivation for me.
"We've got work to do on the training ground to improve that."
THERE are still plenty of moves in the pipeline ahead of deadline day - according to Spanish publication Marca.
2.40pm: Fulham have joined the race for Dwight Gayle, as Newcastle get set for two hectic days of negotiating.
In a series of posts on Twitter, Sky Sports' Keith Downie wrote: "Newcastle sources tell us this morning they have received a £15m from Fulham for striker Dwight Gayle. They're considering whether to accept.
"Fulham's formal bid only landed on the St James' Park desk this morning. Not rejected but we understand they're looking for closer to £20m.
"Rafa Benitez wants to be sure he has a replacement lined up before Newcastle agree to sell Dwight Gayle. £15m Fulham bid on the table."
Sheffield Wednesday have completed the signing of defender Joost van Aken from Heerenveen.
The 23-year-old centre-back, who joins from the Dutch side for an undisclosed fee, will wear the No.4 shirt.
He could make his Owls debut against Nottingham Forest at Hillsborough on September 9.
Van Aken made 26 appearances for Eredivisie outfit Heerenveen last term.
Meanwhile, Wednesday have received a £2m bid from Premier League side Leicester for George Hirst.
Championship rivals Leeds are also interested in the 18-year-old forward.


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Modares Mechanical Engineering
Volume 17, Issue 3 (2017) Modares Mechanical Engineering 2017, 17(3): 293-304 | Back to browse issues page
Zare P, Talebi S. Numerical simulation of an L-shaped micromixer and investigation of the effect of variations of geometrical parameters on its performance. Modares Mechanical Engineering. 2017; 17 (3) :293-304
URL: http://journals.modares.ac.ir/article-15-916-en.html
Numerical simulation of an L-shaped micromixer and investigation of the effect of variations of geometrical parameters on its performance
Parvaneh Zare1, Shahram Talebi 2
1- Department of Mechanical Engineering- Yazd University
Due to easy manufacturing technology and implementation of passive micromixers in a complex microfluidic system, in this study, a type of passive micromixer has been investigated. Passive micromixers increase the mixing rate by increasing the contact surface of two fluids and reducing the distance of molecular diffusion. In the present study, numerical analysis of an L-micromixer has been performed to investigate the mixing behavior and characteristics of fluid flow with changes in key geometrical parameters at four Reynolds numbers. Three non-dimensional geometrical parameters, i.e., normalized length (ZR), length ratio (LR), and aspect ratio (AR) have been defined. Simulations have been performed at the Schmidt number of 900.18. The Reynolds number has been also selected in the range of 50 to 200. A mixing index has been used to quantify mixing behavior in the microchannel. The accuracy of simulation done has been proved by comparing current results with the results of other valid studies. The results reveal that mixing index and pressure drop in a serpentine channel are sensitive to the changes of geometric parameters of the microchannel, and showing different behavior at various Reynolds numbers. Furthermore, due to the sharp 90° turns in the microchannel, the inertial force is large enough to cause vortices, which leads to chaotic advection.
Keywords: numerical simulation, Micromixer, Mixing index, Pressure drop, L-shaped
Full-Text [PDF 1321 kb] (2322 Downloads)
Article Type: Research Article | Subject: Micro & Nano Systems
Received: 2016/12/3 | Accepted: 2017/02/16 | Published: 2017/03/12
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Running is also my least favorite exercise. Do you have any tips to help beginners like me? I really to start running longer distance and shorter time duration.
Running is a blast once you get used to it! I would say ease into it - a walk/run strategy is a great way to get started. Example: Intervals of 3 minutes walking with 2 minutes jogging to start with. Happy running!
I am so impressed that you are able to marathon train with those 3 little ones! Enjoy that alone time on the road!
Great week of training. I love hearing about moms taking time out for themselves. Just think for the marathon you will have 4 plus hours of blissful "me time" haha.
Haha I like that idea, Deborah!
Great job with your training! It sounds like you are doing great getting in your miles even with your 3 little ones.
I also have 3 boys, all grown now, and I remember the struggle to get out and run when they were little! This post brought that all back. It does get easier. When they were young, I ran and loved the time alone! For my birthday last year, they all ran a race with me, along with 2 of my 3 grandsons! Don't know if you have ever done Grandma's before, but it is absolutely one of my favorite marathons. Enjoy!
Great job with training and fitting it in with THREE kids- impressive!
I love Grandma's...such a great energy from the whole town. I paced my sister there last year and she was so impressed, even though it was a tough race due to the heat, the people of Duluth did so much to help keep the runners cool.
It's wonderful you have the support of you husband and mother who can watch the kids for you on the weekends for your long run. I can appreciate it's the time you need to think, reflect and re-charge in order to be the best Mom possible. The road is certainly the right place to do that. Thanks for linking!


This series shows the most important stages of development of embryo or fetus. All models are mounted together on a base. 1st Month Embryo, 2nd Month Embryo, 3rd Month Embryo, 5th Month Fetus (breech position), 7th Month Fetus.


Formula One cars pour 850 horsepower through a multi-plate clutch about the size of a saucer. At the start of the race, the driver must be able to feel the "bite" point precisely in order to make a clean getaway. Get it wrong and the car either bogs down or the rear wheels spin uselessly on the pavement. Either way, other cars can go screaming by in the blink of an eye.
That's precisely what happened at the Canadian grand prix on Sunday. Pole sitter Lewis Hamilton was unable to get his car moving properly after the lights went out. In a heartbeat, he was swallowed up by Sebastien Vettel's Ferrari and in second place by the first turn. Were it not for some questionable pit strategy from his team, Vettel could easily have gone on to win the race.
Afterwards, Hamilton told interviewer Michael Douglas that he might have overheated his clutch, which contributed to his poor start. But fans are aware by now that the Mercedes cars, all conquering in virtually every other phase of Formula One racing, are prone to issues on the starting line. By contrast, the Ferraris of Vettel and Raikonnen usually get away better, putting the Mercedes drivers under pressure immediately.
Is there a reason for that? Yes, according to Motorsport.com. It has published an analysis by Giorgio Piola that finds the clutch control on the Ferrari steering wheel is very different from what Mercedes and every other team uses. Until this year, the cars were allowed to have two paddles on the steering wheel to control the clutch. One provided general control over the clutch mechanism while the other allowed the driver fine control over the "bite" point. Also, drivers were allowed to get information from the pit lane about clutch performance, including temperature.
For 2017, most driver coaching communications are banned and only one steering wheel mounted paddle is allowed to operate the clutch. For most teams, that paddle is about 3″ long, but Ferrari has designed a system that spans the entire width of the steering wheel. The thinking is that the longer lever gives the driver a much better feel for the clutch and makes it easier to control it precisely.
Ferrari is not saying whether Piola's analysis is correct. So far, none of the other teams have revised their clutch control systems to mimic the Ferrari procedure. But the results tell the tale; the Ferraris make better starts. Just from looking at Piola's illustrations, his theory seems to offer a credible explanation for why the red cars from Maranello get away from the starting line so well.


Winchester College, founded by William of Wykeham in 1382, is one of the world's most famous and distinguished schools. The school is defined by its motto, Manners Makyth Man.
This motto is hundreds of years old but has a surprisingly modern spirit. Its sentiment is that we should be measured not by birth but by our personal qualities, a surprisingly meritocratic sentiment for a school that was founded in 1382.
The school was built over 600 years ago between the cathedral close and the water meadows, on the edge of a city that was once England's capital. Surrounded by Hampshire's rolling downs and chalk streams, it enjoys a spacious and gentle setting within a lively, modern city. Many of the city's ancient buildings remain, and the College is deeply fortunate that few, if any, are more beautiful than its own. John Keats described Winchester as 'The pleasantest town I ever was in', during one of his visit here in August 1819.
More than 500 employees keep the school running, from the teachers (or dons) to the gardeners, catering and domestic staff. Add to that nearly 700 boys, consisting of 70 Scholars and over 600 boys in other houses, and you have the diverse and interconnected community that is Winchester College.
Winchester College is one of the country's oldest surviving schools. The richness of its heritage and the legacy of its founder are appreciated by every boy who comes here.
Few boys can claim to have sung from one of Elizabeth I's own songbooks, or to have studied Shakespeare from a first folio. A great many treasures, from ancient vases to modern artworks, are to be found and experienced first-hand at Winchester.
The ultimate responsibility for Winchester College lies with its Governing Body, known as the Warden and the Fellows.
Understanding different cultures and cultivating a sensitivity to the world around you has always been the foundation of a Winchester education.
The Community Service programme, as well as various partnerships and initiatives, provide boys with many opportunities to work for the benefit of others, inside and outside the classroom.
We are confident that our results speak for themselves.


He was a teenage boy at the end of his strength. Questioning his faith, his very life. As the story goes, this night he was on his way home from work. He walked the streets of London and found himself on the Hungerford Bridge. He looked over the rail at the deep dark waters of the Thames River and considered ending his life. He saw relief from his misery in the deep cold water. He was overwhelmed by life and thought that his answer was to allow the waters to overwhelm him one final time.
But there in the dark, something…Someone, spoke to his heart. What he heard was a call to not throw himself into the deep darkness to be swallowed up. Rather a call to throw himself into the immeasurable, deep, deep love of Jesus. He listened and it changed his life forever.
This young man named Samuel Trevor Francis went on to write the lyrics to a powerful hymn. He would serve his Lord in ministry for the next 73 years until his death in 1925. Read the words below and ponder how God turned this desperate young man's end into a new beginning. Then consider that God invites you to experience that same deep love.
I invite you to enjoy this rendition of the song by Selah.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Library Pops Up All Over Campus
New Resources: Pop-Up Libraries Check out the Pop-Up Library Library pops up all over campus
Melody Waintal|April 10, 2018
Eva Rios-Alvarado talks to students about the latest news at the library in Building 26 on April 9. Photo Credit: Melody Waintal/SAC.Media
Do you have a question, but you don't feel like walking all the way to the other side of campus? Do you feel clueless about what resources you have? Visit a Pop-up Library.
Librarians are now stationed in different parts of campus with free coffee and snacks. They are trying to spread the word about events they are hosting, but they also want to know what students want, too.
"Students have said that they don't feel involved," Student Equity and Outreach Librarian Eva Rios-Alvarado said. "We're trying to be more available in different areas."
This week and the following you can easily find Rios-Alvarado in Building 26 on Monday from 1 p.m. to 2 p.m. and Jared Burton in Building 30 on Thursday from 9 a.m. to 10 a.m.
The idea behind the Pop-Up Library is for students to connect with the available librarians and learn about the services and resources the campus offers. One of the big things they are trying to spread is that now the library is open seven days a week thanks to an increase in their budget.
One of the big events the library is trying to promote is Mt. SAC Get's Lit* Fair. It's open to students of all ages, including the little ones from Child Development. There's going to be giveaways, free food and drinks, reading circles, coloring stations, and bilingual story time for the little ones. Faculty that are helping run the event include English as a Second Language ESL Councilor Vanessa Garcia, English professors John Brantingham and Selena Zelebon, and Child Development professor Kisha Wiliamson. Save the date: April 25 from 11 a.m. to 2 p.m. No RSVP required, just pop-up.
Melody Waintal, Author
Melody Waintal is the Editor in Chief for SAC.Media. She is a journalism major and has been covering red-carpet events from movie premieres to The Academy Awards since she was 15.


The potential for technology to transform homelife is most compelling when people imagine how smart kitchen systems will help them achieve family health goals, and assist them with meal preparation. They want to feel inspired about trying new recipes out, and to encourage other family members to step into the kitchen and learn the basics.
This vision came to life for the people most strongly when they saw images of Ikea's future kitchen. They saw a future when meal planning and grocery shopping is assisted by smart appliances and sensors, and when virtual assistants and augmented reality layers take them step-by-step through recipes.
ABC could be your smart kitchen companion! We have the chance to play the role of the trusted expert, 'foodie' storyteller and meal planner in any kitchen, making households healthier, and mealtimes easier and more exciting. Equipped with smart appliances and related data services, we will know which ingredients, utensils, and timings must be considered at a particular moment in time. We will also have access to information about the people who live there, their household budget, nutrient requirements, skill levels and tastes. ABC could use this data and these tools to encourage social bonds to form while cooking, such as bringing grandfather and grandson into the kitchen to make a family recipe.
"I used to enjoy cooking, but I don't have time. What do I have? What do I need to buy? What am I going to make? Is it nutritious? Then I need to prepare it. If technology could help with all that in the future my life would be much easier."
"YouTube inspires our food choices"
Saba will think about what meals she's going to make a few days ahead. For inspiration, she subscribes to Urdu language food channels on YouTube. She especially loves 'Cook with Saima' channel. Sitting on the couch and watching recipe videos with her boys Izhar (7) and Falih (4) is one of the few media-centric activities they regularly enjoy together.
Saba doesn't need augmented-reality cooking lessons, but she does seek cooking inspiration. But it must be presented in a way that feels relatable and entertaining for both her, and her boys. Masterchef Australia doesn't quite hit the mark for this family.
"I like the idea of a smart surfaces. Handy if you are looking up a recipe at this table, and you could 'throw' it to the kitchen counter, or the splashback near the stove. That would be unique and beneficial."
Jack envisioned a future where he could send content to a different part of the house. ABC would need to imagine how this content might be formatted for different contexts: ingredients to the fridge, ingredient prep instructions to the counter bench, temperatures to the stovetop, etc.
"We keep telling our [grown-up] kids, they should cook for themselves, but they just eat! Alice— our 21yr old daughter—went away for exchange to England for 6 months, and we had to give her crash course in cooking!"
Some people express frustration that other household members lack basic life skills, such as how to boil an egg! How might the ABC encourage newbies to enter the kitchen? With future home technology such as A.I.-driven virtual assistants, holograms, projections and augmented reality tools, could ABC facilitate this?
"Entertain me while I cook"
Some people are happy with their cooking repertoire and simply wish to be entertained whilst preparing meals. While Roja is cooking for her family, she props her tablet on a window sill and plays Hindi soap operas via YouTube. She knows the voices of the characters so well that there's no need for her eyes to focus on the screen, she can keep her eyes on chopping onions. Roja can fully engage with the tv drama by simply listening. In this case, moving pictures are almost completely redundant. But today Roja couldn't be entertained by the ABC while she multitasks. If she starts watching something new, she must fully focus her attention on the screen in order to get to know the characters. She might turn subtitles / closed-captions on so she can follow and completely understand Australian English. What might ABC need to do in order to engage Roja in this scenario?


text:
3-year-old shot the day after Christmas in 2011. A decade later, still no answers in the cold case.
Source: MEGA: Minneapolis police
By:Front Page Detective Staff
The time around Christmas is supposed to be joyous for children. For the Mayes family it's a haunting reminder, of what happened a decade ago.
On Dec. 26, 2011, Terrell Mayes, 3, and his family ran to an upstairs bedroom in Minneapolis after hearing gunfire. A bullet came through their house and hit the child in the head, according to Minneapolis police.
Shell casing found across the street showed the suspect was shooting in an alley.
That shooter hasn't been caught, and now a decade after Mayes' homicide, the case has gone cold.
His mother, Marsha Mayes, continue to speak out about the case and asked for anyone with information to come forward.
"On my insides I'm damaged, I'm broken everyday. It's a battle to get up and not know that I'm getting up and my child is sitting in this urn and there is no explanation or anything," Marsha Mayes told WCCO in 2020.
A total reward of up to $60,000 is being offered for information leading to the arrest and conviction of the suspected shooter. Anyone with information is asked to contact the police at (877) 996-6222.
Despite it being the holidays, Marsha Mayes said to WCCO that all she wants is justice. She added she wants the killer to come forward so they and her family can start to heal.
"The best gift for all will be for you to turn yourself in and give him that Christmas gift," Mayes told the TV station. "I want to get this over with. If I could I would go and do the time with you just so we both can be comfortable and put this behind us. It's time to."


When Supervisory Border Patrol Agent Thomas Pittman began investigating the drainage systems beneath Nogales, Arizona, 18 years ago, he discovered an underground Wild West.
The Border Patrol installed heavy steel gates along the Nogales drainage system to tame the situation, but drug and human traffickers are nothing if not inventive. The new gates denied them unfettered access to Nogales, so they began hand digging their own tunnels that cut into the drainage system.
More than 168 tunnel attempts have been identified since the first cross-border tunnel was documented in Arizona on May 17, 1990. Tunnel discoveries have increased nationwide in recent years: 16 were discovered in fiscal year 2008; 27 more were found in fiscal year 2009; 13 were uncovered in fiscal year 2010; 18 in fiscal year 2011; 16 in fiscal year 2012; and seven tunnels were found in fiscal year 2013.
Illegal tunneling may be increasing because Mexican drug cartels are finding it much more difficult to use traditional methods to get drugs into the U.S. Since 2006, CBP has hired and trained 6,000 new Border Patrol agents, new border fencing has been constructed and the steel gates along the Nogales drainage systems have remained impassable.
"The smuggling organizations are very creative," said Deputy Patrol Agent in Charge Kevin Hecht from Border Patrol's Nogales Station. "Once they come upon significant resistance, like they did with the gates installed by Border Patrol, they don't just give up. They try to find another way.
Through May of 2014, 107 tunnels have been discovered in the Tucson Sector and 102 of them were in Nogales. Nogales is the most active illegal tunneling area in the U.S.
The Nogales Tunnel Task Force, headed by Homeland Security Investigations and U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, was established in 2011 and is made up of personnel from CBP, the Drug Enforcement Administration; and state and local agencies. Before the task force was created, the Nogales Station had a tunnel team to deal with illegal entries through drainage and infrastructure and via illicit tunnels in the Nogales area. The Border Patrol's Nogales tunnel team works closely with the Nogales Tunnel Task Force.
Each of the approximately 15 members of the Border Patrol's tunnel team plays a critical role, Hecht said.
"Some members crawl the tunnels to investigate and examine the way the tunnels are constructed and if they do or do not cross the international border," Hecht said. "There are also confined-space rescue technicians—they're above ground and handle belay lines and tripod harnesses and whatever safety needs we require, including air quality meters, forced air ventilation and all the safety requirements and permitting.
Illicit tunnel diggers make rudimentary tunnels and then use simple, blunt tools to crack holes in the walls of the storm drains or other underground infrastructure. Once they have cracked into the U.S. underground infrastructure, they can travel through the entire system and smuggle drugs or humans or even support terrorist activities.
The tunnel team members are not afraid to get their hands dirty to combat these efforts. They regularly explore the maze of Nogales' underground infrastructure, including the drainage systems, taking note of structural integrity and searching for possible breaches made by smugglers. The practice is known as change detection. Change detection also can involve looking for footprints or scratch marks and investigating their source.
Exploring underground tunnels is not for everyone. The initial challenges are being in the right physical shape to crawl the tunnels and having the mindset to be prepared for whatever could be lurking around the corner. Preparation is important and teamwork is essential.
A Border Patrol agent inspects the steel grates installed in Nogales' drainage system to prevent drug and human smuggling.
The Border Patrol's Nogales tunnel team's battle against drug traffickers recently got another ally: a wireless, camera-equipped robot. In a few of the most narrow, dangerous tunnels, the tunnel team deploys the robot to investigate the passages.
The Nogales tunnel team has plenty of work to do above the surface as well. By building relationships in the Nogales community, it can reach out to businesses that could be exploited as cross-border tunneling locations. The team educates owners and employees on things to be on the lookout for and how to report any suspicious activities or contact by a transnational criminal organization.
When a tunnel is discovered, the passage must be thoroughly blocked to prevent trafficking. Remediation is the process of rendering a tunnel unusable following interdiction. The type of remediation used depends on the tunnel type. For example, a hand-dug tunnel may be filled with concrete, while a corrugated cut-out (in a storm drain, for instance) must be repaired with a contractor-fabricated, CBP-approved patch or liner.
CBP's finance, facilities management and engineering teams are responsible for tunnel remediation. The general practice is to plug tunnels as quickly as possible.
Virginia Quiambao of CBP's facilities division works with tunnel remediation and related activities.
Tunnel detection technology offers a promising, long-term strategy for enhancing subterranean situational awareness and combating the threat of illegal cross-border tunnels. It is inherently challenging to detect tunnels of varying diameters at different depths in different types of ground. To address these variations, realizing that there may be no single technology that will work in all environments, technologies are deployed that are best suited to the operational environment.
CBP's Tunnel Detection Program is working diligently to identify, acquire and procure suitable tunnel detection technology. By conducting market research, extensive academic studies and field trials, the program has identified viable technology options that have detected illicit cross border tunnels. Additionally, CBP has partnered with the Department of Defense to test and evaluate tunnel detection technology developed by the Army Corps of Engineers and private industry.
Current detection technologies fall into two categories: physics-based systems and motion detecting system. The technologies were developed primarily for other purposes, including mining and oil drilling.
The threat that tunneling poses is real, and the men and women on the frontlines to combat the activity know the importance of their mission.
"Regardless of whether a tunnel is simply a crude, hand-dug passage or a sophisticated, reinforced passage with lights, all tunnels create viable means for smugglers to enter the U.S. and pose a potential threat to national security," said Border Patrol Chief Michael J. Fisher.
The job isn't for the faint of heart. Someone still has to drop into a dark tunnel with unknown structural integrity built by amateur engineers. In order to put their fears aside, the Nogales tunnel team members must have tremendous confidence in each other.
Tunnels have been found both on the northern and southern borders through diligent law enforcement work, human intelligence, and even by accident when roads have caved in due to vehicle weight. Since the first tunnel was discovered, cross-border tunnels have become more and more advanced.
Rudimentary: This type of tunnel is crudely constructed and travels a short distance, less than 20 feet. These tunnels do not use shoring, machinery, electrical power or ventilation. The entrance to a rudimentary tunnel is usually open air or concealed by something as simple as a piece of plywood.
Interconnecting: This type uses at least one purpose-built section to connect existing underground infrastructure. This includes tunnels that use roads or sidewalks as one or more of the walls for the tunnel. The purpose-built section is often crudely constructed. One specific type of interconnecting tunnel is known as a corrugated cutout. This occurs when a tunnel builder cuts a hole in a corrugated drainpipe. These tunnels usually exit into underground infrastructure in the United States. Once in the United States, users of interconnecting tunnels navigate through infrastructure (like storm drains) with access to multiple exit points as far as a mile from the border.
Sophisticated: A sophisticated tunnel is elaborately constructed and may use shoring, ventilation, electricity, railroads or water pumps. These tunnels usually span a long distance. The entrance and exit points of sophisticated tunnels are often located within homes or warehouses. These tunnels, even if they are only open for a short period, can allow traffickers to move massive amounts of drugs, humans, currency, and firearms back-and-forth between Mexico and the United States.
The entrance to the Douglas Tunnel.
A Border Patrol agent descends into the tunnel.
The Douglas Tunnel is an example of a sophisticated tunnel which required significant engineering to complete.
A Border Patrol agent exits the tunnel.
Border Patrol agents gather after exploring the tunnel. The building where the tunnel exits on the U.S. side of the border is now municipally owned building.
The exterior of the building which holds the exit point for the Douglas Tunnel.
The soil of the tunnel area often dictates the type of tunnel.
The traffickers continue to innovate in their tunnel production, Hecht said.


text:
The Quinton: The Representativeness Heuristic and Baseball Positions
Jeff Quinton
When filling out our fantasy baseball rosters, we do not simply select the 23 best players available to us; instead, we select the 23 best players that fit at the positions required by the league rules. This likely means that we will be selecting a player for each infield position, 3-5 outfielders, and eight-or-so pitchers. Depending on the league, we might be selecting a second catcher, an extra corner and middle infielder, and/or a specific number of starting pitchers and relief pitchers.
When our decisions change from picking the best to picking the best for a specific role, our decision making process can be negatively affected. At this point we welcome back our old friend, the representativeness heuristic. As written previously:
"The representativeness heuristic is the extent to which people judge probabilities "by the degree A is representative of B, that is, by the degree to which A resembles B." Instead of predicting the likelihood that I am a cat owner based on the base rates of cat ownership in northeast America, cat ownership amongst age 20-30 males, etcetera; people will make their predictions based on how closely I resemble a stereotypical cat owner (whatever that looks like to them). Representativeness can be helpful when caution is beneficial and when being overly cautious has little or no cost. For example, a dog foaming at the mouth is representative of a dog carrying rabies; thus, if we assume a dog foaming at the mouth has rabies and, consequently, act more cautiously in the dog's presence, then we are less likely to contract rabies. If the dog's mouth was foaming for some normal reason or if it had really not been foaming at all, then our cautiousness only cost us a potentially nice encounter with a dog."
While the above example explains the usefulness of using representativeness to make decisions (especially quick decisions where the payout is small and the potential negative outcome is severe), there is considerable downside to using representativeness when the odds are not as drastic. There is also more downside when the goal of the decision is changed from avoiding loss to getting the best odds.
You all see where this is going and you all see why this is being written during first-base week. When we think of first base, we think of 30+ home runs with a lot of RBI, a sufficient number of runs, and a batting average that could be anywhere from plus for the elite players to below average for the lesser options. Mostly, though, we think of the dingers. Consequently, we probably overrate players that are representative of this mold and underrate players that are not. I would guess that this is less the case in extreme cases—no one would be underrating a first baseman that stole 50 bases a season—while being more the case in moderate cases. An example to help make this case follows:
Eric Hosmer hit .297 with 18 home runs last season. Jose Abreu hit .290 with 30 home runs last season. In AL-only leagues, Hosmer was worth $27.62 and Abreu was worth $26.59. How is that possible? For starters, with stolen bases rarer and thus more valuable in AL rotisserie leagues last season, the value of the difference between Hosmer's seven stolen bases and Abreu's zero was the same as the difference between their home-run totals. Additionally, Hosmer bested Abreu by 10 runs scored while Abreu bested Hosmer by eight RBI. With runs scored being negligibly more valuable than RBI, the difference between the two ended up being mostly the batting average.
This is not to say that I will be taking Hosmer over Abreu this year fantasy drafts or auctions; nor will I be recommending anyone to do so. What this is to do, though, is to point out how molds can warp our valuation and decision making processes. Early ADP has Abreu being selected as the 22nd player overall and Hosmer as the 78th player overall. When doing draft or auction analysis, these are the kinds of gaps we should be looking for. Hosmer had a bad 2014 sandwiched between two good seasons, while Abreu has only had good seasons in his two years in the league, and that counts for something. Hosmer also just turned 26, while Abreu turns 29 in 11 days, and that also counts for something.
The point of all this is that valuation and decision-making through representativeness is the easier path to take—we are wired to do so and with so many decisions to make, it makes the overwhelming a little less so. The issue, though, is that in using this process, we will often be out-maneuvered by those doing a little more homework, by those doing more complete valuations and doing a better job of incorporating contextual factors. That said, let's then strive to be the latter this offseason and let's continue be conscious of the comparisons and molds we are using during the valuation process. Heck, if we do this, we probably have a shot at beating the representativeness heuristic more often than not.
First Base Is Still Elite, Just Less So $
by Jon Hegglund	1/19
Dynasty Rankings 2020: Top-50 First Basemen $
by Jesse Roche and Bret Sayre	1/23
Rebuilding a Dynasty 2020: First Base $
by J.P. Breen	1/22
Tale of the Tape 2020: José Abreu vs. Josh Bell $
State of the Position 2020: First Base $
huztlers
It is pretty hard to get excited about counting stats, which is what Hosmer represents. Hosmer set career highs (by a large margin) in runs and RBI. My take on comparing these two would be - pay little attention to final end of season value as it can be skewed by luck-based metrics. Hosmer doesn't control the lineup around him. Often times, you are better off using the rankings from 2 years ago, unless there are some underlying skill changes.
Reply to huztlers
aquavator44
He's not really comparing the two, but saying that a player who doesn't fit the stereotype at his position (like Hosmer) may not be properly valued. He's not likely to earn more than Abreu this year, but he is likely to return value based on his draft position or auction price.
Reply to aquavator44


The choice of premium-design conference chairs has remained virtually unchanged for decades, so Graph conference chair is a welcome newcomer. Because the graphical quality of its cutting edge shape stands out at first glance. And it's this feature that the chair owes its name to. An organic seat shell is cut through horizontally and then vertically, modified and re-assembled to produce this ingenious product. The upshot is a fascinating mix of fluid and streamlined form, closed and transparent areas, harmony and contrast. Graph's distinctive design also offers superlative comfort – despite its slender shape.


Barron's has a new story that looks at the struggles of target-date fund sponsors.
Barron's notes that four fund shops left the target date field this summer: Oppenheimer [profile], Goldman Sachs Asset Management [profile], and Columbia [profile], and American Independence.
Not all firms have dumped the fund category though. Barron's notes that, in this order, Fidelity [profile], Vanguard [profile] and T. Rowe Price [profile] account for about 75% of target-date assets. Eight more firms count more than $5 billion in their target-date fund families. Another 33 families are treading water, if that.
To read more about the challenges of this fund class, turn to the Barron's article.


These two words sound as though they should mean the same thing, but in fact they signify two different concepts entirely. They're often used interchangeably but incorrectly. Once you know the difference though, it's easy to correct your usage.
Let's take 'affect' first. Affect is most commonly used as a verb, usually as the influence for something. For example, a headline may read 'Downed Power Lines Affect Local Area.' The downed power lines had an impact on the local area, as they were without electricity. The power lines affected the local area in its day to day running.
'Effect', on the other hand, is more often used as a noun. It refers to the outcome or result of something. For example, another headline could read 'The Effects Of Persistent Sleepiness.' It's talking about the results of persistent sleepiness, as they have an outcome when it comes to your health. The 'effects' in this case correspond to what happens when you suffer from tiredness.
However, be aware that 'effect' can be used as a verb too. When used this way, it describes something bring brought into being. For example, you could say 'We were unable to effect any changes on this policy.' In this sentence, 'effect' is something you're trying to do to the policy in question.


text:
Q: Parse nested XML using XDocument I have an xml of the below format. There are 2 parts of xml (job_type = "REQUESTED" and job_type = "RECOMMENDED"); I want to parse only the values from the Requested block.
Also in the Applicants tag there are two types of Application (type = "PB" and type = "CB")
I want to parse the result into a csv in the below format
id , social_security_number (where type = "PB"), first_name(where type = "PB"), city(where type = "PB" and item_code="CURRENT"), state_code_id(where type = "PB" and item_code="CURRENT"), com(where item_code="PEMAIL" and type ="PB"), social_security_number (where type = "CB"), first_name(where type = "CB"), city(where type = "CB" and item_code="CURRENT"), state_code_id(where type = "CB" and item_code="CURRENT"), com(where item_code="PEMAIL" and type ="CB")

Eg Result :
2407132 ,999999999, Thomas, Portland, MI, edison@gmail.com, 123456789, Mary, BarHarBor, MI, mary@gmail.com

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<JobApplications xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="2407132" bundle_id="2407132" version="1.0">
<JobApplication job_type="REQUESTED" request_date="2014-08-02T12:26:00.0000000">
<JobApplicationStates>
<JobApplicationState type="USEDCL" payment_call_flag="False">
<Applicants>
<Applicant social_security_number="999999999" type="PB" date_of_birth="1972-10-01T00:00:00.0000000" first_name="Thomas" last_name="Edison">
<Addresses>
<Address city="Portland" state_code_id="MI" country_code="USA" postal_code="12345" item_code="CURRENT" street_number="6297" street="LAKE ARBOR" />
<Address item_code="PREVIOUS" />
</Addresses>
<Communications>
<Communication item_code="PEMAIL" com="edison@gmail.com" contact_type="CU"/>
<Communication item_code="HOME" com="(123)-456-7890" contact_type="CU"/>
<Communication item_code="OTHER" contact_type="CU"/>
<Communication item_code="WORK" com="(100)-200-3000" contact_type="CU"/>
</Communications>
</Applicant>
<Applicant social_security_number="123456789" type="CB" date_of_birth="1976-10-01T00:00:00.0000000" first_name="Mary" last_name="Edison">
<Addresses>
<Address city="BarHarBor" state_code_id="MI" country_code="USA" postal_code="12345" item_code="CURRENT" street_number="6297" street="LAKE ARBOR" />
<Address item_code="PREVIOUS" />
</Addresses>
<Communications>
<Communication item_code="PEMAIL" com="mary@gmail.com" contact_type="CU"/>
<Communication item_code="HOME" com="(999)-456-7890" contact_type="CU"/>
<Communication item_code="OTHER" contact_type="CU"/>
<Communication item_code="WORK" com="(300)-200-3000" contact_type="CU"/>
</Communications>
</Applicant>
</Applicants>
</JobApplicationState>
</JobApplicationStates>
</JobApplication>
<JobApplication job_type="RECOMMENDED" request_date="2014-08-02T12:26:00.0000000">
<JobApplicationStates>
<JobApplicationState type="USEDCL" payment_call_flag="False">
<Applicants>
<Applicant social_security_number="999999999" type="PB" date_of_birth="1972-10-01T00:00:00.0000000" first_name="Thomas" last_name="Edison">
<Addresses>
<Address city="Portland" state_code_id="MI" country_code="USA" postal_code="12345" item_code="CURRENT" street_number="6297" street="LAKE ARBOR" />
<Address item_code="PREVIOUS" />
</Addresses>
<Communications>
<Communication item_code="PEMAIL" com="edison@gmail.com" contact_type="CU"/>
<Communication item_code="HOME" com="(123)-456-7890" contact_type="CU"/>
<Communication item_code="OTHER" contact_type="CU"/>
<Communication item_code="WORK" com="(100)-200-3000" contact_type="CU"/>
</Communications>
</Applicant>
<Applicant social_security_number="123456789" type="CB" date_of_birth="1976-10-01T00:00:00.0000000" first_name="Mary" last_name="Edison">
<Addresses>
<Address city="BarHarBor" state_code_id="MI" country_code="USA" postal_code="12345" item_code="CURRENT" street_number="6297" street="LAKE ARBOR" />
<Address item_code="PREVIOUS" />
</Addresses>
<Communications>
<Communication item_code="PEMAIL" com="mary@gmail.com" contact_type="CU"/>
<Communication item_code="HOME" com="(999)-456-7890" contact_type="CU"/>
<Communication item_code="OTHER" contact_type="CU"/>
<Communication item_code="WORK" com="(300)-200-3000" contact_type="CU"/>
</Communications>
</Applicant>
</Applicants>
</JobApplicationState>
</JobApplicationStates>
</JobApplication>

Any pointers how to parse in the required format using XDocument ? I have millions of xmls to parse.

A: Yo can often flatten xml file out so it is easier to put into a database and read.  In your case I think this is best method.  See code below.  I did not think it is a good idea to complicate the parsing method by only parsing certain items when the datatable result can be filtered after the parsing is completed.
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Data;
using System.Xml;
using System.Xml.Linq;

namespace ConsoleApplication1
{
    class Program
    {
        const string FILENAME = @"c:\temp\test.xml";
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {

            DataTable dt = new DataTable();

            dt.Columns.Add("ID", typeof(int));
            dt.Columns.Add("Job Type", typeof(string));
            dt.Columns.Add("Request Date", typeof(DateTime));
            dt.Columns.Add("Job State Type",typeof(string));
            dt.Columns.Add("Payment Call Flag", typeof(Boolean));
            dt.Columns.Add("SSN", typeof(string));
            dt.Columns.Add("Appliacant Type", typeof(string));
            dt.Columns.Add("DOB", typeof(DateTime));
            dt.Columns.Add("First Name", typeof(string));
            dt.Columns.Add("Last Name", typeof(string));

            dt.Columns.Add("City", typeof(string));
            dt.Columns.Add("State", typeof(string));
            dt.Columns.Add("Country", typeof(string));
            dt.Columns.Add("Postal Code", typeof(string));
            dt.Columns.Add("Street Number", typeof(string));
            dt.Columns.Add("Street", typeof(string));
            dt.Columns.Add("Email", typeof(string));
            dt.Columns.Add("Home Phone", typeof(string));
            dt.Columns.Add("Other", typeof(string));
            dt.Columns.Add("Work Phone", typeof(string));

            XDocument doc = XDocument.Load(FILENAME);

            XElement jobApplications = doc.Root;
            int id = (int)jobApplications.Attribute("id");

            foreach (XElement jobApplication in jobApplications.Elements("JobApplication"))
            {
                string job_type = (string)jobApplication.Attribute("job_type");
                DateTime request_date = (DateTime)jobApplication.Attribute("request_date");
                string job_state_type = (string)jobApplication.Descendants("JobApplicationState").FirstOrDefault().Attribute("type");
                Boolean payment_call_flag = (Boolean)jobApplication.Descendants("JobApplicationState").FirstOrDefault().Attribute("payment_call_flag");

                foreach (XElement applicant in jobApplication.Descendants("Applicant"))
                {
                    string social_security_number = (string)applicant.Attribute("social_security_number");
                    string applicant_type = (string)applicant.Attribute("type");
                    DateTime date_of_birth = (DateTime)applicant.Attribute("date_of_birth");
                    string first_name = (string)applicant.Attribute("first_name");
                    string last_name = (string)applicant.Attribute("last_name");

                    XElement address = applicant.Descendants("Address").Where(x => (string)x.Attribute("item_code") == "CURRENT").FirstOrDefault();
                    string city = (string)address.Attribute("city");
                    string state = (string)address.Attribute("state_code_id");
                    string country = (string)address.Attribute("country_code");
                    string postal_code = (string)address.Attribute("postal_code");
                    string street_number = (string)address.Attribute("street_number");
                    string street = (string)address.Attribute("street");

                    XElement communications = applicant.Descendants("Communications").FirstOrDefault();
                    string email = communications.Elements().Where(x => (string)x.Attribute("item_code") == "PEMAIL").Select(x => (string)x.Attribute("com")).FirstOrDefault();
                    string home_phone = communications.Elements().Where(x => (string)x.Attribute("item_code") == "HOME").Select(x => (string)x.Attribute("com")).FirstOrDefault();
                    string other = communications.Elements().Where(x => (string)x.Attribute("item_code") == "OTHER").Select(x => (string)x.Attribute("com")).FirstOrDefault();
                    string work_phone = communications.Elements().Where(x => (string)x.Attribute("item_code") == "WORK").Select(x => (string)x.Attribute("com")).FirstOrDefault();

                    dt.Rows.Add(new object[] {
                        id,
                        job_type, request_date, job_state_type, payment_call_flag,
                        social_security_number, applicant_type, date_of_birth, first_name, last_name,
                        city, state, country, postal_code, street_number, street,
                        email, home_phone, other, work_phone
                    });
                }
            }

        }
    }
}

A: This should help you to convert your xml files to csv with few lines of code by using Open source library Cinchoo ETL
As xml is structural formatted file, you will need to flatten out in order to produce CSV. With the help of XPath and Cinchoo ETL library, you can produce CSV file quickly.
Sample code below shows how to parse your xml and convert them to csv
using (var parser = new ChoXmlReader("sample.xml").WithXPath("JobApplications")
    .WithField("ID", xPath: "@id")
    .WithField("PB_SSN", xPath: "/JobApplication[@job_type='REQUESTED']/JobApplicationStates/JobApplicationState/Applicants/Applicant[@type='PB']/@social_security_number")
    .WithField("PB_FIRST_NAME", xPath: "/JobApplication[@job_type='REQUESTED']/JobApplicationStates/JobApplicationState/Applicants/Applicant[@type='PB']/@first_name")
    .WithField("PB_CITY", xPath: "/JobApplication[@job_type='REQUESTED']/JobApplicationStates/JobApplicationState/Applicants/Applicant[@type='PB']/Addresses/Address[@item_code='CURRENT']/@city")
    .WithField("PB_STATE", xPath: "/JobApplication[@job_type='REQUESTED']/JobApplicationStates/JobApplicationState/Applicants/Applicant[@type='PB']/Addresses/Address[@item_code='CURRENT']/@state_code_id")
    .WithField("PB_PEMAIL", xPath: "/JobApplication[@job_type='REQUESTED']/JobApplicationStates/JobApplicationState/Applicants/Applicant[@type='PB']/Communications/Communication[@item_code='PEMAIL']/@com")
    .WithField("CB_SSN", xPath: "/JobApplication[@job_type='REQUESTED']/JobApplicationStates/JobApplicationState/Applicants/Applicant[@type='CB']/@social_security_number")
    .WithField("CB_FIRST_NAME", xPath: "/JobApplication[@job_type='REQUESTED']/JobApplicationStates/JobApplicationState/Applicants/Applicant[@type='CB']/@first_name")
    .WithField("CB_CITY", xPath: "/JobApplication[@job_type='REQUESTED']/JobApplicationStates/JobApplicationState/Applicants/Applicant[@type='CB']/Addresses/Address[@item_code='CURRENT']/@city")
    .WithField("CB_STATE", xPath: "/JobApplication[@job_type='REQUESTED']/JobApplicationStates/JobApplicationState/Applicants/Applicant[@type='CB']/Addresses/Address[@item_code='CURRENT']/@state_code_id")
    .WithField("CB_PEMAIL", xPath: "/JobApplication[@job_type='REQUESTED']/JobApplicationStates/JobApplicationState/Applicants/Applicant[@type='CB']/Communications/Communication[@item_code='PEMAIL']/@com")
)
{
    using (var writer = new ChoCSVWriter("sample.csv"))
        writer.Write(parser);
}

Output:
2407132,999999999,Thomas,Portland,MI,edison@gmail.com,123456789,Mary,BarHarBor,MI,mary@gmail.com

Disclosure: I'm the author of this library.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
"MARCH FOR OUR LIVES" RALLY IN WASHINGTON, D.C. SAID TO BE LARGEST EVER IN CAPITAL'S HISTORY
WASHINGTON, D.C., March 24, 2018 – Exceeding expectations, a huge throng of peaceful but passionate demonstrators filled the streets around the U.S. Capitol for today's March For Our Lives in Washington, D.C. Addressed by teenage speakers from around the country who have been affected by gun violence, attendees rallied to demand legislative action.
While Washington, D.C. authorities have yet to give an official estimate, reports published by major news organizations put the crowd size at 800,000 people, which would make it the largest demonstration in the capital's history. Among the day's highlights:
· Andra Day and Common kicked off the rally with a performance of "Rise Up" backed by students from Baltimore's Cardinal Shehan School Choir. Other performances throughout the day included Demi Lovato singing "Skyscraper," Lin-Manuel Miranda and Ben Platt performing "Found/Tonight," Vic Mensa performing "We Could Be Free," Miley Cyrus performing "The Climb" as she held onto a "Never Again" sign, and Ariana Grande singing "Be Alright."
· Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School junior Jaclyn Corin brought onstage Yolanda Renee King, the 9-year old granddaughter of Martin Luther King, Jr., who shouted to the assembled marchers, "I have a dream that enough is enough," and then got the crowd to chant, "Spread the word. Have you heard? All across the nation, we are going to be a great generation."
· Parkland survivor Sam Fuentes read a poem she wrote called "Enough," and then led the crowd in a chorus of "Happy Birthday" for Parkland victim Nick Dworet, who would have turned 18 today.
· Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School senior Emma Gonzalez sat onstage in silence for 6 minutes and 20 seconds, the time it took for the Parkland shooter to kill 17 people.
· The crowd also heard powerful speeches from a group of students from Chicago—among them, Trevon Bosley (19), Alex King (18), D'Angelo McDade (18), and Mya Middleton (16)—about their experiences with gun violence in their communities.
· Naomi Wadler, an 11-year-old from Virginia, proudly declared "Never Again!" on behalf of black women and girls who have been the victims of gun violence. 17-year-old Edna Chavez, of south Los Angeles, lost her brother in a shooting and said she learned how to duck from bullets before learning how to read.
· Students from Newtown High School in Sandy Hook, Connecticut, presented a sign of solidarity to Stoneman Douglas High School.
· Stoneman Douglas High School students Sawyer Garrity and Andrea Pena performed "Shine," a song they wrote after the shooting.
· Jennifer Hudson closed out the rally with a powerful performance of "The Times They Are A-Changin," backed by a D.C. choir. As the student speakers joined her onstage, she led the audience in a "We Want Change" chant.
March For Our Lives had secured a permit for 500,000 people for Pennsylvania Avenue between 4th and 12th St NW. Law enforcement partners confirmed that the audience exceeded expectations with crowds extending well beyond 12th street and out further than Pennsylvania Avenue. The stage, located at 3rd and Constitution Streets, NW, served as the hub for the day's rally. The entire rally was streamed live on Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube. More than 800 sibling marches took place in cities around the world.
For additional information, please visit MarchForOurLives.com and join the conversation on Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube using #MarchForOurLives.
This entry was posted in Uncategorized on March 26, 2018 .
SHAQUILLE O'NEAL PRESENTS: ALL STAR COMEDY JAM: I'M STILL LAUGHING TO PREMIERE FRIDAY, MARCH 23 AT 10 PM ET/PT ON SHOWTIME® SCIENCE CHANNEL'S 'DEADLY INTELLIGENCE' INVESTIGATES UNTIMELY AND UNUSUAL DEATHS OF BRILLIANT SCIENTISTS
Dionne Warwick Kicks Off 2022 with the Single, "Power In The Name" featuring Krayzie Bone & NomaD
TV-One Airing Encore Presentation of "Unsung" with Mtume
STATEMENT FROM CIVIL RIGHTS LEADER REV. AL SHARPTON ON MEETING WITH PRESIDENT BIDEN AND VICE PRESIDENT HARRIS AFTER THEIR REMARKS ON VOTING RIGHTS
The Mtume family sadly announce the passing of James Mtume (Forman) – sunrise January 3rd, 1946, sunset January 9th, 2022.
Run-DMC Co-Founder Darryl McDaniels and Random House to Publish Picture Book 'Darryl's Dream'


Teeling Whiskey Company, Ireland's leading independent whiskey producer, has introduced the first bottling from its new distillery at Newmarket, Dublin 8: a premium Irish Poitín called Spirit of Dublin.
The Teeling Whiskey Distillery - the first new distillery in Dublin for over 125 years - started producing spirit in March 2015, marking the return of the Teeling family to their ancestral distilling home of the Liberties in the heart of the city.
Poitín is a clear Irish spirit, famous for its alcohol strength. In homage to this authentic Irish spirit, the Teeling Whiskey Company has released a contemporary bottling of Poitín to help bring this unique Irish product out of the shadows.
The Spirit of Dublin Irish Poitín is triple distilled in the distillery's three copper pot stills and made from a traditional Dublin Pot Still recipe of unmalted and malted Irish barley, giving it a distinctively sweet cereal taste. Bottled straight from the still at 52.5% with no maturation process, the newest addition to the Teeling range is a surprisingly smooth spirit which can be enjoyed neat, with water or in a cocktail.
The latest addition to the Teeling range can be purchased from the Teeling Distillery, Celtic Whiskey Shop, Dublin Airport and all good independent off-licences. The recommended retail price for the Spirit of Dublin Irish Poitin is €35.