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Joel Brockner is the Phillip Hettleman Professor of Business at Columbia University Business School and author of The Process Matters: Engaging and Equipping People for Success and a leading authority on a variety of psychological issues in the workplace, including managing change, leadership, decision-making, and cross-cultural differences in work behavior. He spoke with Stew Friedman about how to engage employees.
Stewart Friedman: Our society, our business world, is driven by measurable outcomes, data, and results. Now we've got the horserace of an election and the analysis and meta-analysis that's happening around that. You've done decades of really important research on decision-making and most recently, about the process by which decisions get made, the fairness inherent in that. Why do you pursue that and why does it matter to us?
Joel Brockner: That's a great question, because we hear a lot about how the outcome matters. We live in a results-oriented society; you hear expressions like the bottom line. I love good outcomes, I'd rather win than lose, but my basic argument is that if you want your organization to be sustainably successful you have to care about outcomes but you also have to care about the process through which you arrive at that outcome. In the long term we need to get there and we need to get there in the right way. I always get nervous when managers say to their people I don't care how you get there, just get there. They're giving people liberty to do things in the way that they see fit, but it's also a potentially dangerous statement, because among other things it might invite unethical behavior.
SF: There have to be some limits and restraints on behavior because we know that to be really clear on the ends and flexible on the means for achieving them is a recipe for engagement and motivation of teams and employees. We want to give people freedom but you're suggesting that there's a right way and wrong way to do that?
JB: I'm suggesting that the expression I don't care how you get there, just get there can be taken too far, in which case people don't pay attention to the way in which they get there. Doing things in a fair and humane way, there are a couple ways to talk about the process, what do we mean by a high-quality process.
SF: Yes, please define that for us.
JB: Partly it has to do with what I would call attributes of the process, so, for instance, if the process is fair. A lot of things go into a fair process: are people allowed to participate in decisions, were the reasons for decisions explained to them, were the decisions based on accurate information, was it transparent, was it a level playing field?
SF: Those are the crucial ones, whether people are able to provide input, whether they understand the rationale for decisions, if decisions were made on the basis of accurate information, and that there was a level playing field. What you mean by "level playing field?"
JB: Everybody has an equal chance for being successful, the same standards are being applied to everyone. The principle is known as consistency.
SF: So those are the elements that produce a fair process?
JB: Yes, and there are other ways to talk about a process being done well besides fairness. We can focus on not so much attributes of the process, but how it makes people feel. A process is a good one, for example, if people on the receiving end felt like their sense of esteem was bolstered, or it affirmed their identity, or gave them a sense of control. Those experiences that we have that are very motivational so that if a process is done in a way that enables us to feel in those ways, then that's also a high-quality process.
SF: We know that all of those translate into positive outcomes in other domains of life by way of spillover, so if you know that people have a sense of esteem at work, and this has been traditionally more true for fathers than mothers, their kids do better. If your dad is feeling good about himself and his role at work, he's going to be a better father. That probably doesn't surprise you.
JB: That would make perfect sense. To give an example, what I meant by a process that affords people a sense of esteem, a typical way that companies will bring people in, the on-boarding process as it's called, you might say to the new employee this is what we stand for, these are our values, this is what we're good at, and this is why you should be happy to be here as a new member of our organization. That's all well and good but a recent study suggested that if at the time that people are brought in, if they're given an extra hour to just articulate what they are good at, what are their signature strengths and how they would imagine enacting those things on the job, not that people are given license to do anything they want, but at least their views are being seriously considered. The study shows that extra hour showed six months later higher customer satisfaction and a lot less turnover. This was in an organization with a lot of turnover and they found it fell dramatically. Just by spending an extra hour during that socialization process, they enabled people to feel a sense of esteem or affirm their sense of identity and it had huge positive payoffs months later.
SF: So when we talk about the process we're talking about a sense of fairness, we're talking about how the decision and the way things are make people feel in terms of their esteem, their sense of control over their lives, and their identity and by that you mean what exactly?
JB: It allows them to feel that the decision process recognized them for who they were. Again, this idea of identifying your signature strengths. A strength speaks to your esteem — it's what you're good at — but a signature strength is something that you in particular are really good at. It affirms your sense of identity as well as affirms your sense of esteem.
SF: Important in that element of how people feel as a result of the process is being seen as a unique individual that has a particular value and differentiated from the value that other people bring.
JB: That's why I say it's not simply a function of attributes of the process, like fairness of the process, it's however they're doing it, are they doing it in a way that allows people to have these psychological experiences, which make people feel good about themselves but it also makes them more productive, more satisfied with their jobs and as you implied with the whole purpose of your show, it allows for an overall better life experience.
SF: If you feel good about yourself, and you feel valued as an individual contributing in a unique way, and have a sense of control over the things that happen to you, all of those aspects of a work experience are going to spill over in a positive way to the other parts of your life. We focus a lot on the show about creating work arrangements that enable flexibility and control. I wonder if you could speak to how your model of understanding the importance of the process by which decisions get made, how it speaks to listeners who are looking for some guidance on how to negotiate a more flexible work arrangement that would allow them to be successful not just at work but in the other parts of their lives?
JB: There is interesting work by one of your colleagues at Wharton, Adam Grant, of the study on what's called job crafting. The basic idea here is that you have a job description but people are allowed to take up their jobs in a variety of ways – the extent that you can be given input into what gets done or how things get done or when things get done. You're allowed to craft the contours of your job, and that's one of these experiences that allows people to have this experience of esteem and identity because you're given control, you're allowed to have input in how things are going to get done. The other thing is if people are given some license about their work arrangements, they're probably going to be bringing more of themselves into it, so that's the identity aspect of it. Sometimes, a little bit can go a long way. It doesn't require organizations to change things all that dramatically in terms of time, money, and all those other kinds of resources. Sometimes just making small tweaks in how things are done can allow people to have these experiences of esteem, identity, or control and as a result have much better work experiences. More productivity, more morale, all sorts of good things.
SF: And it doesn't cost a lot. We're talking about small changes that can have a really big impact – having people feel better about themselves, uniquely contributing to some larger goal, and feeling a greater sense of control, and how important that is in bringing the whole self to work, which is what we're trying to help people understand how to do. Can you give an example of how that has played out, in your own experience or what you have seen?
JB: It's not just in the workplace, it's in other kinds of organizations as well. There was a famous study done a number of years ago with residents of a nursing home, again this is the idea of how a little bit can go a long way. It was a very simple study, the staff was trying to do right by everybody there and in one group they were given a little bit more control. One group was told here's a plant, and we'd like you to care for the plant. You have to water it, make sure it gets enough light. We're not talking about a big responsibility, but it was more the symbolism of it all. They were given some responsibility. Another example would be they were told you're going to be able to watch a movie one night this week. I want you to select the night of the week you want to view it; Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, it's your call. The other group was given the same plant and the staff said you don't need to do a thing, we'll take care of it for you. In terms of that movie, we'll decide. You don't need to exert the effort to figure out what night to watch the movie; we'll do that for you. There were very small differences, and when you followed those two groups for weeks and months afterwards, they found that the people who were given more control were more alert, more physically active and in better health, and actually there was some evidence that over the long haul, a couple year period, the death rate was lower. Small things can go a long way in work organizations and other kinds of organizations.
SF: One of the points you make in your book is that there are tons of solutions out there that don't cost a lot and these are good examples. Can you say more about the importance of opening up your frame of mind as a manager to those low-cost solutions that can have a big impact on your people?
JB: You hit the nail on the head. Managers need to be more open-minded. We understand that they're busy, we understand they're operating in a constrained environment. Sometimes it's not so simple, sometimes it's a bigger intervention that is needed, but sometimes even those bigger interventions will pay for themselves, so it's a little bit of pay-now-or-pay-later. I'll give you an example. I oftentimes speak to groups at Columbia Executive Education programs and other places, private clients as well, and I'll be talking about change management. The book also talks a lot about what we mean by well-managed change process, and lots of people have written about this. We're talking about managing change, there's a fair amount that goes into handling that process well. I'll oftentimes lay those things out to managers whom I'm working with and they'll say this works out on paper but we don't have time for this and they're quite right. It does take time to explain why and involve people in decision-making and to train them for new behaviors and perhaps give them some advance notice and plan things. It really does take a fair amount of time, this is not one of those small tweaks.
SF: Some investment is required in a good process.
JB: What I often hear when I say why don't you do more of this is that they don't have time for it. My answer to that is with all due respect, it does take time, but if you don't do these things well now, you're going to create a bigger mess for yourself in terms of people being resistant, dragging their feet, and not being on board with the change effort. Tell me, do you think you're going to have the time later to correct things to remedy things that you didn't do right in the first place? I would say, Stew, that it's not so much a matter of pay-now-or-pay-later, I think the expression that comes close to it is an ounce of prevention and a pound of cure. Let me put it this way: you're going to have to do a lot more later to do the process well if you don't do it right in the first place.
SF: Because the process matters in terms of motivation, engagement? You've been asserting, and I know based on evidence and common sense that when you engage with people, when you make them feel good about how decisions are getting done that they're going to feel better, but what do we know, if you could sum up the essence of the research evidence, how indeed that does ultimately affect organizational, group, team, and perhaps family and community outcomes?
JB: It's not simply about making people feel good. It's about bottom-line productivity. Productivity is the bottom line for organizational psychologists. When people are engaged with the change process, an organization needed to downsize for example, or needed to grow, whatever the change happens to be, to the extent that they are embracing the change, engaged with saying things like this is great, we should have done this a long time ago. That's not just about making them feel good, although that's certainly a good byproduct. That means they're more on board, they're working on behalf of organizational goals and the importance of that is immeasurable.
SF: What are some of the other obstacles you have people telling you? What should people and managers know in terms of the obstacles they might face in improving their decision-making process and how to improve them?
JB: It's sort of a puzzle. If we know this, how come we don't do it? One answer is that sometimes it's not as obvious as it might seem. The small-tweaks-can-go-a-long-way sometimes is not so obvious. Sometimes it's a knowledge gap. That's why I think, not just plugging my book but reading others' studies like other books and articles similar to the point, I think helps managers be more informed and they have a richer understanding of just how much the process matters. Sometimes it's a matter of what I call skill, the interpersonal skill needed to pull things off. A number of years ago, I was doing a presentation at an organization that was downsizing for the very first time and the pain in the room was palpable. I could feel everybody's pain and I hung in there and tried to give them some guidance, but I could understand how the urge people have to hide when others around them are feeling depressed or angry or anxious. You want to hide sometimes to cope yourself, and that's the worst thing that managers could do, when they feel that temptation to run away, when they need to make themselves more accessible, but that's hard. It's risky and you have to have the courage to stand up and make yourself available to tell someone that you're very sorry but you're going to have to lay them off. That's one of the really difficult challenges for managers. To have the emotional intelligence or social skill to pull that off gracefully is not easy, and that's another obstacle. We have lack of time, sometimes the lack of knowledge, sometimes the lack of interpersonal skill needed to pull these difficult processes off, and then sometimes there are other factors or motivational reasons. It's not a matter of I can't do it, I don't want to do it. For example, oftentimes you have to allow people to have input into decisions. Some people would say if I give them input, then they have more power and I'm reducing my own power.
SF: One might be reluctant to engage employees in providing input on a decision.
JB: It could be philosophical or it could be this view of a win/lose, zero-sum view. The more authority I give to others, the less authority I have for myself.
SF: In your book, what can readers find to help them, both managers as well as employees, to produce a better process in the decisions that they are facing?
JB: The essence of it is we'll give ideas about what goes into a quality process. We'll talk about the obstacles. There are also a bunch of inventories in the appendix of the book that allow people to assess themselves about where they come out on the very factors that we've been talking about throughout the book. I always encourage readers to turn to Appendix C, for example, to look at how good you are as an agent of change. Well, here are a bunch of process dimensions and fill out this instrument and see where you come out. Even better, get other people to rate you on the very same dimensions and you'll have a more informed view of not only what makes for a healthy process, but where you come out on those dimensions.
SF: And that, of course, can form your development and growth as a leader, as an employee, perhaps as a father, brother, friend in being able to produce outcomes that are better for the process by which they were achieved.
Filed Under: Career Paths, Experiment with Change, Meaningful Work, Productivity, Structure of Work | 1 Comment
New Attitudes About Gender, Work, and Family — Kathleen Gerson and Jerry Jacobs
Jerry Jacobs is Professor of Sociology at the University of Pennsylvania and Founding President of the Work and Family Researchers Network, an interdisciplinary and international scholarly association that focuses on work and family issues. His research with Kathleen Gerson was honored with the Rosabeth Moss Kanter Award for Excellence in Work-Family Research in 2002, and led to the publication of The Time Divide: Work, Family and Gender Inequality, published by Harvard University Press in 2004.
Kathleen Gerson is Collegiate Professor of Sociology at NYU, where she studies gender, work, and family change. Her most recent book, The Unfinished Revolution: Coming of Age in a New Era of Gender, Work, and Family, is an award-winning study of how new generations have responded to the gender revolution of the last several decades. She is now conducting a study about the challenges facing today's adults, who must build their work and family lives amid the increasingly insecure economic climate of the new economy.
The following are edited excerpts of their conversation. Full podcast.
http://worklife.wharton.upenn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Gerson-and-Jacobs-Podcast.mp3
Kathleen Gerson: Our findings seem to provide one more piece of the puzzle of how dramatic change has been. Jerry [Jacobs] and I continue to be baffled that so many people are skeptical that these changes have occurred. I think in some ways our private lives have moved forward in a way that public discussions about them simply haven't caught up.
Stewart Friedman: Can you elaborate on what you mean by that?
KG: There's a bad news orientation in the media and, to some extent, in our political discourse, in which people tend to be quite skeptical about social change. If I were to sum that up, I would say two opposite arguments are being made. First, nothing is really changed, we're going back to the old ways, women are still facing these huge barriers and men continue to be resistant to these changes. The other side of the story, which ironically or paradoxically presents the opposite picture, is women have changed so quickly that men are being left behind and this is not good for society and men and women are unhappy about this reversal. What Jerry and I have found is that neither of those stories is true. In fact, what's happening is men and women are converging in terms of not only how they want to live their lives and what they want to get done in their lives, but also in terms of their views about what other people's choices should be, and how we as a society should allow people to make those choices. Even though the political discourse is very contentious, what Jerry and I have found is that ordinary Americans, across a very broad spectrum of demographic and social categories, support the idea that gender, in fact, should not be the primary driver of who does what, at work or in the home. These decisions should be driven by what people want, what people prefer, and what's best for their families, and how they can do the best in a very increasingly uncertain and difficult situation. What we really need is to relieve the difficulties that families are facing to allow them to develop the strategy they prefer.
SF: To produce greater human freedom, after all, right?
KG: I would underline the world human. It would be nice if we could move beyond these categories of women and men, and talk about human beings, parents, workers.
SF: Creating options and choices for people, then produces the kinds of roles they want to create with the support that they need. But there's so much here to unpack.
Jerry Jacobs: But before you unpack, let me explain a little more specifically what we did. There's a body of research that talks about gender role ideology, and it shows that a lot of people are much more flexible in terms of their views on what women's and men's role should be. It also shows there's a substantial minority stuck in the old ways, committed to traditional, standard gender ideology.
SF: That is, of course, the model of the single-earner dad with a mom at home taking care of kids; caregiving and breadwinning split by men and women doing one or the other roles.
JJ: Our concern about this research is it doesn't really say very much about situations and specifics. One of the motivating factors behind what we did is we asked ourselves, if we give the average person, respondents chosen at random, a national random sample, if we give them specific stories, specific situations regarding men's and women's choices, what will turn out to be more important: the situations or commitment to gender ideology? The question is are people stuck in a set of blinders that basically say women belong in the home no matter what, or does it depend? Does it depend on if she likes her job? The other thing we specifically looked at was whether her family depended on her income. We have remarkably powerful evidence to suggest that situations are more important than anything else, than whether you're a man or a woman, whether you're single or married, it's not that the patterns are identical for fathers and mothers, but the situations were more important than gender.
SF: Why is that so important, as an observation about our society? I think most of our listeners are less interested in sociological literature, but of course those two are related, what's the so what there in terms of what people in business as well as public policy makers ought to be thinking about as a result of what you observed?
KG: it's important because what it tells us is is that ordinary Americans, women and men across ages, races, and situations, are far more sympathetic to the particular situations that individuals families are facing and are far more flexible in their views about what women and men should do than either our political discourse or our public policy or our workplace policies, even for private workplaces, recognize. If both our government policies and employers would pay more attention to this, then I think that would not just improve the way we talk about these issues but could make a real difference in the lives of men and women, mothers and fathers, and children.
JJ: If we could make childcare more affordable and higher quality, our data suggests that more people would support women working, or more people would support mothers of young children being in a labor force.
SF: How does that equation work? Why is the advent of a greater daycare support going to lead to greater support of women in the workplace?
JJ: One of our key findings was that when mothers are satisfied with the childcare that they're getting, people are more supportive of her working. They're much more skeptical of mothers' employment if there's a feeling that the childcare that they have access to is inadequate or unsatisfactory.
KG: Another finding is that if women can earn enough to support their families, there's enough support for fathers staying home with their children, especially if those fathers are dissatisfied and unhappy with their jobs and their families don't feel they have adequate childcare. In a sense, the implications for public policy are both about the childrearing and family side but we need more support, both for employment of mothers and fathers, and also for gender equity at work. If mothers and fathers have access to well-paying and secure jobs, it gives them more options about who can do what in the home.
SF: It's clear that the more men lean in at home, the more women can lean in at work and enjoy the fruits of their productive output in the labor market contributing to society through their work. But it does mean that men need to be not only supportive but really given legitimacy in the role of caregiver. It sounds like your evidence suggests that the legitimacy is out there.
KG: I think that was one of the more uplifting and surprising findings. It's not really surprising to find out that people support single mothers working, for example, and it's even less surprising that they would support married mothers with good jobs and good childcare working. But I think it is definitely worth noting that they also support fathers who don't have good childcare and aren't happy with their jobs and aren't providing necessary income, that they support those fathers being more involved at home and being the primary caretaker.
SF: I, too, find it uplifting Kathleen that men be seen as legitimate in the role of caregiver, that is something that we found in our study comparing the Gen Xers with the millennials here at Wharton and that men's and women's roles are converging and how they think about what's valid and true. I also got an email yesterday from someone who attended one of my workshops on leadership from the point of the whole person, where people look at what's important to them, who is important to them, and they make creative changes based on those diagnostic analyses and here's what she wrote to me:
While doing the exercises in the book and discussing with my coaches we discovered a great way to improve my whole self and my life has dramatically changed. Prior to this change, I was working 26 hours and my husband was working 40 hours in a job he disliked that was too far from home. We discovered a solution that led me to coming back to work full-time with a flexible schedule and location and my husband now doesn't have a paying job; he takes care of the house. If nothing else, I'd like to thank you for putting this information out there and let you know that you helped me change my life for the better.
Of course, I hear this type of thing all the time from students, but they don't necessarily thank me, but I hear these issues a lot. You're finding research evidence that this is common, that people are making choices on the basis of economics, the need for childcare, and not whether it's the man or woman doing the caregiving at home.
KG: I think one thing that is important for us to point out is that this study was really asking people what their opinions and beliefs and attitudes were, but we shouldn't gloss over the fact that implementing those beliefs may be a lot harder than having them. That's where I think we're lagging behind and not giving people real options to implement those beliefs, rather than having them but not feeling they're socially legitimate or even logistically possible.
SF: It's something that's at issue in the presidential campaign. Some of the people who are wanting to be our president are talking quite strenuously about this issue and I think it's going to be one of the platform issues that's going to draw a lot of attention, because it will be a stark contrast between the Democrats and Republicans, right?
KG: It's certainly something that Obama has put on the agenda in the last several years of his presidency as well.
SF: What you two have done here is to advance the knowledge about what is fundamental to any kind of real change and that is the legitimacy of this shift and simply acknowledging that people's attitudes really have changed, and that's very powerful. What's been the reaction to this work?
JJ: There's been a lot of interest, and we got some very interesting feedback in our New York Times piece. Among our colleagues, there's a lot of engagement in these issues and trying to see how we can probe further into the aspects of work that are most essential and the aspects of family life that are most important. In a sense, this is a first step in that area, but the feedback we've been getting is very positive.
SF: What are people saying?
KG: One of the more important reactions has been not simply about the findings themselves but also about the way we went about asking the question, because part of the problem, as Jerry pointed out earlier, is I think we've been asking the wrong questions up to this point. We've been asking questions like is it alright for a mother to work and will their children suffer and those questions already start to presuppose an answer, you almost have to disagree with the assumption of the question, which is hard for people to do to give a more accurate answer, but they also focus only on women and mothers. If we have any larger effect on even the way that these questions are phrased, I think that will be important, not only because we've included fathers as well as mothers. And we've also taken account of the fact that not everyone is married and there are all sorts of family forms and patterns these days that were not prevalent 30 or 40 years ago. We're asking people not just a global question, but rather given this particular situation where these parents are facing these constraints and these opportunities, what do you believe is the appropriate action. That's very different from just saying this blanket statement about whether or not it's good for mothers to work.
SF: It seems so obvious that we should have been doing that all along, so how did you come up with this better method?
JJ: It's an experiment. We had an opportunity to do a controlled experiment in a survey setting, which is kind of unusual. A number researchers around the country and around the world are thinking about how they can replicate what we've done, extend what we've done, and that's always exciting.
KG: We had this opportunity to use this method where you're actually setting the stage before you ask people questions and then seeing how people might respond differently depending on how that stage is set differently. We're able to add all these different situations, which is very hard to do if you're asking everyone the same questions. Part of what happened is we began to realize from our own research how misleading some of these surveys that were asking questions formulated 30 years ago were. Because we know 40 years ago most people lived in a particular kind of family and a certain set of beliefs were prevalent. But we've gone through a revolution since then and we began to ask ourselves how we can begin to formulate questions for the 21st century that don't make the assumptions that might have been reasonable to make in the 1950s. For example, if someone is faced with bad childcare, and this is something else we looked at, they have a set of choices. They might stop working, but they also might decide to get better childcare. Same with a job. If you were unhappy with your job, one option might be to pull back from work but another option is to look for a different job. We wanted to give people realistic options rather than forcing them to give answers that really didn't fit with the realities Americans face today.
SF: Randy is calling from Texas. Randy, welcome to Work and Life. What's on your mind?
Randy: I was thrilled when I heard this topic. In my family, my husband and I had a very heated discussion about this exact same topic over the weekend. It seems like the research is focusing on do we think it's okay, is there a societal shift in the belief that it's okay for men and women to do something that's not sticking with a gender stereotype. My question is was there any look at a non-binary question so is there an impact if you choose a non-gender-specific role, do you face consequences in the workforce, specifically thinking about men who choose to make family a larger priority than work, are they then experiencing negative consequences in the workforce because we aren't willing to accept it in practice?
JJ: We work with companies all the time and talk to corporate leaders and try to encourage them to promote workplace flexibility and to give working parents the option to work less to pursue lots of different creative choices. You're absolutely right that there's a reluctance with many people because they're concerned that there are real consequences. There is often some income loss in the short term, but I think people worry even more about the long-term consequences for their careers, and that's both men and women. I think you may be right that there's still more of a sales job that's needed for men to convince everybody that this is a legitimate choice. Kathleen and I are arguing that we're moving toward convergence. Neither of us feel that we're there yet. I think there's an understanding that there are costs for both male and female employees, and that's one of the reasons we want to move toward more explicit, systematic policies like paid leave so that it's more institutionalized and accepted.
SF: And available for both men and women. It's clearly not just a women's issue anymore. Your research really helps to move us past that debate of is work and family a women's issue. It's a human issue, as we said earlier.
KG: There is research by others that does show that there is a stigma attached to taking advantage of the family leave policies that companies offer, and ironically I think to some extent, is greater for men than for women, because we still have a ways to go in terms of thinking about these as issues that men and women both care about and face.
SF: The data from that research is probably five years old now.
KG: Let's hope that current and future research shows that's declining. The more we talk about it, I think the greater chances are that it will. In the past, I think we've talked too much about the clash between women and men and perhaps the way we need to start talking about this now is the clash between workers' needs and workplace policy. That will help us begin to reduce the stigma and actual career and long-term economic consequences.
JJ: Randy, what kind of choices were you considering — cutting back or opting out of the labor force for a spell?
Randy: For the longest time, we were both equals and we had a nanny, which was wonderful. Through changes in the economy and one of our companies closing, we had the opportunity for one of us to stay home. It was me, and that's what we decided to do. There's a whole host of issues with that for me, but for my husband, career continues to go up and mine doesn't go anywhere. Part of that was it's socially acceptable for me to opt out for period. It would be harder for him to opt out even when we were both equals. But if there was push-comes-to-shove with a family requirement, I was always the one that figured out a way to make things work because it's okay if I leave to take someone to the doctor and not okay if he leaves to take someone to the doctor.
JJ: I do think the world is changing. Mark Zuckerberg was very public about taking paternity leave. I think there are lots of men who get points for going to their kids' soccer games and taking off for their kids' softball practice. I think as more and more examples become known, I think we're chipping away with this. The other thing I want to add is we are also very interested in re-entry ramps, trying to make it easier for people to come back into the labor force. Stay-at-home dad is not a perfect situation. It's not as though dads are staying home for 16 years or 18 years, they're often doing it for six months or a year, or a lot of times they're just cutting back to part-time. It's not that different for women. A lot of women opt out of the labor market at some point. A lot of times it's not their choice, things happen at work, the company closes, the office moves to a different location or whatever, and one of things that we need to do is to facilitate the re-entry of people who developed tremendous skills and abilities and are able to contribute significantly to our economy. We have to create an economy for settings where it's easier to get back in.
SF: To off-ramp and on-ramp and to use the assets that you obtain in the parental role. There are things that you learn as a parent or by managing a household that make you more effective in the workplace; it's not that it's down time. Jerry, you just mentioned Zuckerberg's very visible paternity leave. One of the things I didn't like about his announcement on Facebook was that he talked only about benefits for his child, which is lovely of course, citing the importance of fathers in child development, but what he didn't speak to were the business benefits of his doing this, and I'm sure he's thinking about them. How do you see the argument unfolding in terms of these high-profile examples but also the shift in attitudes in America about the need for support for parental leave, whether paternity or maternity?
KG: It makes a great difference, especially when the leaders at the top set the example, because that sends a signal to the people below them that they're not going to be penalized, and if they are, it would be completely illegitimate. I think the best example I can provide is from Norway. There, they develop a use-it-or-lose-it policy, which means all parents have the right to paid parental leave for six months, but it cannot be given to the other parent. If a father doesn't use it, then he relinquishes it and the family loses that option. Surprisingly, what that's done is up the percentage of fathers who take it to the point where that's the predominant pattern. What's interesting to me is the cultural spillover effect of that change. Now, the norm has generally shifted so if a father doesn't take leave, that's considered strange and that requires an explanation, as opposed to the situation here where if a father does take leave, that's considered strange and has to be justified.
SF: And that's all as a result of social policy change.
KG: It's not just that cultural change can lead to policy change, policy change can cause cultural change as well and we need to keep that in mind when we talk about things like Zuckerberg providing a good example for his company. If he provides an example, it also means that it changes the signals that other men and fathers and mothers receive and it gives them rights they may not have thought they had before.
SF: It might also spur people to try to push for changes in policy. We'll probably not see a policy like Norway's in our lifetime. Aside from knowing that attitudes are changing and there are these outcroppings of real progress in the corporate world and a push for changes in social policy that we've talked a lot about on this show and that we've been active in, what can an individual do based on your findings in this study? Are there any implications for fathers and mothers out there listening?
JJ: Kathleen and I had the great privilege of attending the White House Summit on Working Families. Not only were the president and Michelle Obama and the vice president and Jill Biden there, they were all speaking very frankly and from the heart about their own work/family challenges including Vice President Biden commuting back and forth everyday from Washington to Delaware on Amtrak when his kids were very young. Those were incredibly powerful stories, and talk about taking leadership from the top, their commitment to these issues I thought was very powerful.
SF: I was there, too, and it was truly moving to hear all four of them and so many others speak about this issue from the heart and from real experience just like the rest of us.
JJ: Getting back to individual choices, in job interviews, this is information to be asked about. What are your work/life policies? That's something that people need to find out about. Many corporations are increasingly flexible, and technology is making some of that more possible like working from home one day a week or part of a day. Having flexibility, again that doesn't work for every job, but it works for a lot of jobs. Having technological opportunities, they're increasingly common workplace practices and this might sound optimistic, but there is some beginning evidence that we're going to be facing a tighter labor market as unemployment declines and specifically for certain occupations that are increasingly in demand. Employers are going to be seeking out employees.
SF: This is what's happening out in Silicon Valley. Kathleen, I know you were researching that. Jerry, as the Founding President of the Work and Family Researchers Network, what are these researchers doing?
JJ: The Work and Family Researchers Network brings academics and policy-makers and corporate HR practitioners together to discuss a very wide range of issues. We don't only talk about sick leave policy and family leave policy but also about stress, eldercare, childcare, sleep, workplace productivity, and workplace flexibility. We have over 1,000 members from 40 countries around the world and we're going to be convening again in June in Washington, D.C. Anyone who's interested in learning more about our organization, we're at workfamily.sas.upenn.edu. We have a website and we'd love to see some of your listeners join us at the conference.
SF: Kathleen, I understand you're doing some work on changes in the technology world. What is it that you're discovering or pursuing in that work?
KG: Let me follow up to the question about what you can do in your lives. I've been doing research in the Silicon Valley area and the New York metropolitan area, especially among people who are in technology and new economy jobs. The first thing I would say to everyone out there is you are not alone. The momentum is growing and I think we're almost at a tipping point where the majority of people are wanting and pushing for the same thing, and don't be fearful to speak up because you're part of a much larger movement of people and the more we express these needs, the more they will be acceptable and legitimate. The second thing is we're also in the midst of an enormous change in our economic fortunes and the nature of work. Increasingly, work for everyone, men and women alike, especially in these growing sectors of the labor market, is not so much about joining a labor organization and moving up the ladder and proving your loyalty, it's really about managing your own career and integrating that with your other values and family life and private life. Therefore, it's on employers to pay attention to that and it means that while uncertainty or change is always scary, it also provides enormous opportunities to build the kinds of lives we want to build. To think about it, but be willing to take the risks that matter to you to build the life you want, I think the more that happens the more that we will not only have support for the social policies we need but also for the workplace changes that employers are going to have to make in order to keep up with this new labor force.
SF: And to be competitive in the labor market. We've been saying this for years in the world of organizational psychology and sociology, but it really is happening now. If you come to the Wharton campus and you listen to the recruiting pitches, students are asking these questions and very much upfront, and companies are saying come to work at our company, have a whole life, have meaningful work, have a positive social impact, all the things that new entrants are claiming as rights. The companies that are going to be able to attract and retain those people are going to have to be able to adjust, and they are or at least saying that they're trying to. Whether they are actually is really the rub, but it's a long, slow process.
KG: Assuming we're able to make these changes, let's try to make them for everyone, not just those people that have the skills that are so desirable, but for people up and down the economic ladder who have less control over their work. We can institutionalize these changes, and everyone will have the power to create the lives they want for themselves.
Filed Under: Career Paths, Fatherhood/Men's Roles, Flex Work/Project Work, Gender Equity, Gender Roles, On-Ramping/Re-Launching, Opting-Out, Policy changes, Research, Women and Work, Women Primary Breadwinners, Working Families | Leave a Comment
Investing in Human Capital: Conversation with Anne Erni
Anne Erni is former head of Human Resources at Bloomberg and before that Managing Director and Chief Diversity Officer at Lehman Brothers where she pioneered global efforts in the recruiting, retention, and advancement of women and under-represented groups in financial services. She came to talent management with more than 15 years of front-line banking experience in fixed income and equity sales, at Lehman Brothers, Bankers Trust and Swiss Bank Corporation. Erni serves on several not for Profit advisory boards. She recently left her position for a much needed sabbatical. Anne Erni spoke with Stew Friedman about HR in the 21st century and how we can invest wisely in human capital.
You can listen to the podcast here:
http://worklife.wharton.upenn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/anne-erni.mp3
Stew Friedman: What did you do, in brief, over your course of tenure at Bloomberg?
Anne Erni: I joined Bloomberg in January of 2009. My role was to build leadership, learning, and diversity. Bloomberg was in a big growth phase. We were looking not only to grow the number of employees (which, by the way, grew from 8,000 to 16,000 by the time I left) but, in the course of that growth to make sure we were fully prepared with leaders who understood how to lead others, to understand business strategy, and to learn how to motivate and manage human capital as well managing the company's capital. While I was there I spent the first several years working on issues, such as leadership training, the hire to retire aspects of learning for all employees, as well as succession planning, and something dear to my heart, diversity.
SF: You weren't trained in HR. You came at this game through line positions in banking. How did you get into this field?
AE: I started out of school going into an investment banking training program and then worked in corporate finance. But there was something about that trading floor that really attracted me. It was alive and a perfect place for an extrovert to go and learn how business gets done. And I loved to sell. That was always part of my DNA. I worked my way up from repo, which is sort of the overnight, least sexy part of the trading floor – Re-Purchase Agreements. As I moved up the curve, and as my career progressed and I was promoted, I found myself increasingly alone as a woman on the trading floor. In August 2001 I was literally tapped on the shoulder by then President Joe Gregory who said, "Anne, men run in packs and women don't. I need you to go out and create your pack." Creating my pack has become a mantra throughout the course of my career – bringing groups of people together to encourage, inspire, and support one another. And it doesn't have to be like-groups of people. It doesn't have to be women for women or African Americans for other African Americans. It's really about getting senior leadership to understand the nature of nurturing, sponsoring, and mentoring talent. That was really the beginning of my journey of moving from the trading floor to become, ultimately, the first Chief Diversity officer at Lehman, and learning how to you make sure that human capital strategy is in tune with what the business strategy is day-to-day on the floor, and how to really reach out and engage with mostly senior-level men who don't naturally look at HR as an important issue.
SF: What was the greatest challenge in making that connection clear and compelling to the people that were decision makers?
AE: First, it's related to the business challenge: to do a great job, we need great people. And you need great people to be highly engaged in order to bring their very best. And you need people to stick around. It's quite a competitive labor market, and when you have terrific people, your competitors find out very quickly. When you have a great performer and they leave to go to a competitor, that really strikes a nerve with senior leaders. The other piece is how do you get them to truly engage in change. That is often through empathy.
While at Lehman and Bloomberg, one of the other things I noticed was that a lot of senior male leaders marry women they meet in the work force. And often, because they're earning enough and have one of them to stay home, often the wives will leave the workforce. And when the kids grow up, they to tend to languish. These are women who are highly educated, had terrific career trajectories, but had the choice and ability to spend time at home. But when they decided they wanted to go back, there were no avenues. They were not a legitimate pool from which companies recruited. The idea was how do you create those on-ramps and create an enthusiasm by senior male leaders to take a chance on someone who's not been working for two years versus paying a premium for someone who has? Empathy was something that has often worked when thinking about how to change your organization.
SF: Can you give me an example of how you did that when you say 'using empathy'? Can you recall an instance where you actually did that?
AE: While at Bloomberg we spent a lot of time developing a curriculum. We have individual contributors, team leaders, and managers. When I first arrived, when someone was promoted to team leader it wasn't aspirational, it was like, "was I not a good contributor? Why am I having to manage other people?" But over time, we made it an aspiration. The way you would get them to want to be leaders is to show them the impact that they have on others by relating it to the impact their boss may have had on them. When they think about "what's a good boss?" "what's a bad boss?" "how do I feel with a good boss?" "how do I feel with a bad boss?" it often has them think about what are the behaviors that I exhibit each day that will have an impact on my people. And it was often through that type of "relate it to yourself before you can then be able to be effective with others" that would help people understand why they would need to go through leadership training, why they would use new models of managing other people, and, frankly, changing the way work works. If people need to take time off, they need to think about their own lives before they can relate it to others.
SF: So, how did that play into what you had to do to get senior male leadership to understand the diversity challenge facing Lehman when you were first given this charge by Joe Gregory to create your own pack?
AE: When we would go to campuses to recruit, 58% of all undergrads were female. If you are recruiting a class that's 90% male then you've actually lowered the standard because you haven't taken equal parts of the intelligence that exists. Often we say, "you're pulling an all-male class or an all-white class, how much talent have you left on the table?" You often have to appeal to the fact that, one, diversity in thought and perspective actually better solves problems, and two, to get that diversity of thought and perspective you can't have a class coming out of school that is not diverse. You need to get them to really want to appeal to difference to bring them on board.
SF: How did you get them to be more open to see why it was important to invest in programs that were going to enrich and broaden the talent pool?
AE: First, you expose them to philanthropy and engage them with organizations like Prep for Prep in New York City where you see this amazingly talented group of African American students having opportunities to go private schools, get special tutoring, and access to training and experiences that ultimately put them in some of the best schools in the country. Seeing this, executives are much more open to looking at talent more broadly.
SF: Giving people opportunities that they may not have had otherwise helps them get a greater sense of emotional understanding. I guess that's the way to characterize the sense of empathy.
AE: Absolutely, and we talk to them about what are some of the best ideas generated within teams. We try to highlight and understand that when you bring in multiple perspectives ultimately that will better solve problems.
SF: There is probably a lot you cannot say about the fall of Lehman. But I'm wondering if there is something you could tell our listeners about what was the biggest takeaway for you in terms of the fall of that great firm? How it went down. What did you take from that as a kind of life or leadership lesson?
AE: It was similar to Bloomberg in that it had an incredibly well defined and beloved culture. People loved being part of the organization. They genuinely believed in the mission. They genuinely believed in the leadership. In 2001 we lost our buildings on September 11. And there was always this sense of being an underdog, and if we worked hard enough, if we fought hard enough, and we stayed together it would work. People genuinely believed that it would not happen to us. Being part of that culture, I was absolutely devastated along with the rest of folks that this had happened. One of my great learning's was I believed so much in the company that I sacrificed many important times in my life for the company. I had young children and worked late nights and weekends, giving up important events. I realized that something that is here today and gone tomorrow was something I actually sacrificed very important aspects of my family life for that will never come back. That was how much I believed in a corporate entity. I ultimately learned, as trite as it may sound, that family trumps. Family decisions should sometimes, more often than I allowed them to, trump some of the work-life decisions that I made during that time.
SF: Now let's get back to the Bloomberg story. So, you start there. Linda Wolf invites you to take responsibility for the leadership track. How did you become head of HR? And that lesson you learned at the fall of Lehman, how did that inform your own leadership act at Bloomberg?
AE: When I arrived at Bloomberg, it was a tough re-start. It was a completely different culture, and I was an outsider coming in at a relatively senior level. Bloomberg had always grown organically over time, and we were in a time of great growth where we were going out and acquiring talent, both junior and senior. Again, my point on empathy is as your designing programs to onboard senior leaders, you have to apply your own experiences of what you would've liked when you first came onboard. My focus was on building a culture of leadership. I think what I learned at Lehman, which I applied at Bloomberg, was in order to do that it always has to be in tune with what the business strategies are. And at Bloomberg, we have five different businesses: R&D, media, sales, data acquisition, corporate. And each one had very unique needs that you had to incorporate into whatever leadership training agenda you put in place. A training program for a journalist might be a bit different than the way you might approach the R&D folks. And that's something that I really made very signature to my tenure; build an HR organization that was in tune with business strategy.
SF: Looking back what do you think was your most significant accomplishment at Bloomberg?
AE: My most significant accomplishment was the establishment and roll out of a leadership program for our most senior leaders in which we were able to establish, at a time again of great growth, one common message about who we were as a company, what was expected of them as leaders, and have them all sing off the same song sheet, both new as well as long-tenured employees. This Global Leaders Forum was sponsored and led by the top leaders of our company. And to get them together to engage in the content and delivery (we did about 13 programs over the course of two years) was really a group effort. What I enjoyed most about that program was that all of our leaders ultimately went through individual coaching and I got to know many of them quite well before I became the Chief Human Resources Officer.
SF: Which I'm sure was crucial for your success in that role. Melila is joining us from Toronto. Welcome to the show, Melila. What is your question?
Melila: Hi, it's very interesting that you are talking about corporate culture because in Canada we're very multi-cultural and I suppose diversity for us is beyond women. What I'm wondering is how do you start to build a corporate culture which recognizes and embraces the diversity but at the same time be able to unify the company and the culture so that you all start to speak on behalf of one organization? And start to have one corporate life experience?
AE: Great question. I have worked at two global organizations. At Bloomberg we are in over a hundred and ninety countries. What is so critical to the success of the company is making sure you are attracting, developing, and advancing local talent, and that not all of the decisions are coming out of the home office. And to do that you have to make sure that you understand local markets, that you've developed a recruiting strategy that brings in the right talent. But once they're in the door, and I mentioned this earlier, creating the right onboarding experiences is critical. Hopefully, through the interview process you've designed the questions and the right type of corporate fit that you're looking for. But once they're in the door, it's really helping them onboard and learn the corporate culture. At the same time, make sure leaders understand how to be inclusive in the way they manage them day-to-day.
Melila: In terms of the onboarding, is that a process that is owned by HR or is it a combined process between HR, the direct supervisor, and the communications team?
AE: I believe HR should create the infrastructure and the frameworks, but engage leaders in the process. For example, onboarding is not just day one where they sign papers and get some information about the company. It's really about managers checking in with individuals, day 30, day 90, day 180. And also bringing together new hires over the course of the year so they can form networks, and be able to listen to each other, and talk about their common experiences. That piece of it absolutely needs to be led by both the managers of those individuals and some of the senior line managers. And to your earlier point about how do you build a corporate culture that embraces difference, you need to bring all those folks together and constantly expose them, as a group, to senior leaders and have senior leaders engage with them.
SF: But that takes so much time Anne. Who has time for all of that, if I can ask the devil's advocate question?
AE: First of all, it's very expensive to acquire talent, but it's more expensive to lose talent. So, if you look at the economics, a typical rule of thumb is that it costs 1.5 times the compensation of a new employee. And we would often look at the cost of recruiting, which is significant as well. Invest a few hours a year checking in and doing what we used to call a "stay interview" to see how the employee's doing to get them to stay. You can ask them, "How are things going? What are you experiencing? What about our culture? How can I best support you?" Those small gestures by either your direct manager or senior leader in your group can really yield great results. I think often what you find is some managers will tend to connect, sponsor, and mentor folks that are more like them. We need to embrace all new joiners to the company and make sure they get equal access to that stay opportunity.
SF: Melila, thanks for that wonderful question. I want to find out why you left this extremely cool job, and what you have been doing since you've left. How did you come to that decision?
AE: It was truly one of the hardest decisions I ever made in my life. My career was never more exciting. I had a great opportunity to work with senior leaders and Mike [Bloomberg] himself. He is an incredible visionary and leader. But it was also a crossroads in my life. I recently celebrated a big birthday. More importantly I have spent the majority of my HR career in the last fifteen years creating policies and practices to help individuals navigate work/life issues. So, for example, at Bloomberg created the first flexible leave programs. We were working on creating different types of long-term leave programs – maternity leave, paternity leave — trying to make it accessible to all employees. We call them leaves of absence, and do not have differentiated leaves. So, if you were a gay parent and adopted a child, you were going to get one period of time. And if you were a female and were giving birth you would get another period of time. What I really wanted to make sure was that all employees had equal options and equal time. Bloomberg is always on the cutting edge of most policies and incredibly generous, but there were outdated approaches. The very last thing I got approved before I left was an updated modern approach to leaves, which essentially put our leave policy on the cutting edge in terms of length of time away and support that we provide. We did primary caregiver and secondary caregiver, so that makes it gender neutral and it also makes it neutral across whether you're a hetero- or homosexual couple. It benchmarked incredibly well against those with whom we were competing for talent.
This passion for creating options for people led me to think what about me? I was going through a point in my life where certain things were going on that I would never get back. For example I brought up two children and my daughter is 24 and lives in London. She has already flown the coup. And I have a son who was a rising senior in high school and I always said to my family — my husband and my mom, who is one of my great confidants – that when Noah's in his junior year I want to know what it's like to be a stay-at-home mom. I pushed through 28 years in my career in a very fast paced, high powered, high pressured environment working 12, 14, 16 hours a day because I wanted to succeed. I wanted to get to that next level. I wanted to do the best job possible. As I said earlier about Lehman, since I was being paid to do that job it often trumped family decisions. But I knew that if I waited until my son went to college, and all of a sudden I had the time and money to take time off, what was it worth? I knew it was a very important time in any high school kid's life when they start to look at colleges, when they start to work on applications, and I didn't have any of that time.
Often, when I went on a college tour, something would happen at work, and I'd spend time sitting in the car, while my husband walked around campus with my son. Or on a weekend, we were going to work on his list that he had to give to his guidance counselor and I was in the office and I didn't have time. I also have elderly parents. I'm part of the sandwich generation. My dad has Alzheimer's and is 81. You feel a different kind of obligation not only to support the parent with Alzheimer's but really more to support my mother who is taking care of my dad. And they need support to make difficult decisions they may not be seeing objectively. And there is my husband. He and I had equally intense careers, and he has been an incredible supporter of mine throughout it all. And often when he would pick me up from work, and I'd get in the car, I was the one who spilled the beans first. I'd talk about decisions I had to make, problems, or politics I was dealing with at work. And we haven't spent a lot of time focusing on his career. Also, for my marriage it was a very important thing for me to spend more time focusing on him. I really came to this point where I had to make this decision: I can continue to keep my head down and plow through it like I've done at every other stage of my career, or am I going to exercise the option that I put in place for everybody else.
And I have to tell you, Stew, I shocked everybody. No one knew that I was going through this sense of personal pain. No one really knew the toll it was taking on me personally in terms of lack of sleep, and the inability to do what I really wanted to do. I spent two weeks on vacation – my first vacation in fifteen or twenty years and during that two weeks I felt a sense of freedom. This was in December and January of 2014 going into 2015. I was in Uruguay, South America. Far away. No cell phone reception. And it was during that time that I decided that I need more of this time. But I needed to sit on that thought. I needed to think it through. I needed several months before ultimately approaching my boss to say that I needed to take some time off. And there was a great discussion about should we change my job, would I be interested in doing something else, but I really felt that I needed a genuine break, time to focus on family, to experience for myself what it meant to be a stay-at-home mom after being a professional mom for my whole life. I resigned in early March. My last day was May first. I stayed on to help with an orderly transition. I've stayed in close touch with most members of my team, but I really took the summer off and did the things I set out to do.
SF: So, was this understood to be a sabbatical where you would return/might return/might not return? What's the mutual understanding if you can talk about that?
AE: Sure, I can. Bloomberg had a no re-hire policy. It's quite public and Mike [Bloomberg] writes about it in "Bloomberg by Bloomberg." Over the years many people who were incredible performers had to leave for personal or professional reasons, but ultimately realized that they might want to come back. So we have hired back several key people. When the announcement went out that I was going to be leaving Bloomberg to pursue family pursuits, first of all, there were lots of snickers like "oh, sure you're going to take care of your family," or I was being fired or something more sinister. I knew it was the euphemism often used, but it was the truth for me. But I was so honored and pleased when it was written "Anne will be returning at some point." So while I didn't go on a formal sabbatical because we don't have sabbaticals at Bloomberg, there was absolutely an agreement and opportunity that should I want to return that I could go back and talk about what potential opportunities exist, which I haven't yet done.
SF: So, you're now in this interim period. Noah, your younger child is now a senior. So, you've got a year?
AE: That's correct. We did the visits over the summer, we worked on his list, he's worked on his essay. And I think he's in a terrific place where he genuinely knows the direction he wants to go in. I've spent a great deal of time with my mom. We're working on getting care at home. We're looking at what long-term care looks like, looking at homes. I'm going to D.C. next week to do that with her. I was actually most surprised about the space I've made for myself, and my own personal nurturing. I love to entertain. I love to cook. So, I spent a great deal of time working on that this summer. And I've also done a great deal of research. Because the question is: Do I want to go back to doing what I did, or is this an opportunity to pivot, change direction? I did a great deal of research on "great women" or "high-powered women" that have made career changes. I've been studying that quite hard, Stew.
SF: So, what have you taken away from your study?
AE: There are lots of people that have worked in the White House, or state department, or in investment banking, or in media that came up with an idea, and took some time off, and then went in completely different direction. Someone like a Martha Stewart, she worked in the state department. Or Ina Garten, who's the Barefoot Contessa, who worked in the White House and now has an incredible food network brand and global following. There are entertainers who have built multi-billion dollar businesses. Jessica Alba, she's a billionaire. So, there are great examples that have been inspiring to me. I have a notebook, which is in front of me here, which has the ideas that I'm thinking about. But also, I'm thinking about whether I want the portfolio career, my own entrepreneurial venture, or do I want to go back to the corporate world. And that's sort of the crossroads I'm finding myself in now, and I'm looking to January 2016 to make that decision.
SF: Wow! That's only a few months away. You're going to have to come back to tell us what you ultimately decided and why. As you think about the next phase of your journey of discovery, as you referred to it on the break, what's going to be paramount in your thinking because there are some competing interests here? You can't just do everything. How do you come to understand what's really most important to you now and where you want to invest your precious moments and energy in your life?
AE: One of the things I've always made a core principle as I decide what to do is: can I make an impact? Am I empowered to make an impact? When Joe Gregory tapped me on the shoulder and said men run in packs, women don't, he put money behind it. I had a pool of compensation that I could reward for engaging. He put his money where his mouth was. When I was at Bloomberg, I was working with senior leadership. They completely put the right resources behind us. So, whatever I do has to have the right resourcing for me to have the kind of impact that I want. That's a core principle. Impact can be measured in dollars or political capital. One of the other aspects I'm exploring is the whole notion of 'affiliative capital,' 'affiliative power.' The extent that you're working for someone as amazing and world-renowned as a Mike Bloomberg, that's an incredible affiliative capital to be able to have in order to get things done. The question is whatever I do next, do I need affiliative capital or does my own capital carry itself. I've always been part of a corporate system, and I've always had that benefit. I would say the third criteria that I'm setting is: I do want to have more freedom. So, whether it's a portfolio approach, perhaps consulting, or whether it's going back to corporate, it's going to need to have more flexibility than I've been able to have in previous roles.
SF: Which is what we know everybody wants: greater freedom to pursue the things that matter in ways that enable them to have the kind of impact that they want to have. That's what the show is about and what all of my work is about: to create opportunities for people to be supported to pursue the lives they want to live. Of course that happens at the level of social policy, corporate practice, and empowering and skilling up of individuals to claim that power. As you think now about your kids and their future, and of the millennials generally, what did you learn in your experiences most recently at Bloomberg? What did you learn about how the rising generation sees the whole issue of work and life? And what is the most pressing concern for business with respect to addressing those needs and interests?
AE: I think whether you're a millennial or a baby boomer, what has changed all of our lives is technology and the ability to work 24/7. You're reachable 24/7 pretty much anywhere in the world, except where you can't get reception. I think that has blurred work and life. I think the millennials are doing a much better job at navigating that and being able to leverage that to get their work done. But on the other hand, I think they're much more intent on making sure that they have a distinction between their work and life. And that whatever they are working on has meaning. And one of the things I was incredibly proud of while working at Bloomberg was the fact that we were able to work so closely with the Bloomberg Foundation, which is one of the most high-impact foundations in the world, and engage particularly our millennials in a lot of the volunteerism. I think bringing that meaning to the office and allowing employees to, for example, clean beaches, or clean schools, or work on a myriad of projects, that was incredibly meaningful to the next generation. It's blurring the lines because they can come to work and then go work on the beach, or when they go to the beach and they may be working on a proposal. They're able to integrate it, but we have to make sure that we are very much more intentional in providing them meaning as it relates to work.
SF: Absolutely, we did a study comparing the class of 1992 to the class of 2012 at Wharton, and one of the major findings of that study was how much more the current generation values having meaningful impact through their works, especially women, but men too. The growth in that value as expressed by women is really powerful and it makes perfect sense that a company like Bloomberg would invest heavily to create opportunities for people to have a greater sense of meaning through their work, and not just through volunteer projects, but the everyday. So, were there ways that you did this at Bloomberg For other business leaders listening in, what advice would you have for them to create a greater sense of meaning and purpose for millennials, to fully engage them?
AE: It goes back to our opening conversation about corporate culture, and I think that it's really important for any company to define what is the 'there there'. What are we ultimately accomplishing? At a place like Bloomberg, which provides incredible transparency to global markets, which ultimately feeds economies and affects everyone, it was something everybody believed in and understood. People understood what Bloomberg did, whether it was Bloomberg media bringing information and breaking news, or whether it was allowing you to get data and analytic overlays that help you make better decisions. People believed in that mission. But the other thing that I thought was just incredible about working at Bloomberg was the fact that a large percentage of every dollar was going to philanthropy. It's a privately held company, and people knew the profits we were making were for a higher purpose. A very large percentage, a majority of the profits, were going to fund the Foundation and the Foundation was going to re-distribute that to really important projects, which by the way were highly measurable.
SF: That's a part of the Bloomberg world that not many people know all that much about, so I'm glad that you pointed that out. Before we sign off, Anne, let me ask you as you advise younger people coming out of school as they think about their careers based on what you've seen in the financial services world and tech and media world, what is the most important thing for young people to know as they're launching their careers?
AE: I think the most important thing to know is that every magic carpet ride is going to experience some turbulence. You really need to do what you love, what you believe in, and work for a company that will help you understand the ultimate purpose of what you do every day. And understand that a career is long-term. There will be good days and bad days, but ultimately being focused on the higher purpose is such an important thing for all of us to do. Otherwise, it becomes a drudge day in and day out.
I want to say one last thing, Stew. When I graduated from SAIS with my masters in International Affairs, I wanted to go into the government because I wanted to do good in the world. But the best piece of advice I ever received was go to the private sector, understand how it works, accumulate your own power, your own wealth, and with that then you can affect real change. Then go back to the public sector. So, I think really understanding ultimately what you want to do, you need to have your own influence and your own power to be able to make that happen.
Posted on October 14, 2015 by Wharton Work/Life
Filed Under: Career Paths, Meaningful Work, On-Ramping/Re-Launching, Women and Work | Leave a Comment
Working Your Way Back to Work — Karen Rubin
Karen is the Managing Director for Talking Talent North America, where she and her colleagues have coached over 14,000 women and their managers at companies including Deutsche Bank, McKinsey, and many others across the globe. In her work a certified coach Karen is helping Fortune 500 companies to develop the female talent pipeline and bring more women to the top. She spoke with Stew Friedman about why she's committed herself to helping women at all different stages in their career succeed in the workplace, and the programs she is helping to establish that enable women and their managers to successfully manage the maternity transition and the child-raising years.
The following are edited excerpts of their conversation and the full podcast.
http://worklife.wharton.upenn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Karen-Rubin-podcast.mp3
Stewart Friedman: What do you think about the Netflix parental leave deal?
Karen Rubin: I think it's an exciting announcement and certainly a step in the right direction. It's really wonderful to see some U. S. companies offering more generous benefits for the parent transition. With that said, I think that the danger of this type of policy is that a company might say, "OK, now we're done. We're offering a year of paid leave, so we don't need to do anything else." And not everybody is going to feel comfortable taking that leave. Everybody wants it, but the concern is if an individual actually takes it, what will the perception be? Will they be perceived as somebody who is no longer committed to their career, and what if somebody else takes two months? Is that person on track for a promotion in leadership? So it puts a company into a gray area.
SF: There's a lot of work that needs to be done to manage the expectations and stigma.
KR: Absolutely. Management really has to be behind it. There needs to be a cultural acceptance of taking that type of leave for it to really work in practice. Otherwise, it's a carrot that's dangled that nobody can actually take advantage of.
SF: Right, so it has to be used, and that's what we know to be a problem with unlimited vacation policies. The problem isn't that people take too much time, it's that they take too little for the very same reason.
KR: It's the work martyr syndrome, where in some cases it's better to just have a defined period of time. But with that said, I am all for companies offering more generous maternity leaves. As you probably know, the U.S. lags behind just about every developed country in the world.
SF: Yes, a topic we've reviewed many times on this show.
KR: So it's good that everybody is starting to pay attention to it. The tech sector in particular is one where it's very difficult for women to stay engaged. There's a lot of dropout, and very low numbers in terms of women making it into senior leadership. So these tech companies, I applaud their effort, but it needs to be supplemented by more support.
SF: You can see just today, Adobe announced that they're going to be doubling the amount of time that they're devoting to maternity leave following the announcements by Netflix and then Microsoft. These announcements, they're steps in the right direction, and they do have ripple effects as they create competitive pressures on other companies who are now trying to keep up in order to be able to win the war for talent.
KR: Absolutely, and when Google found that when they increased their maternity leave from 12 to 18 weeks, they saw a 50% increase in retention of women going through their maternity transitions, that was certainly helpful.
SF: Let's get to the work you do with your company. You worked for 16+ years at companies including DirecTV and Showtime Networks, then you took a career break to stay at home full-time with your three girls who are now teenagers. During that time, you trained and became a certified coach at one of the top coaching programs in the country. What was the catalyst that inspired you to make this career shift?
KR: When I left the corporate arena, and I was fortunate that I had the opportunity to be home with my kids, but after a certain period of time, I was really itching to get back to work.
SF: So when you say you were fortunate, you mean you had the financial resources?
KR: I had choices available to me. Not everybody has that. But I had invested years in my career, I had gotten an MBA, I loved working, and I looked around and I wasn't sure what I should do next. But I also knew that when I exited from that corporate arena, and between my second and third child, I knew that if I had had the benefit of a coach during that time, I absolutely would have stayed.
SF: Do you regret not having stayed, Karen? You're saying that looking back, you'd rather have stayed?
KR: No, no, no. Absolutely not. I love the time that I had at home with my girls and I am fortunate that I landed on my feet and I was able to get back into the workforce. But I also know a lot of women don't. About 40% of women who leave the workforce to stay at home with their kids never make it back, and often they want to, they just can't find a way back in. So I loved that I had the time with my girls and that I was able to go back, but that's why this work is so meaningful to me. I know that there are a lot of women out there who love their careers, they also love their families, and they're just looking for a way to make it work.
SF: What drove you to take this up as your primary work?
KR: I had so many smart, educated friends who were sort of unhappy being full-time, stay-at-home moms, and this is not a judgment in any way. It's a wonderful thing to do for many people, but I know a lot of women who wished they could get back to work and couldn't figure it out. I know there are companies like iRelaunch that help women get back to work, but I thought, "what could companies do to hold on to their women?" [Friedman's interview with iRelaunch founder, Carol Fishman Cohen.]And that's what Talking Talent specializes in. So I was able to connect with this wonderful company that works with organizations to help them figure out how to coach employees and managers throughout this really important inflection point in your life so that if you want to continue with your career that you can.
SF: What do you do? How can you help?
KR: We work with both the women as well as their managers. I say women but we also work with men who are becoming parents. It's another group that really needs support. But we help them figure out how they should make the announcement, how do they transition their work, what do they want, what type of parent do they want to be, what role models can they find within their companies, how connected do they want to be while they're out on leave? We help them think through all of the important issues along the way. How do you reenter, how do you make sure that your key stakeholders know what you want so that false assumptions aren't made?
SF: It's so important to communicate and find out from the people around you what's going to make this a win for them. So you help people, coach people through that process and that's naturally going to result in better outcomes. I want to hear more about this, but we've got Jason calling from Chicago, who has a question about what we're talking about here. Jason, welcome to Work and Life. What's your question?
Jason: I'm a recent father of twins and today was actually the first time my wife went back to work, something that was hard for her. She works for a large corporation, a large retail store based in Chicago. She went back today, obviously that's hard for her, she would like to stay home but where we live, we can't afford it. How do we go about finding a stay-at-home job where salaries and benefits can match that corporate world?
KR: I'm sorry, that's not really my area of expertise, helping people find stay-at-home jobs, so I don't really have too much to offer.
SF: Stay on the line and we'll provide some resources.
SF: Karen, let's get back to what you were saying about how you work with people who are making this transition. It's critical to know what your goals are, to be able to find out what people around you, what they expect. What else do you do that makes a difference?
KR: This brings up a really interesting point. The guilt that many working mothers feel is a big topic of conversation in the coaching. So often, women feel they can't have a successful career and also be the type of parent that they want to be, and that leads to sometimes, they're working so hard at home and working so hard at work to be the perfect professional and the perfect mother and ultimately, that leads to burnout. What we often will think about or help our clients consider is what is really important to them, what might they be able to let go of, what might they delegate, because you can't give 100% in both place without burning out at some point.
SF: What are the keys to reducing that guilt? How do you get past that, because I'm sure that's something you hear about a lot and what helps, and what really makes a difference in having people feel better about the choices they are making?
KR: Well, one thing is to consider what's most important to you as a parent. So if it's being available for a pickup or a bath or appointments with the pediatrician, you figure out what are those things and make sure that you are available for those things. But there are probably lots of things that you do because you think you should, but that you may not enjoy and you could really delegate to somebody else.
SF: So for example?
KR: For example, there are people who do drop-offs to childcare that they could hire that out, they could have somebody else do that, they could figure out another way. It's not necessarily the best time with your child, or you could figure out perhaps a different childcare arrangement where it makes your life a little bit easier and it makes it more sustainable. Another area in the workplace and thinking about are you constantly involved with office chores? Sometimes women get delegated planning things, mentoring, things that are good in a small quantity but over time can really lead to exhaustion and burnout. So it's trying to figure out what is most important, where are your strengths, where do you shine, what lights you up, and really letting go of some of the things that don't.
SF: And perhaps helping other people to take up those responsibilities in ways that would be good for them, right? How else do you help people in terms of how they get to you. How does someone in an organization, small, medium, or large, know that they need help with making the transition to parenthood, because it's not something that anybody ever told me about when I was young, and sounds like you didn't get that support either and you're way younger than I am. This is something that's new, right?
KR: It is fairly new, in particular in the United States it's a new concept, so I would check with your HR group, find out if this is a benefit that's offered to you through work, usually that's how organizations provide it to their employees. If you can get it through your organization, that's really a wonderful way. You can also look at the Talking Talent website for some tips. The other thing that's really important is managers. Sometimes managers think, "I've had lots of women become parents, I know what I'm doing." But that relationship between the employee and the manager really predicts how successful that transition is going to be, so I would encourage managers to learn all you can about what conversations you should have with your employee. How would you present this to your team so that it's a positive situation?
SF: So let's take the employee who works in an environment that hasn't been focused on the question of how to help you become a better parent – most businesses. So if you're 27, you've just had your first child, you want to be the best parent you could possibly be, but you also want to continue to advance in your career, how do you work with your colleagues, your supervisor, when that's not a normal thing to talk about? How do you coach people to do that?
KR: That's a good question. It's really about being clear and communicating what you see for yourself in your future. So if you want to continue on that same career trajectory that you had before, you want to make sure that everybody knows that that's what you want. Yes, you are 100% committed still, so that they don't make assumptions. Sometimes after a woman has a child, it will be assumed that she won't want a high-visibility project, she wouldn't want a promotion, so she may be overlooked.
SF: It's an unconscious bias that exists for young mothers, so you have to overcome that both from the perspective of the men and others in positions of power, but from the perspective of the young mother who wants to create some change. What should she do?
KR: She should definitely have a conversation with her manager. She should be talking to mentors, sponsors, all key stakeholders, letting them know what she wants. Not everybody wants to continue along that same career path. Sometimes people want to stay at the same level for a while. Maybe they want to make a lateral move, and that's okay, too. What's important is to make sure that people know when you are ready to start on that promotion track, that you're having those conversations, that you're letting people know what you want.
SF: I could see how it could be kind of frightening, though, for some people to raise those issues, especially in an environment that hasn't traditionally been open to having conversations like that. What are the kinds of fears that people have, and how do you help people overcome them?
KR: One big fear from the manager's perspective is that they're going to say the wrong thing and they're so afraid of saying the wrong thing that sometimes they don't say anything at all. From the manager perspective, you really want to ask, "What do you want? Where do you see yourself? How can we be supportive here?" If you're the employee and you're thinking, "Wow, I really don't want to travel so much, I maybe want a flexible work arrangement," then you need to think of how can you align what you want with the business needs so that when you're crafting a proposal for something like that, you're not just saying this would be good for me, but this is how I'm going to make it work for everybody.
SF: So it's going to be a different solution for different people because some young parents want to take a lot of time off, they want to be super involved in their children's lives. Others, perhaps, less so, and everything in between. There's no one-size-fits-all, is there?
KR: There's not, and you want to look around and see what's working for other people and maybe cobble together different elements that you're seeing. If you talk to 10 parents, they might be making it work in 10 different ways, so you really need to look at all the role models available to you and not make assumptions. What I see happening with women, especially if they're in a heavily-male-dominated industry or a type of work that's very time-consuming, is that they'll say, "I don't see anybody doing this job in a way that I want to do, therefore, I'm going to leave right now." That's not necessarily the best way to approach it. You might want to look at different ways that people are doing things and maybe you need to become the role model.
SF: That requires courage. Again, how do you help people overcome what must inhibit many people from speaking honestly with people who might say, " No" or "That's a bad idea." How do you help people to put that out there in a way that is seen not as selfish but really as intended to make a positive impact on the business.
KR: Sometimes it does feel for some that it's a gutsy move to be able to come out and say what you want, and we encourage the employees to do it, we give them the tools for having that conversation, and ideally, we're also working with their manager so that the manager understands the perspective of that employee, what it must be like for them. How can they engage in that conversation, if somebody provides them with a proposal for a flexible work arrangement, how do you evaluate that? If you have to say no, what might that mean for others who want to request it? Or if you're not sure it's going to work, could you consider a trial. The beauty of coaching about this is it's not that we're prescriptive and saying, "Just do these five things and it's all going to work out." It's helping people understand what's important to them and what their fears might be, but also knowing when you can make it work, you can have the career that you want and the family that you want, you have a beautiful life.
SF: What's the most important thing you want our listeners to know about this topic and the work that you do?
KR: I think the most important thing is that it can work, and that for women who are out there who are feeling exhausted and discouraged that it's important to look around, see what others are doing, just to know that there are ways to be a great mother and a great professional and that you can do both and that we can make this work.
SF: You have three daughters, Karen. 20 years from now, if I were to be talking to the three of them sitting around in the studio, what do you think they're going to be telling me about their lives and careers?
KR: I think they will be glad that their mom worked and that she went back to work and that she was a role model to them. They see how happy I am being back to work, so I think that even though life is crazier and clothes aren't folded beautifully and sometimes we run out of milk that it's okay.
For more information visit http://us.talking-talent.com/ and follow on Twitter @talkingtalent @KarenRubin1.
Posted on October 6, 2015 by Wharton Work/Life
Filed Under: Career Paths, Experiment with Change, Flex Work/Project Work, On-Ramping/Re-Launching | Leave a Comment
The Courage to Walk Through Doors — Amanda Eversole
On Work and Life, Stew Friedman spoke with Amanda Engstrom Eversole, Senior Vice President and Chief of Staff of the US Chamber of Commerce and acting president of the Center for Advanced Technology and Innovation. She was recently named one of Wharton's 40 under 40. They discussed how she manages her high powered career while hewing to her core values – how she aligns her actions with her values.
Stew Friedman: You've just been promoted to the President of the Chamber's Center for Advanced Technology and Innovation. How did you end up in that role? Tell us the brief highlights of how you got to this role right now.
Amanda Engstrom Eversole:
Washington, DC, USA – October 23, 2014: Amanda Eversole. Photo by Ian Wagreich / © U.S. Chamber of Commerce
My background is actually in communications, and I started off about 15 years ago as a business development person within an advertising agency in Washington, D.C, completely unconnected to politics in any way. I thought I really wasn't going to fit in in Washington but I wanted to figure out what the public policy world was all about. I went over to the U.S. Chamber of Commerce and what we are is we represent businesses broadly from small companies to large companies before the government, before the court, and before what we like to call the court of public opinion. I came over in a relatively junior level position and worked in a communications capacity and since then I've had about 22 different jobs in that time. I'm sort of what you'd call the utility player. When we've had a project that's hard and they needed somebody to jump in, roll up their sleeves, and figure it out, I've been that person on a number of different projects and so this Center for Advanced Technology and Innovation is the latest example of that. It's really a startup organization within the Chamber of Commerce. I've had that for just a few months now.
SF: What's the mission of the Center for Advanced Technology and Innovation?
AE: We're actually figuring that out as we speak and I would be really interested if some of the listeners, if they'd like to reach out to me offline or through social media, that would be terrific. What we're really trying to do is give technology companies of all sizes a voice in the public policy development. What we've found is that particularly in the startup world, you have companies so focused on getting their companies off the ground that they don't see possible regulation or legislation that could have a massive impact on their business model. We're trying to connect that process much earlier in the cycle. Likewise, on the flip side, with larger institutions, we're trying to make sure that their voice is represented as part of the broader business community.
SF: So you're wanting the public to speak to you in and add their ideas about what exactly?
AE: Well, we're defining our mission. Innovation in the economy is what's going to be driving the job creation, which is really the heart of what the Chamber of Commerce is focused on.
SF: You didn't graduate and say I'm going to be the the head of technology for the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, did you? Or was that the plan?
AE: Absolutely not.
SF: So how did you get there? What was the path that led you this type of work and what you believe is important about your life and your purpose in your work?
AE: It's really one where doors had been opened for me along the way. The headline is really about having the courage to step through those doors. Candidly, at the time, I didn't always know what I was doing. I've often come across people who have been very clear in what their life mission, from a work perspective, has been. They wanted to be a doctor, they wanted to be a lawyer, they knew what their calling was. I, on the other hand, didn't.
SF: I think that's like most people. So you didn't know, so what did you do?
AE: When opportunities came up, by default, I would say yes. My career at the Chamber, I've been there for over 12 years now, which if you had asked me at the beginning if I thought I was going to stay in any place for more than five years, I would have said very unlikely. But the beauty of this organization for me is that I've been given the opportunity to go and create several new programs from the ground up and learn how to add value to our membership. It's a unique business proposition because we represent businesses broadly so I have a chance to think about things from a different perspective, meaning how would businesses of all sizes or industries be affected by a particular public policy or by a particular piece of legislation. Once you understand how to do that, applying it to the different policy areas is all about learning the substances, because you already have the tools in the toolkit at that point. So I was involved in our Capital Markets Group in the lead-up to and following the financial crisis. It was a very important time, clearly, not only from an economic perspective but also from making sure that any policies, or ultimately the Dodd-Frank Act that was passed, prevent future crises but don't ultimately impact the ability to raise capital for businesses of all sizes. So, different subject matters, but interesting how you can apply it in business contexts of all fashions.
SF: So the core mission, then, how would you describe what the core mission of the Chamber is and in terms of how it relates to what you believe is important about business and society?
AE: At the end of the day, we're advocates for our members and businesses of all sizes, and we find it to be our role to speak up and say things that perhaps businesses can't say on their own or would prefer that a trade association like the Chamber might say. Formerly one of my positions was as Chief of Staff and I was able to leverage our resources broadly, not only from a public policy perspective but I also led our charitable giving program. One of the things that was important being a student of yours in the Total Leadership Program was making sure that all four of my domains were aligned with what my own personal interests were. So I was able to figure out how to tie together both a work objective and being a good corporate citizen, and also my own personal belief of how to give back to the community and society. That was really sharpened and honed through this program, and we've been able to do some really wonderful things, both for our staff and for the community as a result of that.
SF: So tell us, what are you most proud of in terms of what you've achieved in that capacity?
AE: Well, there have been a couple things. The first is there was a domestic violence shelter in D.C. called WEAVE, Women Empowered Against Violence. One of the things I like to sharpen when we're deciding where to invest our time and our resources is where our dollars and where our time is going to make the biggest impact. This organization's mission is to help women and men who are victims of domestic violence find not only access to legal resources but access to resources to get them out of situations that are difficult. We were able to provide our resources and we were able to gain access to people who volunteered their time to help from a financial standpoint. The organization was about to go under, and we were able to extend the life of the organization for well over a year. Unfortunately, it ended up closing down and reforming in a different capacity, but that one year's time was so important. We helped many survivors of domestic violence to have a second chance. If we hadn't there, there would be dozens of people who would have been in very difficult circumstances. I'm really proud of that work, and there are a lot of different cases like that.
SF: So this is an interesting example taking advantage of an opportunity at work that enabled you to have a real positive social impact on an organization that you wanted to support and to also help your organization in some important way. I'm assuming it also it also helped your career, I'm inferring. Is that accurate?
AE: Absolutely.
SF: That is a great example of integrating the different parts of your life in a way that works for all of them, to look for and take opportunities that enable you to express what you believe is important and especially when it's going to be helpful to your business life. You just had your first child. How has that changed things for you and the role that you play in the Chamber and how you're thinking of your career?
AE: Everybody told me before I had the baby that it's going to change my life completely, but until she was born and until I had held her for the first time, I really truly couldn't understand what that meant. It's just a richness and we are so blessed to have her. I've only been back at work for one month now. Interestingly I was promoted into this technology capacity two months before I had the baby so there's been this break between work life and family life and now I'm trying to manage both together and its caused me to think through and make some difficult choices. As I alluded to earlier, one of those choices was I stepped out of the Chief of Staff capacity, where I had a relatively interesting job design with three very significant management roles. One with the technology program, one in an operational capacity as Chief of Staff, and one in our Center for Capital Markets Competitiveness. And the beauty of having three months away from the office, where I was actually fairly disciplined at staying away from email and really focusing on the present and my child, my family, was when I came back my perspective was quite different.
SF: How has it changed?
AE: I thought about things like how can I set myself up to be successful rather than just taking on more and taking on more. I made a very conscious effort to see how I could do things differently and end up performing at a very high level. This entrepreneurial effort as it relates to technology was where the growth was, whereas the operational role, albeit extremely important, was something that I had done for a while and it was likely time to pass that opportunity on to someone else. But it was quite hard for me, to be candid with you, to say I can't do everything anymore.
SF: You said earlier in our conversation that one of the keys to your successful growth in the early stages of your career was to step through the open doors. This is kind of contrary to that, isn't it?
AE: Absolutely. There are days when I wonder if I made the right decision. When I take a step back and take a deep breath I'm very certain that the answer that is yes. It's an inflection point and I'm sure that many people, particularly working mothers, question themselves: are you letting your career go by? are you making decisions that put you on a different trajectory? In this case, I felt like I needed to make sure that I was going to set myself up to be successful. And it was fairly evident to me that trying to do, in essence, three full-time jobs in addition to my new daughter is impossible. The idea of doing all those things so-so wasn't appealing. So I made a decision, and it will be an interesting experiment.
SF: What do you expect and what do you hope for? What do you think is going to happen? This is new for you, to say "no" to opportunities as opposed to saying "yes" to open doors.
AE: I expect that I'm going to have days where I'm going to be motivated to jump back into my old capacity. I'm going to have to be very disciplined about not doing that. Being Chief of Staff is one of those roles where people have been very conditioned to come to me for certain questions or certain advice. Helping people find somebody else to serve them in that counseling role is very important. On the other hand, it's very easy to get dragged back in if somebody knocks on the door and just needs a few minutes. Then the next person needs 15 minutes and all of the sudden, your day has been eaten up.
SF: Right, but that's been, as we have been saying, the key to your success, to be available, to jump in there, and be the Jane of all trades. And to get it done no matter what. Inflection point is an interesting way to put it. Saying "yes" is something you were really good at and got a lot of rewards for. What do you think is going to be helpful to you to have the courage to be able to draw those boundary lines?
AE: Well, I think a lot of it is how this new program is ultimately structured, and a lot of it is the team that we ultimately build. One of the things that I find to be both most satisfying and most important is creating a structure so people can succeed in the tasks ahead of them. Finding the talent who can help create this program from the ground up is exceedingly important. It's the discipline of being conscious of my behavior as opposed to simply reverting back to what's comfortable and what I have done to date.
SF: What's the most important thing you want our listeners to know, both about what you do with the Chamber and what you discovered about leadership through your journey?
AE: One of the things that was most illuminating as a student in your program, Stew, was the conscious decisions that we make and I now no longer talk about "work -life balance." Rather I talk about how do I make sure that I'm aligning myself with my own personal goals in the appropriate way and not just reverting to whatever is the most in need of attention and is drawing my resources that way. And while it's never perfect, and clearly my daughter has changed everything in a very great way, it is being conscious about how I move forward in all of these various domains that at least gets me to the appropriate starting point and gives me the control to decide how I move forward as opposed to just reacting to what comes across the transom.
SF: Do you have a specific thing that you do to help you make those conscious and deliberate choices?
AE: It's about friends, family members, and coworkers that help me through this journey, personally and professionally.
SF: They're holding you accountable to what you believe in.
For more information about Amanda's work and where you can contribute to the conversation at the Chamber about what the Center for Advanced Technology and Innovation should be doing, now is a good time for you to go and add your voice by going to cati.uschamber.com.
Filed Under: Career Paths, Meaningful Work, Women and Work, Work/Life Integration | Leave a Comment
The Power of Encouragement in Women's Advancement — Julie Coffman
On Work and Life, Stew Friedman spoke with Julie Coffman, a partner at Bain and Company for over 25 years and also a chair for Bain's Global Women's Leadership Council, which aims to increase the number of women in Bain's leadership ranks. Her primary focus in management consulting is to address the most pressing strategic issues in healthcare practice. Coffman has co-authored three whitepapers on gender parity: The Great Disappearing Act: Gender Parity Up the Corporate Ladder, Flexible Work Models: How To Create Sustainability In a 24/7 World, and Everyday Moments of Truth: Frontline Managers are Key to Women's Career Aspirations. She spoke to Friedman about building a support system for women to diminish the gender gap in senior leadership positions.
Stewart Friedman: Julie you have been at Bain for over 25 years as a very successful management consultant. Healthcare has been your primary focus. How did you get into issues of gender parity in the workplace?
Julie Coffman: It's interesting, Stew, because I would say early in my career it was not something I spent time on or focused on. Bain is a meritocracy. You do a great job, you get recognized. About 10 years into my career, I was noticing as I got more senior, there were fewer and fewer women in meetings with me, externally with my clients, but also internally. It all dawned upon me as I got married and had children; I have three wonderful kids and my husband. And as all those things came together – I love your Work/Life integration by the way, it's such an important way to describe it all –that led me to start thinking a lot more about what it was that was enabling me to pursue my career, and build the family life I wanted. What was different for other people? And what were we doing at Bain to try and figure this out more coherently.
The other part I'll mention is it became more and more important to our clients; diversity more broadly, gender, of course, but also ethnicity, race, background, education were a variety of things that we believe could solve tough problems. Bringing multiple mindsets, multiple perspectives and styles to the table actually increases your effectiveness. And so it was not just a nice thing to do or the politically correct thing to do, but actually something we believed that for our continued growth of the firm, we had to try and get out in front of.
SF: Because the marketplace was demanding it?
JC: Exactly right, the marketplace – we were seeing more and more that in buying positions both inside and outside with our clients. If you think about who controls purchase decisions at a consumer level and increasingly at a B-to-B level, there's a new female dominance or at least real strong influence in healthcare, in particular, but also hospitality, retail, consumer goods. And so bringing more women perspective into the boardroom into the executive suite and also into the multiple functional areas that we're getting, more and more populated by the women became increasingly important to our clients.
SF: What did you have to do to start to be more systematic to really change the makeup of the top management team?
JC: First saying that we are at the middle of the journey as opposed to the end of the beginning – I'm not sure which. – It is a long path for any organization to truly try and tackle this issue. I would say that Bain, what we've done in this journey in the last five or six years is, first and foremost, to establish the fact base. To sort of dimensionalize the challenge. Our internal challenge for numbers – male vs. female – at all levels of the firm. Where we were seeing the leaky bucket? We were doing pretty well bringing people in from top university campuses, from MBA programs. But then we needed to think about where we losing people. Where geographically we were having "hot spots," if you will, was in the 10-year ladder, losing people. And then what were the issues being raised by folks when they made career decisions?
SF: So, what did you discover when you began to look systematically at the issue?
JC: There were three broad themes that started to emerge. Number one was that we clearly needed to focus on women feeling like there was someone out there truly investing in them to succeed. We've always been a big apprenticeship firm – lots of coaching, lots of mentoring. But we started to get enamored by this concept of sponsorship versus pure mentorship and I'm guessing you've probably discussed that maybe in past shows. But this idea that someone will truly advocate on your behalf. And I don't mean to change the promotion process. But I do mean a senior leader that leads projects or works with clients and knows your work, and is looking out for ways to help you grow and be successful and taking you on their teams and getting you opportunities that may not just come along.
SF: So, that's the sponsorship role? Different than mentorship, which is more – or how would you describe it?
JC: If you show up at my office and say, "I'd love some coaching or advice or learning on how I can get better," I think I could probably provide that to someone whether or not I had personal knowledge of their own capabilities or would co-brand my own reputation with theirs.
SF: Co-brand you reputation? So that's really linking your future with theirs? Is that what you mean?
JC: That's right. That's what differentiates sponsorship from pure mentorship. I think that mentorship is coaching that you could provide but you may not want to hitch your star to theirs. Sponsorship is another level of saying we've done things together, we've accomplished great outcomes together, and I want to help you grow in the business. I will go out of my way to help you do some things that will help you get your next opportunity, etc.
SF: So is that the essential part of your strategy, to develop more successful sponsorship relationship because those are hard to engineer, aren't they?
JC: They're really hard. So that was the first thing. It's sort of an elaborate matchmaking process. They are not assignable. Well, first of all I was going to make the point of saying it's mostly our senior men that were reaching out and sponsoring our up-and-coming women. We had many more male partners than females so if you're thinking about the junior partners, or the managers, the people who have been with us for 5+ years from business school – that was our target group to start with. Women weren't making the push for partner in the numbers we thought they had the capacity and capability to do so. And we thought that one of the missing pieces was the belief that there were existing partners that wanted them as part of the partnership. So we needed our men, who I think were more naturally were sponsoring even without label, but sponsoring other men, to sponsor women. They were either just naturally hanging out together more socially or having more common interests, or just felt more comfortable. We needed to create a little bit more of an 'ask' for our senior men who had worked with these women. And think about ways to deepening that relationship that transcended just the transactional business –into more of a personal relationship.
SF: So, how did you do that? How did you overcome what must have been that natural discomfort? Perhaps getting too close with women who were younger. What was your approach to easing those connections and making them more natural?
JC: We knew that there were organic stories that were happening already without there being a big push. We needed to get those more publicized. We needed to get more of our senior men who have already gotten women under their wings – people who have been quite successful in a two-way street relationship to be more outward about it. Tell the story, describe it, talk about what was useful and start to distill some best practices. So we interviewed a bunch of people and said "How did it work? How did it naturally coalesce? What other things could we do that could instigate it a bit more, to nurture it a bit more?" Then we got together with a bunch of our leaders who run our various offices and practices and said "We want you to work with the leaders of our client accounts." Make this a specific request. Who are the up and comers? And who can naturally sponsor the women there? And at the same time ask the women, "Who do you see out there that you would love to have as your sponsor, whether you've asked them or not?" And then let's figure out by announcing this that you want to give them permission to ask. But behind the scenes we made sure the people who would be the ask-ees would be willing to do it. So we've engineered like a dating game, if you will. No dates involved, but…
SF: Right, wrong metaphor.
JC: Wrong metaphor, right. In other words, the relationships were already there. You needed to have that common experience in order to activate them. You have to create the language and the opportunity for people to try to build those relationships and to make them a bit more formal in the way in which they talked about the next steps in helping each other.
SF: So, it was really about changing the culture. And we know that one of the most powerful means of doing that, and it does take time, which you said at the top of this conversation; this is a long slow process. One of the most effective ways to changing culture, of course, is to tell stories of the kinds of episodes that illustrate what you are trying to make normal, which might not otherwise have been in the past.
That seems to have been an important part of your approach, but also, as you said, to change the language and to authorize or give permission for people to develop these relationships. So, how did you find a path for success? Or what are you finding is most effective as you proceed down this journey?
JC: That's exactly what we believe. That storytelling in the right venues with the right language and the right follow-on steps is the critical enabler here. So, one of the things that we have been spending a lot of time on as a firm is looking very critically at our bigger events. So when we have leadership team meeting at a regional level, the Americas, or Europe, Middle East, or Africa who are we showcasing in those meetings? Who is the MC? Who are the speakers? How are we bringing to life the success of our firm? What are we intentionally signaling in terms of what our goals are and our desires? And are we comfortable with that? Are we creating the right message? Are we creating room for those stories and those spotlights to be shined on enough diverse stories? Again, when I say diverse I don't just mean race and gender, but I also mean stylistically. What we need to break down at Bain is the belief that there is only one model that can make it. There has to be an understanding if we are as diverse a group of leaders in term s of how we do this job, what drives our success. So, therefore if you are looking up at a partner you see something, some element you can relate to, that you can be a part of. So we started doing those kinds of meetings. And then on a more micro-level, thinking office-by-office, and practice-by-practice. Who are the leaders? And are we giving them the opportunities to share their stories and messages of success in a way that works. You mentioned earlier that global Women's Forum, which is a big event every other year. And we just had our 2015 version in Atlanta at the end of June. It was a huge success. One hundred and eighty women from around the globe gathered. And we invited 40 of our male leaders to join. And the entire two and half days was effectively story telling, best practice sharing, brainstorming in workshops, and a lot of opportunities for people to hear from one another what works, and how to make it work.
SF: As your coming away from that, what was the big take away?
JC: I think what we set out as a goal was that we want to thrive in a client-facing career. We don't want to survive. We don't want to just get through the day. Our aspiration is thriving. We asked: "what does that mean to you?" and asked for 30 to 60 second testimonials throughout the two and a half days. When do you feel like you're thriving? Tell us what that looks and feels like. And what we realized is that for the majority of us, it's that moment of inspiration when you realize you've nailed it with a client. Or you and a team have worked your tails and come up with the big insight that you know is going to create real value. But it's also those moments when you know you are able to work on high-impact stuff with a group of people that you really like, but still make you kids soccer game. Or get there for the school play. Or be able to take guitar lessons, or fit in the yoga class, or volunteer at your church.
SF: So, it's not just about kids of course?
JC: Right, it's not just about the parents at Bain, it's got to be about the whole person. And what you said at the top of your show, people feel like they're thriving when they are not overly indexed on one aspect of life. It's when all aspects are – not everyday, which I tell people all the time. If you ask me if I'm working in harmony on a daily basis, I could rarely give you a yes. But if every few weeks I take stock, and I'm not in harmony then I know I have a problem and I know I have to adjust.
SF: Yes, indeed. That is a main theme of a book I published few months ago called Leading the Life You Want, which profiles six great leaders in America, two from business, two from public sector service, and two from sports and entertainment. One of the two is Tom Tierney, who is a former CEO of Bain.
JC: A good friend of mine.
SF: I'm sure. And of mine too and a terrific role model. One of the important take -aways from looking at the stories of these and so many other people was just exactly what you said: It's not about balance on any given day. Balance is a word that I personally think is the wrong metaphor. It's misguided. It gets us thinking in terms of trade-off all the time. Harmony over the long haul, really over the course of a life is a much more fruitful way to think about. So, it's not surprising that you see it the same way.
JC: Yeah, exactly. I totally agree, by the way. I started reading your book and I'm looking forward to finishing it. It's a great read. The thing I wanted to mention, the other things we were hearing loud and clear at the forum, which also built on the research we recently published was all about the role of confidence and aspiration in going after your ability to thrive at work, but also across you whole life.
I mean obviously men and women both need to have the aspirations to succeed and get to top roles and the confidence that they can get there. But what we've been learning through our external research and then doing it internally at Bain as well is that there is a bit of a confidence gap in our women, as they get more senior.
That women really do experience certain setbacks or turbulence in the job in a different way than some of our male colleagues. But in particular, their own confidence needs to buttressed and supported more overtly than it has been by their supervisor or by their day-to-day managers. I don't know anyone who doesn't appreciate being encouraged or being thanked or having gratitude shown toward them. But our research would indicate that for women, in particular, that it is more needed as a way to maintain confidence, and to build up resilience. And I will be honest, I don't like painting all women or all men with the same brush. Of course, there's variation in all of us. But on average, it does seem that we see a confidence gap for women. There are opportunities out there for more ways for direct encouragement, support, and recognition to help women build that confidence and continue to strive forward the next role.
SF: This is the impetus for my inviting you to speak on the show. It's about that finding that you saw with women just starting out. There ambition was as high as their male colleagues, but as they move further along their career they had reduced aspirations and decreased confidence. And this is independent of motherhood or marriage. It was across gender. So how did you explain that?
JC: It was disturbing and unsettling to see it that starkly. And it was exactly as you said. We did a survey that looked at folks earlier in their careers, mid-level, and more senior. And in the mid-level you could see that the confidence and aspirations dropped by over half percentage point-wise for women vs. their male colleagues. And we tried to unpack that a bit and understand the root causes. We saw three core trends emerging that seemed to indicate why this might be happening more with women than for men.
The first thing was this belief that there was an ideal worker out there. Meaning there was a stereotype of what success looked like in their particular organization. And those who no longer had high aspirations said, "I no longer feel that I resemble that stereotype." "I don't feel like I will fit in with what's going to get valued here." And when we went further on that, a lot of that stereotype had to do with high-visibility projects, and networking a lot, but also hours, being always on, and those sorts of things. It's not that women don't want to work hard, but they would say to themselves, "I'm not sure I can always be that person. And if that's what it takes to be successful here, I don't want to go there."
And then the second thing was this idea of supervisor support. Do you believe there is someone out there who has your back, who is rooting for you. That's going to work hard to get you to the next role. So, it's not just looking for recognition but it's looking for believing that someone is out there that's going to be a co-conspirator almost, someone who's going to help you get ahead to think about how you work through your areas of development and strengthen yourself to be a great candidate for that next role. And again, those with more confidence felt like they had much more supervisor support than those with less confidence.
SF: And what was the third piece?
JC: The third piece was role models. And in some ways, people think that it is similar to my ideal worker comment, but it is a little bit different, meaning that did you believe there was someone out there in management that looked like you, talked like you, acted like you that you felt like you could pattern yourself after, and be able to learn from and grow with and feel comfortable joining that person, and that their styles were similar to yours.
SF: So that gets us back to where we started, the importance of having a variety of different kinds of people speaking in high-visibility places, and being seen as the face of the executive core. But I imagine that changing the mindset about what the ideal worker really is, that must be a tough nut to crack. So, how are you going after that?
JC: Yeah, that is the hardest one probably because that's where you get at the heart of cultural change, and biases, and all sorts of things like that. So, part of it is what you just mentioned, which is trying to make sure we're profiling, showcasing, rewarding, and celebrating enough different models so you can point to it explicitly. Part of it is also being more explicit about valuing other attributes in a different way. For example, at Bain like at many professional services firms, typically the big heroes out there are the client leaders, the folks that are selling the biggest accounts, and travelling a lot of hours and miles to get that done. And that's terrific. But we also wanted to make sure that we showcased people that were developing great teams. So, we have upward feedback scores, for example. And we give a special award to anyone that gets a 100% net supporter ratio, meaning every single person that works for them in that year said they would either gladly work with them again or actively seek them out. And so that means you are a 100% effective in net supporter ratio, and we call them our rock stars and there is a special award and recognition for those folks, independent of whether they were on the biggest accounts or on the shiniest new piece of business.
SF: So, that's taken seriously? It's not taken as the good sportsmanship award at sports tournaments where the guy doesn't win gets the 'well he's a nice person'?
JC: You know what, I think it is taken seriously. We have our managing director and three regional managing directors that take the time announce those folks, to showcase at least three of them in terms of special stories, standing ovations, and a special plaque that goes out. We're a competitive bunch.
One way we did it was made it a real metric that we could measure and say look, "There's a whole bunch of them that're not getting it, which means you're not quite living up to that." And that's an important part of what it means to be a Bain partner or Bain manager.
SF: So, it something that people do indeed aspire to?
JC: That's right. And the people that are up there are often some of the very best in the business on a commercial generation side just as much. It's not just a bunch of people that are maybe good at time, but not good at clients. It's actually typically a whole bunch of people that excel at both. And we're trying to showcase that you actually can have people really enjoy the ride, want to work with you, be inspired by you. And we've really been pushing our whole inspirational leadership curriculum through training and development, but also frankly into our compensation and promotion processes. So, you got to make it real in terms of people believing it's part of the curriculum to get ahead. It's how your measured, and it's a very tangible part of all our talent development processes.
SF: What's the most important thing you want our listeners to know about you've learned in your work in trying to really change the culture of leadership for men and women at Bain?
JC: You know, one of the simplest things that we've learned that I think anyone can go and do is say "thank you" more often. Think about all of the people that you're managing that are on your team that are doing great things and working their tails off. Take the moment to actually genuinely thank them and give them positive feedback. And encourage them, saying that you believe in them. Don't couple that with the constructive criticism in the same dialogue. Literally have that moment where you are just being positive, expressing gratitude, or giving someone some feedback that's positive. The next day you can go back and sort of give the constructive things to continue to work on. But the power of encouragement I think is a very under-utilized aspect, and all of us can build our confidence and resilience by using of that tool.
Ali Ahmed is an undergraduate senior majoring in Biological Basis of Behavior and minoring in Cinema Studies
Filed Under: Career Paths, Gender Roles, Women and Work | Leave a Comment
Stand Out — Create Career Insurance: Dorie Clark
On Work and Life Stew Friedman spoke with Dorie Clark, former presidential campaign spokeswoman and a recognized "branding expert," about how to understand what's unique about you and use that at work and elsewhere. Dorie is the author of Reinventing You and her most recent book, Stand Out: How to Find Your Breakthrough Idea and Build a Following Around It.
The following are edited excerpts of their conversation. Here's the podcast of the full interview.
http://worklife.wharton.upenn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Dorie-Clark-Wharton-Biz-radio-audio-file.mp3
Dorie Clark full podcast
Stew Friedman: How did you just got into this topic? You started in marketing and publicity and you use those skills and methods, somehow, to help individuals, as opposed to companies, market themselves. What inspired you to do this?
Dorie Clark: My first book, Reinventing You, was really the product of my own experiences because I had to reinvent myself numerous times. The way that the economy had been going think a lot of people have experienced disruption. I was a newspaper reporter and I got laid off. I worked on political campaigns and we all lost. So, I had to re-invent myself. I wrote a book trying to interview practitioners who had done this successfully, to learn about it. With my new book "Stand Out", I try to answer the next question which is, once you find the place that you really want to make your mark, once you've found the job you love, or the career that you love, how do you actually get noticed above all the noise and get people to really understand and appreciate your true talent?
SF: Why do you think that's an important topic for today's business world?
DC: I think more and more, this is the form of career insurance that we all need. We live in a world where there's always going to be someone who's willing to do the job for less. That's how the economy is turning. You have to give people a really good reason to want to do business with you specifically. The best case you can possibly make is becoming recognized as an expert. It doesn't have to be a world expert. But even if you're recognized as the expert in your company at a certain thing, or the expert in your community at a certain thing, that's a powerful form of leverage that you have in negotiation and it shows people, "Okay, if I need to pay a premium to work with this person, here is why."
SF: How do you think being able to stand out, being able to develop a calling, can help people create a greater sense of harmony among the different parts of their lives to integrate them better?
DC: Well, you certainly know better than most, Stew, that when you look at psychology studies about what really makes people feel happy and satisfied is having a meaningful life. It's having a sense of purpose in what they're doing. People want to have an impact. No one wants to feel like a paper pusher, or someone who's just watching the clock endlessly having to do tasks that don't really matter. If you can develop this expert reputation, if you can get noticed for your talents, it enables you to play on a bigger stage. It enables you to have more opportunities coming to you. The kinds of opportunities you want, so that your career can be as fulfilling as you choose for it to be.
SF: How do you get people to first understand what's really special about them, what they uniquely bring to the table, so that they can find their niche and gain support from others?
DC: The starting point is just beginning to understand what is special and what is unique about you. I think honestly, it's hard for a lot of people because we know too much about ourselves. We know too much in the sense that we're so far into the forest, we can't see the broader perspective. We're in our heads 24/7. Anything that someone might say about me, I probably heard, right? But the thing that I probably have very little understanding of, is when it comes to the impression that I'm giving the world. When it comes to the things that other people think are most meaningful, most different, most salient, I probably don't know that. A lot of things have equal weight in my own mind. Or I might think I'm coming across one way, but for the public it's coming across entirely differently.
So, I suggest that if you're trying to get a handle on what is unique and special about you, what's very helpful, and I suggest this in my first book, 'Reinventing You,' is to do a three word exercise. For a week, you go to some friends, acquaintances, and ask them, "If you only had three words to be able to describe me, what would they be?" This is not a hard question. Takes a minute to answer.
SF : Sure, and just anybody who knows you can do it. They probably find it fascinating as well. How does that help you to understand what is distinctive about you, asking about that question of friends and colleagues?
DC: Before long, you're definitely going to start to see patterns in what people think. That's helpful because it shows in a really broad stroke, what it is that's most unusual, or having the most impact on people. I did this exercise, I was a doing a webinar with a group of Israeli entrepreneurs recently. They actually took one of their group members and decided to make him a guinea pig.
They did this exercise where everybody took a minute. They wrote down their answers about him and then they read them out. Out of 10 people in the room, 7 of them used the word creative to describe the guy. If you hear feedback like that you know, "Okay, that's special. That's something that people really think is unusual about me compared to the masses."
SF: Yeah, that's going to persuade you. Although, I can imagine some people might feel it's a little awkward to ask people to describe them. Do you encounter that where people are saying, "I don't know if I feel comfortable asking people to tell me the three words that come to mind when they think of me." It's clear that that will be a very valuable thing to do especially when you ask multiple people and they converge on this one concept, like creativity. Do you have to push people to get past their inhibitions about trying to do something like that?
DC: You do sometimes. What I tell some people is blame me. Literally say, "I was listening to this radio show recently and there was this woman named Dorie Clark and she said we should try this exercise. So just for fun I'm going to ask you, what are the three words you'd use to describe me?" Throw me under the bus, blame me, use me as your excuse to get the data you need.
SF: That works. I use that all the time with my students when I ask them to do things that might seem little awkward. Same exact thing, blame me for forcing you to do this as part of our class work and that will get you over the hump. That is a very good and practical suggestion. Now, what if you hear different things from different people when you try that exercise out, and ask people to describe you and eight people different people say different things, or does that not usually happen?
DC: Usually, there is much more of a conversion. But if eight people would say different things, I think that's the point where you begin to step back. Number one: Ask what is the context in which people know you? Is it that really you're manifesting an entirely different self to them? Why did they have such diverse opinions? That's an interesting thing. Another thing is to ask yourself, are you actually acting in a consistent manner? Are you shaping your personality to what you hope other people might want or need.
It's important to use other people as a mirror to see how we are coming across. But it all comes back to authenticity. You don't want to be shaping yourself based on that they might want, or what you think they might want. It's really about getting clear on who you are, and making sure that the impressions that they are getting is a true impression based on what you would wish them to see.
SF: That's just great advice, and so critical for leadership development, for integrating the different parts of your life, and for learning how to stand out. Joe is calling from Oregon. Joe, welcome to Work and Life. What is your question?
Joe: Hi. I've got military background and I've come across it quite a bit where so much about what I've done with the military and what I've got to bring to the table that I wouldn't know how to start to explain let alone put something in a resume that my employer might understand. Where would be a good place to start translating my military experiences and skills?
SF: That's a great question. Thank you, Joe. Dorie, what advice do you have for Joe?
DC: Thanks, Joe. This is actually very appropriate because I work with military veterans all the time. Literally, on Saturday morning I flew out from having just given a speech at The Deloitte University in Texas, speaking to group of 50 service members who are transitioning into the civilian work force. I'm also involved in a charity called American Dream U, and spoke for them at Fort Bragg last year. It's a really common question as people are transitioning out of the military, and the things that you may have done there. Let's say you flew helicopters or you were disarming bombs. Those are not necessarily things that immediately translate in direct way to what you might be doing in the civilian world. I think a really important point in this is to not let yourself be boxed in. Employers are looking for one to one correlation, mostly because they don't want their brains to have to work too hard.
You flew helicopters. What does that have to do with marketing soda? You need to guide them. You need to take a 30,000 foot view and say, "Okay, what are my real skills?" it's not about flying the helicopters or disarming the bomb. It's about leadership. It's about the fact that you're able to supervise and safely care for a group of 30 soldiers millions of dollars of equipment. If you can drive home that message, so that they understand how the skills are transferable, take the broader view that it might be hard for them to grasp immediately, that can be really powerful.
SF: Joe, it sounds s though you're struggling with the question of how to make that translation. Do I have that right?
Joe: Definitely because a lot of the jobs that interest me, don't have anything to do with the stuff I've done in the past. What I'm hearing is I should use general ideas or principles, and not necessarily specifics about flying, or shooting or whatever else.
DC: I think that's absolutely right, Joe. In my first book, 'Reinventing You,' I profiled a woman named Toby Johnson who was an Apache helicopter pilot who later transitioned into a very successful executive career at Pepsi. The way that she was able to do it, when she first went to Business School, she thought she was in trouble because her classmates were interviewing for internships, and she didn't really feel like she had a good story to tell.
A lot of them had come from other corporate jobs. They can talk about their past experiences that they had had before going to business school. All she's ever done was work for the army. But once she realized, it was about leadership skills, it wasn't about the tactical elements of what she was doing on a day to day basis. Then, people really began to get it. If you get them away from the line items on your resume, and towards the bigger themes of what you've learned to do, that's how you can win the debate in their minds.
SF: It's making that translation. So, how can people begin to feel comfortable to bring more of who they really are to work especially, when it is perhaps at odds or different from, what's standard or normal, in a work environment? What about when what is different or distinctive, their special passions and interests cut against the norms, or what they think of the norms, in a work place that they want to be a part?
DC: Yeah, some really important points, Stew. There's a couple of thoughts that I have. The first one, is understanding the fact that literally, statistically, in terms of the studies that have been done, you will actually benefit. Your performance will benefit, and your outcomes will benefit by being a more authentic leader. Sylvia Ann Hewlett and her colleagues at the Center for Talent Innovation have done studies specifically about LGBT employees. They discovered, perhaps in contrary of what many people might expect, 'out' employees as compared to 'closeted' employees actually had greater workplace satisfaction and greater success, and were feeling that their careers were moving forward and they were getting the promotions that they wanted.
The reason for that, is that when you're focused on hiding a certain part of yourself, this goes not just for gay and lesbian employees, but for anybody, when you're focused on hiding a certain part of yourself that takes a lot of psychological energy. Its energy that otherwise, if you didn't have to worry about it, could go to your job. That's part of a reframing that I think is really important.
SF: It's a topic that we've talked about a lot here with Kenji Yoshino and Christie Smith on the topic of covering and they make the very same point. There is a lot of wasted effort that goes into pretending. If you can eliminate that waste and be yourself, then you have more resources and energy to devote to the tasks at hand. Standing out, it may come with some risk, right?
DC: Yeah, I think there is a certain degree of bravery that's required to do it, but you will get untold benefits. I actually, co-authored a piece in Harvard Business review with Christie Smith about this, about covering and authenticity in the work place. In my new book, 'Stand Out,' I profiled a woman named, Diane Mulcahy. She is with the Kauffman Foundation. She has a lot of research on entrepreneurship. A couple of years ago, they did a study about essentially what was going wrong with the venture capital industry. Diane came from a background where she was a venture capitalist.
This was highly critical in the industry, and when it was about to be released, she had a lot of people take her side say "Diane, this is suicide. You can't put this out." "It's like she's attacking her former colleagues," they thought. She really felt like this is important information, if she wanted to support entrepreneurship and the entrepreneurial ecosystem, she needed to be willing to do it. She did release the report and got a ton of coverage, and she did get blowback. But if you want to make change, it has to be about the idea. It can't be all about you and she was willing to do it.
SF: It probably benefited her in the long run by taking a stand for something that she believed and believed was going to be helpful to her industry. We've got Gabrielle, calling from New York. Gabrielle, welcome to Work and Life. What's your question?
Gabrielle: Thanks so much. I'm very excited. I'm moving to Philly in a couple of months and will be joining the work class of 2017.
SF: Excellent. I hope to see you on my class, Gabrielle. What's your question?
Gabrielle: As I begin my MBA journey I've been thinking a lot about blending my non-traditional background and trying to transition into consulting. I've been thinking a lot about how my colleagues would answer the question "What three words would you use to describe me?" And then how my friends would describe me. I think that there will be some dissimilarities and I'm trying to think about, how I can bridge the connection and combine them.
SF: Great question, Gabrielle. Dorie, what do you think? How do you bridge the divide that you might think is there, in terms of who you are, how you come across at work as opposed to at home, or with your friends in your community?
DC: Yeah, this is really important. What I will say here is that actually, a lot of us have been trained to think that there's just one correct way of being at work. Sometimes that means shaving off other parts of our personality. We're becoming the archetypal man in the great flannel suit. What we're learning more and more is that these points of distinctiveness, all of the cool personal stuff that your friends might see that your colleagues don't, that's actually the thing that can make you a memorable, vivid person that people want to be working with.
Of course, there are things that you might do with your friends that you wouldn't do at work. You still probably shouldn't swear. You still probably shouldn't come to work in a hoodie if you want to be a management consultant. There is a huge category of things that people might think are really irrelevant, but bringing them to the fore is sometimes very powerful. It could be that you're a passionate musician. It could be that you love travelling and you've been to a bunch of countries and are just fired up about that. But these things that might seem like they're a million miles away from your work, actually can lead to interesting intersections because a lot of research on creativity shows that the way to really be innovative, to really be a contributor, is to meld together different disciplines because it enables you to see the world differently.
I'll actually just mention it for people who want to apply these concepts in their own lives. On my website, dorieclark.com, I created a free 42-page workbook with 139 questions you can ask yourself to think about ways that you can find your own breakthrough idea.
SF: Gabrielle, I'll see you again in Philly next semester. Thomas, calling from Texas. Welcome to Work and Life. What's your question?
Thomas: Hi, like one of the previous callers, I'm from the military as well. Now I work at a pretty large employer. We all pretty much do the same thing and I'm trying to figure out how do you, in an environment where everyone is doing the same type of work, let your own character and work ethic be shown.
SF: Dorie, how do you advise people like Thomas on the issue of conformity pressures in organizations?
DC: Thomas, awesome question. If the nature of the work is very similar, then I would try to distinguish yourself on entirely different level. What I mean by that is if you can find essentially an extracurricular activity that you can use to stand out and build your brand around, that can be very powerful and also a good way to network, depending what it is. Literally, this could be anything. It could be being the chairman of the recycling club, or leading the Latino employee resource group, or it could be something where you're a fitness buff. Maybe this is good with the military background. You could launch a jogging club after work, or something like that. By either starting your own organization or taking the reigns of something. It shows people that you're a leader, and it shows people different facets of yourself that enables you to stand out.
SF: Thomas, I hope you found that advice to be useful. Kurt's calling from Oklahoma. Kurt, welcome to Work and Life. What's your question for Dorie Clark?
Kurt: I just completed my MBA. I'm graduating May 11th and I have a Master's degree in Clinical Psychiatric Social Work. Everybody at my community knows me as a therapist who does trauma work and I'm trying to rebrand myself and get out of that profession. I'm wondering how to do that. That's my question.
SF: Thank you, Kurt. Dorie, what advice do you have for Kurt?
DC: Rebranding yourself is always an important area, an important challenge because people's perceptions often do lag. One of the best ways to begin rebranding to start creating content so that people can actually see with their own eyes that you're knowledgeable in this new field. If you want to get out of the trauma space, and more into MBA stuff, let's say you're doing business consulting, if you start blogging and sharing so that your contacts will see them in your news feed and they'll say, "Oh, I see Kurt writing all these things about improving business processes. I didn't realize he did that." Over time that begins to sink in. Also, when you're writing this content, it gives you stuff to talk about; you can talk about what you're writing. The second thing, that's really valuable to do, I will call it, 'surprise people.' Snap them out of their previous conception of you. This is where it pays to do something big, something visible like taking on a leadership role with an organization. You can be the person who is in charge of business consultants of a greater Tulsa, or wherever, but something that is just off enough from what you used to do, that when you talk to people about it, and when they see it on your business card they'll say, "Really Kurt, you?" they'll give you an opportunity to have that conversation, so that they can pivot their perceptions.
SF: Kurt, what do you think, can you do that?
Kurt: Yeah, that's a great advice. I think I can do that. I was just trying to figure how to rebrand myself and get out of that workspace that I was in.
SF: Dorie, so much useful advice for our listeners. What's the best piece of advice you've ever gotten?
DC: I think the best piece of advice that I have ever gotten, actually in a really technical sense, is not to have an office. That might sound really strange because this is the Work and Life show. But I want to mention it.
For me, it's been a great source of professional satisfaction to be able to work from home. I buy myself an extra hour or two per day not commuting. If you're someone who enjoys working from home and you can do it, I highly recommend it. I've worked for myself for 9 years now, I've saved literally tens if not hundreds of thousands of dollars on office fees, and I've had a better quality of life doing it.
SF: That is great advice, Dorie. What's the one most important thing that you want to leave our listeners with in terms of core-message of your work?
DC: I think the core-message that I want to leave folks with is that it is more important than ever to stand out. We all live in a world with a thousand Facebook friends and LinkedIn connections. We all get way too many emails. You have to make sure that people understand what you're good at, in fact what you're best at, and that message is coming through loud and clear. It's worth it to invest taking the time to know yourself, and to spread the message to others through the leadership roles you take, the content you create, and things you write and how you talk about yourself in your conversations.
For more information about Dorie Clark's work check out her web site www.dorieclark .com and follow her on Twitter, @DorieClark.
Posted on May 18, 2015 by Wharton Work/Life
Filed Under: Career Paths, Experiment with Change | Leave a Comment
Dual Career in Couple-Run Family Business
On Work and Life, Stew Friedman spoke with Jordan Lloyd Bookey, Chief Mom and Co-Founder of Zoobean, a service that helps families discover children's books and apps at home or their local library. Before she decided to make the leap to the entrepreneurial life, Bookey led teams working at the intersection of technology and education at Google. As a speaker, educator, and mom, she is passionate about innovations in education, technology, and startups. Friedman spoke with Bookey about the challenges and insights gleaned from starting a social enterprise with her husband, Felix Lloyd.
The following are edited excerpts of their conversation. Or listen to the full podcast here.
http://worklife.wharton.upenn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Jordan-Bookey-with-Stew-Friedman.mp3
Jordan Bookey with Stew Friedman
Stew Friedman: You call yourself "Chief Mom", and your husband Felix Lloyd is "Chief Dad". Those are interesting titles for business; a lovely way I suppose to integrate the different domains of your life. What do those titles really mean though? What do they signify to the people who work with you—your clients, customers, other stakeholders?
Jordan Lloyd Bookey: When we were deciding what we would call ourselves (because we were co-founders and husband and wife), we initially thought that I would be CEO, COO. However, since we were both doing everything together at the beginning, we decided not to delineate responsibilities in that way, at least to start. The idea was to have something more playful that we used to refer to ourselves. Interestingly, within a few weeks, you wouldn't believe how many friends said to me "I love that so much because it's showing that family is a part of your life and that you put that first—you're really integrating these pieces of your life together, and I love what that says about your company and your mission."
SF: What does it say?
JLB: I think it says this is who I am, and I'm bringing my full self to this job. I am a professional in all work situations, but there are times when I really am Chief Mom, and I have to leave on a Friday because the kids don't have school or my daughter was called home. There are many difficult challenges to being an entrepreneur as well as having a family business, but forgoing your family all of the time is not one of those. You really do get to decide [to prioritize family], and I think we're putting that decision out front and saying this is really what matters first, and this is a core part of our business. That is as much for us as it is for our customers.
SF: Have you gotten any pushback? Like hey, if you're a mom, how are you going to deliver the products on time?
JLB: I think Wharton has helped with that stigma. The way people perceive the Wharton pedigree works to counteract that. What we have heard, though, from many couples who are entrepreneurs together, is that you shouldn't go in and pitch together or try to raise money together. You don't want to both be in the room and remind people that you're married because it will be perceived as a distraction. What if they fight? What if they get divorced? What if anything else happens? A relationship can overcomplicate things, so we try not to remind people about that part of our lives [that we're married].
SF: What's the biggest challenge you find in working with your spouse?
JLB: I'd say the biggest challenge of working together is carving out the space (to use your framework, Stew) for self. Because so much is together—work, family, and community. That is actually the hardest part… besides the actual work we're doing. It's so important, though, to make that space and find time to nurture yourself, and it can be especially difficult [for me] because it feels like every part of our life is intertwined, so I don't really have that space. For many people, your work space is separate from family, but for us, work and family are circles on top of each other.
SF: What have you found that works for you in terms of finding time to restore and rejuvenate—to tap into the things that give you sustenance?
JLB: If you had asked me this a year ago Stew, I would have said "I don't know, and you probably shouldn't have me on this radio show!" [laughs] But we have recently found ways that work for us through implementing what you call experiments.
For example, it's really important to me to do yoga and work out. We both aim for 4-5 days per week where we wake up at ungodly early hours and I am doing work while he goes to the gym and then drops the kids off. At night then, he's helping with the bedtime routine, and I go to the gym or go to yoga. It helps to be able to have those separate spaces. We've also recently started carving time to spend with our unique friends and making sure we have planned date nights, especially ones that aren't necessarily just the two of us but with other people in the community as well. It's good to have other people we are able to connect with because we already do spend so much time together.
We did (and still do) really have to force those things though, otherwise honestly there's no end to the work. We could probably be home every Saturday night just working, doing laundry, and other "exciting" things.
SF: The exciting and wonderful aspects of the entrepreneurial life. Let's stay on this subject of boundaries, which I think is an important issue in family business, especially in the case of a couple-managed business. You can maintain those boundaries by making commitments and being very explicit about the needs that you have both as a couple and a company. What advice would you give listeners about how to make that happen?
JLB: I think one piece involves just being honest with yourself and not trying to accommodate what you think the other person really wants. That can get really muddled. In a romantic partnership, you often think to yourself what do they really want… they say this, but they might really want that…? But in a work relationship, you need to be extremely honest and direct. It's a different dynamic, and you can't take things personally if someone doesn't like something you've done or doesn't agree with it. At the end of the day, it's nothing personal, but still it can be hard to separate those two things from each other. For example, at one point I was working from early in the morning until maybe 2AM every night because there was a limitless amount of work to do. I was thinking that this is probably what Felix wants, given that we're both so dedicated to the business and there's so much we want to do.
SF: It sounds like you were making assumptions about what his real needs and expectations were.
JLB: Exactly. And I also wasn't thinking about what my needs and expectations were. One of the most important reasons why I wanted to start this business was to be able to spend more time with my kids and have that flexibility. So Felix and I talked about it, and we realized that it actually is important for me to have those few hours per day with the kids. I get scared thinking about looking back later in life and feeling as though I missed that chance to spend time with them. From there, we discussed how we were going to manage that need, and what it would look like for us. In a family business, it's important to express when you're unhappy about something in your personal space, but then you must also be able separate that out from what is happening workwise.
When it's happening at work, just keep it at work; when it's happening in the personal realm, try to still keep them separate. One domain does not always need to impact the other. It's a hard balance to achieve, but it's critical for us to attain what we want both for our family and for our business.
To learn more about Jordan Lloyd Bookey and her work, visit Zoobean and Beanstack and follow her on Twitter @zoobeanforkids.
Posted on May 4, 2015 by Wharton Work/Life
Filed Under: Career Paths, Entrepreneurs, Meaningful Work, Women and Work | Leave a Comment
Executive Search from the Inside – Greig Schneider of Egon Zehnder
On Work and Life, Stew Friedman spoke with Greig Schneider Managing Partner of Egon Zehnder's U.S. practice. Greig is a core member of Egon Zehnder's Assessment and Development and formerly led that group globally, working with senior leaders and Boards on succession, assessment and executive development projects. Before his work at Egon Zehnder he earned an MBA from Harvard, was an officer in the US Navy, worked at McKinsey and was VP of Strategy Consulting at Michael Porter's Foundation for Strategy Group.
The following are edited excerpts from their conversation.
Stew Friedman: Tell us about Egon Zehnder, this premier search firm.
Greig Schneider: Egon Zehnder is a global firm, one of the world's leaders in talent consulting. There's three lines of business: Executive search which is about helping clients find the right talent for critical roles; Assessment and Development which helps our clients understand their people's capabilities and make critical people decisions such as merger integration or helping teams align; and there's Board Services which includes finding Board members, helping Boards align and helping them be more effective in the role.
SF: How does a typical search unfold from each parties perspective?
GS: From the client's perspective there are a few key steps. The first one is a pretty substantial investment in understanding the role. These are C-Suite, or close to it, roles and they're not all the same. So, if it's for a CFO position, then what kind of CFO? Specifically, what is needed from a skills perspective? What kind of person? What kind of culture? You want to get all the detail you can to find the right fit. From the client's perspective, once we have that brief it's our job to go out and find people that are great fits for that. They're paying us not just to find them but to assess them and prepare them. They'll then interview people that they probably know already are right for the role to choose the best one.
From the candidate's perspective you're evaluating from the other direction. Where are you in your career? What are you trying to do? Where are you trying to go? And is this role better or worse than your current set of opportunities to advance you in your goals?
SF: How do you help candidates explore those questions?
GS: That's where I think we earn our money. At the levels we work at, pretty senior folks, all of the pieces that you look at are in play. So they tend to have large teams, they're usually players in their communities, often-times there are dual-career issues. We don't get it right unless they're successful and they're not going to be successful unless all those piece align.
We work very hard on the skills fit, their capabilities and their potential. But it won't be a success if they go and they're miserable if it's not a place that they're going to like living, if their family isn't supportive. It's important to explore all this with them to help them understand this life decision.
SF: How do you address the non-work considerations?
GS: It's not easy. We get to know these people over a series of conversations and, as you know from your own work and research, there's differing levels of openness to sharing their family situation. Very often candidates want to come across as all about business. They don't want to talk about family because they think that someone might find that to be a weakness. Our job is to help them think about it. Here's an example: There's very often a question of working remotely which is coming up more and more. So you have someone who says, "I have kids who are going to graduate in a year and a half. I'll just fly in and be there five days a week and fly back. And I can do that for a couple of years." Some people can do that. It's always hard, but it's not always wrong. We often see people who are overconfident in their own and their family's ability to manage something like that.
SF: It's often hard to know in advance until you're actually in that situation.
GS: You're absolutely rights. So, we ask, "Have you done this before?" Is this something your family's used to? Do you have systems in place to make it work? If the answer's yes, we're going to feel better about it. If the answer's no, we're going to push hard to make sure to make sure that conversation has happened and that this has been fully considered. Sometimes, we'll find an appropriate way to say it's just not going to work and that's not good for anybody.
SF: Because of non-work or family considerations it might not work? And you'll make a recommendation on that basis.
GS: Absolutely. It's complex. In the end, if we don't think they're going to be successful, which includes being happy putting all these pieces together, it's our job to tell our clients that we have that concern. We don't make the decision. The client makes the decision. We bring them the information.
SF: From the candidate's perspective they're largely in selling mode. They're trying to appear as the best possible candidate if this is a position they're keen on. How do you get past the sell to the reality?
GS: It's a critical part of the role – being a good assessor. Part of it is asking the right questions. Part of it is building a trusting relationship. And that's based partly on the backgrounds we all come from. We hire people who have been in their roles – people that have been in industry, that know the same kind of decisions they're facing. So we can have that peer-to-peer conversation. Plus, we've seen it a lot of times so we can ask questions like, "I've seen this before and someone in your shoes often asks this…" And that can help them consider things that maybe they hadn't thought of.
SF: Apart from your own credibility and experience in working with others in similar situations, what else do you do to build that trust?
GS: Part of it is the incentives. Our business is built on providing great solutions that work out well for everyone. It really is in our own self-interest to really make sure that they're going to be happy and do well.
SF: So you're thinking years ahead for this person and if it doesn't work out for family reasons you feel responsible?
GS: Absolutely. If someone is picking up and moving from a community they like, sometimes their kids are in schools, I have kids. We recognize the weight of these decisions and we feel it. It's crucial that we don't leave any stone unturned to find out what could make it great or what could make it work out badly.
SF: How do you manage the growing issue of dual careers?
GS: With respect to our clients it's a crucially important issue we have to understand. It's one of the first questions we ask. And then, if they have kids in HS we need to explore that. These are often the reasons that someone says ultimately, "I just can't do it right now." Usually if someone is consider this type of change they've already had a conversation with their spouse about whose career has priority right now, how are we thinking about this, what cities are options because the spouse could transfer there.
SF: Are there patterns of solutions for resolving a dual-career challenge? What's a good process? What advice do you have?
GS: The most important thing is to have open conversations – put these issues on the table and really explore them. We encourage people to think through their priorities and that includes all the pieces – it includes family, it includes the linkage to the community, are parents in the area, support systems. And these are particularly important for dual career couples. Do you have family members that can help you if someone has to run out of town? Do you have a nanny that you trust and like?
We also see a lot of situations with special needs kids who need special schools and this may rule out certain cities.
SF: Do you find that family and non-work issues are increasingly important as candidates consider relocation?
GS: I would say increasing, but not a marked spike. As generations evolve, priorities evolve as well. We're certainly seeing that with some of the younger people. If you're graphing interest in the whole person and age, we are seeing more interest in this from younger people.
To learn more about Greig Schneider and Egon Zehnder go to their web site: www.egonzehnder.com
Filed Under: Career Paths | Leave a Comment

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