text:
\section{Introduction}
A key challenge in magnetism remains the visualization of complex three dimensional (3D) magnetization vector fields\cite{Pacheco2017}.
Individual magnetic structures can be characterized with advanced imaging techniques like X-ray nanotomography, which allows to reveal the internal 3D magnetization profile\cite{Donnelly2017}, however, with a resolution limit of around 50 nm and a penetration depth in the micrometer range.
In contrast, neutrons allow to study the magnetism in bulk samples, with magnetic small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) being a powerful tool to probe the spatial magnetization distribution of nanostructured systems.
Magnetic SANS measures the diffuse, forward scattering arising from nanoscale variations of the magnitude and orientation of the local magnetization vector $\mathbf{M}(\mathbf{r})$  from its mean value, reflecting the underlying magnetic microstructure, which depends on magnetic interactions, structural features (e.g., particle-size distribution and crystallographic orientations), and on the applied magnetic field. Examples cover nanocrystalline ferromagnets and steels (see e.g., Ref.~\onlinecite{RevModPhys.91.015004} and references therein), nanowire arrays \cite{Grigoryev2007,maurer2014ordered,grutter2017complex}, spin glasses \cite{Calderon2005, Giot2008}, ferromagnetic clusters in  alloys \cite{Bhatti2012, Laver2010}, magnetic recording media \cite{Wismayer2006}, nanogranular films \cite{bellouard1996magnetic,farrell2006small,majetich2006magnetostatic,alba2016magnetic}, as well as nanoparticles \cite{yusuf2006experimental,krycka2010core,Disch2012,Bender2019} and their assemblies in the 3D bulk \cite{Sachan2008,Ridier2017, Bender2019,Bersweiler2019} or in liquids \cite{Meriquet2006,klokkenburg2007dipolar,heinemann2007reordering,avdeev2010small,Barrett2011,Rajnak2015,Fu2016,Mertelji2019}.

For nanostructured bulk ferromagnets subjected to non-saturating magnetic fields, it has been shown that the appearance of long-wavelength magnetization fluctuations lead to a strong variation of the scattering cross-section, not only in scattering intensity, but also in the observed scattering anisotropy and momentum transfer behavior\cite{michels2014Review}. The field-dependent magnetic scattering is associated to the so-called spin-misalignment scattering, which can exceed the residual magnetic scattering measured at absolute saturation by several orders of magnitude.

Micromagnetism is a destined theory to describe the mesoscale magnetization vector field, which is probed by magnetic SANS. Using a micromagnetic approach allows to analyze the field-dependent SANS cross-section of nanostructured ferromagnets, i.e., bulk material which consists of ferromagnetic nanoparticles that are embedded in and exchange coupled to a ferromagnetic matrix, and to extract relevant magnetic material parameters, like exchange coupling as well as magnetic anisotropy and magnetostatic fields \cite{michels2014Review}. Analytical solutions of the micromagnetic equations are strictly speaking only valid in the approach to saturation, i.e., in the single domain state of a bulk ferromagnet, where the longitudinal magnetization is assumed to be hardly affected by the magnetic field. Noteworthy, the micromagnetic description reveals that two transversal magnetization components along and perpendicular to the beam exhibit  different functional forms and hence distinct scattering contributions due to the effect of dipolar interactions. This is illustratively shown by micromagnetic simulations of magnetic SANS, which allows to decrypt the individual magnetic Fourier components \cite{michels2014MagSim}.

Most often however, magnetic SANS is interpreted in terms of a particle-matrix approach for spatially localised 3D objects, which adopts the formalism used in nuclear scattering. Regarding magnetic nanoparticles, it is usually assumed that they are homogeneously magnetized (i.e., each single-domain particle acts as a dipole with a net moment $\boldsymbol{\mu}$) and thus that the (magnetic) cross-sections can be described by a particle form factor amplitude $F(q)$ weighted with a sum of Langevin functions to consider the field variation of the particle moment orientation \cite{wiedenmann2005}. This description is a good approximation for dilute systems and if magnetocrystalline anisotropy is negligible, e.g., for a Brownian ensemble of mobile particles. Effects of the magnetocrystalline anisotropy on the magnetic SANS cross-section are expected for superparamagnetic particles embedded in a solid nonmagnetic matrix \cite{Michels2002}. For non-dilute, mobile magnetic particle systems, the structural arrangement of particles and hence the (nuclear) interparticle correlations are determined by the magnetic dipolar, van-der-Waals and repulsive (electrostatic or steric) interactions as well as particle shape, which eventually leads to the occurrence of self-assembled aggregates \cite{klokkenburg2007dipolar,Disch2013,Fu2016,Mertelji2019}.

In particular, for measurements at zero and high, saturating field strength, which are most commonly performed,  it is for simplicity assumed that the magnetic moments of the particles are either totally uncorrelated, such that a  structure factor is negligible in the magnetic scattering, \cite{Gazeau2003} or fully aligned and thus the nuclear and magnetic structure factor are taken as equal,  given by the spatial particle arrangement and the concomitant pair distance distribution function
\cite{Hayter1991,wiedenmann2006dynamics,yusuf2006experimental,klokkenburg2007dipolar,heinemann2007reordering,avdeev2010small}.
The effect of magnetic correlations between particle moments and the resulting magnetic scattering interference is scarcely addressed in magnetic field dependent SANS, which is however of relevance for systems like dense powders or other (more ordered) bulk structures, e.g.,  mesocrystals and nanowire arrays.

In magnetic neutron diffraction, so-called spin-pair correlation functions have been introduced, which allow to describe the magnetic diffuse scattering of  (short-range) coupled atomic magnetic moments\cite{blech1964spin,paddison2013spinvert,frandsen2015magnetic}. Here, we extend the approach to describe magnetic SANS, e.g., of cooperative superparamagnets exhibiting a local order of correlated magnetic particle moments. The approach is inspired by a decomposition of scattering components performed in X-ray cross-correlation analysis to provide information on the local structural arrangement in a disordered system \cite{Altarelli2010}. The theoretical framework which we derive here has important consequences on the interpretation of diffuse magnetic neutron scattering from dense, locally ordered magnetic entities (atoms or particles) observed on a 2D detector array. The findings of the directional dependence of the magnetic structure factor should be also taken into account for  x-ray resonant scattering of magnetic nanostructures\cite{Kortright2005,Bagschik2016,Rackham2019}.

In the following, we will first present the experimental, magnetic SANS results of a powder of interacting single-domain iron oxide nanoparticles.
Afterwards, we derive theoretical expressions for the magnetic structure factor in SANS of correlated moment ensembles, which can qualitatively describe our experimental data.

\begin{figure}[b]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=1\columnwidth]{Fig1.png}
\caption{\label{Fig1}(a) TEM image of the iron oxide particles. (b) Isothermal magnetization curve $M(H)$ of the sample at 300\,K, normalized to the saturation magnetization $M_{\rm S}$. \textit{Red stars:} Fields at which the POLARIS measurement was performed ($\mu_0H=2\,\mathrm{mT}$, $M/M_{\rm S}=0.026$ and $\mu_0H=1\,\mathrm{T}$, $M/M_{\rm S}=0.966$).}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure*}[ht]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=2\columnwidth]{Fig2.png}
\caption{\label{Fig2}Experimental results for the spin-flip cross-sections of the nanoparticle powder.
(a) Polar plot of $d \Sigma^{+ -} / d \Omega(q,\Theta)$ at 1\,T ($q=0.07-0.7\,\mathrm{nm^{-1}}$; $\mathbf{H}$ along $\Theta=0^{\circ}$).
(b) Radial average $d \Sigma^{+ -} / d \Omega(\Theta)$ (integrated over $q=0.4-0.7\,\mathrm{nm^{-1}}$), the solid red line corresponds to the fit result using the micromagnetic model (Eq.~\ref{sigmasmperpsf}).
(c) Best fit results using Eq.~\ref{sigmasmperpsf} for the Fourier transform of  the random-perturbation field $h^2(q)$, of the longitudinal magnetization $\widetilde{M}_z(q)^2$ and the purely nuclear scattering intensity $|\widetilde{N}(q)|^2$ (from the non-spin-flip scattering cross-section). For comparison, the solid line displays the form factor of a sphere with radius 10 nm.
 (d) Polar plot of $d \Sigma^{+ -} / d \Omega(q,\Theta)$ in linear scale detected at 2\,mT,
(e) radial average $d \Sigma^{+ -} / d \Omega(\Theta)$. The solid red line is the theoretical prediction for a random distribution of the particle moments (see text).
(f) Azimuthal average $d \Sigma^{+ -} / d \Omega(q)$, the magnetization component along the beam $\widetilde{M}_x^2$ and the magnetization component in the detector plane $\widetilde{M}_{\perp}^2$ (determined by a fit with $d \Sigma^{+ -} / d \Omega(\mathbf{q})=\widetilde{M}_x^2+\widetilde{M}_{\perp}^2\cos^2\Theta$) .}
\end{figure*}

\section{Experimental Results}
The investigated sample was a powder of maghemite particles coated with dimercatosuccinic acid. Details regarding the synthesis and characterization of the iron oxide particles can be found in Ref.~\onlinecite{bender2018dipolar}. A representative transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of the particles is shown in Fig.~\ref{Fig1}(a).
The particles are spherically shaped and nearly monodisperse with a mean core size of $\left\langle D_\mathrm{TEM}\right\rangle=9.7\,\mathrm{nm}$.
Fig.~\ref{Fig1}(b) displays the isothermal magnetization curve $M(H)$, normalized to the saturation magnetization $M_{\rm S}$ (which is around $330 \,\mathrm{kA/m}$ at 300\,K) of the particle powder.
According to integral magnetization measurements and M{\"o}ssbauer spectroscopy, the clustered iron-oxide nanoparticles show at room temperature superparamagnetic behavior (vanishing magnetization at zero field) but with signs for cooperative magnetic correlations \cite{bender2018dipolar}.
This finding is an indication that the superparamagnetic relaxations (i.e., N\'eel relaxation)  of the particle moments is slowed down by dipole-dipole interactions \cite{Dormann1999,Oscar2004,azeggagh2007,dejardin2011}.
The magnetic characteristics of the ensembles hence significantly depend on local the magnetostatic stray fields felt by the clustered nanoparticles \cite{landi2017,Kuznetsov2018,Trisnanto2019,Fabris2019} and reflects the subtle interplay between dipolar interactions, local magnetic anisotropy and sample homogeneity \cite{Sanchez2020}.

In the last years and with the advent of efficient $^3$He spin filters,  spin-resolved, longitudinal neutron-spin analysis in SANS (POLARIS) \cite{michelsnn2011} is routinely performed to study assemblies of magnetic nanoparticles \cite{wiedenmann2005,Laver2010,krycka2010core,grutter2017complex,Bender2019,bender2018dipolar,orue2018configuration}. The technique allows to separate coherent nuclear and magnetic scattering and provides access to the three-dimensional spatial distribution of magnetic moments. Here, in particular the  two-dimensional (2D) spin-flip (sf) scattering cross-section $d \Sigma^{+ -} / d \Omega$ is of interest as it  exclusively contains magnetic scattering contributions.
The POLARIS experiment was conducted at $300\,\mathrm{K}$ at the instrument D33 at the Institut Laue-Langevin, France \cite{ILLproposal}. Neutron spin-leakage correction was performed with \textsc{GRASP} \cite{GRASP}. We used a mean wavelength of $\lambda=0.6\,\mathrm{nm}$ ($\Delta\lambda/\lambda\approx 10\,\%$) and two different detector distances (13.4\,m and 3\,m), yielding a  $q$-range of $0.07-0.77\,\mathrm{nm^{-1}}$. The horizontal magnetic field $\mathbf{H}\parallel\mathbf{e}_z$ at the sample position was applied  perpendicular to the wave vector $\mathbf{k}_0\parallel\mathbf{e}_x$ of the incident neutron beam.
The sf scattering cross-section (for $\mathbf{H}\perp \mathbf{k}_0$, with $\mathbf{H}|| \mathbf{e}_z$, $\mathbf{k}_0|| \mathbf{e}_x$) is given as:
\begin{equation}
\label{Eq1}
\begin{aligned}
\frac{d \Sigma^{\pm \mp}}{  d \Omega}(\mathbf{q}) &= \frac{8 \pi^3}{V} \, b_{\rm H}^2 \left( \widetilde{M}_x^2 + \widetilde{M}_y^2 \cos^4\Theta + \widetilde{M}_z^2 \sin^2\Theta \cos^2\Theta \right. \\
  & \left. - (\widetilde{M}_y \widetilde{M}_z^{\ast} + \widetilde{M}_y^{\ast} \widetilde{M}_z) \sin\Theta \cos^3\Theta \right) \,.
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
Here, $V$ is the sample volume, $b_{\rm H} = 2.7 \times 10^{-15} \, \mathrm{m}/\mu_{\rm B} = 2.9 \times 10^{8} \, \mathrm{A}^{-1} \mathrm{m}^{-1}$ (with $\mu_{\rm B}$ the Bohr magneton), $\widetilde{\mathbf{M}}=\left[\widetilde{M}_x(\textbf{q}),\widetilde{M}_y(\textbf{q}),\widetilde{M}_z(\textbf{q})\right]$ denote the Fourier coefficients of the magnetization in the $x$-, $y$- and $z$-directions, and $^*$ indicates the complex conjugate. The angle $\Theta$ is enclosed between the magnetic field $\mathbf{H}$ and the scattering vector $\mathbf{q}=(0,\sin \Theta,\cos \Theta)$.  Inelastic phonon and magnon scattering is suppressed at small scattering angles \cite{Hansen2000}. Spiral and nuclear-spin incoherent scattering terms are neglected in Eq.~(\ref{Eq1}), and consequently $d \Sigma^{+ -} / d \Omega = d \Sigma^{- +} / d \Omega$.
The minimum field strength to provide a sufficient guide field and to maintain the polarization of the neutrons was $\mu_0H=2\,\mathrm{mT}$, and the maximum field strength we could apply with an electromagnet was $\mu_0H=1\,\mathrm{T}$.
At 2\,mT we can assume the particle moments are on average randomly oriented, whereas at 1\,T we are close to saturation (see Fig.\ref{Fig1}(b)). In the following, we will present the results of these two extreme cases.

\subsection{Magnetic SANS close to saturation}
Close to magnetic saturation, the transversal magnetization components are suppressed (i.e., the real space magnetization $M_{x,y} \ll M_z\approx M_{\rm S}$), and the $d \Sigma^{+ -} / d \Omega$ shows a $\mathrm{sin}^2\Theta\mathrm{cos}^2\Theta$ anisotropy. In Fig.~\ref{Fig2}(a) we plot $d \Sigma^{+ -} / d \Omega(q,\Theta)$ detected at 1\,T (composite of the two patterns detected at the two detector distances) and Fig.~\ref{Fig2}(b) shows the normalized radial average $d \Sigma^{+ -} / d \Omega(\Theta)$. The functional form is proportional to $\widetilde{M}_z^2 \sin^2\Theta\cos^2\Theta$ plus a background, which shows that at 1\,T the moment ensemble is preferentially, but not completely, aligned along $z$-direction. This agrees with the isothermal magnetization curve from Fig.~\ref{Fig1}(b), which was close to magnetic saturation at 1\,T with a normalized magnetization of 0.966. From the integral magnetization measurement, we can estimate that the  magnetic moments are on average misaligned by $15 ^{\circ}$ with respect to the magnetic field, i.e., the absence of a magnetically saturated microstructure. The transversal magnetization components give rise to spin-misalignment scattering and are caused by either (i) variations in strength and orientation of a randomly perturbing field (e.g., magnetocrystalline anisotropy or thermal fluctuations) from particle to particle, or (ii) the dipolar stray fields generated by the neighboring particles \cite{Honecker2013Theory}.

For the approach to saturation at 1\,T, we  will now analyze the magnetic microstructure in the powder using micromagnetics. The sample can be considered as a space-filling array of interacting nanometer-sized, single-domain grains with random orientation of easy axes. The scattering features close to magnetic saturation can be analyzed with micromagnetic theory for the SANS of two-phase magnets \cite{Honecker2013Theory}.  In the limit of small misalignment of the magnetic moments from the mean magnetization, the micromagnetic balance of torque can be linearized and an analytical solution of the Fourier coefficients of the magnetization vector field are found.  This approximation involves that we assume $M_z \cong M_{\rm S}$  in real space. The approach provides closed-form expressions for the magnetization vector field, and  allows to evaluate the magnetic SANS and extract characteristic magnetic parameters like exchange interaction, strength of the magnetostatic stray field, or magnetic anisotropy field. For a self-contained discussion, we provide here the basics of the micromagnetic SANS description.
The demagnetizing field $\mathbf{H}_d(\mathbf{r})$ is determined by Maxwell's equations in the absence of any current. In Fourier space, the Fourier coefficient $\mathbf{h}_d(\mathbf{q})$ of $\mathbf{H}_d(\mathbf{r})$ is given by
\begin{equation}
\label{hdbdef}
\mathbf{h}_d(\mathbf{q}) = - \frac{\mathbf{q} \, [\mathbf{q} \cdot \mathbf{\widetilde{M}}(\mathbf{q})]}{q^2} \,,
\end{equation}
which offers a convenient method to compute the magnetostatic stray field
\begin{equation}
\label{hdbfourierdef}
\mathbf{H}_d(\mathbf{r}) = \frac{1}{(2\pi)^{3/2}} \int \mathbf{h}_d(\mathbf{q}) \, \exp(i \mathbf{q} \mathbf{r}) \, d^3q \,.
\end{equation}
Likewise, we also introduce the Fourier transform $\mathbf{h}(\mathbf{q}) = (h_x(\mathbf{q}), h_y(\mathbf{q}), 0)$ of a random perturbation $\mathbf{H}_p(\mathbf{r})$, e.g., the magnetocrystalline anisotropy field or a randomly fluctuating thermal field,  as
\begin{equation}
\label{Hpfourierdef}
\mathbf{H}_p(\mathbf{r}) = \frac{1}{(2\pi)^{3/2}} \int \mathbf{h}(\mathbf{q}) \, \exp(i \mathbf{q} \mathbf{r}) \, d^3q \,,
\end{equation}
which reflects the details of the microstructure (e.g., grain size and  crystallographic texture).
One obtains for a general orientation of the wave vector $\mathbf{q} = (q_x, q_y, q_z)$  the small-misalignment solution for the transversal Fourier coefficient $\widetilde{M}_x(\mathbf{q})$ and $\widetilde{M}_y(\mathbf{q})$. For the perpendicular scattering geometry ($\mathbf{H}\perp \mathbf{k}_0$), implicitly an average over the sample thickness along the beam path is performed (i.e., $q_x= 0$ in Fourier space) and the Fourier coefficient of the magnetization vector field then simplify to
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{solmxqx0}
\widetilde{M}_x(\mathbf{q}) &=& M_{\rm s} \, \frac{h_x(\mathbf{q})}{H_{\mathrm{eff}}} \,, \\
\label{solmyqx0}
\widetilde{M}_y(\mathbf{q}) &=& M_{\rm s} \, \frac{h_y(\mathbf{q}) - \widetilde{M}_z(\mathbf{q}) \frac{q_y q_z}{q^2}}{H_{\mathrm{eff}} + M_{\rm s} \frac{q^2_y}{q^2}} \,, \\
\label{solmzqx0}
\widetilde{M}_z(\mathbf{q}) &=& \frac{1}{(2\pi)^{3/2}} \int M_z(\mathbf{r}) \, \exp(- i \mathbf{q} \mathbf{r}) \, d^3r \,,
\end{eqnarray}
where $h_{ x}(\mathbf{q})$ and $h_{ y}(\mathbf{q})$ represent the Cartesian components of the Fourier transform of the perturbing field $\mathbf{H}_{ p}$, and $H_{\rm eff}(q, H) = H_i \left( 1 + l_{ H}^2 q^2 \right)$ with $l_{ H}(H) = \sqrt{2 A / (\mu_0 M_{\rm S} H_i)}$ denote, respectively, the effective magnetic field and the exchange length of the field ($M_{\rm S}$: saturation magnetization; $A$: exchange-stiffness parameter; $\mu_0$: permeability of free space). $H_i\cong H-N_d M_{\rm S}$ is the internal field, i.e., the applied magnetic field corrected for the demagnetizing field, where  $N_d$ denotes the demagnetizing factor.
The Fourier coefficient of the longitudinal magnetization $\widetilde{M_z}$ follows from jumps of the magnetization magnitude over phase boundaries or particle matrix interfaces. The transversal magnetization component along the beam direction $\widetilde{M}_x$ (Eq.~\ref{solmxqx0}) only depends on the perturbing field provided by the individual particles, i.e., the expressions has become insensitive to the demagnetization field. The other transversal magnetization component $\widetilde{M}_y$ contains  in the numerator a term probing the longitudinal magnetization fluctuations $\widetilde{M}_z$ and in the denominator a term $M_{\rm S} \sin^2 \Theta$. Both are signatures the pole-avoidance principle of magnetostatics \cite{Perigo2014} and reflect the highly anisotropic dipole-field-type spin texture decorating the dipolar stray field.
By inserting the analytical solutions for the Fourier amplitudes of the magnetization vector field  in Eq.~\ref{Eq1}), we can express the cross section near magnetic saturation of an ensemble of magnetic nanoparticles with a random distribution of magnetic easy axis as
\begin{equation}
\label{sigmasmperpsf}
\frac{d \Sigma^{+-}}{d \Omega} = \frac{8 \pi^3 b_H^2}{V}  \left( h^2(q) \, R_H + \widetilde{M}_z^2(q) \, R_M \right) \,,
\end{equation}
with the micromagnetic response functions
\begin{equation}
\label{rhdefperpsf}
R_H(q, \Theta, H)= \frac{p^2}{2} \left( 1 + \frac{\cos^4\Theta}{\left( 1 + p \sin^2\Theta \right)^2} \right) \,,
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}
\label{rmdefperpsf}
R_M(q, \Theta, H)=\sin^2\Theta \cos^2\Theta \left(1+  \frac{ p \,  \cos^2\Theta}{1 + p \sin^2\Theta}\right)^2 \,,
\end{equation}
where $p(q, H) = M_{\rm S}/H_{\rm eff}$. The scattering cross-section depends hence on a contribution related to the Fourier coefficient $h(\mathbf{q})$ of the perturbing field, and a contribution related to  $\widetilde{M}_z(\mathbf{q})$, which is associated to magnetostatic fields originating from the divergence of the magnetization at particle interfaces. Neglecting direct exchange interaction  --- absent between particles separated by an organic surfactant  --- implies $A=0$ for the macrospin arrangement   the effective field simplifies to $H_{\rm eff}= H_i$. The first term in the response function (Eq.~\ref{rmdefperpsf}) is the scattering contribution one would observe for a perfectly saturated spin system, and the second term is related to additional spin-misalignment scattering.

We applied the above theory, which was originally developed for bulk ferromagnets, to analyze the data of the nanoparticle powder close to saturation.
First, we fitted the azimuthal average of the scattering intensity within the $q$-range of nearest neighbor correlations in Fig.~\ref{Fig2}(b) with a weighted superposition of $R_{\rm H}$ and $R_{\rm M}$.
Although the fit is not perfect (which may be explained by additional energy contributions not considered in the micromagnetic theory, such as stemming from surface anisotropy \cite{gazeau1998,yanes2007,perez2008}), it becomes evident that the term $R_{\rm H}$ is needed to account for the increased scattering along the field direction compared to the vertical direction.
This indicates that the spin misalignment at high field is partially caused by a randomly oriented perturbing field, like thermal noise.
Fitting of the experimental 2D data [Fig.~\ref{Fig2}(a)] to Eq.~\ref{sigmasmperpsf} allows to extract the Fourier transform of the perturbing field $h^2(q)$ and of the magnetization in field direction $\widetilde{M}_z^2(q)$, which are both plotted in Fig.~\ref{Fig2}(c).
In Fig.~\ref{Fig2}(c) we plot additionally the purely nuclear cross-section, which we obtained from the non-spin-flip cross-section, and it is easily seen that its low-$q$ behavior significantly deviates from $\widetilde{M}_z^2$.
Nevertheless, we observe also for $\widetilde{M}_z^2$  an increase for the smallest momentum transfer vector $q<0.2\,$nm, which is a clear signature of positive, interparticle correlations (i.e., parallel alignment) of the neighboring particle moments at high fields.
Regarding  $h^2(q)$, we would expect for an ideal, random system, that the perturbing field follows the single particle form factor, which exhibits a Guinier plateau at low $q$ range \cite{Michels2020} as shown in Fig.~\ref{Fig2}(c).
However, the upturn of the Fourier coefficient  $h^2(q)$ of the random-perturbation field at small $q$ indicates a non-zero effective magnetocrystalline anisotropy of the cluster (preferred local orientation), or, alternatively, collective thermal excitations \cite{Tartakovskaya2008,Krycka2018}.
Finally, it can be noted that $\widetilde{M}_z^2(q)$ and $h^2(q)$ are of the same magnitude, which demonstrates that the fluctuations in the longitudinal magnetization have comparable strength as the random-perturbing field of the crystallites, and hence the same influence on the magnetic energy of the system.

\subsection{Magnetic SANS in the remanent state}
Fig.~\ref{Fig2}(d) shows the scattering pattern $d \Sigma^{+ -} / d \Omega(q,\Theta)$ observed for $\mu_0H=2\,\mathrm{mT}$ and Fig.~\ref{Fig2}(e) displays the azimuthal $d \Sigma^{+ -} / d \Omega(\Theta)$.
The scattering anisotropy obeys a $(\widetilde{M}_x^2+\widetilde{M}_{\perp}^2\cos^2\Theta)$ behavior indicating a random distribution of the particle moments with $\widetilde{M}^2_y=\widetilde{M}_z^2=\widetilde{M}_{\perp}^2$ and $\widetilde{M}_x^2=\widetilde{M}_{\perp}^2$ for $q>0.3\,\mathrm{nm^{-1}}$, i.e., over {\it intra}particle and nearest neighbor distances. The cross term in Eq.~\ref{Eq1}, uneven in the trigonometric functions and linear in the longitudinal and transversal magnetization, is negligible. This agrees well with the isothermal magnetization curve [Fig.~\ref{Fig1}(b)] with $M_z/M_{\rm S}\approx0$ at $\mu_0H=2\,\mathrm{mT}$. For an ideal superparamagnetic ensemble in zero field, i.e., in the absence of correlations between the randomly oriented particle moments, the scattering cross-section would simply reflect the particle form factor assuming a homogeneous magnetization within the individual spherical particles \cite{wiedenmann2005}.  In a real system,  fluctuating spin-pair correlations between core moments can persist to temperatures above the superparamagnetic blocking temperature.  The elastic neutron scattering measures static, frozen correlations in a spin system, with the dynamics taking place on time scales larger than the neutron interaction time \cite{Felber1998}. Analysis of the radially averaged, 1D  sf data at low field suggest the presence of directional correlations between nearest neighbor moments with a clear preference for an short-ranged antiferromagnetic-(AFM)-like interaction among the superparamagnetic grains \cite{bender2018dipolar}.

A further, in-depth analysis of the 2D magnetic SANS cross-section allows to extract the magnetization Fourier components. As shown in Fig.~\ref{Fig2}(f), the squared Fourier coefficient $\widetilde{M}_x^2$ of the magnetization along the beam direction deviates from the particle form factor and exhibits a pronounced peak at around $q=0.12\,\mathrm{nm^{-1}}$.
The decrease for $q\rightarrow 0$ is explained by anticorrelations between neighboring particle moments, i.e., a tendency for an antiferromagnetic-like alignment, due to dipolar interactions \cite{bender2018dipolar}.
We plot in Fig.~\ref{Fig2}(f) additionally the square magnetization component in the scattering plane $\widetilde{M}_{\perp}^2$, which has a different $q$-dependence, and does not decrease for $q\rightarrow 0$. Considering that the  particle moments are globally randomly distributed this discrepancy can be only explained by a directional dependence of the magnetic structure factor, i.e., a different functional form for the in-beam magnetization component compared to in-scattering-plane components.

Thus, our experimental data demonstrate two striking insights regarding the magnetic structure factor of the interacting particle ensemble, namely: (i) the structure factor is anisotropic in zero field, and (ii) even in saturation the magnetic structure factor deviates from the nuclear one.
In the following, we will derive theoretical expressions for the magnetic structure factor to explain our findings.

\section{the magnetic structure factor}
 The magnetic interference scattering is determined and reflects the anisotropic  Halpern-Johnson vector (or magnetic scattering vector) $\mathbf{Q}$ originating from the dipolar neutron spin-magnetization interaction. Similarly, as for the magnetostatics in the micromagnetic description, unequal magnetization components can be expected.
To further elucidate the variation of the magnetic structure factor with direction  and the discrepancy to the nuclear structure factor, we introduce spin-pair correlation functions for SANS. We focus on the sf scattering cross-sections, but the same approach can be easily extended to the non-spin-flip, half-polarized and unpolarized scattering cross-sections. The sf scattering cross-section due to an arrangement of magnetic moments (atomic or particle moments) can be generally written as \cite{moon69}
\begin{equation}
\label{mrk}
\frac{d\Sigma^{+-}}{d\Omega}=\frac{b_{\rm H}^2}{V}\sum_{i,j} \exp(-\mathrm{i}\mathbf{q r})\times [Q_{x,i}Q^{\ast}_{x,j}+Q_{y,i}Q^{\ast}_{y,j}]\,,
\end{equation}
 where $V$ denotes the scattering volume,  $b_{\rm H}=2.91\times 10^8 \mathrm{A}^{-1}\mathrm{m}^{-1}$ is the atomic magnetic scattering length and the distance vector $\mathbf{r}=\mathbf{r}_i-\mathbf{r}_j$ between two scattering entities. For the perpendicular scattering geometry  ($\mathbf{H}\perp\mathbf{k}_0$), the magnetic scattering vector equals to
 \begin{equation}
 \label{HPvector}
 \mathbf{Q}=\frac{\mathbf{q}}{q^2}(\mathbf{q}\cdot \widetilde{\mathbf{M}})-\widetilde{\mathbf{M}}=
 \left(  \begin{array}{c}
 -\widetilde{M}_x \\
\widetilde{M}_z  \cos\Theta  \sin\Theta -\widetilde{M}_y  \cos^2\Theta \\
\widetilde{M}_y  \cos\Theta  \sin\Theta -\widetilde{M}_z  \sin^2\Theta \\
\end{array}
  \right)
 \end{equation}
The scalar product of the magnetic scattering vector is given by
 \begin{equation}
 \label{unpolCS}
\frac{d \Sigma}{d \Omega}(\mathbf{q}) \propto\mathbf{Q}\cdot\mathbf{Q}=\widetilde{\mathbf{M}}^2-\frac{|\widetilde{\mathbf{M}}(\mathbf{q})\cdot \mathbf{q}|^2}{|\mathbf{q}|^2}\,,
 \end{equation}
 which readily corresponds to the unpolarized magnetic scattering cross-section. Alternatively, one can express the differential elastic scattering cross-section by the Fourier transform of the pair correlation function of the magnetization component $\mathbf{M}_{\perp}$ perpendicular to the scattering vector $\mathbf{q}$ \cite{Lermer1976}.
The first term in Eq.~\ref{unpolCS} reflects the autocorrelation function of the magnetization, while the second term represents the product of magnetization with the magnetostatic field defining the magnetostatic energy
 \begin{equation}
 \label{magstatEnergy}
E_M=\int \mathbf{H}_d(\mathbf{r})\cdot \mathbf{M}(\mathbf{r}) d^3 \mathbf{r}=\int \frac{ |\widetilde{M}(\mathbf{q})\cdot \mathbf{q}|^2}{|\mathbf{q}|^2} d^3 \mathbf{q}\,,
\end{equation}
 which reflects the dipolar interaction between the neutron spin and the magnetic field inside the sample\cite{HalpernJohnson1939}.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.8\columnwidth]{Fig3.png}
\caption{\label{Fig3} The angle $\Theta$ denotes the orientation of the momentum transfer vector $\mathbf{q}$ in the detector plane spanned by $\mathbf{e}_y$-$\mathbf{e}_z$ and the angle $\Psi$ defines the orientation of the distance vector $\mathbf{r}$ relative to $\mathbf{q}$ and away from the scattering plane.}
\end{figure}

Here, we consider a disordered system of particles such that we can restrict the discussion to two-particle interference  \cite{Hove54}, but already the knowledge of the two-particle configuration is satisfactory to understand the main scattering features. The special case of three-particle correlations will be further discussed exemplary for the specific situation of cubic order.

Let us first consider the magnetization field of two particles with a uniform internal magnetization. The magnetization vector can be expressed with $M_{\rm P}$ the saturation magnetization, $\hat{\mathbf{m}}$ the unit vector of the magnetization direction and  the particle form factor $F(\mathbf{q})$ assumed equal for the involved particles. The Fourier transform of the magnetization for identical centro-symmetric particles is given as
  \begin{equation}
 \label{totalMrec}
 \widetilde{\mathbf{M}}(\mathbf{q})=\frac{1}{(2\pi)^{3/2}}\sum_{i=1}^2 M_{\mathrm{P}} V_{\mathrm{P}}\hat{\mathbf{m}}\, F(q)\exp(-\mathrm{i}\mathbf{\mathbf{q} \mathbf{r}_i})\,,
 \end{equation}
with $V_{\rm P}$ the particle volume.
The  SANS signal is composed as the incoherent sum over individual coherence volume containing two-particle correlations.
Inserting  Eq.~\ref{totalMrec} in Eq.~\ref{HPvector}, and combining with Eq.~\ref{mrk}, we obtain
 \begin{equation}
\label{CS_explicit}
\begin{aligned}
\frac{d\Sigma^{+-}}{d\Omega} &= n_{\rm P}  V_{\rm P}^2 F^2(q) \\
&\left(\eta_x^2 S_x+\eta_y^2 S_y \cos^4\Theta +\eta_z^2 S_z \sin^2\Theta \cos^2\Theta \right)\,,
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
with $i=\{x,y,z\}$, $n_P$ the particle number density, $\mathbf{\eta}=b_{\rm H} \Delta\mathbf{ M}$ the magnetic scattering length density which depends on the magnetic contrast $\Delta M_i$ between the particle and the average magnetisation of the medium.

For pair correlations, the magnetic structure factor over $N$ particles is given by
 \begin{equation}
\label{magS_explicit}
\begin{aligned}
S_i(\mathbf{q}) &= 1+\frac{1}{N} \sum_{k=1}^N \langle \hat{\mathbf{m}}(0)\hat{\mathbf{m}}(r_k)\rangle_i \times \\
&\sum_{l=0,2,4, \cdots}\mathrm{i}^l (2l+1)   j_l(q r_k)P_l(\cos \Psi_k)\,,
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
with  $P_l$ denoting the Legendre polynomial and $j_l$ the spherical Bessel function of order $l$, $\Psi_k$  the angle between the scattering vector $\mathbf{q}$ and the connecting vector $\mathbf{r}_k$ of a particle pair. The scalar product $\langle \hat{\mathbf{m}}(0)\hat{\mathbf{m}}(r_k)\rangle_i$  gives the average alignment in the direction $i$ at a interparticle distance $r_k$, which is positive for ferromagnetic-like correlations and negative for antiferromagnetic-like correlations.

Thus, the second term of $S_i(\mathbf{q})$ describes the magnetic interparticle interference of two particles with a specific orientation of their magnetization and relative distance $\mathbf{r}$. The scalar product between scattering vector and distance vector is $\mathbf{q}\cdot \mathbf{r}=q\, r \cos\psi$ so that the phase factor in Eq.~\ref{mrk} simply reads $\exp(-\mathrm{i}\mathbf{q r})=\cos(q r \cos\Psi)$. This definition allows to determine the scattering cross-section observed on a 2D position sensitive detector as used in SANS.  It is important to understand, that in SANS actually not the 3D correlations are determined, but the two-dimensional projection with $q_x=0$ and hence an integration over the beam direction is implicitly performed \cite{fritz2013two,mettus2015small}.
The diffuse scattering of spin pairs is expressed usually as a function of the scattering vector magnitude $q$, and the orientational average over random crystallographic axes is obtained by rotating $\mathbf{q}$ around a local coordinate system given by $\mathbf{r}$ \cite{paddison2013spinvert}.
 In contrast, here we define the distance vector $\mathbf{r}$ with respect to $\mathbf{q}$ (see Fig.~\ref{Fig3}) as
\begin{equation}
\label{distancer}
\mathbf{r}=r\left(   \begin{array}{c}
 \sin\Psi  \\
 \cos\Psi \sin\Theta \\
 \cos\Psi \cos\Theta
\end{array}\right)\,,
\end{equation}
with $\Psi$ being the tilt angle of $\mathbf{r}$ away from the detector plane.
The vector quantities involved in the magnetic scattering cross-section can be then expressed in a local Cartesian coordinate frame spanned by basis vectors parallel to the distance vector $\mathbf{r}$ and given by the orthogonal vector  $\mathbf{q}\times \mathbf{r}$ as well as the component of the distance vector $\mathbf{r}_{\perp \mathbf{q}}=-\mathbf{q} \times \mathbf{q}\times \mathbf{r}$ perpendicular to $\mathbf{q}$. Expressing the scattering vector in terms of these coordinates, it is easily shown that only the contribution $\mathbf{q}_{\parallel r}= \mathbf{q}\cdot \mathbf{r}\, \mathbf{r} $ acts for magnetic scattering. Similarly the magnetic scattering vector $\mathbf{Q}$ can be decomposed into parallel and perpendicular components with respect to the distance vector $\mathbf{r}$ as it is done in the neutron diffraction literature to obtain magnetization components with respect to $\mathbf{r}$\cite{blech1964spin}. For transparency, we choose to represent here the magnetization in terms of their Cartesian representation with z being the applied magnetic field direction as it is the conventional notation for field-dependent magnetic SANS. Note that a simple coordinate transform has no influence on the result of a scalar product like the ones involved in the scattering cross-section, in particular the result of the scalar product ($\mathbf{M}\cdot \mathbf{q}$) are unaffected. It is also readily seen that for the component $\mathbf{Q}_{x}$ (Eq.~\ref{HPvector}) along the beam only the autocorrelations  of the magnetization component $\mathbf{M}_x$ in the scattering plane are probed.

Now we perform the angular integration  $\frac{1}{2\pi}\int_0^{\pi} \frac{d\Sigma^{+-}}{d\Omega} \sin \Psi  d\Psi $ assuming an isotropic microstructure, i.e., equal probability to find a particle at an arbitrary orientation with respect to $\mathbf{q}$.
 Considering monodisperse, homogeneously magnetized (spherical) particles, for the magnetic scattering cross-section follows:
 \begin{equation}
\label{CS_avg}
\begin{aligned}
\frac{d\Sigma^{+-}}{d\Omega}&=n_{\rm P} \eta^2(H) V_{\rm P}^2 F^2(q) \left( S_0(q , \hat{\mathbf{m}}_x)+ \right. \\
&\left. S_2(q , \hat{\mathbf{m}}_y) \cos^4\Theta  + S_2(q , \hat{\mathbf{m}}_z) \sin^2\Theta \cos^2\Theta \right) \,,
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
using a short-hand notation for the field-dependent magnetic scattering length density $\eta^2(H)$, which should be considered as a vector (compare Eq~\ref{CS_explicit}).
The  structure factor averages are given by
\begin{equation}\label{Eqs0}
S_n(q,\hat{\mathbf{m}}_i)=1+\int  t(r) \langle \hat{\mathbf{m}}(0)\hat{\mathbf{m}}(r)\rangle_i B_n(qr) dr\,,
\end{equation}
with $B_n(z)=(-1)^n \frac{d^{2 n} j_0(z)}{d z^{2 n}}$ denoting derivatives of the zeroth-order spherical Bessel function $j_0(z)=\mathrm{sin} z/z$.
The spatial pair correlation function $t(r)=4\pi r^2 \rho(r)$, also observed for nuclear scattering, is determined by the particle density $\rho(r)$ at a distance $r$ from a particle in the origin. As can be seen in Eq~\ref{CS_avg}, the structure factor for the in-scattering-plane magnetization components  $\widetilde{M}_y$ and $\widetilde{M}_z$ have a different functional form involving also higher-order spherical Bessel functions compared to the in-beam magnetization contribution.

For the perfect (super)paramagnetic case, ignoring possible local short-range order,  the value of the magnetic structure factor is unity (see Eq.~\ref{Eqs0}) and only the pure particle form factor is obtained for $\frac{d\Sigma^{+-}}{d\Omega}$. However, a magnetic structure factor may appear as soon as short-range interparticle magnetic correlations exist due to some coupling mechanism, e.g., dipole-dipole interaction. Magnetostatic stray fields and the ensuing magnetic coupling between particle moments can locally break the symmetry usually ascribed to a isotropic (super)paramagnetic state at zero magnetic field. The spin-spin correlations between nearest, dipolar-coupled neighbors do not vanish, however, the average moment of the sample can be still negligibly small. In this case, we obtain for a macroscopically isotropic ensemble ($\widetilde{M}^2_x=\widetilde{M}^2_y=\widetilde{M}^2_z$, and $\langle M \rangle =0$) the simplified scattering cross-section
  \begin{equation}
\label{CS_zerofield}
\frac{d\Sigma^{+-}}{d\Omega}_{H=0}=n_{\rm P} \eta_{H=0}^2 V_{\rm P}^2 F^2(q)( S_0(q, \hat{\mathbf{m}})+S_1(q, \hat{\mathbf{m}}) \cos^2\Theta )\,.
\end{equation}
 At zero field, the magnetic scattering length density contrast of a superparamagnetic particle amounts to $\eta_{H=0}^2=\frac{1}{3} b_{\rm H}^2 M_{\rm P}^2$.

As one can easily imagine the magnetic correlations vary with magnetic field. They evolve from short-range anticorrelations at low fields to a co-alignment (i.e., positive correlations) of the neighboring particle moments at high fields. At magnetic saturation ($\widetilde{M}^2_x,\widetilde{M}^2_y=0$) the sf scattering cross-section is given by
\begin{equation}\label{CS_maxfield}
\frac{d\Sigma^{+-}}{d\Omega}_{\rm sat}=n_{\rm P} \eta_{\rm sat}^2 V_{\rm P}^2 F^2(q) S_2(q)\mathrm{sin}^2\Theta\mathrm{cos}^2\Theta\,,
\end{equation}
where the scattering length density  $\eta_{\rm sat}$ is the difference between the saturation-magnetization values $M_{\rm P}$ of the particle and the integral saturation magnetization $M_{\rm S}$ of the whole sample. The structure factor follows here $S_2(q)$, which has the substantial consequence that the usual assumption of nuclear and magnetic structure factor being identical is for spin-resolved measurements  never true.

The above calculations are valid for pair correlations, but higher-order correlations may arise depending on the local structural symmetries \cite{Altarelli2010}. As an example, we now consider the special case three particles forming an isosceles right triangle. The higher order structure factor would then have a modified form
\begin{equation}\label{Smagthirdorder}
\begin{aligned}
S_n(q,\hat{\mathbf{m}}_i)&=1+\int  t(r) \langle \hat{\mathbf{m}}(0)\hat{\mathbf{m}}(r)\rangle_i \\
&[(1-b(r)) B_n(qr) +\frac{b(r)}{2} B_{n-1}(qr) ]dr\,,
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
with  $b(r)$ the fraction of particles exhibiting orthogonal three particle correlations at a given distance $r$. Thus, $b(r)$ contains information on the local particle environment. The local symmetry parameter $b(r)$  varies between 0 for a disordered system (i.e., if no higher order structure exists) and unity if the orientation of the magnetization is not correlated with the direction of $\mathbf{r}$, i.e. for a microstructure exhibiting a homogeneous magnetic scattering length density (e.g., inside a particle or reaching the mean medium limit at large $r$) or at least a cubically ordered array of magnetic entities such that magnetic density correlations in orthogonal directions are equal. This is in line with simulations of the 3D magnetic correlations in frustrated magnets seen by magnetic diffuse neutron scattering, which show that for cubic structures only the autocorrelation function of the magnetization vector field persists whereas the higher order term cancel \cite{Roth2018}. For this special case of orthogonally ordered particles or homogeneous magnetic density, the argument under the integral for the magnetic structure factors converges to the commonly expected form $j_0(q r)=\mathrm{sin} (qr)/qr$, e.g., for the sf scattering cross-section at zero field, but also in the case of the unpolarized scattering cross-section at magnetic saturation. Eventually, for a perfectly aligned array of moments, magnetic and nuclear structure factor may then coincide. The anisotropy of the magnetic structure factor for a disordered microstructure ($S_1\neq S_0$ for $b(r)< 1$ in Eqs.~\ref{CS_zerofield} and \ref{CS_maxfield}), explains the observed strikingly different scattering behavior for  $|\widetilde{M}_x|^2$ and $|\widetilde{M}_y|^2$ at 2\,mT (Fig.~\ref{Fig2}(f) ) and discloses the significant deviation of $|\widetilde{M}_z|^2$  from the cross sections detected in low field as well as from the purely nuclear cross-section [comparing Fig.~\ref{Fig2}(c) and (f)].

Away from the two scenarios at zero and saturating magnetic field discussed here, further knowledge on the magnetization vector field is needed, e.g., from a (numerical) determination of the field dependent orientation function and the directional correlations between the core moments, to assess the diffuse neutron scattering.

\section{conclusion}

We present here expressions for the magnetic structure factor in SANS, which are suitable to investigate the local short-range order and magnetic correlations in clusters and structured assemblies of single-domain nanoparticles.
The introduced formalism does not only describe the unpolarized scattering cross-section at zero field but also the spin-resolved, magnetic 2D SANS cross-section due to interparticle interference based on spin-pair correlations in a 3D spin ensemble.
We demonstrate that the magnetic structure factor  is anisotropic for a structurally disordered ensemble (i.e., in absence of cubic symmetry).
Our formalism is adequate to disclose in detail the influence of magnetic particle correlations with SANS.
Neglecting spin pair correlations, it is customary assumed for SANS that the magnetic structure factor (arising from moment correlations) is identical to the nuclear structure factor, which is given by the spatial particle arrangement and the concomitant pair distance correlation function.
However, here we show that this assumption is not true in general and the magnetic structure factor can deviate significantly from the nuclear structure factor for magnetically interacting nanoparticle ensembles.
This can lead to questionable findings and misinterpretations of the spatial magnetization profile, e.g., the postulation of an antiferromagnetic order or of a highly textured magnetic microstructure in an otherwise isotropic system based on SANS result, but which is not observed by complementary methods like integral magnetization measurements.

Our approach allows to explain the results of a polarized SANS experiment on a powder of dipolar-coupled 10-nm iron oxide nanoparticles.
We verify that (i) at low field the structure factor along the beam direction deviates from the in-scattering-plane components and (ii) that close to saturation the magnetic structure factor along the field-direction deviates significantly from the nuclear structure factor.
The here developed spin-resolved framework may foster new insights using polarized neutrons and is generally applicable to analyze the magnetic pair distribution of local correlations, e.g. also with polarized neutron diffraction.

\acknowledgments
We thank M. Puerto Morales, R. Costo and H. Gavil\'an for the particle synthesis and the TEM analysis, E. Wetterskog for performing the magnetization measurements and D. Gonz\'alez-Alonso for his help during the SANS experiments. We also thank the Institut Laue-Langevin for provision of beamtime at the instrument D33. We would like to thank the anonymous referee, who pointed out a shortcoming in the first draft and suggested a extended revision of the manuscript.
This project has received funding from the European Commission Framework Programme 7 under grant agreement no 604448 (NanoMag).
Philipp Bender acknowledges financial support from the National Research Fund of Luxembourg (CORE SANS4NCC grant).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


The Department of Homeland Security and the Department of State announced recently the final rule for the land and sea portion of the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative, a core 9/11 Commission recommendation. The WHTI final rule requires travelers to present a passport or other approved secure document denoting citizenship and identity for all land and sea travel into the United States. WHTI establishes document requirements for travelers entering the United States who were previously exempt, including citizens of the U.S., Canada and Bermuda. These document requirements will be effective June 1, 2009.
In addition to the release of the WHTI final rule, DHS is officially designating the Washington State Enhanced Driver's License (EDL) a WHTI-compliant document. As of March 24, Washington State had already scheduled more than 18,600 appointments for EDL interviews and issued more than 6,400 EDLs.
DHS is publishing the WHTI land and sea final rule more than a year in advance of its implementation to give the public ample notice and time to obtain the WHTI-compliant documents they will need to enter or re-enter the United States on or after June 1, 2009.
Many cross-border travelers already have WHTI-compliant documents such as a Passport or a Trusted Traveler Card (NEXUS, SENTRI and FAST), or a Washington State EDL. The Department of State is already accepting applications for the new Passport Cards and additional states and Canadian provinces will be issuing EDLs in the next several months -- all of which are options specifically designed for land and sea border use.
Over the next 14 months, the Departments will be conducting public information campaigns to inform U.S. and Canadian citizens about the new document requirements. These campaigns will include special outreach to residents of border communities who may be most impacted by the new document requirements. DHS and DOS are working with the Canadian government to ensure widespread and consistent communications on both sides of our land borders.
This announcement comes two months after January 31, 2008, when DHS ended acceptance of oral declarations alone of identity and citizenship at the land borders. Since that time U.S. and Canadian citizens ages 19 and older have been asked to present proof of identity and citizenship. Children ages 18 and under are currently asked only to present proof of citizenship, such as a birth certificate.
The changes that took place in January marked the beginning of a transition period intended to prepare the public for WHTI implementation on June 1, 2009. This common sense approach is designed to lessen the impact on individuals and allow time for travelers to become accustomed to the change and obtain the appropriate documents.
Upon implementation of WHTI, travelers will be required to present a single WHTI-compliant document denoting both citizenship and identity when seeking entry into the United States through a land or sea border. Standardized, secure and reliable documentation will enable Customs and Border Protection officers to quickly and accurately identify travelers at land and sea ports of entry. The WHTI secure document requirement is already in place for all air travelers.
Both the EDL and the Passport Card will contain security features to prevent counterfeiting and will include vicinity RFID to help speed the entry process at the land borders.
The WHTI land and sea final rule and a notice on the Washington State EDL will be sent to the Federal Register for publication. Specific information on documentation requirements may be found at http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/travel/vacation/ready_set_go/.


This course provides an opportunity for intensive communication in spoken English. Emphasis is on vocabulary acquisition, interactive communication, and American Accent acquisition through the discussion of media materials and authentic texts. Upon completion, students should be able to discuss selected topics, express ideas and opinions clearly, and engage in formal and informal conversations.
Students practice speaking and listening strategies for effective communication for discussions, interviews, presentations, and note-taking to improve fluency in speaking and listening. Students will study the important effect intonation and body language have on meaning, build vocabulary and critical thinking skills, and develop confidence in speaking with purpose. The focus of this course is to prepare students for success in the workplace and community.


text:
Ron Kauk, a climber's journey – The Joy Trip Project
23 Sep Ron Kauk, a climber's journey – The Joy Trip Project
Posted at 16:36h in Climbing, Destinations, Interview, Kids in Nature, Podcast, Yosemite	by	James Edward Mills 4 Comments
http://media.blubrry.com/joytripproject/p/joytrip2019.mhwebstaging.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Ron-Kauk.mp3
http://joytrip2019.mhwebstaging.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Ron-Kauk.mp3
Ron Kauk is one of the best known climbers in Yosemite Valley. He was among that early generation of big wall pioneers that set the standards and established the major routes that are still popular today. Since 1974 he's been a regular in the Yosemite climbing community. Having made the first free ascent of Washington Column in 1975 with John Long and John Bachar Kauk renamed the route Astroman and it became the most challenging climb in the Valley for more than 10 years.
On a joy trip out to the west coast this summer I had the chance to meet Kauk and talk to him about his younger days in Yosemite.
"For me it was like entering this incredible world of granite and rivers and trees and this interesting like-minded group of people in this place we're sitting in which is camp four," Kauk said. "It was colorful and energized with this enthusiasm to climb but also live simply. To think that you could walk in and feel so comfortable and belong to this group and inspire each other just out here on these boulders … or out there on those big walls once you learned the fundamentals."
It's been more than 30 years and Kauk is still climbing in Yosemite. With a life philosophy that includes a deep and abiding appreciation for nature he continues to inspire young people through a non-profit called Sacred Rok. Making the connection between spirituality and the preservation of wild places he's taking the sport of rock climbing to a whole new level.
Music this week by Eric Garcia & Jake Shimabukuro

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Mamata's rally against CAA is unconstitutional : WB Governor
Kolkata (West Bengal) [India], Dec 16 (ANI): With West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee opening front against the centre over the Citizenship (Amendment) Act 2019 as she is averse to its implementation in the state, Governor Jagdeep Dhankhar is at loggerheads with her and has termed her protest and rally as 'unconstitutional' act.
".@MamataOfficial. I am extremely anguished that CM and Ministers are to spearhead rally against CAA, law of the land. This is unconstitutional. I call upon CM to desist from this unconstitutional and inflammatory act at this juncture and devote to retrieve the grim situation," tweeted Dhankar.
He also expressed his gratitude towards the section of society who have urged the protesters to shun violence.
"Gratitude to Intellectuals, filmmakers, actors and stage artists who urged protestors to shun violence. Hope others in such a category would similarly come forward. We are constitutionally obliged to follow law of the land and as Governor enjoined to ensure it and am at it," he said in another tweet.
Dhankhar had on Sunday urged Chief Minister to withdrawn advertisements showing that the National Register of Citizens (NRC) and the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) will not be implemented in the state.
On Sunday, amid protests against the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 in several parts of West Bengal, internet services were suspended temporarily as a precautionary measure in some districts of West Bengal, sources said.
The internet was suspended in some parts of the districts of Uttar Dinajpur, Malda, Murshidabad, Howrah, North 24 Parganas ( Basirhat and Barasat subdivisions) and South 24 Parganas ( Baruipur and Canning subdivisions).
The Act seeks to grant Indian citizenship to refugees from Hindu, Christian, Sikh, Buddhist and Parsi communities fleeing religious persecution from Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh and who entered India on or before December 31, 2014.
The Citizenship (Amendment) Bill was passed from Parliament earlier this week and became an Act with President Ram Nath Kovind giving his assent on November 12. (ANI)
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text:
"Американски татко!" () е сатиричен американски анимационен сериал, продуциран от Fuzzy Door Productions и Underdog Productions за 20th Century Fox. То е създадено от Сет Макфарлън, авторът на Family Guy. Първият епизод е излъчен в САЩ по Fox на 6 февруари 2005 г., тридесет минути след Суперкупата XXXIX. Нормалните серии започват да се излъчват на 1 май 2005, след премиерата на телевизионния сериал Family Guy. "Американски татко!" следва историята на агента Стан Смит от ЦРУ и неговото семейство.

Въвеждаща част
Подобно на други анимирани сериали, въвеждащата част в "Американски баща!" променя различни детайли в началото на всяка серия. Когато Стан започва да пее "Good Morning, U.S.A." (Добро утро, Америка) той се навежда на прага на неговата къща да вземе вестника, заглавието на първата страница е различна всеки епизод. Обикновено е типична шега от рода "Детското затлъстяване нагоре, педофилията долу" или "Иран си сменя знамето на среден пръст". Тези заглавия са сатирични по природа, обикновено те са отправени към правителството на Америка, медията и т.н.

Герои

Семейството Смит
Стан Смит е главният герой в анимационния телевизионен сериал "Американски баща!". Стан е агент на ЦРУ и по-нататък в сериите е повишен в заместник-заместник-директор, което го постави на трето място по важност в ЦРУ след заместник-директора Бълок и директора на ЦРУ, който не е показан. Озвучава се от Сет Макфарлън.

Франсин Смит е една от главните герои в сериала. Тя е съпругата на Стан Смит и майка на Стив и Хейли. Озвучава се от Уенди Шол.

"Американски татко!" в България
В България сериалът започва на 27 ноември 2012 г. по Fox, всеки делник от 19:45 по два епизода. Втори сезон започва на 6 декември 2013 г. с разписание от понеделник до петък от 17:50 без повторения. Трети сезон започва премиерно на 4 април 2014 г. всеки делничен ден от 17:25 с повторение от вторник до събота от 5:40. Повторенията от втори сезон започват чак на 4 юни 2014 г. всеки делничен ден от 16:50 част от следобедния анимационен блок Animation Domination. На 9 януари 2015 г. започва премиерно четвърти сезон, от понеделник до петък от 23:15 с повторения от вторник до събота от 1:40. Пети сезон започва на 1 април 2015 г., от понеделник до петък с различен начален час между 23:15 и 23:40 с повторение по-късно от 1:55. Ролите се озвучават от артистите Таня Димитрова, Ася Рачева, Илиян Пенев, Камен Асенов и Радослав Рачев.

Външни препратки

Американски анимационни сериали
Анимационни ситкоми
Предавания на Фокс Бродкастинг Къмпани

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
SPI Music Guide
Ache de Barrio: Latin: Latin Jazz, Salsa, Merengue, Bachata, Cumbia Tropical, Chacha, Boleros, Son Cubano, Montuno, Rumba, Guaguanco, and more!
Alan Stewart is a two-time award winning harmonica artist and is accomplished on the steel drum as well. He's played all over the United States but shared his country and island music here for many years as a member of the island legends, the 'Beach Bums'. He's currently performing around the valley as a solo act as well as with Robert Schwab and the Over the Hill Band (aka O.T. Hill Band).
Albert Besteiro: Local rock royalty, best known as bassist for the band Del Castillo, has a sound that envelops rock, latin, blues and a dash of flamenco!
American Gypsy Band: Their music is a brilliant hybrid of Outlaw Country, 70's & 90's rock, and good old fashioned Rhythm and Blues.
Andrew Minkler has shared his talents as a classical guitarist and vocalist in the island area for over 30 years. He is a multi-instrumentalist, playing horns, guitars, and keyboards.
Anubis Morrison's sound can be classified as modern progressive grunge rock drawing influences from Phil Collins, Sting, Alice In Chains, Ankla, Incubus, Days of The New and STP. His sound ranges from very mellow Acoustic songs to a very Hard Rock grungy progressive sound.
A Sure Thing: A Sure Thing is a Houston based, energetic, jaw dropping, chills up and down your spine, not your average, make you say, "OMG" five piece party band.
Beaux: Singer/pianist
Big Jordan Band: a four-piece band made up of guitar, bass, drums and fiddle that plays country, blues, and classic rock with a few random tunes they've made their own, along with original material. There's no one out there quite like them. They rock bars, saloons, pubs, watering holes, dives, dance halls, festivals, cook-offs, private parties, and just about anywhere else. It's always a party with Big Jordan.
Buck'NCrazy Band: A local favorite for boot scooters!
Carlos R. Canas SINGS ONLY THE BEST OLDIES! SINGING for over 35 years statewide. American Standards, Country Classics, 50's Rock&Roll, 60's & 70's
Chi-Town Sher: (aka Sherry Katz) Singer, Songwriter, and passionate bass player, Sher has lent her talents to accompany many island performers, such as Jewel Marie & The Blitz and FunkyT & The Katz. This versatile performer will surprise and delight you when you hear her CD Stolen Time which features a totally different side of Sherry, with its mesmerizing lyrics and vocals.
Chris Rivera Band, formed in 1982, plays throughout South Texas. Its influences include ZZ Top, Stevie Ray Vaughn, and Johnny Winter.
Chuck Comeaux: Presenting the best in classic rock & roll! Chuck performs in many of the venues in the SPI area as a solo act or as "Chuck and Friends" and "Chuck and Cornbread", accompanied by other great island musicians such as Earl (the Pearl) Bulinski, Chris Woods, Tom Johnson, and more.
City Jam Band: This highly entertaining RGV based band has a highly diversified repertoire, including jazz, latin, contemporary, country, rock, pop and alternative.
Clarity is a band made up of four musicians from the Harlingen to Brownsville area of South Texas. Their goal is to make you dance and have a fun time!
Clay Underwood: Kentucky native and country music newcomer, Clay Underwood is well on his way to becoming one of the hottest rising stars on the Nashville Scene. He performs yesterday and today's top music from Conway Twitty, Johnny Cash, Billy Currington, George Strait, Garth Brooks, Brooks and Dunn. He also takes requests!
Danica: Dynamic, Energetic and Passionate are just a few descriptions of Danica's stage presence. But the way she engages and connects with her audience is what really makes her in a class of her own. Danica can make a song feel and sound like it is being written at that very moment.
Dicky James is an American Blues guitarist, singer, and songwriter. He is a highly skilled performer specializing in Chicago, Memphis, and Mississippi Hill Country style Blues.
Dii Edwards is an acoustic duo utilizing a multichannel looper to beatbox and strum different rhythms and song arrangements on the fly!
Drew and the Dancehall Dreamers: The best in Texas Dancehall entertainment!
Dr Zog: Listening to the music of the Dr. Zog band is like traveling to Cajun country. This upbeat, positive music with a driving beat takes your taste buds and heart to Louisiana and Southeast, Texas where gumbo, crawfish, and beer abound.
Elias Longoria has a great solo show, presenting a variety of music: rock, country, Tejano and international…when he's not appearing with the Rob Gracia Band.
Emilio Crixell and Border Soul: Enjoy Rock, Latin Soul, R&B and the music of South Texas.
Final Mix serves up the latest in R&B, Jazz Fusion, Blues, Hip Hop, Rock & Roll and original material. FINAL MIX shows are a visual treat—the band's unique and distinctive choreographed style accents their top-notch musical talent.
Funky T and The Katz: Local Artists Terry McIntyre – guitar/vocals; Sherry "Chi-townSher" Katz – bass/percussion: "We are a duo with a huge repertoire of audience pleasing music that spans 6 decades."
Gene Sibley: This innovative guitar synthesist, showman, and vocalist has been performing rock, rhythm and blues for almost 60 years. He thought he would slow down when he lost his sight. It didn't happen.
Geoff Clifton: An island icon, not only as a popular DJ, but as a vocalist and extraordinary guitarist as well.
Hector Guzman, the "Guitar Man", has a huge lineup of soft rock favorites, especially the oldies but goodies both in English and Spanish.
Huser Brother Band: A solid mix of Country Gold and original fresh songs, this band is a Central Texas favorite, having been the recipient of the Horizon Award and nominated several times for Country Band of the Year by the Music Association of Central Texas.
I Ching Gatos: From the beginning to the present we have tried to present original songs that bubbled up from our South Texas cultural experience, but took many musical forms. Most of the songs are written from a humorous perspective. The lyrics usually reflect the personal in the political, or the other way around. Most are in English, but some are in Spanish. The songs have a classic rock sound to them and range from hard rockers to countrified rollers and adventures in funky music.
J. Micheal Laferty, a benchmark artist in the Americana, Trop Rock, Texas Music market, performs regularly at his famous PadreRitaGrill on the island. His music, a tongue in cheek reflection of his island lifestyle and tropical surroundings is characteristically delivered with a sly smile and a blazing wicked wit that immediately engages the audience.
Jack Hartwell: Singer/songwriter/masterful guitarist, Jack has been a fixture on the SPI music scene for many years, performing original music and covering our favorite folk and country artists.
Jake Castillo Trio: an Original San Antonio Band blending blues, progressive jazz and good old fashioned rock and roll into heartfelt original songs that are personally revealing and often tell stories of true life experiences.
Jamie Whetstone: is a jazz-trained pianist/vocalist from the Columbus, Ohio area. Even though jazz and soul are where her true passions lie, she's performed everything from jazz standards to Billy Joel to ACDC, as well as kitschy songs like "Psycho Killer," "It's Raining Men," "Devil Went Down to Georgia," and much, much more. She's performed solo, in a dueling piano duo, and in several combo and band formations – playing a wide variety of music.
Jeff Crocker: The power of his voice holds court. Listen to your favorite classic country and rock hits from this awesome singer/guitarist.
Jenuine Cello, aka Jen Mulhern, is a captivating model of a modern one-woman band. Her live compositions take listeners on a road trip free from genre, saturated with an array of influences. With undercurrents of Bach, Bjork and everything in between, her music combines classically-infused inspiration with raw textures to create a unique sound of layered soulful puzzle pieces. Equipped with a cello and a mic, a somewhat beat-up looping pedal, a 6-string electric cello and knack for glitchy self-made beats, Jen Mulhern creates a symphony of spontaneous sound painting that pulls at the soul and awakens an ancient desire to howl at the moon.
Jerry Cook & Connie Turner have performed all over the country with such greats as Chubby Checker, Crystal Gayle and many others! They perform all your favorites such as Ray Charles, Billy Joel, Tony Bennett and Carol King, as well as ton of country hits.
Jewel Marie & The Blitz: set lists span 7 decades from Hank Williams and Elvis to Pink Floyd and Queen to U2 and Sublime. Uniquely performed; there's something for all musical tastes.
Jive4five: An amazing band presenting Classic Rock, Pop, Top 40 and international Spanish hits.
Johnny D: Oldies Rock n' Roll, West Coast Swing, Country (Dances) His backing tracks are all self made utilizing real musicians. No purchased tracks. This gives him a modern consistent sound like a Real Band.Johnny D has played bass for over 50 years. He has opened for many well known acts such as Gene Watson, Bobby Bare, Conway Twitty to name a few while part of The Danny Harper Band. In the 80's JohnnyD played bass and sang backup for Johnny Tillotson while he toured the Northeast. Johnny D is now based in the RGV or as he calls it, "the end of the Country Music rainbow."
Jonathan Dotson: A relentless and passionate ambassador for the classical guitar, Dotson has concertized in venues ranging from nightclubs in Austin, Texas, to Gothic cathedrals in Palencia Spain.
Keith DiSantis: Our locally favorite JAZZ MAN…Currently a full time music teacher for Harlingen CISD, DiSantis is equally comfortable playing his saxophone before a crowd or in a recording studio laying down tracks with renowned musicians.
La Bomba Loca: Get your Latin dance groove on with Salsa, Bachata, and Cumbia.
Leonado's musical essence is without a doubt a result of determination, character and imagination. Combining his youthful and rhythmic emotion with his mature sense of awareness, Leonado crafts his written poetry into melodies and lyrics that can shake anyone to the core.
Leslie Blasing: A local favorite, Leslie presents current hits and covers legends with flair! When Leslie's around, you can count on fun – watch her channel Shania Twain, Etta James, Patsy Cline, Willie Nelson and even Dean Martin! Voted Valley Star Award – Female Vocalist of the Year for 2013, 2014, 2015, and 2016, and Entertainer of the Year for 2014, 2015 and 2016 awarded by the Winter Texan Times and chosen by the Winter Texans in the Rio Grande Valley and RV Resorts.
Lobo Del Mar: One family, one show…..we perform a variety of music and dance from around the world!
Loretta and the Arabians: Are we a band? Maybe semi sorta. We live on the beach and we play ukes and sing songs – silly and otherwise. Loretta – Lucinda Weirenga lead vocals/Uke; The Arabians : Jose Sanchez – lead Uke, ChitownSher – Bass Uke/Kazoo/Uke
Lost Puppies: We are Lost Puppies & we promise not to bite. We play a wide variety of music. Top 40, 80s, oldies, country, disco, funk, a little kibble&bit of everything.
Louie Villarreal: – Current Band Leader for the "Texas-Good Times Band", a Guitarist/Vocalist old school musician and 12-string guitar soloist who started out in the mid 70's playing mixed variety genres of popular/oldies music from the 50's to present in the South Texas and the Northwest Indiana Regions.
Mark Allan Atwood has spent three decades as an artist on the Texas Music landscape, with an underground, but devout following. From his years as an acoustic artist on Dallas' songwriter scene, to his work as a successful touring rock front man, and now for the last eight years blazing trails and breaking musical stereotypes on the Texas Country/Americana scene, Mark's voice and lyrical style have always reached his audience.
The Midnight Release Band is comprised of five skilled musicians who are as hardworking and dedicated to their craft as they are to ensuring the satisfaction of everyone who comes out to a show. With a group of stellar vocalists the band is about playing to the crowd and making sure that everyone is having a good time. Its vast repertoire includes hits from the 70's, 80's, 90's and will keep you dancing for the entire show.
Mixed Bag: Jack will sing all of your favorite songs on request, from 40's classics to current hits!
Over the Hill Band: After a 17 year sabbatical, guitarist and vocalist Robert Schwab has returned to his roots and teamed up with SPI icon and two-time award winning harmonica player Alan Stewart to form the Over the Hill Band. They create magic when they merge their two unique sounds to perform new and classic rock and country hits.
Pelican West: Pelican West Band is a top notch show/dance band. With an extensive song list and several theme shows, this band is a perfect fit for any venue or special occasion.
Red Velvet is a modern party band. This 5 piece powerhouse will keep any party going with the best of 80's, 90's, Hip-Hop, R&B, and international favorites.
The Remedy plays Salsa, Rock -Classic/Contemporary/Spanish, Funk, Country, Dance -70's/ 80's/ 90's, Blues, Jazz.
The Retrospecks: 80s English and Spanish cover band that plays music meant to take you down memory lane. Our goal is to play what other bands can't or don't play.
Rob Gracia Band: (AKA Robert Stone) Awesome classic and new rock.
Rock Island is a group of local icons led by Chuck Comeaux who has gathered the best percussionists and guitarists in the area to bring you great classic rock from the 60's through the 90's, as well as a little reggae and some great originals.
Rockstar Denied is a five piece Top 40 Variety Party Band with some 80's Retro/Rock, 70's Classic Rock, Disco, and International integrated.
Roland Z has been sharing his live one-man show with the island for the past 14 years. He plays a variety of hits from the 70's and 80's as well as country favorites, enhanced by his sequenced backing tracks that he creates during his shows.
The Rumble: Her voice and his guitar performing current and classic hits exceed all expectations.
Sand Mountain Band capturing the Coffee House acoustic vibe with a little contemporary music added – just for flavor
Shai is a 12 year old piano enthusiast. She loves to play a wide variety of familiar tunes and classics!
Solid Riff: Lower Rio Grande Valley cover band playing hits from the 80's, 90's, Top 40, Rock, Country & Oldies.
Southern Ashes: Country Music is rising from the Southern Ashes of south Texas!
Southern Blend: Classic country, country, classic rock, and everything in between
Southgate: Country/ Rock band…playing old and new style country…. alternative, classic rock and bit of Tejano.
Spoonfed: With a sound born from the blues and rock 'n' roll, Spoonfed feels like you've known them forever even though you just met.
Street Corner Soul: R&B, Funk, 70's Disco, Dance, Motown
Taylor Nicole Carpenter: This talented singer/songwriter/acoustic guitarist shares her beautiful voice with us at several venues on and around the island. She plays originals and a variety of her favorite covers.
Terry McIntyre: Terry plays a lot of everything! Rock, Country, Pop, Jazz, Blues, and a little bit of Funk!
Texas Show Down: a popular four piece South Texas Band that plays your favorite Country Music and Oldies. Dust off your cowboy hats and boots and get ready to two step the evening away!
Tony Perez Band….bringing you the highest quality in Country Music!
The Toonz: If you want to dance, check out this group of the area's best local musicians for the best classic rock & roll hits from the 60's, 70's, and 80's.
TX GoodTimes Band: Lou Villarreal – Band leader guitarist / vocalist…..John Bennet – piano/bass/guitarist/vocalist……Kyle Posey – tenor saxophonist. A trio playing mixed variety genres of pop / oldies music favorites in the surrounding areas of the Rio Grande Valley / South Padre Island
Wildcat Thicket: Americana/Country/Rock. A favorite at Harley's Country Store & Beer Garden, Bayview, Texas.


Worldly, sophisticated and some days bright, imagine when she answered a personal ad and discovered Roger, a white-collar criminal, a cunning con man was on the other end. This book explores the experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans LGBT communities as victims, offenders and staff within the criminal justice system. Vi använder cookies för att förbättra din upplevelse av bokus. A 5 book festive collection of steamy romance tales. Correspondence with Bernard and Charlotte Shaw: The first volume in this set charts the prog This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.
Worldly, sophisticated and some days bright, imagine when she answered a personal ad and discovered Roger, a white-collar criminal, a cunning con man was on the other end. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. She had been writing about anarchism in the socialist press sinceand like the work of her better-known contempora Genom att fortsätta godkänner du vår användning av cookies. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible.


The world's most powerful computers can't perform accurate real-time translation. Yet interpreters do it with ease. Geoff Watts meets the neuroscientists who are starting to explain this remarkable ability.
Speech jammer: can you ignore your own voice? Video. Watch our re-creation of a classic experiment.


Teenage sensation Tom Clarke sparked Huddersfield Town to break their sad run of eight games in League One without a win.
18 year old Tom Clarke scored his first senior goal and Danny Schofield wrapped up all three points in the second half.
Town?s win over relegation haunted Blackpool wasn?t as clear cut as their performance said but it lifted Town back in to third place in League One and hopefully the players spirits.
It was without cost as Martin McIntosh went off before half time with a suspected groin strain so too was Andy Booth who was subbed at the half time interval and Pawel Abbott?s fifth booking of the season means he will miss next Saturday?s crunch match with Brentford at Griffin Park.
Andy Booth was back in the starting line up with Taylor-Fletcher on the bench, Dan Smith, the loan signing from Sunderland was also on the bench. Tom Clarke kept his midfield spot along side Jon Worthington.
Blackpool has new signings Marc Joseph, Dean Gordon and ex-Leeds United winger Jason Wilcox all in the starting line up.
Town started off brightly, Danny Schofield having a free kick saved by Seasiders? keeper Lee Jones, Blackpool gifted Town too much time on the ball we?ve seen many of teams down at the Galpharm closing Town down at every opportunity and Town created a chance that Abbott squanded.
Abbott was sent through clear on goal put his poor first touch took the ball too far ahead of him and Jones collected the ball comfortably.
Then Chris Brandon on 8 minutes jinxed his way into the box, but instead of squaring the ball back he had a shot from a tight angle that was poked wide for a corner.
From the resulting corner, Schofield pinged the ball into the centre on the box and there alert was youngster Tom Clarke clipping a shot into the net beating keeper Lee Jones to put Town ahead.
The Seasiders showed they couldn?t be underestimated proving threatening on the break, though Town dominated the game.
Butler was close to putting through his own goals from Schofield?s shot, Jones denied Tom Clarke and Abbott was unfortunate when his stinging volley struck a defender to bounce clear.
Rachubka pulled off a smart save minutes later after Town went ahead. Parker raced into the penalty area but his low, hard shot was tipped wide by the diving Rachubka.
Then Blackpool?s big striker John Murphy brought a smart save again from Rachubka, a cross from the right wing found the head of Murphy, the ball was looking to head into the top corner when the Town keeper leaped into the air to smartly tip the ball over the bar to keep Town ahead.
Town were having the possession but after Tom Clarke had put Town ahead it almost sprung Blackpool into life as they started to get stuck in and close the midfield down but they had a lack of conviction which meant Town were always going to win this if they weren?t caught out on the break.
Tom Clarke was impressive in the new midfield slot getting forward at every opportunity in which manager Peter Jackson might have found a new gem in the youngster.
Town couldn?t get the killer goal but defender Martin McIntosh limped off in 39 minutes to be replaced by David Mirfin.
Half time arrived with Town in the lead.
A substitution at half time saw Gary Taylor-Fletcher replacing Andy Booth and straight from the off Taylor-Fletcher ran at Blackpool players.
Taylor-Fletcher tricked his way from the right into the penalty area and danced around the Blackpool defenders before squandering his shot wide.
Minutes later he was at it again, With Abbott screaming for the ball and free in space, Taylor-Fletcher tricked his way round the Blackpool defenders but instead of passing to the unmarked Abbott, he drove his shot wide past the post from six yards out when it seemed easier to score.
A scuffle between Town players and Blackpool players saw Abbott booked on 50 minutes which was his fifth yellow card of the season and meant a suspension for the Town striker.
Schofield fired wide following good work by Tom Clarke as Town bombarded the Blackpool defence but Town?s pressure didn?t pay off till the 73rd minute.
Worthington raced into the penalty area and was brought down by Marc Joseph with the referee having no hesitation in pointing to the spot.
Danny Schofield stepped up but keeper Jones guessed the right way but Schofield was on hand to knock in the rebound to put Town in a two-goal cushion.
With the full time whistle looming, Town still had chances but Abbott and Worthington wasted them and with five minutes left Jackson sent on the new loan signing Dan Smith in place of Danny Schofield for a run out.
The Town fans cheered as the referee blew the final whistle, Town fans just happy to get the three points.
Sean?s Star Man- Tom Clarke- Outstanding in the new midfield role.
Town: Rachubka, Holdsworth, N Clarke, McIntosh (Mirfin 39), Adams, Brandon, Worthington, T Clarke, Schofield (Smith 85), Booth (Taylor-Fletcher 45).
Subs not used: Senior, Collins.
Blackpool: Jones, Joseph, Butler (Warrender 54), P Clarke, Gordon, Gobern (Vernon 72), Wilcox, Southern, Morris (Donnelly 45), Parker, Murphy.
Why not discuss Huddersfield Town 2-0 Blackpool on our Huddersfield Town FC forums? Click here to visit the Cowshed or post a comment above. Or, alternatively, why not browse through our Huddersfield Town story archive to find archived HTFC content?


Lisa Prukop offers professional self-defense training services. Provides combat and mixed martial arts training to help you reach your fitness and health goals. Try out their cardio kickboxing workouts today.
WELLFIT PRIVATE FITNESS/ WELLFIT SPORTS CLINCS offers personal training services on boxing and fitness. Choose Pat Englund now. They will work with your schedule to provide quality cross-training, kickboxing classes, and more.
Concept BJJ offers submission grappling and self defense training for teens and adults in and around Taylor, TX.
Ken Morgan trains workouts and martial arts in gyms, at home, or in school. They also provide mixed martial arts, krav maga, and kickboxing as well. Aside from this, this pro also offers bootcamps, one-on-one fitness training, boxing, trx, weight training and more.
Impact Martial Arts provides kickboxing classes that can help you get fitter and stay safe. Their instructors teach kids, teens, men and women. Their unique teaching style will help you understand and address any physical limitations, muscular imbalances and injuries.
Shawn Schreiber offers various fitness programs including weight loss, fat burning, kickboxing, mma and sculpting training sessions. They offer kickboxing lessons and kickboxing fitness classes, among others. This expert offers kickboxing, taekwondo, and karate lessons.
Mikal Abdullah is a personal trainer who focuses in correcting balancing integrated movements and form. This professional offers training in kickboxing, jiu jitsu, and muay thai. They welcome children and adults.


text:
Oak Grove Baptist Church is attracting children and young families from across the region.
The explosive growth of our children's ministries has brought Oak Grove to our next phase of expansion… a 12,000 square foot new children's building. This incredible building will feature classrooms, an indoor play area, a children's worship center, expanded parking, a dedicated main entrance, and a vibrant, secure atmosphere that will give Oak Grove Kids a wonderful, dedicated space to become disciples of Christ. Oak Grove's Forward: Continuing the Legacy campaign is designed to help the church provide this much needed space for its families to grow spiritually and to continue effectively using the church facilities to reach the current and next generations with the good news of Jesus. This building will be used for Sundays, our busy Wednesday nights, and other weekly ministries like Pre-School and Mother's Day Out programs. The facility will be built using contemporary construction techniques and designs, making it more practical and effective in its purpose. The Forward: Continuing the Legacy campaign is also designed to help Oak Grove kick-start its 2030 Vision, which entails a North Entrance add-on and gathering space, along with updates and renovations throughout the rest of the church.
12,000 sq ft Children's Building
Children's Worship Cetner
Expanded Parking
New Dedicated Main Entrance
OAK GROVE BAPTIST CHURCH
© 2022 Forward. Impact Stewardship Resources, Inc. All Rights Reserved


text:
La communauté de communes du Haut Cabardès est une communauté de communes française, située dans le département de l'Aude et la région Languedoc-Roussillon.

Histoire

Composition
Elle regroupe les 14 communes suivantes :

Compétences

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Article connexe
Intercommunalités de l'Aude

Lien externe

Haut Cabardès


text:
Tested: 1993 Land Rover Defender 110 Heads North
Arthur St. Antoine
March 24, 2020, 3:30 PM ·11 min read
Photo credit: Michael Simari - Car and Driver
From Car and Driver
I've written a number of stories about the Michigan country—the country is always true—what happens in the stories is fiction. —Ernest Hemingway, in a letter to his father, Paris, 1925.
Interstate 75 is unusually empty as the Land Rover rolls north from Ann Arbor. Ahead lie the woods, streams, lakes, and small towns of northern Michigan. My pal Max and I are off to see the Michigan countryside beloved by Ernest Hemingway, perhaps the best-known American novelist of our time and winner of the 1954 Nobel Prize in literature.
Though born and reared in Oak Park, Illinois, Hemingway spent the first eighteen summers of his life—1899 to 1917- in northern Michigan (he also returned for two more summers after being wounded in Italy while serving as a Red Cross ambulance driver during World War I. At his parents' cottage, "Windemere," on Walloon Lake south of Petoskey, he fished and swam and hunted. Years later, living in Paris, he drew on the memories of these experiences to craft many of his early short works-including the well-known Nick Adams stories.
The Land Rover is the official motive for our trip. After an eighteen-year absence from the U.S. market, this venerable machine—the "Daktari" sport-utility vehicle first introduced in 1948—is once again available on our shores. Dubbed the Defender 110, this latest edition is powered by a 180-horsepower 3.9-liter V-8 (the same engine offered in the current Range Rover), sports full-time four-wheel drive, comes only with a five-speed manual transmission, and sells for $40,575. Land Rover North America (until recently Range Rover of North America) is offering 500 of them for sale in the States.
As Max and I advance north, the flat farmland of central Michigan gives way to thick, rolling forests of birch and evergreen trees. By now, we have had ample opportunity to evaluate the Land Rover on-road. Named "110" for its 110-inch wheelbase, the Defender is a hulking machine. It stretches fifteen feet in length, stands seven and a half feet tall, and weighs 4911 pounds-despite its aluminum engine and body panels. And it feels truckish. The five-speed shifter has long throws, the clutch is heavy, and the engine revs with a burly roar.
Yet there are surprises. The ride is exceptionally compliant-almost plush. And the big Rover, which can seat nine people if the rear jump seats are folded down, cruises down the Interstate at 75-80 mph quite happily. It also has an appealingly robust look, thanks largely to its exterior brush bar and giant roof rack with ladder. Says Max: "This is the coolest truck I've ever been in."
At Grayling, the small but busy town that for many Michiganders marks the start of "up north," Max and I turn west onto Highway 72. Cabins and campsites have become familiar sights now, and the trees often part to reveal lakes both large and small. Within a few miles, we spot a sign that points to a snowmobile/off-road course set up by the Department of Natural Resources. We take the road.
Here the Land Rover is in its element. Wearing wide grins, we attack rutted roads, plow through thick mud, and crawl up and down several dizzyingly steep grades. The Defender handles it all with ease. Wishing we had a good elephant wallow to tax it further, we tum back onto 72 and continue west.
Nick had swung on to the freight train when it slowed down for the yards outside of Walton Junction. The train, with Nick on it, had passed through Kalkaska as it started to get dark. Now he must be nearly to Mancelona.—"The Battler"
At Kalkaska, Max and I tum north onto Highway 131. To our right, running in open fields alongside the highway, are the tracks where Nick Adams landed after being "busted" in Hemingway's "The Battler." We look for a sign reading, "Nick Adams, hero of Ernest Hemingway's short stories, thrown from train here," but do not find one.
In Mancelona, as we fill the Defender's 20.4-gallon gas tank (which we do often—the Defender averages but 12 mpg in our hands), a man wearing a Peterbilt cap walks up, staring at the Land Rover. "This thing Ing-lish?" he asks, not looking at us.
"Yes," we reply.
"Sure," says the man, walking away.
We continue north on 131, past the green hills and motionless chairlifts of Boyne Mountain ski resort to Boyne Falls, then west toward Boyne City. Once there, we meander on C56 along the cottage-lined east shore of Lake Charlevoix. Ahead just a few miles, tucked up against a quiet cove on the lake, lies the very heart of Hemingway country.
Hortons Bay, the town, was only five houses on the main road between Boyne City and Charlevoix. There was the general store and post office with the high false front and maybe a wagon hitched out in front, Smith's house, Stroud's house, Dillworth's house, Horton's house and Van Hoosen's house. The houses were in a big grove of elm trees and the road was very sandy.—"Up in Michigan"
The road is now paved and there are no wagons hitched anywhere, but the elm trees and the rest of Horton Bay-population 49-remain much as Hemingway remembered. The general store with its high false front stands on the main road. Many of the original houses are nearby. Hemingway always referred to the town as "Hortons Bay," even though in 1894 the postal service changed the name from "Horton's Bay" to "Horton Bay."
Whatever its moniker, Horton Bay was the hub of Hemingway's adolescent summers. Though his family's Walloon Lake cottage was four miles away, Hemingway regularly walked to Horton Bay to fish, hang out with comrades—including several early girlfriends—and escape his four sisters at home. Many nights he slept in the shed behind a local inn known as "Pinehurst," often obtaining a meal from the generous proprietors, the Dilworths, who were friends of his parents. His last visit to the Bay was on September 3, 1921, when—looking to avoid an overly grand ceremony in Oak Park—he returned to marry his first wife, Hadley, in the Methodist church that once stood next to the general store.
We park the Land Rover in front of the store, climb the steps to the front porch, and go inside.
The store is old and inviting. There's a lunch counter with stools on the left; a deli cooler is in back. The floor and the walls are lined with crowded shelves. To the right, mounted on the wall, are several photographs of Hemingway. A few framed newspaper clippings of articles about Hemingway and the store are nearby.
Built in 1876, the store has been owned for the last three years by Gloria Wyn and her daughter, Melissa Creasey. "A lot of people come here looking for the Hemingway trail," Wyn says, opening a guest register signed by visitors from as far away as Australia and Japan. "Hemingway used to hang out here, and he did a lot of fishing in the creek nearby."
As Max and I sip sodas, Creasey says, "You know, if you really want the scoop on Hemingway at the Bay, you've got to talk to Bill Ohle. He spent the summers with Hemingway, and he always stops by the store for an afternoon visit."
We have no sooner walked to the front porch when, as if on cue, Bill Ohle climbs up the steps.
Originally from St. Louis, Ohle spent his first summer in Horton Bay in 1911—when Hemingway was 12. Now 82, Ohle has been a permanent resident in Horton Bay for the past 21 years.
"Ernie was at the Bay a lot," Ohle remembers of Hemingway. "He was always trying to teach you something even how to put a worm on a hook properly."
At first, Ohle is reticent—reluctant to share his lore with anyone who might be unstudied in Hemingway history. But as he determines that Max and I are aficionados (we've both read about everything Hemingway ever wrote), he surprises us by inviting us to continue our discussion at his house, just a few steps away.
On the wall of Ohle's sun room hangs a framed landscape, titled "Weimer Lake," by Ernest's mother, Grace Hall Hemingway. "She wasn't much of a painter," Ohle says, "but she wasn't too bad." As Max and I settle into comfortable chairs, Ohle brings out a 1923 copy of the Little Review, a literary magazine put out during Hemingway's days in Paris. Inside is one of Hemingway's fust published stories, "They All Made Peace—What Is Peace?" Ohle reads some of it aloud, then passes the magazine to us.
''The thing about Hemingway is," Ohle goes on, "he never cut much of a swath around Horton Bay. He talked a little about writing, but nobody paid much attention. Ernie was pretty ordinary-just a city boy, really. In fact, he looked down on country people."
Ohle stares off for a moment. "He was a very interesting guy, really."
Max and I had planned next to visit Windemere, the Hemingway cottage on Walloon Lake. But back at the general store we hear bad news. "Hemingway's sister Sunny lives there," says Gloria Wyn. "She recently had the historical marker removed from the road, and you can't see the house through the trees in the summer. She doesn't like visitors."
Nick looked back from the top of the hill by the schoolhouse. He saw the lights of Petoskey and, off across Little Traverse Bay, the lights of Harbor Springs.—"Ten Indians"
The sunlight fading, we leave Horton Bay, taking C71 north to Highway 31, then turning east along great big Little Traverse Bay to Petoskey. We continue along the east shore of the bay, stopping to take in the whitecaps blowing across the water, then continue on to the tony resort town of Harbor Springs. We eat dinner, fortify ourselves with beers at the "Bar Harbor," then walk out into the night air to look over the yachts docked nearby.
"How come you don't have a boat like that, Art?" Max asks, focusing on a major Hatteras.
"I am a journalist."
"I remember now."
We turn in for the night.
On the smoking skillet he poured smoothly the buckwheat batter. It spread like lava, the grease spitting sharply. Around the edges the buckwheat cake began to firm, then brown, then crisp. The surface was bubbling slowly to porousness. Nick pushed under the browned undersurface with a fresh pine chip . He shook the skillet sideways and the cake was loose on the surface. —"Big Two-Hearted River"
Max makes the mistake of reading that passage aloud early on Saturday morning. We have no buckwheat batter, no skillet, and no fire (ours is a non-smoking room). Fortunately, we know where to go.
Juilleret's diner is on Highway 31 just south of downtown Charlevoix-a shoplined harbor town that appears in several Hemingway stories. Hemingway never ate at Juilleret's, but it's still a must. In business for 45 years and owned and run since 1988 by Mary Morrison and Mary Ann Hodack, Iuilleret's makes the world's greatest cinnamon-swirl French toast. The bread is homemade. The slices are about an inch thick. Butter and real Michigan maple syrup add to the bliss. Nick Adams never ate this good.
Car and Driver readers will be among friends here: Mary Ann drives a Porsche 911 and Mary owns a Mercedes 560SL.
Our venture now truly full, Max and I turn south for the drive back to Ann Arbor. The Land Rover has become a familiar friend. It may lack the refinement and creature comforts of many four-by-fours, but it is nonetheless amazingly capable and completely comfortable. Add in its vast interior room and rugged, distinctive appearance, and you have an appealing albeit costly—alternative to mainstream sport-utility machines. "This is the coolest truck I've even been in," Max says again as we near home.
Of those days in Michigan, Hemingway wrote:
He had loved it more than anything. He had loved digging potatoes with Bill in the fall, the long trips in the car, fishing in the bay, reading in the hammock on hot days, swimming off the dock, playing baseball at Charlevoix and Petoskey, living at the Bay, the Madame's cooking, the way she had with servants, eating in the dining room looking out the window across the long fields and the point to the lake, talking with her, drinking with Bill's old man, the fishing trips away from the farm, just lying around.—"On Writing"
A drive through Michigan's Hemingway country with a great friend makes a fine memory, too.
From the November 1992 Issue.
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Jane Hetherington is Nina Jon's gifted amateur detective. A retired lady who sets up her own private detective agency following the death of her husband of four decades. She spends each month from then on, investigating interwoven & seemingly unconnected crimes & mysteries. In classic whodunnit style, the emphasis is on the puzzle and the solution.
Need to identify a strangely generous safe breaker? Locate a boyfriend gone walkabout? Lost a family heirloom and have to find it in a hurry? Want to establish if a loved one's telling the truth? Check out whether the other half's story stacks up? Need to find a missing neighbour or discover how a body ended up at the bottom of a multi-storey car park?
Need to stop your home being demolished by an officious bureaucrat? Surreptitiously raise money in a hurry? Delve a little deeper into a spouse's frequent absences? Identify a poison pen-pal? Keep a secret, a secret?
Need to catch a conman real quick? Discover why a sister has become a stranger? Pick up a trail long gone cold? Catch an artful dodger red-handed? Make amends?
You can purchase the book online from Smashwords in multiple eBook formats at http://www.smashwords.com/books/view/351921.