text:
Tuskegee Airman Charles McGee: 'Do While You Can'
Charles McGee never thought much of flying until he started training at Tuskegee. When he finally left the U.S. Air Force, he had 30 years and three wars behind him.
WWI Figures
This Indigenous Hero Won the Military Cross For Valor. His Son Would Star In The Lone Ranger
Alexander Smith's valor in World War I earned him the Military Cross. His son later became famous as Tonto to Clayton Moore's Lone Ranger
Vietnam Battles
Keeping It Real: How the National Museum of the U.S. Army Conveys the Vietnam War
A behind-the-scenes look at how the National Museum of the U.S. Army seeks to accurately document the Vietnam War and brings to life many of its forgotten aspects
Planophores and Flying Clowns: The Toys That Made Orville Wright a Household Name
Orville Wright never lost his capacity for finding inspiration in playthings
Vietnam War Figures
The Vietnam War's First Pulitzer-Winning Photographer
Sakai was not only the first Pulitzer Prize winner in feature photography, but also the first photographer to win the award for coverage of the Vietnam War
WWII Figures
A Conversation with Bob Dole, the Gentleman from Kansas
Before gaining political prominence, the retired United States Senator fought with the 10th Mountain Division during World War II.
This Brilliant British Naval Commander Was His Own Worst Enemy
British Admiral Thomas Cochrane excelled in the navies of three nations, but his combative nature nearly made him a footnote in naval history
Air Force Honors Vietnam Fighter Pilot Robin Olds
A new Air Force Academy memorial includes a statue of colorful Vietnam War fighter pilot Col. Robin Olds, a "triple ace" with a larger-than-life personality
Max Cleland, Vietnam Veteran and Former Senator, Dies At 79
Joseph Maxwell "Max" Cleland, 79, former senator and leader of the Veterans Administration, died on Nov. 9, 2021 of congestive heart failure
How Toy Planes Inspired the Wright Brothers
Aviation pioneer Orville Wright never lost his capacity for finding inspiration in aerial playthings
This Slave-Holding Abolitionist and Founding Father Helped Free New York's Slaves
Besides his career in statesmanship and governance, eminent New Yorker John Jay fought tooth and nail against the institution of slavery
How Famed Instrument Maker Abraham Prescott Revolutionized the Bass
Bass maker Abraham Prescott became a legend making instruments that took music way down
How Guy Gabaldon Became The 'Pied Piper of Saipan'
Guy Gabaldon's efforts on both Saipan and Tinian led to the surrender of some 1,500 Japanese troops and civilians
How A Severely Wounded Medic Risked His Life to Save Others in Vietnam
Severely wounded, hero medic Lawrence Joel ignored enemy fire to reach the wounded and dead in Vietnam, for which he received the Medal of Honor
Civil War Figures
What if Robert E. Lee had sent Troops to Vicksburg?
Why exactly was Robert E. Lee so opposed to sending help to Mississippi in 1863?
Jesse James: Facts About the Wild West Outlaw and his Gang
Learn about the life and death of the former Confederate soldier and famous outlaw from the Wild West
Latécoère 631: France's Big Flying Boat
The Latécoère 631 may have been the ultimate flying boat airliner but its service record left a lot to be desired
Stephen Sachs, Prosecutor of Catonsville Nine Activists, Dies At 87
Famous for prosecuting the Catonsville Nine antiwar activists, Stephen Sachs believed their behavior "fractured a central value of the American democracy."
They 'literally ate crow': How Starving Confederate Troops Made It Home After the Civil War
After Appomattox, General Robert E. Lee's troops began their journeys home
Aviation & Spaceflight
Army Pilot Recalls Fights in Vietnam—and With Pentagon
In 2008, Tallon was finally awarded a Purple Heart, which he had not received because his plane's crash was officially characterized as a "non-hostile" accident


text:
Tarconte (Tarchun-us in lingua etrusca) è un eroe della mitologia etrusca.

Figlio di primo letto di Telefo, re della Misia (regione confinante con la Troade), condusse insieme al fratello Tirreno una migrazione dalla Misia in Etruria. A lui è attribuita, insieme a Tirreno, la fondazione della dodecapoli etrusca, il cui nucleo centrale fu Tarquinia, che da lui prese il nome (Tarchu-na in lingua etrusca). Divenne, quindi, ecista di queste genti, grazie al fratello.

Egli appare nell'Eneide come capo di tutti gli Etruschi e alleato di Enea nella guerra contro Mezenzio e Turno, dove abbatte il giovane tiburtino Venulo : l'episodio in questione è stato immortalato in un'incisione di Bartolomeo Pinelli (Lotta tra Tarconte e Venulo).

Note

Condottieri mitologici
mitologia etrusca
Personaggi dell'Eneide
Re etruschi

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


All prices on this website are indicated in Euro's (€), including 21% Dutch VAT, unless otherwise indicated. Allwrite.com preserves the right to not deliver or to consider incorrectly priced products. Incorrectly priced products are caused by a technical problem and are not intended as selling price. In the event of any discrepancy of the information portrayed, the package contents will prevail. All trademarks are the property of their respective owners. The images shown are only for illustration and may vary from the indicated products. In the event of any discrepancy of the information portrayed, the package contents will prevail.


text:
Mykolai Cearnețchi (în ; ) a fost un călugăr redemptorist ucrainean, episcop vicar, deținut politic în timpul represiunii staliniste, venerat ca sfânt.

Papa Ioan Paul al II-lea l-a beatificat în anul 2001.

Detenția
A fost arestat la 11 aprilie 1945 și anchetat într-o închisoare a NKVD. În 1946 a fost transferat într-o închisoare din Kiev și condamnat de tribunalul militar la 10 ani de închisoare ca "agent al Vaticanului". După ispășirea pedepsei în închisoarea din orașul siberian Mariinsk a fost ținut în continuare închis. Starea sănătății deteriorându-i-se grav (personalul închisorii i-a comandat deja sacul pentru înmormântare), a fost eliberat în anul 1956. În mod neașteptat nu a murit imediat, ci sănătatea i s-a îmbunătățit, astfel încât a mai trăit trei ani, timp în care a efectuat numeroase îndrumări spirituale și hirotoniri clandestine.

Note

Nașteri în 1884
Nașteri pe 14 decembrie
Decese în 1959
Decese pe 2 aprilie
Episcopi ucraineni
Fericiți catolici
Deținuți în Gulag


text:
Red Dead Redemption 2 Rockstar Games Red Dead: Redemption II
RED DEAD REDEMPTION PC RELEASE TIME - UPDATE ONE: The Red Dead Redemption 2 PC release time is fast approaching, with the big launch date finally here. Red Dead Redemption 2 PC version is set to have an unlock time of 1pm GMT, with RDR2 available to download from Steam and the Rockstar Games Launcher. Red Dead Redemption 2 PC boasts a number of graphical and technical enhancements as well as new features. ORIGINAL: Red Dead Redemption 2 PC release time and date is on the horizon, with the critically acclaimed hit coming soon to Steam and the Rockstar Games Launcher. Red Dead Redemption 2 is the first game in Rockstar's hugely popular western series to come to PCs, and boasts a number of graphical and technical enhancements.
Red Dead Redemption 2 PC includes a number of new features such as Bounty Hunting Missions and Gang Hideouts as well as new weapons. Ahead of the Red Dead Redemption 2 PC release time and date a warning has been issued to fans looking forward to the RDR2 and Red Dead Online launch. Red Dead Redemption 2 is out now on PC, available through the Rockstar Games launcher and the Epic Games store. While we're not ready to publish our review just yet—we didn't get early access to the PC build beyond a hands-on event last week—we'll have some first impressions on the PC port up later today. In the meantime, here's everything you need to get started with Red Dead Redemption 2's PC version.
What do I need to play Red Dead Redemption 2 on PC? You can get RDR2 on either the Rockstar Games launcher or the Epic Games Store. It's available for preload already, which is a good thing because Red Dead 2 weighs in at a 109 gigabyte download, and wants you to have 150GB of free drive space to install. Set aside some extra drive space for future Red Dead Online downloads, too. As for whether your PC can handle it: Check out our system requirements post, which recommends at least a GTX 1060 graphics card to run the game well. But as with GTA 5, the PC version of RDR2 has some advanced graphics settings not available on consoles that should push modern hardware to the limits. In fact, if you want to play at 60fps, Nvidia recommends an RTX 2060. When is Red Dead Redemption 2 available on Steam? If you plan to play on Steam, though, you have to wait: RDR2 comes to Steam in December. We don't know which day it'll hit Steam, but Rockstar confirmed the release month when it announced Red Dead was coming to PC.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


So Barack Obama, by cobbling together diminished segments of his 2008 coalition, by relentlessly mischaracterizing his opponent as the paragon of all evil, by luck of a hurricane, and by some amount of outright fraud and voter suppression, retains his job as president of the United States. In doing so, he becomes the first president to be reelected smaller than the first time. Seems fitting as he proved by his campaign to be a little man, undignified, petty and mean.
Meanwhile, here are some thoughts for conservatives.
In textbook community-organizing fashion, Obama won the election by brilliantly cobbling together factions with shrill warnings of supposed enemies everywhere. Young women were threatened by sexist Neanderthal males. Minorities were oppressed by neo-Confederate tea partiers. Greens were in danger from greedy smokestack polluters. Gays were bullied by homophobic Evangelicals. Illegal aliens were demonized by xenophobic nativists. And the 47 percent were at the mercy of the grasping 1 percent. Almost any American could fall into the category of either an Obama-aligned victim or a Romney-aligned oppressor.
How, then, can a reelected President Obama put the fractured American Humpty Dumpty together again after it has been shattered by such a nasty campaign? Certainly, it will no longer work for the president merely to wax eloquent on the need for more civility. Instead, his congressional opponents will expect more hardball Chicago politics and will probably reply in kind.
It's Crawl Over Broken Glass Day!
The day is upon us, and it is time to vote out the failed Obama experiment. In truth, I'm not certain he thinks he's failed, since part of me still thinks that this is what he and his Alinskyite allies planned all along.
But, for the rest of us, this is abject failure. And four more years would only make it worse. Possibly unfixably worse.
More debt, more spending, more regulation, more government control, more environmental restrictions, more division, more failed foreign policy, more bowing, more dead Mexicans, more dead Americans, more tyranny!
Less jobs, less economic growth, less energy independence, less household income, less healthcare, less purchasing power, less military power, less international respect, less unity, less freedom!
Romney has made the case for a brighter future. He's got the experience and the vision to bring this country back to greatness. He gets it. Cut spending. Cut taxes. Cut regulation. Get government out of the way, and watch the innate resilience of America roar back. Keep our national defense strong, and bow to no one.
MartiniPundit proudly endorses Mitt Romney for president. Now go out and vote for him. And while you're at it, vote straight Republican down ticket. President Romney is going to need a congress willing to work with him to get the job done.
Vote! Crawl over broken glass but vote!
I overheard a conversation today between two twentysomething girls, who were evidently recent college graduates. The first part of their conversation was all about budgeting, and how hard it was to make ends meet. One explained her budgeting process to the other, which involved listing her expenses, and then comparing it to her income. This, she allowed with some gravity, was typically negative. Her next step was to see where she could cut back, with a goal of cutting out ten percent. Cigarettes were one example she cited of things she could do without. She went on about she'd like a dog, but seemed amazed that she would have to pay for its food and veterinary care.
The other agreed that things were hard, and that she was usually short of money. She said she was glad she didn't have a lot of things weighing her down, and felt sorry for all the people who had lost stuff because of Hurricane Sandy. I noted they both had recent model iPhones.
About this time, the second girl received a text from a friend (this sort of thing went on throughout their conversation), apparently concerning the FEMA director at the time of Katrina criticizing Obama's haste to weigh in on Sandy. After deciding this wasn't something out of the Onion, they proceeded to ridicule the notion in a fascinating verbal shorthand. It took three sentences to indict Bush, the gist of which was his response was poor. Sole data point was the charge that some people in NOLA were still in their houses three days later. I wondered if they would remember NOLA's mayor and LA's governor, both democrats, but I should have known better.
At about this time, an Obama commercial came on a nearby TV warning of all sorts of contraception bans if Romney is elected. Bang, and we're off to the races! Their mood improved tenfold, and whereas up to this point they had been somber and serious, they now became lighthearted and smugly superior. In no way questioning the premise of the ad, they took it as gospel, even bringing up Rep. Akin's ridiculous remark as a rare example of when someone said what "they" all believe. They then all but high-fived each other on reproductive rights and how as women they know something about that. Case closed – the election would save their birth control and hurricane response to the stuff they don't have because they can't afford it.
There were several times when I was tempted to interject, but refrained, finding the insight too good to pass up. Here I was, sitting at a table not four feet away, fully able to hear every word they said, but they didn't give that a thought as far as I could tell. We conservatives are more circumspect here in Boston, but liberals seem to assume everyone around them thinks the same way. Their support for Obama was, of course, uncritically given, and they did not strike me as two people who a week out from the election thought there was a chance Obama might lose.
After they left, I pondered the intellectual disconnect in their unnuanced lives. These girls were clearly not stupid, but neither were they thoughtful. Their thoughts proceeded from received dicta, and completely predictable, right down to their parents being clueless about texting. Yet, each was dissatisfied with work and career prospects. The first one clearly understood basic budgeting, and the need to reduce spending to meet income. But neither ever mentioned, because I doubt it ever occurred to them, the connection between Obama and their straitened economic circumstances. That Obama doesn't understand basic budgeting. That wasn't something they had been told to think, and so they didn't. They were the very definition of clueless.
I have all along expected the unemployment number to magically decrease just before the election. The BLS has been cooking the books all along. Is it really credible that people have "stopped looking for work?" There is a difference between being discouraged and throwing in the towel.
Really? Job recovery begins as soon as Obama loses his.


text:
using Medo.Device;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Globalization;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading;

namespace BearBusMonitor;

internal static class WorkBus {

    private static byte LastSource = 0;

    public static void Run(Medo.Device.BearBusMonitor bus) {
        Output.Line();
        Output.Header("Monitoring");
        Output.Line('D', "Generate duplicate (with Shift)");
        Output.Line('R', "Reboot (with Shift)");
        Output.Line('U', "Light (Shift for off)");

        Output.Line();
        Output.PacketHeader();

        while (true) {
            if (Console.KeyAvailable) {
                var key = Console.ReadKey(intercept: true);
                if (key.Key is ConsoleKey.Escape) {
                    return;
                } else if ((key.Key == ConsoleKey.D) && (key.Modifiers == ConsoleModifiers.Shift)) {  // Duplicate
                    if (LastSource != 0) {
                        var outPacket = BBSystemDevicePacket.CreateUnsolicitedUpdateReport(LastSource);
                        bus.Send(outPacket);
                        Output.Packet(outPacket);
                    }
                } else if (key.Key == ConsoleKey.E) {  // Edit
                    if (GetInput(out var commandCode, out var dataBytes)) {
                        var outPacket = BBCustomPacket.Create(LastSource, commandCode, dataBytes);
                        bus.Send(outPacket);
                        Output.Packet(outPacket);
                    } else {
                        Output.Error("Cannot parse");
                    }
                } else if ((key.Key == ConsoleKey.R) && (key.Modifiers == ConsoleModifiers.Shift)) {  // Reboot
                    if (LastSource != 0) {
                        var outPacket = BBSystemHostPacket.CreateRebootRequest(LastSource);
                        bus.Send(outPacket);
                        Output.Packet(outPacket);
                    }
                } else if (key.Key == ConsoleKey.U) {  // UID light
                    if (LastSource != 0) {
                        var shouldBlink = key.Modifiers != ConsoleModifiers.Shift;  // Shift turns it off
                        var outPacket = shouldBlink switch {
                            true => BBSystemHostPacket.CreateBlinkOnRequest(LastSource),
                            false => BBSystemHostPacket.CreateBlinkOffRequest(LastSource),
                        };
                        bus.Send(outPacket);
                        Output.Packet(outPacket);
                    }
                }
            }
            if (bus.TryReceive(out var packet)) {
                Output.Packet(packet);
                if (packet.FromAddress != null) { LastSource = packet.FromAddress.Value; }
            }
            Thread.Sleep(1);
        }
    }

    private static bool GetInput(out byte commandCode, out byte[] dataBytes) {
        Console.Write("Input: ");

        var line = Console.ReadLine();
        if (line == null) {
            commandCode = 0;
            dataBytes = Array.Empty<byte>();
            return false;
        }

        var sb = new StringBuilder();
        foreach (var ch in line) {
            if (ch is >= '0' and <= '9' or >= 'A' and <= 'F' or >= 'a' and <= 'f') {
                sb.Append(ch);
            }
        }
        if (sb.Length == 0) {
            commandCode = 0;
            dataBytes = Array.Empty<byte>();
            return false;
        } else if (sb.Length % 2 != 0) {
            sb.Insert(0, "0");
        }

        commandCode = byte.Parse(sb.ToString(0, 2), NumberStyles.HexNumber);

        var dataBuffer = new List<byte>();
        for (var i = 2; i < sb.Length; i += 2) {
            dataBuffer.Add(byte.Parse(sb.ToString(i, 2), NumberStyles.HexNumber));
        }
        dataBytes = dataBuffer.ToArray();

        return (commandCode is >= 1 and <= 60);
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Release: #21-98
Contact: Communications
E-mail: communications@cde.ca.gov
State Superintendent Tony Thurmond Announces $2 Million in Grants Available to Community-Based Organizations to Counter Social Isolation Experienced by Students
SACRAMENTO—State Superintendent of Public Instruction Tony Thurmond today announced that California community-based organizations will be able to apply for grants to address the social isolation experienced by students during the COVID-19 pandemic.
As part of its ongoing efforts to address the pandemic's continued impact on students, the California Department of Education (CDE) will award grants of up to $250,000* each to community-based organizations that can demonstrate their ability to partner with schools and districts to provide programs and supports to offset the social isolation experienced by students during the pandemic and help them build healthy social connections.
The application process and criteria are available on the CDE website today, December 8, 2021, and the deadline to apply is 11:59 p.m. on Friday, January 7, 2022. The grants are funded through a $2 million appropriation in the 2021–22 California State Budget (AB 130, Chapter 44, Sec. 164).
"During this extremely difficult time, many young people have found themselves disconnected from others. There have been major spikes in levels of depression among California school students during the pandemic," Thurmond said. "Even as schools opened for in-person instruction in the 2021–22 school year, many students may still be experiencing some form of social isolation—especially because many students have been off campus for nearly two years. It's critical that our schools and districts have the means to work with community-based organizations that demonstrate deep experience and a history of working to help counter social isolation in youth."
The funds can be used for programs including, but not limited to:
Training for students or staff
Counseling or case management
Supporting peer mediation or youth leadership programs
Events and convenings
Applicants may request up to $250,000 per grant. Applicants may be able to serve students in any part of the state but should be able to demonstrate how their work might support lower income students or students from diverse student groups including students of color, LGBTQ+ youth, English learners, foster youth, or other groups of students who have experienced marginalization or mistreatment of any kind and would benefit from a program of this nature.
All questions regarding the grant process can be directed by email to EquityGrants@cde.ca.gov.
*Applications for amounts exceeding $250,000 will be considered if the program application is well-justified and the budget is realistic and well-supported. For more information, please refer to the Request for Applications Social Isolation Supports web page.
Tony Thurmond — State Superintendent of Public Instruction
Communications Division, Room 5602, 916-319-0818, Fax 916-319-0100
Last Reviewed: Wednesday, December 8, 2021
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In the preface to her book on Kropotkin (Kropotkin and the Rise of Revolutionary Anarchism) Caroline Cahm writes that "…the history of the European anarchist movement and the anarchist communist ideas which have tended to dominate its thinking and activity are only just beginning to receive the attention they deserve". This was written in 1989 and only in the last few years has a slow process started that is beginning to rectify this situation, for example the publication of two new and important books on Bakunin.
As Brian says, Kropotkin was not the originator of anarchist communism, and he never claimed to be. Anarchist communism developed amongst the workers of the First International and appears to have spontaneously expressed itself in several places at the same time. In Switzerland Dumartheray, the exiled worker from Lyons, who was familiar with the ideas of Cabet and his version of communism, seems first to have expressed these ideas. At the same time in Italy, Covelli, who had become familiar with the ideas of various German communists, was together with other members of the First International, including Malatesta, to express the ideas of anarchist communism. But it was above all Kropotkin who was to popularize anarchist communism and to be instrumental in its wider circulation in the European workers movement and beyond in, for example, China and Japan.
Brian is addressing himself in this pamphlet to Kropotkin's ideas on anarchism as a social and political movement. It should be pointed out though, that Kropotkin was very much under the sway of the concept of scientific progress, prevalent among thinkers in the 19th century. Malatesta was to address himself to the notion of "scientific anarchism" as expressed by Kropotkin. He thought that this concept was neither science nor anarchism. Mechanical concepts of the universe could not be equated with human aspirations and the idea of anarchism. In addition Malatesta rejected Kropotkin's views on harmony in nature, which he saw as too optimistic. This in its turn would create too much optimism about the inevitability of anarchist communism. Rather for Malatesta, it was not the emphasis on harmony in nature but the struggle against disharmony in human society. Despite this, it was Kropotkin's linking of science and anarchism, with all of its faults, which won an audience throughout society and enabled anarchist communism to play a role in the working class movements as well as in intellectual life.
Kropotkin's views on the First World War cannot be ignored. Enemies of anarchism have tried to draw the lesson that this failure to take an internationalist position and to instead side with the Allies must have somehow sprung from his anarchist communism, and hence this body of ideas must be flawed. When one considers that the overwhelming majority of anarchist communists took an internationalist position then this theory is shown to hold no water. Rather it was perhaps Kropotkin's blinkered views on France as the leading country of radical thought and revolution, which must be defended at all costs, with false comparisons with the Paris Commune of 1871, which may have swayed Kropotkin to adopt this mistaken position, a position disastrous for both his reputation and for the international movement.
Let's leave the last word to Malatesta: "In any case anarchists will always find in his writings a treasury of fertile ideas".
An important and talented geographer, an explorer in his early youth, Peter Kropotkin was one of the most seminal figures in the history of the anarchist movement. He has indeed been described as a unique combination of the prophet and the scientist. Although Kropotkin made many important contributions to science, particularly his theory of "mutual aid" which emphasized the importance of co-operation and symbiosis in the evolutionary process, throughout his life he was a revolutionary socialist, devoting time and energy to the anarchist cause. By his exemplary life and by generating a "treasury of fertile ideas", as his friend Errico Malatesta put it, Kropotkin undoubtably stirred the imagination of his generation. He was indeed a pioneer ecological thinker, and his Fields, Factories and Workshops was one of the great prophetic works of the nineteenth century.
Kropotkin has generally been ignored by academic scholars, who seem to prefer obscurantist musings of such reactionary philosophers as Heidegger, but Kropotkin's ideas continue to find resonance in many contemporary currents of thought – in the urban ecology of Lewis Mumford and Paul Goodman; the bioregional vision of Kirkpatrick Sale; the social ecology of Murray Bookchin; the plea for intermediate technology and organic farming by the likes of E.F.Schumacher and Wendell Berry; and in Taki Fotopoulos's project of inclusive democracy, to name but a few. Even poststructuralist philosophers like Michel Foucault and Gilles Deleuze seem to have appropriated many of the ideas of Kropotkin (and other anarchists) – with very little acknowledgement! In particular, Kropotkin's critique of the state, capitalism, representation and the vanguard party (Marxism).
A friend and close associate of William Morris, George Bernard Shaw, Edward Carpenter and the redoubtable Emma Goldman – who described Kropotkin as "my great teacher" – Kropotkin made enduring and substantial contributions to the development of physical geography and ecological thought, as well as to anarchist theory.
This pamphlet explores but one aspect of Kropotkin's intellectual legacy, and outlines Kropotkin's ideas on anarchism as a social and political movement.
Kropotkin makes two essential points about anarchism as a political tradition. The first is that anyone who sides with the oppressed, who critiques the present status quo, or offers suggestions for a more viable future – one in which libery, equality and the wellbeing of all would have real, concrete expression – is more than likely to be dismissed by those in power (or their ideologues) as utopian, unpractical or misguided (AY 85). Secondly, Kropotkin emphasises that anachism is a social movement, and thus was born among the working people, and had little to do with the universities or intellectuals per se (KRP 146).
" On the one hand, the masses were developing in the form of customs a number of institutions which were necessary to make social life possible at all – to insure peace amongst men, to settle any disputes that may arise, and to help one another in everything requiring co-operative effort " (KRP 146).
This was not a context devoid of power; it was rather one of a diffuse social power, an instituting "ground power", as Castoriadis describes it, that was reflected in various institutions – the clan in tribal society, village communities, the guilds in medieval Europe. But at all times too there were explicit forms of power, represented by a minority – the "sorcerers, prophets, priests and heads of military organisations, who endeavoured to establish and to strengthen their authority over the people" (KRP 71). In a sense, therfore, anarchism and "governmentalism" have co-existed throughout human history.
"of the creative, constitutive power of the people themselves who aimed at developing institutions of common law in order to protect themselves from the 'power-seeking minority'" (KRP 147).
Like contemporary writers, Kropotkin implies that anarchism could be looked at in two ways. On the one hand, it can be seens as a kind of "river", as Peter Marshall (1992) describes it in his excellent history of anarchism. It can thus be seen as a "libertarian impulse" or as an "anarchist sensibility" that has existed throughout human history; an impulse that has expressed itself in various ways – in the writings of Lao Tzu and the Taoists, in classical Greek thought (especially that of Zeno of Citium), in the mutuality of kin-based societies, in the ethos of various religious sects, in such agrarian movements as the Diggers in England and the early Zapatistas in Mexico, in the collectives that sprang up during the Spanish civil war, and – currently – in the ideas expressed in the ecology and feminist movements. Anarchist tendencies seem to have expressed themselves in all religious movements, even in Islam. One Islamic sect, the Najadatm, believed that "power belongs only to God". They therefore felt that they did not really need an Imam or Caliph, but could organise themselves mutually to ensure justice.
On the other hand, anarchism may be as a historical movement and political theory that had its beginnings at the end of the eighteenth century. It was expressed in the writings of Willian Godwin, who wrote the classic anarchist text An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice (1973), as well as in the actions of the sans-culottes and the enrages during the French revolution, and by radicals like Thomas Spence and William Blake in Britain. As as social movement anarchism developed during the nineteenth century, and in its classical form, represented by Bakunin, Goldman, Reclus and Malatesta, as well as by Kropotkin, it was a significant part of the socialist movement in the years before the First World War, but its socialism was libertarian not Marxist. The tendency of writers to create a dichotomy between socialism and anarchism is, I think, both conceptually and historically misleading.
Society is thus envisaged as an interwoven network of an infinite variety of groups and associations at various levels of federation (local, regional, national, international) organised for a variety of different purposes and functions. Elsewhere, he gives another succinct definition of an anarchist society.
(Kropotkin admitted that no society had ever existed which fully expressed these principles).
Social life for Kropotkin was not therefore something immutable; there could be "no crystallization and immobility, but a continual evolution – such as we see in nature". Moreover, the advent of such a society would, Kropotkin believed, allow for the full develeopment of the individual; "free play for the individual, for the full deelopment of his individual gifts – for his individualization" (KRP 157).
"Constructive, creative activity of the people, by which all institutions of communal life were developed in the past", and as a form of protest against external forces, or a a mode of resistance against the development of all forms of authority whether coercive or ideological (KRP 149).
From the remotest antiquity humans therefore have not only created anarcho-communist forms of association, but have expressed what Kropotkin describes as the "no-government tendency" which has opposed the emergence of hierarchic forms of organisation. The clan, the village community, the guild, the free medieval city, were all institutions, Kropotkin argues, by means of which the common people resisted the encroachments of brigands, conquerors, and other power-seeking minorities (KRP 287).
Kropotkin was always to emphasise the duality of human nature, that humans were instrinsically both egoistic and social, always striving to maintain the integrity of their own being while also motivated by social concerns. Both Lao Tzu and Zeno are thus seen by Kropotkin as expressing anarchist tendencies, as did the many religious movements which emerged throughout antiquity and the medieval period, to challenge state and ecclesiastical authority. Christianity itself, as a movement against the Roman government, contained many elements, Kropotkin contends, which were "esentially anarchistic" (KRP 149). Likewise with the Anabaptist movement. Drawing on the support of the peasantry, it initiated the Protestant reform movement, until it was suppressed by the reformers under Martin Luther's leadership. But within the Anabaptist movement there was a considerable element of anarchism.
At the time of the Enlightenment, anarchist ideas were also expressed by the French philosophers, Rousseau and Diderot in particular, and such ideas, Kropotkin stressed, found their own expression later in the great French Revolution with the emergence of the independent "sections" in Paris, and of many "communes" throughout the country.
But for Kropotkin it was William Godwin (1756-1836) in his Enquiry concerning, Political Justice (1793) who first stated in definite form the basic principles of anarchism, even though he did not give that name to his own philosophy. Godwin advocated the abolition of the state, along with its laws and courts, believing that real justice could only be attained through free and independent social institutions. As regards to property, Godwin was openly a communist, stating that every person had the right "to every substance capable of contributing to the benefit of a human being". But Godwin, Kropotkin observed, had not the courage of his own convictions, and was later to mitigate his communist views in the second edition of Political Justice (1796). Godwin was essentially an individualist anarchist – society, he declared "is nothing more than an aggregation of individuals" – and a utilitarian, and his vision of a free and equal society is ultimately based on the Greek notion of individual self-development with its emphasis in reason and autonomy.
The person who first described himself as an anarchist (An-archy: no government, contrary to authority) was Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865). As a critic of the society of his day – both capitalism and the state – Kropotkin thought that he was both great and inspiring. As for his constructive suggestions regarding an alternative future society, these Kropotkin thought unpractical or problematic – even though he described Proudhon as "undoubtably one of the greastest writers who have ever dealt with economic questions" (AY 97). Being hostile to both communism and state socialism, Proudhon developed a system of mutualism which in essence retained the notion of private property, and following the ideas of Robert Owen, advocated a system of labour checks, which represented the hours of labour required to produce a given commodity. The exchange of services and goods would be thus on the basis of equilvalence, facilitated by a scheme of mutual exchange and mutual banking. Kropotkin considered Proudhon's scheme as something of a compromise with the interests of capitalism, its individualism incompatible with the common ownership of land and the instruments of production, its mutualism simply replicating the wages system with all its problems and contradictions. But having experienced the reaction to the French Revolution and having lived through the revolution of 1848, Proudhon had seen with his own eyes, Kropotkin argued, the crimes perpetrated by the revolutionary republican government, and the problematic nature of state socialism. This led Proudhon is such works as General Idea of the Revolution in the Nineteenth Century (1851) to advocate a society without government and to use the term anarchy to describe it.
It was, however, with the founding of the International Workingmen's Association, and in the aftermath of the Paris Commune of 1871, that anarchism came to be recognised in its modern form. The International Workingmen's Association was formally inaugurated in September 1864 in London – though its structure and constitution were not formally adopted until the first congress convened in Geneva in September 1866. It began primarily, as G.D.H. Cole notes, as a "trade union affair", though trade unions were still illegal in France. Most of the French participants of the 1864 proceedings were not industrial workers but artisans, and essentially followers of Proudhon's kind of socialism. Kropotkin describes them as "all mutualists" (KRP 294). Hence the first International began as a joint affair between British and French Trade unionists, with the participation of a number of exiles from other parts of Europe. Chief among these was Karl Marx (1818-1883) who quickly became one of its most important and active leaders. The first International, it is worth noting, was therefore not the creation of Marx, nor was it specifically Marxist at its inception.
What emerged in both the International and in the Paris commune were two very different conceptions of socialism and the revolution. One, represented by the Blanquists and the Marxists, followed that of the Jacobin tradition in the French Revolution and advocated a revolution through the establishment of a "socialist republic" – the centralised state. The other conception suggested a free federation of independent communes, and was advocated by workers mainly from the Latin countries, who came to be described as anarchists. The General Council of the International, led by Marx, Engels and some French Blanquist refugees – whom Kropotkin describes as "all pure Jacobinists" (KRP 165) – eventually used its position to make a coup d'état in the International, and this led to the famous "split" in the movement between the authoritarian socialists and the anarchists. It was in the personality of Michael Bakunin (1814-1876) that the anarchist tendency within the International "found a powerful, gifted and inspired exponent". And as Kropotkin writes, Bakunin soon became the leading spirit among those workers from Spain, France, Italy and Switzerland (KRP 294).
"It was also a clash of two wholly different conceptions of social organisation, two mutually alien philosophies of life" (WA 111).
These were, respectively: the state socialism of the Marxists which put an emphasis on authority, and acknowledged the need for a revolutionary government – "the dictatorship of the proletariat" – to secure the development of communism; and Bakunin's anarchism, which advocated the abolition of the state and its replacement by a federal society based on free communes and voluntary associations.
Although Kropotkin never actually met Bakunin personally, he saw Bakunin as a key figure in the development of modern anarchism. In countering the efforts of the General Council of the International and the Marxists to turn the entire labour movement into an "elective parliamentary and political movement", Bakunin and his associates were instrumental in the founding of anarchism. As Kropotkin writes, it was out of this "rebellion" that modern anarchism subsequently developed (KRP 150).
Kropotkin thus felt that it was Bakunin, in a series of powerful pamphlets and letters, who first established the leading principles of modern anarchism, particularly in Bakunin's advocacy of the complete abolition of the state. This implied the repudiation not only of "revolutionary government" but of the democratic state and all forms of representative government.
"All legislation made within the state, even when it issues from the so-called universal suffrage, has to be repudiated because it always has been made with regard to the interests of the priviledged classes" (KRP 165).
"The great bulk of anarchist workingmen prefer the anarchist communist ideas which gradually evolved out of the anarchist collectivism of the International Workingmen's Association." (KRP 297).
Among the better known exponents of this tendency were Elisee Reclus, Jean Grave, Errico Malatesta, Emma Goldman, Sebastian Faure, Emile Pouget and Johann Most – and, of course, Kropotkin himself, who spent a lifetime lucidly outlining, defending and promoting the anarchist communist tendency.
Besides anarchist communism, Kropotkin recognised and described three other currents within the anarchist movement as it developed towards the end of the nineteenth century in Europe and the United States – individualist, Christian and literary anarchism. The first of these, individualist anarchism, in turn, could be divided into two branches, the mutualists and the "pure" individualists.
The mutualists included, besides the many followers of Proudhon, the disiples of William Thompson in Britain and a contemporary of Proudhon, Josiah Warren (1798-1874). Having originally been a member of Robert Owen's socialist community "New Harmony" which was established in 1825 on the banks of the Wabash river in Indiana, Warren turned against communism, having felt that the failure of the New Harmony Community was due to its collectivism and to its suppression of individual initiative. In the following year, Warren established in Cincinnati a "store" in which goods were exchanged on the principle of time-value and labour checks. Such "equity-stores", Kropotkin noticed, were still in existence in the 1860s in the United States. In essence, Warren's radical thought was an amalgamation of individualism, fear of the state and economic mutualism.
The ideas of both Proudhon and Warren, Kropotkin writes, had an important influence in the United States, "creating quite a school". Of particular importance in the development of this school of economic thought – individualist anarchism or mutualism – were Stephen Pearl Andrews, Ezra Heywood and Lysander Spooner. At the end of the nineteenth century its most prominent representative was Benjamin Tucker (1854-1939) who had been a close friend of Warren. At the age of twenty-one Tucker had translated Proudhon's famous What is Property (1840) and in 1881 had founded the radical newspaper Liberty. Kropotkin describes Tucker's individualist anarchism as a "combination of (the conceptions), of Proudhon with those of Herbert Spencer" (KRP 296). For Tucker, "Anarchism means absolute liberty, nothing more, nothing less". This meant liberty in production and exchange, which he described as "the most important of all liberties". Like Proudhon, he was vehemently anti-communist and described Proudhon as "perhaps the most vigourous hater of communism that ever lived on this planet". Proudhon, of course, had equated communism with state socialism and authoritarian religious communities, and thus came to declare that "communism is oppression and slavery", a mode of organisation that denied the liberty and sovereignty of the individual and equality. Tucker therefore came to argue that Kropotkin was not an anarchist but a revolutionary communist. Tucker had the idea that the communist anarchists would force a communal property system on everyone and were thus not anarchists. Kropotkin, however, always stressed the autonomy of the individual and never denied the right of any person to cultivate their own plot of land.
Kropotkin offered many criticisms of the individualist anarchism (mutualism) of Proudhon. Warren and Tucker – in its stress on egoism and the right of individuals to oppress others if they have the power to do so, in its affirmation of private property, petty commodity production and the wage system (the market economy), and in justifying the use of violence to enforce agreements and defend private property. Kropotkin acknowledged and applauded Tucker's admirable criticisms of capitalist monopolies and the state and of state socialism, as well as his "vigorous defence of the rights of the individual", but in defending the right to private property, Tucker, Kropotkin wrote, opens up the way "for reconstituting under the heading of 'defence' all the functions of the state" (KRP 173-74). Thus Kropotkin concludes that the position of the mutualists is "the same as that of Spencer, and of all the so called 'Manchester School' of economists, who also began by a severe criticism of the state and end in its full recognition in order to maintain the property monopolies, of which the state is the necessary stronghold" (KRP 162).
The debate between the defenders of private property (and the so-called market socialists) and anarchist communists still reverberates in many contemporary anarchist journals.
Writing around the turn of the century, Kropotkin suggested that the individualist anarchism of the American Proudhonists found little support or sympathy amongst working people, i.e. those who possessed no property.
"Those who profess it – they are chiefly 'intellectuals' – soon realise that the individualisation they so highly praise is not attainable by individual efforts, and either abandon the ranks of anarchists, and are driven into the liberal individualism of the classical economists, or they retire into a sort of Epicurean a-moralism, or super-man theory, similar to that of Stirner and Nietzsche" (KRP 297).
"Reasoning on Hegelian metaphysical lines, Stirner preaches the rehabilitation of the 'I' and the supremacy of the individual; and he comes in this way to advocate complete 'amoralism' (no morality) and an 'association of egoists'" (KRP 161).
But Kropotkin goes on: "how metaphysical and remote from real life is this 'self-assertion of the individual'; how it runs against the feelings of equality of most of us; and how it brings the would-be 'individualists' dangerously near to those who imagine themsleves to represent a superiour breed" (KRP 172).
He points out too the impossibility of the individual to attain any authentic or meaningful development of the human personality in conditions of oppression and economic exploitation. Inspite of its usefulness as a critique, and its importance in its advocacy of of the full development of the person (ego), for Kropotkin, individualist, "life-style" anarchism was a limited expression of anarchism and one that mostly appealed to artistic and literary figures (KRP 293).
A second current of anarchism outlined by Kropotkin was in fact that which found its expression in literary and artistic circles. Kropotkin emphasised that not only had the best of contemporary literature deeply influenced anarchism itself, but hundreds of modern authors were expressing, in varying degrees, anarchist ideas at the end of the nineteenth century. He mentions Ibsen, Whitman, Thoreau, Marc Guyau, Spencer, Herzen, Nietszche, and Edward Carpenter (KRP 299).
The third current of anarchism described by Kropotkin was that of Christian anarchism, represented by Leo Tolstoy, although Tolstoy never described himself as an anarchist. Drawing on the teachings of the Christian gospels and following the dictates of reason, Tolstoy, Kropotkin wrote, used all the powers of his imagination and rich talents to make powerful criticisms of the church, state power, and all the present property laws. Robbers, Tolstoy held, were far less dangerous than a well-organised government. Holding firm to the teachings of Christ, Tolstoy combined Christianity, anarchism and pacifism; this led to important criticisms of patriotism and militarism as well as to Tolstoy being heralded as an apostle of non-violent resistance, a political strategy late adopted by Gandhi, who always acknowledged his debt to Tolstoy. Kropotkin concluded that Tolstoy's religious arguments are so well combined with arguments derived from a dispassionate scrutiny of present evils "that the anarchist portions of his works appeal to the religious and non-religious reader alike" (KRP 299).
Although Kropotkin sympathetically deals with all forms of anarchism – his work is singularly free of the abusive epithets and rancour that mars much contemporary anarchist writing – Kropotkin makes clear his own allegiance to anarchist communism. This form of anarchism was advocated for the first time at the Jura congress in October 1880, and although Kropotkin was to play an important part in the development of anarchist communism and was later to become its chief exponent and advocate, he was not its originator. The linkage between anarchism and communism seems to have evolved spontaneously and independantly among the many "collectivist" followers of Bakunin in Italy, Spain and Switzerland. People important in the early development of anarchist communism, besides Kropotkin, include Elisee Reclus, Carlo Cafiero, Jean Grave and Errico Malatesta.
In his advocacy of anarchist communism Kropotkin came, like other anarchist members of the First International, to draw a clear distinction between his own conception of socialism and that of the Marxists. Kropotkin critiqued the "revolutionary government" and the "workers' state" of the Marxists and throughout his life he made strident criticisms of state socialism. He was always hostile to the idea that for the sake of the future, personal liberty could be sacrificed on the "altar of the state" (KRP 130), and felt that the plans of the state socialists were not only impractical – as it was impossible to forsee everything – but that state socialism would inevitably lead to a party dictatorship (KRP 76). On this issue he and Bakunin were in close agreement, and with regard to the Russian Revolution, somewhat prescient, Emma Goldman, in fact, refused to describe the Bolshevik regime as "communist" considering it a form of "state capitalism". In Russia, she wrote, there has never been any attempt to apply communist principles in any shape or form. Kropotkin always emphasised that state socialism, by giving the state control and management over the main sources of economic life, besides the powers that the state already possesses, would inevitably create a "new tyranny even more terrible than the old one". He therefore concluded that the state organisation "having been the force to which the minorities resorted for establishing and organising their power over the masses, cannot be a force which will serve to destory these priveledges" (KRP 170-71). State socialism would lead to state capitalism and to new instruments of tyranny, and "would only increase the powers of bureaucracy and capitalism" (KRP 286).
When Kropotkin returned to Russia in 1917 his worst fears were confirmed. In a letter to the Danish art critic Georg Brandes, Kropotkin drew an anthology between the situation as it then existed in Russia (1918) and the Jacobin revolution in France from September 1792 to July 1794. The Bolsheviks, he wrote, are "striving to introduce the socialisation of the land, industry and commerce. Unfortunately, the method by which they seek to establish a communism like Babeuf's in a strongly centralised state makes a success absolutely impossible paralyses the constructive work of the people" (SW 320).
"This effort was made in the same way as the extremely centralised and Jacobin endeavour of Babeuf. I owe it to you to say frankly that, according to my view, this effort to build a communist republic on the basis of a strongly centralised state communism under the iron law of party dictatorship is bound to end in failure. We learn in Russia how communism cannot be introduced" (KRP 254).
But though critical of the Bolsheviks, Kropotkin protested with all his strength against any type of armed intervention in Russia by the Allies, fearing this would only lead to reaction, and "would bring us back to a chauvinistic monarchy" (SW 321).
Kropotkin, like other anarchists, supported the revolution, but not the Bolshevik party, repudiating all forms of state socialism. To the end of his life Kropotkin was a revolutionary socialist – an anarchist communist.


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This week in terrorism history: Feb. 12-18
February 12, 2018 By Pete Trumbore
(Credit: BBC)
The BBC has created a visually stunning and heartbreaking report on the phenomenon of female suicide bombers in Nigeria, many of whom were abducted by Boko Haram or other militant groups.
The report, illustrated in the style of graphic novel, leverages the narrative of a young Boko Haram abductee to describe the strategy and highlight the dynamics that have led Boko Haram to adopt the use of this weapon in its struggle against the Nigerian state. It is based, in part, on the work of terrorism researcher Elizabeth Pearson, who has studied the use of female suicide bombers by Boko Haram.
From the BBC report:
Sanaa Mehaydali is thought to have been the first female suicide bomber in modern history.
The 16-year-old killed herself and two Israeli soldiers in a suicide attack in southern Lebanon in 1985.
Since then, militant groups such as Hezbollah, the Kurdish PKK, Tamil Tigers in Sri Lanka, Hamas and Black Widows in Chechnya, have all used women and girls to carry out suicide attacks.
But Boko Haram has outstripped any one group by far in the scale of its brutality, according to Elizabeth Pearson, associate fellow at the Royal United Service Institute in London.
She estimates that hundreds of young girls have been forced to carry out attacks in the past three years, in Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad and Niger.
In the report Pearson notes that the organization gained far more publicity from using young girls as suicide bombers compared to earlier operations carried out by boys or men. This, in part, has encouraged Boko Haram's continued use of girls.
Now on to this week's look back.
Feb. 12, 1974 — Latimer, Buckinghamshire, England: The Irish Republican Army detonates a bomb at the National Defense College, wounding 10.
Feb. 13, 2003 — Pennsylvania: Federal agents arrest David Wayne Hull, imperial wizard of the White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan and an adherent to Christian Identity theology, alleging that he had arranged to buy hand grenades in order to attack abortion clinics.
Feb. 14, 2011 — Bahrain: The 14 February Youth Coalition forms, growing out of ongoing political unrest. It is later suspected of involvement in a series of firebomb and attacks against Western interests.
Feb, 15, 1999 — Turkey: Abdullah Ocalan, the fugitive leader of the Kurdish Workers' Party (PKK) is arrested in Kenya with the assistance of U.S. intelligence and returned to Turkey.
Feb. 16, 2013 — Hazara, Pakistan: A bomb kills 84 and injures more than 190 near Quetta. Lashkar-e-Jhangvi, a Sunni supremacist organization which has carried out sectarian attacks against Shiite Muslims, claims responsibility.
Feb. 17, 2012 — Washington, D.C.: Amine El Khalife is arrested in an undercover FBI operation, accused of planning to cary out a suicide bombing at the Capitol building. The Moroccan citizen was in the country illegally, having entered the U.S. on a visitor's visa at the age of 16 and then staying after his visa expired.
Feb. 18, 2010 — Austin, Texas: Joseph Andrew Stack, who had been associated with radical anti-tax groups, flies his single-engine airplane into a building housing offices of the IRS. Stack and an IRS manager are killed and 13 are injured in the attack. Prior to the attack Stack had posted online a lengthy manifesto criticizing the IRS, the tax code, politicians, and corporations.


A new species of Campylopterus sabrewing is described from eastern Brazilian tropical dry forests occurring below 900 m asl. Its holotype (MZUSP 99024) is an adult female from Sítio Duboca (16°43'19''S, 43°58'20''W, elevation 840 m), municipality of Montes Claros, state of Minas Gerais. A taxonomic revision based on more than 1,000 museum specimens revealed that the new taxon, together with C. largipennis, C. diamantinensis and C. obscurus (with C. aequatorialis con-sidered as a subjective junior synonym) should be ranked as species. We provide a key to permit easy identification of the four species. The new species is very similar to the parapatric C. diamantinensis of high altitude "campos rupestres" above 1,000 m asl, differing from it by its smaller size and longer light tail tips, as well as by sternum measurements. Given the several threats faced by the habitat to which the new species is endemic, we propose to consider it as Vulnerable under the IUCN criteria.


In the back gallery – tucked away darkly as if in a cave – is Amanda Nedham's sepulchral, operatic installation, Generals Always Die in Bed. Here, in a room that is both crude and brutal (it is roughly constructed of wood) and, at the same time, oddly ornate (the artist describes it as "Versaillesesque"), there is a massive wooden bed which is also, so it would appear (with restraints etc.), a torture machine.
Montreal-based artist Jannick Deslauriers has created an ephemeral marvel with her gallery-filling installation What Is Left. To put it as simply as possible, the work consists of an enormous tank, which seems poised – at one end of the gallery – to roll headlong over a gallery full of waving poppies. Now if the tank were a heavy, cumbersome, fearsome thing, made of wood or steel or anything solid, the whole tableau might seem a trifle sentimental and heavy-handed (the adage "breaking a butterfly on a wheel" comes to mind). But the tank, which seems to be life-size, is made of – well, I'm not sure what (it's listed as a "textile installation") – something wispy and white and gossamer. It looks, to tell you the truth, like a tank made of frost. It looks like frozen breath. It's like a dream, like a vision, in other words. So it can't really be a threat to the gallery full of tall, trembling poppies (made of silk and things delicately suspended by threads from the ceiling). This is no Tiananmen Square for poppies, then. But the sense of threat – and of the memorial (poppies being so evocative of remembrance) – is engulfing and profound, as if this tank is a tank of your own mind, poised to create havoc. In the back gallery – tucked away darkly as if in a cave – is Amanda Nedham's sepulchral, operatic installation, Generals Always Die in Bed. Here, in a room that is both crude and brutal (it is roughly constructed of wood) and, at the same time, oddly ornate (the artist describes it as "Versaillesesque"), there is a massive wooden bed which is also, so it would appear (with restraints etc.), a torture machine. The "torture element" lies (as Nedham puts it in her artist's statement), in "the manipulation of a bed which holds the person in place for a period of reflection before they die." The implication is that for "generals," with their "grand egos," such a period of enforced reflection would indeed be a nightmarish trial.


text:
What is the first instance of teleportation using a machine (aka transporter) in Sci-Fi movies or TV?
I know of only a few uses of teleportation prior to Star Trek's (TOS) transporter that appeared in movies or TV shows.
What is the earliest example of teleportation by a machine, shown in a movie or on TV??
Those that I know of are:
Movie: The Fly (1958)
TV: Outer Limits, season 1, Episode 1: The Galaxy Being (1963)
TV: Outer Limits, Season 1, episode 28: The Special One (1964)
I think there are others but do not know of any. Technically, it does not have to be a Sci-Fi movie or TV show but if it has teleportation it seems to come under that category.
There is another Outer Limits episode in the original series where several residential blocks (homes and home residents) were teleported from Earth to another planet but that was an incident merely to set up the story and it could have been executed by any other means, including space magic. In fact, even in item (3) of my list, the teleportation of Mr. Zeno as shown is incidental to the story and not existing as an actual machine like the movie The Fly and episode 1 of Outer Limits.
Anything that appears after the advent of Star Trek (TOS) is not of any interest to me.
movie tv history-of teleportation
Edlothiad
K7PEHK7PEH
Curious as to why I was marked down. Since this is my first post here, could I have violated policy or are you just unhappy with the question? – K7PEH Nov 3 '16 at 3:16
Not my vote but "List" questions aren't generally encouraged...as they temd to be tood broad. – Paulie_D Nov 3 '16 at 9:55
What you could do, is asking for the first example of teleportation in movies or on TV. We have more questions like that here. – SQB Nov 3 '16 at 12:01
Are you only interested in cases with a 'scientific' explanation or for example would magical transportation be interesting? This site includes fantasy as well as sci fi – Jeremy French Nov 3 '16 at 12:09
@JeremyFrench Well, I was primarily interested in cases where an actual machine used for teleportation was part of the story. I noted in my question that the Outer Limits Episode "The Special One" portrayed a kind of teleportation but no actual machine or device was used or mentioned so it skirted on the periphery of my main interest. – K7PEH Nov 3 '16 at 19:51
There is an very good article here, about the origins of the teleportation in sci-fi.
Perhaps the earliest recorded story a matter transmitter was Edward Page Mitchell's "The Man Without a Body" in 1877. In this story, a scientist invents a machine that breaks down the atoms of a cat and sends them by wire to a receiver, where the animal is reassembled alive and well.
The story can be found on this page.
There are a few cases over the next few decades, perhaps most notibly The Disintegration Machine 1927, by Arthur Conan Doyle
However teleportation seems to become quite popular in the 1950s appearing in several novels and short stories:
The mixed men 1952
A Tunnel in the sky 1955
The Stars My Destination 1957
The Fly 1958
the Enemy Stars 1959
(This list is not intended to be exhaustive)
So certainly by the time Star Trek was created (1966), the idea of a transporter was well known in sci-fi.
Jeremy FrenchJeremy French
With the exception of "The Fly" as a movie that I mentioned in my question, the above references are all to written works, not movies or TV. I specifically wanted answers focused as productions in movie or TV. I am not interested in short stories, novels, and other written material. In fact, I assumed that teleportation stories would even be somewhat numerous in written work but since I am not a SciFi reader, I actually don't know. This is my first and probably last post here trying to find an answer to a discussion a few of us had at a recent party. It may be the wrong forum. – K7PEH Nov 3 '16 at 19:02
My bad. Missed the 'in movies or tv' in the question. – Jeremy French Nov 3 '16 at 19:23
This article indicates that both Buck Rogers in the 25th Century and Flash Gordon, in their serial formats, included some occurrences of matter transmission. I couldn't find specifics from Flash Gordon, but this article includes an actual frame capture of the teleportation machine used in the Buck Rogers serial of 1939, almost twenty years earlier than the Vincent Price version of The Fly.
Zeiss IkonZeiss Ikon
Nice find! -- beats mine by almost 2 decades... :) – K-H-W Nov 3 '17 at 23:20
Thanks. Buck Rogers and Flash Gordon were the first thoughts in my mind when I read the question, it was just a matter of finding actual proof. – Zeiss Ikon Nov 6 '17 at 12:10
The May 3rd, 1957 episode "The Phony Alibi" from "The Adventures of Superman" seems to have predated The Fly slightly, with a teleportation system that sends people over the telephone.
Stealing from the TvTropes Description:
Bungling Inventor Professor Pepperwinkle creates a system for transporting people through telephone wires. As usual with Pepperwinkle, a gang of crooks befriends the naive professor, then uses his invention for evil; they commit crimes in Metropolis, then phone themselves to distant cities and make sure plenty of people see them to set themselves up with a (seemingly) perfect alibi.
K-H-WK-H-W
Actually, I remember that Superman episode! – K7PEH Nov 4 '17 at 3:10
Disregarding the ones that you already have listed (As you say, the Outer Limits ones are semi questionable, and The Fly is probably the earliest appearance anyway), there are a couple of other candidates:
The Projected Man - British film, where a scientist attempts teleportation by laser which goes horribly wrong - Released summer of 1966
Twilight Zone - Valley of the Shadow - Girl dematerializes and rematerializes dog with a device - Air date 1.17.1963
There are others around the same time frame, but all post date ST:TOS by at least a year or two.
JohnPJohnP
Doctor Who featured a number of teleportation devices over the years. The first occurrence is in a 1964 story, "The Keys of Marinus"
This answer does not even predate the example given in the question. – amflare Nov 13 '17 at 19:22
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Bringing together the work of scholars in many disciplines, Women in the Metropolis provides a comprehensive introduction to women's experience of modernism and urbanization in Weimar Germany. It shows women as active participants in artistic, social, and political movements and documents the wide range of their responses to the multifaceted urban culture of Berlin in the 1920s and 1930s.
Examining a variety of media ranging from scientific writings to literature and the visual arts, the authors trace gendered discourses as they developed to make sense of and regulate emerging new images of femininity. Besides treating classic films such as Metropolis and Berlin: Symphony of a Great City, the articles discuss other forms of mass culture, including the fashion industry and the revue performances of Josephine Baker. Their emphasis on women's critical involvement in the construction of their own modernity illustrates the significance of the Weimar cultural experience and its relevance to contemporary gender, German, film, and cultural studies.
Katharina von Ankum is Assistant Professor of Germanic Languages and Literatures at the University of Cinncinati. She has taught at Cornell University and the Claremont Colleges.


We are very happy that alternative metal band Ann My Guard, THE success of FemME 2017, will return to FemME 2018!
Ann My Guard was formed in 2007 by singer-bassist Eszter Anna Baumann. Their first EP, Cinderella's syndrome was released in 2010. The second song from the EP, 'Gone', was featured on an US promotional sampler 'Kill City series'. Their popularity in Hungary was fast grown by the broadcasting of a report within the Hungarian X Factor, in which Ann My Guard's lead singer Anna had been invited to introduce the band. In the summer of 2011 they recorded their second EP: Doll Metal with rock producer Zoltan Varga at Supersize Recordings. Ann My Guard's first album Innocence Descent was released in April 2014 produced by Gabor Vari at Black Hole Sound. Beginning 2015 they started to work with UK-based indie label Shamanize Records. After additional mixing by Dark Moon Audio in the UK the album got mastered by Pete Maher for Shamanize Records. Ann my Guard was touring almost two months in Europe promoting the debut album. The second album entitled Ourania was released in January 13, 2017 via Rock'N'Growl Records.


>> > pool.ntp.org." I'll try adding that to init.d/ntpd.
>> It worked! I just put this line above the line that starts the daemon.
Not sure. I'll have to try that and get back to you.
Not a hardware problem. Older kernel's work fine.


An Asteroid and Two Comets, Oh Boy!
Picture of Halley's Comet against the Milky Way in 1986. Courtesy of NASA and the Kuiper Airborne Observatory.
2013 is shaping up to be a very interesting year astronomically. This coming Friday there is an extremely close (about two Earth diameters) fly-by of an asteroid: DA-14. This asteroid will make the closest pass of any object of its size known to science in recent history. Prior to the last 25 years or so, astronomers did not have the optical capability to find such objects. This object is similar in size to the asteroid that caused the Tunguska event in 1908 which leveled thousands of square miles of forest in Siberia. As to DA-14 hitting the Earth, I advise checking out this NASA video: http://www.space.com/19432-close-approach-of-asteroid-2012-da14-fear-vs-fact-video.html. I hope NASA is correct in their calculations! I think they are.
In March Comet Pan STARRS will be making its debut from out of the Oort cloud and starting in October astronomers expect Comet ISON to put on quite a show for Northern Hemisphere viewers. The first thing that is interesting about all three of these objects is that they were unknown to mankind until recently. Asteroid DA-14 was discovered by astronomers in Spain in February 24, 2012, Comet Pan STARRS was discovered on June 6, 2011 by astronomers in Hawaii at the Panoramic Survey Telescope & Rapid Response System (STARRS), and Comet ISON (International Scientific Optical Network- the name of the Russian group making the discovery) was discovered on 21 September 2012 by Vitali Nevski and Artyom Novichonok in Russia.
In past years many comets were known to come back into the inner solar system at periodic intervals. Probably the most famous of these comets is Halley's Comet which has whizzed past the Sun every 76 years. It may not make the same splash anymore since the Sun vaporizes some of the gases in each flyby of our star (most recently 1986) and the comet has been getting dimmer. Comets are on severe elliptical orbits around the Sun and Halley's Comet is about 35 times the distance the Earth is from the Sun at the farthest part of its orbit. I wonder if comets can accretize or add gases to their masses when they are out beyond the planets or do they just get old? "Accretion refers to the collision and sticking of cooled microscopic dust and ice particles electrostatically, in protoplanetary discs and gas giant protoplanet systems, eventually leading to planetesimals which gravitationally accrete more small particles and other planetesimals." The planets are on far more circular orbits around the Sun than comets.
So the three celestial objects mention above (Asteroid DA-14, Comet ISON and Comet PanSTARRS) were all discovered recently. Is this because of vastly improved telescopic capabilities? Most definitely! But is it possible that something else is going on here? To my knowledge it is fairly unusual for there to be two visible to the naked eye comets in the space of one year. In 2012 in the Southern Hemisphere Comet Garradd was visible and in 2011 Comet Lovejoy. Comet Elinen turned out to be a big disappointment in 2011 and did not produce the expected coma or tail. Comets are extremely unpredictable as to how bright they will be because it is unknown how much of the trapped gases within a comet will be released when they come closest to the sun. Apparently there is another comet visible in the Southern Hemisphere this year, the Comet Lemmon, a green comet.
What if (this is pure speculation) our Solar System is moving through an area of the galaxy which has more than the usual amount of debris (rocks and icy particles= asteroids and comets)? Currently most of the larger known asteroids orbit the Sun in an area between Mars and Jupiter and all of the periodic comets have those elliptical orbits which take them out beyond the planets into the Kuiper Belt. If our Solar System is moving into a more densely populated area of the galaxy does that put Earth in a greater danger of collision? In my entire life I have only seen two visible to the naked eye comets and if both ISON and PanSTARRS put on a show this year that will be quite unusual. Last year I was privileged to see a fireball in the beginning of March and then became much more aware of the fireball phenomena, a small asteroid that comes into the Earth's atmosphere but bigger and slower than the common shooting star which might be an object the size of a grain of sand.
The other issue about comets I'd like to touch upon here is a confluence of science and folklore. In a previous post I mentioned the theory of panspermia. It was there noted that a heat analysis of the dust from Halley's comet "matched that of bacteria and nothing else". Viruses and bacteria, particularly anaerobic bacteria, can live in space. The appearance of comets in the heavens has been linked throughout history with plagues and extinctions on Earth. Most notable are the appearance and partial break-up of Encke's Comet in 1910 (closest approach to Earth October 27 1914) and the Pandemic Spanish Influenza of 1917 through 1919. It seems the Earth went through the dust cloud left by Encke's Comet. I'd like to recommend the excellent and thorough article on this subject by Rhawn Joseph, Ph.D., and Chandra Wickramasinghe, Ph.D. in the Journal of Cosmology.
So can we expect to be hit with more space rocks and ice? And is there a plague on the way? Of course, the answer is yes and yes, but when is the better question.
02/22/13 Watch this! http://vimeo.com/59571509 PanStarrs and Lemmon in the Southern Hemisphere. PanSTARRS is coming up to the Northern Hemisphere in March.
04/21/13 Update: A few weeks ago Kate Valentine had Neil deGrasse Tyson on her UFO Show. She read a question from me asking him if it were possible, in view of the increasing number of so-called "February fireballs", that we were moving into a more active part of the galaxy. He answered in the affirmative. Today, Facebook friend, Andrew Ackerley, brought this Argentinian video to my attention: http://www.youtube.com/watch?client=mv-google&gl=DK&hl=en&v=nTdbROLB5pQ&nomobile=1 Clearly we seem to be seeing more of these things. Or are we just more aware? You be the judge.


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M life Rewards
Los Angeles' Houston Hospitality to Open First Las Vegas Nightlife Venue at Park MGM
MGM Resorts International
On The Record Debuts New Year's Eve, Introducing Jonnie and Mark Houston's Signature Brand and Unique-to-The-Strip Speakeasy and Club Experience
LAS VEGAS (June 19, 2018) – Los Angeles-based Houston Hospitality, founded by trendsetting fraternal twin brothers Jonnie and Mark Houston, will redefine the Las Vegas Strip's nightlife landscape with the Dec. 31, 2018 opening of On The Record at Park MGM.
After conceiving and operating numerous successful venues in Los Angeles over the past 10 years, including hotspots Break Room 86, Black Rabbit Rose, No Vacancy, Good Times at Davey Wayne's, and La Descarga, among others, On The Record (OTR) will be the Houstons' first Las Vegas venture.
"We have wanted to bring a concept to Las Vegas for years, and Park MGM presented the perfect opportunity with this partnership and space," said Jonnie and Mark Houston. "OTR will be the biggest project in our portfolio, and we are honored to be in the company of the resort's next-level food and beverage, and entertainment offerings."
Located off the main casino floor across from Park Theater at Park MGM, the 11,000-square-foot space will reflect Houston Hospitality venues' signature modern "speakeasy" atmosphere where guests can expect the unexpected. The three-room venue will include both indoor and outdoor spaces, a world-class cocktail program and an escape into an immersive and entertaining hidden club experience driven by their award-winning interior design.
"We're excited that Jonnie and Mark are bringing their vision and talents to Park MGM, their first concept outside of Los Angeles," said Sean Christie, MGM Resorts International's president of Events and Nightlife. "With OTR, they will bring their trademark style and 10 years of proven success to create a unique new approach to nightlife on The Strip."
Follow On The Record on Instagram, Twitter and Facebook.
ABOUT PARK MGM
Park MGM is the newest destination on the Las Vegas Strip, offering an intimate resort experience on a grand scale. A partnership between MGM Resorts International and New York-based Sydell Group, Park MGM features 2,700 guest rooms and suites, casually elegant design and a remarkable culinary program including Hogsalt Hospitality's renowned Bavette's Steakhouse; Juniper Cocktail Lounge; and South-of-France inspired restaurant Primrose. Park Theater, the resort's entertainment destination, is a 5,200-seat venue home to special engagements by Bruno Mars, Cher and Lady Gaga, making her debut at the end of 2018. Park MGM is located in the heart of The Strip, next to the entertainment and dining neighborhood created by The Park and the 20,000-seat T-Mobile Arena. Additional developments at Park MGM will be announced as the resort experience unfolds throughout 2018. Park MGM is owned by MGM Resorts International (NYSE: MGM). For more information and reservations, visit ParkMGM.com, call toll-free at 888-529-4828 or follow on Facebook or Twitter.
ABOUT HOUSTON HOSPITALITY
Born and raised in Los Angeles, fraternal twins Mark and Jonnie Houston launched Piano Bar in 2008 followed in short order by La Descarga, Harvard & Stone, Pour Vous, No Vacancy, Dirty Laundry, Good Times at Davey Wayne's, their first restaurant Butchers and Barbers, and the 80's oasis Break Room 86 at The Line Hotel. Each establishment is a transportation of space and time, all engineering a unique experience. The Houstons will continue to redefine the hospitality landscape in Los Angeles and beyond with a string of upcoming projects including its first concept in Las Vegas, On the Record at Park MGM, opening Dec. 31, 2018. Website: www.houstonhospitalityla.com


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While living in the fashion capital of the world, Paris, France, in 2014, Auckland sisters Ashley and Courtney were inspired by the effortlessly chic sophistication of French women.
Parisian women became their muse, and the sisters returned home to New Zealand to develop French Freddie with their fashion-savvy mother, Susan Herbert.
It had been a lifelong dream of Susan's to create a fashion label – she'd worked in the industry for years but had struggled to find tops, shirts and jackets that offered a tailored fit and suited her lifestyle.
The mother and daughter trio were driven to design beautiful garments that everyday women could pair with pants, shorts or skirts for any occasion – from laid-back lunches with the ladies to bold boardroom meetings.
Combining their background in fashion, interior design and marketing, the family created a premium fashion brand with one goal in mind – to empower women to look, feel and be successful.
A few trips to China to visit three sisters who run a boutique factory where their designs are transformed into high quality garments and (voilà!) French Freddie was born.
The collective effort of these six women across these two countries brings premium garments made from luxury fabrics and embellishments to New Zealanders at an affordable price.
Driven to empower women to make sophisticated and stylish outfit choices, French Freddie ensures every woman steps out with complete confidence.
Our mission is to empower women to look, feel and be successful through a selection of beautifully designed shirts, tops and jackets.
Sustainable wardrobes
By releasing a limited number of new designs each year, each trans-seasonal in their style, we help women create more sustainable wardrobes, curated with items that embody confidence and class.
Personalise styling consultations
In 2021, French Freddie launched its personalised styling service, as an extension of its core business offering to help women achieve effortless elegance in everything they do.


Using lidar and a healthy dose of AI, a new robot can check that building projects are going to plan.
How it works: Once a construction site shuts down for the night, a small robot deployed by startup Doxel can get to work. Using lidar, it scans the site and uploads data to the cloud. There, deep-learning algorithms flag anything that deviates from building plans so that a manager can fix it the day after.
Why it matters: If errors aren't noticed immediately on a work site, they can create compounding issues that take time and money to put right down the line. When a problem is solved instantly, the savings could be large.
The impact: A recent pilot test of the technology on an office building project increased labor productivity by 38 percent. The project as a whole came in 11 percent under budget.


Captured from a moving car, I wasn't able to take the best angle. I forgot where exactly the railway bridges are, but the location is not far from my husband's hometown (Bumiayu, Central Java Province, Indonesia).
Dramatic light and sky in your fine photo.
You did well! Those bridges make a great design.
I'm worried about where you were standing when you took this shot, hope you were not on the rails.
Very nice light and spectacular view, very good one! Not appear to be made from a moving car!
Great shot of the tracks and bridges.


of the well of wisdom within you.
The Well Within. It is vast. It is Divine. It has a high purpose. And it exists to serve you.
When life beckons your next great expansion, go within. Your gems lie there, just waiting to be excavated and polished into brilliance.
We suppress what wells up within; we filter our words and actions; we endeavor to protect the feeling of others… and in doing so we perpetuate the lesser, lower version of ourselves.
What if we had the courage to call out that which we've previously suppressed? To face it directly, now.
What if we fiercely committed to speaking and acting full, unfiltered truth in every moment?
What if we functioned as models of self-accountability so instead of protecting others from their feelings, we lovingly withdrew our efforts so they could have an honest, rich experience of themselves?
Suppression, filtering and protecting are old Earth energies. It's now time to thrive and unleash the most audacious, vibrant and authentic version of Who You Are. We've been awaiting you, Beloved.
Share yourself with gentle authority.
to be dazzled by your unique brilliance.
Simply by BEing, I am actively encoding a clear, strong feminine energetic onto the planet that is so synchronized with a greater Universal swirling, I don't need to control, manipulate, dominate, seduce or force. I birth new worlds in effortless flow because that is the nature of being aligned with pure and true feminine power.
What are you creating simply by BEing?


text:
← Bogi Fabian
Why Do Turtles Have Shells? – The Atlantic →
Missing link found between brain, immune system; major disease implications
Posted on July 20, 2016 by Stan Flouride
The true significance of the discovery lies in the effects it could have on the study and treatment of neurological diseases ranging from autism to Alzheimer's disease to multiple sclerosis.
Maps of the lymphatic system: old (left) and updated to reflect UVA's discovery. Credit: University of Virginia Health System
"Instead of asking, 'How do we study the immune response of the brain?' 'Why do multiple sclerosis patients have the immune attacks?' now we can approach this mechanistically. Because the brain is like every other tissue connected to the peripheral immune system through meningeal lymphatic vessels," said Jonathan Kipnis, PhD, professor in the UVA Department of Neuroscience and director of UVA's Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG). "It changes entirely the way we perceive the neuro-immune interaction. We always perceived it before as something esoteric that can't be studied. But now we can ask mechanistic questions."
Alzheimer's, Autism, MS and Beyond
The unexpected presence of the lymphatic vessels raises a tremendous number of questions that now need answers, both about the workings of the brain and the diseases that plague it. For example, take Alzheimer's disease. "In Alzheimer's, there are accumulations of big protein chunks in the brain," Kipnis said. "We think they may be accumulating in the brain because they're not being efficiently removed by these vessels." He noted that the vessels look different with age, so the role they play in aging is another avenue to explore. And there's an enormous array of other neurological diseases, from autism to multiple sclerosis, that must be reconsidered in light of the presence of something science insisted did not exist.
Source: Missing link found between brain, immune system; major disease implications — ScienceDaily
A connected story from the same original source:
Shocking new role found for the immune system: Controlling social interaction
The immune system affects — and even controls — social behavior, a new study has found. Researchers discovered that blocking a single type of immune molecule made mouse brains go hyperactive and caused abnormal behavior; restoring it fixed both. The discovery could have enormous implications for neurological conditions such as autism and schizophrenia.


With the type of innovations that DCS brings to the table, Alert Protective Services wouldn't have it any other way! They embrace this relationship wholeheartedly because it allows Alert Protective Services to continue to serve its customers and provide them with the finest, top quality security system monitoring capabilities. Alone we are great; together, we are an unbeatable combination! That's why customers in the market for the most exceptional security products available, call Alert Protective Services for the greatest one-two punch combo you get with them and DCS!


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Q: Filtering a dataframe with the values of another dataframe I have a bit of a complicated selecting in two dataframes.
Say I have a dataframe like this
       country         pop continent  lifeExp    gdpPercap
0  Afghanistan  31889923.0      Asia   43.828   974.580338
1      Albania   3600523.0    Europe   76.423  5937.029526
2      Algeria  33333216.0    Africa   72.301  6223.367465

(Actually this dataframe is product of a previous filtering I did)
And I have another dataframe like this
country         year         Production
Afghanistan    1980          20
Afghanistan    1981          10
Afghanistan    1983          5
Albania        1970         30
Albania        1980         40
Abisinia       1990          3
Algeria        1990         30
Angola          1980         2
Angola         1982         30

So what I want to get is the second dataframe but filtered with only the countries present in the first dataframe..(Afghanistan, Albania and Algeria)
What would be the best pythonic way to get this (hopefully in a fast operation)?

A: You can use boolean indexing with pandas.DataFrame.loc and pandas.Series.isin :
out= df2.loc[df2["country"].isin(df1["country"])]

# Output :
print(out)

       country  year  Production
0  Afghanistan  1980          20
1  Afghanistan  1981          10
2  Afghanistan  1983           5
3      Albania  1970          30
4      Albania  1980          40
6      Algeria  1990          30

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
La conservazione in situ significa "conservare nel proprio ambiente". Si tratta della protezione di una specie a rischio di estinzione (pianta o animale) nel suo habitat naturale, con o senza proteggere o decontaminare l'habitat in quanto tale o difendere la specie o varietà dai suoi predatori.

In agricoltura le tecniche di conservazione in situ realizzano in modo effettivo il miglioramento, mantenimento e utilizzazione delle varietà tradizionali o native delle colture agricole. Queste metodologie integrano i risultati della ricerca scientifica con l'esperienza e il lavoro di campo degli agricoltori.
Per prima cosa, le accessioni di una varietà conservata in una banca del germoplasma e/o quelle della stessa varietà moltiplicata dagli agricoltori sono valutate insieme nei campi dei produttori (ossia nel loro habitat di provenienza) e in laboratorio, essendo sottoposte a differenti situazioni e condizioni di stress. In questo modo si accrescono le conoscenze scientifiche sulle caratteristiche produttive delle varietà native. In seguito, le accessioni superiori sono incrociate / miscelate e moltiplicate in condizioni replicabili. Infine, queste accessioni migliorate sono fornite agli agricoltori. Costoro pertanto acquisiscono la possibilità di coltivare selezioni migliorate delle loro stesse varietà, invece di sostituirle con quelle commerciali o di abbandonare la loro coltivazione.
Questa metodologia di conservazione della biodiversità agricola è più efficace nelle zone marginali, nelle quali la coltivazione delle varietà commerciali è poco redditizia, a causa delle limitazioni imposte dal clima e dalla fertilità del suolo. O laddove le caratteristiche organolettiche delle varietà tradizionali compensano la loro minore produttivitàG. Avila, L. Guzmán, M. Céspedes 2004. Estrategias para la conservación in situ de razas de maíz boliviano. SINALERC, Mar del Plata.

Note

Voci correlate
 Biodiversità
 Convenzione sulla diversità biologica

Tutela ambientale


text:
Edward Goldstein
Edward Goldstein, age 92, beloved husband of the late Cecelia (nee Stepen) Goldstein, happily married for nearly 71 years; beloved son of the late Lillian Goldstein and the late Bernard Goldstein, and beloved nephew of the late Sophie Roitman; loving father of Dr. Wayne (Linda) Goldstein, Barbara (David) Menn, Gayle (Michael) Ludwig and Neal (Nancy) Goldstein; cherished Grandpa of Marcie (Derek) Faust, Dr. Jeffrey (Ali) Goldstein, Scott (Jamie) Goldstein, Lee (Jennifer) Menn, Jodi (Kevin) Cole, Aric (Jamie) Menn, Ian (Abby) Ludwig, Leah (Adam) Levy, Jamie Ludwig, Jessica (fiancé Alex), Lindsay, Emily and Joey Goldstein, and 13 great-grandchildren; dear twin brother of Sam (the late Leona) Goldstein, dear brother of Harold (the late Rochelle) Goldstein, and dear cousin of Cecile (Phillip) Berger; dear brother-in-law of Dorothy (the late Seymour) Goldman, Rivian (the late Charles) Minkoff, the late Harvey (the late Barbara) Stepen, and Joseph (Muriel) Stepen; beloved Uncle Eddie of many nieces and nephews. Ed grew up on the Great West Side, and served in the Army in the Pacific during WWII. He was a Past President of Congregation Ezras Israel, and a retired partner of Deloitte and Touche. Countless family members, friends and colleagues relied on him for his wisdom and advice. Chapel service Wednesday, August 7, 2019, 2:30 PM, at Shalom Memorial Funeral Home, 1700 W. Rand Road, Arlington Heights. Interment at Shalom Memorial Park. In lieu of flowers, donations may be made to City of Hope or Jewish Child and Family Services. For information and condolences: 847-255-3520 or www.shalom2.com.
Service : Wednesday, August 7th at 2:30 pm
Share Your Memories of Edward Goldstein
Yahrzeit Dates For Edward Goldstein
May God remember the soul of Edward Goldstein who has passed to eternal rest. O God, I pray that you will keep the soul of my dear______________ united with us in the bond of life. In his/her memory, guide me so that I will live righteously, fulfilling Your will and serving our people. May his/her soul rest in peace and be remembered as a blessing.
O God, as I remember, Edward Goldstein I pray that I may emulate all that was good and righteous in his/her life. May his/her soul be given eternal life and his/her memory always remain a comfort and source of inspiration. A link has been broken in the chain that has bound us together, yet strong bonds of home and love hold us each to the other and we give thanks for the blessing of life, of companionship, and of memory.